• • • • • • • • • ، ،· · · · * * * * * *, '...' ！ ' ’ “ ”.• • • • • • • • • • • • øst， s t . Żas , ！* ** ſaeſºſ - … • r2 → + （sazus， e， ，，，，，- - - >> • • • • • • . . . *" （~ （* a ： · · ·-a º º- - - - - - - - -, ： „ “ " "） º aeº . . . . . . . . . .,,，,，,’, :, ）;ºſº ، ، ، ،*: *） :**, ** * · * , ， ; * #3 º : · · · · · · ·■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ſ **^ ſº. wº∞ √ • .…. • . . . . .… （ ）** • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ► ► ► ► ► ►. g. º ::::. .-.-.-.-.-.-.>+ 30 100.0 31 || 100.0 41 100.0 30 100.0 35 | 100.0 189 || 100.0 147 100.0 Separate toilets for the sexes— Men, women and children use same t - . toiletS 16 100.0 29 96.7 2 40.0 7 38.9 16 69.5 6 33.3 18 1.3.3 Separate toilets for WOlmen and children 1. 3.3 2 40.0 9 50.0 2 S. 7 6 33.3 11 8.2 No data -----------------------------|---------- 1. 20.0 2 11.1 5 21.8 6 33.4 106 78.5 Totals (equals number of Camps - With Women) ------------------ 16 100.0 30 100.0 5 100.0 18 100.0 23 100.0 18 100.0 135 100. () # TA B L E | | |. The Sanitary Condition of 876 Labor Camps. A Detailed Report on the Most lm portant Sanitary Features, With Percentages—Continued. (Tables cover only camps inspected between April 10 and November 1, 1914.) Per- Mines T2er- º IPer- e Per- Per- Miscel- |Per- Per- Lumber centage quºtes Centage Oil centage | Railroad centage | Ranch centage ijs centage | Totals centage JBathing facilities— i No bathing facilities---------------- 62 53.5 25 51.0 2 2.0 60 81.0 9 32.1 4 40.0 353 40.3 Natural bathing facilities on Stream ; Or lake 9 7.S 2 4.1 7 0.5 2 7.1 ------------------ 141 16.1 Tubs, ShoWers, or both------------- 40 34.4 22 44.9 94 98.0 2 2.7 I7 60.8 6 (30.0, 343 39.5 No data 5 4.3 5 6.8 ------------------ 36 4.1 Totals 116 || 100.0 49 || 100.0 96 || 100.0 74 || 100.0 28 || 100.0 10 || 100.0 S76 100.0 Toilet facilities— i No toilets 13 11.2 ----------|--------|------------------ 33 44.6 |------------------|----------|-------- ! 114 13.0 JFilthy toilets 49 42.3 18 36.7 26 27.] 18 24.3 17 (50.7 4 40.0 | 364 41.6 Fair, but slightly exposed.---------- 22 19.0 19 3S.8 29 30.2 12 16.2 6 21.4 2 20.0 179 20.4 Sanitary, fly-proof toilets---------- 30 25.8 12 24.5 41 42.7 11 14.9 5 17.9 4 40.0 20S 23.8 No data 2 1.7 ----------|--------------------------|---------------------------- i | 1 1.2 Totals * - * * 116 || 100. () 49 || 100.0 93 || 100.0 74 || 100.0 2S 100.0 10 100.0 S76 100.0 Separate toilets for the sexes— | Men, women and children use same . toilets e 20 32.3 3 14.3 I 3.7 3 15.0 6 42.9 1 20.0 12S 32.5 Separate toilets for Women and | : children 6 9.7 15 71. 25 92.6 6 80.0 6 42.9 4 S0.0 03 İ 23.6 No data 36 58.0 3 14.3 I 3.7 11 55.0 2 14.2 ----------|-------- | 173 43.9 | Totals (equals number of camps With Women) ------------------ 62 100.0 21 100.0 27 100.0 20 100.0 14 100.0 5 100.0 394 100.0 § TABLE III. The Sanitary Condition of 876 Labor Camps. A Detailed Report on the Most important Sanitary Features, With Percentages—Continued. (Tables cover only camps inspected between April 10 and November 1, 1914.) Per- Per- Con- Per- Tºor- Per- || HighWay | Per- Per- IBeet contage | Berry | centage struction centage | Fruit centage Grape centage g {#s centage | Hop cº ge Washing facilities for face, hands and clothes— Inadequato Washing facilities 10 24.4 1. 3.3 8 22.9 57 30.2 30 20.4 Adequate facilities ---------------- 30 100.0 31 || 100.0 30 73.2 | 29 96.7 26 74.2 115 60.8 113 76.9 No data - - 1 2.4 ----------|-------- l 2.9 17 9.0. 4 2.7 Totals 30 100.0 3] 100.0 41 || 100.0 30 || 100.0 35 | 100.0 189 || 100.0 147 | 100.0 Stables— w With stables - 19 63.4 17 54.8 14 34.2 17 56.7 35 | 100.0 159 84.1 53 36.0 No stables ------------------------ 11 36.6 14 45.2 27 65.8 J3 43.3 --- 30 15.9 94 64.0 No data ------------------------------------------------------|--------|----------|--------|----------|------------------|------ Totals - 30 100.0 31 100.0 41 || 100.0 30 || 100.0 - 35 | 100.0 189 100.0 147 100.0 Distance of stables from kitchen and dining quarters— .. - Less than 100 yards----------!----- 19 || 100.0 17 | 100.0 4 28.6 6 25.3 20 57.2 77 48.4 14 26.4 100 yards Or more 10 71.4 s 11 64.7 15 42.8 67 42.2 21 39.6 No data - 15 9.4 18 34.0 Totals (see number of stables)-- 19 100.0 17 100.0 14 || 100.0 17 100.0 35 | 100.0 159 100.0 53 100.0 & TABLE | | I. The Sanitary Condition of 876 Labor Camps. (Tables cover only camps inspected between April 10 and November 1, 1914.) A Detailed Report on the Most lm portant Sanitary Features, With Percentages—Continued. Mines IPer- IPer- Per- || Miscel- || Per- Per- Lumber and Centage centage | Railroad cºnge i. cºntige Totals citize quarries | Washing facilities for face, hands and clothes— Inadequate Washing facilities----- 20 17.3 4 8.2 ------------------ 13 143 16.3 Adequate facilities --------...------ 89 76.7 45 91.8 96 || 100.0 41 100.0 10 || 100.0 683 78.0 No data ----- . 7 6.0 20 50 5.7 Totals 116 49 100.0 96 || 100.0 74 100.0 10 100.0 876 100.0 Stables— . With stables ---------------------- 66 56.9 30 61.3 84 87.5 3 | 96.4 3 30.0 527 60.1 No stables 43 39.6 19 38.7 12 12.5 71 : 3.6 7 70.0 345 39.4 No data - 4 3.5 4 5 *=s jº | & Totals 116 49 100.0 96 100.0 74 100.0 10 100.0 876 100.0 Distance of stables from kitchen and . dining quarters— | Less than 100 yards--------------- 17 25.8 9 30.0 4 4.8 44.5 2 66.7 201 38.1 100 yards or more----------------- 43 65.1 20 66.7 78 92.8 | 55.5 1 33.3 281 53.4 No data ------ 6 9.1 1. 3.3 2 2.4 • 3 45 8.5 Totals (see number of stables) 66 100.0 30 100.0 84 100.0 3 100.0 3 100.0 527 T00.0 § TABLE III. The Sanitary Condition of 876 Labor Camps. A Detailed Report on the Most lm portant Sanitary tº Percentages—Continued. (Tables cover only camps inspected between April 10 and November 1, 1914.) Features, With | H - \ Per- |Pel'- Con- T20 I'- ºn |Per- Per- | Highway Per- Per- Beet centage | Berry centage struction centage Truit centage | Grape | centage gºing Celltage Iłop ci ge Disposal Of Innanure— Sanitary disposal, i. e., burned, spread on land, put in fly-tight manure box, etc. --------------- | 18 94.7 4 23.5 5 35.7 4 23.6 7 20.0 76 47.8 9 17.0 Insanitary disposal, i. e., piled * near kitchen, etc.--------------- l 5.3 13 76.5 || 8 57.2 13 76.4 27 77.1 67 42.2 39 73.6 No data ----- - - - - - W T. 7.1 ------------------ 1. 2.9 16 10.0 5 9.4 Totals (see number of stables) 19 || 100.0 17 | 100.0 14 || 100.0 17 | 100.0 35 | 100.0 159 || 100.0 53 100.0 Screening on kitchen and Clining-room Openings— Screening 21 70.0 T 3.2 26 63.4 10 | 33.3 13 37.1 107 56.6 12 8.1 No screening 9 30.0 29 93.6 13 31.7 I () 33.3 20 57.2 65 34.4 33 22.6 No data * = m. me tº me • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *m, amº ºm º ºs nº i = am * * * * * * 1. 3.2 9 4.9 10 33.4 2 5.7 17 (). () 102 69.3 TO tals — 30 || 100.0 31 100.0 41 100.0 30 100.0 35 | 100.0 189 100.0 147 100.0 Disposal of garbage— | Sanitary disposal, i. e., burned, buried, or fed to hogs---------- ; 23 76.7 8 25.S 32 7S. 1 TS 60.0 ' (; 17.1 189 73.5 54 36.8 Insanitary disposal, i. e., fed to chickens, dumped near kitchen-- 7 23.3 23 74.2 6 14.6 9 30.0 28 S0.0 33 T.7.5 55 37.4 No data - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3 . 7.3 3 10.0 l 2.9 17 9.0 38 25. S Totals -- 30 100.0 31 100.0 41. 100.0 30 100.0 35 | 100.0 189 100.0 147 || 100.0 | Garbage containers— ! No containers 6 20.0 11 35.5 6 14.6 9 30.0 23 (35.7 23 12.2 90. 6] .2 Uncovered containers ------------- 7 23.3 13 41.9 6 14.6 ($ 20.0 6 17.1 48 25.4 9 6. T. Covered Sanitary COIntainers------ S 26.7 7 22.6 21 51.3 7 23.3 5 14.3 85 45.0 32 21.8 No data - - 9 30.0 ----------|-------- S 19.5 8 26.7 I 2.9 33 17.4 16 10.9 Totals ------------------------ 20 | 100.0 31 100.0 41 || 100.0 30 100.0 | 35 | 100.0 189 iT00.0 147 || 100.0 # TA E L E { } }. The Sanitary Condition of 876 Labor Camps. A Detailed Report on the Most Inn portant Sanitary Features, With Percentages—Continued. (Tables cover only camps inspected between April 10 and November 1, 1914.) 3. Mines Per- T'er- Per- - Per- T20I'- Miscel- Per- |Per- Lumber centage alºes cºue Oil centage | Railroad centage Ranch centage ianeous centage | Totals | centage Disposal Of manure— Sanitary disposal, i. e., burned, Spread on land, put in fly-tight manure box, etc. -------------- 23 34.8 14 46.7 68 81.0 I 33.3 19 70.4 2 66.7 250 47.5 Insanitary disposal, i. e., piled near kitchen, etc. -------------- 39 59. 1 15 50.0 16 19.0 ----------|-------- 8 29.6 246 46.6 No data * * *- 4 6.1 J. 3.3 l----------|-------- 2 66.7 ----------------- l 33.3 31 5.9 Totals (see number of stables) 66 100.0 30 100 . () 84 || 100.0 3 | 10ſ). Q. 27 | 100.0 3 100.0 527 100.0 Screening on kitchen and dining-room Openings— - - Screening 41 35.3 37 75.5 93 96.9 17 23.0 23 82.1 7 '70.0 408 46.6 No screening - 69 59.5 {) 18.4 1----------|-------- 40 54.0 5 17.9 3 30.0 305 34.8 No data 6 5.2 § 6.1 3 3.1 17 23.0 ---------- 163 18.6 Totals 116 T00.0 49 100.0 93 |00.0 74 100.0 28 100.0 T() 100.0 S76 100.0 Disposal of garbage— Sanitary disposal, i. e., burned, - buried, or fed to hogs---------- 97 83.6 42 S5.7 80 S3.4 41 55.4 24 85.7 8 S0.0 572 65.2 Insanitary disposal, i. e., fed to | - chickens, dumped near kitchen 10 S. 6 5 T0.2 13 13.5 $48 37.8 3 10.7 ------------------ 220 25 No data 9 || 7.8 2 4.1 3 3. ]. 5 6.8 1 3.6 2 20.0 S4 9 Totals * * *-* m. 116 100.0 49 || 100.0 96 || 100.0 74 100.0 2S 100.0 10 | 100.0 S76 100.0 Garbage containers— No containers -------------------- 3 2.6 6 12.2 2 2.0 20 27.0 2 7.1 . 201 22.9 Uncovered containers ------------ 39 33.6 10 20.4 6 6.2 15 20.3 5 17.9 170 19.4 Covered sanitary containers------ - 42 36.2 19 38.8 82 85.6 16 || 21.6 | 21 75.0 8 80.0 353 40.3 No data 32 27.6 14 28. G 6 (3.2 23 31.1 ----------|-------- 2 20.0 152 17.4 Totals 116 || 100.0 49 || 100.0 96 100.0 74 || 100.0 2S 100.0 10 100.0 876 100.0 § TABLE III. The Sanitary Condition of 876 Labor Camps. A Detailed Report on the Most Important Sanitary Features, with Percentages—Continued. (Tables cover only camps inspected between April 10 and November 1, 1914.) | * = * → - * * = ºn r- Eſighway -- gº Beet citize Derry ciº aftion citize Fruit citize Grape ciº gºing citize Elop citize Cubic air space per capita in Sleeping Quarters— Less than 350 cubic ft. per perSon 5 16.6 2 6.4 4 9.8 1. 3.3 13 37.1 85 45.0 2 1.4 350 to 500 cubic ft. per person.---- 9 30.0 15 48.5 || 12 29.2 8 26.7 8 22.8 60 31.7 3 2.0 Over 500 cubic ft. per person------ 16 53.4 13 41.9 23 56.1 16 53.4 : 9 25.8 37 19.6 4 2.7 No data g- 1. 3.2 2 4.9 5 16.6 5 14.3 7 3.7 138 93.9 Totals -- 30 100.0 31 100.0 41 || 100.0 30 100.0 35 100.0 189 || 100.0 147 || 100.0 General living and sleeping Con- ditions— Where all races have Sanhe COn- ditions t 22. 73.3 1. 3.2 13 31.7 5 16.7 3 8.6 162 5.7 32 21.8 Where some aliens have Separate conditions 8 26.7 ------------------ 7 17.0 7 23.3 9 25.8 10 5.3 12 8.2 Where laborers are all of the same Inationality 30 96.8 18 || 44.0 15 50.0 18 51.3 2 1.1 29 19.7 No data = ~ * * * * = a- as ºs ºs = ** * : * * = * * * *-* = | = ** = * * * * * *-* | * * * * * * * * 3 7.3 3 10.0 5 14.3 15 7.9 74 50.3 | Totals 30 100. () 31 100.0 41 || 100.0 30 100.0 35 100.0 189 || 100.0 147 100.0 ſ ! s TABLE | II. The Sanitary Condition of 876 Labor Camps. A Detailed Report on the Most important Sanitary Features, With * Percentages—Concluded. (Tables cover only camps inspected between April 10 and November 1, 1914.) * Mines * = - -- *** t gº * - Lumber citize quºes citize Oil citize Railroad cº Ranch citize #. citize Totals citize Cubic air space per capita in sleeping Quarters— w Less than 350 cubic ft. per person 8 6.9 1. 2.0 ----------|-------- 39 52.7 2 20.0 162 18.5 350 to 500 cubic ft. per person.---- 38 32.8 5 10.2 S 10.8 ------------------ 2 20.0 168 19.2 Over 500 cubic ft. per perSon------ 55 47.4 41 83.7 93 96.9 26 35.1 25 89.3 5 50.0 363 41.5 No data 15 12.9 2 4.1 3 3.1 I. 1.4 3 10.7 1. 10.0 183 20.8 Totals 116 100.0 49 100.0 96 || 100.0 74 100.0 28 100.0 10 100.0 876 100.0 General living and sleeping Con- ditions— Where all races have Same COn- - ditions 105 90.5 31 63.2 5 5.2 63 $5.1 12 42.9 4 40.0 458 52.2 Where some aliens have separate Conditions .6 5.2 14 28.6 6 (3.2 1. 1.4 10 35.7 I 10.0 91 10.4 Where laborers are all of the Same nationality 8 8.3 1 1.4 6 21.4 3 30.0 130 14.8 No data 5 4.3 4 S.2 77 S0.3 9 12.1 2 20.0 I97 22.6 Totals – 116 100.0 49 100.0 96 100.0 74 || 100.0 28 100.0 10 100.0 S76 100.0 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. 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SČIULI BO KĻUVO „IQ AOO SÐICI BJL) ·sduu eo uoqe~1 928 u ! p3ļuasa udº H sa !! !! euo|} e N ' /\ I ET E \/ _L FIRST ANNUAL REPORT. 43 º 9f8‘98 • • • • • •- - - • • • • †88 gg0° I 1,59°T 66 Iºg 0īgº ! 9†† ‘z 6ſſ; * I ºg0° I • - - - - - Kļļ0 g (L -80， quosòIĆI IO I BºļOQ pūt?…IÐ • • • - - - - -Bºļlēp ON S[340J, cºl um?![BIȚsnſ - - - - - - - -> •Uſlºſ 319€{ UI BĻAI0S DIų ſu eqĮV - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - • • •| ---- - - - - - - - ĐS03 I BIŲ S}{lll J, 44 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. Flyproof toilet in course of construction according to plans furnished by the Commission. The lids over holes are on hinges and are forced to fall by plank in back. - - - ------------- --~~~~ - - Sanitary covered tanks used for carrying water to pickers in the field on the Durst ranch, Wheatland, in the season of 1914. FIRST ANNUAL REPORT. 45 A large, exposed pile of manure near a labor camp. A breeding place for millions of flies. ote contrast with picture below. In the foreground is a composting pit for manure, entirely screened and flyproof. Built according to plans furnished by the Commission. 46 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. It is important here to call attention to the more important features of the statistics pertaining to sanitation: The records of bathing facilities show that : 353 camps had no baths; e e - tº a ve 141 camps had no baths, but were near natural bathing facilities, such as streams or lakes; - 346 camps had tub or shower baths or both ; 36 camps had no returns on this question. A summary of the toilet accommodations gives the following: 114 camps had no toilets; 364 camps had filthy toilets. 179 camps had slightly exposed toilets; 208 camps had fly-proof toilets; 11 camps gave no returns on toilets. Washing facilities for hands, face and clothes were carefully investi- gated. In 143 camps an adequate supply of water, basins, tubs, etc., was not provided. In many cases the laborers were obliged to forego washing entirely. In 683, camps, an adequate supply of these necessi- ties was available. No returns on this point were obtained in 50 of the camps visited. -- In the camps of a more permanent nature, which are kept open throughout the year, over 1,000 sanitary iron ‘‘ bunks’’ or beds have been installed upon the suggestion of the Commission. Of the 527 camps with stables, in 201 the stables were less than 100 yards from the kitchen or dining quarters, while in 281 the stables were 100 yards or more from the cooking and dining quarters. Forty-five camps gave no returns in this particular. Manure was disposed of in a sanitary manner in 250 of the 527 camps having stables, and in an insanitary manner in 246 camps, 31 not being reported on in this feature. The kitchens and dining quarters were screened in 408 camps and were not screened in 305 camps. No information was obtained on the remaining 163 camps as to this feature. Garbage was properly disposed of in 572 camps and not disposed of in a sanitary manner in 220 camps. No data was obtained in 84 camps on this feature. 201 camps had no garbage containers; 170 camps had uncovered garbage containers; 353 camps had fly-proof containers; 152 camps gave no data. FIRST ANNUAL REPORT. 47 The usual method of manure disposal in grading camps. These exposed manure piles breed disease-carrying flies that are a menace to the whole surrounding community. --- - - - The white marks on the barn were made by the manure piles which were removed at the request of the Commission. Manure now hauled away each day. 48 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. A common type of open garbage container. A feeding place for the flies that breed in open manure piles. Garbage scattered behind a camp kitchen. At the suggestion of the Commission covered garbage cans are now used in this camp and the garbage burned twice a week. FIRST ANNUAL REPORT. 40 A stack type garbage incinerator built in an oil camp from plans in the Commission's - Advisory Pamphlet. A chimney type garbage incinerator. Built in labor camp from plans in the Commission's Advisory Pamphlet. |-14);S 50 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. C. REINSPECTION. Up to January 1, 1915, 228 camps had been reinspected. The results, as shown in Table V, are most gratifying. Where it was found that no effort had been made to correct abuses and improve conditions, the attitude of ‘‘advice and cooperation’’ was changed and the operators have been warned that, unless they improve conditions as requested at once, the Commission will do all that is possible to prosecute them under the existing laws. The Commission will endeavor to have such camps as really constitute a menace to public health and safety condemned as public nuisances by the health authorities. It is most important to note, however, that 72.3 per cent of the camps reinspected have been brought to at least the minimum standard. Many have surpassed it, and 77.1 per cent have actually carried out some of the suggested improvements. The camps which remained in the same condi- tion represent only 14.1 per cent of the total. Only 8.8 per cent have actually retrograded, and only 5.3 per cent of these have slipped down to ‘‘bad.” It is also interesting to note that the owners of the Durst ranch at Wheatland cooperated with the Commission, and, under the supervision of the sanitary engineer, a model camp, complete in every particular, was constructed. In spite of the activities of agitators there were no riots or demonstrations and there is no doubt that the model camp was a factor in frustrating such attempts. • When it is recalled that these improvements have been brought about merely by persuasion, it not only speaks well for California employers, but it bodes well for the future, when it is to be hoped that the complete and detailed camp sanitation law” draughted by the Commission will be put into effect, and the recalcitrant camp operators forced to improve conditions. - *A summary of this law is given in the Appendix. FIRST ANNUAL REPORT. TABLE v. Summary of Reinspection Returns on 228 Labor Camps. : Number : Number of camps showing improvement— - From bad to good-- 26 11. From bad to fair 11 4. From fair to good 60. 26 From good to better* 79 34 Totals 176 77.1 Number of camps showing no improvement— 1. Stayed same as When first inspected: Bad - 7 3.1 IFair 25 11.0 Totals 32 14.1 2. Retrograded: From good to fair 8 3.5 From good to bad 5 2.2 I'rom fair to bad---------------------------------------------------------- 7 3.1 Totals 20 8.8 Grand total 228 100 Number of camps which not only show improvement, but which have been brought up to the minimum standard set by the Commission— From bad to good 26 ll.4 From fair to good 60 26.3 From good to better 79 34.6 Totals 165. 72.3 * On first inspection these camps were classed good. On reinspection it was found that minor suggestion." Imade by the Commission had been put into effect. 52 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. III. BUREAU OF COMPLAINTS. The Commission had determined from the very outset to make all of its work of a practical nature, based upon facts, not theories. Conse- quently it was decided not to theorize concerning the problems and diffi- culties met with by newly arrived immigrants, but to find out from the immigrants themselves what these facts and problems were. It would be obviously unwise to attempt to render direct aid to immigrants or to propose remedial legislation until the actual needs were thus ascertained. Therefore, in order to accomplish these results, a complaint bureau was organized. The purpose was to receive complaints from immigrants in trouble and aid them in securing justice, to carry on independent investi- gations, and to standardize the general problems and needs as a basis for remedial legislation and general relief measures. Furthermore, the recorded experiences of the Bureau of Immigration of New York state and of other state immigration departments, disclosed the need for a specially equipped department in the handling and dispo- sition of current complaints of immigrants. The preliminary surveys of the Commission had likewise shown that aliens within this state encounter serious difficulties in securing even a hearing when they have been exploited or actually defrauded, and the active work of the com- plaint department during the last eight months has demonstrated that such a department exercises a much broader and more human function than the mere collection of statistics for future use. Pressing and immediate needs, which have been unheeded for years, have received attention. Confidence in our government and in its institutions has been instilled into the justly suspicious immigrants; an ambition to become active, participating units in that government has been aroused; assimilation and adaptation have been encouraged instead of retarded and discouraged. Yet the work has but begun. Only a small percentage of the state’s immigrant population has been reached, and when the expected influx of immigrants through the Panama Canal after the termination of the European war sets in, the work of thus directly aiding and encouraging adjustment and assimilation will be increased to an incalculable extent. A. ORGANIZATION. During the first four months after its organization the Commission was so unexpectedly involved in the investigation of the Wheatland case and the inception of labor camp inspection that little was done toward getting into actual and personal contact with immigrants. Inves- tigations disclosed a few cases where American exploiters had made capital of the ignorance and of the helplessness of newly arrived immi- FIRST ANNUAL REPORT. 53 TO IMMICRANTS The State of California Commission of Immigration and Housing is created to protect and aid immigrants in California |H||M|| Yesºs is | (b |||||PM||h |||||||||}|||||||}|| ||||||||||||||| |H|||||||||||M | || |||} |I|||}||} * *:: * * * * * * * * N Y". Tº (Y, 3:AN) TO IMMI GRANTS PER GLI EMIGRANT1 (ital,an) I} 3MMIſ?IIIM} tº a.s.º.º.º.º.º. State of Califºr.” Corrrmiuten ci Jrmugration la Corr it. -: '-º'-. § -- - - Jº-º-º: -- t Ca' furru. tº tragrant, the artúzno di rºsete stan intarºuti - – “... --→ **-* -º-º-º: “-> trºtrants who feel that they have tern wºrraged. c dett sudat crººre the devºtrans ºrtcrrut.cru vºo pºrt rati -2'- *_º_ºr_º| = . º-* s!--ird cº defra-led. cr who w whºlic ºration, art six rid to in vrru pºrt crºs o di ºf ºvere all Uſlº is drila Co-ºr-us- r:--t = -1 =:::::H ºx-strº F.---- º c:r-r in per on cº - rate to cſſ trol Statt cor-zºn-it, cº- alone Urder-cºi R, i.k: -f, $23 Market St. San Françairo, - ----- :s:--> --> -- re -: :: *---> {Jr ºr scº Ilulºir: 3:3 Mars tº Strert. San Françıke. California. lit is a s h = • * * * * * is Unirrwood Bulling, $23 Markri St. San Francisco, Cal The Corrrrulu.cn wiłł furrith trilrºratien ari waii as: La Cºrrrrt:---e ºr "r-ra iſ: ſorrr, a rucri rii as attra ad # = s.s., i s , , , -" - w ł w w = w it a s sº e : * * r rv tº t sº sº. 4 + v s - zz :tº:- ::::::= t2+ re is:-----> ºr try is a'ſ in ct"a rare riºtice Wr ºp-ak ºrd write aſ: izing-ages. - *Jº r-r:-iro º *:3 Sºulti-aw 1–5: ** - - -, ... • * r * * * * : * * * * * * = rºw sa sº is a wrºs as a .:-tº r is :- Ex :: * ~7- -- A LOS INMIGRANTES (3; r...n) PARA EMIGRANTES (P&n turns) DO EMIRGRACJI (Palah) DOSELJENICIMA (crestan) ... CC-rºw, ºr irragratiºn y A.);4-aerto del Ew'a is A Cerriº Ao Čt Era ria,io t pºv.u ta dy Es' sco da - lavra kºrrass}s ta Gwijeniitvo i ! altitu uvalrrºs ºr Cal tetraa, ha vºc ºr ra is para rvourtrº y ar-tat a Cal ſcºru. (rea is fºr a frotr grº r sanitar r-, grantºn ru Kaliſerrankie Errattacy}rs Ruuto otwarts dis pornocy u dº havi Kaliſts run: * - - - - - a r" r fan" tº try Calajor run California | informat), err-grantor, pr rybywa Hºyrn 30 Kalifornil u Xalſo run º w ** inrº grant tº q-r hayan v.; tı to algºn agra ºn 3. Kºrurt artºv que fºlgarn trirm u :2 ral traudou, Errºgrants. k" cf ry cruja utte poºr rns lub - Doºrlyrt.r.l. hap drils da ºr ºr runs tº krivica. da 1.4 * to drits:riad:w. ºr lev rºde q-e t per. at-lados co detra -ij- ca 3-e devºyarn inſcreatio iso I cºrukara. * ***** ****rth &ºts: indoºr-tra. Frºny skatavirtru ill prºvarrºu, il, ken it is undermacijr. htka dodru * ~ al-ºrite o ºvcı İtu", a tº cf. 1-1 de la Cerraulcº. Urºšrr tersdo, a vu ºr revºcal-ente & e-teerer 3 cºnrterio || sticº wºoººº tºº lººrut do Bºra Koruºr. Under- cºvetro all pºlu ris urti driavts horrisaye. §: ut ſtalan u * ~3 BLil Jarr 3:3 Market St San Français tº da co-ºr-in-e tirer-c-3 B-13, he 325 ru, starar. San wood Baldº & 5:3 Market St: San Franzºza- Under-cod building. 3:3 Markti Strert. San Francisco. La Cc-º-n data rus','en º'cºres cer stan recruricº y Frarxiv.co. º -- -- - r r Kºrrai.js te tvak.crh data irſºrrutik i Fºnck, ºv-u . *y-ºſa; todox rºt, q-e “bars is fattºº det is Cerraujo ſcreeter4 trfºrmaçao º Ajudurº tº dº a w cºrrymaruu wºrx -ºil-bici. da debaru svoje pravo. . łłablaznºv y E-rºtºrcy todas in Idiorum cbtry trn Juxtºga Fal'r-cº e recrewrºnon to law an Lrguas- *cºr:ry fairrry popcluku. Miro-cruro i piano we rive. IM M G R A N T S (Fºrreh) -- • * * * ** -- - - - A BEVANDORLOKHOZ tº n * * * * * ..º.º.º.º. Yº- t Creek) f - PRISTEHOVALCUM (Bthºrºuan) Commutuon de "Irrerary stºn ri Housing" de l'Erst º’ - Calfrºrus Ilevančºvlav, *. Fºwlwºrt, illiotºurs arent * * * in...: Kºº. º gº Kahſcrrar saloid pºwtºwslet a ubytovac dº Cahſcrnºr a tº crète poºr fºoteger et alder lev trººri, - lrtry.'t tº Eys Cahie" riºts º º º ::::::: ** ***** t :::::::: Attra ra ſwasynovati &hrany a prºx. Fruttho- *... rn Callic ree - - - tººk. urrºrurt ar; it gº surnurnt ou ºu croor airnt avºx! A la *:::::::: º ww.ak tº: * * reitas. º ** - Piwiłławski. Jim] me itsla kg ºvds. *::ii tºl, ollteni. 1 14 plaundre de º: tfººtrºrºntº ... ow qu deurº. *...* a **a*- leth tº i. º r º: - Psy i. s . º i. ‘. ******* • *-***** \ter; r. bºy'o spat” tathâttro are to kitri cº jakthcliv rater:t its urſor maucrx. Fewºnt trºute cu vrnir ºn persºns - re-ress ºn tarctiva Rhºs tº 5.1) anx). º, º: ºf: $tata Cº it strºst in interruct. Fuca tajarº. aty tº dostav \l, reb a aux tºrraza de la Cortºrtiuen de TEtat. Underwood Balé. tºr. : trº- un!ding 32: sº sºn tº: Cal fra"crite, i. i****** **** *** --~~~~ º ru ka?...that it At ni , crº-rue. Ur-ºrr Building. trig. 323. rur Market. San Francisco. t A tº roºt ºf inºrs rust tº a satiral tº a ri at rºck A*-ī-, --, *, *- *** { ** **-i-º-º: s:; Market Stre'. San Frartswºo Ade: ;- bu.kºu poizyi- La Corrrºuon tº r-rº A ſentitre dupcuuch dry inte. - ºt: ºf rifrãºrrº tºº gºt cit pu - - - - - -- - - rary rºctrrère “for” are a ladaru pcrº. A spravriircvt. trurº re-1 (cutta informuliora ri dirmarthri. º *:::: tº fit, ********** *** ****-rºw ºne *** :--sq. Mir-irrºr a rººms ºrikº Neºn natiºns et écrivoni teoles les tangurs. COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING OF CALIFORNLA Underwood Building, 525 Market Street San Francisco, California Reproduction of poster, in twelve different languages, offering assistance to immigrants. * s º * - These posters were placed conspicuously in all immigrant centers throughout the state. 54 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. grants, and only a few straggling complainants found their way to the office of the Commission as a result of announcements in the foreign press. Years of unsympathetic treatment by public officials, of innu- Inerable experiences where confidence had been misplaced and solicitous “American friends’” and ‘‘immigrant protective societies” had turned out to be professional exploiters, had given rise to widespread distrust of all offers of advice and of assistance. - - It soon became obvious, therefore, that a definite, organized effort would have to be made to inspire confidence and get in close touch with the immigrant and his peculiar problems. To this end, in April, 1914, posters containing the following announcement, printed in twelve dif- ferent languages, were put up in conspicuous places throughout San Francisco, particularly in the “foreign quarters’’: TO |M M I GRANTS, The State of California Commission of Immigration and Housing is created to protect and aid immigrants in California. Immigrants who feel they have been wronged or defrauded, or who wish information, are asked to come in person or write to the office of the State Commission, Underwood Building, 525 Market street, San Francisco. The Commission will furnish information and will aid all in obtaining justice. We speak and write all languages. The city of San Francisco was well placarded with these posters by April 24, 1914, and the record of the Complaint Bureau really dates from that time. This more or less impressive offer of assistance by the State, conspicuously displayed in their familiar haunts, reassured many disheartened immigrants who had been the almost helpless victims of fraud and deceit. - All complaimants who came to the office were given a full and careful hearing, even when their complaints were seemingly of a trifling nature. An interpreter was employed who was proficient in the languages of the complainants from the larger immigrant colonies, and arrangements were made for the occasional services of interpreters for the rarer lan- guages. Each complaint was carefully taken down in writing and sub- mitted to the attorney of the Commission, who was in direct charge of the Complaint Bureau. The attorney then showed the investigators how to check up on the facts of the complainant's allegations and how to examine into the entire matter. If the charges proved to be entirely without foundation, the attorney would cross examine the complainant and his witnesses to make sure the case had been properly reported. If no new evidence was thus discovered the complaint was dismissed, after a careful explanation to the complaimant through the interpreter. FIRST ANNUAL REPORT. 55 But if the complainant’s charges were substantiated in the slightest degree by the investigation, the defendant” was either called upon or summoned to the office of the Commission and asked to give his version of the case. Further investigation was then made of any new facts brought out by the defendant. If the total evidence then showed that a crime had been committed by the defendant, prosecution was instituted and conducted by the Commission's attorney, who appeared in such criminal cases as special prosecutor for the state. If no crime was Investigator and interpreter interviewing immigrants in the Sacramento complaint office of the Commission. involved, but the defendant was shown to be civilly liable, the parties were brought before the attorney for an informal hearing, and every effort was made to bring about an amicable settlement or adjustment. If such a case could not be settled out of court, the complainant was advised of his rights and urged to employ an attorney to file suit against the defendant. This procedure was, of course, necessary, as the Com- mission, or its attorney, could not represent an individual in a civil suit. Our experience goes far in showing the need of a strong, well organized legal protection society, of which the report speaks later on. If a defendant was shown to be morally liable, although not legally so, an even greater effort was made to effect a settlement or, at least, a cºmpromise. "The Pºsºn, ºr corporation against whom a complaint is lodged is designated as º defendant’ in the records for the sake of brevity and clearness, though he is nºt a defendant in the legal or technical sense. 56 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND LIOUSING. Two investigators and an interpreter, besides the Commission's attor- ney, have been regularly employed in handling complaints in San Fran- cisco. B. BRANCH OFFICES. When the Complaint Bureau, as organized in San Francisco, had proved to be an effective means for handling this important and press- Entrance room of Sacramento office. Immigrants waiting to file their complaints and to ask for information or advice. ing phase of the Commission’s work, it was necessary that branch com- plaint offices be maintained elsewhere, so that the Commission might perform its proper functions as a state organization. Accordingly, offices were opened in Los Angeles and Sacramento with full time. salaried agents in charge, and the gratuitous services of residents, whose private offices were used, were secured in San Diego, Riverside, San Bernardino, Ventura, Santa Barbara, and San Luis Obispo. These agencies were established during July and August, 1914. The “To FIRST ANNUAL REPORT. 57 Immigrants’’ posters were placed in conspicuous positions in the dis- tricts about these cities, with the address of the local office stamped prominently thereon in red ink. Complaints which were filed in these branch offices were mailed to the San Francisco office within twenty-four hours after they were filed and the investigation and handling of the cases were then carried on under the direction of the attorney in the same manner as in San Fram- cisco cases. This established a uniform procedure and provided a checking system which prevented the abuses and errors that might go with the exercise of decentralized authority. Interpreters were not required at first in these offices, as the com- plainants could usually bring in a friend to act as interpreter, and if they could not do so, they wrote out their complaints and had them sent to the San Francisco office for translation. But the work developed to such an extent in Sacramento and in Los Angeles that it became necessary to furnish an assistant to the agent in each of these cities, who could also act as an interpreter. Consequently, a stenographer- interpreter has been employed in the Sacramento office since September and in the Los Angeles office since November. It also became necessary to open a branch complaint office in the foreign quarter in San Francisco as many immigrants who were loath to go to a distant office building were not being reached; consequently an office was opened on Columbus avenue in November and excellent results have been obtained. C. SUMIMARY OF COMPLAINT RECORDS. The fact that 2224 complaints were filed with the Commission between April 24, 1914, and January 11, 1915, demonstrates the need of a com- plaint bureau. Practically all these complaints were based on justifiable grounds and very few were of a trivial nature. Numerous cases were successfully prosecuted or settled where the complaimants had had estab- lished rights for months and even years, but had been unable to put the facts before the proper authorities or get action, because no one under- stood their language or had the patience to assist them, and because also of the terrifying and confusing paths of “red tape” and jurisdictional procedure, which even native born Americans lament. * Although no strictly judicial powers were vested in the Commission, section 10 of the creating act gave it ‘‘power to hold hearings for the purpose of investigation and inquiry, and for the purpose of reaching an amicable settlement of controversies existing between persons, firms and corporations” coming within the terms of the act. Through the exercise of this power, amicable adjustments of a majority of the com- plaints were obtained. Not only was justice secured for the individuals in such cases, but the informality and simplicity of the hearings had 58 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. the broader and more far reaching effect of reassuring the wronged immigrants of the strength and fairness of our governmental institu- tions, and the further effect of creating in the minds of the American citizens involved a new viewpoint of respect for and a feeling of responsibility toward these potential citizens. - Table VI shows the detailed disposition of the complaints up to January 1, 1915. It is interesting to note that less than 25 per cent of the complaints were of a nature which could be referred to or handled by other state departments or local authorities. But even in these referred cases, the Commission performed an important function, for the majority of the complainants were ignorant of the existence of such departments, or, if they knew of them, they did not know where or how to reach them. This was particularly true in the case of newly created commissions, such as the Industrial Accident Commission. Many immi- grants who had been injured while at work were taken to the offices of the Industrial Accident Commission by the interpreter of this Com- mission and aided in securing compensation as provided by law, where otherwise they would have received little or no compensation because of their ignorance of the law, and because of the fraud of their employers. - - - - The Commission has instituted 11 criminal prosecutions, and appeared therein through its attorney, who acted as special prosecutor. These prosecutions have resulted in 9 convictions, only one of these being reversed by higher courts. One appeal is now pending, and 5 other cases are now awaiting trial. Evidence is now being collected in six cases in which arrests will be made and prosecutions begun within the next month. - This cooperation in criminal cases with the various district attorneys has resulted in bringing some criminals to justice who otherwise would have escaped prosecution, owing to the fact that the immigrant com- plainants were either too ignorant to know where to turn for aid in starting a prosecution, or too timorous to venture into strange and impressive buildings to search among numerous offices for the proper authorities, especially when they knew that only too often they would find no sympathetic hearing of their ‘‘foreign lingo’’ if they did finally find the proper office. This work has also impressed prosecuting authorities and other officials with the peculiar difficulties and prob- lems of immigrants, and thus many of the old bulwarks of helplessness and prejudice, behind which those who preyed on immigrants safely hid, are broken down. FIRST ANNUAL REPORT. 59 TA B L E VI. Complaints Received From January 20, 1914, to January 1, 1915, and the Disposition - Thereof. * * In San Francisco------------------------------------------------------- * - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1,010 In Sacramento * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * = * = * * * = s = − = ** = ** = sº sº. - see = 908 In Los Angeles - 139 In other offices ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 Total 2,059 Up to January 1, 1915, there were still pending or unsettled, from various causes, 617 complaints.t. They are as follows: BusineSS fraud 6 Fraudulent aviation company cases - - 36 Illegal land company cases - - - 15 Land fraud cases - 1.5 Miscellaneous 5.45 Total --- 617 The complaints of crime and fraud of a criminal nature were disposed of as follows: * Adjusted ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 57 Claims paid in full or settled---------------------------------------------------------------- 52 Compromised 20 Convictions 9 Fees returned - 20 Total - - - 15S Other complaints were disposed of as follows: Attorneys, private, referred to------------------------------------------------------------ 12 Board of Health, referred to--------------------------------------------------------------- G Board of Medical Examiners, referred to 2-l Charitable institutions, referred to 42 Dropped by complainant 37 Dismissed 9 Employment agencies, referred to---------------------------------------------------------- 9.5 Industrial Accident. Commission, referred to-- 57 Information, general, given 423 Insurance Commissioner, referred to : - 2 Legal advice given --------------------------------------- 76 Miscellaneous 103 Police Department, referred to - 17 Public Prosecutor or Defender, referred to 10 Sanitary conditions improved by Commission’s housing and camp inspection depart- ImentS 41 State Labor Commissioner, referred to------ 313 State Railroad Commission, referred to - l Surveyor General, referred to-------------------------------------------------------------- 1 United States authorities, referred to---------------------------------------------------- 11 United States Shipping Commissioner, referred to 1 Weights and Measures Inspector, referred to - - - 3 Total = * * = * * * * * * * * = * * * * * *m, sº * * * * * * sm - sº m sº ºn as sº sº * * * * * * * = a- ºr * * * * * * * * * * 1,284 Grand total - - 2,059 *The Complaint Bureau of the Commission was not organized and in active operation until April 25, 1914; the Sacramento Complaint Office was not opened until August 1, 1914; and the Ilos Angeles Complaint Office Was not opened until August 15, 1914; therefore, this table, in fact, shows only the results of a 1:1:1 simum period of about eight months. j428 of these complaints are, in fact, settled or disposed of. They are of such a nature, however, that ftiture events might make it possible for the Commission to do more for the complainants. It is for this eason that they are kept open on the complaint registers. - D. NEED OF LEGAL AID SOCIETIES, ETC. - - Great difficulty in disposing of complaints where no amicable adjust- 1:1ent could be reached, was encountered in those cases which could not 60 COMIMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. be referred to public officials. The machinery for law enforcement where public officials can intervene was usually found to be adequate, but there is a deplorable lack of private organizations to which needy immigrants can be referred when public officials are without power to render aid. Particularly is there a great need for legal aid societies or public defenders and public prosecutors to handle civil cases in court for immigrants (as well as for needy citizens). In such cases the Com- mission had to avoid sending complainants to any particular attorneys, as the state can not assume such responsibility or subject itself to the possible criticism of showing favoritism. Yet it is an established fact that the immigrant usually falls into the clutches of unscrupulous attorneys who have their offices in or near the foreign colonies. The office of the public defender in the city of Los Angeles cooperated with the Commission in taking over the civil cases, but elsewhere there is no such official, or legal aid societies, and the Commission could only refer complainants generally to private attorneys and do what it could with propriety to keep them out of the hands of “shysters.” The Commission has now started a movement for the organization of legal aid societies in San Francisco and in Sacramento. There was found to be an equally great lack of reliable and efficient agencies to which destitute immigrants who can not find work could be referred for aid. Most of these complainants had at some time or other been defrauded or deceived by private employment agencies, and would not go to them even if the Commission had been willing to take the chance of recommending any; moreover, the majority of such com- plainants had no money with which to pay fees to an employment agency. The obvious remedy seems to be a system of free state labor exchanges, or employment offices. The evidence collected by the Com- plaint Bureau in this connection strongly influenced the Commission in recommending a state labor exchange as the first step toward the solution of the unemployment problem.” Furthermore, in several cities the Commission found that there are no organized or associated chari- ties to which destitute resident immigrants can be referred even for charity relief. This makes an acute problem, especially in the city of Sacramento. Obviously, it is a problem in which destitute resident citizens are concerned as well as immigrants. Since the Governor has designated this Commission to represent the state during the present winter in an endeavor to secure uniform action by the cities in furnish- ing relief to the unemployed, the Commission has an opportunity to encourage and aid in the organization of associated charities, and it is to be hoped that some of this temporary work will have a lasting effect. *A copy of the supplementary report, of the Commission of Immigration and Hous- ing on unemployment, containing a discussion concerning labor exchanges, Will, be mailed free on request. FIRST ANNUAL REPO1&T. 61 E. CAUSES OF COMPLAINTS. The nature and causes of complaints have been so varied that they can be set out effectively only in tabular form. Table VII shows the broad field covered by different forms of immigrant exploitation. But it is important that attention be called particularly to the more common and most serious frauds and abuses. There were 193 complaints of fraud and deceit in the sale of land. While not numerically the greatest, this is probably the most serious cause of complaint. People are generally agreed that the economic assimilation of our immigrants can best be expedited by encouraging the ‘‘back to the land’’ movement and discouraging congestion in the cities. Yet practically all of these complaints of immigrants who had invested their savings in land were well founded, and they not only lost their meager capital but were discouraged from making further efforts to leave the cities and enter upon agricultural pursuits. News of such land frauds spreads like wildfire among immigrants, not only in the East but even in Europe. The good name of the state is endangered and the native born, as well as immigrants, are sufferers. The Com- mission has sought to offset these past abuses by giving widespread pub- licity to its prosecutions of several fraudulent land dealers. More stringent land fraud laws have also been proposed, and the creation of a land information bureau urged by the Commission. There were approximately 260 complaints involving crimes and frauds of a criminal nature. These complaints indicate how the ignor- ance and helplessness of immigrants furnish food for the nourishing of criminals in our communities. The 22 cases of fraud of attorneys-at-law, all of which were justified and of a serious nature, show how little the helpless immigrant can rely on even sworn officers of our courts. Likewise, the 6 complaints of fraud on the part of official interpreters emphasize the helplessness of the immigrant. As a result of these complaints, which were found to be based on facts, the Commission has recommended that official inter- preters be put under high bond and placed under civil service. The 31 complaints concerning ‘‘ quack” doctors and illegal medical practice show what an easy prey the immigrant is for these leeches upon society. As a result of publicity obtained in this connection, the Commission started and aided in a movement to eliminate “quack.’’ medical advertising, and evidence was furnished the State Board of Medical Examiners which led to the conviction of some of the illegal bractitioners. - The 163 cases of general business frauds illustrate the difficulties the immigrant encounters in endeavoring to become more than a wage- earner and to acquire an independent business of his own. This sort of fraud discourages assimilation almost as much as does land fraud. 62 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. TABLE VII. . Transcript of Complaint Register, From January 20, 1914, to January 1, 1915, Show- ing Causes of Complaints. - Abuse and threats Accidents (industrial) Assistance Wanted Attachment threatened Attorneys’ fraud ----------------------- Automobile accidents Alltomobile drivers’ Baggage damaged Baggage lost Baggage overcharge Battery Bigamy Blacklisting Boarding house frauds Breach of promise IBusiness frauds Charity frauds Checks fraudulent Coffee house, undesirable---------------- Conspiracy Contracts, breach of.------------------- Contracts, void * - * * Contributing to delinquency------------ Conversion Cruelty to animals Debts Dentists, incompetent ------------------- Deportations Desertions Destitution Detention of children Detention of person - Detention of property------------------- Discrimination Employment agency frauds------------- JEmployment, dangerous Employment desired -------------------- IEjections and evictions Exclusion from unions Failure to provide False arrests JFinancial assistance Fines unjust – Food impure — Fraud, general Gambling frauds Gas, refusal to deliver Guardianship improper ----------------- IHop-pickers’ bonus frauds--------------- Hospital complaints -------------------- Hospital treatment desired-------------- Immigration irregularities Immorality Information Wanted -------------------- Insanitary labor calmps Insanitary living conditions------------- Insanitary ship h 2 T. 6 i 17:2G: I Insurance frauds 25 Interpreter desired 3 Interpreters’ frauds 6 Land frauds - 193 Land title disputes 2 Landlords’ frauds Legal advice wanted Letters lost Libel Loans, refusal to pay Lottery fraud Lottery tickets, sale of Malicious prosecution Marital complaints Medical illegalities – - Medical referees incompetent and unfair Mining stock fraud Naturalization Neglect of children Nuisances - Organization, suspicious Papers withheld Partnership difficulties Pawnshop frauds Pension claim Personal property lost Piano sale frauds Pictures, indecent, Police misfeasances Probation desired Prostitution Railroad overcharges Saloon complaint Seduction Sickness Spite fence Storage Overcharges Tailor’s fraud Taxes CXCessive Tenement law violation Thefts Ticket frauds Time check frauds Tools lost Tramp annoyances Transfer company frauds Undertaker’s extortion ------------------ Usury Wage claims Water supply at camps inadequate_-__ Weights for hops incorrect-------------- Weights, incorrect Whitc slavery - Witness, interference with--------------- 7 3 am me * * * * * * * * * *-* = = s.s. Imailed . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * = m, sº - sm. 1. * l 2 : 2 :4 1. ; Total 2 O 5 ..) FIRST ANNUAL REPORT. 63 The 9 cases of contributing to the delinquency of minors, together with the 6 cases of white slavery charges, evidence the fact that the usually friendless and trusting immigrant girls are easy victims of the adroit exploiters of the underworld. Though the number of cases in this connection is seemingly small, it is really surprisingly large in view of the fact that these cases were reported voluntarily and to ferret them out no effort was made. The Commission plans to make a more positive effort and take the initiative in protecting immigrant women, if it is granted a sufficient appropriation. - The 186 cases where assistance in obtaining employment was requested indicate the difficulty immigrants have in becoming productive units who are not familiar with our language or with our labor markets. This emphasizes again the need of free labor exchanges, already alluded to, as does the record of 170 complaints concerning employment agency frauds. Independent inspections of private employment agencies in connection with the unemployment investigation disclosed many further instances of fraud. - The 326 cases where information and advice were requested show the important part the Commission can play in aiding immigrants to become useful citizens. - The 25 complaints concerning fraud on the part of insurance com- panies, most of which were justified, are typical in that they represent the result of the practice of many companies, in all kinds of business, of employing notoriously unscrupulous agents, who exploit the credulity of immigrants. | The 10 complaints of misrepresentation and fraud in the sale and refund of transportation tickets are prophetic of the abuses in this connection that will have to be guarded against when there is more direct immigrant travel to and from California through the Panama Canal. That employers make a practice of holding back the wages of immi- grant laborers is evidenced by the 287 wage claim cases. Only a few of these claims were without foundation. Owing to the fact that the Commission has given wide publicity in foreign languages to its Com- plaint Bureau, many of these cases were filed, brought to the attention of the Commissioner of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, and settled, where otherwise the immigrants would have been worn out by delay and would have left their claims uncollected, not knowing of the aid rendered by the Labor Bureau in this connection. All wage claim cases have been referred to the Bureau of Labor Statistics and the Commission has cooperated in collecting evidence and in furnishing translations and interpreters when necessary. - 64 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. TYPICAL CASES. In order to better visualize the peculiar problems of the immigrant and the ingenious frauds practiced upon him, a few typical cases that have been handled by the Complaint Bureau are here summarized. LAND FRAUD. I. An ignorant Slavonian, while residing in the State of Washington, received a letter from a real estate company in San Francisco. The letter stated that the company understood that this man was a leader in the Slavonian colony and that, in view of that fact, they were send- ing an agent to call upon him with an attractive offer of a fine city lot for $27.50. It was explained that this offer was made in Order that he, as a famous man, might aid in advertising the company. Later, the agent called as promised and represented to the Slavonian that the lot offered for sale was in a suburb of San Francisco, twenty minutes from the center of the city and on a five cent car line. It was represented that the styeets were laid out and paved. The fare to San Francisco was more than $27.50, so that the Slavonian decided to pay without. going to see the land. Upon investigation, the Commission found that this company had sold lots to nearly one hundred immigrants and to as many American citizens. The prices varied from $27.50 to $250.00. Two agents of the Com- mission were used as detectives to investigate the case. When they called upon the company and pretended to be hunting jobs as salesmen, the manager frankly stated the scheme was fraudulent; that if the people saw the land they would never buy it. These agents tricked the manager of the company into sending statements of this nature, as well as other fraudulent statements, through the mail. The land was investigated and found to be an unsurveyed tract in the hills two hours distant from San Francisco; the railroad fare is 75 cents for the round trip. The Commission sent out letters to all pur- chasers and thus succeeded in obtaining over forty fraudulent letters mailed out by the company to innocent purchasers. -- The case was taken up with the federal post office authorities and all the members of the company were arrested charged with using the mails to defraud. They were held guilty by the committing magistrate and are now awaiting trial. - II. A large company subdivided its properties into small farms and town lots and engaged in elaborate advertising, particularly in immi- grant quarters and among laboring people. They employed salesmen who spoke many languages, and were thus able to induce scores of immigrant laborers to invest thousands of dollars in this land. The foreign speaking salesmen promised the immigrants steady work for at least three years at a wage of $2.25 per day; explained that the company would irrigate all the land and furnish many improve- ments and further assured them that these promises were contained in the contracts which the purchasers signed but could not read. Not one of these promises was written in the contracts. The company gave employment to some for a few days, denied it to others altogether, never installed the promised irrigation, finally discharged all laborers, ceased improvements, and practically shut down. Unfortunately, the laws concerning fraud are not broad enough to allow criminal prosecu- tion. As a result, stricter laws have been proposed by the Commission. l'IRST ANNUAL REPORT'. " (5) • F- In some cases the Immigration Commission induced the company to refund the pitifully small savings deposited by these defrauded pur- Čhasers; in other cases the company has made new contracts, Waiving interest and giving more time for payments. In most cases the Com- pany retained the ill-gotten money and the poor immigrants have gone away in disgust, to hunt another “job,” vowing that they would never again attempt to buy land in California. So not only the discouraged immigrant, but also the state loses. . III. In another land case some real estate operators secured options on a large tract of arid, waste land in the northern part of the state. The tract was subdivided for sale, but no effort was made to sell in this state. Instead, the company used several Bohemian newspapers in the east as advertising mediums and ran full page advertisements for several months to the effect that a strictly Bohemian colony was to be established. A few months after this advertising campaign began, a picture of an attractive California town was reproduced in the center of the advertisement; it was stated that many Bohemian settlers had arrived, that streets were laid out, many homes erected, and that the surrounding farms were being cultivated. Immediately, Bohemians from all over the country were lured by these representations and many bought twenty-five and fifty acre tracts through the mail, at prices ranging from $50 to $65 per acre, being warned that they would have to “act at Once” if they wished to get in on the big scheme. When these purchasers came to California, after selling their Small holdings in other states, they found a barren, rocky tract of land, no settlers, . and in place of the thriving village a rain washed sign bearing the inscription ‘‘Domov,” meaning ‘‘Home !” Several purchasers complained to the Immigration Commission. Agri- cultural experts, who were called in, stated that the land was full of alkali, fit only for sheep pasturage, and perhaps not even for that, Owing to the lack of vegetation in the dry months. The Commission has collected all the fraudulent advertisements and letters of the com- pany and a criminal prosecution is to be begun in the federal Courts on the charge of using the mails to defraud. Some of the purchasers, on the advice of the Commission, have instituted civil suits to recover the purchase price. IV. In a similar case, land near San Francisco was advertised and sold almost exclusively among immigrant laborers in distant construc- tion camps. The men did not leave their work to look at the land, because they would have lost their jobs, so they bought on the install- ment plan upon the strength of representations made by agents, and by the promoter through the mail. The land was described as ‘‘sub- urban farms and lots’’ in a beautiful tract with streets and walks laid, on the edge of a thriving town. When one of the defrauded purchasers became suspicious and wrote to the Commission, an investigation was made. It was found that the land was not even surveyed, that it was rough and mountainous, covered with brush and rocks, and miles from any town. The post office authorities prosecuted the promoter for using the mails to defraud, the Commission aiding in collecting the evidence, and he is now serving a sentence of two years in a federal prison. Several Italians and Greeks had paid installments of from $200 to $450 apiece, and the Commission is endeavoring to secure a refund of this money. 5—14968 66 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. V. A Swiss bought lots in the city of Richmond on an installment contract and was five years in completing his payments. The contract provided the seller was to pay taxes on the then assessed value, the buyer those on any increased value. At the end of the period, $20 taxes were demanded before a deed would be given. The Swiss thought this was too much and complained to the Commission. An investigator obtained from the county assessor the assessed values and rates for each of those particular years. Computation showed about 91 cents actually due. When confronted with these facts, the company auditor passed over the deed for $1.50, the complainant being generous enough to allow the few additional cents and the auditor being small enough to demand them. VI. An illiterate Italian requested information regarding a coopera- tive land venture which he had been invited to join. Glowing promises had been made to him, the land was represented as extremely valuable, and he was assured that the project had the backing of great financiers. It was not technical information he wanted, but advice as to the financial soundness of the scheme, which he was entirely unable to investigate. The Immigration Commission sent an investigator to interview the chief promoter, followed the clews obtained, and made inquiries at different sources. It was ascertained that the people inter- ested had a poor, wild tract of land, little money, few settlers, and hazy plans, and that furthermore there was much dissension among themselves. The venture was obviously doomed to failure. The Italian was warmed of the unstable nature of the scheme and advised to avoid it. He did so and probably avoided losing the savings of many years. TAX |CAB FRAU D. Five Mexicans, lacking all knowledge of the English tongue, were met, on their arrival at the Ferry Building in San Francisco, by an officious taxicab driver. With his plated badge he made a great impression on the foreigners, and induced them to believe he was a city official and that they had to enter his cab. They would rather have walked to their hotel, which was near by, but feared to violate some rule of the govern- ment. The hotel was only four blocks distant, but the way the driver took was so roundabout that a full two hours was consumed in the trip. The newcomers were asked to pay $7.50, although the legal taxi fare was $1.50. But, as they had only $6.50 among them, the driver finally consented to take $6. When the driver was confronted by a Commission deputy he readily restored $4.50 to the defrauded Mexicans. The Mexicans left town before prosecution could be begun, but this particular driver will be more careful in dealing with immigrants in the future. BAGGAGE FRAU D. A French woman on landing at the Ferry Building in San Francisco looked for a reliable man to take care of her baggage. A solicitor pre- sented himself and assumed to represent a reputable transfer company. He took the check and agreed to deliver the baggage for $1.25. In reality this man had no means of carriage at all. What he did was to turn over the check to one of the leading companies and arrange for its delivery at the address given. But he paid the company only 50 cents, the regular fee, and therefore made 75 cents on the transaction. This FIRST ANNUAL REPORT. 67 “scalper’’ and his numerous fellows gain their living by trading upon the ignorance of immigrants. This particular man learned that the case had been reported to the Commission and left the city hurriedly. FAKE AT TO RN EYS. I. A Greek, long resident in San Francisco, advertised as an attorney in many of the foreign papers. As a matter of fact, he was not an attorney, but many immigrants of all nationalities went to him with their legal and business troubles. He drew up many bills of sale, con- tracts, partnership agreements, and other legal papers which proved to be utterly worthless from a legal standpoint. Whenever a case had to go to court he employed cheap ‘‘shyster’’ lawyers to appear for him and charged his ignorant clients stupendous fees. The Commission of Immigration collected evidence concerning this man, its attorney prose- cuted him under the Penal Code provision in regard to falsely advertis- ing as an attorney, and he was sentenced to six months in the county jail. - II. In a case almost identical with the one above, a foreign born resident of San Francisco acted as a sort of police court “runner” for a firm of lawyers, and likewise advertised himself as a lawyer on placards in cheap restaurants and hotels. This man was an attorney in his own country, but had never been admitted to practice here. Numerous immigrants were “fleeced” by this man, and by means of threats that he could send them to prison on account of laws peculiar to the United States if they did not pay his exorbitant demands for fees for trifling services, he has extorted literally thousands of dollars from the foreign colony of San Francisco. The Commission prosecuted this man, but was unable to convict him, because of certain legal technicalities. How- ever, his “practice” was discontinued as a result of the publicity given to the case. | NSU RANCE FRAU DS. I. An Italian who had been in this country only a few months and spoke little or no English, was prevailed upon by a suave agent to take out a combined life and sick benefit policy in a supposedly reliable insur- ance company. He was told that this would fully protect his wife and three little children, to whom he was passionately devoted. There were many long paragraphs in fine print on the policy, but the American agent, through the Italian’s ten-year-old daughter, who had learned English at school, explained that these were meaningless things required by law and that the policy covered any sickness or death from any cause. When the insured man became seriously ill of pleurisy, a kindly Italian doctor reported the fact to the insurance company; the company doctor called and made a cursory examination, saying not a word. The next day a formal notice was sent to the sick man that his policy was for- feited because he had refused to allow an examination for tuberculosis, and a part of the fine printed matter covering such an instance was quoted. To the bedridden man this message was meaningless, and the little family was too distressed and helpless to do anything. Three months later the man recovered sufficiently to come to the office of the Commission. He swore he had not refused to be examined by the com- pany doctor. He went with a Commission interpreter to the company’s office and offered to permit any examination. The general manager informed the interpreter that “our doctor’s word is final, and though 68 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. the defense is technical it is just 1” The man suffered a relapse; the Commission had to call in the Associated Charities to support the family. The Immigration Commission appealed to the company to pay some- thing, and before a reply was received the man suddenly died. Then it was found that the policy covered only violent, accidental deaths. However, $90 was really due under the sick benefit clause, and the Commission urged the widow to put the case in the hands of an attorney who volunteered his services. But an agent of the company called the day after the funeral and prevailed upon the distracted and penniless widow to take $10 as settlement in full, and she dropped the case. II. An Armenian was approached by an agent of an accident insur- ance company, but declined to purchase accident insurance, saying he wanted to insure against fire. The agent thereupon sold this Armenian a policy which he represented furnished fire protection. It turned out to be an accident policy after all, as the Armenian discovered when he had already paid a $5 premium. The company claimed it was not bound by the acts of its agents, but after some argument $3.75 was refunded the victim of the misrepresentation, the remainder being kept as a premium to cover the risk during the period the policy had been in existence and the few days still left to run. FRAU D U L ENT CHECKS. A little immigrant woman was persuaded to cash a $50 check for a young man of supposedly good family, who had ingratiated himself in her esteem. The check was returned unpaid, with the statement that the man had never opened an account in the bank. The affair dragged on for weeks with repeated promises to pay, and finally the man disap- peared. The case was brought to the attention of the Immigration Com- mission. With the aid of the police the culprit was located and arrested for the statutory offense of cashing a check without sufficient funds, whereupon a prompt settlement was made by his relatives, and the case dismissed. In two other cases where fraudulent checks have been passed on immigrants, the Commission has brought criminal actions. Suspended sentences were given when the money was refunded. GENERAL BUS N ESS FRAU DS. I. A salesman of an automatic piano company induced two Greek boys to install one of his pianos in their restaurant. He explained that the deal was to be “at no cost’’ to them, for the piano was to be paid for by the nickels collected in its box. The Greeks, however, were per- suaded to sign an innocent appearing document for the protection of the company as owner. In reality they bound themselves in this docu- ment to pay $850 for the piano. So far did the agent press this alleged obligation that an attachment was actually levied on the restaurant. But through the efforts of the Commission the matter was brought to the attention of the company’s officers, a new agreement according to the terms of the original understanding was drawn up, and the Greeks released from their predicament. Four similar cases with such com- panies were settled in the same manner. - II. The defendant in another case used the simple and yet effective scheme of selling a half interest in his cleaning establishment. He had a little cubby hole of an office, run so it was more ‘‘establishment’’ than ‘‘cleaning.” The complainant, however, was an easy going immigrant FIRST ANNUAL REPORT. 69 from Northern Europe, and was easily “stuffed” with stories of vacuum cleaners and lucrative incomes. He paid $50 cash for a partnership interest, and bound himself to pay $100 in installments. The profits from which the installments were to be met were not forthcoming, how- ever, as none of the much talked of customers appeared, and the defend- ant was at the point of seeing his little game culminate successfully in the “freezing out” of the new man, when the Commission stepped in. The swindler was arrested on a charge of petit larceny by trick and device, and when haled before the court he offered to restore $40 to the victim of the hoax. The latter accepted this offer, as it meant more to him than the imprisonment of the defendant, and, as he refused to testify, the case was dismissed. GENERAL |M POSITION. I. A young German girl traveling to marry her lover in Honolulu was accosted on the train by a middle-aged man. He assisted her with trifling favors, and gradually established such an intimacy that he proposed matrimony. But the girl proceeded to Honolulu. However, the gracious attentions of this generous and seemingly wealthy fellow traveler had made her dissatisfied with her lover’s comparatively low estate. So she returned to San Francisco, hoping to find the man who had sought to wed her. She came to the offices of the Commission for assistance. Investigators located the man and discovered that he had met his former wife, now divorced, and was contemplating a remarriage with her. When he learned of the Immigration Commission’s interest in the case, he fied with his divorced wife. The girl was warned of these facts and committed to the careful charge of the Travelers’ Aid and the Y. W. C. A. - - II. An Italian window washer, injured by an automobile, found neither the owner nor her liability insurance company inclined to pay him any compensation. The owner claimed there had been no careless- ness on her part. The insurance company cheerfully suggested a suit at law, as they learned that the man was destitute and probably unable to bring suit. The Italian's outraged sensibilities and angry demands only added to the obstimacy of the others. Through the intervention of |he Immigration Commission, however, the insurance company was induced to consider some friendly settlement on a reasonable ground, as there was considerable evidence of fault on the part of the driver of the automobile. As the man’s injuries were not serious, and his chief damage was loss of time, his case was compromised for $50. “QUAcK” DocTORs. To the Commission’s already lengthy list of complaints against ' ' (ſuack” doctors, a Sacramento Greek added three. He stated that these irresponsible and unlicensed physicians, two Chinese and one American, were advertising widely their herbs and extraordinary cures for all diseases, venereal and otherwise. These advertisements were ]] rinted in a Greek newspaper, in the Greek language. It is calculated that inestimable physical injury as well as monetary loss can be traced to these charlatans. As the California Board of Medical Examiners is conducting a strenuous campaign against all such “quacks,’’ the Thatter was referred to it, and already one of the three has been con- victed on the charge of practicing medicine without a license. 70 COMIMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. GEN E RA L Al D AND A DVICE. A Servian went to a rural post office to register and mail a letter to Belgrade. As it contained a draft, he was much disturbed to find, after some months, that it had not arrived. He was unable to explain his difficulty to the authorities, as he spoke no English. The Commis- sion took the mattter up with the local postmaster, obtained the necessary form for the Servian to fill out, and saw that he wrote in the necessary information. The difficulty has now been referred by the Immigration Commission to the Washington authorities, in the hope of hastening the investigation and shortening, as far as possible, the inevitable delay due to the war. - SE DUCTION. A pretty and innocent immigrant girl from a hill town of Italy, who found work as a domestic servant in San Francisco, was assiduously courted by a well to do hotel owner. He lavished attentions upon her and finally won her promise to marry him. He put off the marriage from month to month on the plea of financial reverses. At length he played upon her sympathies and induced her to enter into illicit rela-. tionship with him, saying that they would soon be married anyway. In a few months he jilted the girl. A baby came and she pleaded with him to marry her. He answered by marrying another woman. The girl was earning $35 a month and had to pay $20 a month to a home where the baby was placed, and to provide it with clothes. The father paid not a cent toward the support of the child. The Commission instructed its attorney to prosecute the man in any way possible. A law had been passed in 1913 making the father of an illegitimate child civilly liable for its support, but the girl-mother had no money to hire an attorney. Consequently, a criminal action was instituted under the Penal Code section making the parents of children liable for failure to support. This section in the past had been applied only to the parents of legitimate children, but it has been contended in this case that the new civil statute now imposes a duty of support on all parents, and that therefore the defendant is criminally liable. This point was decided in favor of the Commission in the police court, and in the superior and appellate courts on habeas corpus, and it has now been appealed to the supreme court. If this case is decided in favor of the prosecution, it is estimated that approximately $50,000 will be saved the state annually in contributions to the support of illegitimate children, as such criminal prosecution will bring in the payments of large fines, and also the fear of prosecution will tend to make fathers of illegitimate children support them voluntarily. EIRST ANNUAL REPORT. 71 IV. HOUSING. In section 8 of the creating act, the commission is given power “to enter into tenement houses, buildings and dwelling places for the pur- pose of inspecting such houses, buildings, and dwelling places to secure compliance with state tenement and building acts and municipal build- ing ordinances and to prevent violation thereof,’’ and in addition there was given “the right to examine the records of the various city depart- ments charged with the enforcement of the tenement house law and other building regulations and to secure from them reports and copies of their records at any time.” Obviously one of the grave questions Within the problem of immigration is that of the ever miserable housing of the aliens within our cities. It was for this reason that these powers of housing investigation were vested in this Commission. San Francisco naturally presents the gravest existing housing and Congestion problems, and the danger of future immigrant congestion is limited largely to that city. Consequently, the Commission made its initial investigation in that city in order to determine the scope of its work in housing. The reports of their preliminary surveys are set out in chapter I of this report under A and B. Conferences were also held with the State Board of Health, local health officers, the Housing Association of San Francisco, and the Los Angeles Housing Commission in order to profit by their experience and obtain their views as to what particular problems were most pressing and demanding of immediate attention. - These surveys and conferences disclosed the fact that the problem of the Commission was exceedingly difficult because the enforcement of the state housing laws is entrusted to the boards of health and building departments of the cities and towns. Uniformity of action is there- fore difficult, and there is no central authority to which the Commission could present a general campaign of action for correcting the abuses which might be discovered. It was determined that the first duty of the Commission, as a state organization, was to secure the uniform enforcement of the two state housing laws—the Tenement House Act and the Hotel and Lcdging House Act. It is in tenements and cheap lodging houses that immigrants usually congregate; moreover, it was found that little or mothing was being done to enforce these, the only state laws pertaining to housing. The concrete work before the Com- mission, therefore, was to stimulate into action the municipal authorities Where bad housing conditions were found, principally in enforcing the state laws, and incidentally in enacting and in enforcing municipal Ordinances pertaining to all dwellings, 72 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. In the following pages summaries of the housing surveys of the different cities are set out, together with the results obtained in each locality. These reports make it apparent that California generally has not awakened to a realization of its housing problems, or its opportuni- ties in this connection as a comparatively new state. Feeling secure for the present with its broad acres and more or less scattered popula- tion, the state is not insuring against the future as it should by watching over each step in city housing construction and development, and by keeping a careful supervision over maintenance according to the laws of health and sanitation. Since the Commission had so many other fields of activities, its limited appropriation permitted the employment of only one housing expert, who was assisted at times by one, and at times by two, investigators. Consequently, the accomplishments of the Commission in securing concrete results have been comparatively small, and its main achievement has been the inspiring of the local authorities. with a sense of duty. But it is apparent that if the work is to have any lasting effect, it must be continued, and on a larger scale, with a special appropriation for that purpose. SAN FRANCISCO. 1. Tenenments. Following the general preliminary housing investigation in San Francisco, an intensive survey was made in that city's Telegraph Hill and North Beach districts during March and April, 1914. A house to house survey of two solid blocks on Telegraph Hill and a detailed study of law violations in fifty scattered tenements selected at random were made. These investigations were conducted to secure definite evidence that would convince the local authorities that city housing inspectors were needed, not only to see to the enforcement of specific laws, but also to protect the community from conditions amounting to public nuisances dangerous to the health and morals of the community. In these inspections the inspectors were not allowed to deal in gen- eralties. In cooperation with housing experts, cards were carefully prepared, upon which detailed and specific measurements were recorded to show the most serious housing and sanitary violations. Table VIII shows the worst violations of the tenement house act in the thirty-four tenements which were found to be in the most dangerous condition. It is truly startling to note that there were 392 serious violations found in these thirty-four houses, and that there were innu- merable violations of less importance in each building. While all these houses were not built in actual violation of laws that were in existence when they were constructed, still these violations of the present law show that careful watch should be kept over the construction of new houses, and many conditions even in old buildings could be remedied * *=---------------------— ------ - TA B L E V | | | . Bad Law Violations in Thirty-four Tenenment Houses in San Francisco. Telegraph Hill. Address 42S 402 Green Street------------ Green Street------------ 506–8–10 Vallejo Street------ 1251-53 Kearny Street------- 1245-47 Kearny Street Warennes Street---------- ** f 1239-41 Kearny Street 421 305 505 100 Union Street------------ Green Street Green Street Varennes Street-------- 1816-18-20 Kearny Street____ J.357-59 Kearny Street------- 6-8-10 Windsor Street------- 1315–17 Bannann Street------ 358 Green Street------------ 370-72 Green Street--------- 17 Sonora Street------------ 1223 Kearny Street Vallejo Street----------- ſ 526 1249 Kearny Street---------- 408 404 Green Street------------- Green Street------------- 1220. Kearny Street---------- 1312-14 Rearny Street------- 454-56 Union Street 397 52-54-56 Green Street------------ Warennes Street---- 8-10 Reno place------------- 512-14-16 Vallejo Street------ 1219 Kearny Street---------- 4-6 Pollard Street----------- 15 Sonora Street------------ 438 Union Street------------ — — — — — — — . Miscellaneous violations and general remarks Toilets in filthy condition. Garbage thrown in Court. Wood buckets used as garbage cans. Vile Odors in One apartment. Rubbish and Stagnant Water in COurt. pigs and dogs on premises. One toilet used by three albartmentS. Building altered under 1913 law. Court built in to ventilate two inside bedro Oms. Guinea Two toilets for six apartments. Both filthy. Garbage and refuse in court. Building Ought to be condemned. Toilet under stairs. Garbage in court. Toilets under stairs. Three toilets for five families. Toilet in kitchen on first floor. Used by two families. Garbage scattered about premises. Toilet in basement. Hopper clogged and filthy. Toilets are y ery filthy. Garbage and refuse in court. One exit for three front and three rear apartments. Court ventilates bedroom and toilet. Windows on lot fine. Rabbits on premises. Three toilets under Stairs. with garbage and refuse. Basement filthy l,ot line, Outer courts I.ot line, inner courts Inner eourts Nunn) f Number of - congestion 1.... Yard, --- - * - A Pejent Intakes to Drainage of wigh wºn Fire Bath Toilets º l . O Number of tºº. ------------ *TT N º 4 rea, "ea, p • Tº º e lº 3a "it t & º • * 4. lot size Size sº Size sº Size 㺠occupied Courts courts entrance º ig eSCapeS wentilated O a." W * lºs than 20 Cubic air º, )er SI&l11'S º * square feet Space t feet feet feet Windows a e3, persons Inner NOne * 6' 1" x 5' 8" 36 5' 6" x 8" 9” 48 -------------- - - - - - - - - - - | 94 None None 2' 9" 2, 7” NODe NODe Not | Not painted -------------- 3 -------------- 1,164 cu. ft. 4 2' 11" x 2' 11" x 4' 2" 5 | Inner NOne 3’ 3” x 3’ 9” x 5' 6 3' X 3’ 9” 11.2 -------------- ---------- i 97 None None -------------------- None On roof; 1 Not | Not painted ---------------------------- 3 1,312 cu. ft. 7 3' x 6' 3" 18.7 for 6 apts. 1,146 cu. ft. 4 662 cu. ft. 4 | 945 cu. ft. 4 Inner None 2’ 10” x 4' x 2' 8” 4 3, 7" x 2' 6" 9 ------------------------ 95 None | None to outer | ---------- ---------- None None Not --------------- -------------------- 976 cu. ft. 4 * 2’ 10” x 37 ºn 10 ; | lot line, ct. | 688 cu. ft. 5 * 3’ 9” X 10’ 10” 40.5 | 686 cu. ft. 3 Corner None |----------------------|----------|------------------------------------------------------------- | 97 None to lot ----------------|---------- 2' 6" None None for 7 Not | Not paiiated -------------- 1 -------------- S75 cu. ft. 5 line, inner aptS. | | 908 cu. ft. 4 COllrt. 893 cu. ft. 4 S32 cu. ft. 3 Inner ------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------- ---------- NODe None Not --------------- 1 (bedroom) 4 -------------- 802 cu. ft. - 4 Inner None --------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------- 87 --------------|---------------- '---------- 2' 10" ---------- Not con- Not | Not painted -------------- 1 -------------- 747 cu. ft. 3 | ; | | Inected. 150 cu. ft. 3 | | 697 cu. ft. 4 | } | 869 cu. ft. 3 Inner None --------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------- - - - ſ | 2' 7" ---------- NODe Not | Not painted -------------- 3 -------------- 980 cu. ft. 5 t 846 cu. ft. 3 ! g soi cu. ft. 3 Corner None ---------------------- i---------- 7' x 3’ 9. 26.2 ------------------------ 97.3 None None ------------------------------ None Not | Not painted ------------------- 745 cu. ft. 5 t ſ S38 cu. ft. 3 Inner ----------|---------------------- |----------|---------------------------- - - - -- 88.3 None | Drain in pipe -------------------- NOIne NODG Not l--------------- | 2 (bedroom) 1. * - - -------------- i | Stopped up. * Inner None ---------------------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -------------|---------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 100 - - 2' 6" 2' 4” None -------------- Not | Not painted 3 3 -------------- 512 cu. ft. 3 Corner None -------------------------------- 3' 7" x 6' 21.5 ------------------------ 97 None None 2’ 10” ---------- None None Not Not painted * * * * * * * * * * *-* - * *-* * * * * * - 642 cu. ft. 2 | 354 cu. ft. 1. Inner | None ---------------------- ----------|------------------ - - 89 -------------- None to lot None None Not --------------- | 2 2 -------------- 781 cu. ft. 3 line, inner ct. | | 718 cu. ft. 3 Corner Wome --------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------- ---------- 9? ------------------------------ ---------- '2' 10" and None None Not | Not painted 1 (bedroom)" ----- 1,035 cu. ft. 5 2. | 792 cu. ft. 4 i ! 945 cu. ft. 3 Corner None 7' 9" x 27 9// 21 5’ 3” x 6' 5" 33.6 |--- | 97 None None ---------- * * = <= * * * * * * None None Not | Not painted –------------- --------------|--------------|-------------------------- 5’ 3” x 6' 9" 35.4 i } Inner None -------------------------------- 3' 17" x 2’ 3” x 3’ 5” x 4f 8” 10.6 ------------------------ 91 None |---------------- | --- None Not l--------------- | | 3 | 1,026 cu. ft. 3 3' x 3' 8" x 1' 4” x 3' 1" 6.6 : | 4' 11" x 2' 11” 14.2 $ | Inner 4' 3" |_ __ * = - - 4' 3" x 3’ 6” 14.8 |-|-- - - - 92 - - ---------- 2. None 1 for 5 apts.j.---------|-------------- -- | 1 | 1,166 cu. ft. 4 t in basem't. 1,020 cu. ft. 3 Corner None |---------------------- ----------|----------------------------|----------|-------------- ----------|---------- None |---------------- ---------- | 2, 7” None -------------- '.---------|---------------|-------------- '---------------------------- 1,144 cu. ft. 4 | 912 cu. ft. 3 Inner ------------------------------------------ 27 9” x 6' 3" 17 - - - - 88 --------------------- - - - - - Not ------ - 3 -------------- 898 cu. ft. 4 690 cu. ft. 2 Inner 8' 8" --------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------- |-- | None Not l---------------|-------------- 2 -------------- 800 cu. ft. 4 Corner None -------------------------------- 2' 6" x 4' 10 ------------------------ 99.5 None |--------- - = * * * = <= * * = * None to 2 2 not |------------------------ ------------------------------- 995 cu. ft. 5 i rear aptS. Inner None -------------------------------- - - - --- 100 --------------|---------------- 2'3" ---------- i---------- None Not l----------------------------- 2 -------------- 804 cu. ft. 4 | | : ſ Corner None ---------------------- ----------|------------------------------------------------------------- 100 |-|-- --- 2’ 10” am sº º ºs = * * * * * None Not ------ 3 -------------- 950 cu. ft. 3 In Der None -------------------------------- • * * * = - sº º ºs º- m am m. ºm my ºm º º º m = m - - * * * * : *-* * * * * * * * * * * - - - *- * * * * * * * * * * ---------- 89 2' 10" ---------- None Not ----------------------------------- - — ; - - - - - --------------------- Inner None ---------------------- º : -98 None None None None Not l--------------------------------------------------------- 7S5 CUI. #. ; | } 77.0 GUI. ft. Inner ------------------------------------------ 3' 6" x 3’ 9” 23.6 -------------- ---------- 85 ---------------------------------------- 2' 3" None None ---------|---------------|-------------- - * *-* _ _ _ [- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3' 7" x 5' 3" 18 | 7' x 7' 10" 44.8 3. | Inner ------------------------------------------ 37 x 9’ 3” 27.7 ------------------------ 97 --------------|---------------- 8’4” and ----------------------------------|---------|---------------|-------------- |--------------|-------------------------- 2, 11” Corner None -------------------------------- 3’ 10” x 3/ 11.5 -------------- ---------- 98 None None -- . ------ ---------- None None Not | Not painted |-------------- 3 2 770 cu. ft. 3 | 1,040 cu. ft. C 3. ! { 927 cu. ft. 4 | f S12 cu. ft. 3 Inner NOne 3' 8" x 3’ 7” x 5' 3" 4.3 * * * : * * *-* * * * * = <- º º ºs º- * * * * * * * * *-* - * ---------- 95 None | None to lot ---------- | 2, 7” None None Not | Not painted --- 3 955 cu. ft. 5 | line, Outer ct. | Inner None 3’ 3” x 17' 55 2’ 9” x 3' 6" x 1' 9" 2 --- - 93 None | None for lot 3 2' 3" | None | Baths not Not | Not painted * * * * * 3 |-------------------------- | line, inner ct. | ventilated. | | Inner -------------------------------, ---------- 7' X 3" 21 -------------- ---------- 77 None None ---------- | 2' 6" None ------------------------|--------------- ---------------------------- 3 -------------------------- 4' X 3' 8" 14.6 | Inner None 2’ 10” x 23' 10" 67 | 94 None |----------------|---------- ---------- ---------- None Not Not painted -------------- 5 -------------- 622 cu. ft. 2 | : 646 cu. ft. 3 Inner None 3’ 10” x 20' 5" 79 3’ 4” x 3’ 4” x4' 10" 6 4! 1" x 5' 37 21.5 94 None |---------------- 2' 8" -------------------- None for 9 Not | Not painted ---------------------------- 1 | 1,357 Cu. #. . 4' 6" x 3' 6" x 3’ 10” 7 | aptS. 1,075 cu. ft. Inner | None ---------------------- * * * * * * * * * * 3’ 3” x 11’ 6” x 2" 9” X 10' 29 96 None None ---------- 27 8” None None Not | Not painted ------------------------------------------ i. CUl #. º | 1' 9" x 6’ 3” 11 ſ 734 Cll. ft. Inner None 3' 6" x 11/ 27 39 3' 2" x 3' 8" 11.5 - - - 89 None None ---------- !---------- None -------------- --------- Not painted _ _ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - I - - - - - - - - * * = - * * 625 cu ft. 2 i 5' 8" x 9’ 10” 55 | 625 Cu. ft. 2 H | | : – | | --------—--------------------- * * * * * * * * * * 28 12 !---------- 29 * * * * = * * * * * 1. ºm am sº sº me sm º º me sº 30 20 T 5 7 15 21 28 | 28 17 | 5 i 14 8 28 ---------- { (9 rooms) (36 rooms) (19 rooms) (56 rooms) t Total violations 21 miscellaneous violations. TOtal houses, 34. Total number of bad violations, 392. FIRST ANNUAL REPORT. 73 Totally dark room. The window opens on wall of adjoining house. (This picture and those following were taken by the Commission's housing inspectors.) A violation of the state cubic air law and of the lodging house act, This inside room is occupied by nine men. The windows open into the kitchen. 74 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. under the express provisions of the present law—notably inside bed rooms and insanitary toilets. In these thirty-four houses were found mine inside rooms without any windows whatsoever, thirty-six dark bedrooms not opening directly to the outer air, and nineteen bedrooms opening on courts less than twenty square feet in area—making a total of sixty-four inside rooms. Inside rooms were found to be com- mon in the other districts which were surveyed, the statistics of which are not here tabulated. The dark, unventilated toilet, usually in an insanitary condition, is another grave danger in these tenements. Such toilets are usually situated in the common hallway, or common porches, under the stair- ways, and admit neither of light nor ventilation. The use of these toilets by two or more families is generally the cause of their dis- gustingly filthy condition. No one assumes the responsibility for their cleanliness. Likewise, the utter lack of scarcity of bathing facilities is a severe criticism of the city’s housing and living conditions. It is also important to note that in twenty-eight out of the thirty-four houses shown in Table VIII there were instances of overcrowding in fifty-six rooms. This violation of the cubic air space law is the rule rather than the exception. A recent investigation, made in December, 1914, into the general living conditions of 103 Spanish families, who have come to California by way of Honolulu, reveals a much worse con- dition this winter than last, as regards over-crowding. Most of these Spaniards are in the poorer tenements, two and three families being huddled together in a one-family apartment. One apartment of three rooms was found to be occupied by three families; two families, con- sisting of four adults and two children, occupying one small bedroom. This general situation is due to the lack of employment, and shows how unemployment and bad housing go hand in hand. After the tenement house inspections were completed in April, 1914, the Commission submitted the results to the San Francisco Board of Health and enlisted the cooperation of the Housing Association, and others interested in housing, in a campaign to secure, the creation of a tenement inspection department under the Board of Health. The Board of Health was soon convinced of the need of such inspectors and aided the Commission in petitioning the board of supervisors for the necessary appropriation. Eventually the supervisors allowed the appointment of two tenement house inspectors at a salary of $125 per month in the budget for the fiscal year beginning in June, 1914, and in July two inspectors were appointed. Many more inspectors are needed in a city the size of San Francisco, but this small beginning signifies a realization of the problem and a determination to deal with it. The Commission, through its housing inspector, has cooperated with and aided these local tenement inspectors in every possible way in FIRST ANNUAL REPORT. - - º Inside bedroom in a tenement house. Window opens into of California tenements. another room. A common feature 76 COMMISSION OF IMM IGRATION AND HOUSING. Dilapidated bedroom common in California shacks and single family dwellings. The need of immediate repair is obvious. FIRST ANNUAL REPORT. 77 Cellar, under a shack and more than half below street level, occupied by six men. Dirt floor covered with old moldy carpet. No ventilation except through rear door. - - - - ºld shed turned into a cheap lodging house. There are eighteen bunks and an old wooden sink in the rear of the room is the only facility for bathing. 78 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. undertaking their new work. The inspectors have concentrated their efforts largely on inside rooms, as they present about the worst con- dition and can be eliminated under the present law, even in tenements built before the law went into effect. They have compelled many owners to make alterations in their buildings to eradicate this evil. The work is necessarily slow, as the two inspectors have to cover the entire city. Moreover, tenement houses are even now being erected which violate the law, as there are not sufficient inspectors to aid the building department in checking up permits and construction. Houses have been built covering the entire lot area, leaving no rear yards, and with the courts obstructed by stairways. It is apparent that if the tenement house act is to be effectively enforced, both as regards construction and maintenance, a larger staff of inspectors will be required. 2. Family Dwellings Other Than Tenements. San Francisco has an equally serious problem with its single houses and flats, which are not technically tenements. Especially is this so in the Telegraph Hill district, where an intensive survey was made. Many of these houses are two family flats built in the rear of tenements, and a large number are dilapidated, tumble-down huts which were not destroyed at the time of the fire in 1906, and which are at present mostly occupied by Spanish and Porto Rican families. Inside rooms, over- crowding on lot area, congestion of occupants, and bad sanitary condi- tions are as prevalent as in the tenement districts. And, in a man- ner, this problem is more serious than that of the tenements, because there are no laws regulating these conditions. The Commission has urged the passage of municipal ordinances specifically regulating the construction and maintenance of all family dwellings, so that a repetition of these conditions might not arise in the poorer sections of the city, and it is to meet this general problem that the Commission is also proposing a general state housing law to cover all types of housing. Rents for these shacks are enormously high in view of the accommo- dations afforded, and, on account of the destitution of families and the unemployment of the men, several families often crowd into one small house or a single apartment. At the time of the writing of this report an epidemic of diphtheria is raging in one of these congested neighborhoods and spreading through the whole district. • * . 3. Lodging Houses. Subsequent to the general preliminary survey of lodging houses reported in chapter I, thorough and detailed inspections of twenty-nine cheap lodging houses in San Francisco have been made. Since these buildings house thousands of more or less roving and irresponsible men FIRST ANNUAL REPORT. 79 A lodging house in a basement. There are twenty-three rooms, each a mere stall, with no ventilation. The only light is artificial. Cellar under a shack. Typical of the squalid living conditions prevalent in the smaller cities of California. S() COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. of the poorer classes, who are careless as to their general personal habits and cleanliness, they present an ever constant danger to the health of the entire city. The preliminary survey had disclosed the fact that the city maintains no regular inspection of these lodgings; consequently this detailed survey was undertaken to gather definite evidence of the need of inspection. - These detailed inspections disclosed such startling conditions that the newspapers in San Francisco gave wide publicity to the report, consid- ering the news to be of vital import to the general public. The worst violation discovered, which may not be a technical violation of the exist- ing hotel and lodging house act, but which presents a real menace, was the existence of hundreds of so-called “stalls.” A large room with a ceiling of from twelve to fourteen feet in height is divided up into small rooms, or stalls, by partitions seven or eight feet high. These “stalls” are lighted and ventilated only by the windows of the large room, the separate “stalls’’ not being ceiled over. In one lodging house contain- ing 163 rooms there were 129 such ‘‘stalls’’ or inside rooms; in another there were 105 ‘‘stalls’’ and only 45 outside rooms proper; and in the smaller lodging houses this condition was comparatively as bad. That such rooms with indirect light and ventilation are obnoxious, and at the best only technical evasions of the law, is apparent. A woeful lack of bathing facilities was also found, and the toilets and baths are generally in an insanitary and almost filthy condition. The proprietors regard their lodgers, as one expressed it, as ‘‘the scum of the earth,’’ and consequently they refuse to employ sufficient help to keep the toilet and general plumbing facilities in a proper condition. The general vile condition of the beds and bedding is especially dan- gerous in that it affords an active medium for the breeding and spread- ing of loathsome and contagious diseases. The sheets are rarely changed for new lodgers, there are many recorded instances where the beds were found to be covered with vermin, and the blankets and heavier bed clothes were reeking with filth and soaked with wine. In a few instances the sheets are changed once a week, in most cases twice a week, and only seven houses were found that ever fumigated the blankets and other bedding. - In addition practically every one of these 29 houses were found to be regular fire traps. The hallways and stairways are narrow and inadequate and practically no fire escapes are provided. These conditions were reported to the San Francisco Board of Health and it was especially recommended that four of the houses be at once FIRST ANNUAL REPORT". Sl tº One room apartment-one of twelve of similar character on the same premises. The walls and ceiling are of tin patchwork. Two small rooms occupied by a Portuguese family—parents and two children. There is one bed for the entire family. The father is tubercular. 6–1496S S2 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND FIOUSING. condemned as public nuisances. A strong effort was made to have the city create a lodging house inspection department under the Board of Health with at least one inspector, but no provision was made for this work in the budget. Therefore, today, San Francisco is going on unheedful of this eminently dangerous sore, acting only when strenuous complaint is made by some incensed private citizen concerning some particularly bad lodging house. • In December, 1914, the four lodging houses which the Commission ilad branded as public nuisances were reinspected. The results are not encouraging, as only one house has actually been condemned and torn down, and it is evident that more work will have to be done by the Commission to arouse the city authorities to a sense of duty. The results of this reinspection can be summarized as follows: 1. Lodging house on Clay street. Condemned by Board of Health and torn down. 2. Lodging house on Howard street. Condition of house insanitary and even worse than when first inspected. Vacant lot in rear filled with even more refuse than when previously inspected. 3. Lodging house on Third street. Conditions still insanitary to & dangerous degree. No improvement whatsoever. * * * 4. Lodging house on Natoma street. Bad conditions slightly im- proved, so the house might be classed as fair. SACRAMENTO. • *-* * Two surveys of housing conditions have been made in Sacramento. This city has retained much of the laissez faire attitude of the early California days as regards its housing, although it has a serious prob- lem in this connection on account of its large railroad shops and ean- meries, whose thousands of workers are housed in a low, poor quarter, and it is also the temporary home each year of many casual agricultural workers, who are regularly destitute a portion of each year. • . The first investigation, made in May and June, 1914, included an intensive survey of two half blocks, detailed inspections of houses in scattered sections of the city, the careful investigation of conditions in six cheap lodging houses, and a rapid resurvey of large portions of the area covered by a housing investigation made in 1913 by the Chamber Gf Commerce. The report of this survey revealed deplorable living conditions, and particularly an absolute lack of effort on the part of landlords to keep their premises in repair, although rentals are never reduced, but kept surprisingly high. FIRST ANNUAL REPORT. Sº A filthy shed shared by a man and a horse. The man's bunk is almost directly over the horse and the manure pile. A 6 x 8 foot shed built of tin and wood patchwork. No ventilation. A Mexican is asleep in the bunk. 84 . COMMISSION OF IMMLIGRATION AND HOUSING. The chief evil disclosed, and which seems to be peculiar to Sacra- inento, is the common use of cellars for sleeping and general house- keeping purposes. The sections of the city where bad housing pre- Yails are low and poorly drained, and consequently the cellars in the dry season are damp, and in the winter season they are actually wet and the walls dripping. Some instances were discovered where five or six persons, usually immigrant lodgers, slept in such cellars, with dirt floors and walls, and with not more than 1,200 or 1,300 cubic feet of air space. * - - The usual overcrowding or congestion was found to be as prevalent as in San Francisco. Likewise scores of inside rooms were discovered, and insanitary conditions and general uncleanliness were found more frequently than in San Francisco. The old and carelessly constructed privy vaults which are still not uncommon in this city also present a serious problem, endangering the health of the entire community. Conditions were found to be so serious that the Commission drew up two ordinances to regiilate housing; as there were practically no effec- tive housing ordinances, and no effort was being made to remedy the situation or guard against an increase of the evils. One of the proposed ordinances was to regulate tenements and all other family dwellings, and the other provided for the regulating and licensing of lodging houses and hotels. These ordinances, together with the report and a large number of photographs showing the bad conditions, were sub- mitted to the city commission. The Sacramento ‘‘Bee’’ cooperated with the Commission by giving full publicity to the entire report, repro- ducing the photographs and carrying on an extended editorial cam- paign for the passage of the proposed ordinances. - However, even with all this publicity the effort to arouse the public and the authorities to an appreciation of the problem failed and the city commission refused to pass the proposed ordinances. * Nothing daunted, the Commission made a much more extended survey in October and the early part of November, 1914, with the object in view of arousing the city by disclosing all of the very worst conditions. Two hundred houses, including twelve tenements and thirty-three of the cheap lodging houses, were inspected. Innumerable photographs were taken and the results have been incorporated in a detailed report which is to be submitted to the city commission in January, when the housing ordinances, slightly amended to meet new conditions which were discovered, will be again proposed. FIRST ANNUAL REPORT. S5 Badly clogged and foul toilet to the left. To the right typically dangerous living conditions. House dilapidated and overrun with rats. Filthy corner where food is prepared and dishes washed. The door beside the sink opens into a dirty toilet ventilated only through this room. 86 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. The most serious conditions that were disclosed during this second investigation of 200 houses can be grouped as follows: 1. Lack of adequate toilet facilities------------------- 14 2. Cellar dwellings --------------------------------- 9 3. Insanitary conditions of woodwork around sinks and toilets --------------------------------------- 50 4. Bad repair of building---------------------------- 196 5. Filthy premises, exterior and interior--------------- 116 6. No garbage cans––––––––––––––– '- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 69 7. Animals on premises, causing insanitary condition_-_ 25 8. Totally inadequate cubic air space in bedrooms------ 29 9. Inside rooms ------------------------------------ 23 10. Enclosed plumbing ------------------------------ 41 11. Privy Vaults ------------------------------------ 14 12. Houses keeping lodgers and thereby causing over- crowding and encouraging moral laxity__________ 24 Total ------------------------------------ 610 The lodging houses disclosed the following most noteworthy evils: A total of thirty-three cheap lodging houses, having accommodations for over 1,000 persons were investigated. These thirty-three houses had 371 interior, dark rooms, many of which had no ventilation and were consequently filled with foul air. Seventy instances of bad cubic air violation were found. - Seventeen houses were without any bathing facilities, and all the houses are without adequate conveniences. Usually one bath serves the entire house. - Allowing for ten persons to a toilet—these facilities are insufficient in each house inspected. Many of the toilets were found in filthy condi- tion and with no means of ventilation. Prices ranged from ten cents to one dollar a might. Papered and plastered walls were found torn and broken and in need of repair. Of the total number of houses, sixteen were found to be in an absolutely filthy condition. One of the worst evils is the occupation of underground cellars; five such cellars, accommodating over two hundred persons, were found. These are damp, dark, unventilated, and a direct cause of tuberculosis. FRESNO. A detailed inspection of one hundred family dwellings and ten cheap lodging houses was made in Fresno during July and August, 1914. There are practically no tenement houses in Fresno, and the problem is largely that of the single family house or “shack.” The houses inspected were for the most part in the foreign colony section, where there are many (i.ermans. Russians, Armenians, Italians, and Mexicans. A few instances were found where several families occupy an old resi- dence which has been left behind in the poorer section with the city’s growth, and these presented the problems peculiar to tenements. But FIRST ANNUAL REPORT. 87 A piece of leaky rubber hose used as substitute for broken pipe. The faucet is badly in need of repair. Old broken cesspool. One of the worst evils in California cities. A common factor in the - distribution of typhoid. S8 COMIMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING, the Worst conditions were found to result from a lack of sanitary condi- tions and the overcrowding of large families in one-room huts. There were found to be an unusually large number of these rude huts or “shacks,” and their general dilapidated condition, combined with the congestion, offer every advantage for the breeding and spreading of disease. * ... . The old privy vaults, many of which were in a neglected and broken condition, also present the same evil as was found in Sacramento. Though the very cheap lodging house has not yet been established in Fresno, an inspection of ten of the twenty-five cent houses revealed conditions already bad and which threaten to become worse. Many inside rooms were found—one of the worst evils of cheap lodging houses. There is also the usual lack of adequate bathing and toilet facilities, and the toilets were found to be generally in an insanitary condition. More- over, two or three of these cheaply constructed buildings were reported as being regular firetraps, a menace to the lives of lodgers and the com- munity. - - - The health authorities were found to be unusually eager to cooperate in improving conditions, but they are hampered by a lack of laws or Ordinances regulating housing. Consequently, dwelling and lodging house ordinances were drafted by the Commission to fit the local con- ditions, and these have been submitted to the city authorities for adoption. The Fresno “Republican” has given full publicity to the report and has endorsed the proposed ordinances, and it is to be hoped that the authorities will take this definite step toward the improvement of hous- ing and living conditions in...this comparatively young and growing city, which has such a splendid opportunity to prevent the growth of “slums.” - BAKERSFIELD, VISALIA, SANTA ROSA, EUREKA, GALT AND ISLETON. The Commission of course with its small force of inspectors available for housing could not cover all the cities and towns of the state. How- ever, an effort was made to conduct housing inspections in the smaller cities and towns when bad conditions were reported, or when the local authorities requested such inspection. Such surveys or inspections were made in Bakersfield, Visalia, Santa Rosa, Eureka, Galt and Isleton. These more or less hurried surveys showed that in these smaller com- liaunities the housing problem is not that of tenements and lodging houses, but of crowded single family houses and generally bad sanitation. The foreign quarters are especially neglected so far as housing and sani- tation is concerned, FIRST ANNUAL REPORT. SQ H. º A backyard—unsightly because of its untidiness and dangerous because of the uncovered - pile of manure at the rear. 90 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. Two bad features are common to all these smaller cities and towns— the lack of adequate sewer systems, and the danger of pollution of the water supply. In fact these conditions are so prevalent that it might be said that the sanitary problem becomes the most important factor in the housing problem of the small towns of the state. - In Bakersfield and Visalia the only truly bad housing conditions were found to exist in the sections where the small ‘‘shanties’’ predominate. General uncleanliness and lack of repair are the worst violations and these features could be eradicated by careful and systematic inspection, followed up by orders from the Board of Health under its general regu- latory powers. This fact was impressed upon the local authorities in these two towns and they have recently reported that a “clean-up’’ campaign has been inaugurated. * --- At the request of the local health officer the Commission’s housing expert was sent to Santa Rosa to examine into a case involving the enforcement of the state hotel and lodging house act. The owner of a lodging house in which the health officer had ordered certain alterations. had interested several lodging house proprietors in making a sort of test case of the situation. The Commission inspector, after an investi- gation, reported in favor of the health officer. The contesting parties were then called into a conference and convinced of the legal, as well as the moral, necessity of complying with the lodging house act. As a result all the inside rooms were removed from the house in question, an énamel sink replaced an old and insanitary wooden one, and the halls and stairways were widened and made accessible to fire escapes. All the lodging houses of the town will probably be remodeled along these same lines, and the publicity given this case in the local papers has caused the inception of a general campaign for better housing and sanitary conditions. .- In Eureka, while inspecting some labor camps on the river near the town in December, the sanitary engineer discovered that the river water, which is the source of the city’s water supply, was being polluted and contaminated by these camps and by many private residences. This fact was reported to the local health officials, who admitted that they had known of the pollution for some time and had actually attributed certain typhoid epidemics to this source, but they claimed that they had refrained from acting because it was believed to be a case for state action, since a state law governs the pollution of streams. The local newspapers heard of the sanitary engineer's report and immediately gave wide publicity to the matter. This, combined with the pressure brought to bear by the Commission, soon stopped the quibbling over the question of procedure and at the time of the writing of this report half of the camps and residences have already been made to install FIRST ANNUAL REPORT. 91 Row of shacks hidden by signs. Their back doors open directly upon the free city dump. The garbage dump in rear of the shacks shown above. 92 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. asceptic tanks, which prevent the pollution, and the other half are in the process of either installing sewer systems or asceptic tanks. The Commission took advantage of the publicity gained in this connection to start a general improvement campaign, and the interest and enthu- siasm that have been aroused bid fair to bring further good results. The towns of Galt and Isleton, in the Sacramento Valley, appealed to the Commission during the summer to aid them with their problems of sewage disposal. Both towns were entirely without sewer systems, and as a result there was pollution of the water supplies on account of the peculiar location of the towns. Moreover, the general sanitary con- ditions were extremely bad. The Commission’s sanitary engineer was sent to make careful investigations and then submit definite recom- mendations. The sanitary engineer, after three weeks’ work in the two towns, submitted carefully drawn plans and specifications for the con- struction of sewer systems, and for the erection of simple and inexpen- sive garbage and refuse incinerators. The town of Galt adopted the plans as submitted and the authorities have voted to begin the con- struction of both the sewer system and the incinerator. The Isleton authorities are making some minor changes in the plans submitted to them, but they intend to follow the general suggestions of the Com- mission. LOS ANGELES AND SAN DIEGO. These two cities are mentioned last for the reason that they are aroused to a sense of responsibility in connection with their housing problems and the local authorities are doing much to enforce the laws and improve conditions. Consequently the Commission has done little in these cities, but has concentrated its efforts on those communities Where practically nothing is being done in this connection In Los Angeles, the city housing commission, a bureau under the health department, has four inspectors constantly in the field and by issuing explicit orders, followed by prompt re-inspection, has achieved much in the way of enforcing state laws and local ordinances. The problem peculiar to Los Angeles is found in the house courts. These are not technically tenements, though they often house several families, and, therefore, present some of the same problems. The local housing commission is not only correcting abuses in these quarters, but it has also undertaken some constructive work, offering prizes for plans of model house courts and urging the adoption of these plans upon builders. municipal housing commission and is now engaged in an intensive housing and social survey of a large school district. This district is in a congested quarter of the city which is largely peopled by immigrants. The general purpose of the survey is to show the effect of housing upon |*|RST ANNUAL REPORT". 9:} f Three family tenement house which grew from a dilapidated shack. A combination o California's two most serious housing problems. Shack built of tin and pieces of dry goods boxes. One small window. Vault toilet adjoins the front door. 94 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. the health, character, prosperity and citizenship of the people of the district and upon the general life of the city. Its specific purpose is to show the present influence and value of a fine neighborhood school which is the social center of the district, and the necessity for enhancing that influence by adding home teachers to the present force of school teachers. - - Likewise in San Diego an earnest effort has been made to abate housing evils and improve conditions. On October 14, 1913, an inspector was appointed in the health department to devote his entire time to tenement and lodging house inspection. The department has obtained excellent results in enforcing the laws pertaining to these structures and has incidentally done much to improve general conditions in single family dwellings and the flats which do not come within the Tenement House Act. It is interesting to note that the fees collected in the course of this work have paid all expenses and salaries of the department. This department has cooperated most enthusiastically with this Com- mission in carrying out suggestions concerning the enforcement of the state laws, and it was so anxious to be entirely correct in its actions that it requested that an inspector be sent to make a general survey of the city. Consequently an inspector of the Commission of Immigration and Housing made a rapid investigation, which consisted mostly of checking over the work of the local department and gathering general statistics pertaining to the immigrant situation for the use of the Commission in its general activities. The housing work was found to be well system- atized and accurate in every particular. . … The following brief summary of the housing work done in San Diego by the health department during the year, October 14, 1913, to October 14, 1914, is given to show how much can be accomplished by but one inspector if a definite, consistent plan of work is followed: Old Buildings. SS New water-closets were installed. 107 New kitchen sinks were installed. 21 Bathtubs were condemned and removed. 12 New bathtubs were installed. * 76 Old defective water-closets, slop hoppers and wooden sinks were condemned and removed. : . 101 IXitchen sinks had woodwork removed from around. . 378 Pieces of carpets, rugs, matting, pillows and blankets were condemned and - destroyed. 57 Wooden bunks were condemned and destroyed. 402 Pieces of floor covering were cleaned. 44 Yards were cleaned. * . . 1200 Rooms were repapered, painted and calcimined. 455 Rooms found infested with vermin. These rooms were thoroughly cleaned and fumigated. - & 7 Rain Water cisterns were condemned and either filled or sealed. 31 Leaky roofs repaired. 227 Water-closet compartments were cleaned and painted. FIRST ANNUAf, REPORT. 95. 10 Fire escapes were installed. 14 Fire hose lines were installed. - - 27 Buildings were removed from the condemned class by compliance with our orders for improvements, alterations and repairs. - 287 Inside rooms were provided with sufficient light and ventilation by the installa- tion of air shafts, ventilators and skylights. 121 Rooms were condemned on account of the lack of sufficient light and ventilation. 243 IRooms were condemned on account of being insanitary. 3 Rooms were condemned on account of not having the required amount of cubical air space. There were 4,363 nuisances a hated on orders, together with approximately 3,400 gree pººr abated on verbal notices and voluntarily, making a grand total of 7,763 general nuisances abated during the year. Five, hundred fifty-six licenses were issued and 1.331 notices to abate nuisances were served. In many cases it was necessary to send second notices. New Buildings. There are under construction at the present time, 3 lodging houses and 7 tonement houses, containing 184 guest rooms and 135 housekeeping apartments. BU LD | NGS CON DE M N E D. Forty-one entire buildings were condemned as being unfit for human habitation, but immediate results were obtained in 27 of these. The owners of the same, when the places were placarded, went ahead and made all the necessary alterations and repairs and the installation of additional plumbing fixtures required by the laws, which now leaves only 14 buildings actually remaining condemned. GENERAL CONCLUSIONS. A situation developed, however, in San Diego which shows that the greatest difficulty in the enforcement of the state housing laws lies in the fact that it is left entirely to the local municipal authorities to put the acts into effect. The reports herein set out indicate that there is not a general, uniform enforcement of the tenement and hotel and lodging house acts, for the majority of cities are not even making an effort to carry out their provisions. Moreover, in San Diego, where an effort was made to put the law into effect, difficulties arose. The Tenement House Act allows the municipalities to divide up the enforcement of its provisions among local departments. In San Diego, after a few months of active work by the health department, the powers of enforce- ment were so divided between the building inspector and the health department that this situation arose: Several owners were granted building permits and erected their houses under the supervision of the building department. The health department, when the buildings were completed, decided they were tenement houses and refused to issue permits of occupancy because the houses were not built according to law, and the cecupancy thereof would be in violation of the “health, sanitation and ventilation'' clause of the act, the enforcement of which clause is always in the local health department irrespective of the will of 96 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND 11ousING. the municipal government. The building department maintained that the buildings were not tenement houses. The Commission's attorney made an investigation and rendered an opinion in favor of the health department—but to no avail, as the Commission had no actual power and could act only in an advisory capacity. Thus the innocent owners were caught between two official fires. As a result of several such instances an intense local political fight has developed over an attempt to abolish the position of housing inspector in the health department and the work has been much hampered. It is plainly apparent that such a situation should be remedied and it is to this end that the Commission has proposed the law, summarized at the end of this report, creating a state housing bureau with super- visory powers. Such a bureau would have the authority to straighten out such complications and could also secure a general and uniform enforcement of all state housing laws. - \ Moreover, the surveys have indicated that the broad, general housing problem in the state, with a few exceptions, may be summed up as a single and two family dwellings problem, the chief factors of which are overcrowding, or congestion, poorly constructed and dilapidated shacks, and a lack of sanitary conveniences. Yet there is no state law, and only a few local Ordinances, applying to such houses. It is to pro- ºtect the state against this unheeded increase of bad housing conditions, especially in the smaller cities and towns where no interest is displayed in such affairs, that the Commission has proposed a state law to regu- late all dwelling houses. The proposed state housing bureau would be given supervisory and direct power to enforce this law as well as the existing state laws. Cities seem reluctant to take up their own prob- lems, and local health officers, who are usually practicing physicians, are underpaid and too busy to attend to their official duties. More- over, there is always a strong local and political influence brought to bear upon such officials to curb their activities when the property of influential owners is affected. The Commission has, at least, pointed out the way, aroused interest in the betterment of housing conditions, and accomplished some tangi- ble, concrete results—all of which work benefits not only the resident immigrants but also the American inhabitants of the poorer quarters and, indirectly, the entire population of the state. fiftST ANNUAL REPORT. - 97 V. CONSTRUCTIVE HOUSING. The inspections made with respect to the violation of the state hous- ing laws, and the investigations with respect to general housing condi- tions, convinced the Commission that the deplorable conditions dis- covered were due largely to a lack of knowledge concerning the way to build the proper sort of cheaper houses, and a lack of appreciation of the economic and social advantages to be gained from careful plan- ning and construction. It was also found difficult to arouse interest or enthusiasm in the housing problem by merely pointing out bad conditions and violations of housing laws. Such statistics do not appeal to the imagination of the public, as people have lived in the midst of bad conditions so long that they are apathetic and willing to com- promise and procrastinate. After almost a year of experience, the Commission decided to under- take some sort of a constructive housing program in order to point out not only the value of proper housing but the fact that it can be attained easily and, in the end, at a lower cost than bad housing. An architect, who is a trained housing and city planning expert, was therefore sent East by the Commission in November to collect material, photographs, and data showing what is being done in eastern cities and Europe in building workingmen’s inexpensive model homes, and especially cottages and bungalows which would be adaptable to California. This expert has returned, after a month spent in investigating in Washington, Philadelphia, Baltimore, New York, Boston, Toronto, Cleveland and Chicago. An excellent collection of photographs has been secured, many valuable statistics showing the cost and ultimate economy of model housing have been gathered and the loan of valuable exhibits of housing organizations has been secured. This material and that col- lected in the course of local Surveys, is now being arranged as an exhibit, which it is hoped will fire the imagination of the public, as well as the authorities, and demonstrate the grave evils of bad and the importance of good housing. The Commission will continue to urge the necessity of the first step in any campaign for housing improve- ment—the inspection of existing buildings, combined with rigid law enforcement. The exhibit will be so assembled as to bring out this important point, agreed on by all experts, as well as to encourage constructive work along new lines. This exhibit will be taken throughout the state to as many cities and towns as possible. Housing associations, chambers of commerce, city planning associations, and many individuals have offered financial assistance and hearty cooperation in this work. The exhibit will also 7—1496S 98 - CôMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HôUSíNG. be displayed before the present legislature to convince it of the need of more general and stringent laws and additional appropriations to insure proper enforcement. But, undoubtedly, the best results that will be accomplished by this exhibit will come from displaying it in a city at a time when a housing survey is being made. Accompanied with wide publicity and lectures on the meaning of the exhibit and the results of the local survey, it should accomplish much. FIRST ANNUAL REPORT. 99 VI. IMMIGRANT EDUCATION. In chapter I, subdivision D, of this report the general importance of the education of immigrant children and adults, and California’s neglect of this work, is brought out. Much of the future activity of the Commission will be in the field of encouraging the development, and aiding in the planning of this work, for this is perhaps the most constructive feature of the task of bringing about immigrant assimila- tion. But the problem is a large One, involving numerous technical educational details which require careful study; therefore, during the first year of its existence, the Commission has carefully refrained from advocating any hasty measures, which might easily be ill advised and impractical. Only one plan has been crystalized in the form of a pro- posed law, and of the soundness of this idea the Commission is convinced. - However, in the course of the general work among immigrants in the housing, complaint, and camp inspection departments, many statis- tics concerning immigrant education have been gathered and the needs of the people carefully standardized. In San Francisco and Sacra- mento special surveys have been made along this line, and at present a detailed investigation is being made in Los Angeles in a school district, which is inhabited almost exclusively by immigrants. Two or three further investigations are planned and when these are completed all the material will be carefully assembled and analyzed, and a definite program drawn up. 1. HOME EDUCATION FOR WOMEN. The general surveys have disclosed one definite educational problem which is so urgent that the Commission has ventured to suggest a solu- tion, feeling sure of its ground. This is the problem of the education and assimilation of the immigrant mother. The immigrant mother who does not speak English is even more helpless than the man, for even his failures give him education and slowly help him to adjust himself to the new life. With the woman in her poor home there are few points of contact with educational opportunity. The Americanization of the children in the public schools often adds to her difficulties. The child takes command of the home and becomes ashamed of the mother. By statistics it was found that this is adding to delinquency and filling the juvenile courts. - - The quickest and surest way of dealing with the problem is by edu- cating the mother in our language, our laws and our standards of living. For this purpose it is necessary to provide visiting teachers who will, as rapidly as possible, connect these mothers with the public schools and i00 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. our civic life. To this end the Commission has proposed to the present legislature a law summarized at the end of this report. The survey now being made in Los Angeles, mentioned above, is planned particu- larly to bring out this need of education in the immigrant home. The report of this survey will probably be published in separate form and made the basis of the arguments for the need of this legislation. 2. LABOR CAMP EDUCATION. The statistics gathered by the camp inspectors disclosed a surpris- ingly large percentage of illiteracy among the adult laborers, and also the utter lack of school facilities for hundreds of children of immigrants (and Americans) residing in camps. Since the population of the camps inspected is upwards of 64,000, over 50 per cent of which number are immigrants, this is a situation of grave import to the state. These facts were therefore submitted to the State Board of Education and several conferences were held with that board, as a result of which the state board has seen fit to propose a bill in the present legislature for the creation of a camp education department, with a staff of itinerant teachers, under the control of the state board. By dividing the state into several camp districts, and organizing a system of correspondence teaching, in connection with the direct teaching, it is believed that much can be accomplished in furnishing general education and citizen- ship training to the thousands of aliens in our labor camps. 3. GENERAL CITIZENSHIP EDUCATION. Since the great immigration problem before the state is the assimila- tion of the incoming mass, too much stress can not be placed upon ultimate citizenship. As is pointed out in chapter I, little is being done in California to train or instruct the immigrant in either English or citizenship. To cover this field of work the Commission is gathering information for the formulation of a definite program. Within the last few months the Commission has been much encour- aged by the initiative and activity of the school and court authorities in Los Angeles. The judges of the federal and superior courts have arranged with the federal naturalization officers to grant citizenship papers to all aliens who present diplomas from the night schools in English and citizenship, conducted by the local department of educa- tion for adult immigrants. These diplomas are granted only to those who pass strict examinations after a course of study in civics and the English language. Consequently, the holders of these diplomas are much better prepared to appreciate the value and duties of citizenship ..:” than are those aliens who pass a more or less perfunctory examination * e in the court, after a haphazard, individual course of study. The FIRST ANNUAL REPORT. - 101. importance of citizenship is further emphasized by holding impres- sive ceremonies each month when citizenship papers are given out. Addresses are made to the new citizens, by the presiding judge and a few special speakers, after which there is an informal program of music and entertainment followed by a gathering at which many old citizens mingle with and welcome the new. This entire system has had the effect of trebling the attendance at the might school, and many have been inspired to continue their studies even after they are admitted to citizenship. This work has so outgrown the staff of teachers that the Commission is now cooperating with interested organizations in urging a reorgani- zation of the work by the local board of education. The Commission is also cooperating with the local teachers and others in preparing text- books for this instruction and general information pamphlets for immigrants in all languages. The Commission intends to urge the adoption of the above method of training and admitting citizens in all the cities of the state. Already it has cooperated with many private organizations in San Francisco in urging the establishment of social centers in the public schools, under the new state law. These centers would be evening schools for adult immigrants and would also fill the urgent need of a social gathering place for all those who dwell in tenements and in the crowded quarters of the city. In order that the state may be able to assimilate future immigration it is necessary that it take immediate steps to properly assimilate its present immigrant population. The Commission would suggest to school superintendents of Cali- fornia that the teaching of English and citizenship be standardized and carefully supervised; that the present system of providing for the evening classes of aliens, teachers already exhausted by service in the day schools, be discontinued as soon as possible. When working people are earnest and ambitious enough to attend evening schools, they should be taught by teachers qualified to work with vigor and ability. To make this change it is necessary that the state bear its share of the expense of the education of the adult immigrant and that it also supply proper textbooks. 102 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. VII. UNEMPLOYMENT.; The creating act, in section 5, directs the Commission to “devise and carry out such suitable methods as will tend to prevent or relieve congestion and obviate unemployment.” The work which the Commis- sion has done directly among immigrants in the complaint bureau, camp inspection bureau, and in the course of the extensive housing investiga- tions, has thrown many sidelights upon the problem of unemployment. In fact, as is pointed out in the separate report of unemployment pub- lished by this Commission, the problem of immigration, in its most fundamental aspect, is almost identical with that of employment and its corrollary, unemployment. *- Furthermore, at the Governor’s express request, the Commission undertook a separate and entirely distinct investigation of the unem- ployment and migratory labor problems. The United States Commis- sion on Industrial Relations also requested the Commission to act as its agent in this investigation and contributed a generous amount to defray the expenses of the work. From May 1st to August 15, 1914, four investigators traveled throughout the state, devoting their entire time to this work. Since August 15th, two, and at times, three investigators have been employed in field work and the compiling of the reports. These intensive investigations were conducted along the following lines: (a) Study of special localities to show methods of obtaining labor ; (b) Study of several hundred life histories of migratory and casual workers to learn causes of unemployment and methods of obtaining jobs; (c) Study of the ownership of land and the effect of the land tenure system on employment ; - - (d) Study of available material in United States Census, report of United States Immigration Commission, report of State Commissioner of Labor Statistics, reports of labor unions in California ; * - (e) Investigation of eighty-one private employment agencies within the state to determine their real status and value. A separate published report on unemployment gives the results of this work in detail, therefore a mere summary of the conclusions and recommendations contained in that report is given here: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS. (1) The creation of a state bureau of labor exchanges, under a representative board or commision, with an annual appropriation of not less than $75,000; this bureau to have branch offices in the centers of population to gather and disseminate labor intelligence, to be a clearing house—-bringing the man to the job, and the job to the man ; the value of the bureau is to be judged by both the extent and thoroughness of its accomplishments. The bureau should cooperate with the Rail- way Commission to provide special low transportation rates to those for whom it *A separate and comprehensive report on unemployment was published by the Commission of Immigration and Housing on December 9, 1914. This report will be mailed free on request. FIRST ANNUAL REPORT. 103 finds positions; this bureau should have authority to regulate private and philan- thropic employment agencies, to issue licenses to them and to revoke them at pleasure. In the light of the experience of last winter, and of the probable happenings of the season we are now entering, we strongly urge the wisdom of passing this act as an emergency measure as early as possible during the first session of the coming legislature. (2) The enacting of more stringent laws for the regulation of private employ- ment agencies. (3) The passing of definite laws governing sanitation and housing in labor camps, based upon our experience during the past year ; the enforcement of these laws to be placed in the hands of a bureau of camp sanitation and housing, under our Commission, the Bureau of Labor Statistics, or under a reorganized State Board of Health ; with a special appropriation of $25,000 per year. (4) The complete revision of our housing laws, broadened to take in family dwellings as well as tenements and lodging houses; the enforcement to be in the hands of a bureau of housing, under our Commission or under a reorganized State Board of Health ; with a special appropriation of $20,000 per year. (5) The appointment of a special committee or designation of some existing commission to conduct an extended investigation into— - (a) The wisdom of devising some scheme for out-of-work insurance that will not have the effect of drawing into our state the unemployed of the nation ; (b) The best methods for dealing with the unemployable and the vagrant; (c) Possible schemes for regularizing and dovetailing private enterprise, not in cities alone but in the rural districts as well, so that the burden may be justly and fairly borne by the state as a whole ; (d) Ways and means for providing public work during periods of depres- S10Ile (6) The encouraging of some mode of rural credits along the lines of Euro- pean experience, to make farming more attractive and more profitable; and the creation of rural organization after the type of the German Landwirtshaftsrat, with the same object in view. - (7) Laws that will make more difficult fraud and misrepresentation in the sale of rural lands, and that will bring to speedier justice the violators of the same and give equity to the exploited. (8) A state land bureau, preferably cooperating with the University of Cali- fornia, to supply prospective purchasers with all needed information regarding the best economic uses of land, its value, approaches to market, etc. - PLAN FOR TEMPORARY RELIEF. In compliance with a recent request of the Governor, the Commission also submitted on December 9, 1914, certain suggestions for state action in dealing with the destitute unemployed during the present winter. These suggestions are incorporated in the separate report on unemploy- ment, and the substance thereof is given in the following extract from the report: “Since any possible state legislation looking toward an alleviation of the situation could not become effective in time to meet the needs of this winter, the burden of the problem must rest upon the different communities and municipalities, and they must deal with the problem locally. However, we deem it advisable that some uniformity should be established in the method of handling the various unemployed groups, 104 COMMISSION OF IMIMIGRATION AND EIOUSING. and therefore suggest that some existing state board or a special repre- sentative committee, to be appointed by your Excellency, undertake the formulation of some plan of action and urge the adoption of the plan by the various authorities.” A general program of relief work for the municipalities was also submitted. On December 15, 1914, the Governor endorsed the plan and requested this Commission to undertake the work outlined therein. The Commission immediately communicated with the authorities in all the larger cities and towns, and on December 19th, participated in a conference of the mayors of seven cities of central California called for the purpose of discussing relief measures. San Francisco, Oakland, Berkeley, Alameda, Sacramento, Stockton and San Jose were represented at this conference. A uniform plan of action, along the lines of that proposed by the Commission, was agreed upon and these cities have pledged themselves to put this plan into operation. An agent of the Commission is now engaged in visiting sixteen other cities and towns to urge the authorities to adopt this uniform plan, and to aid in organizing the work. Copies of the plan have been mailed to the council, or governing body, in each of these cities, and a date fixed for a conference with the Commission’s agent. It is hoped that the work will be completed and the cities will organize to deal with the situation by the middle of February, as the unemployment problem usually becomes acute toward the end of the winter, during February and March. - The Commission is also carrying on a campaign of publicity through the newspapers of the Pacific coast and Eastern States, warning those in search of employment that there is no work for Outsiders in Cali- fornia and that relief or aid will be furnished only to the destitute unemployed now within the state. This should have some effect in dis- couraging the hundreds of unemployed that drift to California every winter. - - The task of dealing with the unemployed was undertaken on short notice and the work will necessarily be somewhat hurried, but this uniformity of action, though hastily organized, should arouse each com- munity to a sense of its own responsibility in the matter and thus tend to prevent the formation of the irresponsible, roving ‘‘armies” of the unemployed, which last year were shunted from county to county during the entire winter. Furthermore, it is felt that it is the bounden duty of the state to interest itself in this ever-recurring problem, and the experience gained during this winter should be of considerable value. FIRST ANNUAL REPORT. 105 - - - - - - - - - - º - - - . - - - - - - - - - - - == - - - - --- - - . |- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - A group of unemployed in front of a private employment agency on Howard street, San Francisco, the day before Christmas, 1914. Interior of the above employment agency on the same day. When this picture was taken there were practically no jobs posted on the blackboards. - 106 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. - Destitute persons at the Salvation Army headquarters, San Francisco, being given baskets of food for their Christmas dinners, 1914. Unemployed men waiting for a job in front of a private employment office in Los Angeles, December 24, 1914. FIRST ANNUAL REPORT. 107 VIII. MISCELLANEOUS WORK, AND COOPERATION - WITH OTHER DEPARTMENTS Some phases of the Commission’s work can not be properly grouped under the headings of the previous chapters, and they are therefore briefly touched upon in this general chapter. PORTS OF ENTRY. General surveys of the conditions that have a bearing upon immigra- tion problems were made in the three principal ports, San Francisco, Los Angeles, and San Diego. This was done in order that the Com- mission might be prepared to control the situation, and render efficient service in expediting distribution, when the expected influx of immi- grants direct from Europe, through the Panama Canal, sets in. In Los Angeles and San Diego the federal government has not estab- lished immigrant detention stations, although it recognizes the fact that probably thousands of immigrants will enter these ports annually after the termination of the present European war. The chambers of commerce and other local organizations have inaugurated a definite campaign to persuade the steamship companies to land immigrants at the southern ports; it may be taken for granted that many immigrants destined for California will disembark at these ports. Consequently the absolute lack of any sort of facilities for handling, inspecting, and distributing immigrants in these cities presents a grave problem. It is obvious from the experiences in handling immigrants in other ports, that detention stations such as those on Ellis Island in New York harbor and on Angel Island in San Francisco harbor are absolutely necessary. Even under present conditions there have been cases in San Diego where immigrants from South American ports have been detained for weeks while errors in records and papers were being straightened out, and during the period of detention they were placed in the county jail. Scarcely a fitting reception for those we permit, and even invite, to come to our country to live - The Commission cooperated with the Los Angeles and San Diego (ºfficials in urging the federal authorities to take some action in the matter, but the latter have decided that they can do nothing until it has been established by a year’s actual experience that European immi- grants will land in these ports. It would then take another year to erect and provide adequate facilities. Consequently, the cities decided to take matters into their own hands and build detention stations for the use of the federal government. San Diego voted $30,000 and the Los 108 COMMISSION OF IMIMIGRATION AND EIOUSING. Angeles Harbor Commission appropriated $25,000 for this purpose. The buildings, which are to be erected on the municipal piers in both ports, will serve to meet the needs until such time as the federal gov- ernment sees fit to provide permanent stations of its own. - As a further result of these surveys, and guided by the experiences of Atlantic seaport cities, the Commission has proposed that the state establish neutral Zones at every point where immigrants are landed after being inspected by the federal immigration authorities. The pro- posed law provides that only such persons shall be admitted to these Zones to meet immigrants as have permits or licenses issued by this Com- mission. In this manner the Commission could protect the newcomers from the fraudulent baggage men, cabmen, hotel runners, and other professional exploiters of immigrants, and cooperate with reliable and trustworthy agencies in expediting proper distribution throughout the city and state. The United States Commissioner of Immigration has endorsed this plan and pledged the active cooperation of the federal authorities in putting it into operation. INFORMATION CONCERNING AGRICULTURAL LAND. From the very beginning the Commission was besieged with requests for information concerning land. These requests have not come from immigrants alone, but from prospective American purchasers or settlers throughout the United States. Information was sought concerning the general agricultural possibilities of the state, and soil surveys of partic- ular tracts were desired. Obviously this Commission is not equipped to supply such technical information. Consequently, all these requests were referred to the Department of Agriculture of the University of California, which gladly cooperated in this work. This demand for information grew so general, that the department of agriculture issued a pamphlet entitled “Some Things the Prospective Settler Should Know.” This pamphlet was compiled by the faculty of the College of Agriculture and published in October, 1914.” The College of Agriculture, however, has definite information con- cerning types of soil and their adaptation for only a portion of the state. For such portions as are known only statements concerning crop adapta- tions for the type in general can be furnished. No assurance of economic returns can be made. This information is not for the purpose of pass- ing upon the value of the particular tract, but for the purpose of deter- mining to what soil type the tract belongs. Therefore the Commission has drafted legislation proposing the creation of a Land Information *Copies of this pamphlet may be obtained, free of charge, by applying to the Uni- versity of California, Berkeley, or to the Commission of Immigration and Housing, 525 Market St., San Francisco. jºiPST ANNUAL REPORT. - 109 Bureau, under the Department of Agriculture of the University of Cali- fornia, which, upon request, will make careful surveys concerning the soil and economic value of particular tracts. It is proposed that charges for such work shall cover only the actual cost. SANITATION OF RIVER AND BAY STEAMERS. Several complaints concerning the sanitation of river and bay steam- ers operating in San Francisco Bay and on the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers caused the Commission to make careful inspections of several such steamers. The crews of these steamers are made up largely of immigrants. The quarters provided for the crews were found gen- erally to be crowded, dirty, and insanitary. The matter was taken up with the State Board of Health and, relying upon the reports of the Commission, that Board issued orders to the owners of the steamers directing them to abate the nuisances and improve conditions on or before January 15, 1915. After that date the Commission will reim- spect the steamers and report again to the State Board of Health. COOPERATION WITH OTHER DEPARTMENTS AND PRIVATE ORGANIZATIONS. The Commission has everywhere met with the heartiest cooperation in its work. Little or nothing could have been achieved in many of its fields of activity if departments of government, private organizations, and individuals, had not cooperated so eagerly and effectively. Such splendid aid has been so frequently received from certain sources that special acknowledgments are here made, and furthermore, to all others who have cooperated in official and unofficial ways, the Commission expresses its sincere thanks and profound appreciation. To the following the Commission desires to acknowledge its especial debt of gratitude for earnest and generous cooperation in innumerable instances: The California State Board of Health; the Commissioner of the Bureau of Labor Statistics; the United States Commissioner General of Immigration, and the local immigration officials; the Industrial Accident Commission of California; the Housing Commission of Los Angeles; the Housing Association of San Francisco; the San Francisco Board of Health; the San Diego Board of Health; the Travelers’ Aid Society of California; the Board of Education of Los Angeles; the Department of Agriculture of the University of California; the district attorneys of San Francisco, Sacramento, and Los Angeles counties; the Public Defender of Los Angeles; the State Federation of Women’s Clubs, and the newspapers of the state. 110 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. When the Commission of Immigration and Housing began its labors a little over a year ago, it faced practically an unexplored field, with little or no precedents to guide its efforts. The so-called immigration commissions of other states were either colonization agencies or merely investigating bodies. The one possible exception is the Bureau of Immigration under the New York State Department of Labor. In fact, the California Commission is the only independent board of its kind in the United States today. - Certain preliminary surveys soon revealed to the Commission the almost unlimited field of activity before it. The problem presented itself of dividing off this total field, and of according to each special activity its proper estimate of relative value. Conditions, too, helped to determine the direction and emphasis of effort. A year's actual service has helped to clear up the vision and to standardize the problems of immigration. A year's actual experience has better equipped the Commission to enter upon enlarged duties. Besides the realization of the needs of those whom the Commission was created to help, our greatest inspiration has come from the cooper- ative spirit exhibited by the state’s administration, and from the help- ful assistance always given by the state's Chief Executive. We trust that our response merits still further cooperation and assistance. FIRST ANNUAL REPORT. 11 || APPENDIX A. RECOMIMIENDATIONS FOR LEGISLATION. The following is a digest of the legislation which the Commission of Immigration and Housing proposes to have introduced in the legis- lature of 1915. This legislation is recommended in order to remedy or improve certain bad conditions which the Commission has met with and investigated in the course of its work. 1. STATE LABOR EXCHANGES. The creation of a state bureau of labor exchanges, under the Com- mission of Immigration and Housing, with an annual appropriation of $75,000. (a) The bureau to be a separate department of the Commission with a director in charge. (b) Ten offices to be established in the centers of population. (c) A committee, composed of representatives of employers and employees, to be appointed by the governor in each city where an office is maintained to advise the Commission with respect to the work of the Bureau. (d) The bureau to have the following functions and powers: (1) To gather and disseminate labor intelligence, acting as a clear- ing house for the publication of information concerning the labor market gathered by public and private employment agencies through- out the state; (2) To provide a chain of free labor exchanges securing employ- ment without charge; - (3) To cooperate with such federal labor exchanges as may be estab- lished, and to conform to such regulations as may serve to bring about a nationally coordinated system of labor exchanges; (4) To cooperate with the State Railroad Commission to provide special low transportation rates to those for whom it finds employment in distant parts of the state; (5) To collect data concerning unemployment. 2. REGULATION OF PRIVATE EMPLOYMENT AG ENCIES. Stricter regulation of private employment agencies, including: (a) Requirements for higher license fees; (b) The establishment of a uniform schedule of fees to be charged for securing employment; (c) The prohibition of the credit fee system; (d) Provisions requiring private employment agencies to pay an applicant for time lost, at the rate of wages promised by the agency, when such applicant reports for work according to directions and is refused employment; - - 112 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. (e) Provisions making it a misdemeanor for an employment agency to divide fees with any person, or his agent, to whom employees are furnished; (f) Provisions making it a misdemeanor for an employment agency to send an applicant for employment, who is charged a fee, to an employer who owns an interest in the employment agency, or whose agent in charge of the employment of labor, owns such an interest. 3. LABOR CAMP SAN ITATION. The repeal of chapter 182 of the laws of 1913, governing labor camp sanitation, and the substitution of a more definite and detailed law. The enforcement of this law to be entrusted to a bureau of labor camp inspection, under the Commission of Immigration and Housing. The proposed sanitation law covers the following details: (a) Camp sites and the layout of camps; (b) Water supply; sufficient quantity; provisions against sources of pollution; (c) Tents and buildings; proper cubic air space in sleeping quarters, proper ventilation, proper bunks, screening of dining and cooking quarters, heating facilities in cold climates; (d) Garbage and refuse; sanitary disposal in any of the several enumerated ways; (e) Toilets; proper construction and screening, separate facilities for women, proper sanitary maintenance; (f) Washing and bathing facilities; adequate provision, proper con- struction and maintenance; (g) Manure; sanitary disposal in any of several enumerated ways; (h) Sanitation service; the employment of at least one person to keep the camp clean, rules for general cleanliness. Provision is also made for keeping a record of all labor camps, requiring owners, or operators, to register their camps at the office of the Commission. Violations of the provisions of the proposed law are made punishable by a fine or imprisonment, or both. An annual appropriation of $25,000 for this bureau is requested. 4. TENEMENT HOUSE ACT. (a) The amendment of the existing tenement house act as to sub- stance. These proposed amendments change and simplify the defini- tion of a tenement house; clear up certain ambiguities; and strengthen the act in certain particulars to apply to conditions disclosed by the housing investigations conducted by this Commission and by others. (b) The amendment of the existing tenement house act as to enforce- ment. The creation of a state bureau of housing under the Commis- sion of Immigration and Housing, is proposed. This bureau would have power to directly enforce the act in cities and towns where the local authorities fail to enforce it, and, furthermore, would have power to review and revoke orders made by local authorities in the enforce- ment of the provisions of the act. In order to secure a uniform enforcement of the act the bureau is given power to compel local authorities to carry out its orders. - An annual appropriation of $20,000 is requested to provide for the employment of housing inspectors and traveling expenses. FIRST ANNUAL REPORT. 113 5. GENERAL HOUSING LAW TO COVER SINGLE FAM | LY DVVELLINGS. The revision of the state housing laws so as to take in single family dwellings as well as lodging houses and tenements. This proposed law regulates the construction of single family dwellings, and contains provisions with regard to sanitation and ventilation. The proposed state housing bureau (mentioned in Appendix A-4) under the Commission of Immigration and Housing, is given power to directly enforce, and generally supervise the enforcement of this proposed law as in the case of the tenement house act. 6. STATE HOTEL AND LOD G | N G H OU SE ACT. The amendment of the state housing law pertaining to hotels and lodging houses, making it much broader and more stringent with regard to maintenance and sanitation. 7. VISITING HOME TEACHERS. The addition of a new section to the Political Code which will allow common school districts to employ home teachers, not exceeding one such teacher for every 500 units of average daily attendance. The following are the duties of these proposed home teachers: (a) To work in the homes of pupils, instructing children and adults in matters relating to school attendance and preparation therefor; (b) To instruct children and adults in sanitation, in the English language, in household duties, and in the fundamental principles of the American system of government and the rights and duties of citizen- ship. The qualifications of such teachers shall be a legal certificate to teach in the schools and special fitness to perform the duties of a home teacher. 8. RESTRICT IONS ON DOCKS VV H E RE | M M I GRANT'S ARE LAN DE D. The establishment, wherever immigrants are landed from ships, of neutral zones under the control of the Commission of Immigration and Housing. Only such persons as have permits from the Com- . mission shall be allowed to enter these Zones. 9. LAN D F RAU D. The enactment of a special law covering fraud in the sale of real estate. This proposed law is practically the same as a New York statute which was passed in 1911. Any person who in any publication makes any statement or assertion of fact, knowing the same to be false, concerning the extent, location, ownership, title or other char- acteristic, quality or attribute of any real estate, or concerning a motive or purpose of sale that is untrue and calculated to mislead, is made guilty of a misdemeanor under this proposed law. S—1496S 114 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. 10. LAND BUREAU, STATE. The creation of a state land bureau, to be affiliated with the Depart- ment of Agriculture of the University of California. This proposed bureau to have the following powers and duties: (a) To publish general information concerning agricultural lands throughout the state. (b) To supply at cost to prospective purchasers information regard- ing the best economic uses of a particular tract of land, its value, approaches to market, etc. 11. PUBLIC DEFENDERS. The creation of the office of Public Defender in the more thickly populated counties, such official to defend criminals unable to employ counsel and to represent poor persons in small civil suits. 12. ContRACTS IN FOREIGN LANGUAGES. (a) A law, requiring that all contracts involving amounts over fifty dollars, to which an alien of less than three years’ residence is a party, be written both in the English language and in the language of the alien. - (b) A translation bureau to be established by the Commission of Immigration and Housing which will furnish translations of contracts at COSt. 13. INTERPRETERS, OFFICIAL COURT. An act placing official interpreters in courts of law under civil service; requiring them to be put under a suffiicient bond; and estab- lishing a schedule of fees to be charged by interpreters acting for private persons and not for the state. 14. TITLES OF SE M I - PUBLIC UTILITIES. Prohibiting the use of such words as ‘‘state’’, ‘‘city’’, ‘‘California’’, etc., in the title of a semi-public utility, when the use of such words might mislead as to the question of ownership and management, and might give the impression that the utility is owned and operated by some department of government. 15. WITNESSES, SUBPOENAIN G. An amendment of section 10 of the act creating the Commission of Immigration and Housing giving the Commission power to subpoena witnesses for hearings therein provided for. FIRST ANNUAL REPORT. - 115 APPENDIX B. Bibliography of Reports Prepared by Investigators of the Commis- Sion of Immigration and Housing of California. NoTE.—Space requirements prevent the inclusion of the complete reports. These are On public file at the San Francisco Office of the Commission. 1. The Floating Laborer in California. A statement of the conditions under which the casual itinerant laborer travels and Works, including a summary of the factors forcing workers to take up this life. 2. The Sand Creek Road Situation. Dealing with conditions on a piece of county contract work in Fresno County, in which many of the evil effects of insanitary camp conditions and an inefficient employment agency system are exemplified. - 3. Scenes and Incidents “On the Road.” Detached pictures of vagrant life as seen by an investigator of the Commission in studying the hobo problem. 4. Preliminary Report on Tentative Findings and Conclusions in the Investigation of Seasonal, Migratory and Unskilled Labor in California. A discussion of the employment agency system, traveling and living conditions: among floating laborers, a description of the labor market in certain sections and industries, and a preliminary statistical compilation of labor camp reports, and life histories obtained from floating laborers. - 5. Casual Labor in California. A survey of seasonal and other casual labor by industries and districts, with, a description of the land tenure and crop situations in California and their relation to the problem of casual labor. The report includes a discussion of the character of the casual labor force, the extent of organization among these casuals, the unem- ployment, situation, and a description of working conditions in the seasonal industries, with complete statistics of conditions in labor camps inspected by the Commission. Reform measures that have been attempted are briefly dealt with, and suggestions and recommendations for future state and federal remedial action are included. 6. Life-History Statistics.” A compilation of facts obtained from the biographies of migratory and casual laborers in California. 7. Report on “Kelly's Army.” A brief statement of conditions surrounding the break-up of the army of the unemployed in the winter of 1913-14, with tabulated reasons for the unemployment of certain members of that army. - 8. The Berry Picking and Fruit Canning Industries of Sonorna County. A report on the character of the demand and the supply of labor, and on general working conditions in these industries. 9. The Orange Industry of Central California. A discussion of labor conditions in the picking and packing of oranges in Tulare • County, including a description of the makeup of the labor force and conclusions as to the effect of the seasonal nature of the work, on the employees. * 10. An Economic Survey of a Sierra Lumber Camp. A description of the character of the labor force and of working conditions in the camps and mill of a Fresno County lumber company. *Printed in the Report on Unemployment by the Commission of Immigration and Housing of California. 116 COMMISSION OF IMIMIGRATION AND HOUSING. 11. The Alaska Salmon Fishing Industry. The number and nature of the labor force engaged in salmon fishing and canning, and a description of the system of contract labor prevailing in the industry. 12. The Labor Market in Lumbering and Railroad Construction Work in Mendocino w County. - A description of the labor force, working conditions, the character of the demand and supply of labor, and the employment agency situation in the above district. 13. The Employment Agency Situation in California.* A report on an investigation of the organization of the labor market in California, dealing with the private employment agency system, free municipal and philan- thropic agencies, sub-rosa methods of connecting job and man, and labor unions as employment agencies. 14. The Wheatland Hop Field Riot. A statement of the causes and circumstances pertaining to the riot and killing, of August 3, 1913, in the Wheatland hop fields, with, recommendations for a solution of the problems disclosed. 15. The Wheatland Hop Field Riot. A condensed report on the strike and riot at the Durst Ranch at Wheatland. 16. Sanitary Conditions in the Wheatland Hop Fields in August, 1914. A survey of camp conditions one year after the riot of 1913. 17. Preliminary Report on the 1. W. W. in California. A tentative report on the strength and character of the organization. 18. The Industrial Workers of the World (l. W. W.) in California. A report on the strength and influence of the I. W. W. in California in February, 1914, with a consideration of the effects of the Wheatland hop field riot upon the activities and general policy of the organization. 19. Alien Transportation Problems. A survey of transportation conditions in California in so far as they are related to the immigrant problem, with a description of conditions encountered by the incom- ing alien at San Francisco. 20. Naturalization of the Alien. Dealing with the naturalization of immigrants in San Francisco and Alameda counties, and the abuses connected therewith. 21. Relation of the Alien to the Administration of Civil and Criminal Law. A description of the conditions and a discussion of the abuses arising from the relation of the immigrant to the administration of the law in San Francisco. 22. Southern European Farmers in the Bay Region. A report on farms of new immigrants in a limited locality in California, with a description of agricultural conditions prevailing among them, and recommenda- tions for reforms. 23. Education and Assimilation of the Alien. A survey of the problem of immigrant education in the chief cities of California, with recommendations for remedial action. 24. Relation of Foreigners to the Penal Institutions of California. A report on aliens. in Folsom and San Quentin State Prisons, and in the Preston State School of Industry. 25. The Operations of the Northwestern Development Company in Sonoma County, A report of an investigation disclosing the fraudulent operation of the above named real estate firm in selling worthless or almost worthless land to aliens and others. 26. Tenerment House Conditions in San Francisco. A description of insanitary housing conditions in the Mission district and on Telegraph Hill in San Francisco, and a discussion of the laws and regulations governing housing questions. FIRST ANNUAL REPORT. 117 27. Hotel and Lodging House Conditions in San Francisco. A report of a sanitary survey of a number of cheap hotels and lodging houses in San Francisco. 28. Housing Survey of Sacramento. - A report of an investigation of tenement, dwelling and lodging houses in Sacra- mento, dealing with general housing conditions and disclosing violations of state and municipal regulations. 29. Housing Survey of Sacramento. Dealing with a later investigation of similar nature. 30. Housing Survey of Fresno. A description of tenement, dwelling and lodging house conditions and violations of housing regulations in Fresno. - 31. Housing Surveys of Bakersfield and Visalia. A report of a general investigation of housing conditions in these cities. 32. Housing Conditions in Santa Rosa. - A survey of lodging houses with a description of violations of housing regulations. 33. San Diego Immigration and Housing Conditions. A description of San Diego as an immigrant port; a general housing survey of San Diego. 34. San Pedro I mmigration and Housing Conditions. A description of San Pedro as an immigrant port; a limited housing survey of San Pedro. 35. The Problem of the Survey of a Suburban City. A survey of the city of Richmond including a report of an investigation of sixty of its hotels and lodging houses, and general deductions regarding the problem of surveying suburban cities. 118 - COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING, APPENDIX C. Act Creating the Commission of Immigration and Housing of California. - CEIAPTER 31S. - An act relating to immigrants and inn migration, creating a commission of inn migra- tion and housing, providing for the employment by said commission of a secre- tary, agents and other employees, authorizing said commission to fix their com- pensation, prescribing the duties of said commission, providing for the investi- gation by said commission of all things affecting immigrants, and for the care, protection and welfare of immigrants, and making an appropriation for the purpose of carrying out the provisions hereof. [Approved June 12, 1913.] The people of the State of California do enact as follows: SECTION 1. Within thirty days after this act shall go into effect, the governor of the state shall appoint five suitable persons to act as commissioners of immi- gration and housing. Said commissioners shall hold office and serve solely at the pleasure of the governor and not otherwise. SEC. 2. Said commissioners shall serve without compensation, but shall be entitled to receive from the state their actual necessary expenses while traveling on the business of the commission, either within or without the State of California. SEC. 3. The commission shall be known as the “commission of immigration and housing of California.” It shall have a seal for the authentication of its orders and proceedings upon which shall be inscribed the words “commission of immigra- tion and housing—California—seal.” Each member of the commission, before entering upon the duties of his office, shall take the oath of office as prescribed by the Political Code for state officers in general, and must execute an official bond in . the sum of five thousand dollars. Within thirty days after appointment, the com- mission shall meet at the state capitol and organize, selecting a president, a vice- president and a secretary. A majority of the commission shall constitute a quorum for the exercise of the powers or authority conferred upon it. Whenever a vacancy occurs in the commission, from any cause whatsoever, such vacancy shall be filled by the governor, as provided in section one for the original creation of the commis- sion. In case of a vacancy, the remaining members shall exercise all the powers and authority of the commission until such vacancy is filled. The commission shall maintain its headquarters and principal office in the city and county of San Fran- cisco, and may establish branch offices at any place or places which in the judgment of the commission may be deemed advisable. The commission may, however, hold sessions at any place other than its offices when the convenience of the commission and the parties interested so requires. - ... • SEC. 4. For the purpose of carrying out the provisions of this act, the said commission is authorized to employ such expert and other employees as it may deem necessary, and upon such terms and for such compensation as it may deem proper. The said commission shall have power to enter into contracts of employment with such persons as it may desire to employ for a definite period of time ; but no con- tract shall be made for more than one year. The employees of the commission shall be entitled to receive from the state their actual necessary expenses while traveling on the business of the commission, either within or without the State of California. SEC. 5. The commission of immigration and housing shall have the power to make full inquiry, examination and investigation into the condition, welfare and industrial opportunities of all immigrants arriving and being within the state. The FIRST ANNUAL REPORT. 119 commission shall also gather information as to the agricultural possibilities and opportunities for settlement on land within the state; such information to include soil and agricultural surveys of the arable land within the state and other data relating to the price and productivity of land. The commission shall also have power to collect information with respect to the need and demand for labor by the several agricultural, industrial and other productive activities, including public Works, within the state ; to gather information with respect to the supply of labor afforded by such immigrants as they shall from time to time arrive or be within the state ; to ascertain the occupations for which such immigrants shall be best adapted, and to bring about intercommunication between them and the several activities requiring labor which will best promote their respective needs; to investigate and determine the genuineness of any application for labor that may be received and the treatment accorded to those for whom employment shall be secured ; to cooperate with the state employment bureaus, municipal employment bureaus, and with private employment agencies within the state, and also with the employment and immigra- tion bureaus conducted under the authority of the federal government or by the government of any other state, and with public and philanthropic agencies designed to aid in the distribution and employment of immigrants ; and to devise and carry out such other suitable methods as will tend to prevent or relieve congestion and obviate unemployment ; and to collect and publish, in Jºnglish or foreign languages, for distribution among immigrants, in, or embarked for, California, such informa- tion as is deemed essential to their protection, distribution, education and welfare; and said commission is hereby empowered and authorized to have printed by the state printer any such reports or information, records or proceedings as it may deem necessary or proper ; and if for any reason the state printer is not equipped to do any part of said work, then the said commission shall have the right and the authority to have the same done elsewhere upon such terms and conditions as it may deem proper. SEC. 6. The commission shall cooperate with the proper authorities and organi- zations, federal, state, county, municipal and private, with the object in view of bringing to the immigrant the best opportunities for acquiring education and citizen- ship. To that end it shall procure from, or with the consent of, the federal authori- ties, complete lists giving the names, ages and destination within the state of all immigrant children of school age, and such other facts as will tend to identify them, and shall forthwith deliver copies of such lists to the superintendent of public instruction or the several boards of education and school boards in the respective localities within the state to which said children shall be destined, to aid in the enforcement of the provisions of the education law relative to the compulsory attendance at school of children of school age. The commission shall further cooper- ate with the superintendent of public instruction and with the several boards of education in the state to ascertain the necessity for and the extent to which instruction should be imparted to immigrants within the state and to devise methods for the proper instruction of adult and minor aliens in the English language and other subjects ; and in respect to the duties and rights of citizenship and the funda- mental principles of the American system of government ; and shall cooperate with the proper authorities and with private agencies to put into operation practical devices, for training for citizenship and for encouraging maturalization. It shall be the aim to communicate this instruction to the immigrant as soon after his arrival as is practicable. The commission shall cooperate with the proper authorities to extend this education for both children and adults to labor camps and other locali- ties from which the regular schools are not easily accessible. The commission in cooperation with the proper authorities and organizations shall encourage the estab- lishment of playgrounds and other recreational activities, and also the establishment of settlements and social centers in cities and towns. - SEC. 7. With the object in view of rendering to the immigrant that protection to which they are entitled, the commission of immigration and housing may inspect all labor camps within the state, and may inspect all employment and contract agencies dealing with immigrants or who secure or negotiate contracts for their 120 COMMISSION OF IMIMIGRATION AND EIOUSING. employment within the state ; may investigate the banking relations that exist between immigrants and laborers ; may investigate and inspect institutions estab- lished for the temporary shelter and care of immigrants and such philanthropic societies as shall be organized for the purpose of securing employment for or aiding in the distribution of immigrants, and the methods by which they are conducted ; and shall investigate housing conditions under which immigrants live, and sanitary and safety conditions under which immigrants are employed ; it shall further investi- gate conditions prevailing at the various places where immigrants are landed within the state and at the several docks, ferries, railway stations, and on trains and boats therein, and shall investigate any and all complaints with respect to frauds, extor- tion, incompetency and improper practices by notaries public and other public offi- cials; it shall further investigate the relations existing between immigrants and steamship and railway ticket agents, hotel runners, cab men, baggage men, inter- preters and pawn brokers; it shall further investigate the dealings carried on between immigrants and real estate firms or corporations; and as the result of any of the above inspections or investigations, if it should find evidences of fraud, crime, extor- tion, incompetency, improper practices or exploitation, it shall be the duty of the commission of immigration and housing to present to the proper authorities the evidences for action thereon, and shall bring to bear all the authority within its power to see that justice is rendered. The commission shall also encourage the establishment of legal aid societies. - SEC. S. With the further object in view of bringing to the immigrant the best protection the state can afford, it shall be the duty of the commission to call to the attention of the proper authorities any violations it may discover of the laws per- taining to the payment of wages, to the mode of paying, pertaining to the child labor laws, the employment of women, factory inspection laws, weekly day of rest laws, protection of labor under building laws, protection of labor under public works laws, laws relating to the white slave traffic, and laws of the state and county and municipal health departments ; the tenement house laws, and other laws per- taining to housing conditions. The commission shall investigate and study the general economic, housing and social conditions of immigrants within the state, for the purpose of inducing remedial action by the various agencies of the state possess- ing requisite jurisdiction ; and shall generally, in conjunction with existing public and private agencies, consider and devise means to promote the welfare of the state. The members of the commission of immigration and housing or any of their author- ized agents shall have the right to enter into tenement houses, buildings and dwelling places for the purpose of inspecting such houses, buildings, and dwelling places to secure compliance with state tenement and building acts and municipal building ordinances and to prevent violation thereof, and shall have the right to examine the records of the various city departments charged with the enforcement of the tene- ment house law and other building regulations and to secure from them reports and copies of their records at any time. - - SEC. 9. The commission shall have the right to demand of all officials, state, county and municipal, and it shall be the duty of said officials to supply, such infor- mation and references to records as will enable the commission to carry into effect the provisions and intent of this act; and shall have the right to enter upon private property to make investigation for the purposes of carrying out the provisions of this act. For the purpose of carrying out fully the intent and spirit of this act, the said commission shall have full power and authority to gather any and all such evidence as it may deem proper and necessary in order to present the same to the proper authorities for the purpose of instituting prosecutions against any and all persons, firms or corporations found violating any of the laws of any municipality, county or of the state or of the federal government, concerning any of the matters in this act referred to. SEC. 10. For the purpose of carrying out to the fullest extent the provisions hereof, the said commission or any member thereof shall have power to hold hear- ings for the purpose of investigation and inquiry, and for the purpose of reaching an amicable settlement of controversies existing between persons, firms and corpora- FIRST ANNUAL REPORT. 121 tions mentioned herein ; and to this end and purpose, the said commissioners and each of them and such person as may be designated in writing by said commission, are hereby authorized and empowered to administer oaths. No decision shall be deemed to be final until ratified and approved by the said commission and filed in its office. SEC. 11. For the purposes of this act, the words immigrant and immigration shall refer to any alien who is within the state, either permanently or temporarily domiciled here, or in transit, or passing through the state to a contiguous state or territory; said words shall further refer to any alien who may first have taken up residence in some other state or in one of the federal territorial possessions, and then shall have removed to this state ; said words shall further refer to all aliens coming to and being within the State of California. For the purpose of this act, the word alien shall refer to all persons who are not native born or who have not received their final citizenship papers under the naturalization laws of the United States. SEC. 12. This act shall not be construed to authorize or direct the commission of immigration and housing to induce or encourage immigration into this state or the United States. SEC. 13. The commission of immigration and housing shall make an annual report to the governor, on the second day of January, of the operation of the commission. SEC. 14. The sum of fifty thousand dollars is hereby appropriated out of any moneys in the state treasury not otherwise appropriated, for the purpose of carry- ing out the provisions of this act ; and the state controller is hereby authorized and directed to draw warrants upon such sum, from time to time, upon the requisition of said commission, approved by the board of control ; and the state treasurer is hereby authorized and directed to pay such warrants. COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. A DVISORY PAM PH LET ON CAMP SAN TATION AND H OU S I NG BY CoMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING OF CALI FORN | A Third revised edition published September 1, 1914. Mailed free on request to the office of the Commission, 525 Market Street, San Francisco, California. conte NTs. TO OWNERS AND SUPERINTENDENTS OF LABOR CAMPS. CAMP SANITATION. I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. X. XI. XII. LOCATION OF CAMP. LAYOUT OF CAMP. WATER SUPPLY. TENT'S AND BUILDINGS. KITCHEN AND MESS HOUSE. GARBAGE AND REFUSE DISPOSAL. TOILETS. BATHING FACILITIES. Tow FLs. FLIES AND MANURE. MOSQUITOES AND MALARIA. SANITATION SERVICE. CAMP PLACARD. FIRST ANNUAL REPORT. 123 REPORT ON UN EMPLOYMENT BY CO M M ISSION OF | M M I GRATION AND HOUSING OF CAL | FOR NIA Published December 9, 1914. (Supplement to First Annual Report.) Mailed free on request to the office of the Commission, 525 Market Street, San Francisco, California. CONTENTS. FREE'A.C.E. REPORT OF PERMAN ENT, OR INIDUSTRIAL, PROBLEM OF UNEMPLOYMENT. REPORT ON TEMPORARY, OR RELIEF, PROBLEM OF UNEMPLOYMENT. A. B— APPEN DICES. DIGIEST OF LETTERS SENT TO THE GOVERNOR. 1. EIBILIOGRAPHY OF UNEMPLOYMENT. 2. DIGEST OF SEVERAL BOOKS ON UNEMPLOYMENT. Suºmºmary of reports of investigations conducted by Commission of Imºvigration, and EIowsing of California. 1. SUIMIMARY OF RIEPORT ON THE FLOATING LABORIEF IN CALIFORNIA. 2. SUMMARY OF REPORT ON BERRY PICKING AND FRUIT CANNING IN SONOMIA. COUNTY. - 3. EPITOMIZED STATEMENT OF REPORT ON THE SAND CREER ROAD SITUATION IN FRESNO COUNTY. - 4. A DIGEST OF A REPORT ON THE EMPLOYMENT AGENCY SITUATION IN CALIFORNIA. 5. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR LEGISLATION CONCERNING PRIVATE EMPLOYMENT OFFICES. 6. BRIEF OF REPORTS ON THE ORANGE INDUSTRY OF CENTRAL CALIFORNIA. 7. CONDENSED STATEMENT OF A FEPORT ON A LUMEER CAMIE IN THE SIERRA NEVADA MOUNTAINS. S. BRIEF OF REPORT ON ALASKA SALMON. FISHING INDUSTRY. BRIEF OF FEPORT ON SOUTHERN EUROPEAN FAIRMERS IN THE EAV REGION. C–10. STATISTICAL TABLES IFROM LIFE HISTORY SCHEDULES SELECTIED AT RANDOMI AMONG CASUAL LABORIERS IN CALIFORNIA. C–11. TABULATION OF REGISTER OF COMPLAINTS RECEIVED BY THE COMMISSION. 2. STATISTICAL SUMMARY OF INSPECTION OF SO1 LABOR CAMPS BY THE COMMISSION. C–13. SYN OPSIS OF REPORT ON THIE I, AIBOR MARICET IN SONOMIA AND G. FI. MENDOCINO COUNTIES. A D DITIONAL APPEN DIC E.S. - REPORT ON EMPLOYMENT BUREAUS BY COMMON WEALTH CLUB. JOINT CONGRESSIONAL RESOLUTION FOR THE APPOINTMENT OF A NATIONAL MARKETING COMMISSION. BRIEF OF REPORT ON HOME EDUCATION BY THE COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION ANTD HOUSING. QUOTATIONS FROM ADDRESS BY HON. JOHN P. McLAUGHLIN, COMMIS- SIONER OF BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. - THE CHICAGO PROGRAM FOR IMMEDIATE RELIEF. REPORT ON PLAN OF TEMPORARY RELIER BY COMMONWEALTH CLUB. Report on Unemployment TO HIS EXCELLENCY Governor Hiram W. Johnson - - BY /.% tº 2,… Commission of Immigration and Housing / J. Á - of California (SUPPLEMENT TO FIRST ANNUAL REPORT) DECEMBER NINTH, 1914 CALIFORNLA STATE PRINTING OFFICE 1914 14524 Commission of Immigration and Housing of California UNDERWOOD BUILDING 525 MARKET STREET, SAN FRANCISCO COMMISSIONERS: SIMON J. LUBIN, President, Sacramento RT, REV. EDWARD J. HANNA, D.D., Vice President, San Francisco MRS, FRANK A. GIBSON, Los Angeles ARTHUR H. FLEMING, Pasadena PAUL SCHARRENBERG, Secretary, San Francisco GEO. L. : BELL, Attorney and Executive Officer. PREFACE. Unemployment, as far as state action is concerned, presents two distinct aspects: First, the immediate alleviation of suffering and want, a charity problem; second, the ultimate or industrial solution, looking toward the elimination of unemployment. Our main report deals with the latter problem. But, since the experience of the last few winters has taught us that we may expect the presence of great numbers of destitute, unemployed people in the state during the coming winter, we submit along with this report some brief suggestions concerning the former problem. g 2—14524 CONTENTS, PREFACE -------------------------------------------------------------- REPORT ON PERMANENT, OR INDUSTRIAL, PROBLEM OF UNEM- PLOYMENT . . . . . . --------------------------- - - - - - REPORT ON TEMPORARY, OR RELIEF, PROBLEM OF UNEMIPLOYMENT INDEX TO APPENDICES. A. DIGEST OF LETTERS SENT TO THE GOVERNOR. B— 1. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF UNEMPLOYMENT___________________________ B– 2. DIGEST OF SEVERAL BOOKS ON UNEMPLOYMENT_____________ Suºmºnary of reports of im'vestigations comdºucted by Commºnission of Inmºnigration, and Housing of California. C— 1. SUMMARY OF REPORT ON THE FLOATING LABORER IN CALI- FORNIA - - C— 2. SUMMARY OF REPORT ON BERRY PICKING AND FRUIT CAN- º NING IN SONOMIA COUNTY - - * * *m-. C– 3. EPITOMIZED STATEMENT OF REPORT ON THE SAND CREER ROAD SITUATION IN FRESNO COUNTY C— 4. . A DIGEST OF A REPORT ON THE EMPLOYMENT AGENCY SIT- TJATION IN CALIFORNIA — — — — C— 5. RECOMIMIENDATIONS FOR LEGISLATION CONCERNING PFIVATE EMPLOYMENT OFFICES *-* - - * *-* * * C— 6. BRIEF OF REPORTS ON THE ORANGE INDUSTRY OF CENTRAL CALIFORNTA ------------------------------------------------ C— 7. CONDENSED STATEMENT OF A FEPORT ON A LUMEER CAMIP IN THE SIERRA NEVADA MOUNTAINS - - - - - - - C— S. BRIEF OF REPORT ON ALASKA SALMON FISHING INDUSTRY__ C— 9. BRIEF OF REPORT ON SOUTHERN BUROPEAN FARMERS IN THE BAY REGION C–10. STATISTICAL TABLES FROM LIFE HISTORY SCHEDULES SE- LECTED AT RANDOMI AMONG CASUAL LABORERS IN CALI- FORNIA. C–11. TABULATION OF REGISTER OF COMPLAINTS RECEIVED BY THE COMMISSION --___________ - ------ C–12. STATISTICAL SUMIMARY OF INSPECTION OF 801 LABOR CAMPS BY THE COMMISSION_________________ --- C–13. SYNOPSIS OF REPORT ON THE LABOR MARIKET IN SONOMIA AND MENDOCINO COUNTIES ADDITIONAL APPENDICES. D. REPORT ON EMPLOYMENT BUREAUS BY COMMON WEALTH CLUB E. JOINT CONGRESSIONAL RESOLUTION FOR THE APIPOINTMENT OF A NATIONAL MARKETING COMMISSION________________________ F. BRIEF OF REPORT ON HOMIE EDUCATION BY THE COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING------------------------------ G. QUOTATIONS FROM ADDRESS BY HION. JOHN P. McLAUGHLIN, COMMISSIONER OF BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.---------- H. THE CHICAGO PROGRAM FOR IMMEDIATE RELIEE'_______________ REPORT ON PLAN OF TEMPORARY RELIEF BY COMMONWIEALTH CLUB –––––– -— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — I. 40–42 43 44 45 46 54–56 57–58 59–61 62–63 64 65 (36 71–72 REPORT ON UNEMPLOYMENT. SACRAMENTO, CALIFORNIA, December 9, 1914. To His E.ccellency, HIRAM W. JoEINSON, Governor, Sacramento, California. DEAR SIR: On January 28, 1914, you addressed to our Commission a letter in which you asked us to direct our attention to the problem of unemployment, with the object in view of suggesting to you what, if any, remedy might be applied by the State. From a second letter, dated March 17, 1914, we quote: ‘‘The problem, apparently, is one that will be ever recurring, increas- ing in intensity and acuteness, and therefore I think it the part of wisdom for all of us charged with the administration of the govern- ment to find, if we can, some same and rational solution. * * * May I ask you, therefore, * * * to suggest what remedial measures may be taken by the government?” Upon receipt of your request, we so arranged our work that we might submit some fairly, comprehensive report. The task you assigned to us fitted in admirably with our general program. In its most fundamental aspect, the problem of immigration is almost identical with that of employment. Practically without exception, the newly-arrived immi- grant is a man in need of an immediate job. The federal laws will not permit him to contract for work before he is admitted. The moment he comes among us, in a very real sense he is one of our unemployed. Whatever forces tend to keep him out of a job make for his discontent, dissatisfaction, and the likelihood of his becoming a public charge. Whatever factors incline to give him an economic foothold assure his becoming a useful citizen. In fairness to the immigrant, assuming that the federal officers at the port of entry have done well their task of segregation, it must be said that he falls within the class of the employ- able, rather than within either of the other two groups completing the army of unemployed, the unemployable and the vagrant. Further- more, the work we have done directly among immigrants in Our com- plaint bureau and the extensive investigations in municipal housing and among labor camps throughout the State, have given us many sidelights upon the problem of unemployment. Field of Investigation. Over and above this general information, we have extended our study into three fields: (1) You Were kind enough to turn over to us some thirty letters addressed to you on this subject of unemployment. These we have Öz, jº 6 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. considered carefully, embodying some of the suggestions made therein in our final recommendations. A digest of the most important letters appears in Appendix A to this report. (Pages 25–26.) (2) We have consulted the best available material on the subject, giving both Eastern and European experience. It would be blindness to ignore what older states have discovered through many well thought out experiments. Appendix B gives a bibliography of the most helpful sources with a digest of the more important conclusions. (Pages 27–29.) (3) In cooperation with the United States Commission on Industrial Relations, we have conducted an intensive investigation within our own State, under the following headings: (a) Study of special localities to show methods of obtaining labor; - (b) Study of several hundred life histories of migratory and casual workers to learn causes of unemployment and methods of obtaining jobs; - (c) Study of available material in United States census, report of United States Immigration Commission, report of State Com- missioner of Labor Statistics, reports of labor unions in California; (d) Investigation of eighty-one private employment agencies within the state to determine their real status and value. The results of our own investigations are epitomized in Appendix C. (Pages 30–61.) Conclusions and Recorm mendations. As a result of all this study, we are prepared to submit for your consideration these recommendations, which we explain and defend in the following pages: (1) The creation of a state bureau of labor exchanges, under a rep- resentative board or commission, with an annual appropriation of not less than $75,000; this bureau to have branch offices in the centers of population to gather and disseminate labor intelligence, to be a clearing house—bringing the man to the job, and the job to the man; the value of the bureau to be judged by both the extent and the thoroughness of its accomplishments. The bureau should cooperate with the Railway Commission to provide special low transportation rates to those for whom it finds positions; this bureau should have authority to regulate private and philanthropic employment agencies, to issue licenses to them and to revoke same at pleasure. In the light of the experience of last winter, and of the probable happenings of the season we are now entering, we strongly urge the wisdom of passing this act as an emergency measure as early as possible during the first session of the coming legislature. (2) The enacting of more stringent laws for the regulation of pri- vate employment agencies. REPORT ON PROBLEM OF UNEMIPLOYMENT. 7 (3) The passing of definite laws governing sanitation and housing in labor camps, based upon our experience during the past year; the enforcement of these laws to be placed in the hands of a bureau of Camp sanitation and housing, under our Commission, the Bureau of Iabor Statistics, or under a reorganized State Board of Health; with a special appropriation of $25,000 per year. (4) The complete revision of our housing laws, broadened to take in family dwellings as well as tenements and lodging houses; the enforcement to be in the hands of a bureau of housing, under our commission or under a reorganized State Board of Health; with a special appropriation of $20,000 per year. (5) The appointment of a special committee or designation of some existing commission to conduct an extended investigation into— (a) The wisdom of devising some scheme for out-of-work insur- ance that will not have the effect of drawing into our state the unemployed of the nation; (b) The best methods for dealing with the unemployable and the vagrant; - (c) Possible schemes for regularizing and dovetailing private enterprise, not in cities alone but in the rural districts as well, so that the burden may be justly and fairly borne by the state as a whole; (d) Ways and means for providing public work during periods of depression. (6) The encouraging of some mode of rural credits along the lines of European experience, to make farming more attractive and more profitable; and the creation of rural organization after the type of the German Landwirtshaftsrat, with the same object in view. (7) Laws that will make more difficult fraud and misrepresentation in the sale of rural lands, and that will bring to speedier justice the violators of the same and give equity to the exploited. (8) A state land bureau, preferably cooperating with the University of California, to supply prospective purchasers with all needed informa- tion regarding the best economic uses of land, its value, approaches to market, etc. The Problem. In your letter of March 17, 1914, quoted above, you say that the problem of unemployment “apparently is one that will be ever recur- ring, increasing in intensity and acuteness, and, therefore, I think it the part of wisdom * * * to find, if we can, some same and rational solution.’’ You have untold evidence from the highest authorities to support this view. Mr. Oscar Straus, when Secretary of Commerce and Labor, said: “The question of unemployment is one of the inci- 3—14524 8 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND EIOUSING. dents of the great commercial development of our age. It is the reverse side of the shield of prosperity, if you please. What the remedy should be is the great problem of our civilization.” Irregularity of employ- ment, in the opinion of Mr. Louis Brandeis, is “the worst and most extended of industrial evils.” Mr. Cyril Jackson, one of England’s foremost students of this question, says: ‘‘Of the social problems of the moment, unemployment is the most intense in its claim upon public attention. * * * Whereas, a generation ago unemployment was regarded as the result of economic forces beyond the control of the state, today the prevalence of unemployment is attributed to defects in the organ- ization of industrial life which it is the business of statesmen to rectify.” A still more eminent English authority, W. H. Beveridge, holds that “the problem of unemployment lies, in a very special sense, at the root of most other social problems. * * * Reasonable security of employment for the bread-winner is the basis of all private duties and all sound social action.’’ The seriousness of the problem of unemployment did not appeal to us in America until after men in Europe had devoted to it years of study. It is easy to understand why. Until recently, overcrowding and economic stress found relief in the mandate, “Go west, young man.” But now we have come up against the limits of the West, which rudely at last have turned us back to face our problem, to solve it, if we would not fall before it. Observe to what extent our own state is recognized as an outlet; whereas, in the decade 1900-1910 the population of the United States as a whole increased 21 per cent, Cali- fornia showed a growth of over 60 per cent. We fear that the economic power to absorb hardly kept pace with this increase. We fear that there is a likelihood that the census figures do not tell the whole story, for it is improbable that they enumerate all of the floating population, of which the number is growing year by year. California offers peculiar attractions to the man in the Eastern States or in Europe who, for one reason or another, desires to migrate. It is the farthest goal of him to whom ‘‘go west” becomes an active motive. It is the natural destination of him who merely is carried with the stream of migration. Our kindly climate and beneficent hospitality are known to the peoples of the world. “You cannot freeze to death in California; you cannot starve to death in California, ’’ is a by-word among the migratory workers of the country. And they have sensed the truth. And yet, against this there is the fact that in this comparatively new state of ours we hardly have had time to adjust conditions to absorb with economy all these new-comers. Industry is but meagerly developed, and nowhere does it exist on a large scale. During the past few years, extensive grain ranches have given way to intensively cultivated fruit REPORT ON PROBILEMI OF UNEMPLOYMENT. 9 farms, which require large numbers of men for but short periods. The problem of the migratory and casual worker is accentuated here prob- ably more than in any other part of the United States. • . A Clearing - House Needed. We turn our attention first then to the migratory and casual worker, who is here in response to a demand that is a concomitant of the status of industry and agriculture in our state. When he has com- pleted a job, where is he to look for another ? Today he may (a) answer an advertisement in some newspaper; (b) wander from place to place seeking employment; or (c) apply to a private employment agent for a job. If he reads a newspaper advertisement, how is he to know that the demand has not been satisfied over and over again } Indeed, how is he to know that the purpose of the advertisement is not to flood the local market with men, to multiply the fees to the agent and keep down wages? A Valencia Orange district several months ago sent out through the press a pitiful appeal for labor long after it had all the men it could employ. An employment agent, with branches throughout the state, persists in advertising in the San Francisco ‘‘Examiner” for cotton pickers to go to the Imperial Valley long after the demand is fully met. Then there is the problem of transportation—a very serious matter for a low-paid casual worker, for he cannot beat his way unless he be unusually agile. Closely allied to the newspaper advertisement is the placard posted broadcast, such as that used by certain hop growers to get pickers for the 1913 season. If the man wanders from place to place, from door to door, see what a waste of time is involved. The general response to the applicant is, ‘‘Come back in a week or ten days.” What is he to do meanwhile 3 (See Appendices C–1 and C–2.) - But he can resort to the private employment agent. The untrust- worthiness of private agencies is now a matter of common knowledge. The State of Washington, on that account, has just legislated them out of existence. We have recently made a careful investigation of 81 of the 247 licensed agencies in the state. Of the 81, our investigators give it as their opinion that 52, or 64 per cent, are of doubtful honesty; and that 51, or 64 per cent, are of doubtful efficiency. Forty-two agents admitted the prevalence of the following abuses: illegal reten- tion of fees, misrepresentation, shipment where there is not work, advertising where there is no job, splitting fees with foremen (see Appendix C–3), extortion, shipment of unfit applicants, operations in connection with a saloon; and acknowledged these abuses on the part of the employer: misrepresentation, giving orders to several agents at the same time, retaining fee collected from employees. Needless to say, these 42 employment agents claimed severally that their offices 10 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND EIOUSING. were innocent of such practices. Of the 39 agents who professed ignorance of any abuse, we must say that we suspect their trustworthi- ness as witnesses, or at least their knowledge of conditions. (See Appendix C–4.) In his report of July 1, 1913, the Chief of the Division of Informa- tion of the Federal Bureau of Immigration said: “A federal weather bureau, receiving its information from many sources throughout the world, is enabled to inform the inhabitants of the United States of coming storms and other changes in the weather. The work of the Weather bureau was not deemed necessary at first and not appreciated until long after that bureau was in operation. It is just as important to all the people of the United States, and more especially the working people, that changes or coming changes in industrial life should be speedily and accurately recorded.” (p. 161.) After two years’ experience through the Bureau of Industries and Immigration, the Commissioner of Labor of New York State strongly recommends the establishment of state free labor agencies and the creation of a state bureau to deal with the matter of the regulation of private employment agencies. (12th Annual Report, New York Com- missioner of Labor, p. 150.) In the report of the New York Commission of Immigration made to the legislature in 1909 after an exhaustive investigation, we read, ‘‘It would seem axiomatic that some means should be devised by which these laborers in a state of enforced idleness might be informed of the opportunities which await them in other parts of the state and country where employment can be found.’’ (p. 130.) On March 21, 1914, the Massachusetts Commission on Immigration made its report. The commission had this to say on the matter of state free employment offices: “The economic waste that results from the failure to offer the immigrant the guidance he needs in obtaining employment has never been appreciated. * * * There is also the eco- nomic waste that comes when the foreigner, skilled in a trade in his home country, finds it impossible to follow that trade here. * * * The first step toward the reduction of the evils of the present system of distribution is a state employment agency, * * * which shall make a comprehensive study of the labor market, shall give special attention to the casual labor problem, shall do the practical work of placing the individual man in the individual job, and shall develop a follow-up system, so that subsequent work shall be increasingly efficient. * * * An employment bureau should be created * * * and placed in charge of a supervisor of employment, who should be especially qualified to develop this work.” (pp. 47–51.) - On February 25, 1914, the Commission of Immigration of New Jersey niade its report. Concerning the need of establishing state free employ- REPORT ON PROBLEM OF UNEMPLOYMENT. 11. ment agencies, the commission said: “It often happens that unemploy- ment exists in one part of a state, while demands for labor in another section are unfilled. This is due to improper coordination between Workers and jobs. The man without a job and the job needing the man must be brought together, and only a central information agency, Such as the state can furnish, is able to do this. “The private individual cannot go to all the factories, as this involves a waste of time and money. Nor can he afford to register at all of the agencies. It frequently happens that men are registered at one agency while positions are awaiting at another. Employers, on the other hand, cannot apply to all of the private agencies in the state for their help. In New Jersey there are approximately 200 of these agencies. ‘‘The public agencies, properly managed, serve as clearing houses for both employer and employee and save the time of both. Figures in New York State indicate that nearly forty per cent of all workers are out of employment at some time during the year, owing to the seasonal Occupations and lack of information of trade conditions. The state agency, properly conducted, will eliminate a considerable amount of this unemployment. - “Private agencies may find men jobs, but they can never perform the larger function of distribution agencies. Only a central agency, municipal or state, can serve this purpose.” (p. 66.) William M. Leiserson, Superintendent of the Wisconsin State Employment Office, says of the activities of that office: “The Milwaukee office is the only one located in a city large enough to permit of great expansion. During the first year its business was increased almost four-fold over preceding years, when it was conducted as the majority of employment offices in the United States have been managed. Appli- cations for employment increased from 6,300 to 23,000; help wanted, from 6,200 to 29,000; and persons referred to positions, from 6,000 to 24,000. Of the 24,000 referred, it was positively ascertained that 11,400 had actually been hired. During the second year the business increased over the first by about 40 per cent. The cost per verified position secured the first year was 60 cents. The second year it was less than 50 cents. We shall not be satisfied until this has been much further reduced. Our other three free employment offices are located in cities with population of less than 45,000. While they have not shown such remarkable results, they have substantially increased their business.’’ + Free Public Labor Exchanges. If we would be of service, then, to the great number of our migratory and casual workers, we must devise some machinery for obtaining im- mediate knowledge of opportunity for labor, and then spread that infor- 12 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. mation without charge when and where it will reach those out of work; then we must gather data as to those unemployed, showing their experience, ability, trustworthiness, etc., and put it within reach of prospective employers. In this field, private enterprise has broken down completely. The multiplicity of private employment agencies complicates the situation; there is no one place to which a man might apply to obtain a list of available jobs; it is conceivable that a man might register with one agent while his job is in the hands of another agent twenty or thirty feet away. Private agencies must charge fees, which the most needy are hardly in position to pay, and which rise and fall with the increase and decrease in the demand for positions. The fee is an inducement to encourage conspiracy between agent and job- hoss, resulting in the ridiculous labor turnover we witness in many occupations. We believe that private agencies should be further regu- lated and have made certain suggestions for legislation along this line in Appendix C–5. However, regulation will only curb flagrant abuse, it will not supply that one absolute requisite—a common clearing house of labor intelligence. Private agencies are competitive; it is part of the game for one to keep his knowledge from the others. It is to the advantage of the man out of work, of the employer, and of the public at large that friction be removed between the man and the job. Knowledge of demand and of supply, in its most helpful form, can be supplied only by the state. This is as legitimately a piece of public work as is the supplying of weather reports, crop statistics, soil surveys, knowledge of foreign markets, methods of cultivation, and the like. We therefore strongly recommend, as a first step in attacking the problem of unemployment, the establishment of a state bureau of labor exchanges under a representative board or commission, with an appropriation of at least $75,000 a year. There should be branch offices in the centers of population. The bureau should be given facilities for providing low fares. Supervision and regulation of private and philan- thropic agencies, with power of issuing and revoking licenses, should come under this bureau. The act to create free public labor exchanges in England was passed in 1909. At the expiration of five years, there were 430 employment exchanges in operation. These exchanges with their branches are so distributed that any man out of work can file his application for work by traveling not more than five miles. This same convenience is at the disposal of the employer. Germany has between 400 and 500 municipal exchanges which find jobs for Over a million men and women a year. REPORT ON PROBLEM OF UNEMPLOYMENT. 13 Under a Representative Board. The bureau should be under a commission, the members of which represent labor, the employer, and the general public. Only then can it be successful. A labor transaction involves two elements—the appli- cant and the employer. Unless the bureau possess the unqualified con- fidence of both, it is doomed to failure from the start. A one-man bureau could not win this confidence; supervised by a representative of labor, it would be suspected by the employer; directed by a nominee of the employers it would not be patronized by the men. (See Appendix D.) German experience has emphasized the wisdom of having this repre- sentative governing body. ‘‘Perhaps the most important feature of the organization of the bureaus and of the composition of the com- mittees in charge of them is that the bureaus are in almost all cases controlled by representatives of the employing and employed classes in equal numbers. * * * This is considered so important that they have used or adapted the word ‘Paritätische' to express the idea, and so universally is this characteristic found that the ‘Paritätische Bureau’ is the term very frequently used to denominate a public employment bureau. * * * It is considered of prime importance that they be con- trolled and managed by representative committees in which labor and capital can have equal confidence. * * * It is for this reason that, although the trade unionists of Germany commenced by opposing and usually bitterly denouncing the public employment bureaus, they now increasingly make use of them and have their representatives on the committees in charge of them. In many cases also the unions which formerly maintained employment bureaus of their own for their dif- ferent crafts have handed over these bureaus to the public bureaus.’’ (What is Done for the Unemployed in European Countries; W. D. P. Bliss, Bulletin of the U. S. Bureau of Labor No. 76, May, 1908, pp. 773–774.) With Sufficient Appropriation. Then the appropriation should be sufficiently large to cover the state. The gathering, synchronizing, and disseminating the necessary data is an expensive task. Unless the work be done thoroughly, it is better that it be not attempted at all. The amount we suggest, $75,000, is only a small part of the total fees annually paid out to private agents. For the year ending March 31, 1912, 194,400 jobs were reported by licensed agencies, and fees totaling $403,064.29 were collected, accord- ing to the last published report of the State Commissioner of Labor Statistics. - At the First National Conference on unemployment held in New York City during February, 1914, William H. Farley, Superintendent of the Rhode Island Free Employment Office (Report, page 247), said: ‘‘The state legislatures will devote an enormous amount of money to 14 - COMMISSION OF IMIMIGRATION AND HOUSING. state prisons, but they devote a very small amount to running public employment offices. You can readily understand that such an office can not amount to a great deal unless it has the money to fight—to fight the private employment office. Men who have not studied the question do not know for a minute the hardships that are created and the injustice that is done by the private employment agencies. Unless the legislature will give you enough money to run it right, I would advise you not to open a state bureau.’’ The New Jersey Commission of Immigration has this to say regarding the wisdom of granting sufficient appropriation to state free employ- ment agencies: ‘‘The impression is quite general that state agencies have been a failure. This apparent failure has been due in no small measure to the smallness of the appropriation. Five states have limited the staff of employees to a superintendent and assistant, and have set the salary of the superintendent at $1,200. Five others have placed the maximum salary at $1,500. Only a pittance has been allowed for the office expenses and for what is most important, advertising and canvassing firms for positions and bringing the work of the agency to the public notice. Colorado has $666 available for each of its three offices. Connecticut has $2,500 remaining for expenses for four offices after salaries are paid. Oklahoma has $300 for the expenses of each of its offices. For the small consideration offered, it has been im- possible to secure men capable both of organizing such an important piece of work and of securing the confidence of the employing public. In several states the sums available for rental and equipment have com- pelled superintendents to utilize dingy, unsuitable quarters without separate facilities for men and women. As a result, self-respecting workers preferred to patronize commercial agencies, even though a fee were charged. In other instances the employment work has been carried on by the office force in the department of labor and there has been no way of developing the work. In Kansas the law formerly provided that the first and second class cities, under the supervision of the Director of Free Employment Bureaus, should open and conduct such agencies, but that by joint resolution of the mayor and city council these agencies may be dispensed with. As a result, the only work carried on was that done in the office of the director. By a statute just passed, the employment work is to be carried on by a clerk in the new Department of Labor and Industry, for whom a salary of $1,000 is provided.” (p. 67.) Transportation at Low Rates. Often, the knowledge of the existence of a job does not place the applicant where it is available. Distances within our state are great, and transportation is expensive. In several European countries special low rates are given migratory workers upon order from the labor ex- REPORT ON PROBLEM OF UNEMPLOYMENT. 15 change. In Germany, the state railways grant to all workmen seeking work a 50 per cent reduction on third-class fare (making it about half a cent per mile), provided that orders for this are given workmen by the public employment bureaus. Stuttgart in 1904 gave out 1,960 such orders. We suggest the wisdom of enabling the proposed bureau to provide low fares, by arrangement with the railway companies. Supervision of Private Agencies. |Having representatives throughout the state, this bureau should logically be given supervision over all private employment agencies, with authority to issue and revoke licenses. If experience should show that the competition of public exchanges along with power to regulate would not eliminate the prevailing abuses, then we should be prepared to recommend that private agencies be prohibited by law from receiving fees from applicants, as the State of Washington has recently done. We fully realize that a system of state labor exchanges alone would not solve completely the unemployment problem. In one sense, they could not create work. Yet, in the true economic sense, by bringing man and job together through dispelling the ignorance one possesses in reference to the other, they would perform a service that practically amounts to the creation of jobs. A further pertinent point in this connection is the fact that the state, through the medium of the proposed bureau, would be in a position to warn men not to come into the state when there is no work or demand for labor. At present there is no central agency equipped to perform this service. Furthermore, the bureau could bring official pressure to bear on large corporations, who employ great numbers, to prevent them from importing labor from other states when the supply is sufficient within the state to meet the demand. This latter suggestion has been put into practice in a local way, by the authorities in the city of Los Angeles, and the employers have so generally cooperated that the effort has been successful. We would not have it understood that state labor exchanges would be of value only to the migratory and casual worker. There are thou- Sands of others who to-day have to depend upon the newspapers, tramp- ing, or private employment agencies. To these, the state exchange would prove of incalculable service. A Basis for Unemployment Insurance. A by-product of the centralized exchange would be a tendency to raise the wages of the most poorly paid among our working population. The great number of private agencies practically means a multiplicity of labor markets. Meeting disappointment after disappointment, the applicant is likely to accept the first job offered, no matter how low the wage. A properly organized and thoroughly efficient exchange 4—14524 16 COMIMISSION OF IMIMIGRATION AND HOUSING. would list all available jobs. The applicant could then choose the most favorable. The wage would then tend to the true equilibrium resulting from demand and supply, and would no longer be able to hide behind ignorance as it can to-day. Furthermore, the data gathered by such an organization would supply the material upon which we could build an intelligent judgment as to the practicability of unemployment insurance. A labor exchange is a necessary concomitant of an insurance scheme, enabling men to be placed in jobs with the least possible delay. For the same reason, it supplies the work test during periods of depression for those claiming public aid. In closing under this heading of state free labor exchanges, it is well to quote from an address made by William M. Leiserson, Super- intendent of Wisconsin Employment Offices, before the First National Conference on Unemployment held in New York City in February, 1914 : ‘‘Public employment offices are now in existence, in eighteen of the United States, in about sixty cities. The circumstances which led to their establishment have in the main been three: the abuses of private employment agencies, the lack of farm labor in agricultural states, and the presence of great numbers of unemployed wage-earners in the industrial centers. To these must be added the example of foreign governments and the growing belief that it is the duty of the state to prevent unnecessary idleness. Whatever the reasons for the establish- ment of the offices, the results have in most cases been the same. The administration has been placed in the hands of people unfamiliar with their design and purpose. These officials have either mismanaged the offices so that they had to be discontinued or else they performed their duties perfunctorily and in a wholly ineffective manner. ‘‘This, in short, has been the history of public employment offices in the United States. * * * The lesson is obvious. If we want suc- cessful public employment offices we must follow the example of the larger German cities, and put people in charge of them who under- stand the business, who know its principles and its technique, and who will work with vigor and energy to make their offices successful. “The function of an employment office is best expressed by the British term “labor exchange.” Exchange implies a market. It is an Organization of the labor market, just as the stock market, the hog market, the wheat market are organized to facilitate the buying of these products. * * * The labor market is still in the peddling stage. While dealing in almost all the important articles of trade is now systematically organized, with exchanges and salesmen and trade papers, labor must still be peddled from door to door by each individual worker. REPORT ON PROBLEM OF UNEMPLOYMENT. 17 “Employers will not patronize a trade union office except when the trade is completely organized. * * * Wage-earners, on the other hand, will not go in great numbers to an agency maintained by employers because of its possible use for blacklisting, breaking strikes and beating down wages. If there is any one condition that is basic in the success- ful management of an employment office, it is that it must be impartial as between employers and workers in their struggles over conditions of employment. * * * The gathering and the distribution (of informa- tion) must be absolutely impartial. Wage-earners and employers must have faith in the accuracy and reliability of the information. “As part of an effective administrative machine, a system of repre- sentation of the interests involved should be worked out in order to insure confidence and impartiality. * * * At the head of the public employment offices a person should be placed who understands not only the technique of the business but also the principles on which the offices are based, and their relation to the whole industrial life of the state, and to the pressing problem of unemployment. ‘‘It is because the welfare of society depends upon the widest pos- sible distribution of reliable information of this kind that the state is justified in giving the service free. * * * The importance and the essentially public mature of the information gathered by employ- ment offices make the performance of this service a public function. “As institutions for furnishing information, public employment offices have as one of their greatest functions to stand at the entrance to the industrial world and point the way to children and immigrants. * * * The public employment offices should employ clerks who speak the languages of the newcomers. These clerks should prepare, in the native tongues of the immigrants, bulletins describing the industrial opportunities in the state, and should advise and direct the newcomers into the most promising field. ‘‘Little can be done by employment offices directly to remedy time maladjustment. But they are able to furnish the information on which any adequate remedy, such as unemployment insurance, must be based, and for the unorganized workers they will have to supply the adminis- trative machinery for testing the validity of any wage-earner’s claim that he is unable to secure employment. * * * No wood pile or rock pile can be such a test. The worker must be offered bona fide employment such as is fitted to his abilities and to his station in the industrial ranks. Only a well organized system of employment offices can offer such employment, and it is only through such an organization of the labor market that we can ever tell positively that there is no opportunity for the idle wage-earner to secure employment. ‘‘In conclusion, it must be pointed out that these most important functions of employment offices, namely, to reduce unnecessary idle- 1S COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. ness and to serve as part of the administrative machinery of dealing with the problem of unemployment will never be undertaken by private labor agents because there is no incentive for them to do it. It involves expense for which there is no return except to the state as a whole in securing the fullest application of its labor force, and in placing the burden of unemployment on industry, where it belongs.” We would reiterate that we are not so optimistic as to be deluded into the belief that the proposed state bureau of labor exchanges would finally and conclusively solve the problem of unemployment. But it is our firm conviction that the establishment of such a bureau would be the first step in a constructive program to get workers in touch with work, and in the encouragement of new enterprises. Even if more opportunities are provided for labor, the proposed bureau will be neces- sary to maintain the confidence of employers and employees in a stable labor market. Causes of Unemployment. However nearly perfect we may make state labor exchanges, for some time to come we shall still have unemployed men and periods of unem- ployment. In some instances, the cause is to be sought in the indi- vidual; at other times, in the circumstances. Sickness is a common cause of unemployment. Child neglect is another cause. In the en- vironment, we observe the seasonal occupations, in which overtime work is followed by regular periods of slack. Then come economic depres- sions which overthrow all our calculations. The seat of sickness is most often found in the home or place of residence. (See Appendix C–8.) To hit this evil at the root we have several definite suggestions, and two or three recommendations. Labor Camp Sanitation. Thousands of casual workers spend much of their lives in labor camps or on farms. Our recent investigations, covering about 900 labor camps equipped to house 62,000 men, have revealed deplorable conditions. And our experience has shown that good living conditions tend to stop ‘‘floating” and make for a steady working force. (See Appendix C–7.) What we have accomplished in the field of camp sanitary and housing reform should be but the beginning of a larger movement. We therefore urge the passing of definite laws governing sanitation and housing in labor camps, based upon our experience during the past year; the enforcement of these laws to be placed in the hands of a bureau of camp sanitation and housing, under our commission, the Bureau of Labor Statistics, or under a reorganized State Board of Health; with a special appropriation of $25,000 a year. REPORT ON PROBLEM OF UNEMPLOYMENT, 19 City Housing. Proper city housing is even of greater importance, for children are involved. We therefore recommend a complete revision of our housing laws, broadened to take in family dwellings as well as lodging houses and tenements; the enforcement to be in the hands of a bureau of housing, under our commission or under a reorganized State Board of Health; with a special appropriation of $20,000 a year. We favor enlarging the powers of the bureau for the prevention of tuberculosis under the State Board of Health, for our investigations have revealed to us the prevalence of the white plague both in city slums and among the class of casual workers. Education and Vocational Guidance. We urge the passing of legislation making it possible for public Schools to take up the task of home visiting, for again our experience during the past year has shown us how needful are lessons in decent living, particularly among the foreign born. (See Appendix F.) The fate of the adult is determined in great part during childhood. The unguided or badly guided child has a not very promising future. Therefore we recommend that your Excellency request the State Board of Education, or some other existing board, to study the question of vocational guidance and training; this with the object in view of reduc- ing for the future the number of ill-adapted workers and unemploy- ables. - There is nothing that contributes more to the helplessness of an able- bodied immigrant laborer, than ignorance of the language of the country in which he seeks work. In California we are not meeting the educational needs of the alien who is being enticed to us in increasing numbers. A large proportion of foreign born in this state is unable to speak the English language. By stimulation a large percentage of the non-English speaking people could be taught our language and so put upon a self-respecting and self-protecting basis. The temporary Commission on Immigration in Massachusetts found 280,000 illiterates in their state of whom only 80,000 were receiving instruction. That Commission recommended that children from four- teen to seventeen and all on work certificates be compelled to attend school one half day until able to read and write; that children from seventeen to twenty-one be compelled to attend evening school until literate; that all possible short cuts be made to teach English to adults; that no city should be obliged to bear the full expense of educating this shifting population but that the state should bear one half of all such expenses. Though the act creating our Commission specified the field of immi- grant education as a place for our activity, we have been able to do 20 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND EIOUSING. little more than make a rough survey on account of Our limited appro- priation and the urgency of other work that forced itself upon Our attention. It is our hope that the legislature will see fit to make Our appropriation sufficiently large to enable us to take up this very important work. Unemployment lnsurance. For the worker in seasonal trades, and in fact for all who labor for a wage, we suggest unemployment insurance, though we are not pre- pared to recommend any particular form. The success of this state in handling industrial accident insurance is one argument that warrants our looking more deeply into the whole field of social insurance. We urge that your Excellency designate some existing board or Commission to investigate this subject thoroughly, to report, say in two years. Data supplied by the proposed bureau of labor exchanges would be of inestimable value in any such investigation. We commend to your attention the experience of England and certain continental countries, particularly Denmark and Belgium, which has invented the Ghent system of subsidizing labor unions to conduct the machinery for unem- ployment insurance. Unemployables and Vagrants. We recognize the possibility of dividing the unemployed into three groups: (a) the employable; (b) the unemployable; and (c) the vagrant. But we realize the practical difficulty involved in making the distinction in particular cases. The suggestions made so far, and those to follow, have to do mainly with the employables. We suggest that you request some existing commission to devote special attention to the problem of the unemployable and the vagrant, to report to you in a year. Our own belief is that the unemployable are a proper charge upon the state, and that if private charity is to assist in their care, the state at least should guide and control such private enterprise. - Regularizing Industry. We believe that fruitful effort might be expended in the direction of inducing employers in agriculture and in industry to regularize their work. This is an indispensable feature in any solution of the problem of unemployment. We understand that certain farmers in the vicinity of Sacramento and in the south have selected crops with this object in view, and that in some districts the plan has been tried with good results. (See Appendix C-6.) What they require is a program supported by intelligent advice and guidance. We recommend that you assign to some board the task of studying and reporting upon this question. The logical organization would be the bureau of labor exchanges, or the commission under which it might be placed. To this REPORT ON PROBLEM OF UNEMPLOYMENT. 21. same body you might give the duty of reporting upon the possibility of reserving certain public works for the winter months or for periods of depression. Improvement of Rural Conditions. In these days we hear much talk about “back to the land” and ‘‘forward to the land.” The proponents of these movements show us with alarm the exhibit from the census presenting the facts that during the decade 1900-1910, while our rural population increased by 34.5 per cent, the population in towns of 2,500 or more increased 81.4 per cent, or nearly two and one half times as rapidly. During this same decade, the number of farms increased 21.6 per cent against an increase of 60.1 per cent in the population; the total farm acreage, however, decreased. . Perhaps there is some good ground for their alarm. Per- haps a different situation might prove a relief in this problem of unem- ployment. The relative unattractiveness of the land is shown particu- larly in the case of white foreign born. Though 24.2 per cent of our population in 1910, they formed 28.1 per cent of those living in towns and only 20.5 per cent of our rural population; and this in spite of the fact that most of our immigrants come from rural districts in Europe. We believe that the cause of this phenomenon is to be sought in the unwarranted high price of agricultural land, too often based upon speculative valuation with no regard to its productivity, and upon the lack of organization among our farmers, leaving each to wage his battle for credit and markets alone and single-handed. (See Appendix C–9.) A few weeks ago, when several enthusiasts advocated bringing op- pressed Belgians into this state, Mr. Gavin McNab, the proponent of the scheme, was quoted in the San Francisco ‘‘Bulletin” of October 21st as saying, “Too long the custom has been to place speculative values on the land in this state and thus prevent the taking up of cer- tain sections by investors.” In the same issue, Mr. A. S. Baldwin, of the firm of Baldwin & Howell, was quoted: “The main difficulty in work of this kind is that in colonization the land is figured so far in advance of its true value that the farmer is beset with troubles from the outset. There is too much greed among the landowmers in most of these colonization projects. Also exorbitant commissions are paid for promotion, with the result that the settler finds himself saddled with the tremendous burdens.’’ Colonel Harris Weinstock, in an address delivered November 11th before the California State Fruit Growers’ Convention at Los Angeles, said: - - ‘‘ Great fortunes have been expended throughout the nation and else- where, inviting people to engage in California agriculture and horti- culture, but our methods have been so crude and so unscientific and the love of greed on the part of land promoters has been such, that a very 22 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. great proportion of those who have been induced to come here, and to buy our acreages, have failed, with great misfortune to themselves, and with serious injury to the state. “A frightfully large proportion of such investors have come to grief, have been forced back to the cities, many of them as unskilled laborers, to swell the ranks of the casual unemployed and many of them have cursed the state as a delusion and a snare, have shouted their misfor- tunes from the housetops, and have thus injured California in the eyes of their sympathizers here and elsewhere.’’ Evidence of this sort could be cited ad infinitum. The complaint bureau of our Commission has evidence sufficient to show that many of these land deals are attended by downright fraud and misrepresenta- tion. (See Appendix C-11.) There seems to be no one who would take the case against those who advocate making easier and more attractive the approach to the land. The farm is the natural outlet for our overcrowded cities. It is out of the rural districts that we must hope to get the backbone of our citi- Zenry. Almost all proposed unemployment solutions that pretend to thoroughness look to the land for relief. Assuming the desire to get on the land, along with the means and the ability, the first requisite is knowledge of available holdings. Today practically all information of this sort is compiled by railroads, cham- bers of commerce, boards of trade, or the promoters of some land project. These are naturally interested parties. There is nothing to show the prospective purchaser just how much and wherein he should discount their enthusiasm. State Land Bureau. During October, 1914, the College of Agriculture of the University of California issued a pamphlet, “Some Things the Prospective Settler Should Know.” That was a start in the right direction. We should like to see the enterprise enlarged into a state land bureau, to supply at cost to prospective purchasers all needed information regarding the best economic uses of land, its value, approaches to market, and the like. It is more essential to start the settler right than to guide him. after he may have taken up an almost impossible proposition. Closely related to the work of a state land bureau is a comprehensive land law that will make more difficult fraud and misrepresentation in the sale of rural lands, and that will bring to speedier justice the vio- lators of the same, and give equity to the exploited. We have our regu- lation of weights and measures, and our pure food laws, but it is of vastly greater importance to the community as a whole that the pros- pective purchaser of farm lands be protected, both against exploitation and against his own ignorance. The enforcement of such a law might. be given over to the proposed state land bureau. REPORT ON PROBLEM OF UNEMPLOYMENT. 23 National Marketing Commission. If a merchant go into a new town to open a business, he need not feel entirely strange, for he is soon invited to join a chamber of commerce or a merchants’ association, which, though recognizing the proper place of competition, attack with vigor the problems which all merchants have in common. If a skilled mechanic move to a new city, he finds common ground in the labor union, and he does not feel alone. But for the farmer there is no organization that compares with the merchants’ association or the trade union for strength of influence and efficiency. To overcome this deficiency and to provide a competent organization, there is pending in the national congress a joint resolution calling for the creation of a national marketing commission to be composed of twenty-nine members, fifteen of whom shall be farmers and fourteen of whom shall be selected with reference to their eminence in commerce, law, finance, and transportation, said commission to adopt a plan of action for the effective organization of the states, counties, and localities of the United States for the economic distribution of the products of the farm. (The complete text of the joint resolution is given in Appendix |E.) The type of this proposed commission is the Landwirtschaftsrat of Germany. It is conceivable that such a semiofficial body, taking the place in reality of all the so-called national farmers’ organizations, would wield great power. Within its hands, and in the hands of the subordinate state, county and local branches, could well be placed the solution of all those problems that today vex the unorganized farmer. To them it would be advisable to commit the working out of some same scheme of rural credits. From such an articulate body we should have the right to expect some aid in the solution of our problem of unem- ployment, through their cooperation with the proposed bureau of labor exchanges. Therefore we trust that your Excellency will see fit to support the above-mentioned congressional resolution in such ways as you may deem wise, and that you will urge upon our state legislature to memorialize congress to the same effect. Commission of Immigration and Housing. In closing this report on unemployment, we deem it but just that we indicate to your Excellency the part our commission has taken and is prepared to take in the solution of the problem in question. As we said above, the immigration situation has much in common with the question of unemployment. The newly-arrived immigrant is a man looking for a job. But, furthermore, the alien who can not get located, who falls prey to abuse and exploitation, soon becomes a ready candidate for the army of unemployed. Whatever protects the stranger from land sharks, unscrupulous employment agents, shyster lawyers, thieving notaries, 5–14524 24 COMIMISSION OF IMIMIGRATION AND HOUSING. and crooks in general; and whatever smooths his path to economic bet- terment, social and educational welfare and good citizenship, attacks this problem of unemployment at its very roots. This is just that ounce of prevention which is better than the pound of cure. - - We point particularly to the hundreds of labor camps which, volun- tarily, have complied with the standards we established; to the work we have done in the field of municipal housing reform; to , the accom- plishments effected through our complaint bureau, which, during the last six months, has received 1,500 complaints (Appendix C–11); to the light we have thrown on the iniquitous practices prevalent in the treat- ment of a large portion of our unskilled labor; to the data we have gathered on the whole subject of migratory and casual workers. But much of our proper field still remains practically untouched. To broaden out, a larger appropriation will be required. Then we shall be enabled to enlarge the scope of our complaint work; to delve into the question of immigrant education and citizenship (see Appendix F); and to make proper provision for the care and protection of immi- grants at the docks and in transit. * * * Respectfully submitted. COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING OF CALIFORNIA. EDWARD J. HANNA. MRS. FRANK A. GIBSON. PAUL SCHARRENBERG. SIMON J. LUBIN. REPORT ON PROBLEM OF UNEMPLOYMENT. 25 . APPENDIX A. Digest of Letters Sent to the Governor. During the past year, your Excellency referred to our Commission certain com- munications addressed to you on this subject of unemployment. We herewith append the chief recommendations made in the more important letters : 1. ED LAMBRECEITs, general delivery, San Francisco, a laborer (June 17, 1914) suggests the public posting of available jobs in convenient places. 2. GEORGE STANLEY, St. Helena (March 22, 1914), tells how Australia put some unemployed to work in gold mines. - 3. MRS. A. S. NICELY, Fruitvale (March 24, 1914), suggests that strikes and lockouts be limited to 48 hours duration, and that the liability law be modified so as not to militate against married men. - 4. A. J. PILLSBURY of the Industrial Accident Commission (March 25, 1914), favors (1) state labor exchanges, (2) handling vagrants as felons, (3) unemploy- ment insurance some time in the future. - - : 5. HARRIS WEINSTOCK, member Industrial Accident Commission and United States Commission on Industrial Relations, recommends, “that state legislation be passed, authorizing the purchase of certain acreage of arable land to be used as a state farm or farms; that such farm or farms be placed under the direction of the Agricultural Department of the state, or under the Agricultural Department of the State University. These state farms to afford employment primarily to the migratory unemployed, who are to receive in return for their labor, food, shelter, and a small per diem. The reason for allowing only a small per diem is to avoid making the employment too attractive, so that applications may be confined to those unable to do better elsewhere. This per diem to be placed to the credit of the worker on the books of the state farm and to be held and used in the manner here- inafter set forth. “The plan in mind further contemplates the creation of a state employment exchange with branches in various parts of the state. Daily or weekly reports on the condition of the labor market are to be sent by the branches to the headquarters of the State Employment Exchange. This information to be tabulated at such headquarters and bulletins prepared which will show, where there is a surplus and where there is a demand for labor ; the headquarters will thus serve the purpose of a clearing house for labor information. The central labor exchange is also to be kept advised of the number of unemployed at the various state farms with a view of supplying whatever demand may from time to time arise at other places. When men are to be furnished from these state farms, the central labor exchange will issue requisitions on such state farms having a supply of the unemployed. The head of such institution will select the men who have been with him longest and who are most likely to prove efficient, using the amounts to their credit from their per diems to cover transportation, paying them in cash whatever surplus may be left to their credit. “The first problem is how to segregate the sheep from the goats among the unem- ployed. That is, how to determine which among the unemployed are fit and worthy and willing to work and which are professional bummers. The plan as outlined above would enable the authorities to distinguish between those who will and those who will not work. It will rob the unworthy of the pretext to beg or to willfully remain in idleness. On the other hand, it will make it possible for the decent, sober worker, in exchange for his labor to at least get food and shelter, so that he may not be forced below the poverty line and degenerate speedily into the mendicant.” 6 P. J. PETERSON, 1590 Broadway, San Francisco (March 26, 1914), recom- mends (1) minimum wage, (2) making summer employer deposit with the state enough money to keep men throughout the winter, (3) State to find summer work for every resident. - 26 COMIMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND EIOUSING. 7. J. R. CUNNYNGHAM, of Cunnyngham Realty Syndicate, 26 Montgomery street, San Francisco (March 24, 1914) suggests that the state improve land, sell it for net cost, issue bonds for selling price secured by land, and give these bonds to the purchasers. S. ALBERT EEIRGOTT, Vocational Employment, San Francisco Young Men's Christian Association, advocates (1) federal labor exchanges, (2) county labor exchanges, (3) listing of decent private agencies, (4) industrial farm colonies, (5) temporary shelters, (6) campaign for vocational guidance, (7) shortening the work day, (8) power of the governor to provide state work for the idle. 9. GEORGE W. MARTIN, 1217 Nineteenth street, Sacramento (March 21, 1914) suggests that the state or national government acquire land, fully improve and equip it, and sell it on twenty years’ terms to citizens or to those who have declared their ‘intention of becoming citizens. 10. MRS. ANNA Ross, Annette, California (March 20, 1914) advises that the state sell land on easy terms. 11. CALIFORNIA LAND FOR SETTLEMENT LEAGUE suggests adoption of New Zealand land law authorizing a county board of supervisors to lease at low rentals municipally owned lands to actual settlers, in Small tracts, the county to supply 'auxiliary jobs for three days a week. REPORT ON PROBLEM OF UNEMPIOYMENT. 27 APPENDIX B-1. Bibliography of Unemployment. 1. Bibliography on social insurance. See American Labor Legislation Review, Vol. III, No. 2, June, 1913, “Social Insurance,” pages 287-292. 2. The Future Problem of Charity and the Unemployed, John Graham Brooks; American Academy of Political and Social Science, publication No. 122. 3. The Theory of Public Employment Offices and the Principles of their Practi- cal Administration, William M. Leiserson ; Ginn & Co., 1914. 4. The Unemployment in European Counties, W. D. P. Bliss ; Bulletin of the U. S. Bureau of Labor, No. 76, May 1908. 5. The Break-up of the Poor Law, S. & B. Webb ; Ilongmans & Co., 1909. 6. The Public Organization of the Labor Market, S. & B. Webb ; Longmans & Co., 1909. 7. Unemployment, A. C. Pigou ; Henry Holt & Co., 1913. S. The Elimination of the Tramp, Edmond Kelly ; Putnam's, 1908. 9. Unemployment, B. S. Rowntree & B. Lasker, Macmillan, 1911. 10. Problems of Poverty, J. A. Hobson ; Methuen & Co., 1913. 11. Unemployment and Trade Unions, Cyril Jackson ; Longmans, Green & Co., 12. The Prevention of Destitution, S. & B. Webb ; Longmans, Green & Co., 13. Report of First National Conference on Unemployment ; American Labor Legislation Review, Vol. IV, No. 2, May 1914. 14. Unemployment, W. H. Beveridge ; Longmans, Green & Co., 1912. (See pages 270-278 for bibliography on Unemployment.) 15. Reports of the United States Immigration Commission appointed in 1907; 41 volumes ; 2 volumes contain abstract of report. - 16. Free Public Employment Offices, J. E. Conner; Bulletin of the U. S. Bureau of Labor, No. 68, January, 1907. - 28 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. APPENDIX B–2. Digest of Several Books on Unemployment. 1. Unemployment, by W. H. Beveridge. 4 - - - “Unemployment arises because, while the supply of labor grows steadily, the demand for labor, in growing, varies incessantly in volume, distribution and char- acter. This variation, in several of its forms at least, flows directly from the control of production by many competing employers. * * * Unemployment, in other words, is to some extent at least part of the price of industrial competition—part of the waste without which there could be no competition at all. * * * If the solution of the problem of unemployment means that every man should have the certainty of continuous work throughout life, then no solution is to be expected, Or. indeed, desired. If, however, by a solution is meant that no man able and willing to work should come to degradation or destitution for want of work, then a solution is not indeed within sight but by no means beyond hope. Its direction is certain and its distance not infinite. The demand for labor can not be stereotyped Save in a stagnant industry. The supply of labor may be made immeasurably more capable of following and Waiting for the demand. - “The policy outlined in this book is a policy of industrial organization ; of meet- ing deliberately industrial needs that at present are met wastefully because without deliberation. Fluctuations of demand are now provided for by the maintenance of huge stagnant reserves of labor in varying extremities of distress. There is no reason in the nature of things why they should not be provided for by organized reserves of labor raised beyond the reach of distress. To be able to follow the demand men must possess greater powers of intelligent movement from place to place ; they must possess also power to move from trade to trade, or—a more essential point— they must have better guidance in the first choice of occupations. To be able to wait for the demand men must have a reserve for emergencies; they must not be living from hand to mouth ; they must through insurance or its equivalent be able to average wages over good and bad times and to subsist without demoralization till they can be reabsorbed again after industrial transformations. These two meas- ures are complementary and, in some sense indeed, alternative to one another.” 2. Prevention of Destitution, by S. & B. Webb. Sickness, as a cause of unemployment and destitution, should be attacked through (1) better slum sanitation and instruction ; (2) visiting nurses and hygienic instruc- tors; (3) school hygienic instruction ; and (4) organized crusade against sickness with specialized central department. There should be careful segregation of the unfit. Child neglect should be remedied by (1) school authorities, through care com- mittees and attendance officers; and (2) part time instruction for children from 14 to 18 years old. Cyclical fluctuations could be met in part through regularization by government orders; seasonal variations, by (1) use of public labor exchanges, and (2) short time supplement by insurance. Underemployment of casuals partly overcome by use of labor exchanges. The residuum to be reached by (1) reducing hours, (2) half time for those under 19 years, (3) pensions for widows, (4) supporting adequately and training the balance by lunacy boards, invalidity pensions and detention colonies. Four kinds of insurance tend to relieve the unemployment situation : (1) Old age, (2) invalidity, (3) sickness, (4) unemployment. * The directing mind within this whole field should be the state, which should find all men requiring assistance of any sort, classify them properly, and then indicate the proper meastire and source of relief; establishing the organic connection between state and voluntary agencies. REPORT ON PROBLEM OF UNEMPLOYMENT, . 29 . 3. Unemployment, by Rowntree & Lasker. Experience shows that S0 per cent of those under 19 have begun badly. Correc- tion should be through (1) medical inspection in schools, (2) removal from bad homes, (3) school care committees, (4) labor exchanges cooperating with schools, with advisory committees on juvenile employment, (5) training schools for the unemployed and one third time for boys in blind-alley trades. - For regular workers there should be (1) labor exchanges, (2) regulation of public employment, (3) afforestation, etc., (4) short time, and (5) the training of youths. For the casual worker there should be (1) decasualization of the labor market through shortening hours, part time in industrial schools, and mothers' pensions, (2) unemployment insurance, and (3) land cultivation as in Belgium. For the building trades, (1) labor exchanges, (2) decasualization, (3) alternative employment, (4) insurance, and (5) country residence. For the work-shy, whatever of the above is applicable, along with labor colonies. 4. The Elimination of the Tranmp, by Edmond Kelly. For those in search of employment, way tickets and casual wards; For the temporarily unemployed, in exceptional periods of depression, temporary relief work ; * For the unemployables, free labor colonies wherever possible ; forced colonies wherever necessary ; these colonies should be small and agricultural rather than large and industrial ; paying their own expenses; not competing with free labor. 30 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. APPENDIX C–1. Summary of Report on the Floating Laborer in California by the Commission of lmmigration and Housing of California. This is a report of an investigator’s experiences concerning a subject of more than passing importance. Some valuable suggestions are made. The opinion of the Investigator is that there are perhaps 20,000 men in California who have no fixed residence, and wander from place to place seeking seasonal labor ; that these men are idle far more days than they work; that many of them will not work more than a few days at a time, or just long enough to get a “stake.” There are various causes that make tramps out of what were once steady workers ; intemperance being one of the greatest. A lack of information regarding work is given as a great drawback. Much time is spent “on the road,” beating trains, etc., between jobs. They get insufficient food and contract sickness and debility from sleeping out. They soon lose all ambition. Very few carry blankets. They are often ill treated by farmers and others. The local constables make life miserable. Any officer is an enemy. Their social life is demoralizing. CONCLUSIONS. That the floating laborer is necessary to production in California—that his mode of life is against his efficiency; that his attitude towards his work and his employer, and society in general, is detrimental to his usefulness—and that the lack of interest in his welfare by those to whom he is necessary is responsible, to some extent, for the attitude taken by him. Out of 100 floating laborers, the following nationalities were represented : American (white), 66; German, 14 ; English, 11 ; Italian, 2.; Mexican, 2.; negroes, 2 : unclassified, 3 ; total, 100. REPORT ON PROBLEM OF UNEMPLOYMENT. 31 APPENDIX C–2. Summary of Report on Berry Picking and Fruit Canning in Sonoma County, by the Commission of Immigration and Housing of California. This report is devoted mainly to the Sebastopol berry region and the canneries at, or near, Santa Rosa in Sonoma County. It gives the output, wages, hours of labor, etc., and the demand for labor in that vicinity in this line of work. - The investigator finds that the demand for labor is heaviest in the latter part of August, and after the opening of schools after the summer vacations; also, that there is no way for the “jobless man” to know of this work, as even the one former private employment agency in the district has been discontinued. The demand for labor is irregular and seasonal. The investigator reports a public employment office would be of great benefit to employer and employee in this section. 6—14524 32 COMMISSION OF IMIMIGRATION AND HOUSING. APPENDIX C–3. Epitomized Statement of Report on the Sand Creek Road Situation in Fresno County, by the Commission of Immigration and Housing of California. This investigation was made on account of numerous complaints received from foreign laborers. It was found upon investigation that one contractor, by name of Griffith, had employed local help and had had no trouble in employment or keep- ing his men. Also that the sanitary conditions were excellent, and the food abund- ant and good. This was in Tulare County. - A man by the name of Ball had the contracts in Fresno County and employed Armenian, Hindoo and Mexican laborers. His men were obtained from a Fresno employment agency, and were being constantly discharged for laziness or ineffi- ciency, it was said. As the work was semi-public and the complaints numerous the investigation was made, and while it revealed no actual collusion between Ball and the employment agency, the fact remained that working men were migratory, staying scarcely a week in the camp, and that many of them could work only two or three days. It was freely charged, however, that Ball received fifty cents from the fee charged by the agency. The report contains recommendations regarding a system of placing men where they are wanted and where they will “fit.” - REPORT ON PROBLEM OF UNEMPLOYMENT. 33 APPENDIX C–4. A Digest of a Report on the Employment Agency Situation in California, by the Commission of Immigration and Housing of California. The organization of the labor market in California as regards the Work of con- necting man and job, is a complex of several different agencies acting in different ways through different channels. The skilled organized element have their own method of obtaining work—job control. Each labor council is a center through which these men obtain information as to work, and are placed at their different jobs. Very seldom does the union man have recourse to employment agencies of any kind in seeking work at his trade, though, if forced out of his own line, he may utilize them. - The unskilled, unorganized migratory casual worker (a distinctive type on the Pacific coast), the domestic worker, the unorganized hotel and restaurant worker, have several methods of obtaining work. Personal application to the employer is, of course, a much utilized method practiced both by the itinerant worker and those more fixed in their way of living. Again, there are countless unorganized methods of spreading and obtaining information as to jobs. Saloons and boarding houses, pool rooms, coffee clubs, all the places at which idle men are to be found, have come to be used by employers after men, and by men after work. Many abuses impossible to expose or to stamp out, have sprung up in connection with these. It is impossible to state just what proportion of work of this nature, that of finding men and work, is done by the employment agencies proper. Though relative to the other agencies they are probably not all-important in this respect, the volume of their business is enormous. For the year ended March 31, 1912, 194,408 jobs were reported filled by the licensed agencies, fees totaling $403,064.29 being received. The actual figures doubtless far exceed the above numbers, as the system of state supervision and regu- lation prevailing at the time they were obtained was admittedly lax and inadequate. ORGANIZATION OF PRI VATE E M P LOYMENT SYSTEM. Number and Kinds. - - The division of the private, licensed fee-charging agencies as to location and character of business, at the time this report is submitted, is as follows: g | 2 || 3 || 2 | = | 3 | g 3 || 3 || 3 E : g 3. # 3. š i ; # # à 3. # 3. F # , || 3 | # , || 3 || T f : - : | } | | | | | | | | . San Francisco -------- 11 17 8 10 5 11 1 2 ------ 65 Oakland --------------- 4 5 3 ----, 12 Los Angeles ----------- 6 17 5 9 3 15 ------ 4 5 64 Alameda. -- !------ 2 ------------ ------ 2 Berkeley -------- - - - - - - - 1 - 2 ------ .3 FreSIn O – I 6 ------ 1 ------ 1. 8 Pasadena !" 2 *- 2 ------ ------ 1 5 Sacramento ----------- 1 9 4 14 San Diego ------------- 3 9 ------ - 12 San Jose --- . 3 3 Stockton --------------|------ 6 ------------------ 1 } '7 Cities below fourth - - Class ----------------- ------ 37 ------------------ 15 ------------------ 52 Totals ------------- 26 |. 111 13 20 8 54 1 8 6 247 f : l - | - - 34 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. The distribution of business as to cities is shown by the following figures, which are based upon the report of the Bureau of Labor Statistics for 1912. The figures are for the license year ended March 31, 1912. (The report of the Bureau of Labor Statis- tics for 1914 will be published in a few months. Figures for last year are not as yet available.) San Francisco and Los Angeles did 69 per cent of the total employment agency business of the state. The third and fourth class cities, including Oakland, did 26 per cent, while but 5 per cent was done in the smaller towns. Or, again, 92 per cent of the total state business passed through six cities: San Francisco, Los Angeles, Sac- ramento, Stockton, San Diego and Oakland; and only S per cent was done in the rest of the state. This proof of the natural centralization of the work of employment agencies is of value as an indication of the possibility of establishing a centralized fed- eral or state system of employment offices or exchanges. - Abuses and Frauds by Agents. While many agents claim that all fraud has been stamped out since the passage of the new regulations a year ago, there is still, without the slightest doubt, a vast amount of fraud, misrepresentation, extortion, splitting of fees, and all the other evils that seem to go hand in hand with a private system of employment agencies. It is charged that several agencies of Los Angeles act practically as procurers for restaurants, hotels, etc., of questionable character. The average casual worker will tell of numerous cases of fraud. Half of the employment agents investigated stated that frauds were numerous, always of course stating that other agencies were guilty. It seems safe to say that not more than 10 per cent of the actual cases of fraud ever get to the ears of the Labor Commissioner. There are offices in only four cities; it is practically impossible for a man defrauded in other towns to reach a repre- sentative of the Commission and have his plea heard. District Attorney McCormick of Fresno County states that numerous cases have been brought to him, but that he cannot act. He tells of several men who were discharged from a job at Big Creek, other men being sent to take their places and no refund was secured, although there is a strict state 7-day law. Again, the Labor Commissioner and his representatives refuse to take action unless an injured worker makes a personal complaint. This is in many cases impossible. We have on file records of many flagrant abuses, especially in regard to splitting fees. Detailing the cases is needless. The practice of these abuses would appear to be confined largely to the small, medium sized agencies. Practically every case coming to our knowledge concerned the lesser agencies, the large ones in each town in general being free from suspicion. The possibility of reform through a high license which would eliminate the small man, who is also generally the inefficient man, is touched upon later. Methods of Doing Business. Some information as to their business methods is given in the statistical results. These, however, do not indicate the absolute lack of business method, the absence of uniformity as to accounts, and records, the haphazard, accidental ways in which the offices are conducted. Regular state business forms are prescribed. In a few offices these are well kept ; in quite a few others they are not used at all, while most of the offices post them up months after the business is done, putting in figures absolutely false and misleading, merely to show a representative of the Labor Com- mission when he visits them. Gf forty private agencies I visited personally, I would say that two were conducted in an efficient manner, with carefully kept up files and indices. The average office is conducted in a grossly inefficient manner. General Character of Enn ployment Agents. The men in charge of this important social work of connecting employer and employee, are in the main men of a type that could not succeed in a modern business office. Operating a hole-in-the-wall in a back alley or basement, they stand ready to undertake a business of which they know nothing, and which has been so neglected as a field for organized business enterprise that they can succeed. The location of REPORT ON PROBLEM OF UNEMPLOYMENT. 35 a great many of these offices in such accidental holes as the agent may secure, the absence of any sense of business organization in most of them, and the general inefficient character of the men who conduct them, offer a vitally interesting com- mentary On the whole private employment agency system. State Regulation. The Commissioner of Labor Statistics has sole charge and supervision of all matters pertaining to employment agencies which exact a fee. Applications for license must be made to the Commissioner who reviews the facts and may refuse the license on certain specified grounds. If a license is granted, the prospective agent must furnish a bond and pay a license fee. These vary according to the size of the city. Uniform receipts for fee charged prescribed by the Commissioner must be used. No attempt is made to regulate the amount of fees. No distinction is made on the basis of difference of labor furnished, the statute merely saying that all agencies charging a fee come within its clauses. Method of Regulation. All licensed agencies must make monthly reports to the Commissioner of Labor on forms prescribed and furnished by the Commission. The largest agencies are also required to make monthly reports on the condition of the labor market. All delegated officials of the Commissioner of Labor Statistics have power to inspect the Irecords, registers, books, or papers kept by any agent pursuant to the 1913 law. Inspectors have only made inspections in cases where agents were sus- pected of fraud. Periodical inspections are not made, the Commissioner being satis- fied with the monthly reports. The power to revoke licenses is not clearly defined. The Commissioner must get possession of the license by physical force. The agent must then quit the business or try to obtain the license from the Commission by writ of mandamus. Of the twelve occurrences of seizure and revocation only once was a license returned. The success of this method is due to the fact that the Commissioner has always waited until a clear case was had against the agent, who therefore felt constrained to go out of business. Full power of revocation is desired by the Commissioner. All prosecutions are theoretically handled by the attorney of the Commissioner but as a matter of fact the district attorney of the county in which the alleged offense is committed actually prosecutes. Cases are tried before the state and county courts, according to the amount of money involved, not the amount of the bond. Of the six prosecutions for operating without a license, four were convictions. The remain- ing two defendants procured license either before or during the trial and the cases against them were dismissed. PH I LANTH ROPIC A G E N C | E.S. Such philanthropic agencies as exist in California are of negligible importance when viewing the broader aspects of the employment agency problem. The Salva- tion Army, the Associated Charities, the Young Men’s Christian Association and the Young Women’s Christian Association, and several minor societies engaged in philanthropic or private enterprises, have employment offices in various cities. Most of them confine their business to providing odd jobs for a few hours or a few days. The business they do of a general character is of no practical importance as to volume, and of little illuminative importance as to business methods. In fact, most of them represent a greater degree of inefficiency than the average private office does. Many of them, moreover, though Ostensibly plailanthropic, are really commer- cialistic in spirit. Christian associations that give jobs only if one becomes a mem- ber, a Salvation Army boarding house which will not give a man a job unless he is a boarder, and like organizations, are demanding a fee just as much as is an agency run for private profit. g It is worthy of note that most of these philanthropic agencies object to the idea of federal regulation or to any providing of reports of their business to any authori- ties, state or federal. For practically all of them either abolition or strict supervision and regulation is just as necessary as it is for a profit seeking office. - & 4 36 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. M UNIC I PAL OFFICES. There are in California three recognized municipal offices, situated in Los Angeles. Sacramento and Berkeley. A public wood yard conducted by the city of Oakland furnishes odd jobs for such men as come to it for beds or meals, but cannot be con- sidered as an employment agency proper. The office in Sacramento is admittedly a failure. But a very few positions, relatively, are filled through it, and these are in the main of the lowest type of manual labor. It appears to be frequented chiefly by the kind of man who is neither willing nor able to accept steady employment. Unsubstantiated charges of partiality have been made against the manager. - It is such offices as this that bring all free offices into disrepute, and lose for them the confidence of both employer and employee. Charges against free offices that one hears on every hand are based upon experience in offices that do not represent the best of the free agency type. The office in Berkeley would appear to be efficiently conducted, but it does not deal at all with any of the larger movements of the labor market. It has been said that it is more in the nature of an office to place unemployables than one dealing with the real laboring class. The Los Angeles office has been in operation since January 1, 1914, and has placed in that time, according to its statistics, 14,514 men and 2,128 women, a monthly average of over 2,500. Much of its winter work is in the nature of relief work furnished by the city to the unemployed, so the figures are apt to be misleading. The average cost per position furnished, twenty-five cents, is somewhat understated for the same reason. g - - The private agents of Los Angeles make many charges against it, but in the main these seem to be unfounded. It is doubtless a mistake to run it under the control of the Municipal Charities. Connection such as that gives basis to the fear that men looking for work regard a free office as a charity. But from a broad point of view, the office has been a success. Some trouble was experienced through a man- ager who recently resigned, who evidently failed to realize the social importance of the work he was doing. Those in charge find that their main task is to convince employers that they can furnish efficient and skilled men of the better class of workingmen. They state that they have any number of such men, but have trouble placing them. This class of men is now handled through the office at which women applicants are received, as it has been found that this works better than forcing the better class of applicants to use the office frequented by laborers. The office is con- ducted in a systematic, efficient manner, and is the most attractive employment agency in Los Angeles. It appears to be doing much to live down the reputation gained by inefficiently conducted free agencies elsewhere, and to prove that the use of a free office is not necessarily confined to the down-and-outer and the won’t-work. The office will go under a civil service merit system within a few months. Mr. Donoho, the present manager of this office, is heartily in favor of a system of federal exchanges, or any plan by which cooperation and uniformity can be obtained in the employment agency system. SU B ROSA E M P LOY M. ENT AG E N C | ES. There are many methods apart from the organized employment agencies, by which man and job find each other. Hotels, boarding houses, saloons, are places at which men can be secured by employers. Japanese, Chinese and Mexican labor contractors control their gangs, little or big, securing work for them and demanding a regular monthly commission from each man. Most of these are outside the scope of any possible regulation, but certain evils connected with them are worthy of note. In some cases, the work of saloons in this regard has developed into a regular business. One saloon in Bakersfield is said to receive orders from farmers, ranchers. etc., by telephone, take the men out in a machine, and then bring them in when the . job is done. Needless to say, the bringing in of “live ones” is worth all the trouble they go to. But little objection can be made to the hotels and boarding houses that REPORT ON PROBLEM OF UNEMPLOYMENT. 37 perform this service for their boarders, inasmuch as none of them charges an extra fee for it. The most notable instance of this kind encountered was met with in San Jose, where five or six Japanese boarding house keepers operate regularly in this way in securing work for their boarders. The padrone system is very hard to touch. Among Orientals it is doubtless dis- appearing, though there is still a very appreciable amount of this in the central valley of the state. The system grows naturally as a result of the need of an inter- preter—a Japanese or Mexican who can speak the English language, and who takes over the task of securing work for others who can not. Control of the work often, of course, follows. With the increased knowledge of English, and the lessened num- ber of common Oriental laborers, due to the restriction of their immigration, the Japanese and Chinese contractors are becoming of less importance. The average commission is said to be from 3 per cent to 5 per cent of all earnings of each indi- vidual in the gang. The padrone system still exists among Mexican laborers, though to what extent is very hard to ascertain. Some men in touch with the situation claim that it is a beneficent system, in that it provides a way by which an ignorant immi- grant is taken care of by men of his own race versed in the ways of the country. Agencies charging fees and operating without licenses are, of course, directly breaking the law. Some of these do exist, either carrying on business directly or through some system of concealed fees. As to volume of business, they are of incon- siderable importance. Flagrant abuses by these sub rosa agencies should, of course, be wiped out. The system as a whole is beyond any possible regulation. A law prohibiting saloons from cashing pay checks is an absolute necessity. Such an ordinance is now in force in Los Angeles and has proved to be of value. T H E LA E O R U N | O N AS A N E M P LOYMENT AG ENCY, Terming a labor union an employment agency is a misnomer. As a means by which men secure work and through which employers secure men, they should be mentioned. The majority of California towns are strongly unionized, Los Angeles being the notable exception. Applications for men from employers are filled in some unions according to priority of registration, except where only certain men are fitted to do the particular work called for. Union men, members both of trade and industrial unions, are violently opposed to the private employment agency system. Many of them have rules prohibiting members from using these agencies to find work, and all have an unwritten law against it. They are resorted to only by members who can secure work in no other way, or who are forced out of the ranks of their trade. With the pressure of unem- ployment in winter union men often resort to them. The general attitude toward federal system and toward a free state system appears to be one of indifference, as far as they themselves are concerned. They feel that for their purposes they are unnecessary, inasmuch as they get their work through their union. But in the main they favor the abolition of the “employment shark” system as a move that will benefit their unorganized brothers. success of STATE REGULATION OF PRIVATE EMPLOYMENT AGENCIES. Have the present regulations as carried out under the Labor Commissioner been a success? The answer depends upon the point of view. If we restrict ourselves to the view held by the Ilabor Commissioner that the laws of 1913 merely intended that all private agencies should be brought under the immediate supervision of the Iabor Commissioner and that open abuses and frauds be eradicated, then the present regulations are a success. But if we accept the view that private agencies as an integral and essential part of the social organism must adequately and conscien- tiously fulfill the wider duty of connecting job and man at the least expenditure of time and money without fraud or abuse, then the present regulations are far from successful. It is the opinion of Commissioner McLaughlin that no system of private agencies can ever be a success in this larger sense. This Commissioner believes that fraud, misrepresentation, and extortion are inherent qualities in our private system : 3S COMMISSION OF IMIMIGRATION AND EIOUSING. that it is next to impossible to get sufficient evidence for conviction against the agencies, and that therefore the state should undertake the business. The important point here is that fraud and abuses of all descriptions are ingrained in the private System and can not be eradicated. It is likewise the opinion of all persons inter- viewed on this point, including many employment agents, that the regulations now in effect have not removed and will not remove the abuses practiced before they went into operation. The Only solution lies in the establishment of municipal, state, or federal bureaus each working in close connection with the other. SUGGEST E D | M P ROVE MENTS OF REGULATIVE M A C H | NERY. The legal powers wested in the Labor Commissioner of California for the regula- tion of employment agenices charging fees are in the main clear and sufficient. The Commissioner and his deputies have the power of sheriffs to make arrests and serve processes. The California statutes provide for the appointment of an attorney whose duty it is to represent the Commission in all cases falling within its jurisdiction. In regard to the organization and administration of the regulative machinery, it was the opinon of the Commissioner of Labor that the present system needed no improvement. Complaints are brought directly to the office of the Commissioner by the injured party. The Commissioner then tells the agent complained against to report at his office. The facts are reviewed and the settlement made at once. No. delay is incurred. No agent has refused to refund a fee nor pay the necessary expenses of the worker when called upon to do so by the Commission. The agents. have come to regard the office of the Commissioner as a place of fairness and integrity. Not infrequently an agent will send a complainant to the Commissioner rather than settle the dispute in his own office. - That a high license would be advisable only in case it drove a great many of the smaller agents out of business, is the opinion of the Labor Commissioner. Many believe that the present bond requirements have done as much in this respect as a higher license. Undoubtedly a higher license is advisable as it would force out of business the small agent, with his attendant abuses, because he is small. The remaining large agents, not depending upon fraudulent methods for an existence, can be easily regulated. Their efficiency will be greater than in the present system. ..A worker will not have to exhaust his strength in a continuous hunt from agency to agency for his job. The power to revoke licenses is not now clear. This is perhaps the main feature of the present regulations which needs immediate attention. The Commissioner expressed the hope that the next legislature will give him absolute powers of revoca- tion. This in connection with the present machinery for prosecutions will bring the employment agents more directly and completely under the Commissioner’s personal supervision. In this connection it might be stated that a more whole-hearted cooperation is desired from the district attorney in whose county prosecutions against labor agents are conducted. POSSI BH L |T| ES FOR REGULATION. Assuming that one of these alternatives or some other of the same nature is acted upon, several features of the private agency system should be changed. A uniform system of bookkeeping and reports should be kept in each private employment office. Under the present state law, it is the duty of each agent to register the names of applicants for work and of employers seeking help. This provision could be utilized in gathering data as to the condition of the labor market, the number of available jobs, kind of help wanted, etc. This data should be sent to a clearing house and published in bulletin form, similar to the method proposed by the Industrial Com- mission. At present these registers are not kept in accordance with the law. as there is no means of distribution of this information, no clearing houses being in existence. Where prescribed registers are used, they are for the benefit of the agent himself and merely give the name of the applicant who has obtained a job and the employer who has had his order filled. This method shows an absolute misunder- REPORT ON PROBLEM OF UNEMPLOYMENT. 39 standing of the essential features of the entire system of employment agencies, as it does not in any manner take the steps necessary to supervise and control the laborer or the employer. * - A strict system of inspection of all agencies should be instituted. At present, inspections are made only when flagrant cases of fraud or abuse are reported. This means that few agencies ever feel the pressure of rigid inspection. Even the methods of detectives might have to be employed at times. Agencies located in small towns should be under the same observation as those where offices of the Labor Commission are not established. The personal or direct contact between the agent and the regulating power must not depend upon complaints to this power, as at present. An aggressive system of inspections would bring all agents under strict supervision. Complainants should be allowed to carry their disputes to some local person delegated with authority to handle the same. That these complaints should be handled in person is absolutely essential to the success of the system. Some arrange- ment by which efficient authorities, state or federal, are located in every city and town of importance and are readily accessible to those with complaints of any kind, should be provided for. If the private agencies are to stay in business, something should be done to eliminate the present type of agents and clerks. In the main, these men are ineffi- cient, unscientific, unscrupulous, and uninformed as to the real nature of their business, considering it only as a means of acquiring money. The social aspect is neglected. An opportunity for selection is afforded under the California laws at the beginning of each license year. Applications for license could be refused undesirable agents and only the type of man desired need be granted a license. A uniform fee should be charged and every agent should be made to conform to it strictly. Credit fees should be eliminated. A fixed scale or maximum percentage is advisable. All fees should be publicly posted in the office of the agency. The suggestion that each agency should handle only one type of labor has met with some approval. The question of determining the number of agencies dealing with each particular kind of labor seems insurmountable if favoritism is not shown. 4() COMMISSION OF IMIMIGRATION AND FIOUSING. APPENDIX C–5. Reconnendations for Legislation Concerning Private Employment Offices, by Commission of Immigration and Housing of California, A. High license.—The great prevalence of abuses among the smaller offices, the great degree of inefficiency prevailing among these agencies, and the exceeding diffi- culty of enforcing a strict system of regulation, points to the need of a license high enough to keep out any agencies but those operating on a large enough scale to guar- antee efficiency and the ease of regulation. The license fee for agencies in cities of the first, first and one half, and second class, should be $100 per annum ; in cities of the third and fourth class, $50 per annum ; and in all other cities and towns, $25 per annum. If a comprehensive system of state agencies be established, the above fees could be doubled. B. Regulation of the employer—The employer should be made to refund fees and expenses of men not employed, if one of the following reasons be the cause thereof: 1. Duplication of orders for men at various offices, unless each agent be given the names of the other agents attempting to fill the same order. 2. Serious misrepresentation by the employer as to the character, duration or accommodations of the job. The state regulating authority should be given power to compel such refund by the employer, as well as to take action against employers acting in collusion with employees in “fake refund” tricks. - C. Uniform fee schedule.—A uniform schedule of fees to be charged by all pri- vate employment agencies for various kinds of work, should be worked out by the state regulating authority, and power to enforce the law providing for the same vested in that authority. In no case should the fee for day labor exceed $2.00, nor the fee for jobs paid by the month exceed 8 per cent of the first month's salary, above any charge for board. Provided, however, that regulating authority may establish a higher schedule of fees than indicated above for teachers’, nurses' and theatrical agencies, and agencies supplying office help exclusively. D. Prohibition of credit fees.—The credit fee system by which a man may secure a job without making any payment, an order on his wages being sent to the employer. works a hardship on both the employer and the employment agency, and leads to many abuses by employment agent and applicant. With a comprehensive state system of free offices the applicant who has no money will be taken care of, so the need for a credit system would be largely done away with. Such a prohibition would, moreover, give a competitive advantage to state offices, an advantage that would be great at the inception of such a system. If a free system were not established, such a prohibition would not be advisable. - E. Introduction card or letter.—Every applicant referred to a position by an employment agent should be furnished with a card of introduction, giving such details as to the nature of the job, including name of employer, duration, hours, wages, etc., as the regulating authority shall demand. A letter giving this information should be written to the applicant if a card can not be personally given to him (as per attached form of card). This should be made with carbon duplicate ; copy to be kept in the employment office for reference. Such forms should be in English and in the language of the applicant if he be an immigrant alien. F. Written orders.-Before an employment agent refers an applicant to a posi- tion, he must have a written order from the employer, giving full details as to the character of the job ; the specific information to be demanded to be prescribed by the REPORT ON PROBLEMI OF UNEMPLOYMENT. 41 state regulating authority. Provided, however, that men may be referred to positions upon a call by telephone or telegraph, if the employer promises to confirm the order in writing within two days. * - G. An aggressive method of inspection to be instituted. Every agency, whether in large cities or in small towns, should be inspected at least four times a year. H. Every employment agency, whether state or private, to keep a register of all applicants, whether given jobs or not. I. Every employment agency, whether state or private, to endeavor, in records, to separate the employable from the unemployable, so that the problems of the bona fide casual laborer may be accordingly determined. J. If the applicant reports to the employer according to instructions given him by the employment agency, and within the time designated by said agency, and if refused employment, then said agency shall refund to the applicant the amount of (a) fee paid ; (b) the fare and expenses to and from the place where he was instructed to report; (c) a sum for the time lost, according to the rate of wages promised. K. If applicant is employed but discharged within ten days for any cause, other than his inefficiency or because the employer is actually reducing his working force, the employment agency shall refund to the applicant (a) the fee paid ; (b) the fare and expenses to and from the place where he was instructed to report. Provided that this section shall not apply if the applicant is informed in Writing, which he clearly understands, that the work is to last for only ten days or a shorter time. L. Make it a misdemeanor for an employment agency to publish, or cause to be published, any fraudulent or misleading information, representation, notice or adver- tisement regarding employment to be had, kind of employment to be had, or wages paid. M. No employment agency shall divide fees with any superintendent, manager, foreman, or other employee of any person or firm to whom he furnishes employees. And it shall be a misdemeanor on the part of both the employment agent and other employees to divide such fees. Fine, $500 and six months imprisonment. N. No employment agency can furnish or supply laborers to any firm or corpora- tion if a manager, superintendent, foreman, or other employee of such firm or cor- poration owns stock or any interest in such employment agency where a fee is charged. Misdemeanor on part of employment agent and the owner of stock. O. Any misrepresentation by an employment agent concerning the (a) nature of employment; (b) duration of employment; (c) place of employment; (d) wages paid, shall be misdemeanor, punishable by fine of $200.00, one half of which shall go to person to whom misrepresentation is made, other half to support of state employ- ment agencies. P. Pay checks, cashing of, by Salooms.—The cashing of pay checks by saloons should be prohibited. Power to enforce such a law to be vested in the State Labor Commissioner. Some of the worst evils arising from the saloons acting as sub rosa employment agencies as well as other very palpable evils, could be eliminated by such a law. An ordinance to this effect has worked very successfully in Los Angeles. 42 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND EIOUSING. FORM FOR E M P LOYMENT AG ENCY. It shall be the duty of every licensed person conducting an employment agency to give to every applicant for employment, from whom a fee shall be received, a receipt in which shall be stated in this form. Order No. - Receipt No. NAME OF AGENCY. Street and number. Phone. (City) ----191-- Received from_-__ the sum of dollars, for which I agree to furnish correct information by which–––––––––––––––––––––––––– * * * * * * * * *-* -ºº ºme º ºsº shall secure employment as--- * * * * * * * * * *-ºs º ºsº With located at------------------------------ Under these comditions. Rate of wages $–––––––––– pelº –––––––––––– board ------------ lodging–––––––– | advanced -------------------------- Transportation / free-------------------------------------------------------- refunded---------------------------------------------------- Houl's per –––––– - - - - - — — — — — — — — — — — — Employment authorized by how when---------- Report for position to how When---------- (Signed) -- * -- m * * * * *m m. º. -- * * *---- Signature of applicant. REPORT ON PROBLEM OF UNEMPLOYMENT. 43 APPENDIX C – 6. Brief of Reports on the Orange industry of Central California, by the Cornrnis- sion of lmmigration and Housing of California. - Two reports, the second supplementary to the first, on probably the most impor- tant of California seasonal industries, the harvesting and packing of the orange crop, are unusually complete and touch on every phase of the industry. The investiga- tion was made in the vicinity of Lindsay, Tulare County, where several thousand persons are employed and the conditions found there are typical of the rest of the state where Oranges are grown. There are two classes of workers in the orange industry, known as “packers” and “pickers.” The former are largely women living in the neighborhood of the pack- ing houses and the latter made up of mixed races, largely migratory. Although the work is classed as seasonal, it has been made to last from six to seven months each year by growing two different kinds of oranges, Valencias and navels, ripening in different seasons, and the pay is regular and over the average. Working conditions and sanitary arrangements are good. The packers are almost exclusively Americans, or fully Americanized, and they have no union or other organized labor movement. This is an instance where, in a seasonal industry, the labor market has been made fairly stable by rotating the crops, training the work- ers, and encouraging their return by offering good living conditions. The pickers are male and consist of the migratory class as a rule. Many Japanese. Mexican and other foreign races are represented. There is usually no trouble in securing help, although the report shows that at odd times there is a scarcity of labor and a system of state labor exchanges would probably solve the problem. 44 COMMISSION OF IMIMIGRATION AND EIOUSING. APPENDIX C–7. Condensed Statement of a Report on a Lumber Camp in the Sierra Nevada Mountains, by the Commission of lmmigration and Housing of California. The report deals with the employment of some 350 men at the lumber camps and mills of the EIume-Bennett Lumber Company at Sanger, Fresno County, and shows a very satisfactory condition among the workers. The season is from May 1 to November 1. The report shows a most satisfactory condition in regard to housing and feeding of mill and wood workers and that men willing to work can obtain employment in the woods and save money. because there is no opportunity to spend it. The men are encouraged to return each season and a large percentage do so; therefore, a more or less regular or steady working force as to personnel is main- tained. The men attribute this to the fact that they are well treated and furnished with good living conditions. REPORT ON PROBLEM OF UNEMPLOYMENT. 45 APPENDIX C–8. Brief of Report on Alaska Salmon Fishing Industry, by the Commission of Immigration and Housing of California. This report reveals a most deplorable contract labor situation from which much trouble is bound to arise. It affects directly several thousand employees of the canneries, and indirectly many thousands of California’s laboring men. Seven thousand men are shipped from and return to California each year for the Alaska fisheries. - The 1,800 “Class A.” men in the fishing industry are largely Scandinavian, and are comparatively Well paid and well treated. The “Class B’’ men are all immigrants, S7 per cent being illiterate, only 7 per cent of them being able to read and write English. They are all members of the Alaska Fishermen’s Union and receive the same pay, but being hired under the contract system by a padrone, are subject to much exploitation and abuse. They fear the Italian boss and can not be made to testify against him. There are 1,700 Chinese, 1,700 Japanese and 1,200 mixed —Filipino, Mexican and Porto Ricans, who are hired by a Chinese contractor, who has full control of wages, payments, board, etc. - The deplorable condition of these laborers is more fully set forth in the Fifteenth Biennial Report of the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the State of California. This and other reports show that these men are miserably housed and fed and always mistreated and exploited. During the winter months they accentuate the housing and unemployment problem in San Francisco. They do much to swell the army of vagrants and criminals who infest California in the winter months. This is one of the serious problems that confronts labor and immigration authorities and one that demands immediate attention. 46 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. APPENDIX C–9. Brief of Report on Southern European Farmers in the Bay Region, by the Corm- mission of Immigration and Housing of California. This is a limited investigation of a few cases in a limited locality. It deals with the Italian, Spanish, Greek, Austrian, Portuguese and Russian small farmers. The conclusions reached by the investigator are : That the immigration to California consists almost exclusively of farmers ; that they are all eager to become landowners ; that foreign farm ownership will absorb a large amount of the migratory farm labor, and tend to decrease migratory habits among the laborers ; that inflated land values and the inadequacy of farm credits tend to retard development more than any other factor ; that it is important that the newly arrived immigrant find work on farms before coming to the cities, and that dishonest practice by real estate agents and owners have retarded progress. The recommendations are : A state labor exchange and the establishment of some system to enable the immigrant to get on to land, such as agricultural credit banks on the plan of those operating successfully in France and Germany. REPORT ON PROBLEM OF UNEMPLOYMENT. 47 3. Casual APPENDIX C –10, Statistical Tables from Life History Schedules Selected at Random Among Housing of California. Number of men from whom histories obtained, 222. AgC— 16 to 20 years --------------------------------------------------- 21 to 25 years ----- * * 26 to 30 years --------------------------------------------------- 31 to 35 years --------------------------------------------------- 36 to 40 years ----------------- 41 to 45 years 46 to 50 years --------------------------------------------------- 51 to 55 years ----- 56 to 60 years ----- 61 to 65 years * * ** * * * *-* = - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Over 65 years - No data ----------------------- Marital condition— A. Nulmber that have been mal'ried. (1) Number now in married State (2) Number Widowed or divorced (3) Number not living with Wives B. Number unmarried * * * * * * * * *-* * * * * * * * * 4. Nationality—(See note at end). 5. American born — * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * = * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *m arm amº * * * * = ** = ** * * = * * * * * * *** * * * = * = amº m =e º- * * *e sº * * * * * * * *m, mº m mss mºm ºm m. Foreign born ------------------------- Irish Swedish German — * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *ss sº * * * * * * * * =s ºm ms = = * * * * * * * * * * * * = <= <- = ** * * English ---------- Italian NOTwegian French Russian * * * * * * * * * * * * * *-* * * *-* wº. -ºº ºm º ºs º ºm. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *m tº * * * * * Canadian * *-s ºr sº m, FiDnish Danish * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * POI’tuguese Mexican º-- *-* * * * Welsh ----- * * * * Australian — Belgian Greek ----- Swiss Scotch – * * * * * * * * * me ºr * AuStrian — Dutch ------ Polish Jew Spanish Bohemian --- Born in California. Political Status— * * * * * 15 169 29 105 112 : : 2 Laborers in California, by the Commission of Immigration and 2.3 % 17.0 % 27.6 % 15.7 % 17.5 % 7.8 % 3.7 % 3.2 % 2.7 % 1.3 % 46% 46% 6.8 % 3.6 % .4 % 76.2 % 13.0 % 48.4 % 51.6 % 12.0 % 61. 38. 62. 37. i i |United States CitizenS Aliens with first paperS Alien S With no paperS TOtal alienS No data. ----- * * * * * *º º ºsº ºme º 'º -> * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Foreign born, naturalized --------- Foreign born, not naturalized - ** * * * * * º ; 48 COMMISSION OF IMIMIGRATION AND EIOUSING. 6. *Years as casual laborer—(see note at endſ). 7. |Under 6 years . 6 to 10 years — gº tº sº * - - 11 to 15 years ------- * * 16 to 20 years 21 to 25 years ------------------- 26 to 30 years * * 31 to 35 years ----------------------- 36 to 40 years 90 49 30 15 41.5 % 22.6 % 13.8 % 6.9 % 3.2 % 2.3 % 1.4 % 41 to 45 years NO data. Nature of last regular job— TeamSterS --- * * * *s Ranching ----- Railroad laborers ----------------------- Waiters COOks = - Dredgermen — Fishermen LOng Shoremen * * * * Machinists --------------------- IronWorkers ----------------------------- Lumberjacks -------------------- Dishwa.SherS Clerks --- Fruit pickers — Miners Bargelmen Carpenters Electricians MuckerS Steamboatmen MillWorkers Fainters Brickmakers * * * * * * Orange pickers Sailors Firemen ----- Sausagemaker Bay baler Thrasher --------- MOlder – Butcher --------- Barber BIOrSe trainer — * * Timekeeper Sheet metal worker --- * POIſter --- Cannery hand --- ams amº * Stableman Rugmaker ----------------------------- Lookout in gambling joint Stonecutter sº mº as as Life guard ------------------------- - - Chauffeur --- f Orange packer Gardener Elevator man Tailor ----------- Peddler ----- Bartender Brick maSOn --- MeSSenger Night watchman Janitor ------------------------- l ; i .46% 7,8 % REPORT ON PROBLEM OF UNEMPLOYMENT. 49 10. 11. 12. Deck hand Cigarmaker Donkey flunkey Surveyor * * * * * * * Hotel Worker Caretaker Baker ----------------- Common laborers NO data - Total number of kinds of last regular jobs------------.* * Location of last regular job— In Same locality as Questioned JElsewhere in California — On Pacific Coast outside of California---------------------- EISewhere in the United States Outside Of the United States No data * * * * *m. Earning S per day at last regular job— |Under $2.00 ------- * * * * =s - ºne ºs = e− = * * * *-ºs = ** = * * = * * $2.00 to $3.00 ----- $3.00 to $4.00 $4.00 to $5.00 $5.00 to $6.00 * * * * * * * *-* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * me as mº, sºme sm sº sºme * * * * * * * * me sºme sº sº sºme sm sºme I)uration of last regular job— Less than two weeks TWO Weeks to One month--- One month to three months Three months to six months Six months to One year----- One year to three years Over three years ----------- No data ---------------------- * * * * * * * * - - - * * * * * * * * * * = * * * * * = a- -e ºs = *s are ~ * = = = = are as sº as * * * * * * * * * * * = ma º ºse as ºs ºm m sº me sm as * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *s ºr ºs = <= ** == * * * * *-* =s = ºms as as Cause of leaving last regular job— Left voluntarily --_ WOl’k gave Out - Discharged for Other reasons Locked Out --------------- * *-* - &m ºmº mº mº * * * * * * *º º sº. Left On account of Strike * * * * * Accidents Or Sickness_____ Arrested ---------------------- Still Working --------------------------------------------------- No data. * * * *Earnings at best time per day— i 5 i 6 1. 59 105 17 30 33 124 26.6 % 47.1 % 7.7 % 13.5 % 1.5 % 3.6 % 14.8 % 56.0 % 16.7 % 3.1 % .4 % 11.1 % 14.0 % 15.8 % 14.0 % 15.8 % 14.0 % 8.0 % 7.3 % 35.0 % 29.3 % 14.0 % 2.7 % 1.8 % 4.1 % 0.9 % 6.3 % 5.9 % Under $2.00 ------------------- $2.00 to $3.00----- - - $3.00 to $4.00----- * * * * * * * * * * * *-* *-* * * $4.00 to $5.00------------------- $5.00 to $6.00------------------- Over $6.00 * * * * * * º 'º º ºs º mº mº º * * * * * * * * * * * * * NO data ------- sºm º º ºxº 13. Work at which earnings were made— Miners TeamSterS * * * * * * * * * Longshoremen -- * * * * * * * * * *-* -s º mº flumberjacks ----------- , - - - - - - Ranchers * * * * * * *= -ºº ºn tº Harvesters Cooks sm as me ºs ºs me as sº m = ** = * * * * *-s ºr me -s sº mº m = * = ** * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Fishing ---------------------------------------------------------- 5.5 % 35.5 % 14.3 % 50 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. 13. Work at which earnings Were Imade—COIntinued. IrOnworkers Sailors ---------------------------------------------------------- Predgermen ----------------------------------------------------- Muckers ----- Waiters --------------------------------------------------------- Carpenters --- - - Putchers -------------------------------------------------------- Steamboat men Pngineers ------------------------------------------------------- Cannery hands Painters * * * - - - - - - - * * * * - - - - * * * * * * * - - - - * * * * * * - - - - - * * * * *-* - - - - - we we - * * * - - - - - - - - -s • - - - - - - - * * sm - - - - - - - - *s - - - - -º “ - - - - - - - - - - - * * * * - - - - - - * * * * - - - - - - - me -e ºs º- - - - - - - mº - - - - - - * * * * - - - - - - - * * * * - - - - - - -s sº *s - - - - - - - -e ºs = ** - - - - - - - * - - - * *e - * - - - - - - - * m sºme - - - - - - - - sº me • - - - - - - * * *s me -s - - - - - - -e ºs ses, mºs. e- - - - - - - me - - - - - * * * * * * - - - - - * * * * - - - - - - * * * * * *- - - - - - * * * * * - - - - - - * Electrical engineers Brickmakers ---------------------------------------------------- Orange pickers ---------------- Bakers - * Machinists ------------------------------------------------------ Boilermakers --------------------------------------------------- Watchmen ------------------------------------------------------- Firemen Gardener -------------------------------------------------------- Molder ----------------------------------------------------------- Janitor ---------------------------------------------------------- Barber ------------------------ Grocery clerk ------------------------- Lumber clerk --------------------------------------------------- Clerk * * * - - * * * Sheet metal Worker-------------------------- Pattern maker ------------------------------------------------- Cement Worker ------------------------------------------------- Sheep Shearer ----- * * * * * * * - - - - - * * * * - - - - - - m ms amº amº am sº 4- - - - - * Shoemaker ------------------------- - - - - Train master -------------------------------- Rug maker ------------------------------------------------------ Business --------------------------------------------------------- Stableman ------------------------------------------------------- Stonecutter ----------------------------------------------------- Chauffeur ------------------------------------------------------- Orange packer ----------------------- - - - Grading foreman ----------------------------------------------- Fruit picker ----- * - smºs = - - - - - - - - * * * * - - - - - * * * * * - - - - - - -e. Cook’s helper - - - - - - * * *- - - - - - - -> * * * * * * *- BlackSmith -------------- * - a-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Peddler ---------------------------------------------------------- Tailor ----------------------------------------------------------- Ticket Seller ---------------------------------------------------- Gunman --------------------------------------------------------- Brick ImaSOn — ms amº - m -- - - - - - - - -s me • *- - - - - - - -e ºs ºº - - - - - - - * * *- - - - - - - - --> Office Work ------------------------------------------------------ Porter ----------------------------------------------------------- Machinist's helper --------------------------------------------- Mill WOrker - Glass Worker --------------------------------------------------- Pottery hand --------------------------------------------------- Cigarmaker ----- - - Surveying Crew ------------------------------------------------- Solicitor --------------------------------------------------------- Common laborers ---------------------------------------------- 32 No data --------------- - - - - - - * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1S * * * * - - - - - * * * * * * - - - - - - me mº mº mºnº - - - - - - * * * * * * - - - - - -s. - - - - - - - - -, * * - - - - - - - - Total number of jobs represented.--------------------------- 66 REPORT ON PROBLEM OF UNEMPLOYMENT. 51 14. First jobs— Ranch Work------------------------------------------------------ 30 Sailors ---------------------------------------------------------- 15 Pumberjacks ---------------------------------------------------- Clerks ----------------------------------------------------------- *Wsboys ------------------------------------------------------- Restaurant Workers ------------------------------------------- *achinists ------------------------------------------------------ Longshoremen -------------------------------------------------- Frrand boys ---------------------------------------------------- Railroad Construction Workers------------------------------- Carpenters ------------------------------------------------------ IronWorkers ---------------------------------------------------- 5 Paker's helpers ------------------------------------------------- Factory hand --------------------------------------------------- Putchers -------------------------------------------------------- Firemen --------------------------------------------------------- Electricians ---------------------------------------------------- Packing house Workers----------------------------------------- Fishermen ------------------------------------------------------- Porters ---------------------------------------------------------- Mess boys ------------------------------------------------------- Printers --------------------------------------------------------- Molder ----------------------------------------------------------- Dredgerman ----------------------------------------------------- Peddler --------------------------------------------------------- Patternmaker -------------------------------------------------- Laundry hand -------------------------------------------------- Hostler ---------------------------------------------------------- Tobacco Worker ------------------------------------------------ Rugmaker ------------------------------------------------------ Boilermaker ---------------------------------------------------- Chauffeur ------------------------------------------------------- Cook ------------------------------------------------------------ Stonecutter ----------------------------------------------------- Cook's helper --------------------------------------------------- BlackSmith ----------------------------------------------------- Tailor ----------------------------------------------------------- Office boy ------------------------------------------------------- Independent business ------------------------------------------ Painter ---------------------------------------------------------- Breaker boy ---------------------------------------------------- Machinist's helper --------------------------------------------- Glass Worker ---------------------------------------------------- Pottery hand --------------------------------------------------- Jigarmaker ----------------------------------------------------- Mucker ---------------------------------------------------------- Locksmith ------------------------------------------------------ Lumber Yard hand---------------------------------------------- Gardener -------------------------------------------------------- Baker ------------------------------------------------------------ Common laborers ---------------------------------------------- No data --------------------------------------------------------- ; 5 6 Total number of jobs represented.-------------------------- COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND FIOUSING. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. Training for first jobs— NO training 116 , 52.3 % IHave Served apprenticeship - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 60 27.0 % Farm training for ranch Work 27 12.2 % School education 1 .4 % Studied for doctor * 1 4 % Training School 1 : .4 % NO data. - 16 7.3 % Membership in labor organizations— - Belong Or have belonged to trade union 95 42.7 % IBelong or have belonged to the I. W. W. 1S 8.1 % NOD-lmernberS * m. 114 51.4 % NO data, 4 1.8 % Percentage represents the proportion of the Whole nulm- ber. Some men Were members of both a union and the I. W. W. LOdge Imembership— Belonging Or have belonged to a lodge 49 22.0 % NOIn-members 131 59.1 % NO data. 42 18.9 % Church membership— & Members Of a Protestant church 64 . 28.8 % Members Of the Catholic Church 41 18.5 % Members Of the Jewish church 1 . . .4% Members Of the MOrmon church 1 .4 % NOIn-members 85 - 38.4 % NO data. 30 13.5 % Membership in political parties— - Profess membership 83 : 37.4 % NOIn-members 107 48.2 % No data, 32 14.4 % Years in California—if born out of State, per cent of total— , , - ' Under 6 years 127 . 58.5 % 6 to 10 years 36 16.6 % 11 to 15 years * * * 14 6.4 % 16 to 20 years . 1 .46% 21 to 25 years 3, 1.4 % 26 to 30 years 4 - 1.8 % 31 to 35 years 3 : 1.4 % 36 to 40 years * - - - - 41 to 45 years 1. .46% No data 2 .92% Years in United States—if foreign born—per cent of foreign born— * * Dnder 6 years 48 ' ' 42.8 % 6 to 10 years 30 26.7 % 11 to 15 years 12 10.7 % 16 to 20 years 6 5.3 % 21 to 25 years 2 : 1.7 % 26 to 30 years 9 8.0 % 31 to 35 years 2 1.7 % 36 to 40 years 1 89% NO data, 2 1.7 % 22 Age at which left School— * - NO Schooling 12 5.5 % 6 to 10 years ----- - - - 12 5.5 % 11 to 15 years ---------------------------------------------------- 118 54.4 % 16 to 20 years ----------------------------- 45 20.7 % No data --------------- sº tº º ºs gº º gº 30 13.8 % REPORT ON PROBLEM OF UNEMPLOYMENT. 23. Relations With parents and relatives— A. Number visiting relatives - E. Number Writing to relatives C. Number maintaining relations ----- D. No relatives • JE. NO data. tº gº tº 24. Time worked during last twelve months— A. Under 4 months . B. 4 to 6 months C. 7 to 9 months — * * *ms sºm smº m ºs = ** me mº me -s ºm mºre ºr m, º me * * * * *m; mºre amº arms º sº mm mºs ºms D. 10 months - - E. 11 months F. 12 months ------------------------------- - 25. Average number of months worked per year— Under 3 months 4 to 6 months 7 to 9 months --------------------------------------------------- 10 months ------------------------------------------------------- 11 months * * * * 12 months * * No data 26. Status in regard to independence of position— A. . Number With Others dependent upon them-------------- B. Number with none dependent upon them---------------- C. No data, 27. Patronage of employment agencies— - A. Number patronizing employment agencies-------------- B. Number refusing to patronize employment agencies---- C. No data 28. Physical condition— A. Number in good physical COIndition B. Number in fair physical condition C. Number in bad physical condition * * * D. NO data - 29. Personal habits— A. Use Of alcohol and drugs.----- - - smº º Number using alcohol Number using tobacco and Snuff Number using drugs (Opium, cocaine, etc.)--------- Number Of non-users No data. i 26 80 91 14 11 : 171 171 189 6 11 10 B. PerSOnal cleanlineSS— 1. Number clean in clothes and person 2. Number unclean in clothes and person.-------------- 3. Number from Whom no data obtained-------------- 30. Jail record— A. Number admitting jail record B. Number professing never to have been in jail---------- C. No data. 31. Plans for future— A. Number 10 Oking for Steady work B. Number planning to continue “floating”---------------- * C. Number with no plans for future D. NO data. 32. Attitude on political and economic questions— . IRadical Conservative Indifferent No data. 89. 48 86 57 148 17 62 56 94 10 80 56 61 20 28.0 % 25.2 % 42.3 % 4.5 % 36.9 % 25.8 % 28.1 % 9.2 % Only those are classed as “Radical” who believe in complete destruction, either through political or direct action, of the present social system. *Statistics on these points were compiled from 217 Life Histories. 54 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND EIOUSING. APPENDIX C–11. Tabulation of Register of Complaints of the Commission of Immigration and Housing of California. - The total number of complaints received and filed from January 20th to November 27, 1914, inclusive, was 1,379. The Complaint Bureau of the Commission, however, was not organ- ized and in active operation until April 25, 1914; the Sacramento com- plaint office was not opened until August 1, 1914, and the Los Angeles complaint office has been open only since August 15, 1914; therefore, this table, in fact, shows only the results of a maximum period of about seven months. In San Francisco ------------------------------- 765 In Sacramento --------------------------------- 537 In Los Angeles --------------------------------- 77 Up to November 27th there were still pending or unsettled, from various causes, 242 cases. They are as follows: - Miscellaneous 170 Curtis-Howell Aviation Company 36 Ravens WOOd Land Company 6 Alta California Land Company 15 C. Gia Ovanni 6 West Sacramento Land Company ---- 9 Total 242 The complaints of fraud and crime were disposed of as follows: Convictions 4 Adjustments º 52 Compromised 20 Fees returned 20 Claims paid in full or settled 52 Total * 148 Other complaints were disposed of as follows: Police department ------------------------------------------------------------- 9 Public prosecutor 9 Referred to an attorney --- --- 11 68 4 Legal advice given * . Board Of Eſealth smº ºme BOard Of Medical Examiners 21 United States Immigration Commissioner 8 Industrial Accident Commission * 45 State Labor Commissioner 251 Inspector Of Weights and Measures 2 State Railroad Commission 1 United States Shipping Commissioner 1 Camp Inspection Department - 30 Referred to employment agency * 88 Sent to charitable institutions 19 General information given 290 Dropped by Complainant 37 Miscellaneous --- * * as sº me = ** = ** = ame = * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *s. 95 REPORT ON PROBLEM OF UNEMPLOYMENT, 55 TRANSCRIPT OF COMPLAINT REGISTER, SHOW ING NATURE OF CO M P LA 1 NTS. Attorney defrauding client--------------------------------------------------- Assuming to be an attorney-------------------------------------------------- Accidents (industrial) -------------------------------------------------------- Auto driver Overcharge ------------------------------------------------------ Auto accidents ---------------------------------------------------------------- Abuse and threats------------------------------------------------------------- Admission to hospital desired.------------------------------------------------ Abatement of nuisances------------------------------------------------------- Annoyance of tramps---------------------------------------------------------- Blacklisting ------------------------------------------------------------------- Business frauds --------------------------------------------------------------- Breach of promise-------------------------------------------------------------- Boarding house frauds-------------------------------------------------------- Business misrepresentations ------------------------------------------------- Breach of contract------------------------------------------------------------- Contributing to delinquency------------------------------------------------- Cruelty to animals------------------------------------------------------------ Conversion -------------------------------------------------------------------- Charity frauds ---------------------------------------------------------------- Complaints against police --------------------------------------------------- Complaints against landlords ---------------------------------------------- Detention on Angel Island---------------------------------------------------- Pestitution -------------------------------------------------------------------- Pesertion ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Deportations - - * - * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *s -- * * * * * * * * * * * * * = = * * *m º ºsmº m = -s ºr -º, sº sºme as: = <= = Detention of children.---------------------------------------------------------- Employment desired ---------------------------------------------------------- Employment agency frauds -------------------------------------------------- Exclusion from unions-------------------------------------------------------- Pjections ---------------------------------------------------------------------- PVictions ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Excessive Storage charges---------------------------------------------------- Financial assistance ---------------------------------------------------------- Fraud in automatic piano Sales---------------------------------------------- Failure to proVide------------------------------------------------------------- Fraudulent interpreter ------------------------------------------------------- Gambling frauds -------------------------------------------------------------- Hospital complaints -------------------------------------------------- * = - - - - - - Hop pickers’ bonus trouble--------------------------------------------------- Insanitary living conditions------------------------------------------------- Information Wanted --------------------------------------------------------- Immigration detention ------------------------------------------------------- Illegal medical practice------------------------------------------------------- Immorality -------------------------------------------------------------------- Insanitary labor camps------------------------------------------------------ Impure food ------------------------------------------------------------------- Improper guardianship ------------------------------------------------------- Interference With Witness----------------------------------------------------- Inadequate Camp Water Supply----------------------------------------------- Interpreter desired ----------------------------------------------------------- Incompetent dentist ---------------------------------------------------------- Insurance fraud --------------------------------------------------------------- Land frauds ------------------------------------------------------------------- Legal advice ------------------------------------------------------------------ Libel ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Lost letters ------------------------------------------------------------------- Lost baggage ------------------------------------------------------------------ Labor bureau troubles-------------------------------------------------------- Lottery frauds ---------------------------------------------------------------- Mailing indecent pictures----------------------------------------------------- Marital complaints ----------------------------------------------------------- Malpractice -------------------------------------------------------------"- - - - - - - Misrepresented Work --------------------------------------------------------- Malicious prosecution -------------------------------------------------------- Naturalization ---------------------------------------------------------------- Neglect of children.----------------------------------,--------------------------- 9 1 0 ; 1 §- 1 ! 3 5 6 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. Probation desired ------------------------------------------------------------- 1. IPhysical abuse ---------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Partnership difficulties ------------------------------------------------------ 3 PaWnshop frauds --------------------------- ---------------------------------- 1 Pension claim ----------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Personal property lost.--------------------— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 6 Papers Withheld --------------------------------------------------------------- 2 Prostitution ------------------------------------------------------------------- 6 Refusal to pay loans --------------------------------------------------------- 4 Refusal to Surrender property ---------------------------------------------- 3 Refusal to pay debts --------------------------------------------------------- S Refusal to deliver gas -------------------------------------------------------- 1 Refunds on tickets------------------------------------------------------------- 3 Seduction ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 Sanitary conditions of Ship------------------------------------------------- 1. Saloon complaints ------------------------------------------------------------ 1. Short Weights ----------------------------------------------------------------- 3 Short hop Weights ---------------------------------------------------------- t 9 Spite fence --------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 Sickness ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3 Suspicious Organizations ---------------------------------------------------- 1 Tenement law violation.------ -* * *= * * * * * = * * * * * * * *m smºs = <= me -s ºm * * me - mºst sº * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | Thefts -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 Transfer company frauds----------------------------------------------------- 3 Time check abuse-------------------------------------------------------------- 4 Unjust detention as insane--------------------------------------------------- 1 . Unlawful detention of children.----------------------------------------------- 1 Unjust fines -------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 Undesirable aliens ------------------------------------------------------------ 7 Undertaker's extortion ------------------------------------------------------- 1. Unfit medical referees--------------------------------------------------------- 2 Unjustified detention --------------------------------------------------------- 3 Unjustified arrests ------------------------------------------------------------ 2 Wage claims ------------------------------------------------------------------- S White slavery ----------------------------------------------------------------- 5 Worthless checks -------------------------------------------------------------- ; 2 1 REPORT ON PROBLEM OF UNEMPLOYMENT. 57 APPENDIX C-12. Statistical Surminary of Camp Returns of 801 Carmps. | N SPECTED EY CO M M ISSION OF | M M I GRATION AND HOUSING OF CAL | FORN | A. Permanent Galmps * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * = - m º ºr *- :-º sº º º Temporary camps ------------------------------------------------------------- Capacity— With present capacity NO data as to present capacity --------------- - With ultimate capacity ---------------------------------------------------- No data as to ultimate capacity ------------------------------------------ WOlmen and Children— Calmps with women --- * - * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *-* - sº º me -º º 'º-º º ºs º ºs With doubtful returns as to Women Camps with no women * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *m ºs ºs ºs º ºm º ºm mº sº ºn 4- * * * * * * * * * * * Camps With children -------------------------------------------------------- With doubtful returns as to Children With n O Children * = m, º. ammº sºme mºs º ºs emº ºm mm amº -s me - * * * * * = * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Sleeping Quarters— Where Sleeping Qualiters and living Conditions Of alien and American laborers are separated ---------------------------------------------------- Whero Sleeping C[Ular ters and living Conditions are not separated______ Where laborers are Of One mationality------------------------------------ NO data as to Separation of Sleeping quarters, etc.---------------------- Bathing Facilities— Camps With no bathing facilities------------------------------------------ Camps With tubs, ShoWer baths, or both ---------------------------------- Where bathing facilities are located on stream, lake, bay, Ctc.-------- No data as to bathing facilities ------------------------------------------ TOilets— Camps with fly-proof toilets ----------------------------------------------- With Slightly exposed toilets ----- With filthy toilets ----------------------------------------------------------- With no toiletS ----- No data as to t Oilots * * * * sº * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 745 56 776 25 * 261 86 454 137 86 578 90 433 197 81 320 3-11 105 35 184 172 331 104 10 Separation Of TOilets for Sexes— Calmps with separate toilets for Sexes With no Separation of toilets for Sexes------------------------------------ NO data as to Separation of toilets----- * * * * * * * Note.—TOtal, 347. Where returns On WOImen doubtful (See above) entered here as no data. * * *-ºs e º 'º-ºº ºm º ºm º ºs º ºs-º sºme cºme me amº ºm º ºsº º mº - mºm * * * * m * * * * * * * Washing Facilities— Calmps with adequate Washing facilities With inadequate Washing facilities NO data a S to Washing facilitics * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *m as tº sm am me * --> * *-* * * * * *-* - º 'º º ºs-e tº * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Stables— Camps With Stables Or Corrals --------------------------------------------- Camps With no Stables Or Corrals ------------------------------------------ NO data as to Stables and COrrals * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *m, sm ºms mº sº m, sº sºme O Lº &. 125 129 41 58 COMMISSION OF IMIMIGRATION AND EIOUSING. Distance Of Stables from Kitchen— Where Stables are IeSS than 100 yards from kitchen---------------------- Where Stables are more than 100 yards from kitchen--------------------- No data as to distance of Stables------------------------------------------ Manure Disposal— Camps with Sanitary methods of manure disposal.---------------------- Camps with Out Sanitary methods - - - - - - - - - mº m = * * * * * - - - - - - - - - - mºm am * * * * * NO data as to manure disposal e - - - Note.—Total, 502. See number of Stables. Screening on Kitchen and Dining Quarters— Camps With Screening on kitchen and dining quarters------------------ With no screening ----------------------------------------------------------- No data as to Screening ---------------------------------------------------- Garbage Disposal— - Camps with sanitary methods of garbage disposal.---------------------- With insanitary methods -------------------------------------------------- NO data. On methods of disposal - - - Garbage Containers— Camps With fly-proof garbage containers -------------------------------- With uncovered containers ------------------------------------------------- With no containers ---------------------------------------------------------- NO data as to Containers -------------- !-------------------- Cubic Air Capacity in Sleeping Quarters— Camps with less than 350 cubic feet of air per Sleeper-------------------- With 350 to 500 cubic feet Of air per Sleeper------------------------------ With Over 500 cubic feet of air per Sleeper--------------------------------- No data as to Cubic feet Of air per Sleeper--------------------------------- General Classification— Number of camps classed GOOD by inspector----------------------------- Number of Camps classed FAIR by inspector------------------------------ Number of camps classed BAD by inspector------------------------------- No data on classification --------------------------------------------------- 192 266 44 241 237 24 394 2SS 119 537 199 65 329 160 165 1-17 144 168 350 139 249 301 248 REPORT ON PROBLEM OF UNEMPLOYMENT. 59 APPENDIX C–13. Synopsis of Report on the Labor Market in Sonoma and Mendocino Counties, by the Commission of Immigration and Housing of California. SO NO MA COUNTY. The county is almost entirely an agricultural one and the manufacturing activi- ties in it may be neglected. The situation as to manufacturing is the same for both Mendocino and Yuba Counties. In Sonoma the chief interests are in fruits and berries and fruit canning and packing. 1. The demand for labor naturally shows strongly marked seasonal variations. So far as fruit and berry picking is concerned, the demand is reduced to zero during half the year, from December to May. In the canning and packing plants, a con- siderable amount of labor is needed during a more extended period, many fruit packing establishments running nearly the whole year in prosperous years and When the crops are good. In all these cases there is a considerable portion of each year when there is but a very slight, even a negligible, demand for labor. 2. Not only are there the expected “slow” months in even the best years, but also there are extremely wide variations within the active season for fruit picking, canning and packing. A certain and predictable cause of these subseasonal changes is seen in the fact that the different fruits and berries ripen at different periods, and that one fruit may ripen before pickers can leave an earlier one, or may ripen so late as to leave a slack period when there is not enough picking for the pickers on hand. An equally certain but unpredictable cause of variation is the wide variation in the time from year to year that a given fruit may be expected to ripen, and in the amount of the crop to be figured upon when it does ripcm. - 3. For the fruit and berry picking, local help (families, very largely), is used almost entirely on the small orchards and berry patches, and to a considerable extent on the large places. In so far as this is done, no very serious labor problem arises. 4. The supply of labor, however, for all the ranches and orchards where picking is done on a large scale, and in the canneries and fruit packing plants, must and always will be very largely an imported supply. This supply is made of a great variety of types, the most predominant of which are as follows: Family picking groups from various cities and towns in other parts of the state. Many of these are foreigners, Portuguese and Japanese especially : Floating laborers who come from periods of unemployment or various winter jobs ; Groups of boys from welfare institutions or industrial homes. These picking groups under the supervision of their own superintendent, take the contract for the picking season, camp out on the place, and the Whole crop is handled in this fashion by these contract pickers exclusively. In this case, too, there is no social loss in the way of unemployment, as the vacation periods of the institutions concerned are adjusted so that the boys make the picking season their vacation. This plan is growing in favor in the Gold Ridge berry district of Sonoma County. Local help. Young people of both sexes from the neighborhood and also a good many adults. 5. On the whole, the supply of fruit and berry workers (including pickers, cannery employees, and fruit packers), is ample to supply the demand, although there are times when growers in a certain locality cannot get enough pickers. Even when this is so, however, there are usually numerous other places where there is a surplus of workers which cannot be employed. 60 COMIMISSION OF IMIMIGRATION AND EIOUSING. 6. There are no employment agencies of any sort whatever in the county. The growers get their help in a very hit-and-miss fashion and seem to bank on the usual excess of the supply of pickers. Some of them advertise in the San Francisco papers and often in the local papers. They wery rarely resort to the employment agencies of San Francisco. - - 7. The demand is almost entirely for children, women and such men as are not able to get other work. This is especially true of the picking. Fruit picking is not an ideal means of livelihood for an able-bodied man. In the canneries and fruit packing establishments, a few men are needed as: superintendents and to tend machines, but the great bulk of the force is composed of women. - M E N DOC | NO COUNTY. The county contains almost no urban territory. There are three towns, ranging in population from twelve hundred to thirty-five hundred. The area of the county. is thirty-four hundred square miles. Chief industries : Lumbering, railroad con- struction and agriculture. - Of these, the railroad construction work has for the past few years been the most important from the labor market point of view. The work is, of course, not of the same permanent nature as that of the two primary extractive industries of lumbering construction and agriculture, but just now it merits attention. 1. The work involves the construction of about two hundred miles of new track for the Willits-Eureka extension of the North Western Pacific. During the past year there has been a very large force of workmen (chiefly unskilled laborers) engaged on this construction. The number has varied from five hundred to three thousand. The greater part of the Work has been done by contract by: the Utah Construction Company, which firm alone has at some periods had as many as two thousand laborers at Work here. - 2. The number of men who have been engaged on this construction work undoubtedly runs high into thousands each year. That is, the average laborer works but a very short time. Some idea of the constant flux in the labor ranks here as well as the extent of it, may be had from the fact that the North Western Pacific Company is now and has been for some time sending on an average forty men a day to replenish their own Working force of one thousand men on this piece of construction. This means that more than ten thousand men are hired each year to keep up a working gang of one thousand. These one thousand men work right alongside the Utah Construction Company’s men. They are usually more steady—or less unsteady—than the Utah Construction Company's men, so that it is pretty clear that men are constantly quitting and others being taken on. Evidence from various sources indicates two chief reasons for this flow of men onto the job and off again. (a) Sanitary and wage conditions. Hospital charges. Poll tax assess- ment. Excessive charges for inferior board, etc. (b) The desire to quit so soon as a small “stake” has been accumulated. In connection with this, the very human distaste for long hours of toilSome and monotonous work and the desire to drown the curse of it in liquor. 3. The evidences and stories of employment agency graft are here exceedingly numerous. Evidence of collusion between construction bosses and Superintendents is abundant but not conclusive, and extremely hard to prove. It is significant that several of the camps hire all their men exclusively from particular agencies in San Francisco and will not take on men who come from other agencies or men Who “beat their way” up to the camp and strike for the job on their own initiative. 4. This year, especially this summer, the demand has been very considerably falling off, on account of the fact that the work is nearing completion. For this. reason the supply has been especially excessive and the unemployment situation. far more acute. - REPORT ON PROBLEM OF UNEMPLOYMENT. 61 The lumbering industry is one requiring far more skilled labor than does con- struction work. In fact, almost all workers in logging camps and saw mills are more than unskilled laborers. Most of the operations in a logging camp, tree “balking,” “falling,” “timber rigging,” etc., requires a certain degree of skill. The same applies to the saw mills and to a less degree to the lumber yards. It is noticeable that the lumber men are more steady and stay on the jobs better than the bulk of construction workers. Comparatively few floaters drift into lumbers. The industry is seasonal, especially the logging and milling. In the yards the labor force is more uniform throughout the year. In the logging camps, the busy season is from December to March. Most of the camps continue to run through the rest of the year, but the labor force is reduced to a minimum. The supply of labor for lumber work is secured almost entirely through personal application and arrangement with the men, a great proportion of whom are known to the employers. Employment agencies or newspaper advertising are almost never resorted to. There is less trouble here with an excessive labor supply than in the construction camps. During the Winter season there is very seldom any difficulty about maintaining full crews, but in the summer many agricultural openings for labor make it difficult very often to secure even the needed minimum for the logging camps. The lumber companies are sometimes embarrassed by a shortage of help, but it is seldom or never serious. 62 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. APPENDIX ID. Report on Employment Bureaus by Committee on Employment Bureaus, Section on Unemployment, Commonwealth Club of California. * (Pages 678 to 680.) } MR. WoRMSER: The causes that have brought about the establishment of free employment bureaus in nineteen states of the union are practically identical with those that call for such establishments in our own state, namely, the abuses of private employment agencies, the scarcity of hands for the gathering of crops, the Congestion of the unemployed during the certain periods of the year in the large cities, and the need for collecting and disseminating statistics relative to unemploy- ment and opportunities for employment. The private employment agencies, purely commercial enterprises, and selfish in their aims, cannot be depended upon for the gathering of information about the places where work may be had, or for the distribution of this information to those in need of it. For this purpose there is need for a centralized organization to which can be brought all inquiries for labor and all applications for employment—in a Word, an employment clearing house. The existence of many private labor agencies defeats this very purpose of centralization, where employer and worker may find one another, as in the haphazard unorganized workings of the private agents, demand for help is frequently registered at one place and applicants for work at another. The fee, often out of all proportion to the service rendered, and equally often not procurable by the applicant, is another factor against the efficiency of private bureaus. - The voters of Washington have just adopted, by a substantial majority, a law forbidding employment offices from collecting a fee from an employee. They may, if they can, collect from the employer. It is expected, however, that this measure will make an end of the private employment office. With the opening of the Panama Canal the establishment of free employment offices becomes more than ever urgent. It is well known that many private agencies take advantage of the ignorance of the foreign immigrant whose lack of knowledge of our language and customs makes him an easy prey to the exploiter. It seems obvious that if this class of labor is admitted to our state, it should be protected from exploitation and provided with free information regarding the market for this labor. The fruitgrower and all employers of agricultural labor would be enormously benefited by such free bureaus. At their most critical seasons it is often impossible for them to secure hands to handle their crops, and under the present lack of system there is no place where they can apply for help. Through a system of cooperation between the agricultural districts and the free labor offices of the cities, agriculturists would be relieved from this difficulty and placed in immediate touch with a reliable Source of supply. The Wisconsin Commission supplied the farms with approximately 3,000 laborers in 1913. This work was accomplished principally through the cooperation of the state's country banks. It is proposed to follow this method in our own state for supplying fruit and farming districts with laborers through an arrangement with a bank in each town to accept orders for help from agriculturists, and then mail or telephone them to the nearest free employment office. Of the nineteen states that have established free offices, Ohio, Massachusetts and Wisconsin may be mentioned as being the most progressive. Wisconsin has four offices, the most important of which, in Milwaukee, found position in 1913 for 15,600 out of 29,300 applicants, at a cost of only 43 cents for each position secured. A thoroughly organized system of public employment exchanges, as the English call them, is to be found in Great Britain, where there were in operation in 1913, 430 REPORT ON PROBLEM OF UNEMPLOYMENT. 63 exchanges. The function of these is to collect and distribute information to employers and employees, regarding demand and supply in the labor market. Germany has in operation 323 exchanges conducted on most efficient lines. Many of these combine social features with their regular work of placing employer and employee into com- munication with one another. One especial social feature should be embodied in any plan that may be outlined for California, that is, a commodious reading room, stocked with standard books, newspapers and magazines, an attractive waiting room for applicants, pending the securing of another job. It might be added that France, Switzerland and other countries of Europe are operating free labor exchanges with equal success. The fear that by furnishing free service in finding labor the state might under- mine the self-reliance of the workman has proved groundless. A system that shortens the out-of-work period for any man and enables him to find a job quickly if he loses his place, makes for independence. Your Committee therefore recommends the establishment of public employment bureaus in California, and offers the following outline of the provisions of a measure that should be urged before the coming session of the legislature : 1. The bureaus to be managed and controlled by the Commission on Housing and Immigration. 2. An advisory committee of fifteen to be appointed for each bureau by the Governor, each member to serve two years and without compensation. 3. The advisory committee to investigate the affairs of the local bureau and submit reports and recommendations to the Commission on Housing and Immigra- tion, which shall make rules for the bureaus with a view of obtaining efficiency in conduct of same. 4. Certain social features to be provided for those seeking employment, such as reading rooms, daily newspapers and magazines, so as to make the bureau attractive, and enable it to furnish competent and desirable help to employers. 5. An appropriation of $50,000 to establish two offices, one at San Francisco and one at Los Angeles. S. I. WORMSER, Chairman. THEODORE JOHNSON. J. E. BAKER. 64 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. APPENDIX E. Joint Resolution for the Appointment of a National Marketing Commission. (H. J. Res. 344, Sixty-third Congress, second session.) IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES." September 10, 1914. Mr. Goodwin of Arkansas introduced the following joint resolution ; which was referred to the Committee on Agriculture and ordered to be printed. Joint resolu- tion for the appointment of a National Marketing Commission. WHEREAS, It is patent that there are defects in the economic system of the United States which affect adversely the producers and the consumers of agricultural products ; and WIIEREAS, These defects have been accentuated by the European war, and to a degree justifying the recent utterances of the President of the United States in the matter of the high cost of living ; and - WHEREAS, Various attempts have been made from time to time to overcome these defects, mainly through non-governmental agencies, and recently under governmental agency under the Bureau of Marketing of the Department of Agriculture ; and WHEREAS, Experience has, however, proven that the solution of this question is not to be found in non-governmental agencies nor is it to be found in a governmental agency. It is to be found in a semiofficial governmental agency, as is here proposed, as witness the success in the European countries of such a system, a system which has swept aside the trusts in food products and which renders the trust an impossi- bility ; and WHEREAS, The present abnormally high prices for food products not alone offers an opportune time for the establishment of a semiofficial governmental agency as a means for the temporary solution of this problem but also for the organization of the agricultural forces of the United States on the lines indicated as a means for the permanent solution of this problem ; Now, therefore, be it - Resolved, by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America im. Congress assembled. That the President be authorized and requested to appoint a National Marketing Commission to be composed of twenty-nine members, fifteen of whom shall be farmers and fourteen of whom shall be selected with reference to their eminence in commerce, law, finance, and transportation. Section 2. That such National Marketing Commission shall meet in the City of Washington at a time designated by the President and organize by the election of officers, and adopt a plan of action for the effective organization of the states, counties and localities of the United States for the economic distribution of the products of the farm, with power to act in so far only as affecting individuals and organizations that shall elect to become a part of this national marketing system. REPORT ON PROBLEMI GF UNEMIPLOYMENT, 65 APPENDIX F. 'Brief of Report on Horne Education by the Corm mission of immigration and Housing of California. $ The general housing and social surveys conducted by the Commission of Immigra- tion and Housing of California, have shown that: : - The immigrant mother who does not speak English is even more helpless than the man, for even his failures give him education and slowly help him to adjust himself to the new life. With the woman in her poor home there are few points of contact with educational opportunity. The Americanization of the children in the public schools often adds to her diſficulties. The child takes command of the home and becomes ashamed of the mother. By statistics we find that this is adding to our delinquency and filling our juvenile courts. The quickest and surest Way of dealing with this problem is by educating the mother in our language, our laws and our standards of living. For this purpose it would seem to be necessary to provide some kind of visiting teachers who will, as rapidly as possible, connect these mothers with the public schools and our civic life. The whole subject of immigrant education holds tremendous possibilities and should be carefully standardized and supervised. As the object of the Immigration Commission is to devise ways to assimilate the incoming mass, it can not lay too much stress upon ultimate citizenship for both men and Women. - 66 COMMISSION OF IMIMIGRATION AND FIOUSING. APPENDIX G. The following is quoted from an address made by Mr. John P. McLaughlin, Com- missioner of the State Bureau of Labor Statistics, before the Conference of State Immigration, Land and Labor Officials held in Washington, D. C., November 16 and 17, 1911: - - “California, until recently, has been a state of large land holdings, due to the fact that when the United States acquired its western possessions it recognized as valid the Spanish land grants. These land grants—of which there are about 600—con- tained immense areas. When agriculture succeeded gold mining, some of the owners turned to cultivating these lands, while others held them and are still holding them until such time as they shall be divided up into small farms. This led to two prob- lems that have confronted the people of California for the past thirty or forty years. The former called for a large amount of cheap labor, while the latter prevented the American farmer from the eastern states and the European immigrant agriculturists from obtaining small acreages at reasonable prices.” “Probably the most important point in farming in California, and the one I desire to call your particular attention to, is that it is highly specialized. It was early demonstrated that certain crops could be grown to great advantage in certain locali- ties, with the result that practically everybody in that locality went into the raising of that particular crop, thus calling for a large amount of labor during the season When such crop was harvested.” g “An important point regarding white farm labor in California is that they are not shown the respect that, in my estimation, is due them. This is accounted for largely by the fact that the short period of time they work on any one farm does not seem to justify the owner in providing accommodations for them, with the result that they are required to carry their blankets on their backs and use the sky for a roof. This condition is not conducive to the development of a good class of farm labor, but rather to a class of ‘hoboes.” For six months of the year they have the sheriff chasing them out of town for refusing to work and the other six months they get chased out of town for asking for work. Personally, I sympathize with the man who is migrating from place to place, sometimes looking for work and at other times trying to dodge the tax collector or the sheriff. Perhaps, I can not help that, owing to the fact that my life has been spent in close contact with the man who toils.” “At the last session of the legislature a bill was introduced providing for a free employment bureau, but owing to the fact that it did not carry with it an appro- priation, the Governor did not see fit to sign it. However, we have hopes that it will be provided for by the next legislature, and I know the Governor is inclined to favor it as an experiment. A free employment bureau would be of invaluable assistance in securing work upon the farms of our state for the incoming immigrants.” REPORT ON PROBLEM OF UNEMPLOYMENT. 67 REPORT ON A PLAN FOR TEMPORARY RELIEF. SACRAMENTO, CALIFORNIA, December 9, 1914. To His Eacellency, HIRAM W. JoHNSON, Govermor, Sacramento, Califormia. DEAR SIR: In the following pages we present a tentative plan for dealing with the destitute unemployed in the state during the season which has now begun. While this is presented in compliance with your written and oral requests for suggestions on the unemployment problem, it is entirely separate from the report we have submitted this day on the question of the ultimate solution of the unemployment problem. Suggestions for a Method of Dealing with the Destitute Unemployed During the Winter of 1914 - 1915. An entirely separate and distinct problem is the question as to how to handle the unemployed of the state during the coming winter. There is every indication that we shall have many roving, unemployed and destitute men in the state. Since any possible state legislation looking toward an alleviation of the situation could not become effective in time to meet the needs of this winter, the burden of the problem must rest upon the different communities and municipalities, and they must deal with the problem locally. However, we deem it advisable that some uniformity should be established in the method of handling the various unemployed groups, and therefore suggest that some existing state board or a spe- cial, representative committee, to be appointed by your Excellency, undertake the formulation of some plan of action and urge the adop- tion of the plan by the various authorities. It would seem that the work of meeting the problem this winter is largely a work of charity, therefore we suggest that this task be undertaken by the State Board of Charities and Corrections, or a special committee appointed by your Excellency for this purpose. - Merely as a tentative suggestion we submit the following general program which such a state board or committee might follow : I. It is essential that the various local authorities be first impressed with the fact that the practice of driving the unemployed out of one town and on to the next is not a solution but an aggravation. It has been the custom to employ these tactics in the past, and this treatment has resulted in the development of a spirit of rebellion and anarchy 6S COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. in the unemployed, leading them to form into roving, incorrigible ‘‘armies.’’ Merely passing these ‘‘armies’’ on from one town to an- other creates a vicious circle throughout the state and encourages the members in the acquisition of wandering, irresponsible habits. These restless, roving groups are breeding places for petty crimes, and the problem of prevention and control by the state is made more difficult because the offenders are transient and ever moving. Therefore each municipality or community, in proportion to its pop- ulation and facilities for charity work, should bear the burden of pro- viding for the immediate needs of the unemployed in the state during the coming winter. II. However, after the local authorities are persuaded to aid in the attempt to stem the restless, swaying tide and to establish some sem- blance of stability, careful and discriminating methods must be worked out for providing relief. The mere announcement that all California municipalities are to care for the unemployed would bring hordes of applicants for charity from all the western states, eager to spend a winter in our mild climate, and many who are not in genuine need would be tempted to try their luck at enjoying our munificence. In order to provide against such a pre- dicament any scheme that is devised to meet the situation should include the strict application of a work test. The board or committee which your Excellency might designate to handle this matter could render incalculable service to the state by carrying on a nation-wide campaign of publicity, warning : - (a) The employable unemployed that there is no work to be had in California; and (b) the unemployable vagrants, that there will be a rigorous application of the work test in all relief or aid provided. In order to show that people interested in this problem are unani- mously of the opinion that a uniform and discriminating method must be adopted, we have appended to this report a program in concise form, drawn up at a recent national conference in New York of exec- utives of general charitable societies. This program has been proposed to the authorities in Chicago by Mr. Eugene T. Lies, general superim- tendent of the United Charities of Chicago. III. As a basis for discussion and action by any board or com- mittee your Excellency might appoint to put in operation a uniform plan, as we have suggested, we submit the following concrete sugges- tion : (a) The City Council, or governing body, in every incorporated city or town should be urged to establish a municipal lodging house, furnishing sleeping quarters and food. REPORT ON PROBLEM OF UNEMPLOYMENT, . 69 1. All homeless and destitute men in the community who apply voluntarily should be furnished accommodation in return for work for a certain number of hours a day. Provision should be made for registering all these unemployed and destitute men by a given date. This would give a census and set a time limit for applicants. The Work referred to could be in the form of labor on the streets and roads, cleaning up vacant lots, work in public buildings and institutions, etc. The result of this work would not meet the cost to the municipality, but the cost of caring for these men must ultimately be borne by some organization or individuals, and the loss would be more equitably dis- tributed than if it were placed upon the private charitable agencies or philanthropic individuals, who (as we point out below) have a suffi- ciently difficult task in caring for destitute resident families. 2. All homeless men who are brought into court and convicted as vagrants, merely because they have no means of support, should be given suspended sentences and sent to the municipal lodging house, and also put to work. If such men break this semi-parole they should be sent to jail and put at enforced work. (b) The Associated Charities of the different communities should be awakened to the critical problem at hand and urged to organize carefully for the coming season. These organizations should be advised to provide adequate funds, and organize volunteer personal service to care for destitute resident families. The attention of these private organizations should be directed entirely to the needy residents, and only incidentally should they aid the municipality in providing for the homeless destitute. (c) In those cities that have no Associated Charities organization (such as Sacramento) strong pressure should be brought to bear upon ihe citizens to organize one. - . (d) Specialized charities, churches, social settlements, etc., should be urged to make additional efforts to meet the emergencies of the season and to continue the work in their distinct fields with redoubled efforts. Past experience has shown that such organizations are apt to become panic-stricken and to even curtail their work and throw it off On larger and more general organizations. NoTE—If the municipal lodging house becomes overcrowded the homeless mem should be sent to the Associated Charities, or other agency, having a “wood yard.” or some sort of work test. - 70 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND EIOUSING. (e) Looking more toward industrial relief measures, all state and local public departments should be encouraged to enlarge their work wherever possible, such as state highway and county construction, sewer construction, erection of public buildings, etc. The commence- ment of public work for which appropriations have been voted might be hastened; and public work which is usually done in the summer season might be done in the winter, where the climate permits. In conclusion we respectfully suggest that if your Excellency deems it wise to attempt to formulate a plan for uniform action throughout the state in this matter, more immediate and satisfactory results might be obtained by a special committee than by any existing state board. Other business of state would necessarily demand the attention of any existing board, while a committee appointed especially for the purpose could concentrate its efforts upon this one problem. This is a ques- tion of great moment, and we feel that your Excellency could request some of the state’s ablest citizens to serve upon this committee and, in this emergency, to devote their entire time and thought to this work. If action is to be taken along the lines herein suggested, it is obviously essential that the task be undertaken at once. Respectfully submitted. EDWARD J. HANNA, MRS. FRANK. A. GIBSON, PAUL SCHARRENBERG, SIMON J. LUBIN, Commissioners. NOTE.-A survey could be made by the state board or committee of the possi- bilities in this connection and definite recommendations made to the different municipalities and counties. - NOTE.—On December 18, 1914, Governor Johnson designated the Commission of Immigration and Housing to act in behalf of the state in carrying out the program suggested in the above communication. REPORT ON PROBLEM OF UNEMPLOYMENT, 71 APPENDIX PH. The Chicago Program. Program for relieving and heading off unemployment, as adopted at a conference of executives of general charitable societies, recently held in New York City, in the form presented to the municipal authorities in Chicago by Eugene T. Lies, general superintendent of the United Charities of Chicago : 1. Philanthropic Measures. A. Discourage such things as soup kitchens and bread lines for the unemployed, since they are mass methods, as a rule undiscriminating, and do more harm than good. - B. Discourage the creation of new charitable machinery to fill a temporary need. Hence let the city council avoid appropriating a large fund for charitable purposes this winter. Since the very announcement of such an appropriation would very likely defeat its purpose, for it would bring hordes of applicants from every direction outside the city and many people in the city who are not in genuine need would also be tempted to try their luck at getting a share of the money. In other words, it would mean a congestion of applicants, a large force to handle them, and undiscrimi- nating treatment. Furthermore, it would be exceedingly difficult to keep politics out of the scheme. Rather, encourage existing public and private agencies to expand and strengthen their machinery if necessary. Let the county board put larger means at the disposal of the county agent, and let the general public give adequately in funds and volunteer, personal service to the private organizations that have proved their efficiency and reliability through the years and that are necessary to supplement the work of the county, doing these many things both in the way of material relief and personal service called for by the limitations in public official charity departments. Further- more, public appropriations out of the tax funds to subsidize private societies would be unwise. C. Let the private charities take pains to avoid one of the mistakes often made in the past of advertising that they are about to raise large funds to take care of the unemployed for the same reasons as stated with reference to the announcement of large public appropriations. D. Adequate preparation should be made to take care of such homeless men as may properly claim the city as their residence. This may mean planning to build or enlarge municipal lodging house facilities both as to sleeping quarters and food. It also means proper equipment of men with training in social work to deal fittingly with each applicant acco, ding to his peculiar needs, physical, mental, moral and economic. By all means a work test should be applied. This can be in the form of labor on the streets or odd jobs in public institutions so many hours a day for so many days’ accommodation at the municipal lodging house. Such adequate facilities to care for this class means suppression of beggary all over the city, prevention of clogging of the machinery of private agencies, which have all they can do to look after resident poor families, and prevention of depredations of all kinds by men grown desperate on account of their condition. E. Let the churches, the smaller relief societies, and the specialized charities throughout the city continue to function in their usual way with the unfortunates who properly are their charges rather than deliberately dump them upon the general relief agencies, as they are tempted to do in an emergency like the present. Let each continue to do its proper part of the task confronting us all and the task will be properly done. 72 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. 2. Unemployment Measures. A. Bring home to all private employers of labor their patriotic and “humane duty to keep on the pay roll all their workers as long as possible into the winter season, or if they must curtail, then to put all or most of the men on part time, giving, them at least a subsistence income for themselves and families. If some men must actually be cut off from the pay roll, employers could in many instances provide sufficient relief to the genuinely needy ones among them. Furthermore, some employers might find it possible at this time to make some much needed improvements in or about their plants such as painting, cleaning, repairing, clearing and beautifying grounds, thus absorbing some of their men who otherwise would be idle. All such measures will mean the conserving of efficiency and physical well being of employees for the time of returning prosperity. B. Study existing public employment agencies to see if they are functioning efficiently at a time like this and if found not to be, see if they can be strengthened. If for any reason, this is impossible, then establish on a basis that is in accord with the best expert opinion available a supplementary public agency that will be capable of doing this work of bringing as many men as possible who are out of employment in touch with whatever jobs are actually available, whether in the city or outside of it. The Wisconsin system suggests the method. - C. Encourage the Women citizens who are householders to undertake at this time as much cleaning, whitewashing and improvement of yards and lawns as possible, and call upon the charity offices, state employment offices and the municipal lodging house for men to do the odd jobs. Many men could be tided over short periods in this way. D. Let the public departments arrange as far as is possible to continue Work now in progress to a more distant date than is usually done, rather than merely follow precedent as to the time of cessation of such work. This will mean continuing hundreds of men on an independent footing, conserving manhood, and keep them away possibly altogether from charity offices. E. Let public departments begin now on needed public works or improvements in order to absorb some of the unemployed, rather than postponing them to a future date. The precautions necessary are these : 1. Be sure that these public works are of a sort that will be of permanent value to the community. - 2. Let the work be for citizens of the city primarily and advertise this fact widely and emphatically or men will flock in from all points of the compass again and so clog the machinery as to cause defeat of the very purpose for which the emergency Work is being undertaken. - 3. Let the pay of the men be at standard rates for the various kinds of work done. 4. Let ability of the man to do the job available be the first consideration in employing him—not his need of an income. This can be the second consideration. If two men of equal ability are applying for a specified job, then, of course, take the local man who has a family dependent upon him. REPORT ON PROBLEM OF UNEMPLOYMENT. 73 A. - APPENDIX I. Report on Plan of Temporary Relief by Committee on Temporary Relief for Unemployed in . Cities, Section on Unemployment, Corm monwealth Club of California. (Page 677.) To the Section on Unemployment: Your Committee upon Plan of Temporary Relief reports that after consideration of the conditions of the problem found in San Francisco, it recommends that the relief work should be handled in the following Ill:l Ill 16 l' . Af First. That there should be a registration of the unemployed under the following classes: (a) Itesidents with dependents. (U) Residents without dependents. (c) Transients. Second. That committees should be organized to cover the following details of the work : - (1) Itaising money. (2) Food supply. (3) Shelter. (4) Clothing. (5) IXinds of work at which the unemployed may be put. (G) Legislation, with such further committees as experience may show to be advisable. It is recommended that class (a), residents with dependents, shall be paid a Wage large enough to enable each to provide food for his family and not large enough to attract men from other employments or from other communities. The Committee would also advise that special provision be made for those with a large number of dependents. It is advised that class (c), transients, should not be paid any monetary compen- sation, but should be given food, clothing and shelter, in return for an amount of labor equivalent to three hours in the woodyard. Class (b), residents without dependents, should receive food, clothing and shelter on the same terms as class (c), but be given the first opportunity for additional employment at monetary compensation, should such be found. To carry out the recommendations of this committee, invitations were extended to a thoroughly representative body of citizens to meet for the purpose of organization. The invitation met with a hearty response, an organization was perfected, the recom- mendations of the Commonwealth Club’s Committee on Temporary Relief were placed before the body and were accepted and adopted, the only modification made being in the number of committees. The acceptance of the recommendations, and the formation of a working committee of representative citizens to carry them out, relieves the Club of further action in the matter of temporary relief for local condi- tions, excepting that some of its members are included in the citizen's committee. Second Annual Report OF THE ,” 2. ' / - V---& :- ‘…t-zz- (.7%| ...--" …” Commission of Immigration and Housing OF gº California January 2, 1916 Office of the Commission Underwood Building, San Francisco CALIFORNIA STATE PRINTING OFFICE 1.9 16 22325 Personnel of the Commission. comMission ERs. SIMON J. LUBIN, President-------------- - ------ MOST REV. E. J. HANNA, D. D., Vice President--- ––––––––– Sacramento _San Francisco MRS. FRANK A. GIBSON.--------------- ––––––––––––––––––– J. H. MCBRIDE, M. D PAUL SCHARRENBERG, Secretary–––––––––––––––––––––––---- * --> *-* * * * * * * Los Angeles * * * * * * * * * * * Pasadena * * * * * *-* * San Francisco GEORGE L. BELL, Attorney and Eaxecutive Officer. OFFICES OF THE COMMISSION. MAIN OFFICE : Underwood Building, 525 Market Street, San Francisco. BRANCH OFFICEs: 825 Second Street, Sacramento. Union League Building, Second and Hill Streets, Los Angeles. * . & t /* 2 2:…” & Avcº, º & £ceº £26-4 . & 47-2, 2 -/32 7-2a-ºy CONTENTS. INTRODUCTION - –––––––––––––––––––––––––– "- — — — — — — — I. LABOR. CAMP INSPECTION-------------------------------------- A. INSPECTION ORGANIZATION –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– B. CO-OPERATION OF PUBLIC - - - C. DISCUSSION OF STATISTICS - - - * * * I. General --------------------------------------------- (d) Tables in Group II—— g * * II. Reinspection ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Reprint of “Advisory Pamphlet on Camp Sanitation and Housing”— II. BUREAU OF COMPLAINTS * * * * * * * * * * *-s sºme amº ºm *-* * * * * = * * = - m a.m.- smºs = == A. ATTITUDE OF IMMIGRANTS *s, * * * B. OFFICE ORGANIZATION –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– C. NEED OF LEGAL AID SOCIETIES, ETC.-------------------------- D. SUMMARY AND CAUSES OF COMPLAINTS----------------------- E. TYPICAL CASES ––––––––––––––––––––––––––– emº ºm * III. IMMIGRANT EDUCATION –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– A. ENGLISH EDUCATION –––––––––––––––––––––––––––– -— — — — — — — — — — Reprint of Education Leaflet No. 1.------------------------ - Reprint of Education Leaflet No. 2.------------------------ Reprint of Education Leaflet No. 3–––––––––––– — — — — — — — — — — — — B. CITIZENSEHIP EDUCATION * *- - - sºme s- ºr mºs. - * * * * * * * *-* - sºme sºme sm -m ºmº mº C. LABOR CAMP EDUCATION------------------------------------ D. Homſ E EDUCATION FOR WOMEN - - Reprint of “Home Teacher Manual” ––––––––––––––––––––––– IV. HOUSING ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– A. HOUSING INSTITUTE –––––––––------------- B. ENFORCEMENT OF TENEMENT LAw - - C. REPORTS OF HOUSING INSPECTIONS MADE BY THE COMMISSION___ I. Fresno ----------------------------- (a) Tenements ----------------- (b) Dwellings Other Than Tenements (C) Chinatown Housing ––––––––––––––––––––––––––– II. Stockton ----------- - - (a) Tenements - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -º (1) Old Buildings * * (2) New Buildings –––––– * - (b) Dwellings Other Than Tenements--------------- (c) Hotels and Lodging Houses III. Los Angeles - Housing and General Survey of Macy Street School Dis– trict, Including Chinatown (a) Introduction –––– (b) Housing (6) Employment ---------------------------------- (d) Macy Street School (e) Appendices to Macy Street District Survey------ (f) Los Angeles Chinatown IV. San Francisco D. REPORTS MADE TO COMMISSION BY WARIOUS CITY HOUSING OFFICIALS I. San Francisco (a) Report of Tenement House Inspectors–––––––––– II. Sacramento –––– III. San Diego | (a) Water Front and Chinatown Campaign IV. Los Angeles * - (a) Statement of Work, 1914–1915–---------------- (b) House-courts * * * *m. Reprint of “An A-B-C of Housing” Reprint of “A Plan for a Housing Survey” 220 227 227 229 237 23S 247 262 266 268 26S 268 270 271 273 276 277 27 9 293 CONTENTS. V. CONSTRUCTIVE HOUSING A. INTRODUCTION * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *-* wºº -- * * * * * *-* -- ~~ *= = *-* * * * * * = ** = *- : * *-* == B. DIGEST OF SPECIAL REPORT---------------------------------- +- I. Housing and City. Planning––––––––––––––––––––––––––– II. Land Congestion III. Providing Better Houses * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *mº ºme sº- C. THE NEW HOMESTEAD LAW IN MASSACHUSETTS____________––– V.I. VII. B. T.H.E LAND SITUATION C. RELIEF OF DESTITUTE UNEMPLOYED______ LEGISLATION VIII. DISTRIBUTION OF IMMIGRANTS UNEMIPLOYMENT A. RECOMIMENDATIONS I. II. III. IV. V. VI. Housing 4. Educational and Vocational Guidance---------- — — — — — — — Unemployment Insurance ––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Regularizing Industries Improvement of Rural Conditions * * * * * *-* * *-* *-* * * * * * * * *-* * * * *-* *-* * * * * * *- *-* - ºr * * *- :- ºr ºmº ºme “º -> * * * * *-* * * * * * . LABOR CAMP SANITATION B. AMENDMENT OF TENEMENT HOUSE ACT----------------------- . HOME TEACHERS . FALSE LAND ADVERTISEMENTS------------------------------- . RESTRICTIONS ON DOCKS WHERE IMIMIGRANT S ARE LANDED______ . SUBPOENAING WITNESSES • e . SUPPORT OF ILLEGITIMATE CHILDREN_ STAFF OF COMMISSION______ ------------------------------------------ TABLEs. A. BTJ REAU OTT COMPLAINTS. I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. B. HOUSING. Complaints Received, 1915–1916 Complaints by Months Disposition of Complaints------------------------------------- Pending and Unsettled Complaints––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Nationality of Complainants–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Causes of Complaints Nature of Applications Nationality of Applicants Length of Residence in United States * * * * * * * = -s. * * * * * * * *-* * * * Unemployables and Vagrants––––––––––––––––––––––––– 317–319 320–330 321 322 i : : 117 a. 117 (t. .117 U 1176 117 (l 117f 117 g 1177, I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. X. C. LABOR CAMP SANITATION III. IV. V. Violations of Tenement Law—Stockton and Fresno-------------- Housing Conditions in Dwellings, Fresno Violations of Law in New Tenements, Stockton EHousing Conditions in Dwellings, Stockton Block Maps ShoWing Housing Congestion, Los Angeles_________ Appendices to Macy District Survey, Los Angeles 224 245–246 247–261 Chinatown Housing Conditions, Los Angeles Report Tenement Inspections, San Francisco- 265–266 269–270 Report Housing Inspections, San Diego Report Housing Inspections, Los Angeles G ROUP i. . Working Force—Showing Sex and Skill—in 107 Labor Camps____ . General Condition of 107 Labor Camps Sanitary Conditions in 107 Labor Camps Nationalities Represented in 107 Labor Camps Summary of Inspections in 983 Labor Camps, Inspected Between April, 1914, and July, 1915 273 27 6–277 335–346 335–336 337 338–345 346 34.6 CONTENTS. - 5 I. II. III. IV. V. VT, VII. VIII. IX. IX. XI. YII. XIII. XIV. IXV. XVI. XVII. XVIII. GROUP ||. : Page. Working Force—Showing Sex and Skill—in 663 Labor Camps____347–348 General Condition of 663 Labor Camps------------------------- 349 Sanitary Conditions in 663 Labor Camps * * - - - 350–365 Nationalities Represented in 663 Labor Camps_____— — — — — — — — — — — — — 36 6–3 67 Native and Foreign Born and Naturalized Citizens_-____________ 3.68 Foreign Born Laborers Controlled by Padrones––––––––––––––––– 369 Attitude of Employers Toward Toreign Born Labor---------___ 370–371 Lowest Rates of Wages, by Camps –––––––––––––372-375 Highest Rates of Wages, by Camps - ___37 6–379 Average Rate of Wages in 663 Labor Camps------------------- 380 Cost of Board in 663 Labor Camps-------------------- — — — — — — — — 381–382 Cost of Lodging in 663 Labor Camps–––––––––––––––––––––––––– 383–384 Laborers Sending Part of Earnings to Foreign Country_________ 3.85 Location of Camps With Reference to Schools------------------ 386–387 School Attendance of Children in Labor Camps, and Illiteracy Among Laborers - 388–389 Speaking Knowledge of the English Language Among Foreign Born Adults -------- - * * * *m. - * * * * * * * * * * * * * *- * * * - *-* * * 390 Number of Different Laborers Hired. Each Month to Maintain - IRequired Crew (Turn-over) – - - - - 391 Summary of Reinspection Returns on 118 Labor Camps-------- 391 A PP E N D | X. ACT CREATING THE COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING OF CALIFORNIA, AS AMENDED IN 1915---------------------------- 392–39 6 OFFICE OF THE COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND Housing OF CALIFORNIA, UNDERWOOD BUILDING, SAN FRANCISCO, January 2, 1916. To His Excellency, HIRAM W. Johnson, Governor of California, SIR: In compliance with section 13 of the act creating this Commis- sion, we have the honor to submit herewith the Second Annual Report of this Commission. Respectfully yours, - - SIMON J. LUBIN, President. EDWARD J. HANNA, Vice President. MARY S. GIBSON. J. H. MCBRIDE. . . PAUL SCHARRENBERG, Secretary. Commissioners. INTRODUCTION. The first annual report of the Commission was more or less explana- tory and contained considerable discussion of immigration problems and of a constructive state immigration policy. This somewhat academic tone was inevitable in view of the fact that the report dealt with the first year’s activities in a new field in which the work was not standardized and wherein practically no precedents had been established in the United States. The aim is to limit this second report to an account of actual accomplishments. - Experience has enabled the Commission during the past year to co-ordinate its work with that of other departments of the state and local governments. Consequently any possible duplication of effort has been eliminated and, in certain fields, more has been accomplished. In labor camp inspection, for example, arrangements were made with the Industrial Accident Commission and the Industrial Welfare Commis- sion whereby their inspectors have acted as agents of this Commission in inspecting and reporting conditions in camps which they were required to visit in the course of their regular work. This, and similar arrangements, have avoided not only waste of effort and money for the State, but have protected both employers and employees from annoyance. As the mechanism for performing the routine work has become more nearly perfected, it has been possible to place more emphasis upon the constructive features of the Commission’s program. The amendments to the State Tenement House and Labor Camp Sanitation laws by the legislature of 1915 gave the Commission direct powers of enforcement which have made it possible to accomplish results in these fields with much less effort. Likewise the handling of the cases in the Complaint Bureau has become so well systematized that the Commission, in addi- tion to settling the immigrants’ individual complaints or difficulties, has been able to do much to bring them into contact with our social and economic life. This standardization of the work in these more estab- lished fields has resulted in the placing of more emphasis on education— which is, perhaps, the most constructive feature of any program for assimilating the immigrant population. An act draughted by the Com- mission and passed by the legislature of 1915 provides for home teachers who will reach the long-neglected immigrant mother; and, in conjunc- tion with the State Board of Education, a campaign is being planned for the establishment of evening classes in English and citizenship. A manual or text has been published by the Commission for the use. of home teachers, and a citizenship text is being prepared in co-operation with the State Board of Education. 8 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. The inception of this more constructive work has been made easier by the fact that the expected increase of immigration to California through the Panama Canal has been deterred by the continuation of the European war, and consequently the Commission has not yet had to deal with the new and difficult problems which would follow in the wake of such an increased immigration. Moreover, the war itself has awak- ened public interest and support in connection with any domestic immi- gration policy looking toward the assimilation of our already large immigrant population. - It is to be hoped that in California at least this public interest will survive the dramatic appeal of the war, for it is important to note that the decrease in immigration...to California has not been in proportion to that of other states, or to that of the United States as a whole. This indicates the trend of immigration to the Pacific Coast and emphasizes the necessity for the work that the Commission is endeavoring to do— especially if the predicted influx of immigrants occurs after the end of the present war. Much that has been accomplished by the Commis- sion has been due to the support and co-operation of that portion of the general public with which it has come in contact. While expressing its appreciation of this co-operation, the Commission would urge an even greater awakening of the public conscience with regard to the duties and obligations Americans must assume in connection with the millions of immigrants that are permitted and even invited to dwell here. - I. LABOR. CAMP INSPECTION. The inspection of labor camps, in order to secure the enforcement of the labor camp sanitation law, has been established as one of the regular departments of the Commission’s work. As was explained in last year’s report, the enforcement of this law was originally entrusted to the State Board of Health; but this Commission assumed the task, with the consent of the Health Board. This was done after investigating the insanitary labor camp conditions in the Wheatland hop fields and elsewhere in the Winter of 1914. The State Board of Health did not have a sufficient appropriation to handle the work, though the investiga- tions had demonstrated the necessity for a systematic and regular state- wide inspection. Up to August 8, 1915, the Commission worked under this delegated authority and sought to improve conditions merely through co-operation with the labor camp operators. On August 8, 1915, the amended labor camp sanitation law, which transfers the power of enforcement to this Commission, went into effect. This Commission was charged with the enforcement of this law by the legislature of 1915 mainly for the reason that the statistics collected by the Commission up to January 1, 1915, disclosed the fact that over . One-half of the inhabitants of labor camps are immigrants. This indicated that one phase of the problem of camp sanitation consists of raising and protecting the standard of living of immigrants. More- Over, since the work was organized and under way, the legislature deemed it more economical to have this Commission continue it, with the added legal power to enforce orders and with a working appropria- tion. Only $10,000 was appropriated, for the next two years, to carry. On this work of inspecting and enforcing the law in over 1,000 camps Scattered throughout the State; but, by practicing rigid ecomony, the Commission hopes to do effective work in most of the camps. The Commission, though having acquired authority, has not changed its methods or procedure in this work, but still endeavors to bring about improvement through friendly co-operation with employers and 10 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND EIOUSING. employees. So far it has not been necessary to resort to the courts to secure compliance with the law, and threats of prosecution if improve- ments were not made within a fixed time have been few but effective. The fourth revised edition of the pamphlet on camp sanitation and housing (insert on page 41) is still advisory and educational in Spirit. Several amendments to the labor camp sanitation law, drafted by the Commission and passed by the last legislature, have brought the mini- mum legal standard of living conditions practically up to that estab- lished in the advisory pamphlet, and the suggestions in the pamphlet have naturally, therefore, carried more weight. The detailed recommen- dations with reference to the construction of camp buildings and equip- ment have been followed more carefully, and as a result there are Springing up in scattered localities model, sanitary camps, alike in almost every particular. This is evidenced by some of the accompany- ing pictures. - The fact that so many camp operators have complied with the law, without recourse to the courts, seems to confirm the belief expressed in the first annual report “” ” * that employers or operators were willing to co-operate in the effort to improve the conditions of the men, but they did not know how to go about the work.” But labor camps are being opened constantly by operators who have never conducted camps; consequently there is still much of a purely educational nature to be done in this field, and the task of keeping track of new camps is an endless one. Of course there are careless operators who, although they know the requirements and have had dealings with the Commission, overlook numerous details of sanitation every time they open a new camp. These operators comply with suggestions readily, but they require constant supervision and make regular and constant inspection necessary. For that matter, the Commission has found that the prac- tice, so frequently followed in the enforcement of laws regarding sani- tation, of not making inspections or reinspections until complaints are made, is entirely wrong. This practice is, of course, based on the theory that the employees, or any others affected, will report insanitary conditions to the proper authorities. But, as a matter of fact, the aver- age employee is afraid of “‘losing his job’’ if he complains, and the casual outsider or neighbor who may be affected by insanitary condi- tions, is either ignorant of the danger or lacks the initiative to complain to the authorities. A few complaints against camps come to the office, but many of them are anonymous, and the localities are so scattered that the established routes of regular inspections and reinspections are followed—the complaints being investigated only incidentally. Moreover, certain data from the reinspection reports, which are given in detail further on, disclose the regrettable fact that many of those who work and live in labor camps are seemingly more or less apathetic E. Two views of a lumber camp which has been brought up to the Commission's standard rating of “Good.” Note the orderly arrange- ment of the bunk houses and dining quarters—making it easier to keep the grounds clean. 12 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. concerning general sanitary conditions. Therefore, it is not only im- possible to base inspections on complaints alone, but this lack of appre- ciation on the part of some employees makes more difficult the main- tenance of good conditions. In several instances, such as the one illustrated in an accompanying picture, model sanitary equipment has rapidly deteriorated and the camps have become insanitary due to the carelessness of both the superintendent and the workmen in enforcing or following sanitary rules. To meet this problem the Commission is making a more positive effort to make operators and employees realize the necessity for co-operation in this work of sanitation. The placards containing the simple rules of sanitation, which were formerly sent Open, unscreened dining tent with earth floor, used in a permanent lumber camp at the time of Commission's first inspection. (See picture on page 13.) only when requested, are now sent to all camps and also tacked up by the Commission's inspectors. Superintendents are asked to enforce these rules and to instruct the men that the rules must be followed, not only for their own protection but for the protection of the health of all the people in the State. (A) INSPECTION ORGANIZATION. There is no law requiring the registration of labor camps, and as a result much time is still lost in locating or ferreting out new camps. However, during this second summer of the work, it was possible to better organize the inspection and accomplish more with less expenditure. It was found that by using automobiles the inspectors could save both time and money. Though the Commission has had only one automobile, LABOR CAMP INSPECTION. 13 two inspectors constantly in the field (with the occasional assistance of a third) have been able to cover as much ground as was covered by five, and sometimes seven, inspectors during the first year. Another auto- mobile has been purchased recently and in the future two men will be in the field while a third will handle the routing, correspondence and general camp sanitation problems. During the past year it has not been necessary to employ a sanitary engineer in this department. The legislature of 1915 created a bureau of sanitary engineering under the State Board of Health. An arrange- ment has been made whereby that bureau handles all the technical sanitation problems formerly handled by the engineer employed by this ºf ººººº. º --- - º - º º º - º - - - º - - º - º * win. *====wº - - - - - --- - - - - | `-- - - – - - - -- - º, ºs s . º S. --- º - - - -- - º __ º --- .* Tº - º - º -- --- º, --~~~- * *º ºr ººlºº º ºg ºf 3- Dining wagons or cars, in course of construction, after inspection, to replace open tent shown in picture on page 12. (See picture, page 14.) Commission. That bureau has also co-operated most effectively with the Commission in a campaign against the pollution of streams and rivers by sewage and refuse from camps and towns. The camp inspectors frequently find that small, isolated villages dispose of all their refuse in streams in violation of a law which has been but rarely enforced in the past. These violations are now looked for and reported to the Bureau of Sanitary Engineering. The nuisances are not only abated by the latter department but sanitary methods of refuse disposal are also devised for these communities. Co-operative arrangements have also been made with the Highway Commission and the Industrial Accident Commission which cut down the cost and also increase the efficiency of the camp department. The 14 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. former commission has inserted a clause in all contracts for highway construction which requires that the labor camps in connection with the work shall be maintained according to the sanitary and housing regula- tions of the Commission of Immigration and Housing. This specific clause is easily enforcible and seems to carry more weight with con- tractors than the general, abstract camp sanitation law, though viola- tion of the latter is a misdemeanor. The mining division of the safety department of the Industrial Accident Commission has also co-operated most generously in improving the housing and working conditions in the mines throughout the State. This is one of the safety measures of Interior view of completed, screened dining wagon or car to replace open tent iº, picture on page 12. (A tangible result of the Commission's work in its work, which fits in with camp sanitation work. The inspectors of the mining division inspect each mine two or three times a year in the course of their regular work; so it was arranged during the summer that these inspectors should also send in housing and sanitation reports to this Commission. Letters, based on these reports, are sent to the mine operators, and reinspections are made by the Industrial Accident Commission inspectors. In this way it has been possible to reach isolated mining camps and to actually enforce the law by follow-up inspections in places which it would have been impossible for this Com- mission’s small staff of inspectors to visit frequently—or at all. A similar co-operative arrangement has been carried out with the Indus- trial Welfare Commission in connection with labor camps at canneries. º LABOR CAMP INSPECTION. 15 Much wasteful duplication is thus avoided and, moreover, the employers appreciate the fact that they have been spared the annoyance or interruption attendant upon double inspections. (B) CO-OPERATION OF PUBLIC. Labor camps are so scattered and so far from the centers of popula- tion that it is difficult to arouse general interest in camp sanitation or to make the people realize that there is a very close connection between the public health problems of every community and the health problems of the some sixty or seventy thousand migratory workers in labor camps This picture shows the necessity for covered garbage cans, and screening. Open buckets and boxes are filled with garbage. The black dots on the cans and boxes are flies. who dwell alternately in towns and camps. However, realizing that public support is necessary to secure both the enactment and the enforcement of sanitation laws, the Commission has carried on a con- sistent propaganda campaign in this field. A fourteen panel exhibit has been compiled to show effectively the insanitary conditions which exist and to demonstrate the simple and practical ways in which conditions can be improved. Miniature frame models of sanitary camp equipment have also been made from the plans in the advisory pamphlet to further visualize the practicability of this work. Photographs of two of the panels are reproduced on pages 32 and 33 of this report. This exhibit was displayed at Sacra- mento during the session of the 1915 legislature, at conferences of 16 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. health officers, and at immigration conferences in San Francisco, Oak- land, and Los Angeles. Many people have thus been reached or appealed to. There was considerable popular support of the amend- ments to the labor camp sanitation law passed by the legislature, and many unrequested indorsements of the work and hundreds of requests Another argument for screening ! The black dots on the dining table and on the canvas are flies–most of which were bred in manure piles in the camp. for information have been received. Several universities have listed the camp sanitation pamphlet for required reading in courses on sani- tation, and in a recently organized course in industrial hygiene at the State University this publication is being used as one of the texts. LABOR CAMP INSPECTION. 17 In order to emphasize the importance of this work, and as one of the best means of convincing people generally of the wisdom and neces- sity of continued effort and improvement, the following statements, regarding labor camp sanitation and the work of the Commission in that “it pays in dollars and cents’’ to maintain sanitary camps. Fly-covered corner of a stable tent, around which manure had collected for weeks. This mass of flies represents a tremendous potential power for spreading typhoid and other diseases. If the manure had been hauled away regularly there would have been few or no flies. this field, are printed. These statements should carry considerable weight with labor camp operators as, in most of them, it is pointed out 2–223:25 1S COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. Governor Hiram W. Johnson, in his message to the legislature in 1915 said, with reference to the work of this Commission: “In one direction alone it has accomplished results that, had it done nothing else, would have justified its creation, and justified many times its expenditures. The labor camps of the State of California were in many instances unfit for human habitation. The Commission on Immi- gration and Housing undertook a systematic inspection of these camps. Hundreds of them it has cleaned up and rendered sanitary. For more than 60,000 human beings the Commission has provided better and more sanitary places in which to live, and for this great work, so well performed, the Commission has the thanks not only of those who were unable to aid themselves and have benefited, but of the State at large.” Protection against flies. A semi-permanent, screened dining tent and kitchen fº. Built from plans in the Commission's advisory pamphlet (opposite page - The following are extracts from an article entitled “Happy Homes for Ranch Helpers in Our Land,” which appeared in the Los Angeles Daily Times on January 1, 1916: “An impetus was given to this general movement by the State Com- mission of Immigration and Housing, which has not been content merely to investigate conditions, but has done a most effective con- structive service by providing to any ranch owner who applied to it definite plans for cheap and sanitary bunkhouses, dining rooms, toilet facilities and methods of garbage disposal. “” “ ” Indeed, good accommodations pay in dollars and cents,’ was Mr. G. H. Hecke's (Woodland) reply to the question. ‘Look at LABOR CAMP INSPECTION. 19 my steady help. Even a number of migratory workers come year after year to report for harvest. * * * * “According to C. C. Teague, vice president and general manager of this ranch (Limoneira), good housing for the helpers pays in dollars and cents. ‘‘ ‘We get a better class of men,” says Mr. Teague. They stay longer and take more interest in their work.’ ” [And several more testi- monials to the same effect are quoted in the article.] III. The Chanslor-Canfield Midway Oil Company, of Los Angeles, recently made the following statement: “An insanitary labor camp is too risky for any employer of labor to maintain; it is not only a menace to himself, but may be of serious An orderly and efficient arrangement for connected dining room, kitchen, and com- missary or meat house. Built from plans suggested by the Commission. injury to others who can not help themselves. Outside entirely of the sentimental features, we believe it pays’ to provide good, sanitary, and comfortable quarters for the men in our camps, and it is our experience that they quickly respond. While we may not be able to show a specific number of dollars saved each month in doing this, we are satisfied, from a selfish and also from a humanitarian standpoint, that the company is ahead by the transaction, and the men better satisfied.” 20 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. IV. A communication from the McCloud River Lumber Company includes the following: “Our experience in maintaining sanitary labor camps has been very satisfactory in every sense of the word. We find that while there is probably no saving in the cost of equipment, we are able to maintain a steadier and higher grade type of men than where camps are not sanitary.” An inexpensive, but effective, method for screening a dining tent in a temporary construction camp. Constructed by carpenter from plans in the Commission's advisory pamphlet (opposite page 40), with slight modifications. V. The E. Clemens Horst Co., hop growers, and operators of many labor camps, recently wrote the Commission: “There is no doubt in our minds but that the efficiency, health, and good spirit of ranch employees is considerably increased by the main- tenance of model camps. From our experience we are convinced that it is a good investment on the part of the employer to maintain proper living conditions for the ranch laborers. “We beg to assure you of our hearty co-operation in any state-wide plans for further improvements.’’ LA BOR CAMP INSPECTION. 21 VI. The following statement was made by Mr. W. G. Stimmel with refer- ence to certain improvements in housing and sanitation made on the ranch of Leland Stanford Junior University near Vina, California, while he was manager there: “These improvements, while simple and inexpensive, paid a larger dividend in money in proportion to cost than almost any other improve- ment made during the same period. “The enemies to be met were the mosquito and the fly, and by thorough screening of the kitchens, outhouses and sleeping quarters, A more or less permanent dining room and kitchen on wheels, built in accordance with Commission's suggestions. Well screened and ventilated. and the free use of lime in garbage pits, and the like, we were able to reduce the number of cases of malaria by a very large per cent, and to practically entirely eliminate intestinal diseases. Before the inau- guration of these improvements, it was difficult, in the haying season, to keep full crews at work. For the past two years the volume of work done on this property was greatly increased and little difficulty was experienced in keeping the men well and in condition to perform their duties and crews were full-handed at all times.” VII. The following is rather a remarkable tribute to California, made in a letter to the Commission from Mr. Frederick L. Hoffman, author of several books on social and economic problems, and noted sociological expert and worker. Mr. Hoffman spent several weeks in the lumber and construction camps of northern California last summer and made a 22 comMission of IMMIGRATION AND Housing. thorough study of conditions—particularly of the system and methods employed by this Commission. After returning to the East Mr. Hoff- man sent the following formal communication or report concerning his investigations: “My general conclusions regarding the work of the Commission of Immigration and Housing were distinctly favorable. I was gratified to observe in my personal inspection of camps throughout northern California that a decided improvement in camp conditions has been secured, through the hearty and intelligent co-operation of large employers of labor with the officials of the Commission. What has been done in this respect in California should be followed without needless A permanent labor camp dining room, built in accordance with the Commission's suggestions. Well screened and well ventilated at a slight additional cost. delay in other states. Conditions at labor or construction camps are, as a rule, throughout the country, unsatisfactory. No other state has made progress in this respect comparable with California. The model plans, rules and regulations promulgated by your Commission are admirable and deserving of nation-wide consideration. “The men who are employed in the woods, or in construction work, or in seasonal fruit gathering, are entitled to be housed and cared for in conformity to modern sanitary requirements. What is done for them as a matter of justice is, however, certain to benefit in the long run the community as a whole. Proportionate to the results achieved, the expenses incurred must be considered reasonable. Your success is pri- marily to be attributed to the careful selection of your official staff. I am sure that my views are shared by the large employers of labor, and the large body of employees, who are much more familiar with the facts. It is sincerely to be hoped that other states will follow Cali- fornia in the adoption of corresponding methods of labor and construc- tion camp supervision and control.” LABOR CAMP INSPECTION. 23 (C) DISCUSSION OF STATISTICS. I. GENERAL. The statistical tables beginning at page 335 are divided into two groups. The four tables in Group I cover 107 camps inspected between Novem- ber 1, 1914, and July 1, 1915. Group II includes 663 camps inspected between July 1, 1915, and January 1, 1916. This group classification is necessary because, since the beginning of the fiscal year, on July 1, 1915, different and more detailed information has been collected on the reports of the camp inspectors. The legislature did not definitely decide to transfer the enforcement of the labor camp sanitation law to - - º º - zº A screened kitchen and dining tent—but millions of flies breed and feed in the open cess-pool A case where “the ounce of prevention," or a fly-tight cover, should have been used. this Commission until May, 1915, so it was decided not to enlarge the work or change the form of inspectors’ reports until the end of the fiscal year. Consequently the tables in Group I simply continue and add to the tables printed in the last annual report. Only a compara- tively small number of camps was inspected during this first half of the year because the available funds were not large, and because it was not certain that the legislature would approve of this Commission's continuing the work. Since the number of camps covered in Group I is not large, the facts brought out in the tables are not here enlarged upon or discussed. 24 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. Referring to all statistics collected since the work of labor camp inspection began, on April 10, 1914, it is interesting to note the follow- ing general facts: A total of 1,992 inspections and reports have been made, and 346 of these were reinspections made within a year from The filthy and fly-infested remains of a model, sanitary toilet. The boards were knocked off and used for firewood. Illustrates importance of regular inspection to require sanitary maintenance as well as construction. the time of the first inspection. (Any second inspection of a camp not made within a year after the first inspection is not classed as a rein- spection.) Temporary camps are constantly opening and closing, so it is not possible to say how many camps are actually operating at any one time, but a safe estimate from the information so far gathered LABOR CAMP INSPECTION. 25 would fix the number between 1,000 and 1,500, excluding labor forces on ranches and farms. A careful estimate shows that 1,400 different camps have been inspected. The total population shown in the tables of first inspections is 82,240. Of course there are many duplications in this total, because men are shifting from one temporary camp to another and many camps have been twice visited since April 10, 1914; Drinking water protected from contamination by covered tank with only a faucet opening. Temporary and con- stantly moving labor camp. but, counting the camps which have not been inspected, a very con- servative estimate of the total number of people living in labor camps, during all or most of the year, is 75,000 (exclusive of farm laborers). (a) Tables in Group II. It will be noticed that the tables in this group cover a much wider field than those in Group I or those in last year's report. The report blanks used by the inspectors since July 1, 1915, were prepared with the aim of gathering important data not alone concerning sanitary conditions but also concerning the economic, sociological, and educa- tional situation, as affecting both foreign and native-born residents in 3–22325 26 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. labor camps. Extreme care was exercised to have the inspectors get both uniform and accurate data on all points. Of course, reliance for much information had to be placed on the statements of superin- tendents and foremen, as a personal canvas of the entire crew in every A tomato-can shower bath in a dusty road construction camp—in a secluded creek bed—used daily by laborers. Wherever water is accessible such an improvised shower can be easily installed. camp was impossible, for in most instances the work is at some distance from the camp and the laborers are scattered. However, where inspec- tors had the least doubt concerning any information obtained, they were instructed to report “no data,” so it is felt that the statistics here com- piled are practically accurate. LABOR CAMP INSPECTION. 27 Table I, page 347, shows the make-up of the labor camp population. It is interesting to note that the total number of residents in these 663 camps (40,441) is greater than that in the 876 camps reported on in last year's report (36,846). This is due to the fact that more of the larger and more permanent camps, such as mines, were inspected this year, and practically all camps were operating at full capacity when inspected. The presence of 4,596 women and 4,064 children, together constituting about 21 per cent of the total camp population, proves that labor camp sanitation is not alone for the benefit of roving, migra- tory male workers. Women resided in 380 different camps, and were - - An ideal bathing pool built for laborers on a large ranch. A thing that “pays big returns"—according to both the owner and the men. employed in 196 camps—1,769 in hop picking and fruit canning, the remainder in the beet fields, or as cooks and waitresses in various camps. Only 9,405 laborers were skilled, 24,258 being unskilled. No reliable data on this point was obtainable in 36 camps. In connection with the data on wages in Table X, page 380, these figures have great significance. Over 70 per cent of the skilled workers were employed in oil, lumber and mining camps, so, if these three groups were eliminated, only 9 per cent of the remaining laborers were skilled. Of the 36,264 adult laborers employed, 6,948 were married—approxi- mately 19 per cent—and 3,376 of these were skilled. In other words, 35.8 per cent of the skilled workers were married, while only 14.7 per cent of the unskilled were married. It is also interesting to note that in 2S COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. the more permanent oil camps 40.5 per cent of the laborers were married, while in the beet, grape, highway and grading, railroad, and ranch camps, less than 10 per cent were married. Table II, page 349, indicates the general sanitary condition of the camps, according to the rating of the Commission. In comparing this table with Table II in last year's report, it must be noted that the standards applied in the rating this year are much higher than last. For instance, this year detailed reports have been added on garbage disposal, on four new details of toilets, on cesspools, kitchen drains, and some nine other details. Moreover, the law has been amended to cover some seven additional features, so the standards this year are approxi- mately 12 or 15 per cent higher. By applying last year's standards to - * º: == º - - - - -- - - - - tº allº!º Fºilſ |º º º º --- º º: A pile of garbage, manure and refuse in a permanent railroad camp in a suburb of a large city. Shows connection between labor camp sanitation and general health conditions—even in cities. the camps inspected this year, it has been rather carefully estimated that 46 per cent of the camps would be classed as “good,” 35 per cent as “fair,” and 19 per cent as “bad.” This shows a rather gratifying increase of 12.1 per cent in the percentage of “good” camps as com- pared with the total of last year, and a decrease of 11 per cent in the camps listed as “bad.” Even according to the much more strict rating this year there is an increase of 4.4 per cent in the number of “good” CampS. Another encouraging feature of Table II, page 349, is the fact that 51.3 per cent of the laborers (based on camp capacity) were housed in “good” camps, as compared with only 35.5 per cent shown in last year's report. This fact indicates that, as a class, the operators of LA BOR CAMP INSPECTION. 29 the larger camps are responding to the efforts of the Commission and are coming to recognize the advantages of model equipment. With reference to Table III, page 350, it is to be regretted that bath- ing facilities were available in only 420 of the 663 camps. The legis- lature would not amend the law so as to specifically require bathing facilities, so it seems to be difficult to persuade the operators to provide them. As proof that the workers appreciate this feature it was found that in only two out of 420 camps, where bathing facilities were avail- able, did the men use the facilities less frequently than once a week. In 208 camps the men used the baths daily; in 56, at least twice a week; in 123, weekly—with no data from 31 camps. These figures The Mexican labor camp problem in Southern California. Crowded, dirty sleeping quarters; uncovered garbage cans, and open sewage drain in foreground. should refute the time-honored argument that labor camp workers will not use baths and, therefore, employers should not be required to furnish them. Although Table III, page 354, shows that no toilets were provided in 52 camps, this is a marked improvement over last year, when in 114 out of 876 camps none were provided. Likewise, 159 filthy toilets were found as compared with 364 last year. Model sanitary toilets were found in 267 camps, and in 80 camps, flush toilets were provided. There were 187 violations of the section of the law which requires that all openings in the kitchens and dining quarters be screened, but last year 305 such instances were reported in 876 camps. There seems to be as much or more difficulty in enforcing the law with reference to garbage containers in camps as in cities or towns. No containers were 30 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. used in 108 camps. In 211 camps no covers were kept on containers, and in 136 camps garbage was disposed of in an entirely insanitary mannel". In 94 camps, kitchen waste water and garbage was thrown into run- ning streams in violation of the general health laws. These violations were reported to the State Board of Health. In 205 camps no pro- vision was made for disposal of kitchen drainage and, as a result, the ground near the kitchens was wet and fly-infested. No precautions were taken in 233 of the 430 camps with stables, to prevent flies breeding in manure piles. The legislature also refused to pass a specific amendment to strengthen the law in this respect, but it would seem that compulsion is necessary. - - - - - - - A short step in the right direction—sanitary toilet built from Commission's pamphlet plans, in Mexican railroad camp. But note dilapidated huts used as family dwellings. Much publicity has been given to the fly evil and practically all camp operators know that flies are mostly bred in manure piles, yet only 45 per cent of the operators of camps with stables, dispose of manure regularly and satisfactorily. The general conditions of sleeping quarters as shown in Table III, page 360, are not so good as they should be. This may be due to the very vague clause of the law with regard to this feature. At any rate 22 per cent of the camps failed to keep the sleeping quarters, in every particular, up to the standard set by the Commission. In 34 per cent of the camps there were no floors in the bunk houses or tents. In wet weather, this lack of wooden floors makes conditions unhealthful as well as uncomfortable. Moreover, in ten camps no bunks were furnished LABOR CAMP INSPECTION. 31 and the men were required to sleep on the ground. It is encouraging, however, to note that 71.9 per cent of all bunks were entirely sanitary— 40.8 per cent being steel bunks; 22.5, wooden; 8.6, both steel and wood. The tables dealing with things other than Sanitary conditions also disclose facts of great interest. Table IV, page 366, shows what a great bearing labor camp sanitation work has on raising or protecting the living standards of immigrants, and this table also indicates the size of the problem of immigrant assimilation in the State. Over 40 dif- ferent nationalities were represented and 45.7 per cent of the total population (or the 37,515, concerning whom information on this point was obtainable) of the camps were foreign born. It is noteworthy that the south European and Mexican immigrants totalled 10,751, or 62.7 per cent of all immigrants in the 663 camps. The 2,816 persons from Oriental countries were divided as follows: 1,786 Japanese, 643 Chinese, 387 East Indians. & It is disappointing to note in Table V, page 368, that there were only 1,786 naturalized foreign-born, or 10.4 per cent of the immigrant popu- lation. These figures are not absolutely accurate, as it was impossible to obtain data from every individual, but it is certain that less than 15 per cent of these immigrants have become citizens. This fact indicates the grave need for an “Americanization” movement or citizenship educa- tion, as discussed in the chapter on education, page 135. It is interest- ing to note that the percentage of naturalized immigrants runs highest in permanent camps. Permanency of work permits the acquisition of the necessary residence, and the generally better conditions an dsteadier employment seem to make for better citizenship—so it is to be hoped that the rapid “turn-over” in labor, shown in Table XVII, page 391, may be decreased. - - Table VI, page 369, indicates the extent of the padrone or ‘‘boss con- trol” system with reference to immigrants. It is difficult to obtain evi- dence of this practice, but in these 62 instances it was definitely proved. This system seriously interferes with assimilation or Americanization, for the immigrant is not only kept from Americanizing influences, but often the better standards of his own race are denied him. The padrone or leader, collects newly arrived countrymen and ‘‘farms them out” by groups. These immigrants live in isolation for months, and even years, at a time, seldom hearing English spoken, and depending entirely on the leader for money, food, and work. This is particularly true of East Indian and Japanese immigrants, and it is noteworthy that nearly half . of the instances of this system were in beet camps. The small number of padrones listed as East Indian is due to the fact that the workers are afraid to tell the inspectors of the system, and the employers are equally loath to admit it. - 32 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. HMNºuaſſºs | | - IT MEANS 10WERED EFFICIENCY, - - - - gowoºmbing Reproduction of one of fourteen large panels used by the Commission as an educational exhibit in housing and sanitation. Shows conditions found when labor camp inspection was first begun. Panel on opposite page shows º improved as a result of Commission's constructive suggestions and orders, LABOR CAMP INSPECTION. - 33 - nº lºº ºf commissionconvinciplies: MPIOWERS THAT THESECONDITIONSPAD , ARE YOU * CONVINCID? - - - IHEIAW REQUIRISDICENILIVINGCONDITIONS |NINIMINI HOUSES WHYNOINCAMPS2 - means Sakyist in Health. ºfficiºCyßlin Work! Reproduction of one of fourteen panels used by the Commission as an educational exhibit in housing and sanitation. Shows that it is possible and practicable to house laborers in sanitary and attractive quarters. Panel on opposite page shows conditions in some of these same camps before Commis- sion's sanitation campaign was undertaken. 34 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. In gathering the information tabulated in Table VII, page 370, it was found necessary to make two classifications. The first groups of figures in the table show the general attitude of employers as to whether they are actually unfavorable toward either native or foreign-born ; the third group shows actual preferences for different nationalities. The an- swers or statements made are listed by camps. It can be seen at a glance in what industries any particular nationality is preferred. For instance, in 63 out of 92 agricultural camps foreign-born laborers were preferred, while in oil camps native-born Americans were preferred in all instances but one. In every railroad camp foreign-born laborers were preferred. In 195 camps, the superintendents expressed no pref- Well lighted and well ventilated cabins in a newly established lumber camp. Whole camp laid out along model lines suggested in Commission's advisory pamphlet. erences. In 214 instances native-born laborers were preferred, and in 198 foreign-born were preferred. In 74 camps no information on this point could be obtained. Tables VIII and IX, pages 372 and 376, show the actual low and high wages, respectively, paid in the labor camps inspected. Table X, page 380, gives the average low and the average high wage, with a gen- eral average based on both. These tables have an important bearing on the general standards of living which obtain among these seasonal or migratory workers. It must be borne in mind that the average high wage is received by skilled workers, and that approximately only 28 per cent of all camp labor is skilled. Therefore the average low wage of $2.21 applies among 72 per cent of the entire number of workers in labor camps. LABOR CAMP INSPECTION. 35 Moreover, Tables XI and XII, pages 381 and 383, showing the cost of board and lodging, throw further light on the average net earnings of the laborers. The average cost of board was approximately 70 cents a day. (In only 29 camps was there any charge for lodging.) Deduct- ing this amount from the average wage of $2.21 the net earning or wage is $1.51 per day. It is significant that the lowest wages were paid in railroad and beet camps, which rank very low as to sanitation and living conditions, and the highest wages were paid in the oil camps, which rank high in this connection. Table XIII, page 385, gives a summary of all the data which it was possible to collect on the question as to how many immigrants send Orderly and attractive permanent quarters for Mexican laborers at a cement plant. Contrast with Mexican labor camp quarters shown in pictures on pages 29 and 30. money back to their native country. There were laborers in 150 camps who did so dispose of all or a portion of their earnings. In about 100 camps the approximate number of these immigrants was obtained and the total is 802. However, this data is acknowledgedly incomplete. It is interesting to note that many superintendents frankly stated that they did not think the laborers could save enough from their seasonal and irregular earnings to send anything “home.” Table XIV, page 386, as well as the following tables, also Table V, page 368, are of great importance with relation to the problem of the education of children and adult immigrant education, discussed in chapter III, page 138. It is significant that many of the permanent camps, in which there are many children, are located at a great distance 36 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. from any school—for instance, 25 lumber camps were more than ten miles from a school. Of other camps, 43 were between five and ten miles from a school and 79 were between three and five miles. Table XV, page 388, shows that children of school age in 53 camps did not attend school, and in only five camps were there any classes for the instruction of either children or adults. These statistics indicate that under the present educational system many children do not receive prescribed instruction, and thousands of immigrants are cut off from any Americanizing or educational influences. Table XV, page 388, also shows that illiterate immigrants were reported in 100 camps. It was most difficult to collect information on - - - Well lighted and well ventilated bunk house, with connected shower and wash room in foreground. this subject. The test applied was the ability to read and write in some language, and in many instances the only fact by which an inspector could determine the point was the ability of immigrants to sign their names. A personal canvass of the entire working force was obviously impossible. The total of 942 illiterate immigrants must be regarded as an indication rather than an approximation. At least the figures are very conservative. Table XVI, page 390, likewise gives very low and conservative fig- ures. Yet it is rather startling to notice that 4,371 adult immigrants were found who could speak no English. Of the 73 per cent who could speak some English, many could only speak enough to make !, ABOR CAMP INSPECTION. 37 themselves understood when seeking work or making purchases, and most of them could not read or write English. Perhaps there is even a more serious significance in the fact that 231 children of these foreign- born laborers could not speak the English language. This indicates that not even the second generation is being assimilated or American- jzed in these isolated communities. Table XVII, page 391, contains information concerning the rapid turn-over of labor—perhaps the most serious phase of the migratory labor problem in California. As is indicated in the headings of the table, the turn-over is indicated with reference to monthly periods, because Permanent bunk house for ranch laborers. All windows screened, and screened dining porch. Steady crews of workers remain on this ranch for years at a stretch —and the superintendent gives the credit to the living quarters. many camps do not run for a full year. Thus the percentages shown are the percentages of the total working force that dropped out each month and had to be replaced each month. The percentages are extremely conservative because no data were recorded on this point unless the information was accurate, moreover, many foremen hesitate to give the total number of men that leave each month, because they seem to fear that fault will be found with them or that they will be suspected of splitting fees with employment agencies. In the railroad camps it is rather startling to note that 101.7 per cent of the working force dropped out each month and had to be replaced—in other words, to maintain a steady force of 783 men it was necessary to employ 796 different men each month, or approximately 9,500 different men during 3S COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. the year. In highway and grading camps this percentage was 78; in construction camps, 45 per cent. Opposed to these extremes, only 48 per cent, or less than one half of one per cent, dropped out and had to be replaced each month, in the oil camps. That the rapid labor turn-over noted above is not entirely due to the temporary character of the work is proved by the results noted in Table XVII, page 391, from beet and mining camps, for the work in these particular camps was largely of a continuous or permanent charac- ter. At any rate, there seems to be a rather clear connection between Newly erected bunk house in permanent mining camp. Note rubbish cans provided as result of Commission's inspection. sanitation and permanency or steadiness of employment. That insani- tary camps make for a rapid turn-over is evidenced by the following facts: Of the total working forces in beet camps, 33.7 per cent were housed in camps listed “bad,” and the percentage of turn-over in beet camps was 33.1 per cent per month; 53.5 per cent of the working forces in highway and grading camps lived in “bad” camps, and the turn- over percentage was 78 per cent; 68 per cent of railroad workers were in “bad” camps, and the turn-over was 101.7 per cent. A detailed examination of the insanitary features in individual camps where there was a large turn-over, points to the same connection between camp con- ditions and turn-over. LABOR CAMP INSPECTION. 39 Moreover it is noticeable that a low rate of wages prevailed in camps where there was a large turn-over, and this economic pressure may be a contributing cause. In the beet camps, referred to in the above para- graph, the unskilled laborer received a net return of $1.384 per day, in highway and grading $1.51, and in ranch camps $1.35. Finally, the bearing of the seasonal character of the industries here represented on the habits of the workers must be mentioned as a factor in this turn-over problem. It is generally conceded that this irregu- Permanent bunk houses being erected in a lumber camp at time of second visit by the Commission's inspector. The old quarters had been overcrowded and poorly ventilated. larity of employment tends to produce a corresponding irregularity in the habits of the seasonal laborers. If greater regularity of employ- ment could be brought about, by a scientific rotation of crops in agri- cultural industries, and in other ways, this cause for a wasteful labor turn-over could be largely eliminated. II. REINSPECTION. Table XVIII, page 391, shows the results of reinspections in 118 camps between July 1, 1915, and January 1, 1916. It must again be noted that these were the second inspections made only between these dates, and that a visit to a camp which had already been inspected previous to July 1, 1915, was not classed as a reinspection. Compar- atively few camps were reinspected because, as stated before in this 40 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. chapter, the aim was to again cover a large field and do extensive edu- cational work. The intensive work will begin during the coming S08,SOIl. - - - .. The results are encouraging—especially the fact that 72, or 62.1 per cent of the camps reinspected, had been brought entirely up to the minimum standard set by the Commission. Moreover, improvements had been made in 83, or 70.4 per cent of the camps, and only 18 camps had retrograded. Of the 118 camps reinspected, 71 had been classed as only “fair” or “bad” on first inspection, and reinspections were purposely made in territory where some of the worst camps were located. A more comprehensive view of what labor camp inspection has accomplished is to be found on pages 23 to 31, where the results of two years’ work are discussed. - Advisory Pamphlet OIL Camp Sanitation and Housing Commission of Immigration and Housing of California Underwood Building, 525 Market Street San Francisco, Cal. Commission of Immigration and Housing of California UNDERWOOD BUILDING 525 MARKET STREET, SAN FRANCISCO COMMISSIONERS : SIMON J. LUBIN, President, Sacramento MOST REV. EDWARD J. HANNA, D.D., Vice President, San Francisco MRS, FRANK A. GIBSON, Los Angeles J. H. McBRIDE, M.D., Pasadena PAUI, SCHARRENBERG, Secretary, San Francisco. GEO. L. BELL, Attorney and Earccutive Officer LABOR CAMP INSPECTION. 41 CONTENTS. To OWNERS AND SUPERINTENDENTS OF LABOR CAMPS ------------------ CAMP SANITATION------------------------------------------------- I. LOCATION OF CAMP----------------------------------------- II. LAYOUT OF CAMP------------------------------------------ III. WATER SUPPLY--------------------------------------------- IV. TENTS AND BUILDINGS-------------------------------------- V. KITCHEN AND MESS HOUSE--------------------------------- VI. GARBAGE AND REFUSE DISPOSAL----------------------------- VII. TOILETS ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– VIII. BATIIING FACILITIES---------------------------------------- IX, TOWELS -------------------------------------------------- X, FLIES AND MANURB---------------------------------------- XI. MOSQUITOES AND MALARIA---------------------------------- XII. SANITATION SERVICE.----------------------------------------g CAMP PLACARD--------------------------------------------------- INDEX ----------------------------------------------------------- November, 1915. Fourth Revised Edition. comMission of IMMIGRATION AND Housing OF CAL | FORN IA - Underwood Building, 525 Market Street - San Francisco, California Telephone : Sutter 1677 . § / & Gorčige Can Žºrea, Garbage l 3. ! , 5. Zikr" awaz & * , 4es, at , Fºr ę t OGarbage Can - § ,” t & ever.s.º. ry º ,” Jzzzewog (247°rzeg, \ Xy, *Jews ſº \ ogerøe Can iſiſ eCo .* N ſ DF | __ e \ º T | T e | ſ —ºz’ rºs,” 2^ ſº º g * & ! § - - - **--— ; : - > → t & * t / sº cºn; rurvoje r Cººf * M open '. 2. * / § > ** 57/./J AA/Yoy/)7%/2 J.*/ Jºe e.g. / Y. e AT/G / A. suggested layout for model camp, wherever natural situation permits. It is wise to choose high ground for sleeping quarters and dining-room. Toilets and baths should be at a convenient distance from tents. least 500 feet distant from living Quarters. Corrals and animal enclosures should be at LABOR. CAMP INSPECTION. 43 TO OWNERS AND SUPERINTENDENTS OF LABOR CAMPS. On August 3, 1913, a riot occurred on a hop ranch near Wheatland. The Commission of Immigration and Housing after a thorough investi- gation of the causes which led up to the riot, determined that probably the most important contributory factor was the poor housing and Sani- tary accommodations afforded the workers. Further investigation made it clear that the Wheatland hop ranch conditions were not exceptional, but that similar insanitary housing conditions prevail pretty generally throughout the labor camps in the State. - Our contact with the employers of labor made it clear to us that the undesirable sanitation was not the result of intentional carelessness but rather a relic of early California days when Our people were good naturedly willing to put up with almost any housing conditions. Where we have suggested improvements in housing or sanitation, we have met with hearty cooperation on the part of every camp owner. * In our desire to be of the greatest possible help to the owner of the labor camp and to the man who must live in it, we have thought it wise to submit in the form of a pamphlet certain suggestions pertain. ing to the housing of men in camps. This pamphlet has been prepared under the direct supervision of the Chief Sanitary Engineer of the Commission, J. J. Rosenthal, who has received helpful suggestions from the following authorities: Colonel R. G. Ebert, Department Surgeon, Western Department, United States Army. - W. A. Sawyer, M. D., Director of the Hygienic Iaboratory of the California State Board of Health. William B. Herms, Assistant Professor of Parasitology, University of Cali- fornia, and Officer in charge of Malaria Investigations, California State Board of Health. Dr. George W. Shaw, Consulting Agriculturist and Land Expert. Symmes, Means & Chandler, Agricultural Engineers. These experts have formally expressed their approval of the scheme of this pamphlet and of the several recommendations made therein. The legislature of 1915 amended the Labor Camp Sanitation law, making it much stronger and entrusting the enforcement of the law to the Commission of Immigration and Housing. The Commission will not hesitate to use this new power when necessary, but it is still our desire to bring about better and sanitary conditions in labor camps by means of cooperation rather than by coercion. If any portions of this pamphlet are not perfectly clear to you, or if you have a problem in housing or sanitation which we do not cover herein, we invite you to write to our San Francisco office stating your difficulty. Your inquiry will have the personal attention of our Engineering Department. And if we can not handle your problem satisfactorily through the mail, we shall willingly send a personal representative at no expense to you. COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING OF CALIFORNIA, Underwood Building, 525 Market Street, San Francisco 5 † i fººt-º--~~ 312- * @ ~2 2× 2^ (aſ 2 - 2 alº Ç →º .* :- zºn A I • ‘S) - L3/ZZZ.4%//WZY 22/2 By thr/fouse . . -4/ - • £atrº \\ w <-> CŞ $6 –2/4_3&IDſº-ſºlz- Prents E - - ho) 3rarz ///or” (uctſ cons/uch Lyºu” office * #eer rine Art cene";3° oº: ceree e Caº Wº: carter:” h Kitche” § º ==2,3,...an, © Q3 7tess tº Ö § - § Corro/ K. 9 © 7-ovgh rwater Zravy © • * * G © g-lºw- E. '', - 3. SAome © W-ſº l—º: cº o - ...” W" yº.” TſūTTDſ) - --~~ Aðrn G} 4 * - 7ents The layout of the State Highway Construction Camp at Shingle Springs, standardized by the Commission. Sleeping Cruarters, kitchen and dining tent are located on high ground. Corral is 500 feet away from tents. TABOR, CAMP INSPECTION. 45 CAMP SANITATION AND HOUSING. Forevvord. A sanitary camp means an increase in the willingness and efficiency of the labor. Suppose a camp of 200 men with a pay roll of $400.00 per day; if living conditions are bad and the sleeping accommodations make a reasonable night’s rest impossible, if the food is fly infested, and the toilets unclean and revolting, the men become disgruntled and dis- satisfied and some become sick. Experience has shown that often under such conditions there will be a 25 per cent loss of working efficiency, or a loss per day of $100.00, or $3,000.00 per month. The sum of $10.00 per day or $300.00 per month will cover easily the cost of good sanita- tion. This camp therefore can save $2,700.00 per month by installing model living conditions, and do away with the serious handicap of an ever-quitting force. Few employers of unskilled labor realize their loss through the ‘‘soldiering” of discontented workers. Petty strikes and a labor force continually quitting, both frequent products of bad camp conditions, often increase the cost of the work beyond the profit. Practically all disease-carrying house flies breed in manure piles, kitchen refuse, garbage and human excrement. Flies carry typhoid, dysentery, diarrhea and other intestimal diseases from human excrement to the food, thus spreading disease among the laborers and employers. Dispose of these breeding and feeding places and you dispose of flies. Dispose of flies and you dispose of one of the main causes of camp sickness. Therefore, it is not only to the interest of humanity, but to your own interest to have a sanitary and “livable’’ camp. I. Location of Camp. 1. Every camp should be located on well drained ground. Low places, swamps and wet areas should be avoided, on account of both the discomfort attached to wet quarters and the possibility of affording breeding places for malaria-bearing mosquitoes. II. Layout of Camp. 1. Tents and portable houses should be arranged in rows so that the surroundings can be kept clean easily. 2. The kitchen, mess and commissary houses should be at least 100 feet from the sleeping quarters. 7 46 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. 3. The stable, sheep corral and chicken coops should be at least 600. feet from the kitchen and mess house, and at least 500 feet from the sleeping quarters. - 4. The toilets should be placed at least 75 feet from the sleeping quarters and 200 feet from the kitchen and mess house. 5. If incinerators for kitchen garbage are used, they should be located near the kitchen. - 6. The hospital tent or house should be 200 feet from the kitchen and mess tent, and 75 feet from the sleeping quarters. Figure 1 (page 4) shows a suggested layout of a model camp. Figure 2 (page 6) shows the layout of the State Highway Construc- tion Camp at Shingle Springs, standardized by the Commission. . Figure 3 (page 10) shows the main camp layout of the Durst Bros. hop ranch at Wheatland, planned by the Commission. III. - Water Supply. - - 1. A plentiful supply of wholesome water for drinking and bathing should be supplied. - - - 2. In every case, the supply must be absolutely free from Organic contamination. ‘. 3. Ground water supplies from wells should be covered at the top, to insure against surface pollution. Water tanks should be carefully covered. Intakes in streams or springs should be covered and screened, and they should be cleaned out weekly. - 4. Old Wells in questionable positions with reference to surface drainage should be condemned and, whenever there are no wells free from pollution upon a permanent camp site, new wells should be sunk. 5. Whenever it is necessary to erect a camp at a place where the only water available is known to be contaminated or is even of ques- tionable quality, such water should be purified by boiling. 6. All privy vaults and cesspools should be at least 200 feet from the water supply and so located that pollution is impossible. - Figure 4 (page 11) shows how a well may become polluted by the contents of a privy vault. - Figure 5 (page 11) shows how a well located on high ground may be polluted by the contents of a cesspool lower down. Figure 6 (page 11) shows how a cesspool located on high ground may fail to pollute a well lower down. 7. Frequent analyses of the water in use should be made to assure the water’s purity. * 8. If drinking water is kept in a barrel, the barrel should be cleaned frequently. The water should be drawn from this barrel by a faucet, and a tight cover kept on the barrel to prevent men from dipping in with a cup and also to prevent insects from entering. 9. The use of individual drinking cups should be encouraged among the employees. 8 1_ABOR CAMP INSPECTION. 47 IV. - Bunk Tents and Houses. 1. The tents or portable houses or the more permanent wooden bunk houses used for sleeping quarters, must afford at least 500 cubic feet of air for each person, in conformity with state law, unless there is some permanently open means of ventilation, such as a complete Open side of the tent, or building, or permanent open ends or permanent opening at the top. These openings must be large enough to insure a continued supply of fresh air. The crowding of bunks should be avoided since the floor space is thereby diminished and the air supply obstructed. 2. If wooden bunk houses are used, there should be ample window space. Doors and windows should be screened in warm weather, to protect the occupants from flies and mosquitoes. 3. There should be proper drainage around the tents and buildings, to keep the floors dry. In winter camps, tents and buildings should have wooden floors at least 12 inches above the ground. 4. Floors in bunk houses or tents should be swept at least twice a week. Dry sweeping should be discouraged. 5. It is strongly recommended that iron bunks be used. These are easily made vermin proof and are acknowledged to be much more com- fortable than straw bunks. But if bunks with straw bedding are used, the straw or hay should be changed at least once a week. 6. In winter camps and in all other camps where the men work in damp or wet surroundings racks for drying clothes should be built over the stoves in the bunk houses. - Standard Sizes of Tents, Showing Number of Occupants Permitted. e Number of Number of Size of tent .. § Size of tent . . § 7 x 93------------ 3 1 18 x 20------------ 5 6 98 x 93------------ 3 1 18 x 24------------ 5 7 93 x 12------------ 3 1. 18 x 30------------ 5 9 93 x 14------------ 3 1 18 x 35------------ 5 10 12 X 12------------ 3% 2 18 X 40------------ 5 12 12 x 14------------ 3% 2 20 x 24------------ 5 8 12 X 16------------ 3# 2 20 x 30------------ 5 10 12 x 18------------ 3# 2 20 x 35------------ 5 11 14 X 14------------ 4 3 20 X 40------------ 5 13 14 X 16------------ 4 3 20 x 50------------ 5 16 14 X 16------------ 3 3 24 x 30------------ 6 14 14 x 18------------ 4 3 24 x 35------------ 6 16 14 x 20------------ 4 4 24 x 40------------ 6 18 14 x 24------------ 4 4 24 x 50------------ 6 23 16 X 16------------ 5 4 24 x 60------------ 6 27 16 x 18------------ 5 4 30 X 40------------ 6 25 16 X 20------------ 5 5 30 x 50------------ 6 32 16 X 24------------ 5 6 30 X 60------------ 6 38 16 x 30------------ 5 7 30 x 70------------ 6 44 16 x 35------------ 5 9 30 X 75------------ 5 44 18 x 18------------ 5 5 30 x 84------------ 5 48 4—223:25 § º . C. ETI D., _2^ [...] D . . [] . DJ * - i # Aº Aºzº. Zaºy & Arear Waareareſ Z ºran- & 7' 3} f *—a-—t º g y := aº o Aº - $ - * ... p aſ: * Lº t &n & 9 © 42, 69 69 Kī H ETI ETI ED 's - § iſ ET f ET T | . & Q 4. Kºssº e & © e © © & | E[] |# E[] e * ºf * H — § § * l— ––’ º *S. —"; † Gy § º &A g g © ſº © © § —H. TE [ESET, . - st- + & * º §: - * o.” S THEHEI *, * - - § |EE [EEE *| | © **ºf # '? |.e. § Ç rº-ºr= @ : *—— & a 3. [LE * EE § - | &:...) g § $ s n & ſ}* : r— Ø § ‘. . s s © * . 4? as awry ET - Aſocºsa . § A. ARC2AFAWA) * ***ai) & - 69 Oursaoa Cºas. - - \s Kº e tº Aſroºvyrºr. . . *ET s * © Jaaee Zºeer. : § * sº § E[] ÉÉ ET o © - @.. © & © Q e 63 Ø H t" > & *. © ~g S. flº S. § - ū R *: - & * - - 22'0 'O' Laoo I_25 o' Goſ 22'OTT/30"Taz'o' r *_e ºf . ſº-T-Tzoor' _//A/Y CA/A ar. gºzár, º - -52'a. 4472/ey/º3. zºº - - - - - a E * * *6 "ea o 'E a Qi) • E *@* a "3" = ~ *E. e. ***-* A/G 3 - -zz Wºº-J #- * * * - sº The main camp layout of the Durst Bros. hop ranch at Wheatland, planned by the Commission. The tents are arranged in military style, in blocks, with sufficient distance between tents. Water is piped, and hydrants are provided in the streets. Garbage cans are in the alleys. Toilets are on east and west side of camp, near enough for convenience, but not too close. Men’s and women’s showers are about 140 feet from the camp. - TABOR, CAMP INSPECTION. 49 Table (page 9) gives the standard sizes of tents, showing the number of occupants permitted in each tent. Figure 7 (page 12) shows a 16 x 20 crowded tent occupied by 17 persons. This tent contained double deck bunks, each occupant having about 120 cubic feet of air. This bad condition existed in one of the camps before it was standardized by the Commission. AT/G 4 - . ... weier **) * * * * }} | . . . . / wizº, - - - tri--- . . ; AT/G 6 es A/Orº - º r& & 2.32 &///7/3 aſ 4 &J.34°oot 40rº 20m/ſ. water 3300/ AT/G 5 Figure 4 shows how a well may become polluted by the contents of a privy vault. Figure 5 shows how a well located on high ground may be polluted by the contents of a cesspool lower down. Figure 6 shows how a cesspool located on high ground may fail to pollute a well lower down. Figure 8 (page 13) shows a 10 x 26 triple deck bunk car, crowded with 19 persons, each having about 95 cubic feet of air. This also existed in one of the camps before it was corrected by the Commission. Figure 9 (page 14) shows a 16 x 20 tent with 5 single bunks, each occupant having 500 cubic feet of air. This model arrangement is the result of the Commission’s work in changing the conditions shown in Figure 7. 1 L 50 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. V. Kitchens, Mess Tents and Houses. 1. Mess and cook tents or houses must have all openings screened and the doors should have spring hinges, coils or some other arrange- ment to close them automatically. Figure 10 (page 14) shows a non-flyproof dining tent, as the Com- mission found it, where thousands of flies entered and infested the food. Conditions of this nature will in the end bring an epidemic of typhoid, dysentery, or other intestinal diseases to camps. Figures 11 and 12 (pages 15 and 17) show the exterior and interior of another dining tent and kitchen as remodeled by the Commission. A 16 by 20 crowded tent occupied by seventeen persons. This tent contained double deck bunks, each occupant having about 120 cubic feet of air. This bad con- dition existed in one of the camps before it was standardized by the Commission. The seating capacity of this mess tent was increased from 80 to 130; and the cost of remodeling same at the State Highway Camp, Shingle Springs, was as follows: 1266 board feet lumber at $16 per thousand------____________________ $20 26 243 square feet black wire screen at $0.018___________________________ 3 16 One tent fly 25 x 26 feet--------------------- 23 75 Hardware _____________________________________________________________ 1 50 Labor 25 00 Total $73 67 Figure 13 (page 16) shows a model dining tent (knock-down system), for 52 persons. 12 LABOR CAMP INSPECTION. 51 The bill of material for this mess tent and kitchen as shown in Figure 13 (page 16) is as follows: 30 pieces 2" x 4"–14' Oregon pine studs. 9 pieces 2" x 4"–16" Oregon pine plates. 14 pieces 2" x 4"– 9 Oregon pine rafters. 7 pieces 2" x 4"–12' Oregon pine rafter ties. 3 pieces 2" x 4"–16" Oregon pine ridge. 5 pieces 2" x 4"–10 Oregon pine rafters over vestibule. 6 pieces 2" x 6"-20 redwood mud sills. 45 pieces 1" x 12"–10' redwood boards. 48 pieces 1" x 8"–10' redwood battens. 12 pieces 1" x 6"—10' redwood over screen. 70 pieces 1" x 6"-7" Oregon pine tongue and groove for vestibule. 12 pieces 1" x 12"–10' Oregon pine s. 1 s., for shelving. 2 pieces 1" x 12"–16" redwood for gable ends. 2 stock doors 2' 6" x 6' 6" x 13”. 2 screen doors 2' 6" x 6' 6". 1 stock door 3' 0" x 6' 6" x 11". 1 screen door 3' 0" x 6' 6". 500 square feet galvanized or copper wire screen. 900 square feet canvas for tent covering. 6 pair 6" strap hinges for doors. 6 spring coils 12" or 14" for doors. 7 ridge connections marked “A,” and 14-g" x 5” bolts. 8 corner connections marked “B,” and 8–g" x 3" bolts. 14 rafter connections marked “C,” and 28–3" x 5” bolts. 4 " x 5” bolts for stud connections. 75 square feet 2-ply Malthoid, or equal, roofing, or 9–5 sheets corrugated galvanized iron. The estimated cost of this mess tent and kitchen is as follows: San Francisco Sacramento lºresno Los Angeles Material sum 35 sign ºg sing sº $117 35 Labor 5000 5500 5000 40 00 Total si6, 65 sis; 72 $216.86 sº 00 A 10 by 26 triple deck bunk car, crowded with nineteen persons, each having about 95 cubic feet of air. This also existed in one of the camps before it was corrected by the Commission. 13 - 52 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. A 16 by 20 tent, with 5 single bunks, each occupant having 500 cubic feet of air. This model, arrangement is the result of the Commission's work in changing the conditions shown in Figure 7 --- A non-fly proof dining tent, as the Commission found it, where thousands of flies entered and infested the food. Conditions of this nature will in the end bring an epidemic of typhoid, dysentery or other intestinal diseases to camps. 14 LABOR CAMP INSPECTION. 53 2. The kitchen and mess-house should be thoroughly cleaned at least once a week, and the floor should be swept daily. Dry sweeping should be discouraged. 3. All persons engaged in cooking and handling the food should be carefully examined, with particular attention as to whether or not they have suffered from typhoid fever or tuberculosis within recent years. A recent official investigation into a typhoid outbreak of 93 cases at Hanford, traced the infection to food which had been contaminated during preparation by a woman recently recovered from typhoid. Mild or ambulatory cases of typhoid fever are frequently unrecog- - Exterior of dining tent and kitchen, after remodeled by the Commission. nized by a layman and are then as dangerous for infection as the Severer cases. Typhoid infection very frequently takes place in the labor camps because persons preparing the food are “typhoid carriers.” It is of record that certain persons though entirely recovered from typhoid have remained carriers and distributors of the germs for years. The excreta and urine of such a person, who is a carrier of typhoid infection, is full of thousands of germs. If a fly reaches this excreta, his wings and feet are covered with a multitude of these virulent germs and if he touches food, the new infection of a healthy person is completed. This is the medical reason for screened toilets and an efficient disposal of manure and garbage. Undoubtedly every large California labor camp, practically without exception, has its typhoid carrier or carriers. 15 54 COMMISSION OF IMIMIGRATION AND EIOUSING. Jºcree/7 Ze/a/ & (azºc/87 Fºliº. Joak-Zwo- Jeºry of Kø//ar Chaatſon • ------- iſ Cººer we ſcreer /*A /2-44 2/r ar (7.2/r ar. f/6 or &/er ſcºre4 Cººer weree, ſ dairls r Z; Jºe, | | ŽZ ZZZVZ///7 - | | //ASS Awo(00/(7A/W7:///06////0///JXſ/AM - Z/3+0" Jºo-O" tº I &rary 2-&azz:34:42%ar & Scree/2 p" w = * T- —I IL- - --- |ºlºis; II: Isºzzº §§ { - | ; ! 7 473/12: 26.22% | | - E---------------------- j || “. * l JFHF S . 42'22–ZZZZ § 2\} : X& s 52 Jºy &zozó. §§Misſie): H-Hº--- ---~~~~ – s | 7TAZAZZ : º R |----------------------- — — — § tº… Eizzºzzi------ +E Connesººn I C * - . -> -r—º S. Aid: 3%k, ben/ 323 Boſé. - S; T *) A-ZA/y of //E55 7A/y7. fº P/7/7 E/e}aſo/ A/G /3 Z://Z (???//?&//c/70/y'P A model dining tent (knock-down system), for fifty-two persons. 18 LABOR CAMP INSPECTION. 55 4. Any person afflicted with a communicable disease should be kept away from the kitchen and messhouse. 5. In the case of cooks, helpers and waiters, absolute cleanliness of person and clothes should be insisted upon. 6. All perishable food supplies should be protected from putrefaction and insects. In remote localities where ice can not be obtained, a small screen inclosure should be built in the shade and covered with burlap or canvas which should be kept wet in warm weather. This will keep fresh, meats, eggs, butter, milk, etc. 7. Cooks and waiters should be instructed to keep the screen doors and windows closed. Refusal to comply with these instructions should be cause for dismissal. Interior of dining tent, after remodeled by the Commission. VI. - Garbage and Refuse Disposal. 1. Kitchen garbage and refuse must be kept in fly-proof covered containers, preferably metal, until permanently disposed of. Such containers should be emptied at least once in two days. 2. Fly-tight receptacles should be provided convenient to the sleeping quarters, for the collection of wastes, such as paper, cast-off clothing, etc. 3. Garbage and kitchen waste water must not be emptied or drained into rivers or streams. Such pollution of running water is in violation of chapter 374 of the Statutes of 1913. Drains for kitchen wastes must be carefully enclosed. 4. All garbage should be disposed of either by incineration, by bury- ing, or by feeding to hogs. (Hogs, allowed to roam at large in a camp. constitute a serious menace to health. They should be kept in pens at a considerable distance from the kitchen–preferably 400 or 500 yards.) Garbage should not be fed to chickens, as they will not consume it all, thus affording fly breeding and feeding places. 17 5–223.25 56 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. 5. Incinerators for the burning of garbage and wastes can be easily and cheaply constructed. persons. Figure 14 shows a chimney type incinerator for a camp of 2,000 This can be built of rock, cobblestones or old brick by un- skilled labor. Such an incinerator can be built for about $30.00, provided material is available on the ground. For a permanent camp the incinerator should be built of either con- Crete or brick and lined with fire brick. The bill of material for the above incinerator is as follows: 800 fire brick. Brick Type. 2,500 common brick. 1,800 pounds grate bars or old rails. 36 cubic feet excavation. ºsmº 40"Zam. .. /5° -— .5%)" 2-2:/Z"//zrºſs 2%. 63/3/34 Common Órºt \ t § 4, - § — — — — — — — — — — — — — — . - . g - —--— — — —––––––––––– 4azkewoº/ºr Jº Mºrof 4/27. 44&V.7/727-28/07/20/2&72& #"-/o" /3" 44%m ** k 6ſ wº - & 0ſ! Æræk § l º £) j zzozek/mºl. S ...E:--ºr rºl" (hº 2 s Arezzok/º º #'ſ d 2-º N ãºy, alſº l - - - - ſº º # !." tº § wº N * %. N 04/affort/evo /oa e e-zºs §ſ s: § 4:4. § TT 7"." T L. . . º. § *** = ** º sº*% SS :sº ZSº § sº Ş. * - .* º * N *Tº Tºrº. 77* I dºo" ºf 3.3- T 2.22:27.2% /24/7 n _2%x ZºoZºo<- ! i 42/.2%24/7/224. 4%.2%/2/hizé//zak CZZ///////08-&Y 7%. A/67. / 2. A chimney, type incinerator for a camp of 2,000 persons. rock, cobblestones or old brick by unskilled labor. for about $30.00, provided material is available on t This can be built of Such an incinerator can be built he ground. 18 LABOR & INSPECTION. 57 Concrete Type. 24 cubic feet excavation. 128 cubic feet concrete. 120 pounds reinforcing Steel. 800 fire brick. 1,800 poundS grate bars Or Old rails. Platform Material. 4 pieces 4” x 4"—7’ redwood postS. 2 pieces 4” x 4”—6’ redwood girders. 115 lineal feet 2" x 6" Oregon pine joists and braces. 30 lineal feet 2" x 12” Oregon pine plank floor. 20 lineal feet 2" x 12" redwood Stair Stringers. 30 lineal feet. 2” x 12" redwood Stair treads. 44 lineal feet 2" x 4” Oregon pine braces and supports. 9 lineal feet 2" x 3” Oregon pine, S. 4 S., hand rail. 4 gº" x 5” bolts. - 10 pounds 200 nails. The estimated cost of this incinerator as shown in Figure 14 is as follows: San Francisco Sacramento I'resno Los Angeles Brick type— - Material --------------------— — — — — — — — $74 80 $83 40 $86 20 $70 20 Labor ------------------------------- 56 70 63 00 64 00 50 00 Total ----------------------------- $131 50 $146 40 $150 20 $120 20 Concrete type— Material ---------------------------- $69 10 $89 90 $94 30 $67 35 Labor ------------------------------- y 65 90 70 00 73 00 45 50 Total ----------------------------- $135 00 $15990 $167 30 $112 85 Figure 15 (page 20) shows a stack type incinerator for a camp of 150 people. The pan shown is 8 inches in depth and is used to evapo- rate liquid slops, while the solid garbage is placed on top of the fuel. By treating the liquid thus separately, a great deal of fuel is saved. Bill of material is as follows: Brick Type. 144 fire brick. 330 COmmon brick. 20 cubic feet excavation. 225 pounds of old rail or grate bars. 22 square feet No. 24 galvanized iron for stack. Concrete Type. 20 cubic feet concrete. 144 fire brick. 20 cubic feet excavation. 225 pounds. Old rails or grate bars. 22 Square feet No. 24 galvanized iron for Stack. 1 piece Wrought iron plate, 26 x 26 inches. 21 Square feet sheet metal for pan. 19 58 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. Qaſ /2 oz ºf 24 Azzº-º/8 ſºon Woukh//ran * C/272.2/ Yº Z |- /#over/ow Ayaſa % *—— Hé º F. - ÖNZ$3. º Fre &rAZ”y § ÄZSZSZŽ Šºš > SZS2 Nº SZ2&SS $ZSZ Zo/7. %zz/J2c2%22 *- &O" st –––– E – – – F – H S *-* - - - - mº, # = a- - - | | | S| • | 7%a:#43roo ! > y S 1 | | | SN] Nº || | | * - - - - H. — — — — — R + -----4-- – - H --- JN — Ş § YS- *S. \s \e Ga/, //om 424 ſia/v /rorſ *24. AZ7/Y Away £22m. źck . t Co/ſcare'e w º H. #: 277 :#Fºº/Tä3. “H”e 3ric/ſ. º: %reºc/ ‘. . . % - A/" || 2:2 . . //" ºf 2:4–1°. 2/4 2" - —£4: C&2ſſ Jºž770/y Øſſ J77. Z/2Z Jhorº/ .3//c4 Wa/6 Shom/?g &crºſé mu/4. 24.7% oz///ZZZZ,KG7%, 7%) A/G. 75' p A Stack, type, incinerator for a camp of one hundred and fifty people. The pan sh9Wm_is, 8 inches in, depth, and is used to evaporate liquid sióps, while the sjá garbage is placed on top of the fuel. By treating the liquid thus separately, a great deal of fuel is saved. p 20 LABOR CAMP INSPECTION. 59 The estimated cost of this incinerator as shown in Figure 15 is as follows: San Francisco Sacramento ITresno Los Angeles Brick type— Material ---------------------------- $21 00 $22 45 $23 90 $19 00 Labor ------------------------------- 14 00 16 00 17 50 12 50 Total ----------------------------- $35 00 $38 45 $41 40 $31 50 ConCrete type— Material ---------------------------- | $21 75 $23 65 $24 60 $19 40 Labor ------------------------------- 10 25 12 95 14 60 9 00 Total ----------------------------- $32 00 $36 60 $39 20 $28 40 \—can & AEarre/ . 2, Z/7 •'. Že//Jſome S }'.. S ... • o///o/4 or J/ap/ror /ZX/Z" " . opeanº . J /6% 7//r//ze of Aoza/ //c/meraſoa % Ae 2 oz. ºocze, o/, //e/ſºme as 3/ow/7 22 7//e 4//c/, //zA/ace of J.7%/ze. /2%:/Z %/y: Zezž/ o/ 67 - A/6. 76 _^2×azz /ø7& A barrel type incinerator Suitable for a camp of one hundred and twenty-five persons. Figure 16 shows a barrel type incinerator suitable for a camp of 125 persons, which can be built at the following cost: One common flour or sugar barrel------------------------------------- $0 50 Placing clay ------------------------------------------------------------ 3 00 Old rails or Scrap iron------------------------------------------------- 50 Incidentals -------------------------------------------------------------- 2 00 Total ----------------------------------------------- $6 00 60 comMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. Figure 17 shows a barrel and trench type incinerator suitable for a camp of 115 persons. This incinerator can be constructed in the fol- lowing manner: Dig two trenches 10 feet long and 10 or 12 inches wide, bisecting each other. At the point of bisection, the trenches should be from 15 to 18 inches deep, gradually shallowing from this point to their origin. Over the place of bisection, place four boards to support an ordinary sugar or flour barrel. Around the barrel pile sods of earth and pack tightly up to the top of the barrel. If sods are not obtainable, use clay. Make a fire in the trench under the barrel and when the barrel is burned out, a hard come of earth or clay is left. A/ - ... ". Barre/- 2 . ..]2-C/ay Bank or Sod $ ‘. . 927.40% eneſ, . - \O ‘. . |* w) • * ... ... : L 4- /o! O’ |''. J ~& ... 2– 2%zł • | § *~ 7z || |_z, gº is Nº.2 Sº- J.C. sº-zºº º Sº Sº N. Lºž" 2” FlamANJ--->| | 727c4 SP-L - sº - 2. Tº $22sº | \º- • R M § Íñº. § Jeefroz § Lil || " ||#3 7:22}) W N | 7 º &zrre/ Jº 70% f 4%ff/4.7%/////ſ27% A/67. / 2. AE/a/7 A barrel and trench type incinerator Suitable for a camp of one hundred and fifteen persons. According to the direction of the wind, one trench opening near the cone is left open and the other three plugged with soil. Thus a flue is effected through the one opening and the top of the cone. The ashes should be raked out at the end of each day’s use and a fresh fire started in the morning. Fuel and garbage are fed to the fire through the top of the cone. - The estimated cost of this incinerator is as follows: One yard excavation---------------------------------------------------- $1 00 One Common Sugar Or flour barrel------------------------------------- 50 Placing Clay Or SOd---------------- -*— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 4 00 Incidentals -------------------------------------------------------------- 50 Total ------------------------- $6 00 22 LABOR, CAMP INSPECTION. 61 Figure 18 shows a rock pile incinerator which can be installed very cheaply if rock is available on the ground. This incinerator is suitable for a camp of about 2,500 persons. Construct as follows: At some convenient point, dig a circular pit 3 feet in depth and 15 feet in diameter. Cover the bottom with loose stones to a depth of 14 to 16 inches. On this build a circular wall to a height of 1 foot above the Original ground-line and pack tightly the excavated earth around Q W Iſoc/ſ A3a//ſ & - ^ 2 Åoc/ſ Bay/ Q tº) Bož/o/” Z3o4+dm % 640" Z/a- | /J'O'" Dra T Jecz"/o/7 Foc K Ban K AO Ś A/AO ++ & § Połłom &O ò AAA (). Ǻ &xxx...ſºſ., a - *ČSº-3-3-X-Sºº Y.Y.A.AC2 /Koc C _ _[XXX3º: OUB32/** \___|_|__ Aza/-P/a/z K2c/ſ Pſe Crerzazory A/67, 7 & A rock pile incinerator which can be installed very cheaply if rock is available on the ground. This incinerator is suitable for a camp of about two thousand five hundred perSons. the Wall so as to provide a sloping approach, thereby preventing surface Water from gaining access to the pit. Build a pyramid of large stones 4 or 5 feet high in the center to provide a central draft. The 'heat of the bottom stones evaporates the liquid slops while the solids are soon consumed as fuel for the fire. Precautions should be taken to empty the garbage into the crematory and not around it. 23 62 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND EIOUSING. The estimated cost of this rock pile incinerator is as follows: Twenty-two yards excavation---------------------------------------- $22 00 Placing rock in place------------------------------------------ — — — — — — — — 15 00 Gathering and hauling Stone----------------------------------------- 9 00 Cement ----------------------------------------------------------------- 4 00 Total ----------------------------------------------------------------- $50 00 Jection º º : º § Q º tº § Ç º Q's O º † º § º Ş. § #: 2 8 § YºJº§ º & º O Jºe fº ſº § sº Nº & º º º: ; ź # º *º C2 ** P/ar, AZ /ZYZZYZAZZZZ A/G. 79 A pit incinerator suitable for a camp of two hundred and fifty people. • Figure 19 shows a pit incinerator suitable for a camp of 250 people, which is estimated at the following cost: JExcavation * * – $1 00 Placing field Stone------------------------------------------------------ 1 50 Incidentals ------------------- ------------------------------------------- 50 Total ------------------------------------------------------------------ $3 00 Construct as follows: Dig a pit 5 feet long, 2% feet wide, 6 inches deep at one end and 12 inches deep at the other. Bank the excavated earth around the pit and fill it with stones on which to build the fire. When the stones have become heated, liquid refuse is poured into the pit, at the shallow end where it gradually evaporates. Solid garbage is burned on the fire. 24 LABOR, CAMP INSPECTION. 63 S-> US$2.2 Šć ŽS % NS: % Š & N § }% % \ Ø § & %\\ % % & % º S /º SSZŽSZSZSZŽS. /* 6" 7 & Kºmova//e cope, 222"A’& P/a/ N} NSZZ Ş% Sºś -Jecz/27. ------ –––– | | - -- - - - - - -4– ~- — ;--> ---- || | | | |_|__ | | T || | | | | - — — — — |Remºvabſe. º | | —l-H==== | Zºr/Z" //a/ | A/G. 20 A slop pit which can be used in camps of a few weeks' duration. may be thrown into this pit. PLAN OF SLOP PIT All kitchen waste 25 64 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. Figure 20 (page 25) shows a slop pit which can be used in camps of a few weeks’ duration. All kitchen wastes may be thrown into this pit. To darken the pit and keep it free from flies, make a solid board top. Tamp it with earth and provide a detachable box sieve with cover, as shown in the figure. The pit should be 3 feet long, 3 feet wide and 3 feet deep when dug in clay. In more permeable soil, the dimensions may be somewhat reduced. 2//y//e/ehold Wooſh9 or Agua/.5/ung/es or Corwy * /a: 5heathing A/35/. /Yo./68/ºck Wire Screen or Copper Wre Screen or Gaſw. Wire Screen 1/ned' or 3/ac –t-tº- 4 o' Ø253 Jºcz70ſ. Deten/Jhowing Connection of Veot 563c.A wrrh see t A42%rro/Zºgh N Q4///2 Z/772//VA. 2 //OZA 7TWA'Aſ zoº/ſ4/y *- 40 •- - : * / * s / 24/7. Złº, 47% Jerºfoo t %§e 77°ough Aſ/G 2/ Men's two-hole toilet. The seat covers should be constructed so as to drop down Over the hole as soon as the person rises, as shown in figure. LABOR CAMP INSPECTION. 65 Jºé." : F-4– /#/.4%u.8oard's º: 4%. , ; | | *~ |- | | | !——— — — —— –––––– [- - - - - – – — — — — — — —l ºf-º-º-º- +++ [ i j —cº" Red - 4 J', ''Jbar. A’Aw. % ºd. #= S. 4"Skids * - Y. vºy, sºzzº PZerz. 3.cc/a2 Deº/of 30, Kece2/224 - - - /. Zº. Za " A. //o/oreſao/ orſ/ny44 or Čord /roa ///? %co/my 23.2 *3es: <. 772.J.A N &c.f we ºczez, or 42% or 4%22.ſcreet —- 23.5° ; ; i | i t * .N. 2:4: 2. | 3ox (Jºe 24%/) &2/9. A Aſ G. 2 2 — /////5 //77/// — -Z7242,477, WZ/30& KZazz/26/4: A model fly-proof toilet with a box receptacle which can be hauled out into the field and the excreta, used for fertilization. 27 66 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. VII. Toilets. 1. There should be a sufficient number of toilets at convenient places, so as to afford one seat for every ten persons. In hop fields, fruit ranches and other places where men work in the field, there should be portable toilets, moved along conveniently near, affording at least one seat for 40 persons. 2. The toilets must be kept sanitary and fly-proof. All openings must be screened. The cracks must be battened and the bottom of the shelter must be banked with earth where the frame touches the ground. Toilets which violate every rule of sanitation. Actually in use in camps before the Commission began its inspection. 3. Doors should have spring hinges, coils or some other arrangement to close them automatically. 4. The seat covers should be constructed so as to drop down over the hole as soon as the person rises, as shown in Figure 21 (page 26). 5. The pit should be at least 4 feet in depth and when filled with excrement to within one foot of the surface, the building must be moved over a new hole, and the old hole filled with earth or thoroughly burned out with oil or oil-soaked straw. - 6. The surface of the excreta in the pit must be kept well covered with crude oil, lime, ashes, dirt or other similar substance. 28 sº 4.46%W5%ld * 3 a 4. /# /.../42.4 * *s e § “s | | | I | | | ISO * …) - -- - 4. - t W, AA/Y OF 77%//ZZ ZAZ777// CAMP LATFINE FOR WOMEN SINGLE ENTRANCE—2-H OLE A/6. 23 —l /%. 6." I |-|--|--| — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 4— — — —— T]_ /*x.3 - TI-F---T— ==== -- - - - —il - | | * /4-/6 &/zzº wire screen ||— —|| core ºr •?...yo/, •ºzzº. H || || - –––H L ... /& 34. | FF--T T — — . Tº ºſºſºl - Tº Tº Tºº! — — — — —|| | | | | | AP * | /x/2" 4 W.&oards & H. | | | | | | | !---|---------|-|--|--|--------|- | * Aſ r" t | ſ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Me • | | ==== Al-A’É.---- IT T-T. T.I. Cl T- ~ſ = H ==== |H H r—— — — — — — — — — — — —H — — — — — — — — — — T-H |- --- + - - |- - - || – - – - H– #– - - - - - -m. * * *- : *- :- Tiji Fibº . --!! OH S-34-2, 42% A/*k e3".5%ia: %ze 2./J - ZZA V/70//// 7%/0/A ZAZ77%. A fly-proof toilet for women, with a single entrance and partition. 68 COMMISSION OF IMIMIGRATION AND HOUSING. Crude oil is preferable for the following reasons: (a) It is easily handled and the person who applies it runs no risk of contamination from the fecal matter. (b) It is relatively small in bulk and easily transported. (c) It keeps down bad odors and is repellant to flies. (d) It does not fill the pit so quickly as lime or dirt, thus prolonging the usefulness of the toilet. 7. A urinal trough, as shown in Figure 21 (page 26), should be in each men’s toilet, and this should be thoroughly washed out daily and the inside painted with crude oil. h 8. If a box or other receptacle is used to receive the excreta, the Con- tents should be emptied twice a week, the receptacle thoroughly washed and the inside painted with crude oil. * Figure 22 (page 27) shows a model fly-proof toilet with a box receptacle which can be hauled out into the field and the excreta used for fertilization after proper treatment. 9. In camps where women are employed, there should be a sufficient number of toilets for their use, marked ‘‘For Women Only.” These should be at least 50 feet distant from the men’s toilets. 10. Cleanliness and care in the use of all toilets should be insisted upon. 11. Paper should be provided in all toilets. - 12. The placing of toilets over a river or stream is expressly for- bidden by chapter 374 of the Statutes of 1913. 13. Information concerning the installation of flush toilets in connec- tion with septic tanks will be furnished upon request. Figures 23 and 24 show two toilets which violate every rule of sani- tation. These were actually in use in camps before the Commission began its inspection. (See page 28.) Figure 25 shows a fly-proof toilet for women, with a single entrance and partition. (See page 29.) Figure 26 (page 31) shows a fly-proof toilet for women with separate entrances. - Figure 27 (page 33) shows an old insanitary toilet and a new sani- tary toilets, the latter built at Perkins, on the Horst hop ranch, under the supervision of the Commission. This five-hole toilet is similar in construction to the one shown in Figure 21. The cost was as follows: Lumber ----------------------------------------------------------------- $11 95 Hardware -------------------------------------------------------------- 81 Roofing paper ---------------------------------------------------------- 90 Labor ------------------------------------------------------------------- 7 65 Total ----------------------------------------------------------------- $21 31 On the Durst Bros. hop ranch, at Wheatland, five-hole fly-proof toilets of the same construction were built, under the Commission’s supervision, at the following cost per toilet: Lumber ----------------------------------------------------------------- $12 24 Hardware -------------------------------------------------------------- 95 Roofing ----------------------------------------------------------------- 90 Labor ------------------------------------------------------------------- 8 00 Total ----------------------------------------------------------------- $22 09 LABOR, CAMP INSPECTION. 69 \ º § § §§ §: 3 N S S : \) § §: SS **t ~ y - == - I —#| /*, 3 ° 42}}/ | | | —#! /*, J"4’ ºw --- | I –f *Frºu If– /6/6.2% mºrzan * ...sº --- |+– —|| &eror ſº wºre & |T -- * Il- Till----— }* * * * * * *= * * * * : * * * * * * * * * * * * * H | /*, Jº Ara J. /*A.J. º. | | - | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | T | | | - | * | | | |s s R §s s S. | § N i | | | - | | | | | - - ſ - | ! | | | l | | i | i | | e | t 24x4e | ºf TI-IIT TT LTTE.T.T.T.T.T. Tri-ET1-T. Titi riºtſ Fil | l— — — — — — — — — — — |- - - - – - - - — — — — — — — — —l- fo - 4- {-|- + +++ I S–- 5/, ºre ºf Zºr Grºwz Jºz' 3&ºre sear’4. AZA. V.77%2/Y (7×az //ava 7Kaº) Aſ G. 26 CAMP LATEINE FOR WOMEN A fly-proof toilet, with separate entrances, for Women. 31 70 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. Figure 28 (page 33) shows three of the ten five-hole toilets, built on the Horst hop ranch, Wheatland, under the Commission’s supervision, at the following cost per building: Lumber ----------------------------------------------------------------- $9 87 Hardware -------------------------------------------------------------- 81 Paper roofing ---------------------------------------------------------- 90 Labor amº sº. ºº em sº ºm mº m sº tº sº ºm mº m me was sº ºme sºme ass m ms sºme amº sº ºne mº sºme me ims ºme eme amº am ºne sº sº sº sº sºme tº eme * * *m me sº sº sº sº sº tº sº sºme sº sº 7 00 Total ----------------------------------------------------------------- $18 58 (The lumber for this work was purchased in a carload lot at San Francisco at a very low figure.) - The bill (page 26), 2 pieces 4” 1 piece 4” 2 pieces 4” 3 pieces 2” 4 pieces 2” 24 pieces 1” 22 pieces 1” 4 pieces 1” 4 pieces 2" 3 pieces 2" of material for men's two-hole toilet, as shown in Figure 21 is as follows: 6”— 5’ 6” redwood Skids. 4”— 4’ redwood Center Skid. 4”— 6’ 6” Oregon pine girder. 4”— 4 Oregon pine joists. 4”— 1’ 4” Oregon pine cut in botween joists. "—10' redwood battens, etc. 12”—10' redwood Siding, S. 1 S. 12”—14' Oregon pine floor and roof, S. 1 S. 4”—10' Oregon pine plates. 4”— 8' Oregon pine rafters. 1 piece 13" x 20"— 4' redwood, clear, for seat. 1 piece 13" x 6”— 4’ redwood, clear, for seat. 1 door, 2’ 4” x 6' 6", made of planks or may be stock door. 35 Square feet 2-ply Malthoid, or equal, prepared roofing, or shingles or cor- rugated galvanized iron may be used. 5 feet 2" diameter galvanized iron pipe—urinal drain. 1 pair 6” strap hinges for door. 1 heavy Spring coil (12” or 14”). 2 pair 3” T hinges for Seat covers. 6 g’’ x 9" bolts, Skids to girders. 4 #" x 6” eye bolts, 2" eye; one each end through Skids. 2 pieces 1” 1 piece 1” 2 pieces 1” 1 piece 1” x 6”—6’ redwood, S. 1 S., for vent Stack. x 4”— 6’ redwood, S. 1 S., for vent stack. x 14”— 1’ 8” Oregon pine, S. 1 S., for seat cover. x 8”— 4’ above Screen front. 15 Square feet No. 16 black wire screen, or galvanized or copper wire screen. 2 pieces 1” x 6”—8' tongue and groove, for Seat front. 10 Square feet zinc or galvanized iron urinal lining. The estimated cost of this toilet is as follows: San Francisco Sacramento Fresno Eos Angeles Material - - - $1309 $16 89 $16 49 $14 93 Labor * * * * * * * - º sm sºme sº me mº m º º sºm º ºs º- *-* 8 90 10 40 11 20 7 00 TOtal $21 99 $27 29 $27 69 $21 93 32 LABOR CAMP INSPECTION. 71 º -- ºf: º - - ºº- An old insanitary toilet to the left, and a new sanitary toilet to the right, the latter built at Perkins, on the Horst hop ranch, under the supervision of the Com- mission. This five-hole toilet is similar in construction to the one shown in Fig- ure 21 (page 26). Three of the ten five-hole toilets, built on the Horst hop ranch, Wheatland, under the Commission's supervision. 33 72 commission of IM Migration ANd Housing. - - Picture of a portable toilet for field use, built under the Commission's supervision at the Horst ranch, Wheatland. This is suitable for use in hop fields, fruit ranches, etc. The following is a bill of material for a two-hole toilet with box receptacle, as shown in Figure 22 (page 27) : 2 pieces 4" 6"— 4' 2 pieces 4" 4"– 7 1 piece 4” 4"– 4' 4 pieces 1" 12”— 4 12"– 6. 12"– S’ 12"–10' 3”—10' 3”— Sº 3”–12' 4"–12' 7 pieces 1" 20 pieces 1" 2 pieces 1" 4 pieces 1" 18 pieces 1" 2 pieces 2" 4 pieces 2" 3 pieces 2" 4"– 8" 2 pieces 1" 6”– 6' 1 piece 1" 4"– 6' 1 piece 1" 8"– 4' 1 piece 12" x 20°– 4' 1 piece 12" x 6”— 4' 2 pieces 1" x 14"– 1’ 1 piece 1" x 14"–12' 1 piece 1" x 12"– 8" 2 pieces 3" x 4"– 4' 14 1 35 vanized iron. 1 redwood girder. Oregon pine girder. redwood girder. Oregon pine, s. 1 s., floor. Oregon pine, s. 1 s., roof. redwood for sides, s. 1 s. redwood for sides, s. 1 s. redwood battens. redwood battens. Oregon pine plates. Oregon pine plates. Oregon pine rafters. redwood, s. 1 S., vent stack. redwood, s. 1 S., vent stack. redwood above screen front. redwood, clear, for seat, and 2 pieces 1" x 6"—8 tongue and groove. redwood for seat. 8" Oregon pine, s. 1 s., for seat covers. redwood for sides and ends of box receptacle. redwood for bottom of box receptacle. redwood skids for box receptacle. square feet galvanized iron or zinc lining for box receptacle. door, 2' 4" x 6' 6", either plank or stock door. square feet 2-ply Malthoid roofing, or equal; or shingles or corrugated gal- pair 6" strap hinges for large door and 1 pair 4" strap hinges for small door. 1 heavy spring coil 12" or 14" for large door and 2 pair 3" Thinges for seat lids. 6 g’’ x 9" bolts for girders. 1 #" x 24" rod for box receptacle. 15 square feet screen, black wire, No. 16; or galvanized or copper screen. 34 LABOR. CAMIP INSPECTION. * _ºe", - azu, ſº occº, º FF i 2 *, Jº “. F; T § w; § § § 5 e N} * #|| y § N & W. S º, * 22 J * & * * S) pº 2. § N § S Şf t S § | s §|| s S Ş. $|| § § R - }/27// ---|-Lę =lsº E::=Es: * *. ; : 4.4" of.6%rºr. 397224 & HSEE s 476 &rºſta' 2:/* | 4;6%.ſhºp” 2-&zzraa ordazºo.º.ºcreen rºo T) - 2- . S. " § S *'. Jº “ - § § { \! § Şiş § § {} º § S S. § *} SS s § W W Wy \ § *> i 2 * = TMUSizzTI - ! ~~ ſ * * * - %232.3% %;322% * * %20ma. w º- wº ! 2:4::/* 43%anº- S” —- ZZZZZ W - - A, ſ % 7. Jeaſe, 5°-/éo" A" A'zazz. zer//*. 2.7% (2° 22% 4.3%C//07 Jºžega/cſ/07 + 27°-/zo” Aſ %;523/ A " 2/47/Jºof ºz//º3.exf Pa/7 o/Jaſ A/67, 3 7 A7%/ſ/0//5X/ZM- /////5/47/// A fly-proof toilet, knock-down system, suitable for use in temporary camps. The corners marked “A” and “B” show the bolted connections, which can easily be taken apart and put up again. LA BOR CAMP INSPECTION. 75 Material Labor The estimated cost of a toilet as shown in Figure 22 (page 27), is as follows: San Francisco Sacramento Frºnn Los Angeles - - --- $15 49 $20 92 $21 45 $17, 18 -- 10 90 iſ ºn 12 25 7 00 – $26 39 $31.92 sº to $24 is A men's six-shower bathhouse at the State Highway Camp, Shingle Springs, which was built under the supervision of the Commission. The following is a bill of material for a women's toilet with single shown in Figure 25 (page 29): entrances, as 1. | 1. 1 2 6 3 2 4 6 4 8 6 1. I 1. I 2 1 1. 1. 1 1. 2 piece 4" piece 4” piece 4” pieces 2" pieces 2" pieces 2" pieces 1" pieces 1" pieces 1" pieces 1" pieces 1" pieces 1" piece 2" piece 1" piece 13" piece 1%." pieces 1” piece 1" piece 1" door. 2' 4" 4"– 6' 6’—1 4' 4"–20" "—12' 4"–12' 3”–12' 12"–10' 12”—16- *—16- 3”–10' 12"–12' 6"—1 4' 3"— S’ 8"– 6. 20"— 6. 6”— 6' 14"– 1" 6”–14' 4"– 8" redwood center skid. redwood skid. redwood girders. Oregon pine rafters. Oregon pine plates, etc. Oregon pine plates, etc. [for shelter fence. redwood, s. 1 s. siding, and 5 pieces 1" x 12"–12 redwood, redwood, s. 1 s., siding. - redwood battens, etc. redwood battens, etc. - Oregon pine, s. 1 s., for floor and roof. [front. Oregon pine tongue and groove, for partitions and seat Oregon pine, s. 4 s., post for partition and seat front. redwood over screen front. redwood, clear, for seat, s. 1 s. redwood, clear, for seat, s. 1 s. [material). 8" redwood or Oregon pine seat cover, s. 1 s. (clear redwood vent stack. redwood vent stack. x 6' 6" (plank or 14" redwood stock door). pair 6" strap hinges for door. heavy spring coil for door (12” or 14"). pair 3" Thinges for seat covers. 4 * x 6" eye bolts, 2" eye; one on each end through skids. 5 §" x 9" bolts, skids to girders. 48 square feet 2-ply Malthoid, or equal, roofing; or shingles or corrugated iron. 14 square feet wire screen, either No. 16 black wire, copper, or galvanized screen. 37 A model men's twelve-shower bathhouse, which was built under the supervi sion of the Commission on the Durst ranch, Wheatland. Picture of a five-shower bathhouse for women, built under the supervision of the Commission on the Durst ranch, Wheatland. 38 LABOR CAMP INSPECTION. 77 The estimated cost of a women’s toilet as shown in Figure (page 29), is as follows: 25 San Trancisco Sacramento Iſresno Los Angeles Material ------------------------------ $12 12 $14 90 $15 10 . $12 00 Labor -------------------------------- 8 00 9 00 9 75 .7 00 Total ----------------------------- $20 12 $23 90 $24 85 $19 00 2// /k/?ºy ...” £45%6'6" §§ 2% & “ 3/& A 5Aarz/O/Y - /k/?" Aor /7/2"/3%zz .2%r 4:6" W.2////5/3/27/////X: s2 eſ/2024, Z2: Diagrams of bathhouse shown in picture number 34 (page 38). 26%. 6'6" A2 d'Acadº A/G. .5 5 78 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND EIOUSING. The following is a bill of material for a women’s toilet wish separate entrances, as shown in Figure 26 (page 31): 1 piece 4” x 6”—14’ redwood skids. 1 piece 4” x 4”— 7" redwood center skid. 3 pieces 4” x 4”— 6' Oregon pine girders. 3 pieces 2" x 4”—12' Oregon pine rafters, plates, etc. 5 pieces 2" 3”—12’ Oregon pine plates, etc. 5 pieces 1” 12”—14' Oregon pine, S. 1 S., for roof and floor. 3 pieces 1” 12”—14’ redwood for Shelter. 10 pieces 1” 12°–16 redwood, s. 1 s, for sides. 14 pieces 1” ”—16’ redwood battens, etc. 7 pieces 1” 6"—14’ Oregon pine tongue and groove partitions. 1 piece 1” 8”— 6' redwood over screen front. 3 pieces 1” ”—10' redwood between doors and at ends. 1 piece 1” 6”—14’ red WOO d vent Stack. 1 piece 1” 4”— 8' redwood vent Stack. 1 piece 1%." 6”— 6’ redwood, for seat. 2 pieces 1" 14”— 1’ 8” redwood, Seat cover. 2 doors, 2’ 4” x 6' 6" plank, or 13" redwood Stock doors. 2 pair 6” Strap hinges for doors. 2 heavy Spring coils (12” or 14") for doors. 2 pair 3” Thinges for seat covers. 6 g’’ x 9" bolts, skids to girders. 4 #" x 6” eye bolts, 2" eye; one each end through skids. - 50 square feet 2-ply Malthoid, or equal, roofing; or shingles or corrugated iron may be used. 16 Square feet wire Screen, either copper, galvanized, or No. 16 black wire screen. The estimated cost of this toilet is as follows: San Francisco Sacramento I'resno Los Angeles Material ------------------------------ $15 59 $19 88 $20 62 $15 02 Labor --------------------------------- 9 00 10 00 10 60 6 00 Total – * - - - $24 59 $29 88 $31 22 $21 02 Figures 29 and 30 (pages 34 and 35) show a picture and diagrams of a portable toilet for field use, built under the Commission's super- vision at the Horst ranch, Wheatland. This is suitable for use in hop fields, fruit ranches, etc. The bill of material for the portable toilet, as shown in Figure 30, is as follows: 2 pieces 4” 6”— 5’ redwood skid. 1 piece 4” 4”— 4’ redwood Skid Center. 2 pieces 4” 4”— 6’ 6” Oregon pine girders. 6 pieces 2" 4”— 7 Oregon pine Studs. 6 pieces 2" 4”— 8' Oregon pine plates, etc. 3 pieces 2" ”—12' Oregon pine plates. 2 pieces 1” 6’—12' tongue and gro Ove, for Seat front. 6 pieces 1” 12”— 8' redwood boards, S. 1 S., behind Seat. 6 pieces X” 3”— 8' redwood battens behind Seat. 1 piece 13” x 20'— 4’ redwood, clear, for Seat, S. 1 S. 1 piece 13" x 6”— 4’ redwood for seat, S. 1 S. 2 pieces 1" x 14”— 1' 8" Oregon pine, S. 1 S., Seat lid. 1 plank door 2’ 4” x 6' 6". 1 pair 6” Strap hinges for do Or. 1 heavy Spring coil for door (12” or 14”). 2 pair 8”. Thinges for seat lid. 4 #" x 6” eye bolts, 2" eye; One each end. 6 #" x 9" bolts; Skids to girders. 10 Square feet galvanized Wire Screen for top 150 Square feet canvas or burlap. 40 LABOR, CAMP INSPECTION. 79 The estimated cost of this portable toilet is as follows: San Francisco | Sacramento Tresno Los Angeles Material $11 50 $11 80 $12 05 $10 80 Lab Or 7 00 8 00 8 50 6 00 Total ---- $18 50 $19 80 $20 55 $16 80 Z// %/vºy-, º: /? ///w//y—y rº 2/2 . & 7/?ºv, retrºſ’ ſ erºr offer bama. +---ºff ...]” - y -P-FS *E=E. | º } | § * | N /* %\lel | -č fºr; N tº . 23.5° * Ş * t & § § 's §, s Ş º *S § § § |||—ſ. ‘...i. Ş sº \ ###4–22:8%zº, : SS Żºłº W 1-dºt- ſp2’ dºt- EP-Harre- tº | I 24°322 S-LE i § 4%.4 442 § _2}6%u.3/ zºdiazo. S s h- * * - * 2. 2XS .5×772) 23–23" 3 `-- - - * * * 6—22325 & Jºž ZZZZZZ /2/2%a- //F/XS ZZZZZA/o//52: £3%hº Złż A men's four-shower bathhouse built under the supervision of the Commission at the Horst ranch, Wheatland. 41 //67, 3 6 l 80 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND EIOUSING. Figure 31 (page 36) shows a fly-proof toilet, knock-down system, suitable for use in temporary camps. The corners marked “A” and “B” show the bolted connections, which can easily be taken apart and put up again. - - - - The bill of material for a two-hole toilet of this type is as follows: 2 pieces 4” x 6”— 5’ 6” redwood Skids. 1 piece 4” x 4”— 5’ 6” redwood skid. 2 pieces 4” x 4”— 6' 6" Oregon pine girders. 4 pieces 2" x 4”— 8' Oregon pine Studs. - 4 pieces 2" x 4”— 9’ Oregon pine Studs. 5 pieces 2" x 4”— 8' Oregon pine plates, etc. 3 pieces 2" x 4"—- 7 Oregon pine rafters. 4 pieces 2" x 3”— 6’ Oregon pine plates. 20 pieces 1” x 12”— 8' redwood, S. 1 S., Sides and floor, and 2 pieces 10'. 2 pieces 1” x 12”—10' redwood, S. 1 S., sides and floor. 2 pieces 1" x 12"—10' redwood, S. 1 S., Sides. 24 pieces 1" x 3”— 8' redwood battens and 4 pieces 10'. 2 pieces 1" x 6"—12' Oregon pine tongue and groove for seat front. red WOOd, Clear, for Seat. 6”— 4’ redwood for Seat. 2 pieces 1” x 6”— 7’ Oregon pine, S. 1 S., for stack. 1 piece 1" x 4”— 7’ Oregon pine, S. 1 S., for Stack. 2 pieces 1" x 14”— 1’ 8” Oregon pine for Seat lids 1 piece 1" x 8”— 4’ redwood Over Screen front. 1 door, 2’ 4” x 6' 6", made up of planks, Or may be Stock door. 3 6' SheetS COrrugated galvanized iron roofing. 1 pair 6” Strap hinges for door. 1 heavy Spring coil (12” or 14"). 2 pair 3” Thinges for seat coverS. 4 §" x 9" bolts; Skids to girder. 4 #" x 6” eye bolts; 2" eye; one each end through skid. 8 corner connections marked “B” with 16 $" x 3” bolts. 6 rafter connections marked “A” and “A-1” with 6 g’’ x 3" bolts. 1 piece 13" x 20'— 4' 1 piece 13" x The estimated cost of a two-hole toilet, knock-down system, as shown in figure 31 (page 36), is as follows: San Francisco | Sacramento Fresno Los Angeles Material $20 60 $23 10 $23 90 $20 15 Lab Or 8 00 8 50 9 00 6 00 Total $28 60 $31 60 $32 90 $26 15 VIII. Bathing Facilities. 1. There should be facilities for bathing; tubs, showers or a shelter built on a stream, where persons may bathe in privacy. - 2. If showers or tubs are used, there should be a sufficient number to provide one for every twenty persons. - Showers are far preferable to tubs, as they are cheaper to install and are more sanitary. Furthermore, a shower can accommodate more bathers. 3. In camps where women are employed, separate bathing facilities should be provided and marked, “For Women Only.” 42 LABOR. CAMP INSPECTION. 81 4. In winter camps warm water should be provided for bathing pur- poses. tº 5. In every case the places for bathing should be conveniently near the sleeping quarters. 6. The waste water from baths should be properly drained away so as to avoid the formation of stagnant pools. 7. All tubs and bathhouses should be kept clean. •26 carréeſ. A roofing 934°sº º 'pen T-> *~~~ roof her Aoard t "x & § * = ºr jºtºals 'k "C g + - X Band I bent thº’ H. by * 6’ x 3" -*— Y. *. *s § rººt º' § Yx3' ||N § § 5 § § M. co k |: W s Jeot ! ºgle' to © A § E & /7ZZZ //AA’ (2/// * ... Sº 2-&ack || || 2 ||cº. y—- A , ‘2’x 2.6%; C޺oists? |- * †" ºr # = Arº * agº e Aſ; ſº %ry doſ © 2 ** 32.52%/f § }* -ºſ. Nº 4’ - 4.4%rd. # 2 x 6"/º. WS/// * &º º _*-** * ~--w sº jº * ,-276", 878 W. |- l_T Z i A32/7 Seaſon -2.2772/7. ZZ or 4%/2ZA 4.4% 2.6 -- Zā;3’Bºſt *W.” !: 3%x3'. **: 3 &aar/. 6%.5° neaſ'Aa. Ll =y A. 4.38% tº ºº 4+ ºr [...] t La'6"Opening § AZAMAZZyy Jº *s $ Aºn Aſeoch / Y/2-/2 * __^eocá /º/*-Z2*_ 2.7% a Caenzº’Coºzcz/o/, *º-sºo' AE/A/y 4-daar/. Arº A/06/r/ow/3/37://7%//$ 347////0/54 *zºgamº (Z5ZoºZºº TYPE) , A/6737 —º--- A model four-shower bathhouse, knock-down system. The corners marked “A.” and “B” show the bolted connection, which can easily be taken apart and put together again. Figure 32 shows a men’s six-shower bathhouse at the State Highway Camp, Shingle Springs, which was built under the supervision of the Commission. The cost of this bathhouse, including a wooden tank of 1,080 gallons capacity, was as follows (see page 37): Material $50 89 Pabor ------------------------------------------------------------------- 32 15 Total ----------------------------------------------------------------- $83 04 § *%"Vaſve-wit/, //3se coarſector, º/,272e with //ose Goonection ZZA/y of Corzę zo A7. t wa///ſeinforced with %) /8"cts. 4. Concrete A/ra//7 Azzº a.ac.zz Az / /& 58 A concrete fly-proof composting pit. The capacity of this pit is 2,700 cubic feet, and will store the Offal of ten horses for a period of six months. LABOR CAMP INSPECTION. 83 Figure 33 shows a men's model twelve-shower bathhouse, which was built under the supervision of the Commission on the Durst ranch, Wheatland, at the following cost (page 38): Iumber as sº sºft mºs – $100 00 Pipe and fittings --------------------------------------- 31 74 Labor (carpentry) ----------------------------------------------------- 24 00 . Labor (plumbing) ----- * --- 12 00 TOtal $167 74 Figures 34 and 35 (pages 38 and 39) show the picture and diagram of a five-shower bathhouse for women, also built under the supervision of the Commission on the Durst ranch, Wheatland. The following is the cost of same: Lumber ----------------------------------------------------------------- $55 00 Pipe and fittings------------------------------------------------------- 13 22 Labor (carpentry) ----- ** = - - - - - - - - - -s • * * * *-s ºs = = ** = = ** = = = - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 17 40 Labor (plumbing) * * * * *-s a sm * * * * me was sºme ºs º ºm mº sm amº m ms 6 00 TOtal ------- sº sºme !-------------- $91 62 7in flashing /k2'strips, J’Aong at each door Złºż/3///a/22 2[ºf. -->s: 2/22 oors of * .9% 4 3% - a’27//7 /* d/, %: Zºº” ºn, * 2 as ºl_3:4-9024. Aſ /y 6 73.6 £oers 24% "T-sleº /*66%. /; 6%ames § tº 3/3+3 –"Jºcree.” 2/3... } St - *...*rº 'aº. Ship lap * :- L' Fº i i * 2% ºf *- 60°oº + - 6 concrete wa : g 27, 6"/47 wº *i. | ::: 2. - § - O | | * ºf zy º: .3 gg #1: ..... & ‘...]"] ſº º d ſ: y %7e/nforced R §º-ººoo; / |}: '%'. sh; 2/orgoſº/redº ºil '722s 4/3-cºs § § § j|/ 27% ºf % : § § # 24%rei!. *:: ºq. ...is * ; iſ 5. =%/?einforcing roºs ºjº ;: 4. Žoncreſ. * ...” ºrſ % A car. Fº : 3...? * & † ''. º 9,84. & gº t “ º * * º jº: • ‘n’sº :::::: 5% & }. $ Z. & as tº º sº * 3&tº º S&N S 6" NZ32, ise.} - sº *Nº & ºr “A Wö - alº.” ** 6 waſ—º: Hº-/* 2434.x 24'deep FIG. 3S ". # ſº I "A h & :Tºº A concrete fly-proof composting pit. The capacity of this pit is 2,700 cubic feet, and Will Store the Offal of ten horses for a period of six months. Figure 36 shows a four-shower men’s bathhouse built under the super- vision of the Commission at the Horst ranch, Wheatland, at the follow- ing cost (page 41) : - Lumber ------------------------- $24 50 Pipe and fittings 10 58 Labor (carpentry) ----------------------------------------------------- 13 20 Labor (plumbing) ----------- - - * * * * * * * *- :- - - * * * * 5 00 Total ------------------------------------------------------------------ $53 28 45 84 - COMMISSION OF IMIMIGRATION AND EIOUSING. The following is the bill of material for a women's five-shower bath- house, as shown in Figure 35 (page 39): 12 pieces 1” x 12"–20" Oregon pine, S. 1 S., floor. 20 pieces 1” x 12"—12' Oregon pine, S. 1 S., roof. 10 pieces 1” x 12"—14" redwood Shelter. 5 pieces 1” x 12”— 2' 6" for bench. 4 pieces 2" ”—12’ redwood mud Sill. 2 pieces 2" ”—10' redwood mud Sill. 10 pieces 4” ”—10' Oregon pine underpinning. - 4 pieces 2" "—10' Oregon pine blocking between joists. 7 pieces 2" x 4"–16 Oregon pine joists, plates, etc. 8 pieces 2" ”— 8' Oregon pine rafters. 17 pieces 2" "—20' Oregon pine Studs, plates, etc. 10 pieces 1” "—10 Oregon pine nailing Strips. 40 pieces 1” ”—10' redwood siding, Ship-lap. 34 pieces 1” 8”— 8' redwood Siding, Ship-lap. 32 pieces 1” 8"–14 redwood, S. 2 S., Shower partitions. 6 pieces 2" x 8"—16’ Oregon pine joists. 200 Square feet 2-ply Malthoid roofing, or equal. 5 6” shower heads, #" connections; 5 #" globe valves. 4 #" tees; 7 #" elbows; 5 pair 6" Strap hinges. 65 feet #" galvanized iron pipe; 4 #" caps. 5 stock doors, 2' 6" x 6' 6" x 13”. The estimated cost of this bathhouse is as follows: San Francisco Sacramento Fresno Los Angeles Material - $72 82 $80 50 $82 10 $70 95 Labor - 36 00 88 00 40 00 30 00 TOtal $108 82 $118 50 $122 10 $100 95 The following is the bill of material for the four-shower men's bath- house, shown in Figure 36 (page 41) : 3 pieces 2" x 8"—16’ redwood mud Sills. 1 piece 4” x 4”—12’ redwood posts. 3 pieces 4” x 4"—16’ Oregon pine girders. 19 pieces 2" x 3”—16’ Oregon pine plates, etc. 7 pieces 2" x 8"—16’ Oregon pine joists. - 8 pieces 1" x 12”—16’ Oregon pine for flooring, S. 1 S. 5 pieces 2" x 4"–20" Oregon pine for rafters, joists, etc. 10 pieces 1" x 12"—18' No. 2 Oregon pine, S. 1 S., roof. 14 pieces 1" x 8"—18' No. 2 Oregon pine sheathing, S. 2 S. 52 pieces 1" x 8"—10' redwood Ship-lap Siding, S. 1 S. 30 pieces 1" x 8"–9" redwood ship-lap siding. 1 piece 2" x 12"—12' Oregon pine for steps. 1 piece 1” x 12"—12' Oregon pine, S. 1 S., bench. 2 pieces 2" x 3"—12' Oregon pine bench frame. 5 pieces 1” x 12”— 8' redwood for Shelter. 1 pair 6” Strap hinges. * 4 6” shower heads, #" connections. º 4 #" globe Valves. 3 #" tees; 6 #” elbows; 2 #" caps. 50 feet #" galvanized iron pipe. - 144 Square feet 2-ply Malthoid roofing, or equal; or shingles or corrugated gal- Vanized iron may be used. 1 stock door, 2' 8" x 6' 6" x 13” 46 LABOR, CAMP INSPECTION. 85 The estimated cost of this bathhouse is as follows: San Francisco Sacramento Iſresno Los Angeles Material $48.98 $59 24 $60 26 $47 96 Labor 28 00 30 50 33 00 26 00 Total $7698 $89 74 $93 26 $73 96 ſy /*en Ho/, Screen - Z276/7// Jºſ/27. ‘dºwrºom/ºy A//a1}o,22. §3.4%:3. ave a.º. A/ of royzoº, %r/0%3 Bent/plate | 2× to skid F= 214,4'- 4:6” —Jalal- *::: J Jr.J7. 4ía,3-a-ºº: 73; ºzº. 2Zaza' cooze cavrozor Æ//04//20///j}<57/// A/G 39 Óð///257//, //7/22.7%%)/(24%. A composting pit, knock-down system, for temporary camps. This pit has a capacity of 320 cubic feet and will store the Offal of ten horses for a period of twenty-One dayS. - Figure 37 shows a model four-shower bathhouse, knock-down system. The corners marked ‘‘A’’ and “B” show the bolted connections which can easily be taken apart and put together again. (See page 43.) 47 S6 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. The bill of material for a bathhouse as shown in Figure 37 (page 43), is as follows: 3 pieces 2" 1 piece 4" 3 pieces 4" 12 pieces 2" 7 pieces 2" 8 pieces 1" 12 pieces 2" 14 pieces 2" 14 pieces 1" "—16" redwood mud sills. 4"–12 redwood posts. 4"–16" Oregon pine girders. 8"–16" Oregon pine plates, etc. "–16" Oregon pine joists—solid bridging between joists at ends. 12"–16" Oregon pine for flooring, s. 1 s. 4"– 8 Oregon pine for studs. "–16" Oregon pine rafters, joists, plates, etc. "–16" Oregon pine sheathing (for shower partitions). 52 pieces 1" 8"–10 redwood ship-lap siding, s. 1 s. 30 pieces 1" 8"–9" redwood ship-lap siding, s. 1 s. 1 piece 2" x 12"–12' Oregon pine for steps. 1 piece 1" x 12"–12' Oregon pine bench. 5 pieces 1" x 12"– 8' redwood for shelter. 1 pair 6" strap hinges for door. 4 6" shower heads, #" connections. 4 #" globe valves. 3 #" tees; 6 #" elbows; 2 #" caps. 50 feet #" galvanized iron pipe. 1 stock door 2' 8" x 6' 6" x 13”. 4 º' x 5” bolts, girder connections. - 12 corner connections marked “B,” with 24 g” x 3" bolts. 18 rafter connections marked “A” and “A-1,” with 16 g’ x 3" bolts and 16 " x 5” bolts. 9 sheets No. 26 corrugated galvanized iron roofing, 9' long. The estimated cost of this bathhouse is as follows: San Francisco Sacramento Fresno Angeles Material ----__________________________ $68 47 $76 71 $72 26 $6762 Labor ----_____________________________ 30 00 33 00 3500 27 00 Total ----------------------------- - $98 47 $109 71 $107 26 $94 62 A pile of manure 50 feet long, 45 feet wide and 4 feet high. This manure is near the mess, cook and bunk houses. 48 LABOR CAMP INSPECTION. 87 IX. Towels. 1. Roller towels, if used, should be changed frequently. 2. The use of individual towels, rather than the common towel, is strongly urged. 3. Paper towels are suitable and can be furnished at small expense. X. Flies and Manure. 1. The open manure pile should be eliminated. 2. Stables and stalls near camps should be kept thoroughly clean. 3. For permanent camps, cement floors with proper drainage for the stables are recommended. This eliminates the cracks common to board floors in which the offal collects and flies breed. 4. Manure should be disposed of daily, either by hauling it into the field and spreading it in thin layers on the land, or by placing it into a fly-proof composting pit, or by burning. A pile of manure stacked up against the side of a barn, which is about 50 feet from the kitchen, mess-house and sleeping quarters. This pile of manure is not only a fly-breeding place, but may cause the side of the barn to cave in, or set fire to it. Figure 38 shows a concrete fly-proof composting pit. The capacity of this pit is 2,700 cubic feet, and will store the offal of ten horses for a period of six months. The average horse produces 14 cubic feet of manure per day, including bedding. (Pages 44 and 45.) This composting pit will enable the farmer to save a great proportion of his manure from going to waste. A sump is provided to take care of the urine, which is the most valuable part of the excreta of animals. Urine is rich in nitrogen and in potash, which are successfully preserved with the dung in this pit. By means of a pump, as shown in Figure 38, the manure can be frequently moistened with the urine. Water 7–223:25 4 - 88 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. should also be run into the pit to prevent the slow burning inside the pile, which destroys all of the fertilizing salts. º - - º º A knapsack spray, five-gallon capacity, which is recommended for applying the oil on pools of stagnant water. The bill of material for a composting pit as shown in Figure 38 (pages 44 and 45) is as follows: 308 lineal feet gº" twisted steel for horizontal reinforcing. 350 lineal feet " twisted steel for vertical reinforcing. 65 lineal feet 8" twisted steel for vertical reinforcing in pit. For concrete forms— 168 pieces 1" x 6”–10 Oregon pine, s. 1 s. 90 pieces 2" x 4"–12' Oregon pine. Concrete— Floor–210 cubic feet–13 barrels cement, 4 cubic yards sand, 7} cubic yards gravel. Walls–400 cubic feet—23 barrels cement, 7 cubic yards sand, 14 cubic yards rock. 4 pieces 2" x 6”–20" redwood plates and 1 piece 3" x 12"–6' pump foundation. 3 pieces 2" 13 pieces 2" 13 pieces 2" 2 pieces 2" 3 pieces 1" 2 pieces 2" 4 pieces 2" 12 pieces 2" 15 pieces 2" 30 pieces 1" 48 pieces 1" 12 pieces 1" 7 pieces 1" 12 pieces 1" x 6”–24' redwood plates. x 4"–12' Oregon pine truss. x 4"–10 Oregon pine truss. x 4"–14' Oregon pine truss. x 6"—10, Oregon pine truss. x 4"–20" Oregon pine runway. x 4"–22 Oregon pine runway. x 4"–10 Oregon pine rafters. x 8"–20" Oregon pine tongue and groove floor for runway. x 8"–10 redwood ship-lap top covering. x 6"—12' Oregon pine tongue and groove for doors. x 2"– 5’ Oregon pine strips. x 6"—14' Oregon pine for door frames. x 6”–10 Oregon pine for door frames. 12 pairs 4" strap hinges and 24 ring lifts. 12 pieces 1" pipe 6" long for weep holes for pit. 50 LABOR CAMP INSPECTION. 89 The cost of this fly-proof composting pit is as follows: San Francisco | Sacramento I'resno Los Angeles Material $245 60 $257 80 $256 10 $236 25 Labor 140 00 155 00 158 00 125 00 Total - $385 60 $412 80 $414 10 $361 25 smºs--- Figure 39 shows a composting pit, knock-down system, for temporary camps. This pit has a capacity of 320 cubic feet and will store the offal of ten horses for a period of twenty-One days. (See page 47.) The bill of material is as follows: 2 pieces 4” x 6”—22’ redwood skids. 2 pieces 4” x 4"—12" redwood girders. 2 pieces 2" x 4"–12' Oregon pine plates. 2 pieces 2" x 4"—22' Oregon pine plates. 16 pieces 2" x 4”— 2' 6" Oregon pine studs (sides). 8 pieces 2" x 4”— 3’ Oregon pine studs (ends). 4 pieces 2" x 4”— 4 Oregon pine studs (ends). 16 pieces 2" x 4”— 7’ Oregon pine rafters. 1 piece 2" x 4"—22' Oregon pine ridge. 10 pieces 1" x 8"–22’ pine rustic sides. 12 pieces 1" x 8"— 4' pine rustic ends. 2 pieces 1" x 8"—12" pine rustic ends. 2 pieces 1" x 8"—10' pine rustic ends. 2 pieces 1" x 8"— 8' pine rustic ends. 2 pieces 1" x 8"— 5’ pine rustic ends. 4 pieces 1” x 6’—12' Oregon pine, S. 2 S., tongue and groove, No. 2, for door. 4 pieces 1" x 6’—10' Oregon pine for door frames. 356 square feet canvas for roof. 1 pair 4" strap hinges for door. 2 end gable irons marked “A.” 6 rafter irons marked “B.” 16 angles at rafter connection marked “C.” 8 angles at corners marked “D.” 6 #” x 11” bolts; plates to Skids. 4 §" x 9" bolts; 'skids to girders. 12 g” x 7” bolts for connecting parts. 16 g’’ x 3” bolts for connecting parts. 44 g” x 5” bolts for connecting parts. The estimated cost of this temporary composting pit is as follows: San Iſrancisco Sacramento Fresno Los Angeles Material - $45 00 $54 70 $55 65 $46 85 Labor - 35 00 40 00 47 00 32 00 Total $80 00 $94 70 $102 65 $78 85 Figure 40 (page 48) shows a pile of manure 50 feet long, 45 feet wide and 4 feet high. This manure is near the mess, cook and bunk houses. Millions of flies breed here during the eight months this manure is 51 90 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. kept, and hence the bunk, cook and mess houses swarm with flies. It has been found that a pile of horse manure weighing 500 pounds may contain about 300,000 fly maggots at the end of four days’ exposure. Besides, from the standpoint of economy alone, this is a poor method of keeping manure, as a large portion of it is wasted by heating and leaching. On the basis of prices charged for commercial fertilizers, it is esti- mated that the average value of manure annually produced by each horse or mule is $27; by each head of cattle, $19; by each hog, $12, and by each sheep, $2. Fifty per cent of the value of manure is lost if kept as shown in Figure 40. (See page 48.) Figure 41 shows a pile of manure stacked up against the side of a Tin cans and barrels in which water may stand, affording breeding places for mosquitoes. barn, which is about 50 feet from the kitchen, mess house and sleeping quarters. This pile of manure is not only a fly-breeding place, but may cause the side of the barn to cave in, or set fire to it. (See page 49.) XI. Mosquitoes and Malaria. Mosquitoes breed in stagnant water collected in pools, irrigation ditches, marshes, barrels and other receptacles left uncovered. Mos- quitoes carry malaria from the infected to the non-infected, and a laborer suffering from malaria, or badly bitten by other types of mos- quitoes, is only half efficient. Hence it pays to eliminate the mosquito. 1. In regions where mosquitoes are numerous, No. 16 or 18 wire mesh should be used for screening the bunk houses to keep out the mosquitoes. 2. Where tents are used for sleeping quarters in malarial regions, it is recommended that the occupants use mosquito nets over their beds to insure protection. 52 LABOR CAMP INSPECTION. - 91 3. If areas of stagnant water are present about the camp, the Sur- faces should be treated, once every ten days, with a mixture of crude oil and kerosene, half and half, to avoid the breeding of malaria-bearing mosquitoes. - Figure 42 shows a knapsack spray, five-gallon capacity, which is recommended for applying the oil. (See page 50.) Figure 43 shows tin cans and barrels in which water may stand, affording breeding places for mosquitoes. º XII. Sanitation Service. 1. Each large camp should have one or more able-bodied men, whose entire time should be devoted to the cleaning up of the camp. 2. The cooperation of every person in the camp is needed for securing the best results. 3. It is the duty of every employer to obey conscientiously the law requiring him to report immediately to the local health officer all communicable diseases, such as typhoid, smallpox, etc. 4. In camps of 50 or more persons, a fly-proof and mosquito-proof tent or house should be provided for receiving the sick. See page 54 for camp placard. 53 2 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND EIOUSING. SANITARY RULES. THE COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING OF CA LIFORNIA. MAKES THE FOLLOWING SUGGESTIONS TO MEN IN LABOR CAMPS: 1. Use the toilets. Do not urinate or defecate on the camp grounds; it endangers your own health and that of your fellow workmen. 2. Put your cast-off clothing—shirts, sox, trousers, etc.—in the containers provided for them. 3. Keep your bunks clean. Do not spit on the floor of the sleeping quarters. Throw old papers and tobacco tins in the garbage cans. 4. Cooks, flunkies and workmen must keep screen doors on eating quarters closed. 5. Keep your windows and tent flaps open to admit plenty of fresh air to your sleeping quarters. 6. Air all bedding and blankets at least once a week. 7. It is safer to use a drinking cup of your own. 8. Make proper use of the baths, toilets and other sanitary fea- tures provided for you. 9. Obey the rules of sanitation. Cooperate with your employer and with this Commission in bettering the sanitary conditions in labor camps. WE HEARTILY AGREE WITH THESE RECOMMENDATIONS, AND TRUST TEIAT OUR MEN WILL ASSIST US IN EGEEPING THIS C.A.M.P. CLEAN AND LIVABLE BY FOLLOWING TEIE ABOVE SUGGESTIONS. (Owner's Signature) ----------------------------- The above is a reproduction of a placard which we should be pleased to send you, to be posted at convenient places in your labor camp. Let us know how many you can use, and we shall send them without cost to you. COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING OF CALIFORNIA, Underwood Building, 525 Market Street, San Francisco, California. 54 LABOR, CAMP INSPECTION. INDEX. Analysis of Water Supply Barrel and Trench Incinerator Bathing Facilities Bill of Material for Chimney Type Incinerator Concrete Composting Pit for Horse Manure IKnock-down System. Bath House Knock-down System. Toilet Men's 2-Eſole Toilet with a Box Receptacle Women’s Toilet with a Single Entrance Men's 2-Hole Toilet Mess Tent Portable Toilet 4-Shower Men's Bath House 5-Shower Bath House for Women Stack Type Incinerator Temporary Composting Pit for Horse Manure Composting Pit for Horse Manure Women’s Toilet with Separate Entrances Ereeding of Flies Camp Placard for Employees --_44, 45, 47 51, 52 Care of Food Supplies Cement Floors for Stables Cleanliness of Cooks, Helpers and Waiters--------------- Common Towel a Carrier of Disease - Composting Pit for Horse Manure - - Contaminated Water Supplies Crowded Sleeping Quarters in Camps * * 12, 13 Cubic Feet of Air Space per Person Diagrams of a Barrel Incinerator - Composting Pit for Horse Manure Knock-down System Men’s Bath House Men's Toilet, Knock-down System Model Fly-proof Dining Tent, Knock-down System Portable Toilet Sanitary Toilets 4-Shower Bath House for Men 44, 45, 47 5-Shower Bath House for Women Slop Pit Stack Type Incinerator Temporary Composting Pit, Knock-down System Women’s Toilets 29, 31 Diseases, Communicable Disposal of Manure Drainage Around Buildings and Tents Drainage of Bathing Water Drinking Water Efficiency of Labor in Camps Estimated Cost of a Barrel Incinerator Chimney Type Incinerator Concrete Composting Pit for Horse Manure 2-Hole Men’s Toilet 2-Hole Men's Toilet with a Box Receptacle Knock-down System Shower Bath House Knock-down System Toilet Mess Tent 4-Shower Men’s Bath Eſouse 5-Shower Bath House for Women 55 94. COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND FIOUSING. Estimated Cost of a Stack Type Incinerator Temporary Composting Pit for Horse Manure Women’s Toilet with a Single Entrance Women's Toilet with Separate Entrances Flies and Manure Fly-proof and Mosquito-proof House for the Sick Garbage and Refuse Disposal Garbage Containers Ground Water Supply How to Stop the Breeding of Mosquitoes Incinerator, Chimney Type Individual Drinking Cups Individual Towels Insanitary Toilets Iron Bunks Kitchen and Mess House Law Providing for Bunks and Beds Lay-out of. Camps - Location of Camps Cesspools Chicken Coops Commissary Tent or House Hospital Tent or House Incinerators for Burning Ritchen Garbage Kitchen Mess Tent prEIouse Privy Vaults Sheep Corral Stables Toilets Malaria Carriers Mosquitoes and Malaria Old Wells in Questionable Positions Paper Towels Persons Engaged in Handling Food Pictures of Sanitary Toilets Pictures of Men’s and Women’s Shower Bath Houses Pit Incinerator– Pollution of a Well by the Contents of a Privy Vault Pollution of a Well Located on High Ground Protection from Mosquitoes Rock Pile Incinerator Sanitation Service Screening of Kitchens and Mess Houses Standard Sizes of Tents Suggested Lay-out of a Model Camp Tents and Buildings Toilets Towels Treating the Contents of the Privy Vault Typhoid Carriers Value of Horse Manure Ventilation of Sleeping Quarters Water Supply Wooden Bunk Houses Wooden Floors in Tents and Buildings 33, 28, i : ;- 11 30 56 BUREAU OF COMPLAINTS. 95 II. BUREAU OF COMPLAINTS, After two years’ experience, the Commission is convinced that in some respects the bureau of complaints is the most important depart- ment of its work. In the first report the following policy was an- nounced: “Not to theorize concerning the problems and difficulties met with by newly-arrived immigrants, but to find out from the immigrants themselves what these facts and problems are.” The complaint bureau was organized, therefore, not merely for the purpose of securing justice for exploited individuals, but also for the purpose of coming into con- tact with as many immigrants as possible in order to learn from them the common or general problems and evils which need attention and correction. It is in this latter connection that the Bureau has rendered particularly valuable service. It has been a sort of clearing-house and has furnished evidence which sometimes conclusively supports and sometimes conclusively disproves preconceived theories, and which often discloses entirely new phases of the immigration or assimilation prob- lems. And, from the study of such evidence, the work of prevention develops—the planning of ways and means to remove the pitfalls from the immigrant’s path to assimilation and citizenship. Thus, the com- plaint bureau’s work is constructive as well as corrective. It involves not merely the treatment of symptoms but the diagnosis of diseases, and Occasional cures. - - At the time this report goes to press—somewhat delayed by the compilation of statistical tables—7,369 complaints and applications for advice and assistance have been handled by this Commission. In the course of dealing with these thousands it has been possible to sort out Several fundamental difficulties or snags encountered by immigrants and to devise some means for overcoming them. In the course of investigating the hundreds of complaints against land companies, for instance, it became apparent that the usual source of trouble is to be found in the misunderstandings resulting from hasty sales, advertising 96 COMMISSION OF IMIMIGRATION AND EIOUSING. pamphlets, and oral representations regarding the land and the con- tracts of sale. So many immigrants read and speak English imper- fectly that mutual misunderstandings often result, and most foreigners, used to the very strict publishing laws of their native countries, rely implicitly on every statement in printed advertisements, not excepting the rather exaggerated ‘‘sales talk” which the native American has learned to discount or disregard; besides, in some cases, the advertise- ments were proved to be actually false, or, at least, misleading. Conse- quently, the Commission was able to persuade the legislature of 1915 to amend the Penal Code, section 654b, so as specifically to prohibit any misleading or exaggerated statements in connection with land offered for sale. To further protect these handicapped immigrants, whom every one seems so anxious to move from the city “back to the land,’’ an arrange- ment has been made to furnish them with free general information concerning agricultural lands, and free reports on the value of any particular tract of which they are contemplating the purchase. This arrangement is described in detail in chapter VI, on page 318. Evidence collected by this bureau also disclosed the fact that the Civil Code section requiring the father of an illegitimate child to contribute to its support is not furnishing any relief where immigrant women, or poor native American girls or women, are involved. These unfortunate mothers, usually unskilled, underpaid workers, who speak no English, do not know of this provision in the law, and if they do they are not able to employ attorneys. Furthermore, the type of men who seduce these almost helpless creatures are usually clever enough so to dispose of their property as to escape execution on any civil judg- ment. The Commission, therefore, attempted to prosecute a seducer of an immigrant girl under the Penal Code section, which makes failure to support a child punishable by both fine and imprisonment. The prose- cution was successful in the three lower courts, but was reversed in the Supreme Court, it being held that the law applied only to legitimate children, although it seemed to be admitted there was more need of Such a law in cases where parents were not lawfully married. This case, and several others investigated by the complaint bureau, were submitted to the last legislature and the law, Penal Code, section 270, was amended so as to include illegitimate children. Many poverty- stricken mothers who used to be turned away from the offices of district attorneys are now able to secure at least financial assistance from the fathers of their illegitimate children. Many social agencies, and espe- cially charity hospital organizations, have already used this law to good effect, and it has been estimated that it will save the State some $50,000.00 annually in contributions to the support of illegitimate children. BUREAU OF COMPLAINTS, TO IMMICRANTS The State of California Commission of Immigration and Housing is created to protect and aid immigrants in California H|M|| Yºs" (b |||||PM||h ||||||||||}} P|| |||}|{} |}|||||||| |||} |||} |I|||}||} || || |f||f|| |||||||| Qurgh rrrugrant, the ºr o detratºlitic; rurº chºr detºkranº talcrprutºrs, ºrio pregat at -ºr-i or defrazºrd. cr who with mºtºrrºw on. are asked to du verit r in per scra o di ºr irrre all Ultitio della Cerrºrus. Corrruiz.cr. were. Underwood lº-Jºnr. 3:3 Market St. San Frantuco, Caliform.a. La Cortºn'ssicne fºrt.rº inſerrrurion] rā al-ter, ad -- t * * C.A.!:rrun irraztants who ſtel that thry have tren º' (cºnged. tºr ‘er-ºº! tº— fing $3.3 Atarket Strerº San Francisco, I ſurrº inſcrpriatiºn and a til 233 Wr speak and writt all language i Thr c all in cºta --rr Juvt. f 4.- : * r * * * * * * * * * *s war-s- “w r * *y wet s r s \ . º, nº. 4 ºr a ser, s , , , , , , , , ºf “ - “... • tilt, tº sº k-a < * * * if- * ! ... • * * * * * * *** *** * * * * * * * * * * * * * aer at twº sºrt sº sº. 4 ºxta- a start a ~ * * * * * * * * * * * * • * * * * r * ~ * : * * f. - ps tº s r: º, . R* ***, *N \ ºr (Yiddih) TO IMMIGRANTS PER GLI EMIGRANTI (iulian) {\ }M\lſ?|||Ill (Rain) -- rit:- º ū §...}... State of California Corrrruau:r of Irrnigraturn La Corrøntitione di Trr.gr In California stata - k r - **. Hº- ---, 17 tº: m ºther a-5 12-rg is created to protect any A,i arrangiants in creats prº protºrcºre rherºcyant, ºn California- 1 s ºr ºrps is r s as Qa = • Pas-, - ess a hºst" ºr * * * res s stis # 'ºr' ; :- Hº ; --6 7-z-zº ºr u :-z-z r-, .x:---- s sºº" w = :*:--ºr --- ºn re -ts =r tº T-z-r mºn in a t- ut, $23 Markri St. San Frarxisza. Cal. tº re ſº-º-º:rn rzri trn errºr -, -zz reº- ºr--a pºrt: rs ſk ºr 5 is 57; PARA EMIGRANTES (Portugusts) A Corrrruu)0 de Irrugia, Ao pcut, Ja da Eats:2 da Caliſcrras, ºr rada para ºr curger & aus lar trºugrant tº rºs Cal.ſerrus, Errurfantry quº pulga-n terrrr, aido mil tratadas. abrºadc1 cu defrat-Jaiot. cºu $3e devejarn unſcrºrukio alo regadan a virtrn brerºr cu extrºtrim so riºn;ttrix da Cornfrastão. Under-ood B-13.rr. 3:3 Rua Market. San A LOS INMIGRANTES (sºurish) 1. Crºw -&n de l'rruriat, ºn y Alejar-ento del Latado Jº Caº (, trus. Şa udo (reads put a ſº cºtt try a t \ .*.*.* tra-tra rºy Ualifornia A lºw irrattºntt" qur ha) an ºilfr13o alrun agravio. * -12 c 12:o drilatriadov, we tra rºde ºur screpart rean per- 1. ^* !--tº a rººt ban A is tiltirºs de tº Corral.cºm. Urger. * , ºf it-ali Prº23 Mark ri Su San Francisco t = f^*-, * r far 1 - DO EMIRGRACJI Kaliſcºnsis Erruttery.jºs Biwo ot-Arts dis | informut); tragrantern fºr rybrº syncyn do Kalifornia Emigrant. Averry trugs utbit pourrºwdstra lub otsukuni, a takır thcaryth doitat inſcrºr tº;i. Froumy arlesić at cºcºxtºw lºb to Huura Korrasjº. Under- wood butt jung 3:5 &tary ºf St. San Francisco. -- tº - (Polub) aay simutil OSELJENICiMA (creatan) - lavra hornuuja is uselytruitwo rai'itu ukljrruka u ºr lar, Kalifra rºl |- -a < * * ljtruh u Kalaſcºrnuſ. - lxxxirt,r1, koji drit is m at runºrtla kiwits. da tu 11, is a tº ºwls arºſ rrrr art is neka ºr ºf ºx *obro is rºw run uſed driavre ºrware. Aoka Urder-ood Hulding, $15 Market Street. San Frankince. Karruwys te awakarū dati iriarratiye 1 porno's twirra -- ar Francisco. sy-far tº:* rºº ºr “ hars la Fºrst is debuja. Corruriušo ſcrrectri trfºrmaçıo e apºlarſ todos a w otrzyrrºriu sprz = -1, woki dº detºju swore pravo. histlirros y lacrºtºrr tº today 134 tº crus cłverrm jailrºa Fallrmº e rºcrºwrmwoº toilt as lingual. Mowtºny f. arrmy po polihu. M, rovarirno i palerno rve rinks. (Greth) ******{*** - º • *-* - - A BEVANDORLOKHOZ in } * ..!!!"; I tº r-, win ſ.v. W Wºr,\:. rris Hrvandºt au ri F3׺lvero Bizetti irs artri Ca'iſctrists - Aristička * rint rved;t --- - ities ºver-º- - - t scºrer. $23 Markat Street. 3-13 rtnte. T ~ Trººstew we’ve tºs refºx". -4. - ***** *** ** ****** -- we tºwarvvu tº at-e-w-. tºrt-eftºv * ** Trakers - ºr ºut rº-ºst A to that 1-ft-trut r, waſ ºrºga } : * r * r *ders tºwt guti PRISTEHOVALCUM (nºrman) - a utºr ovat! Stát Kalifornie talolii fºrktehºrvalrtkou kançºtif. Atri A rºº Polkytowau &lu any a pornozi prºstrbo- val: :v.ºn. jºritheralci. Prº te itsła kärvda. httri tol, oitreri. kterrrl byla ºn tathâreno antbo ºri whº pakºv ce. yºu #43 ara. aty tº dottavily on-brº b a $*. wood B-ald.nz. try, San Francitco, kiti yr bºdcu - nury pottetré informace a hādan, pornoc. a sºwaveſinoat. Miluº tºre a fairnrºe truly. tº M M I c. R A ful Ts Łs Corrrri.ºkson de “Irrrºw gratiºn et Horri-ng" de l’Etat de Culdcºre a #1t crite pour frotirer tt sider tri trarri. grani vrrant rn Califotrue. rigrants qui aur sºrrºt tu qui crotrajent avci. A sº plairdre de mauvais trastrºnent, rt dates, tu qui desur- rairnº des trformations. Peuvent ecrue cu vrnur rn jersonne aus bºrerun de la Corrrºrsuer de TEtal. Underwood build- ing. $23, rur Markrt, San Franciscs. La Carrawuor ir trirt A Trritºre disposition des [rité- rrists fºur to strº informations ri Nºr par!oru ri kriwoni tootes lei languti (Fºrnch) Underwood Building, 525 Market Street San Francisco, California Reproduction of poster, in twelve different languages, offering assistance to immi- These posters have been placed in railroad stations, in public buildings, On grantS. COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING OF CALIFORNLA docks, and in conspicuous places in all immigrant centers throughout the State. 98 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. In many other instances the data and information gathered through the complaint bureau have been used to support arguments for pro- posed laws or in favor of the creation of private Welfare institutions. Of these the “Dock Zone” law, printed on page 332, is deserving of special mention. It was draughted by the Commission and enacted by the last legislature to prevent in some degree the constant exploitation of newly-arrived immigrants at docks and stations. This power of re- stricting to licensed persons admission to docks where immigrants are being landed, can be used most effectively in warding off professional exploiters and fake charity workers when direct immigration to Cali- fornia ports increases. º Another example of the constructive service rendered by this Bureau is to be found in connection with the organization of a legal aid society in San Francisco (discussed in detail on page 103). The large num- ber of civil cases which the Bureau was unable to arbitrate or settle, and wherein both destitute immigrants and native Americans were in need of free legal services, was used as the final evidence to crystalize a slowly developing demand among social service agencies and attorneys for a legal aid society similar to those in the larger eastern cities. The bureau of complaints, by these exposures of corruption and exploitation, and by pointing out obvious remedies, has also been of inestimable value in educating the general public to the need of a domestic immigration policy—one of the most important functions of this Commission. The work of this department has in some measure furnished answers to the questions in the following extract from a recent paper by One of the Commissioners and has proved that the justification contained therein is not merely academic or theoretical: “A question which more than once we have had to answer, runs Something like this: ‘Why should the State devote special atten- tion to the immigrant? Haven’t we our own poor, our own ex- ploited, among the native born ? And aren’t they just as worthy of protection and assistance as the alien In fact, doesn’t our first duty demand that we serve our own 3 Should not charity begin at home 3’ - “Our State may justify itself from at least three different view- points. The act creating Our Commission does not intend that any special favor be accorded the foreigner. But the stranger, ignorant of Our laws, our customs, and often of Our language, upon arrival finds himself beset by innumerable handicaps. The removal of these tends to place him upon an equality with those longer resi- dent here. There is no favoritism in this; merely an attempt to establish a measure of justice. “‘Ordinarily, the immigrant is so situated that he becomes an easy prey to exploiters, that he finds it almost impossible to get On his feet economically; misfortune drags him into the over- crowded quarters of our slums, those breeding places of disease, BUREAU OF COMPLAINTS. 99 immorality, crime and ignorance; education in English and civics is almost impossible to attain. Such a man is not on the road to becoming a useful citizen. Indeed, unguided and unprotected, he is liable to become a menace. The correction of these evils is no more than a matter of our own self-protection. Our efforts pri- marily are in the direction of our own welfare. From this view- point, the immigrant is only an incident in our activities. ‘‘Dut the immigrant is not merely a potential menace, from whom we must protect ourselves. With the proper encouragement, he may become a positive source of benefit to our civilization. Each man brings to our shores certain inherited racial and national tal- ents as well as certain personal faculties which we may encourage . and develop to our own advantage. The social settlement was the first institution in this land to give practical recognition to the fact that art and philosophy had not departed from the Greek, that music and sense of legal order had not deserted the Italian, that with the Jew there still remains a worship of the beauty of holiness, a reverence for pure family life, and a deep-seated belief that a nation which breaks faith is as much a sinner as is the indi- vidual who does violence to the moral law. The settlement first recognized the valuable contributions that might be made to our culture by immigrants from Germany, from Russia, from England, from France and from the homes of the Norsemen; yes, even from the pettiest of distant lands. And advisedly we might take the cue from the settlement in this respect, to do all within our power to bring out the latent possibilities from even the humblest of the strangers within our gates. Our country, in its early history, bor- rowed ideals and practices from all peoples, both ancient and modern. Is it not conceivable that the descendants of those who contributed thus might still have something to give? “The State, then, in directing some attention toward the immi- grant, is justified in three ways: First, by removing handicaps in the path of the stranger, it tends to place all upon an equality of opportunity; then, by protecting and aiding the foreigner, it most wisely seeks the welfare of the whole commonwealth; and finally, in encouraging the development of latent racial and personal tal- ents, the State brings out valuable contributions to our culture. “With wise minimum social, economic, educational and legal standards determined and enforced, we make impossible the exist- ence of many of those practices and habits which are repugnant to our civilization. The immigrant crowds into hovels, thus en- dangering our health and our economic structure. Well, enforce our five hundred cubic-foot law and other housing regulations, and he must be half-way decent. The alien competes unfairly by throw- ing his women and his children into the stream of labor. Then bring to bear upon him our compulsory education law and our laws governing the employment of Women and minors. The foreigner participates in corrupt politics and Overloads our courts. Possibly Our taking corruption out of our politics and putting more justice into our courts might remedy much of this. “Another by-produćt flowing from an established domestic policy of immigration is this: Whatever we do, with the immigrant di- rectly in mind, Works to the advantage of our whole community. 100 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND EIOUSING. If we establish better schools for immigrants, we raise the whole tone of our educational system. If we put out of business and behind the bars the real estate shark who preys upon the alien, the employment agent who misrepresents and splits fees, the crooked notary and the shyster lawyer, and the white slaver, to that extent do we protect our native-born. If we prevent the foreign-born from overcrowding, from exploiting his women and his children, by the same effort we enforce these laws in regard to our own people. That is why we sometimes wonder why we are called a Commission of Immigration. In our effort to improve the condition of one element in our population, we tend to elevate the whole mass.” Newspaper editorials, local magazine articles, communications from clubs, and individuals, offers of co-operation from various and unex- pected sources—all go to prove the fact that the complaint bureau has exposed some real problems; that gradually people are becoming eager to make amends for their long neglect; and that there is a growing desire to substitute for the laissez faire attitude toward the problem of immigrant assimilation some such constructive policy as that outlined in these quoted paragraphs. District attorneys, police officials, health officers, naturalization officers, and others who come in contact with many immigrants in trouble, have stated in cases handled by this bureau that they are coming to realize that immigrants are handicapped in various ways and that something more corrective than mere punish- ment is needed for immigrant offenders, and that more sympathetic and conscientious treatment is due immigrants who have themselves been wronged. One official, for example, admitted that he had been in the habit of “not wasting much time with the investigation or prose- cution of complaints brought by immigrants because it was hard to understand their ‘lingo,' and they took up so much time that he usually advised them to forget their troubles and go back to work.” But this same official co-operated with the complaint bureau in prose- cuting several cases of defrauded immigrants and today he is an ardent advocate of the theory that his former treatment of such cases made anarchists or criminals of potential, valuable citizens, and he is enthu- siastic about evening classes in English and citizenship—or any measures looking toward the economic and civic assimilation of our foreign-born population. (A) ATTITUDE OF IMMIGRANTS. The attitude of the immigrants toward the work of the bureau of Complaints and the change that the bureau itself has wrought in their attitude toward the government and American institutions in general, are both hopeful indications of the further usefulness of this branch of the Commission’s work. Time and again an immigrant who has BUREAU OF COMPLAINTS. 101 been aided in securing long-deferred justice, returns to the office, bring- ing some of his countrymen who have also been exploited or defrauded. These friends are always introduced with an air of pride that betokens a sort of newly-awakened civic consciousness and a wholesome feeling of responsibility for the proper enforcement of the laws. Having had their own wrongs righted, these people respond with a spontaneity that seems almost incredible to less emotional native Americans, and fre- quently waning faith in their dreams of American liberty and democ- racy is renewed almost at once. They feel that the State is ‘‘playing Investigator and interpreter taking evidence and interviewing immigrants con- cerning a complaint filed by several of their number. In Sacramento branch office of the Commission. square” with them, as one expressed it, and that they, in turn, must shoulder the responsibilities of citizenship. Naturally, some trivial and unfounded complaints are filed with the bureau, but the number of these is not great. Every social agency, governmental or private, has chronic complainers and “repeaters” to contend with, and it is not to be expected that none should be found among immigrants—who are so often subjected to harsh and prejudiced treatment that they become over-suspicious or discouraged. The bureau always attempts to deal tactfully with such complainants but they meet with small encouragement in their grievances. Although the bureau has come in direct contact with only some six thousand immigrants, three or four times this number have been reached through those who have been directly aided. News of such 102. CoMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. work spreads rapidly through the gossip and newspapers of the “for- eign colonists,” and much intangible good is accomplished that can not be tabulated. The people who come to the office are urged to attend night school if they speak no English, or urged to become citizens if they are still aliens, and all are urged to use free public employment agencies and to be wary in buying land and in all business dealings, Through many enthusiasts thus appealed to, such constructive propa- ganda work is constantly being carried on among immigrant groups. (B) OFFICE ORGANIZATION. The procedure described in the first annual report is still followed in handling complaints. As the department has become more of an estab- lished institution it has been possible to develop better co-operation with other departments of the state government and with various municipal officials. Consequently results are often achieved much more quickly through the direct jurisdictional powers of these other departments; yet the bureau still carefully investigates each case, collecting all evi- dence possible and following it up to final disposition wherever practicable. - With the passing of time, and as a result of consistent publicity, it has not been necessary to advertise so widely or to “go out after busi- ness.” Yet, this work of the Commission, like that of the labor camp and other departments, is still governed by a policy that is not satisfied with watchful waiting. The Commission is opposed to the practice of so many public agencies which open up an office, prominently indicated by an impressive sign-board, and then patiently wait, avoiding effort when possible. The sign, as reproduced on page 97, is still displayed throughout the State, but in addition the Commission’s investigators have actually sought out many of the complaints. The bureau does not purpose to wait to be urged by immigrants clamoring for justice or for opportunities for education; rather does it intend to thrust these oppor- tunities upon them. The organic act directs the Commission to unearth and investigate immigrant exploitation, and, though inviting criticism from some quarters, it persists in going about this work by advertising its wares in the manner known to successful commercial enterprises. As has been pointed out in the first part of this chapter, these com- plaints are not sought out for the purpose of making destructive criti- cisms, but for the purpose of indicating needed reforms and making Constructive improvements. As indicated in the table on page 117, the Sacramento branch office is now far in the lead as to the number of complaints handled. The rapid growth of this office can be attributed to several causes. Sacra- mento is the center for immigrant migratory agricultural and camp workers in the valley, and the office is located on the thoroughfare BUREAU OF COMPLAINTS. 103 frequented by all these people. This class of immigrants seems to be more open to exploitation than the more settled resident class in San Francisco; furthermore, the immigrant groups are more scattered and have no common gathering place in this latter and larger city. The office in San Francisco is not, of course, devoted exclusively to the handling of complaints, as is the one in Sacramento; and, being located in an office building, it is not so accessible. Finally, there are fewer public and private social or charity agencies in Sacramento. However, the Commission realizes that it is not meeting all the needs in San Francisco, and it is to be earnestly hoped that the legislature will eventually grant an appropriation for the maintenance of small branch complaint offices in the more densely populated immigrant centers. Oakland, also, should have a separate office to handle the complaints of its rather large immigrant population. As the result of the experience in Sacramento, and because so many complaints have come, incidentally, from San Joaquin county, a part- time office has recently been opened in Stockton. The Commission’s head investigator in Sacramento spends every Friday and part of Saturday there in a small store space on the street level, similar to the Sacramento office. Within the first three weeks 41 complaints have been filed in this office. It seems clear, therefore, that offices should be maintained in all the interior cities, such as Fresno, Chico, and Bakersfield, which are frequented by migratory immigrants, and which contain compact, easily-reached immigrant colonies. The Commission’s appropriation is not large enough to maintain so many offices, but it is hoped that the Stockton experiment will prove the necessity for such branch offices of all the various industrial and welfare departments of the state government and that joint offices can be opened and main- tained by all these departments, none of which are now represented in the rapidly-growing cities mentioned above. Deputations from some of these cities have already petitioned for such offices, and it would seem that they are justified in their assertions that these newer communities are in need of preventive work as much as or more than the larger cities. (c) NEED OF LEGAL AID SOCIETIES, ETC. The complaint bureau still has difficulty in properly disposing of com- plaints where no amicable adjustment can be reached and which can not be referred to the jurisdiction of public officials. The following state- ment from last year’s report is reiterated in the hope that eventually every community of any size will make provisions for handling such matters: “The machinery for law enforcement where public officials can intervene was usually found to be adequate, but there is a deplor- able lack of private organizations to which needy immigrants can be 104 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. referred when public officials are without power to render aid. Particu- larly is there a great need for legal aid societies or public defenders and public prosecutors to handle civil cases in court for immigrants (as well as for needy citizens). In such cases the Commission had to avoid sending complaints to any particular attorneys, as the State can not assume such responsibility or subject itself to the possible criticism of showing favoritism. Yet it is an established fact that the immigrant usually falls into the clutches of unscrupulous attorneys who have their offices in or near foreign colonies. The office of the public defender in the city of Los Angeles co-operated with the Commission in taking over the civil cases, but elsewhere there is no such official, or legal aid socie- ties, and the Commission could only refer complainants generally to private attorneys and do what it could, with propriety, to keep them out of the hands of ‘shysters.’ ” Early in 1915, in accordance with the express direction of the Com- mission’s organic act, a movement was begun in San Francisco to arouse interest in a legal aid society. Within the last few weeks this move- ment culminated in a general meeting, called by a justice of the appel- late court in co-operation with the Commission. The Bar Association, and practically every social, religious and charitable organization was represented. After a discussion of the hundreds of cases wherein free or inexpensive legal aid was needed, and which had annually come to the notice of the organizations represented, it was unanimously resolved that a representative, nonsectarian legal aid society be formed as soon as pos- sible. A committee of fifteen, on which the Commission is represented, was selected and given definite power to organize such a society and raise funds for its support. This committee is now drawing up plans for organization and devising ways and means for financial support. Within the year it is planned to start similar organizations in Sacra- mento, Stockton, and perhaps Oakland—in each of which cities there is proportionately as great a need in this connection as in San Francisco. The problem of handling destitute immigrants without employment, referred to in last year’s report, should be made considerably easier by the free public employment offices established by the legislature of 1915. These offices are to be opened in February, 1916. Moreover, in its own work, done at the request of the Governor, last winter and during the present fall and winter, with regard to the relief of destitute unem- ployed, the Commission has endeavored to persuade all cities and towns to establish temporary committees or organizations to which cases of destitution might be referred during the hardest months. (See page 327 for a detailed report of this work.) BUREAU OF COMPLAINTS. 105 (D) SUMMARY AND CAUSES OF COMPLAINTS. As a matter of convenience and in order to distinguish the more serious complaints from mere applications for advice and assistance, separate records have been kept during the past year as shown in Table I, on page 117. It is to be noted, therefore, that, according to the single form of tabulation followed in last year's report, 4,308 Com- plaints, over twice the number of last year, have been handled during 1915. Since this table was compiled, and at the time of going to press, this number has increased to 5,310. In all, since the complaint bureau was opened, 7,369 cases have been handled. Record is being kept of the months in which complaints are filed (Table II, on page 117a), to indicate the variation and to discover, after a series of years, whether or not there is any significant variation by months. - In Table III, page 117a, showing complaint dispositions, it is to be noted that only about 25 per cent of the cases were of a nature which could be sent to other state or municipal officials for action or dispo- sition. During the first year less than 25 per cent were so handled, and the percentage would be less this year if applications were not now tabulated separately. This fact denotes the actual necessity of the com- plaint bureau in finally securing or administering justice. Table III, page 117a, also shows that action was taken to prosecute defendants on criminal charges in 48 cases. The total number of cases involving crime or fraud of a criminal nature, otherwise disposed of where the evidence was not sufficient for prosecution, was 232. In many of these, citations have been issued through district attorneys and refunds made by defendants. In five cases of the 48, convictions were secured directly by the Commission’s attorney as special prosecutor; and likewise two indictments whereon the defendants have not yet been brought to trial. Of the 22 cases referred to district attorneys for prose- cution after the evidence had been collected, 20 have been acted on. It is difficult to secure records from these scattered offices, but reports of nine convictions have been made and it is known that four other of these cases are pending. In the four cases classed as ‘‘Defendant arrested’’ in Table III, convictions were sought unsuccessfully by the Commis- sion’s attorney directly. Of the 11 cases referred to the police for action regarding violations of police regulations, five have been carried to successful prosecution. Another interesting item in Table III is the one showing that money was collected in 120 cases. The amounts have not been recorded in accessible form, but this will be shown in future reports. - The 39 cases classed as “Filed for reference” in Table III, page 117a, are instances where action was not possible in the individual cases, for 106 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND EIOUSING. fraudulent practices of a general nature were disclosed and an effort will be made to devise laws or other general remedies. In over 40 per cent of the 83 cases referred to the State Industrial Accident Commission the complainants did not know of the existence of the compensation law. In 17 of these cases the bureau's investigators succeeded in getting a higher award for injured immigrants who had not been able to properly present their cases either because they spoke no English or because of careless attorneys. There is also a far-reaching effect on many more immigrants, and on careless officials, than the numbers would indicate in the little item “eight released from false arrest,” in Table III. Arresting officers quickly hear of these cases and are more careful not to presume on helpless immigrants when they are endeavoring to help their records by making arrests. With regard to Table V, page 117C, it may appear strange that so few complaints are filed by Oriental immigrants—Chinese and Japanese. Two reasons for this have been given by several prominent members of these races—that these immigrants are more wary and less apt to get in trouble, and if they do, they rely on their own efficient fraternal societies; and, secondly, they rather distrust any governmental offer of aid, because of the anti-Oriental legislation and race prejudice. These explanations will seemingly have to suffice, as the Commission made many efforts, through special notices and newspaper articles in the Chinese and Japanese languages, to let these races know the Com- plaint bureau was open to them. Another feature of Table V demanding special notice is the fact that, though over one-half of the defendants were native Americans, yet there were 283 Greeks and 216 Italians against whom complaints were made. The next ranking foreign race in this column was the Portu- guese, with 83, while the others are mostly below 20. These figures indicate that the Greeks and Italians are most prone to prey upon their newly-arrived fellow-countrymen and other immigrants, although many of these complaints were trivial and resulted from the sectional and internal disputes common to the groups of these more emotional and excitable races. A special effort has been made by the complaint bureau to convince these defendants that they are acting in a fiduciary capacity in dealing with their newly-arrived countrymen, and that their conduct should be above suspicion. Table VI, page 117 d, is made so full and detailed this year that dis- cussion of the various causes of complaints would add nothing. The long list of causes indicate clearly the importance of investigating the wide field of subjects covered and removing the causes which are found to be foundations for complaints. The large number of com- plaints concerning things which are obviously serious dangers to our IBUREAU OF COMPLAINTS. 107 political, social, and economic life—such as land frauds, business frauds, attorneys’ frauds, etc.—furnishes food for careful thought. In such cases, particularly, do the constructive phases of the bureau’s work affect and redound to the benefit of the native-born, and the entire community. But, in place of dealing in generalities in this connection, a large number of typical cases are given on pages 107 to 117. Tables VII, VIII, and IX, pages 117f, 117g, and 117h, contain the data concerning the applications as distinguished from the complaints (for explanation of distinction see page 117). Table VII shows the diversity in the nature of the applications. The desired information or assistance was furnished in practically every instance except where aid was sought in obtaining employment. The Commission is, of course, not equipped to act as an employment agency, and the 428 applications in this connection demonstrate the need or demand for the free state employment bureau created by the 1915 legislature. Likewise the 174 instances where legal advice was sought show the need of legal aid societies especially equipped to render service in this field. Table VIII, page 117g, shows that assistance was rendered to 139 native-born Amer- icans as well as to the 42 other races enumerated. Here, as in the case of complaints, the bureau rendered what aid it could to the native-born, although it has no technical jurisdiction in such cases. Table IX, page 117h, is not so complete as it should be, due to clerical oversights in taking down information as to the length of residence. However, this information in the 431 cases recorded clearly demon- strates the fact that the newly-arrived immigrants are most in need of assistance and protection, and that after a few years they become adjusted to their new surroundings and more self-reliant. (E) TYPICAL CASES. MISCON DUCT OF OFFICIAL. A German, whose respect for Officers of the law was instilled in his native land, called at the Commission office, asking if the laws of the United States authorized a constable to charge a man he had arrested two dollars and a half “for board and the trouble of putting him in jail.” After being closely questioned the German made a sworn state- ment in which he stated he had been waiting in a small town for two pay checks due him, and when only one came he refused to accept it without the second check. His boarding-house keeper, to whom a small bill was due, sent for the constable, who told the German to either take the single check and pay his board bill, or go to jail. The German refused to take the check; so, without a warrant, or without even being taken before a magistrate, he was placed in jail on a Saturday morning 108 . . COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. and was confined all day. In the evening the constable told him that if he would pay the boarding-house keeper and “expenses of $2.50” he could be discharged—otherwise he would have to remain in jail over Sunday and the expenses would be much more. The German, ignorant of American law, paid the bill. When confronted by the affidavit, the constable explained that as the justice was out of town, no warrant was issued; that some one had to pay the expenses—which consisted of fifty cents for two meals served in jail—and two dollars for “his trouble.’’ He claimed the German offered voluntarily to pay these expenses as he had caused them. This information was laid before the Commission’s attorney, who secured a return of the two dollars and fifty cents and also placed the entire matter before the district attorney of the county and a prosecution is now threatened. |N DUSTRIAL ACC IDENT RECOVERY. A Frenchman recently complained to the Commission that he had been severely injured through the falling of the cookhouse steps at the place of his employment. He had received some medical treatment and compensation but was still unable to follow his occupation, although he had been discharged as well. Investigation showed that he had been reported by the employer’s doctor as being able to resume work, but after trying to do so, he was unable to continue. The employer’s insurance carrier refused to make further compensation and the Commission filed an application for a hearing before the Industrial Accident Commission. As a result of this hearing the Frenchman was awarded a substantial increase in compensation by the Industrial Accident Commission. The Immigration Commission has assisted a large number of aliens to file with the Accident Commission claims for injuries received, or requests for additional compensation, and with few exceptions the claims have been allowed. INSURANCE FRAUD. A young Spanish boy, a political refugee from Northern Mexico, through the efforts of the Commission, secured work at the shops of the Southern Pacific Company. One day just at the close of the lunch hour an officious looking man came to the shop yard, handed him a paper and told him to sign it. The boy understood little English and thinking the man was one of the railroad timekeepers, readily signed. At the end of the month he found his pay check $6.60 short. Inquiry at the railroad office showed a signed statement had been given by the boy authorizing the railroad company to deduct this amount for acci- dent insurance. Up to this time a policy had not even been received BUREAU OF COMPLAINTS. 109 by the boy. An investigation by the Commission showed that the agent had manufactured the entire statement used in making out the insur- ance application, for the policy had been sent to an imaginary address and returned to the company; the occupation as stated in policy was incorrect, as was the age of the insured. - Upon presentation of these facts the insurance company readily refunded the initial payment and cancelled the policy. The importance to the State of fair and just treatment of people ignorant of our language is illustrated by this same Spanish boy. Recently he called at the Commission’s Office asking for names of firms handling large complete flour-mill machinery. He stated a friend in Mexico desired to erect a mill and would buy the machinery in this country. He has also asked for information regarding the shipment of coffee to this State and the buying of farm machinery here for relatives in Mexico. - SUBCONTRACT WAGE FRAUDS. A large sugar company leased land to a Chinese contractor and agreed to pay him by the ton for all sugar beets grown. To secure the payment of the rent and of advances made, the Chinese gave a crop mortgage to the company on the beets. The Chinaman then let a subcontract to a Japanese, who secured a large number of foreign laborers to do the work. Most of these men were given subcontracts to care for a small patch of beets. After working a few weeks the Japanese found his contract was unprofitable. He persuaded the Chinaman to advance him some money and, taking this, he left for parts unknown. The laborers were therefore unable to collect the money due them and on account of the crop mortgage were unable to attach the beets. This is only one instance of a large number of cases in which irre- sponsible Japanese farm contractors have defrauded foreign laborers out of their hard earned money. There are on file in the Sacramento office of the Commission, for the year 1915, over one hundred claims for wages on money due on subcontracts from Japanese to farm laborers. It is hoped that the new non-payment of wages law will aid in remedying this nefarious practice. DO U BLE EMPLOYMENT FEE. A Greek called at the Commission’s office with a receipt showing he had paid a Greek employment agent a fee of $1.50 for a job as section hand on a railroad. He also had with him his pay check issued in Nevada, where he had been sent to work, which check showed that a “labor fee” of $1.00 had been deducted for the month. As a result of 110 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. an investigation it was learned that a Greek labor contractor has the exclusive privilege of furnishing section employees to several large railroad systems and, in addition to charging them a fee for getting them work, he collects one dollar a month from each man employed. This same Greek maintains stores where the section hands are expected to spend their money. As the Greeks say: “He gets us both coming and going.” While the laws of California do not allow a monthly deduction to be made from wages to pay an employment agent, by hiring the men in this State for employment in other states the same end is accomplished. - - - - No. 5.4531 WestERN Pacific Railway company T. Discº-anar check *–*- - e...Euro we ada. Nº. 1915 ºn l = | ---------- a t-------, -a -º nº ºr ----, -all i u ar- tº- --- - - --- -TR-sur-ºx º º . E. - - - - - - - º * - Z tºº º as # - - - - - - - -: --- tº--- --~~~~ * - 1915 ºl- is º : LLABOKER "º. . . " # - - - - - - - --- - - - º - - - - - º º H tº : - - - - — - - - º: - --- - - - - - # - - - Labºr Fer L. tº sºns Z - Cº. - # A -----------n-º-º: || 1: * --- ſºl - Hº- --_ *… e-º-, - H Received, ºr - wºn nºt uw ºn ----------|*: º, -º/-, ºl. i; - - - --- - - Reproduction of a pay check issued an immigrant. Note deduction of $1.00 for “Labor Fee L. G. Skliris.” This immigrant had already paid $1.50 to an employ- ment agent in California for this job, and he had no dealings whatsoever with L. G. Skliris. It seems that the sum of $1.00 is deducted each month for this so- called “fee.” The Commission has taken the matter up with the railroad company and is attempting to have this double and excessive employment fee system abolished. LAND FRAUD. An Italian woman brought to the Commission’s office a notice of delinquency for taxes on a lot assessed to her in Texas. She explained that an Italian agent had sold her husband this lot for $25,00 when he was employed in a coal mine in the East. The agent stated a fine town was growing up; great quantities of oil and coal were there and that this lot was worth several hundred dollars but was being sold cheap merely as an introductory offer. She stated that hundreds of laborers had purchased lots as a result of the agent's representations. The woman from Italy desired to know if she should pay the taxes. During the Commission's investigation, word from a reliable public officer in Texas was received to the effect that this town “is an ‘imag- inary city’ and is in litigation also.” E co : - 3 . - THIS AGENCY is licensee BY The commissiones of Lases of THE STATE of cal_ifornia. Receipt No. 802. A. MITCHELL, Mgr. Order No. 3% H l WESTERN LABOR BUREAU. . . ºf . LABOR AGENTS # Skilled and Unskilled Labor Supplied Employers Free of Charge. Large Railroad and Lumber Companies Contracts Solicited. 3. --------- º,'º','º', 9 1 B 2nd STREET º TELEPHONE MAIN 3449. R. : # DEnvºn, co-o. N. - - - ! º 2- # Sacramento, Cal.,........ wº-ſh.…. 191...... = - - - - -- - - - \ - 38ertibro from -------------( ...… the sum of | II. |º - Dollars. for which we agree to furnish correct information # - by which he shall be enabled to SECURE EMPLOYMENT as ..…. |3 - º \ ºf || 3 with ----------------- \---------------------------------at- ºl. -------- --- £ - - - - - sº Wages 5 1/2. per ------. \ --- Board… ----------------- Lodging ºn É - - - º, a Transportation 5.x. Free.…. ... :)" --- -----| || 3: Hours per day ------- ºl- --- work will last ºl. 1 .…. 3 Employment authorized by ºve-tº- Report for position to ºf ſºlº cº- ... 3 : - -. s 3. - º # * * #'s f - - – - - - - º EMPLOYER must state on reverse side why applicant was not hired and return to holder - Y - Lºs - 1. * Reproduction of a combined receipt for $1.50 and an employment order issued to an immigrant by a private em- ployment agency. The immigrant secured the job, but, on his first pay check from the railroad, an additional $1.00 was deducted as another employment fee to a man whom he had never seen or dealt with (See railroad pay check on page 110, and digest of case on page 109. 112 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. It was learned that the company promoting the townsite had employed agents speaking different foreign tongues, and by misrepre- sentation had sold land all over the country to ignorant aliens. An effort to get more definite information is being made, and pur- chasers from the company will be aided in every possible way, through co-operation with Texas officials. AIDING | M M I GRANT WOMEN. During the summer season a large number of foreign women, most of whom have large families, find employment in fruit canneries. For many years one of the large canneries in Sacramento has provided a nursery for the babies and little children of its women employees, but due to difficulties over sanitation and proper attendants for the little ones, the cannery decided to abandon its nursery during the summer of 1915. A large number of foreign mothers appealed to the Commis- sion to assist them in securing a nursery. Several charitable organiza- tions were consulted and finally the Catholic Ladies Relief Society agreed to take charge of the nursery provided financial assistance could be furnished. An agreement was entered into whereby the cannery, the women employees and the relief society were to share in the expense. A suitable building was secured; this was cleanly and neatly furnished and a playground was provided for the little ones. In addition to an Italian woman attendant the relief society secured the services of a practical American nurse and throughout the summer months from twenty to fifty children were cared for each day. Simple sanitary lessons were given to the mothers and for the first time in the history of this cannery no trouble over sanitation was experienced. Instead of running the streets, the little ones were kept busy in the playground. Much suffering was avoided by having the nursery near enough so that the mothers could nurse and care for their babies at frequent intervals. So successful was the nursery that plans are now under way for having similar arrangements made at other canneries during the Summer of 1916. LOAN SHARK FRAU D. During the spring of 1915 a number of Hindus called at the office of the Commission, stating they had lent sums of money to a second- hand store proprietor on his promise to repay in a short time and that they had been unable to collect. Several of these men did not even have receipts, though the individual loans varied from forty to two hundred and sixty dollars each. An investigation of the business methods of the second-hand store man disclosed the fact that he made BUREAU OF COMPLAINTS. 113 the practice of borrowing money from Hindu laborers, whose language he could speak, and in most cases gave no receipt and paid no interest. If the lender strenuously insisted on payment, a small amount of cash was given him and he was persuaded to take the balance out in second- hand goods. - It was also shown that the second-hand store man had been acting as an employment agent, without a state license, and as such had sent out gangs of Hindus to various parts of the State, charging them from one to three dollars each for the job. - - With the co-operation of the assistant deputy labor commissioner a warrant was sworn out and the second-hand storekeeper was con- victed of running an employment agency without a license. Due to the fact that the defendant’s property was heavily encum- bered it was useless to advise the Hindus to sue for their loans, but a representative of the Commission secured installment notes in every case and these are being paid regularly. Due to the wide publicity given to the case in both American and foreign papers it is certain that this same second-hand store man will not be able to borrow money without security in the future, nor will the Hindu laborers be easily persuaded to lend money to irresponsible parties, or to anyone unless security is furnished. WIFE DESERTION. A young, pretty Italian girl married an Americanized Italian milker employed on a large ranch and for a year and a half lived happily with him, aiding in his work and saving enough to pay a considerable amount on household furniture. Later, however, the wife became ill and after remaining on the ranch for over a month, was brought to a city hospital, where she remained for several weeks. Her husband seldom called to see her and finally she learned through a storekeeper that he had left the ranch, sold many of their belongings and had gone off with another woman. The wife, who had become destitute, was taken in by a sister, but as the latter had a large family and a very Small income, she was unable to support her permanently. The Commission was appealed to, a warrant sworn out for the husband’s arrest and other assistance was rendered to the wife. The husband, hearing of the steps taken against him, wrote from Los Angeles to his wife asking her to go to him there as he had a job and would support her. Since the wife wished to go the prosecution was dropped. | NSURANCE AG ENT’S TRICKERY. A number of Austrians employed in a large railroad shop complained to the Commission that they were unable, when injured, to collect accident insurance, although their policy premiums had been paid and 114 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND EIOUSING. they were in good standing. A thorough investigation showed that the agent of this company went to the dwellings of the Austrians, played cards, drank wine with them and after winning their confidence, got them to take out sick and accident insurance in his company. The corporation the men worked for paid wages on the fourteenth of the month and the agent usually called either on the fourteenth or fifteenth to collect the monthly premium. The policy, which was highly tech- nical and complicated and which the Austrians could not read, pro- vided that premiums must be paid on the first of each month and if not so paid the policy immediately lapsed. However, it might be renewed, as to subsequent accidents, immediately upon the payment of the premium after the first of the month but would not revive as to sick benefits until ten days after the payment was made. Therefore, a man paying his premium on the fourteenth of each month was insured only from that date until the first of the following month, against accident, and only from the twenty-fourth until the first of the next month, against sickness. All the Austrians swear the agent told them to “pay any time in the month—it's all the same.” The agent of the company Jater entered the jitney business and injured men seeking notification reports and blanks were unable to find him for days at a time. This resulted in delay and confusion in the filing of claims and caused several claims to be disallowed. - . These conditions were reported to the general office of the company and as a result new agents have been appointed. In cases where the objection to payment of claims was on purely technical grounds, settle- ments have been secured and the publicity given through the press will make a repetition of this fraud among the Austrians extremely difficult. DESTITUTION AND EMPLOYMENT TRou BLE. During the cold, rainy month of January, a Mexican called at the Commission’s office, stating that, on a big Japanese ranch, a large number of Mexican and Italian laborers, many of whom had families, were without food other than damp beans picked up in a field and such celery stalks and other scraps as could be foraged. An investigator was immediately sent out and found the conditions pitiable indeed. These laborers had worked several weeks husking corn and were unable to get their pay. The groceryman had stopped credit, and the Japanese had forbid them to use wood on the ranch; they were living in old tents with little to eat and no fire except such as could be made with green river brush. One of the Mexican women was about to become a mother. None of the laborers had money enough to go to Sacramento, nor means to live if they had been able to get there. The employer was found and ‘‘advised” to send groceries to the camp at once. This he did and in addition paid the passage of BUREAU OF COMIPLAINTS. 115 the women and children to Sacramento, where temporary shelter was provided. It was found that the employer had contracted with a Mexican ‘‘padrone” to have the corn husked. The employer was to receive the husks for tamales and the Japanese farm company to get the corn. The employer had also made contracts with a wholesale house to buy most Öf his husks. However, the wholesale house refused to accept the husks on the ground that they were not first-class and the employer was therefore unable to realize money to pay the laborers. The husks were sold later at a small fraction of their real value and at such a low price that some fifty laborers realized for several weeks work scarcely more than their board. Legal advice was given them and suits are still pending against both the Japanese farm company—for causing damage to husks—and against the wholesale house for breach of GOntract. Since then a number of these laborers seek information of the Com- mission before they accept any subcontract work and, ask advice on matters of every nature from care of infants to laboring conditions in distant parts of the State. - Fict ITIOUS company FRAUD. A young Swiss immigrant, who by industry and frugality had accumulated a few hundred dollars as a farm worker, decided to come to the city to seek employment. In the “employment wanted” column of a San Francisco newspaper he inserted an advertisement to the effect that a young man of industrious habits had a few hundred dollars to invest with his services. He promptly received a reply on an imposingly printed letterhead from the New York and San Francisco Consolidated — Co., advising him that he could receive some valuable information as to such an investment by calling at the San Erancisco branch of the above named company in a well known office building on Market street. The young man hastened to comply with the information and was offered steady employment at good wages, but would be required to deposit one hundred and fifty dollars as a guaranty of the faithful performance of his duties and was given a signed agreement acknowledging receipt of the money, which, it was specified, would be returned to him upon two weeks notice in writing that he desired to terminate his employment with the company. After a few days the young man became suspicious that the large concern with which he had secured employment might not be what its imposing name suggested. He applied at the Immigration Commission office for information and was promptly assured that the company existed only in name on the gaudy letterhead of the sharper who had taken his money. 116 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND EIOUSING. The scheme of this operator was to secure from each applicant for employment a substantial deposit on the investment-with-services plan, give them employment for a week or two while he was gathering in a string of “easy ones,” and then to disappear. While employed the men were engaged in distributing handbills advertising a fake sale. - Upon information supplied by investigators for the Commission this operator was arrested and jailed upon a charge of larceny “by trick and device.” -- FRAUDULENT SCHOOL. An intense desire to secure employment is one of the most pro- nounced characteristics of the immigrant. Oftentimes this desire amounts to a weakness which causes him to become susceptible of exploitation with the utmost ease. One of the most common methods of preying upon the immigrant through this weakness is by the operation of an alleged school offering employment to students who have com- pleted a course of study. In this class of fraudulent schools a consid- erable number of so-called “auto colleges” are included. In one instance a complaint made to this. Commission by an immi- grant has led to the discovery of a combination between one of these so-called “auto colleges” and an employment agency, wherein a lucra- tive business was done by both school and agency, the tuition fee of $25.00 being divided between them. The course of study amounted to nothing. The allurement of a promise of a steady job at $75.00 per month kept the school well supplied with students. After the course of study (learning to drive an automobile) had been completed and the demands of the students for the promised jobs became insistent, they were driven away. One of these schools in its efforts to rid itself of insistent graduate students demanding the promised jobs took seven students to Stockton under promise of employment, placed them in a hotel and left them without work and without money to pay hotel bills. This school made a practice of borrowing money from students and when the matter was taken up by Commission officials, restitution of tuition fees and borrowed money amounting to more than $200.00 was forced to be made to the seven students taken to Stockton and in addition, a hotel bill of more than $100.00 was finally paid by this school. - BAN KING AID. -- Immigrants, in addition to the disadvantage incident to their inabil- ity to speak the language, find themselves so far removed from friends and acquaintances that the mere matter of establishing identification becomes a problem of staggering magnitude. In order to be able to avail themselves of pecuniary benefits that may inure to them from TABLE I. 117 friends in other parts of the world, the aid of some friendly disposed agency becomes absolutely essential. This need becomes great some- what in proportion to the distance which separates them from friends or from the basis of an emergency supply. - The recent case of a young man from Poland very well illustrates some of the difficulties here mentioned. He arrived in San Francisco with but a small sum of money, having changed his destination, en voyage, from Buenos Aires, Argentina, where he had relatives, to San Francisco. His money was soon gone, and being unable to secure employment he was in much distress when he applied at the Commission’s office. The relatives in Argentina were communicated with and the informa- tion obtained that 500 pesos, available for the young man’s benefit, had been sent to his order at Shanghai, which port was on his originally intended route. This money was collected and placed in the hands of the immigrant in a few days, although he had been trying to collect it, through his own unaided efforts, for six months. TABLE I. Complaints Received from January 1, 1915, to January 1, 1916. In San Francisco 906 In Sacramento 1,711 In Los Angeles t 287 In other offices 2 Total 2,906 *Applications Received from March 1, 1915, to January 1, 1916. In San Francisco __ 435 In Sacramento - ––––––––––––––– 967 Total ---------------------------------------------------- 1,402 Total - 4,308 Total complaints and applications Jan. 20, 1914, to Jan. 1, 1915______ 2,059 Grand total 6,367 *Under the head of “Applications” are listed requests and complaints of minor importance not against specified individuals. In the first annual report this distinc- tion was not made. Consequently, under the former classification, or single tabula- tion, the total number of complaints for the past year would be 4,308—as compared to the total of 2,059 for 1914-1915. - 1170, TABLES II, III. January * * * * * * TABLE ||. Complaints by Months—1915, sm ºme sº- * * * * * February ––– March — April ––––– May –- June – July August -- September sm, sº am sº me em. -- * * * * October —- November December TABLE || |. Transcript of Complaint Register, January 1, 1915, to January 1, 1916, Showing Disposition of Complaints. t Adjusted Assistance given Attorney, referred to California Development. Board, referred to_ Camp Inspection Department Charities, referred to City Health Officer, referred to Commissioner, City, referred to ---- Consul, referred to Convictions - County Engineer, referred to — Dairy Bureau, State, referred to Defendant arrested Dismissed District Attorney, referred to Dropped by complainant Employment agencies, referred to Filed for reference Grand Jury, referred to Highway Commission, referred to ––––––––––––––––– Hospitals, referred to EIumane Society, referred to * me sº sºme m * * *-* * * *-* * * Immigration aid societies, referred to ---- * * * * * =m, ºm m sº m smºs ºms arm sºme * * Immigration officials (United States), referred to Indictment secured & Industrial Accident Commission, referred to Industrial Relations Commission (United States), referred to____________---- Information given Insurance Commission, referred to 174. 194 TABLE IV. 117b TA BLE || I–Continued. Transcript of Complaint Register, January 1, 1915, to January 1, 1916, Showing - Disposition of Complaints. - ſabor Commission, referred to -------------------- 587 Legal advice given ----------------------------------------------------- 388 Lunacy Board, State, referred to ---------------------------------------- . 1 Medical Examiners, Board of, referred to --------- - 9 Money collected --- sº 120 Municipal employment bureaus, referred to ----- * * * * - 36 Nurseries secured ––– - —— * * 59 Pending -------------------------- __, 373 Police, referred to –––––––––––––– –––––––––––––––––––– 11 Post Office Inspector, referred to ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 2 , Probation Officer, referred to ----------------- --- 3 Public Defender, referred to L__ - - • * = * * * ** * 3. Publicity ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 19 Public Morals Committee, referred to –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– (3 Railroad Commission, referred to -- ------------------- 1. Released from false arrest --------- ------------------- —— 8 Shipping Commissioner, United States, referred to---------- 2 1 1 6 Travelers' Aid Society, referred to -- — — — — . - - - - Unable to locate defendant –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Woodyard, Associated Charities, referred to –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– : Total —- * * * * 2,906 NoTE.—Disposition of applications is not given in detail, as the advice or informa- tion was furnished in every instance, and varied in every case. TABLE IV. Up to January 1, 1916, there were still pending or unsettled from various causes, 373 complaints, as follows: Attorneys’ frauds ------------------------------- 5 Business frauds * 33 Debt 34 Industrial injury ---------------------------------------------- 28 Wage claims -------------------------------------------------- 39 Miscellaneous -— 191. Total sº ºs º- smº sºme ºsmº amº -º ºm. * * * *-* - * *= * * * * * - 373 9—223 25 1176. TABLE W. TABLE v. 18 . Nationality of Complainants and Defendants. . Complainants. *Defendants. African - *- — — — — 1 - * * * * American, South –– –– 14 - 2 American, U. S. A. -- 183 1,538 Armenian ----- 10, 2 * * * * Australian -— - 4 * * *-* 4-º Austrian 79 12. Belgian- - - - - - - - 4 2 Bohemian ––– —— - 13 –––– Bulgarian —- - - - 10 - - - - Canadian ––––––––––– * * * * 9 T Chinese ––––––––––– * - ºmº 4- Croatian –––– –––– 46 5 Cuban * * *-* -- mº -m ºmº ºm. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * –– 1 - — — — — Danish ––– 14 — — — — English ------ - 27 2 Filipino –––––––––– * * *-* -- *-* *-* * *-* * * *-* * * *-* -º cºm - - * * * * * * * * 1 * * * * Finnish -------------- - 3' * * * * French ------------------------------ 3S 9 German --------------------------------------------- 77 46 Greek ----------- * -- º º ºsº º ºsº mºm smº - * * * * *-* * * * * * - * * * * 572 283 Hindu ---------------------------------------------- SO 5 Hollander 13 1 Hungarian * 27 . 5 Irish * * 27 10. Italian 729 216 Japanese –– * * 4 6S Mexican –––– - * * - 231 55 Montenegrin 4 - - - - Norwegian –––– 5 * mº º ºme Persian - - 2 * * * * Polish 31 41 Porto Rican 6 — — — — Portuguese -- 130 S3 Roumanian 4 1. Russian 109 31 Samoan 1 . . * * * * Scotch —— 3 * * * * Serbian 10 5 Slavonian 57 10 Spanish : — —- 241 44 Swedish 23 4 Swiss . 18 3 Syrian 1 sº- ºm ºme mº Turkish – 32 * * * * Welsh 1 * * * * Yiddish - 7 36 Nationality not known ------------------------------------ 370 Totals 2,906 *The person or corporation against 2,906 whom a complaint is lodged is designated as the “defendant” in the records for the sake of brevity and clearness, though not such in the legal or technical Sense. TABLE VI. 117d TABLE VI. Transcript of Complaint Register, from January 1, 1915, to January 1, 1916, Showing Causes of Complaints. Abuse and threats * * * *- - 16 Accidents (industrial) - 198 Alien labor on public Works --------------------------------------------- Assistance Wanted ––––––––––––––––– Attachment threatened ___ * * sº-ºs ºsmº ºme mº mºm, sº sºme sºme ºs º-ºº º ºs emº ºm eas - Attorneys’ fraud ------------------------------------------------------- 4 Automobile accidents am smº - - * * & - - Automobile drivers' overcharges --------------------- * JBaggage damaged ----------------------------------------------------- Baggage lost ---------------------------------------------------- Baggage overcharge ---------------------------------------------------- Battery -------------------------------------------------------------- Blacklisting ----------------------------------------------------------- - Boarding house frauds ------------------------------------------------- Breach of promise ----------------------------------------------------- Breach of the peace ---------------------------------------------------- Business frauds ------------------------------------------------------- Charity frauds -------------------------------------------------------- Child labor law, violations of ------------------------------------------- Checks fraudulent ----------------------------------------------------- Coffee houses, undesirable ---------------------------------------------- Conspiracy ----------------------------------------------------------- Contracts, breach of --------------------------------------------------- 1 Debts .m. sma - * * * * amºa • * * * * * * - = - * * * = -a < * - * * * * * * * * * * * * * * = *-* * *-* = ** = - - - - - - - sm * * *- sº- - - 1 Defamation of character ------------------------ ––––––––––––––––––––––– Deportations desired ----- * = m, sº sºme sºme sm” mº sº- - * * * *-* = = * * * *-* * *-* = ** = me -- *-* * * * *-* = -s. * * - Deportations feared ---------------------------------------------------- Depriving of livelihood ------------------------------------------------- Desertions ------------------------------------------------------------ Destitution ----------------------------------------------------------- 5 Destruction of property ––––––––– * -> * –––– Detective agency -------------------------------- Detention of children ----------------- *-* *-* - *-* -ºº ºme mº ºf mº ºms -- amº ºs º ºsmº -m ºr ºm * * * Detention of money * * * * * * * * * * * *-* * * * * * = * * * * * = sma. Detention of property Discrimination — — — — — — — — — — Drainage trouble am - * * -- - * * *-* *-* Eight-hour law on public works Ejections and evictions - - - - Embezzlement Employment agency frauds – - __ 26 Employment dangerous –––– - Employment desired --------------------------------------------------- 13 Employment misrepresented – —— * * Escaped criminal – . . - - - - - Extortion —- - -3 Failure to provide - - Failure to send children to school —- - — — — False arrests —- 1. Fines unjust --- - - - - - - – - – - Food impure –––––––––– * — — . . Fraud, general ––––– - *-* - - - - - - * mº sº º ºsmº - - -m ºm º º mº amº -s º ºs- * *-* -- *-* --> 140 º 1 I 5 : * 3- 1176 TABLE VI. TABLE VI—Continued. Transcript of Complaint Register, from January 1, 1915, to January 1, 1916, Showing Causes of Complaints. - Grafting foremen 13 Hospital complaints * * *-*. 4 Hospital treatment desired – *> 1 Immigration irregularities -. –– 16. Immorality ----------------------------------------------------------- 7 Illegal banking business 1 Information wanted - * * ___ 97 Insanitary dairy G Insanitary labor camps ----- - 160. Insanitary living conditions * –– 20 Insanitary restaurant -------------------------------------------------- 1. Insanity * * * * 1. Insurance frauds ------------------------------------------------------ 44 Interference with children ---------------------------------------------- l Interference With mail ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 1 Interference with Water rights – 1. Interpreter desired –––––––––––––––––––––– - 2 Interpreters' frauds ––––––––––––––.------ ,- 5 Killing of horse ------------------------------------------------------- 1 Land frauds &ºm * *-** *-* * * * * * * * * * * * * 94' Landlords’ frauds *-* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ––– 7 Legal advice wanted * * 22 Libel ----------------------------------------------------------------- 1. Loan frauds a- sm ºmºmº ºme ºs º- mºm ºms -º m-, sºm sº ºr sm mº me sº * = * * * * * * * * * 3 Loss of property by negligence ------------------------------------------- 1. Lost pay check mº º ºr *--> * * - - 2 Lottery fraud --------------------------------------------------------- 1. Malicious prosecution -------------------------------------------------- 4 Marital complaints - - 12 Medical illegalities –––– 22 Misuse of mail - - - - - - 1. Murder - I Naturalization S Neglect of children –––– 12 Neglect to provide nursery — - S1 . Nuisances 5 Officials, neglect of duty –- .50 Papers withheld - 1. Partnership difficulties 9 Pawnshop frauds Peonage — Perjury Poisoning Police misfeasances Probation desired Property lost Prostitution 1. Railroad overcharges Robbing 5 Saloon complaints 1. Sickness — * * *-* * 3 Taxes excessive — 1. Thefts 27 TABLE VII. 117f TABLE VI—Continued. Transcript of Complaint Register, from January 1, 1915, to January 1, 1915, Showing Causes of Complaints. Ticket frauds ––––– * Time check frauds ----------------------------------------------------- Transfer company frauds – gº cºme º ºs –– Transportation troubles Undesirable aliens * * Wage claims White slavery Witness fees, nonpayment Witness, interference with *º º 5 6 * sºme ºs = Total 2,906 TABLE VII. Transcript of Application Register, March 1, 1915, to January 1, 1916, Showing Nature of Applications. - Army, information about 2 Attorneys, information about (3 Camp sanitation, information about mº º ºms 21 Consul, information about 20 Destitution -- 109 Deportation, information about --- - 25 Employment agencies, information about 6 Employment wanted -- 428 Farm colonies, “information about - 15 Help wanted --------- 11 Homestead lands, information about --- 16 Hospital service wanted 16 Identification ------- — — — — . * * * 3 Immigration laws, information about -- - 34 Information (general) -- 213 Interpreter wanted ----. - 16 Labor Commissioner, information about 34 Lands, information about —. 21 Legal advice ––. - 174 Letter writing ––––. 25 Naturalization, information about — - - 25 Orphanage, to place children in - - 1 Persons, information about - 105 Relatives; location of - - - - –– 9 Schools, information about ---- 4. . S Translation wanted -----. - 16 Unemployment, information about r 6 Workmen’s compensation, information about 37 - D y Total ------- * –––– 1,402 117g TABLE VIII. TABLE VIII. Transcript of Application Register, March 1, 1915, to January 1, 1916. - Nationality of Applicants. - - Albanian 1. American (U. S. A.) ––– 139 American (South) - - - - - 1 Armenian 4 Australian —- 18 Austrian. - 31 Belgian —- - - ... 4 Bohemian ___ 9 Bulgarian ----------------------------------------------------- 3 Canadian - - 7 Chinese -------------------------------------------------- 6 Croatian - 14 Danish -------------–– - - - - - 4 Dutch and Flemish –––––– 6 English - - ––– 43 French - - - - 15 German —- - - - * * - 67 Greek 120 Hebrew —— - - – 35 Hindu - - - ––– 28 Hungarian — - - 10 Irish - - 12 Italian — -------------------------------------------- 3S0. Japanese - - 3 Lithuanian ___ -— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — S Mexican ------ - - 30 Norwegian __ - - - 1 Persian - - 2 Philippino -- - - — — — . 2 Polish - 16 Porto Rican - - *-* - __ 10 Portuguese -- 4. 3S Roumanian —- - - 2 Russian - 54 Samoan --- - - 2 Scotch —— 6 Serbian - 8 Slovanian - 19 Spanish 119 Swedish - 12 Swiss -- - - 10 Syrian - 2 , Turkish - 6 Nationality not given --------------------------------- —— 95 . . . Total -- ----- - -- 1,402 TABLE IX. I17h Transcript of Application Register, March 1, 1915, to January 1, TABLE IX. 1916, Showing Number of Years Applicants Have Resided in the United States. New arrivals *-* * * * * *-* sºme mºm, ºm * * *m amº amas ºss *—- 87 1 year in country –- - - - 44 2 years in country — * - - 23 3 years in country ––––– - - ––– 32 4 years in country ––– * *- sm mºs 31 5 years in country –––––––––– 41 6 years in country ––– imº ºms - * 30 7 years in country ––– - 27 8 years in country ––––––––––––––– — 23 9 years in country ––––––––––––––––– 17 10 years in country ----------------------- - - 15 11 years in country ––– * * *-*. 2 12 years in country -------------------- – *º º ºſmº mº 5 13 years in country ––––––––––––––––– * * * * 6 14 years in country ------------------- - 7 15 years in country ----------- – 3 18 years in country-------------------------------------------- 1 19 years in country ––––––––––––––––– E-º ºr * * * * 2 20 years in country * * =s* -m. - - 3 22 years in country ---------- sº smºs º-º: 1. 25 years in Country ------------------------------------------- 3 27 years in country –––– * -ºº ºms - 1. 28 years in country ––––––––––––– 1. 30 years and over in country – * *-* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * me mººs = <= sºme mºs 26. No data 971 118 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. III. IMMIGRANT EDUCATION. Since the publication of last year's report, the apathetic attitude of the nation toward the education of adult immigrants has undergone an almost miraculous change. People are coming to realize that the immi- gration problem in the United States is not limited to the question of restricting immigration in the future, but that there is also the prob- lem of thoroughly assimilating the millions of foreign-born already here; and it seems to be generally conceded that the first step in this process of assimilation is education in the English language and in citizenship. * . Certain phases of the international complications in connection with the European war have been the dramatic, but effective, causes for this sudden and popular awakening. Whether or not there have been any real foundations for the fears and discussions in this connection is of no concern to this Commission, but the fact remains that the public has, in this way, been aroused to the consideration of very real and broad problems of assimilation and education—not limited to the provincial subject of patriotism. This result has been achieved much more quickly than it could have been through the ordinary channels of argument and propaganda. However, this new enthusiasm over the education of immigrants must outlast the war if real constructive work is to be done, and if lasting results are to be achieved. The Commission, therefore, is attempting to enlarge upon this popular, patriotic conception of the problem of immigrant education. By the collection and publication of such data as are contained in the two leaflets reproduced at pages 123 and 127, it is aimed to show that each community suffers politically, socially, and financially, in times of war and peace, by neglecting its immigrant population, instead of making valuable citizens and assets of these people. As was announced in last year’s report, the need of education for adult immigrants was not taken for granted, nor was any hasty or hysterical program thrust IMIMIGRANT EDUCATION. 119 forward. The field was carefully studied for more than a year, and a program worked out in detail before any action was taken. The survey of the Macy Street School district in Los Angeles, and of the work done by that school (reported on pages 227 to 262), demonstrated both the need and the advantages of making provisions in the curriculum of public schools for adult immigrants. Similar, but less complete, inves- tigations were made in San Francisco, Alameda, and Contra Costa counties. No reports of these latter investigations are published, as they were made largely for the purpose of informing and educating the Commission itself. In the cities of these northern counties, educational opportunities offered adult immigrants were found to be inadequate, and in the rural districts there was a woeful lack in this regard—in fact in some instances it was found that the second immigrant genera- tion spoke no English, because they lived in isolated groups and never attended school. - - On the other hand, the investigations made to obtain the data sum- marized in the charts and statistics in the leaflets on pages 123 to 127, were very thorough and complete. The Commission has on file a full record of all the figures and information gathered, as well as the exact manner in which every detail was checked. An examination of this record will show that the totals given and the conclusions reached are not only extremely conservative, but as accurate as such estimates can be. Los Angeles was the first city so surveyed because it has a national reputation for its work in immigrant education, and it was felt that if it could be shown that this city was not fully meeting the demand there would be a prima facie case against the other California cities which are more backward in this field. ' With all this information concerning local conditions at hand, and after studying the experience of the older Eastern cities, the Commis- sion early in 1915, felt justified in publicly presenting a program for immigrant education. This program is outlined in the following pages under the separate headings of English, citizenship, labor camp, and home education. (A) ENGLISH EDUCATION. Obviously the immigrant, whether he be educated or uneducated in his own language, must learn the English language as soon as possible if he is to be readily assimilated. Without some knowledge of English he is handicapped from the start—in getting employment, in avoiding professional exploiters, in adjusting himself to new social and econ- Omic conditions, and in becoming a citizen. Since it is a matter of public investment for the protection of the community, as well as for the benefit of the immigrants, English should be taught these people in the public schools at the public expense. Therefore, the Commis- 120 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. sion is committed to a campaign for the establishment of free evening classes in the public schools wherever there is an appreciable number of immigrants. As a beginning, and as the quickest and most effective way of arousing interest and bringing this matter to the attention of the people, the aid of the California Federation of Women's Clubs has been enlisted in this campaign. The federation has pledged itself to this work as a part of a general effort to eradicate illiteracy in the State. Thus, it has been recognized that the establishment of night - T - Immigrant mothers' class in English in neighborhood school. These women do not have the opportunity to learn our language by coming in contact with English speaking people, so they meet in the neighborhood school several afternoons each week to study English. - schools for the teaching of English benefits not only the non-English speaking foreign-born, but also the illiterate native-born. In a recent announcement by the federation's chairman of education the following striking slogan is printed: ‘‘WHAT IS THE MATTER WITH CALIFoRNIA “California stands down No. 17 in the literacy column. “California has nearly 75,000 illiterates, two-thirds of whom are foreign-born. “California has a great number of literates who can not speak our language. - “California can not afford to go to sleep on her job.” IMMIGRANT EDUCATION. 121 The announcement refers to the particular problem of educating immigrants as follows: “That the foreign-born with their children comprise over one- third of the population of the United States is a startling fact. “They have much to give to us from the racial past and we have much to give them. But before we can give or accept there must be a mutual interpretation, there must be a common language. Logically then, the first step in the Americanization of the for- eigner is to teach him English. “This is necessary that he may protect himself and that he may not endanger others. In many states there are laws prohibiting the employment in any hazardous undertaking of men who can not speak and read English. ‘‘In short it is necessary, that he may improve his economic status and avail himself of political privileges. “‘California has blazed the trail for many remedial and educa- tional successes and has become known as progressive. Now if she shall provide the first state plan for the teaching of English to the adult immigrant, we shall be justified in feeling a sense of pride. ‘‘Now is our great opportunity to demonstrate that co-operation is worth while—that forty thousand women concentrating upon a definite work, stupendous though it may be, will make it a success. And we shall have helped in the effort to weld the people in this country into an American race—a race that will stand together, for America, in peace or in war—one in ideals, rights, and privileges.” The Commission plans to prepare literature for the clubs to use for self-education and for general propaganda. The clubs of the federa- tion, in turn, will assist the Commission in making surveys of the immigrant population and the facilities or provisions for their educa- tion in the different communities. When the facts are thus determined, the clubs will then assist the Commission to secure the co-operation of all possible organizations of men and women in each community in making a general demand or campaign for the establishment of evening Schools, where they are needed, or the proper support of such schools where an adequate number are already established. This movement has already been given wide publicity by the distri- bution of literature among club women, by talks before almost every club belonging to the federation, and before the state and district con- ventions. Moreover some actual results have been achieved by local clubs in actually bringing about the establishment of evening classes— notably in the town of Roseville, where hundreds of immigrants and native-born Americans, employed in the large railroad shops, imme- diately enrolled. The first organized effort in carrying out the program outlined above has been in connection with the Los Angeles immigrant education survey already referred to. The following twelve pages are reprints of three leaflets which graphically summarize the situation 122 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. found in Los Angeles, and which set out general plans for attacking the problems of illiteracy and the education of the adult immigrant, The local federated clubs organized an “America first” league which will use the leaflets in conducting an active campaign to secure larger attendance and the much needed additional financial support for the evening schools. This league is large, and its membership represents all religions, many nationalities, and most of the women's Organization of the city, including the Parent-Teachers’ Association, the various settle- ments, the Young Women's Christian Association, and the Daughters of the American Revolution. IMMIGRANT EDUCATION. . 123, IMMIGRANT EDUCATION LEAFLET No. 1. PUBLISHED BY COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING OF CALIFORNIA. - 525 Market Street, San Francisco. In this leaflet is submitted the result of an investigation made in LOS Angeles. As Los Angeles pays more attention to the education of the immigrant than other California cities, the general conclusions of this survey apply generally to all the communities of the State. f The graphic chart shows that ignorance of our language and our laws makes in logical sequence for unemployment, poverty, sickness and crime. - - , It shows that great sums of money are spent in dealing with the results of ignorance and that small provision is made for removing that ignorance by teaching our language and our laws; that ignorance of Our language is at the bottom of much abuse, exploitation, unemployment * and hardship. * - - - The best protection is self-protection. The sooner we put the immi- grant in the way of caring for himself, the more we are likely to conserve our own energy, and the more effective will be our work. The prime requisite in self-protection is a knowledge of our common language. To teach English adequately, a great machine must be set in motion— the great democratic machine of education. Evening schools must be opened, proper books must be provided, skillful teachers secured and education extended to such of our foreign-born population as do not speak and read our language. This is the first step in an Americaniza- tion program. - . . 124 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. WHAT OUR NEGLECT OF THE IMMIGRANT COSIS. The result of a study in Los Angeles. poverry-16.4% #215,014.95 § . - NFs -N- º s NotE.-The striking feature of this chart is the fact that while $1,271,575.13 is spent in the remedial fields of crime, sickness, poverty and unemployment, only $38,983.14 is spent in the constructive field of education. IMMIGRANT EDUCATION. 125 Judge Willis of the Criminal Department of the Los Angeles Superior Court says: “From more than twenty years’ experience and observation, while connected with the criminal courts of this State, I am convinced that although a large percentage of crimes are committed by foreign born citizens, yet, in my opinion, a great percentage of such offenses, especially those of a petty character, are committed through ignorance of our laws and customs and could be avoided by proper education and environment.” - . . . . . . ' Judge White of the Los Angeles Police Court says: “There is no doubt that a very large percentage of those of our. foreign population who appear as defendants in our Police Courts are arrested because of ignorance of the law. . I do not refer to crimes which involve moral turpitude, such as petty larceny, but to acts or omissions, wrong only because declared so by statute or ordinance.” ESTIMATE OF FOREIGN - BORN IN LOS ANGELES CITY IN 1915.” Earlier Imºmigration. English * - - - - = *-* = ~ * = - sº- = - - - - 11,000INorwegians -----------------*~ = - - - 2,000 Irish - - - - 5,000 | Canadians ----------------*-* - * = = = = 10,000 Scotch * * 5,000 | Danes, Swiss, Dutch –––––––––––––– 3,500 German —- 11,000 - - French -- * 3,000 Total ----------------- .* = *-* = ** = = - 55,000 Swedes –––– - 4,500 Later Imºmigration. (Mostly within the last 10 or 12 years.) EUROPEAN. * . Slavic. Non-Slavic. Bohemians —— 500 | Italians ------ 6,500 Slovaks - - 500 || Greeks 1,500 Poles --------------------------- 2,000 || Magyars 2,000 Russians ------------------------ 7,500 Rounanians * 200 Ruthenians - 100 | Finns — — — — — — — — — — 250' Slovenians –- - 100 | Lett or. Lithuanians--------------- 200 Servians ––– 2,000 | Hebrews - . –––– 10,000 Croatians ---- - - 7,500 | Syrians –- - 500, Montenegrins . 300 | Armenians - - 2,500 Bulgarians –- 100 | Spanish ––––––––––– -------------- 1,500 —| Arabs, Gypsies, Hindoos, etc. ------ 3,500 Total 20,600 - - k * s - t Total - 28,650 NoN-EUROPEAN. Chinese * – —— 2,000 Japanese - __: 7,500 Mexicans –– - * * 35,000 Total –––– 44,500 . . Total foreign-born, 1915 - - 148,750 *This estimate was made by Mr. Ray F. Carter, who makes the following statement regarding it : - - “Absolute accuracy is not claimed for the figures showing the number of immi- jº, * Los Angeles. The Statistics, however, are the results of a careful study of the field. r - - * “The figures are higher as a rule, than those of the Federal Census for 1910. I have come to the conclusion that this is not so much an indication of a rapid increase in the last five years as it is of a tendency annong some foreign born people to answer the enumerator’s “What nationality ?" with, “American.” This is a hopeful tendency, but it also leads to misapprehension as to the magnitude of our immigrant problem. “I am somewhat reluctant to give the figures this wider publicity because they are approximate, but even So they may be accepted, I think, as a fair indication of the number of Our foreign-born neighbors.” 126 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND EIOUSING. STATEMENT REGARDING STATISTICS. This estimate of the cost of the foreign population to Los Angeles has been made with as much care and accuracy as is possible, where the investigator had not had the opportunity of gathering exact statistics over a long period of time. In every institution and organization included in the survey, all the available data as to cost and nationalities were used. They were checked by those in authority. A significant number of cases was investigated in order to find out what percentage of all the work done was for immigrants. This percentage of the total annual cost was taken to find the annual cost of the immigrant. For crime, the Commission’s agents investigated the two criminal depart- ments of the Superior Court, the failure-to-provide cases in the Divorce Court, the Juvenile Court with the Probation Department and Juvenile Hall, the Criminal Department of the Justice Courts; the jails, county and city, and the City Police Courts and Police Department. To find the cost of sickness, the following institutions were investi- gated: The County and City Health Departments, the County Hos- pital, the city hospitals, all private hospitals which give free medical service, all tuberculosis relief agencies and all clinics and dispensaries. For poverty, the investigation included the County Charities, and all institutions, public and private (excluding the churches), giving chari- table aid throughout the city. - Unemployment shows the cost of the relief work organized by the county for the unemployed in 1914—1915; the Griffith Park Relief Camp and the Municipal Free Employment Bureau. An enrollment of all the evening schools was taken, to obtain the number of adult immigrants attending. This gave the cost of education for all immigrants over school age. In making the estimate of the number of foreign-born, page 3, Mr. Carter interviewed as large a number of trustworthy people in each nationality as possible. Consuls, editors, clergymen, bankers, physicians and business men were called upon, and visits were made to all the foreign colonies. - - IMMIGRANT EDUCATION. 127 IMMIGRANT EDUCATION LEAFLET NO. 2. PUBLISHED BY COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING OF CALIFORNIA. 525 Market Street, San Francisco. LOS ANGELES C1 TY EVENING SCHOOLS. (Excluding San Pedro and Wilmington.) - Elementary. Cost, 1914-1915 Enrollment, 1915-1916 Total mºnt Fer (tent Totill mºnt Per cent Alpine - $3,159 02 $1,168 83 37 293 1].1 37 Amelia - 3,147 02 2,832 31 90 220 198 90 Avenue TWenty-One ------------ 5,790 94 637 00 11 472 53 11 Bridge - 5,275 96 1,793 82 34 205 70 34 Castelar 6,267 15 2,506 86 40 910 372 - 40 Cornwell - 3,449 27. 1,103 76 32 320 103 32 Domínguez 69 12 19 s * First Street 4,374 02 568 62 13 223 29 13 Fourteenth Street -------------- - 5,371 75 2,148 70 40 245 100 40 Grand 5,439 46 1,903 81 35 268 95 35 Macy 8,469 39 3,133 67 37 471 175 37 Olivo 4,934 19 4,934 19 100 152 152 100 ROSemont, 2,296 44 133 Utah 5,550 48 3,607 81 65 229 149 65 Totals $63,594 21 $26,339 38 41 4,160 1,607 High Los Angeles -------------------> $17,723 81 $7,798 47 44 1,119 495 44 Polytechnic 37,848 78 4,541 85 12 3,567 445 12 McKinley 1,213 77 303 44 25 299 75 25 Totals $56,786 36 $12,643 76 22 4,985 1,015 Total elementary and high Schools ------------------- | $120,380 57 $38,983 14 32 9,145 2,622 NOTE.-In giving the percentages above, fractions are omitted. TOTAL COST $4,43O.861.3O Chart showing total cost of maintaining Los Angeles City Schools, comparing the cost of the Evening Schools. 128 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. THE WORKING PLAN OF THE DETROIT CAMPAIGN. The city of Detroit had a sudden civic awakening when it found that its population had increased, through stimulating its industries, from 400,000 in 1910 to 700,000 in 1915; that 75 per cent of the total population was foreign- born or of foreign parentage and Was largely foreign Speaking. The Board of Education called the Board of Commerce and the Employers Association into conference. These bodies decided to make Detroit an JEnglish speaking city within two years. - They doubled the appropriations for evening schools and initiated a month's campaign to flood the night schools opening September 13th. - They secured the co-operation of every possible civic and social agency in the city. - w They printed a leaflet entitled “Do your father and mother speak English 2 Take this card home; it will tell them where to go to learn.” Inside was a list of night schools. - These were sent out by all children of foreign parentage, from Schools, play- grounds, libraries and clinics. Visiting nurses and social workers distributed them. They were put in pay envelopes for four weeks. With the pay-checks for mothers’ pensions and through probation officers. Eoreign newspapers printed lists and directions. - The- clergy of the city gave notices in church and used their personal influence. - The Womens’ Club gave much time to securing co-operation and to educating the community to the necessity. e Moving pictures kept “America. First” films going. The employers, generally, gave out the statement: “We will make it impera- tive for Our men to attend night school.” On September 8th employers called their forces together and urged the early learning of English. These were the methods used: 1. A Preferential Policy—Men were assembled and told that from this time on men that were going to night school and trying to learn English would be preferred—the first to be promoted, the last to be laid off, the first to be taken back. - 2. Compulsion—Several companies made night school attendance for the non- English-speaking a condition of employment. The Northway Company estab- lished a factory school also and then put up to its men a threefold proposition: (1) To attend night school; (2) to attend the factory school; (3) to be laid off. 3. Popularizing the Idea—The Cadillac Company, for instance, worked out a definite program to interest the leaders of the men, and let them do the rest. 4. A Bonus System—The Solway Company, for instance, proposed a 2-cent- an-hour increase for all non-English-speaking men that would attend night school. - The result of this effort was that when the schools opened the attendance was 7,000, an increase of 153 per cent. - . A large employer expressed interest but said that the nature of his work required long shifts and that it Would be impossible to meet the evening school hours. A conference was called and within half an hour the superintendent of the Detroit schools had agreed to furnish ten public school teachers for the 800 men in the plant, in the factory, possibly with half the time taken off the men's regular shift. Effort and co-operation is unabated and public opinion will sustain what- ever expenditures may be necessary to make Detroit an English-speaking city in two years - “In this and in many other respects night school work for the immigrant working man and woman becomes absolutely dependent upon a systematized co-operation between the educational authorities, industries and various social agencies.” : Q 2 IMMIGRANT EDUCATION. 129 A PLAN FOR ORGANIZATION IN CALIFORNIA. The Detroit method of conducting an America. First campaign is practical and can be followed in either large or Small Communities. Organizations wishing to initiate the plan will have to do important preliminary work in surveying local conditions. Before a general meeting is called, a small committee should prepare a report upon • * - 1. The Number Nationality - g and Location of the Immigrant Population. 2. The educational opportunities for those over school age in the public schools, the parochial schools, the Y. M. C. A.—Y. W. C. A., the settlements, the missions. -- 3. The future plans of the Board of Education. 4. The law governing evening schools. 5. The Civic Center LaW. With the facts developed by such a survey and a thorough understanding with the local school authorities, the committee should have a tentative plan to present for the consideration of a general meeting. This plan should include suggestions for Securing necessary funds, publicity, - - - - and co-operation with every civic and social agency to undertake the Detroit campaign of stimulating attendance. - - For any further suggestions, organizations are requested to communicate with the Commission of Immigration and Housing of California. EVENING SCHOOLS-LAWS AND SUGGESTIONS. The Constitution, article 9, section 6, provides that evening schools of elementary and of secondary grade may be a part of the public school System Of the State. Public schools, except those supported exclusively by the state, may be established legally only by school districts. Elementary school districts may establish kindergarten and day and evening elementary Schools. High school districts may establish day and evening secondary and tech- nical and intermediate schools. The governing board of the school district has the power to establish all necessary schools within the school district. Whenever the board has established more than One school in the School district, both or all of the schools thus established must be maintained for an equal length of time. * - A school that is maintained for less than 120 school days in any school year except in the first year. Of its existence, unless prevented from COntinuing in session by fire, famine, or epidemic, shall not receive public money for its Support. - - A. (i. 130 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND FIOUSING. A school maintained under the authority of the school district and partly under the authority of someone else, shall not receive money for its support from the public treasury. Anyone fourteen years of age or older may be admitted to an evening school and a child under fourteen years who has a permit to work from the judge of the Juvenile Court may be admitted to an evening school. The course of study for elementary evening schools is made by the County Board of Education, City and County Board of Education, or City Board of Education. - - The course of study for secondary evening schools is made by the high school board of the district. g No one may teach in an evening school unless legally certificated for such purpose. The employment of an uncertificated person as a teacher in evening school deprives that evening school of any right to receive public money, although the person thus teaching may be serving without pay. The money received from taxation for the support of evening schools is received by the district that maintains the day school and the money used to support the evening school is appropriated by the board that governs the school district. - Attendance at the evening school can not count for more than One half of a school day. Those who attend evening schools seldom attend for the full term that the school is in session. On this account, the average daily attend- ance in evening schools is usually Only about one fourth of the enrollment. It is highly advisable that, wherever possible, the evening schools shall be established and maintained by the governing board of the school district and in harmony with the laws governing the schools rather than by private organi- zations as private enterprises. - CIVIC CENTER LAW.* Section 1. There is hereby established a civic center at each and every public schoolhouse within the State of California, where the citizens of the respective public school districts within the said State of California, may engage in supervised recreational activities, and where they may meet and discuss, from time to time, as they may desire, any and all subjects and ques- tions which, in their judgment, may appertain to the educational, political, economic, artistic and moral interests of the citizens of the respective com— munities in which they may reside; provided, that such use of said public schoolhouse and grounds for said meetings shall in no wise interfere with such use and occupancy of said public schoolhouse and grounds as is now, or hereafter may be required for the purposes of said public schools of the State Of California. & Sec. 2. Lighting, heating, janitor service and the services of a special supervising officer when needed, in connection with such use of public school buildings and grounds as set forth in section one of this act, shall be provided for Out . Of the county or special school funds of the respective school districts in the same manner and by the same authority as such similar services are now provided for. Such use of the said schoolhouses, property and grounds shall be . granted free; provided, that in case of entertainments where an admission fee is charged, a charge may be made for the use of said schoolhouses, property and grounds. - Sec. 3. The management, direction and control of said civic center shall be Vested in the board of trustees or board of education of the school district. Said board of trustees or board of education shall make all needful rules and regulations for conducting said civic center meetings and for such recreational activities as are provided for in section one of this act; and said board of trustees Or board of education may appoint a special supervising officer who Shall have charge of the grounds, preserve Order, protect the school property and do all things necessary in the capacity of a peace officer to carry out the provisions and the intents and purposes of this act. (NoTE–The Commission is indebted to Mr. Mark Keppel, Superintendent of Schools for Los Angeles county, for assistance in preparing the above digest of evening school laws and the accompanying suggestions.) - “The establishment of civic centers in immigrant neighborhoods will do much to bring immigrants in contact with native Americans and will aid in their education and assimilation, - 4 IMIMIGRANT EDUCATION. 131 IMMIGRANTEDUCATION LEAFLET No. 3. PUBLISHED BY COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING OF . CALIFORNIA. - 525 Market Street, San Francisco. THE STATE AND THE IM M I GRANT. * . A question, which more than once we have had to answer, runs some- thing like this: ‘‘Why should the state devote special attention to the immigrant? Haven’t we our own poor, our own exploited among the native born ? And aren’t they just as worthy of protection and assist- ance as the alien 3 In fact, doesn’t our first duty demand that we serve our own 3 Should not charity begin at home?” - Our state may justify itself from at least three different viewpoints. The act creating our Commission does not intend that any special favor be accorded the foreigner. But the stranger, ignorant of our laws, our customs, and often of our language, upon arrival finds himself beset by innumerable handicaps. The removal of these tends to place him upon an equality with those longer resident here. There is no favor- itism in this; merely an attempt to establish a measure of justice. Ordinarily, the immigrant is so situated that he becomes an easy prey to exploiters, that he finds it almost impossible to get on his feet eco- nomically; misfortune drags him into the overcrowded quarters of our slums, those breeding places of disease, immorality, crime and ignor- ance; education in English and in civics is almost impossible to attain. Such a man is not on the road to becoming a useful citizen. Indeed, unguided and unprotected, he is liable to become a menace. The cor- rection of these evils is no more than a matter of our own self-protection. Our efforts primarily are in the direction of our own welfare. From this viewpoint, the immigrant is only an incident in our activities. But the immigrant is not merely a potential menace, from whom we must protect ourselves. With the proper encouragement, he may be- come a positive source of benefit to our civilization. Each man brings to our shores certain inherited racial and national talents as well as certain personal faculties which we may encourage and develop to our own advantage. The social settlement was the first institution in this land to give practical recognition to the fact that art and philosophy had not departed from the Greek, that music and the sense of legal order had not deserted the Italian, that with the Jew there still remains a worship of the beauty of holiness, a reverence for pure family life, and a deep-seated belief that a nation which breaks faith is as much a sinner as is the individual who does violence to the moral law. The settlement first recognized the valuable contributions that might be made to our culture by immigrants from Germany, from Russia, from England, from France and from the homes of the Norsemen; yes, even from the pettiest 1 132 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. of distant lands. And advisedly we might take the cue from the settle- ment in this respect, to do all within our power to bring out the latent possibilities from even the humblest of the strangers within our gates. Our country, in its early history, borrowed ideals and practices from all peoples, both ancient and modern. Is it not conceivable that the de- scendants of those who contributed thus might still have something to give? * The state, then, in directing some attention toward the immigrant, is justified in three ways: First, by removing handicaps in the path of the stranger, it tends to place all upon an equality of opportunity; then, by protecting and aiding the foreigner, it most wisely seeks the welfare of the whole commonwealth; and, finally, in encouraging the develop- ment of latent racial and personal talents, the state brings out valuable contributions to our culture. The matter of Supreme importance is not what we do at the gates, but what we do after the immigrant is admitted. The vital thing is not a policy of admission and exclusion, but a domestic immigration policy, whether we open wide the gates or keep them tightly closed. First, for our own security, if not for his, we must protect the foreigner from abuse and exploitation. Then we must remove friction from the path leading to economic settlement. The effort of the national department of labor to organize and co-ordinate the work of public employment offices is an attempt in this direction. Agricultural co- operation and rural credits would help. Then we must make more common the opportunities to acquire a knowledge of English and the rudiments of civics. What sometimes seems to be most important of all is the establishment and maintenance of proper standards of health, sanitation, housing, education, labor and justice. With wise minimum social, economic, educational and legal standards determined and enforced, we make impossible the existence of many of those practices and habits which are repugnant to our civilization. The immigrant crowds into hovels, thus endangering our health and our economic structure. Well, enforce our five hundred cubic foot law and other housing regulations, and he must be halfway decent. The alien competes unfairly by throwing his women and his children into the stream of labor. Then bring to bear upon him our compulsory education law and our laws governing the employment of Women and minors. The foreigner participates in corrupt politics and overloads our courts. Possibly our taking corruption out of our politics and putting more justice into our courts might remedy much of this. The protection of the foreign-born from exploitation, the building up of proper standards, and the opening up of economic and educational opportunities are what are involved in the conception—a domestic immigration policy. IMMIGRANT EDUCATION. t 133. | LLITERACY, The present nation-wide interest in overcoming illiteracy should crystallize into a practical program for both urban and rural Com- munities. Each community must work out its own statistics and meet its own needs; but, later, community plans should be co-ordinated into a general state program that will standardize courses of study, text- books and teachers for adults. Educators are urged to act promptly in making a program to deal with this question in an active and efficient IYläll]16I’. - - * . ILLITERACY IN THE UNITED STATES. ãº. JBasis Year Oontinental United States: Total population ---------------- 7.7 | Population, Over 10 years------------------ 1910 Native White - 3.0 | Population, over 10 years 1910 Native parentage ---------------- 3.7 | Population, Over 10 years------------------ 1910 Foreign or mixed parentage------ 1.1 | Population, over 10 years 1910 Foreign-born–White ------------- 12.7 | Population, Over 10 years------------------ 1910 Negro 30.4 | Population, over 10 years--- . 1910 Indian - 45.3 | Population, Over 10 years------------------ 1910 Chinese 15.8 || Population, over 10 years 1910 Japanese 9.2 | Population, Over 10 years------------------ , 1910 | LLITERACY IN CALIFoRNIA. (California stands 17th in literacy column.) Number of illiterates in California-------------------------- 74,902 The magnitude of this problem is shown by comparison with the following facts: Number of pupils in all high schools in California_____________ -76,429. Number of teachers in high Schools-------------––––––––––––– 3,383 The greatest number of elementary pupils enrolled in any county in California (Los Angeles County) ----------------------- 75,903 Iowa has the smallest number of illiterates in proportion to her popula- tion of any state in the Union (17 per thousand), and New Mexico has the greatest (164 per thousand). California has 37 illiterates per thousand of her total population. 134 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND EIOUSING. | LLITERACY AMONG THE NATIONS. The following figures were taken from the Departm Bureau of Census, Washington, D. C. : ent of Commerce, The term “illiterate,’’ as used in the table below, includes all persons unable to write their own language, except in the case of figures marked with an asterisk (*) or letter. In some instances, however, the figures for army recruits are taken from Otto Hubner's Geographisch-Statis- tische Tabellen for 1913, in which the use of the term not in most cases defined. ( & illiteracy” is Illiteracy in Countries from Which Most of Our Immigrants Came, from Revolution to 1880.f Country ãº, Iłasis Year Belgi ) *12.7 | Population, over 10 years-------------- 1910 elgium l 7.9 Army recruits gº ºs eas ºm Denmark 0.2 Army recruits 1907 England and Wales 1.8 || Marriages 1901-10 14.1 | Population, Over 10 years-------------- 1906 France 4.3 || Army recruits 1912 4.1 | Marriages 1901-10 German Empire -------------------- 20.05 || Army recruits = * = 1912 Ireland ) *9.2 | Population, over 9 years--------------- 1911 Tel 8 Il l 8.1 | Marriages 1901-1() Scotland 1.6 Marriages 1901-10 Sweden - 0.2 Army recruits 1911 Switzerland 70.3 Army rCCruits ---- 1911 Illiteracy in Countries from Which Our Immigrants Come Now.f Country #. Basis Year Austria 13.7 | Population, Over 11 years-------------- 1910 65.5 | Population, over 10 years-------------- 1905 Bulgaria 25.4 || Army recruits ---- 1909 | 58.4 || Marriages 1901-10 Greece W °57.2 | Population, over 10 years-------------- 1907 l 30.0 Army recruits No date Hungary *33.3 | Population, over 6 years--------------- 1910 *37.0 | Population, over 10 years-------------- 1911 Italy * * 131.1 | Army recruits - I910 | 38.7 Marriages 1901-10 . W "60.6 | Population, over 7 years--------------- 1909 ROumania | $41.0 | Army recruits - 1911 Russi W *69.0 | Population, Over 10 years-------------- 1897 U1SS18. \ 061.7 Army recruits 1894 | 78.9 | Population, over 11 years-------------- 1900 Servia, 43.4 || Army recruits 1911 | 36.7 Marriages 1901-10 Mexico 70.7 | Population, Over 12 years-------------- 1910 *Based on number unable to read and write. *Based on number without schooling. *Based on number illiterate ; but this term not defined in census report. *Based on number over 6 not reported as able to read and write. *Based on number unable either to read or write. *Exclusive Of Finland. *Based on number without any proficiency in writing. *Based on inability to read. #Attention is directed to the (before 1880) and that of the present t difference in literacy between the earlier immigration ime. IMMIGRANT EDUCATION. 135 (B) CITIZENSHIP EDUCATION. As has been intimated in some of the preceding discussions, education or training in citizenship is so closely related to the teaching of English that the latter should gradually merge into the former. The learning of English is but the first step toward the goal of Americanization, and, through this newly-acquired medium of expression, high ideals of gov- Grnment should be instilled in the minds of immigrants and they should be equipped with a practical knowledge of American institutions. Consequently, the second part of the Commission’s educational pro- gram is directed toward the establishment of adequate and standardized classes in citizenship in the public evening schools. As was pointed out in the last annual report, immigrants can not well be blamed for often regarding indifferently the advantages or responsi- bilities of citizenship, when they usually receive no training, except the careless and insincere aid of an attorney or other private tutor who “guarantees” citizenship for an exorbitant fee. As the best remedy for this situation, the Commission plans to urge the adoption throughout the State of the public school system of citizenship training followed in Los Angeles. This system was described somewhat in detail in last year’s report; briefly, its distinctive value lies in the plan whereby the judges of all courts grant citizenship papers to immigrant aliens who attend evening citizenship classes in the public schools for a certain period and who successfully complete the prescribed courses. This encourages attendance at the free evening schools and the new citizens thus admitted should be much better and more uniformly grounded in the fundamental principles of citizenship than those who secure instruc- tion from casual, and often unscrupulous, tutors. The educational surveys referred to in the first part of this chapter will always include this citizenship feature. The co-operation of the California chapters of the Daughters of the American Revolution has been obtained in making these investigations, and in making subsequent efforts to secure whatever may be needed in the way of citizenship instruction for aliens from local boards of education. This organiza- tion has decided to make this cause its principal work for the next year, believing it to be a patriotic duty and an effective way of developing loyalty to the United States. The various chapters of the state organiza- tion are collecting data concerning the numbers of unnaturalized immi- grants in the various communities, and the educational facilities available for them. This data will be checked by the Commission’s investigators and then the local chapters will assist the Commission in, first, inducing the education authorities to do whatever seems necessary in the way of establishing courses in citizenship, and, second, in induc- ing the local courts to admit to citizenship the immigrants who secure diplomas in these courses. 10—22325 136 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. The Daughters of the American Revolution have also pledged them- selves to spread the propaganda of “America First,” and to make systematic efforts to urge all unnaturalized immigrants to attend the classes in citizenship. To this end an attractive poster stamp, bearing the words, “The D. A. R. urges citizenship education” are now used by members of the organization on their correspondence, and special liter- ature is being sent out from State headquarters to members and to immigrant societies. The Commission is also co-operating with the naturalization bureau of the Federal Department of Labor, and with the Americanization com- mittee of New York, in the national movement for more and better A class of immigrant aliens studying civics, or citizenship, in an evening school in Los Angeles. education in citizenship. The former is sending to each county super- intendent of schools the names of all incoming immigrant adults and children bound for the county, also the names and addresses of allim- migrants residing in the county who have declared their intention to become citizens. The bureau also sends to every immigrant, whose address can be obtained, a communication urging him to attend night school and to become a citizen. The Americanization committee is doing its most active work in the eastern states, but it has also made many suggestions to the Commission and furnished it with literature for distribution. IMMIGRANT EDUCATION. 137 One of the greatest needs in this field of citizenship education is a uniform state text-book which will standardize the work and cover local California conditions. For naturalization classes something more than an abstract treatise on civics is required. The application of the text must be personal, and there must be general information concern- ing laws, customs and things other than political institutions. Such information should be concrete and concerning conditions in California —the state where they live and in which they are vitally interested. The language must be simple and direct, so simple that the text may also serve as reading material for slightly advanced classes in English. As an illustration of how this instruction in the English language and citizenship may be combined, the following little essay is reproduced. It was written as part of class work in English by a Russian Jew, who had been in this country but six weeks and who had attended night school in San Francisco for only five weeks. This particular pupil had received some education in Russia, so the mistakes in grammar are remarkably few, but he proved to be no exception as far as ideals of citizenship were concerned. “What we must do to be a good citizen. To be a good citizen we must obey the laws; We must always be ready to serve our city, state or country. We must be prapered if necessary to give up even our life for our Country. We must take an interest in the public affairs. - At election time we must vote for good and honest candidates. We should not vote for our own interests alone. We should vote for the common good of all. We can not sell our vote. t We can not tell that the laws are bad, because the laws are made by the people for the good of all the people. We can not make special laws for some people. We can not make exceptiºns for a few. We must be honest and good men our- selves. t The State Board of Education is now co-operating with the Commis- sion in preparing a citizenship manual or textbook along the lines above mentioned. These books will be distributed free, like other state text- books, to registered pupils, and it is hoped to thus establish a uniform and high standard of instruction which will encourage the courts in officially recognizing the work by accepting diplomas as final evidence of fitness for citizenship. 138 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. (C) LABOR CAMP EDUCATION. The educational program outlined above is designed to benefit only those immigrants who live in cities and towns or within reach of rural schools. The thousands who live in labor camps, and in other isolated places, will have to be reached in other ways. Table V, page 368, group II, shows that in the labor camps inspected by the Commission since July 1, 1915, there were 17,140 foreign-born persons, and that only 1,786, or 10.4 per cent, were naturalized citizens. Table XVI, page 390, group II, shows that 4,371 of these foreign-born adults could speak no English, while Table XV, page 388, group II, shows that instruction was offered in only seven-tenths of One per cent of the camps, and Table XIV, page 386, group II, shows that only 36 per cent of the camps were within a mile of a public school. Attendance at night school can hardly be expected of tired working men when the distance is greater than a mile. These facts clearly demonstrate the necessity for devising some means of teaching both English and citizenship in labor camps. - - Furthermore, the data collected in labor camps during the past two years show that, at a conservative estimate, there are some 75,000 people living in labor camps, either throughout the entire year or for a considerable portion of every year. Undoubtedly night schools or classes could be used to good advantage by the majority of these people —and there is an absolute necessity for schooling for the some 5,000 labor camp children. In 53 of the 250 camps where there were chil- dren (see Table XV, page 388, group II), the children attended no school. Moreover, difficult as it is to get any information on the sub- ject, 942 cases of definite illiteracy were located in the camps inspected since July 1, housing 36,439 persons. These figures are admittedly far below the actual number, but even a thousand illiterates demand serious attention. Therefore, educational opportunities should be afforded for native-born as well as foreign-born—and the State Board of Education is devoting its attention to this problem. As for the problem of immigrant education, with which this Com- mission must deal, a system of correspondence courses has been mapped out, and an experiment will be made during the coming summer. The extension department of the University of California will co-operate with the Commission in organizing such courses in English and citizen- ship. These courses will be so arranged that the migratory worker can pursue his studies as he goes from camp to camp, and it is also planned to have an instructor visit the larger camps at regular intervals to give personal instruction and keep the interest alive. IMMIGRANT EDUCATION. 139 (D) HOME EDUCATION FOR WOMEN. This phase of the Commission’s educational program is the last one here presented, not because it is least in importance, but merely for convenience in printing, in order that the ‘‘Home Teacher’’ pamphlet might be bound in at the end of the chapter as the most concrete exposition of the Commission’s philosophy of home instruction for immigrant women. In fact, as was stated in last year’s report, this was the first educational problem for which the Commission ventured to offer a solution. A bill was drafted by the Commission providing for visiting or home teachers to bring immigrant mothers in contact with and make them a part of American social and civic life. The argument for the bill was briefly stated as follows: “The immigrant mother who does not speak English is even more helpless than the man, for even his failures give him education and slowly help him to adjust himself to the new life. With the woman in her poor home, there are few points of contact with educational opportunity. The American- ization of the children in the public schools often adds to her difficulties. The child takes command of the home and becomes ashamed of the mother. By statistics it was found that this is adding to delinquency and filling the juvenile courts.” The bill was passed by the legislature in the form printed on page 4 of the pamphlet bound in at page 148. This act has been in effect only a few months so that no record of great accomplishments can be given. Moreover, the Commission has not attempted to encourage the general appointment of teachers under this permissive act, as it has wished to carry Out a few careful experiments as to the way in which this work should be done. Experiments are being carried on in both San Fran- cisco and Los Angeles in co-operation with the Commission. It is hoped to thus work out wise precedents which can be followed in this new field of education. The following brief report of Mrs. Amanda Mathews Chase, who is acting as a volunteer home teacher in Los Angeles, will serve to show how the plans embodied in the home teacher pamphlet are being worked out: REPORT OF HOME TEACH E R. ‘‘The Amelia Street school district in Los Angeles was selected for my pioneer experiment which is being conducted under the joint super- vision of the school department and your Commission. “In this district, the residence sections are dotted about among ware- houses and factories. Many blocks of stores and restaurants are almost exclusively Japanese. There is much small business conducted by other foreigners. A rough estimate of nationalities founded on the school enrollment is that fully half the inhabitants are Mexican, a third Japanese, while the remaining one-sixth comprise Italians, Arabians, Syrians, Poles, Spaniards and Negroes. E A class of Japanese immigrant mothers organized by a Home Teacher in Los Angeles. This picture was taken at the º º where the mothers meet occasionally, bringing their smaller children. (See page 139 for report of this one Teacher. E . sº 2. º - - º º - º: tºº 2/Nº. º lº º º - - ºul ºf - - | - º º A class of Mexican immigrant women, with their babies and small children. Teacher in Los Angeles. The women in the picture are holding copies of the Commission's Home Teacher manual, con- taining lessons in English. (Copy of Home Teacher manual, opposite page 148.) This class was organized by a Home 142 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND EIOUSING. “Many families are housed near their business in upper or rear rooms. There are few tenements in the ordinary use of the word. There are many blocks of cottages, usually with separate yards. Gar- dens have been encouraged by the school, streets are paved, the general appearance of the district is not entirely forlorn. “There is, however, much more poverty and congestion than is casu- ally apparent. Many cottages are really teeming tenements, with a separate Mexican family in each room. The value of this land is out of proportion to its improvements. On one hand, landlords are obdurate about repairs; on the other, there is much shifting to escape rent. “After ranging this district as a home teacher for a trifle over three months, I am asked to report to your Commission how far even-song and morning-song agree—that is, how far I have been able to get into actual operation the tentative plans formed last Summer. Also, I am requested to set forth any new phases of the matter which have pre- sented themselves in this all too brief experience. ‘‘Thus far I have established friendly relations with 123 families. Among these families I have distributed 482 neighborhood visits. As the district contains 230 families who send children to the school, it will be seen that in five months plus, I have accomplished acquaintance with more than half of my people. ‘‘Two facts, however, give me high hope and courage for the future. One is the splendid possibilities of group work. No home teacher is going to accomplish, in a given time, any sensational number of home visits which take up seriously, the educational work outlined in the law. Each family could be visited only about once in a school month. Nor would exclusive adherence to this method be desirable, supposing it could be made practicable. A neighborhood school is the whole fam- ily’s university, and the home teacher, as the university extension department, must try as hard to bring the home to the school as to take the school to the home. Every previous idea on this point in our tentative plans has been confirmed and emphasized by these months of actual experience. And with this group plan, the home teacher may easily see every mother in her district at least once a week. Nor will the home visiting be neglected, as she can still have at least half her time free to use for that purpose. “The other cheerful fact is one which I am sure will be the joyous experience of all home teachers—that after the first few weeks the work acquires an impetus of its own. At present new families are adding themselves to my visiting list at an average of one a day, by seeking me out and dropping their difficulties into my lap. And often new pupils come self-invited. “My gospel of Americanization must take in different forms to meet varying needs. The Japanese population is prosperous and self-con- tained, attending its own sick and poor, asking nothing of the school but education. The women need instruction in English and also fresh interests in their rather secluded lives. They are shy and difficult to approach. I began my work among them with the reception at the schoolhouse which was attended only by seven women and two men. IMIMIGRANT EDUCATION. 143 A class of four women was formed to meet twice a week at the school- house for English lessons. By the holidays the class had increased to seven. They gave a class party shortly before Christmas which was attended by thirteen adult Japanese, beside the members. The Japa- nese school children furnished part of the program; the class itself offered the rest. The Japanese musical instruments which they brought Gn that occasion are to be tried out for accompanying American Songs in future lessons. After their confidence is once given, these Japanese women are most responsive and their merry charm is one of the brightest threads in the home teacher’s days. The class now has sixteen active members. “The miscellaneous one-sixth furnishes about the usual immigrant problem. ‘‘The Mexican one-half absorbs much more than half of the home teacher’s time and care, as this people offers all the immigrant perplexi- ties to the highest degree. The immigrants of this race seem to have a specific gravity which keeps them at the bottom of the district melt- ing pot. While the disturbed conditions in Mexico have driven out some refugees of a better class, for the most part, the Mexicans who come to us are the cholos, a primitive people, more Indian than Latin, brought here originally by the corporations for peon labor. Their faults and shortcomings are too well known to need repeating here; they are, generally, child faults with some Latin faults thrown in for good measure. And I love these people too well to enjoy recounting the very just charges against them. They have their graces and their charms, to which nearly every social worker succumbs and becomes their devoted champion. Their sensibilities run far ahead of their intelligence. “But with such wits as they have, they soon master one important contrast in America. When they offer their labor in the labor market, this country is the ‘Land of Hard Knocks.” When they offer their woes in the charity market, it is the ‘Land of Easy Beans.’ The right- ing of this condition rests with others than the home teacher. What she can do, however, is to work in close conjunction with the Charities and with their aid to enforce, so far as practical, the rule that all fami- lies receiving charity to whatever degree, must at least make the return of clean houses, clean children, and attendance on English classes for adults. ‘‘Yet, these people are not a hopeless proposition. But they need cducation of a peculiar sort—education that shall be disciplinary tonic —that shall give them standards—that amounts to evolution. w ‘‘My class of Mexican mothers has increased in numbers from 7 to 40 and the usual rate of attendance has risen from half or less to two- thirds of the enrollment. These women are anxious for lessons in domestic science, but for this they must wait until the completion of the new school building, whose brick walls are now up to the tops of the second story windows. Then they will be taught, among other things, to cook instead of throwing away good vegetables, as was done one Christmas. “Some other important details of the original plans are also await- ing the completion of the new building. At present it is impossible to 11—22325 144 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. have any handcraft work for adults. It is equally impossible for me to exchange hospitality with the district, to be sometimes the hostess instead of always the guest. But all these needs are splendidly pro- vided for in the new quarters. A charming model flat is to be at the disposal of the home teacher every afternoon for teaching and sociability. “The class has had several class parties. At these the pupils salute the flag, sing “Home, Sweet Home,’ ‘America,’ and other songs, and give a very modest little program—all in English. “Sanitation and hygiene have followed the lines where opportunity seemed most immediate. Some friendly advice has been tendered during visits. But largely this division of the work has consisted in taking children, and occasionally adults, to clinics of one sort or another. Each Tuesday I gather up a group of school children, usually about half a dozen, and take them over to the Parent-Teachers’ Clinic for treatment of eyes, ears, teeth, and general health. ‘‘These trips are always preceded by explanatory calls upon the parents to gain their consent and co-operation. These are followed by other calls to explain what home treatment and hygiene are required. Thus foreign parents get a clearer idea of their children’s condition and needs than if they had taken them on their own account, as it is manifestly impossible for a hurried clinic doctor to pause for giving long, patient explanations in a foreign tongue. The grade teachers declare also, that now for the first time they have the clinic findings to guide them in dealing with these children in the classroom. Two children, for instance, whose condition made them dangerous to others were, after much persuasion, entered in a hospital from which they emerged much improved. - - ‘‘Incidentally, it is almost necessary that the home teacher be able to speak one or more of the prevailing languages in her district. Other- wise, she must depend upon school children to interpret. At best they carry across only a small portion of what is said, and at the worst, they made freehand changes to suit themselves or what they consider to be the occasion. “One pleasing illustration of the closer connection between school and home occurred last Christmas. What is Christmas in the kinder- garten without its mothers? The children have made their little gifts, learned their Christmas songs, practiced their Christmas games—for the mothers—and without them all the outreaching part of the day falls flat. Mothers have come freely to afternoon exercises but the morning kindergarten had never mustered more than three for theirs. This year the home teacher was invoked and the attendance of mothers went up to twenty-four. - - “In my brief experience, the educational and social service phases of the work have been impossible to separate. I take it that my con- stant and ultimate aim is to educate along the broad, yet definite, lines indicated in the home teacher law. Yet, practically, I came across many families where it is necessary to begin farther back and bring aid IMIMIGRANT EDUCATION. 145 of other sorts before education is possible. If the underpinnings of our house are giving way in a flood, that is not the time we take for studying a language, or polishing the brass andirons. ‘‘Two families will illustrate. One, a young married couple with three small children, were on the Charities because the husband was suffering from an industrial accident. He was failing rapidly and his wife feared he would die. Instruction of any sort was impossible while the family were under such a cloud. The home teacher advised open windows and the cough ceased. She connected the man with a clinic and his injured back is nearly well. He can now do light work and will soon be able to support his family as before. Both parents are now studying English. The home teacher suggested a grand holiday house cleaning as part of the general happiness. The idea was well received and a few days later she was proudly invited in to behold a little home shining with cleanliness. “The other tale does not run so smoothly. Two widows with children—rent paid by Charities—had a little irregular work at a can- nery but scarcely earned enough for food. The house was exceedingly dirty. They had been better housekeepers in better times but there was no arousing them without a change in ecomonic conditions. I advertised for day’s work in houses, and found them all they could do. They cleaned up their own house with a will, transforming it with soap and mop. Money flowed in and the home teacher thought that the family would soon be paying its own rent. But the wheels took to whizzing backward. I tried to put the women on early cars myself. I furnished a memorandum book and taught the oldest girl to use the telephone. Helpless, inconsequent, and forgetful, they did not keep their appointments and soon lost all the work in spite of my best efforts. The house relapsed to nearly its former state and the wolf again took up his position near the door. “After all this happened I dropped in for a morning consultation and I freely confess that my mood was not hopeful and I sat silent and passive waiting to hear the same old dreary complaints. Instead, I heard, ‘We are going to clean the house this forenoon. We see now how much we need English; we are going to learn it. If you will find us more work, we can do better this time.’ Again I advertised for work. Now these same women keep their appointments, find their way on street cars, and attend evening school. “So I perceived that the previous effort had not been entirely wasted, since it had aroused the initiative of the family. The next chapter is still in the future. I learned my lesson as well, which is that such upward progress is froglike, and that I must be thankful for every foot held after each slipping back. “Four other families have been persuaded to clean house and to make an effort towards more decent living. One woman, in her enthusiasm, constructed a brick walk through the mud in order to protect her freshly cleaned floors. 146 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND ETOUSING. “I have distributed some small neighborly relief from the school stores in order to tide over emergencies, such as the temporary illness of the bread-winner, without having the family make formal connection with the organized Charities. These problems of relief and employment loom large in this district. The matter of getting people back to self- support and of keeping them there is one of the hardest. I have given many letters of recommendation for work, some to the municipal bureau, and others to the Charities for a chance at the county rock- pile. There is need of a special department or bureau to deal exclu- sively with the Mexican labor problem and to include educational features, such as driving home the need for English and promptness and keeping one’s word. “During these months I have been guide and interpreter for three cases before the Industrial Accident Commission. The assistant secre- tary was kind enough to tell me that many foreign cases did not get through for lack of such assistance as mine. “Just incidentally I have mothered three motherless girls a little as I could with some gain to their health and happiness. “The semi-wayward young folks in the district are another of the home teacher’s responsibilities. She must do what she can for them herself and also try to connect them with whatever helpful influences she may. “Fortunately, the home teacher may, without hardship, be held to longer hours than a grade teacher, as she deals with fewer units at a time and thus expends her day’s stock of energy more slowly. ‘‘There has been helpful, active co-operation from all my fellow teachers and also from all the social agencies in the district, the Char- ities, clinics, Industrial Accident Commission, and the Brownson House Settlement. The grade teachers report a noticeable gain in scholarship of those pupils whose mothers are studying English. “If last summer's plans were tentative, this experience is not free from the same quality, as another home teacher in another district might have quite a different set of demands. So I put forth these observations merely for what they are worth as having come to one home teacher in one adventure with the work. ‘‘I have a program to the extent of holding to certain fixed points like group lessons and my weekly trip to the Parent-Teachers’ Clinic. I have certain other definite intentions, such as calling on the charity families at least once a week, and on all my pupils who are absent from the group lessons before the following lesson. “But practically there are so many emergency demands and unex- pected appeals, that the more fluid part of my time is subject to con- stant change. Monotony is the last complaint a home teacher could possibly bring against the work. The call of it is fresh every morning and its possibilities are bounded only by time and endurance.’’ IMIMIGRANT EDUCATION. 147 HOME INSTRUCTION AND NATURALIZATION. The following letter from the United States Commissioner of Natu- ralization indicates what an important part home teachers can take in the “America first” movement for immigrant women, who are potential voters in California: ‘‘I beg to thank you for the opportunity contained in your letter of the 11th ultimo to offer criticism on the “Home Teacher Pamphlet,” which I have read with great care and interest. - ‘‘The chief room for criticism is that such a wise provision of law, having for its object the education of the mother, used in its broadest sense, has not been universally adopted or followed in the other states of the Union. It speaks well for the progressiveness of the people of California that they have recognized the wisdom and need of organized helpfullness in the home, not, as the pamphlet aptly states, as a matter of private philanthropy, but in the sense that it is a “fine democratic level of communal possession.’ - “When I say that I have no adverse criticism to make of the curric- ulum outlined in the pamphlet, I do not by any means intend that the plan may not be improved or enlarged upon, but since your plan is substantially similar to that portion of the bureau’s “Outline Course in Citizenship,” which deals with the instruction of foreign-born adult women, it will be obvious that our views as to the methods to be pur- sued are in accord, differing, if at all, only in details. The bureau’s plan, of course, is larger in aspect, since it contemplates the education— still using that term in its broad sense—of adult foreigners throughout the length and breadth of the United States, regardless of sex. The operations of your state will therefore form a most valuable and effective adjunct of the bureau’s general plan. “At such time as the state of comprehension of the members of any of the classes formed under your plan will permit, I would particularly commend a study of a course in civics. I make mention of this because, in your state, women have been endowed with the right of franchise, and it is therefore peculiarly desirable that they shall have some knowledge of the form and structure of government—federal, state, county, and municipal. In that way will the newly enfranchised foreign-born woman who votes be able to cast her ballot with under- standing and intelligence, all of which will make for a better and purer administration of the affairs of government. ‘‘If there are any real grounds of criticism of the plan of your Commission, I am sure that the actual experience and contact of the home teachers with the mothers will better divulge them than any other means of which I can think, and needless to say, your Commission will profit by the results which experience alone can bring. As the “Out- line Course in Citizenship’ will show, I am heartily in favor of the laboratory method of instruction, rather than the academic method, which involves the exercise of the memory principally, and correspond- ingly, therefore, your course of instruction, which is founded on the 148 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. laboratory method, appeals to me most strongly. In the hands of sympathetic and intelligent instructors, I am sure that that method, as applied to the splendid course of training outlined in your pamphlet, will be productive of the best results. - “With renewed expressions of my appreciation of the opportunity you have given me to become acquainted with the plan of operation of your Commission, and with the hope that the results may be as satis- factory as your mode of procedure merits, I beg to remain, - “Very truly yours, - - - * (Signed) “RICHARD K. CAMPBELL, Commissioner of Naturalization.’’ The HOme Teacher THE ACT, WITH A WORKING PLAN AND Forty Lessons in English Published by The Commission of Immigration and Housing Of California Copyright 1915, CALIFORNIA STATE PRINTING OFFICE 1.9 16 1 Personnel of the Commission. comMission ERs. SIMON J. LUBIN, PRESIDENT------------------------------------- Sacramento MOST REV. E. J. HANNA, D.D., Vice-PRESIDENT---------------- San Francisco MRS. FRANK A. GIBSON____ - * * * = * * * *m, ess * * * m ms m 'm mºme Los Angeles J. H. McBRIDE, MD Pasadena PAUL SCHARRENBERG, SECRETARY_______ San Francisco GEORGE L. BELL, ATToRNEY AND ExecutIve OFFICER. Offices of the Commission. Main Office : Underwood Building, 525 Market Street, San Francisco. Branch Office: S25 Second Street, Sacramento. IIMMIGRANT EDUCATION: 149 PREFACE. The act creating the home teacher is the direct result of volunteer, overtime work by teachers in the Los Angeles Neighborhood Schools. They demonstrated to the satisfaction of the Commission that the aims to be accomplished by district visiting can best be achieved by teachers instead of outside agencies. The law is merely permissive and it is hoped it will come into opera- tion gradually, since the careful establishment of correct precedent is of primary importance. Everything depends upon the pioneer workers being well balanced personalities with an all-around understanding both of the letter and the spirit of the home teacher law. They must not be primarily cooking teachers, sewing teachers, or English teachers, but teachers of improved living. One object is to bring educational opportunities to the mother direct instead of putting her off with vicarious enlightment through her chil- dren: the old way that has proven itself not only ineffectual but actually fruitful of harm. The plan of work and the forty lessons in English herein submitted are merely tentative. We ask for constructive criticism which will lead to their improvement. COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING OF CALTE'ORNIA. - MARY S. GIBSON. EDWARD J. HANNA. PAUL SCHARRENBERG. JAMES H. MCBRIDE. SIMON J. LUBIN. 150 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. THE HOME TEACHER ACT. CHAPTER 37. (Statutes of California, 1915.) An act to add a mew section to the Political Code to be mum- bered sixteen hundred seventeem, b, relating to the employ- ment of home teachers. (Approved April 10, 1915. In effect August 8, 1915.) The people of the State of Califormia do enact as follows: SECTION 1. A new section is hereby added to the Political Code, to be numbered section sixteen hundred seventeen b, and to read as follows: - tºº. 1617b. Boards of school trustees or city boards of educa- tion of any school district, may employ teachers to be known as ‘‘home teachers,” not exceeding one such home teacher for every five hundred units of average daily attendance in the common schools of said district as shown by the report of the county superintendent of schools for the next preceding school year. It shall be the duty of the home teachers to work in the homes of the pupils, instructing children and adults in matters relating to school attendance and preparation there- for; also in sanitation, in the English language, in household duties such as purchase, preparation and use of food and of clothing and in the fundamental principles of the American system of government and the rights and duties of citizenship. §. The qualifications of such teachers shall be a regular kinder- garten primary, elementary or secondary certificate to teach in the schools of California and special fitness to perform the duties of a home teacher; provided, that the salaries of such teachers shall be paid from the city or district special school funds. IMMIGRANT EDUCATION. 151 FOREWORD." It was a wise person who first said “Charity should begin at home”; it was a wiser one who added, “but should not stay there.” The school people were wise in the days when they said: “The public schools are for the children’’; they are wiser now when they say: “The public schools are for the whole family.” An idea seems to be born into the world and then to grow almost like a human being before it reaches a commanding influence. So this idea of the unity of the family for educational purposes has been years in growing. Before we could achieve the unity of the family we had to realize the unity of the individual child. To begin with, we considered him only as a mind. Later we concerned ourselves also with his moral nature and added ‘‘morals and manners” to the curriculum. John and Mary might come to school breakfastless, dirty, half blind, and troubled with adenoids, and we did not feel that we could do anything about it. It was not that sympathetic teachers did not view these conditions with sorrow, and with the realization that John and Mary's minds were hampered thereby. It was only that dealing with such matters was not considered a legitimate part of school activity. Little by little we have made John and Mary's bodies our concern—their recreation, their home life, everything about them. We will probably find still more to do for them in the future—nor can we do too much. Meanwhile we have gradually been taking some account of the remain- der of the family. Now, where our school systems are progressive, we have little brother and sister in the kindergarten and the wee babies thrive in the day nursery when the mothers are away at labor. We have “continuation schools’’ for the big brother and sister at work. The father is drawn into evening school and the Civic Center, either to learn English or to enliven the end of the toiler’s day by introducing interests and diversions. Thus we have reached out for every member of the family except the mother. We have taken it for granted that the foreign mother, par- ticularly, was practically hopeless. She was a queer, outlandish thing, who could only learn through asking of her children at home, and not *The above is an address delivered by Mrs. Amanda. Mathews Chase, as a special representative of the Commission of Immigration and Housing, at a joint session of the National Congress of Mothers and the Parent-Teachers Association at Oakland, California, in 1915. This address was prepared at the Suggestion of the Commission and it so admirably states the Commission's position that it is here reproduced in full. 5 152 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND BIOUSING. much even thus. We have not been so unkind as to hold the conscious thought, but we have really tacitly taken it for granted that she was a natural obstructionist, and that when death removed her, the family could move on much more victoriously to Americanization. Now, in California, we are taking this next logical step with our Home Teachers’ Law—to educate the mother. The home teacher is a mother’s special instructor. To be sure, the law says, “for children and adults”; but the mother always shares gladly with her children, and so will it be in this case. - The Commission of Immigration and Housing is very grateful to the Mothers Congress and Parent-Teachers Association for their earnest support of this Home Teachers Bill. Now their assistance is needed in putting the law into operation. We hope, first, that they will use their influence to have home teachers installed in their communities. Sec- Ondly, after the teachers are at their posts, we hope that these associa- tions will hold up their hands in the work, for, more than any other teachers, do they need assistance. - Suppose a home teacher went forth, merely with her unaided resources, to do the work outlined by this law. In each home she would find a problem; in One, economic difficulties; in another, sickness; in a third, perhaps, that Americanized children have slipped from the con- trol of their un-Americanized parents. What could she do alone but break her heart over the ills she could not help ? She needs behind her, not only the school system, but all organized helpfulness—in which the Parent-Teachers Association holds an important place. She must enter these homes as an envoy from the schools, from the community, from the State of California. -- - IMMIGRANT EDUCATION. 153 WORKING PLANS FOR THE HOME TEACHER.” The text is the plain and simple law passed by the 1915 California Legislature. The measure was draughted and proposed by the State Commission of Immigration and Housing. On the initiative of the State Federation of Women's Clubs, it was endorsed by the Women's Legislative Council, which worked for it most earnestly. It received the Governor’s signature on April 10th and became operative on August 8, 1915.f We of the Coast feel it to be a momentous and far-reaching piece of legislation. Not that we claim to have invented the Visiting Teacher. Under many names, she is already, in a modified form, part of the public school system in several cities of the United States. She is employed by the Indian Service, who call her a field matron, while the Indians call her ‘‘the going-about woman’’ and wait for her with their troubles. We do claim, however, that California leads in giving the movement state-wide backing. All honor to the devoted volunteers who have shown what could be accomplished in favored spots, such as the immediate neighborhoods of social settlements. At the same time, they have demonstrated the inadequacy of private philanthropy to meet the whole situation. Much of this semi-private institutional work has reached its seed-time, a noble seed-time, for it has sown itself into the public conscience and the fruitage therefrom is the enlistment of municipalities and states to undertake this same labor adequately. They bring to the work two inestimable advantages—One the resources and organization to make it universally effective, the other the gain of lifting it from being the acceptance of kindness bestowed by one social class upon another to the fine democratic level of communal possession. Thus the home teacher is employed by the people, and to the people her services are due—not donated. This latter consideration is one on which the Mothers Congress has expressed itself strongly and, because the Mothers Congress and Parent-Teachers Association is the one woman’s organiza- tion which recognized the family as the unit, it is to this organization that the Commission of Immigration and Housing looks for co-operation in launching this pioneer effort—the energizing of this educational activity. - *The above plans were prepared by Mrs. Amanda. Mathews Chase in conjunction with members of the Commission. Mrs. Chase, as the representative of the Com- mission, presented these plans before the Elementary Education section of the Fifty- third Annual Convention of the National Education Association. †See page 4 for act in full. 154 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND EIOUSING. The pressing need for the home teacher is in the foreign quarters of cities, since immigrant education is at present a critical issue between the United States and destiny. As rapidly as may be, however, she will be placed in all congested districts. Our present bill allows no more than this, but the work will, in time, demand its logical extension to wherever, in town or village, living conditions and domestic ideals fall short of our American standards. . But all that will be another story when it happens. In blazing trails for our first year’s effort, we need consider only what the home teacher can do in and for a congested neighborhood. The new law broadens our base of activity in such a school district. Heretofore the cry has been ‘‘Americanize the children and they will Americanize the home !” This topsy-turvy method flies in the face of natural social evolution. What it has brought into the home is con- fusion and often disaster, since un-Americanized parents lose control over their Americanized children who consequently are liable to fall into lawless ways and frequently bring up as delinquents before the Juvenile Court. The fault does not lie in giving the children too much education, but in dividing the family against itself by bestowing too little on its other members. Latterly we have been more assiduous about gathering the foreign fathers into evening schools and we have still more sweeping efforts in contemplation for this severely important labor. The immigrant mother, however, has been left almost entirely out of account. We have ignored the natural home-maker and yet tried to Americanize the home. We now see our error and are undertaking here in California to educate the entire family instead of discriminating against that important member, the mother. The degree of success which we shall be able to achieve depends largely on the working plans with which we put our new law into actual execution. The act is as explicit as it is the business of such a law to be. Its very elasticity is in its favor if we have the wisdom to use that property wisely in formulating our corollaries. For corollaries, we must have. A compulsory education law, for instance, is not intended to take the place of a course of study and a School program. Even so, our home education law must be supple- mented by instructions to home teachers regarding the presentation of the designated subjects, these instructions roughly corresponding to the grade teacher’s course of study. The home teacher should also be pro. vided with a program, even though it be an india-rubber one able to stretch indefinitely at the pull of emergency. IMMIGRANT EDUCATION. 155 It is not desirable that the school district have two heads. We believe that the status of the home teacher is that of a specialist responsible to the principal of the public school with which she is connected; that she should be part of the field force of an elastic system. * - While the bill is noncommittal on the point, it seems natural to speak of the home teacher as feminine since most of the activity outlined is such as would naturally be assigned to women. There is in the field, however, place for a smaller number of men to attend to certain phases of the work, particularly along the survey line, finding out where the men and boys spend their evenings and their money—whether or not and why the saloon is the pleasantest spot in the district—dealing with men's lodging houses and rendering other valuable service along lines not practicable to women—connecting every abiding place with the school. - Now to indicate sketchily a tentative working program for a home teacher. - It would be quite natural for her to wish to be at her public school before nine o’clock in order to confer with the principal and teachers regarding any special children whose homes there are immediate and particular reasons for visiting. The forenoon would just as naturally be passed in making these visits and others on her own initiative. - At every house her first endeavor should be to win the friendship and confidence of the mother. These visits must be unhurried. If the visitor is being initiated into the very heart of some particular home, its problems and difficulties, that is her time to hear the whole story even though she gets no farther that forenoon. - The home teacher, like the family doctor and the family pastor, is to be a real and intimate possession of the family. May she be endowed with wisdom and grace to be worthy of this high phase of her pro- fession and may she emulate doctor and pastor in her sense of the sacredness of confidence. She must refrain from making the morning’s experiences the theme of racy, gossiping narratives to entertain her friends or fellow workers. She will, surely, never use the word “slum,” and will be chary of the word “case.” We would not like to be “cases,” not even to the angels of Heaven, nor would we appreciate hearing those same angels refer to their earthward flights as “slumming expeditions.” The opening wedge into many family situations will be “attendance and the preparation therefor.” Indeed, one of our prominent Cali- fornia educators rejoices in the home teacher as a “glorified attendance officer.” To read backward into the causes why the children of some 156 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND EIOUSING. particular family attend school irregularly, or in poor physical con- dition, is to diagnose the weakness and perhaps the tragedy of that family preliminary to the work of social reconstruction. For this, the home teacher will naturally call to her aid the various ameliorative agencies of the community, the charities, district nurses and the like, as the need of their services is indicated by her investiga- tions. She must not herself be connected in people’s minds with the bestowal of material gifts. She will, however, have some share in prob- lems of employment since she will naturally come to know something of the quality of the workers—who can be relied upon—who have proved unemployable; for she must know her field every month of the school year. - Realizing the narrow, limited lives of many foreign women in this country, she will make every effort in her power to connect them with the municipal centers of recreation, playgrounds, parks and libraries. Juvenile difficulties which the home teacher is endeavoring to settle out of court should take precedence of all other business. It is in ways like this that the need of a flexible program is apparent. It must allow her to adapt herself to the necessities of her own particular neighbor- hood. It must give her liberty in hours and in days that her people may be served. It must not prevent her throwing herself into any emergency she comes across. She should be permitted to relinquish it Only when proper assistance is available. So much for the morning. Let us now consider the afternoon. Every school located in such a neighborhood as will require the services of a home teacher should have, as part of its equipment, a “school cottage” or its equivalent in housekeeping rooms within the school building. This must be a model American home, small but complete, attractive, but simple and inexpensive. During the forenoons, this cottage can be used in connection with the grade work in domestic science. But afternoons it should be entirely at the disposal of the home teacher. We doubt the advisability of her actually living here, as it is, after all, only a modified schoolroom, and the teacher must keep in human touch with the outside world; but decidedly it should be her official residence. Here she should be dis- tinctly a hostess, welcoming the mothers as into her own home. - The cottage itself will be a vital object lesson. How can we expect a foreign woman to imitate a variety of house furnishing and house- keeping which she has never seen 2 Here is something intelligible to go home and copy. Hence the ultimate ideal for the afternoon work will be to have it conducted for groups of mothers assembled in the cottage every school day but Friday; Friday afternoons being reserved for special uses. - 10 IMIMIGRANT EDUCATION. 157 At the cottage, the home teacher may be assisted by the special teachers of sewing, cooking and music. In addition to being hostess, she herself will teach English, civics, sanitation and other subjects. Weaving may be included in the cottage instruction. The home teacher should interest herself in fostering such handicrafts as she finds the people have brought from their own countries and in connecting them with a market for their wares. The sewing should be practical and include garment making, mending and making over. The cooking taught in the “real kitchen” of the cottage should be confined to simple wholesome dishes. About once a month each cook- ing class should jointly prepare a complete dinner, set it forth on a white table cloth with flowers in the center of the table and partake of the feast. Yet nothing must be too fine and elaborate for home copying. In teaching civics to foreigners, the heart must be appealed to quite as much as the understanding. The fundamental principles of Our government are such as to arouse patriotism when properly presented. These impressions should be deepened by hero tales, patriotic songs and flag exercises. The teaching of English to adult foreigners, many of whom are illiterate in their own tongue, is a fine pedagogical art with a psy- chology of its own. The instruction must be live, practical, interest- ing, even dramatic. For some lessons the teacher’s table will be a miniature grocery store where brisk trading is carried on. Others will introduce games, songs and dialogues. In addition, every class con- ducted at the cottage must assist the women in acquiring the English language. In English they must cook and sew, sing and weave, and the Home Teacher must recognize and appeal to the dramatic spirit of a play folk. Now to dispose of the left-over Friday afternoons. Let them crown the labor of the weeks. One should be for a ‘‘Mothers Day” celebration in the assembly room when all the mothers of all the groups are entertained with a program furnished by a different grade each month. There should be an address of welcome by a pupil, songs and recitations honoring motherhood. After the program, the mothers are invited to inspect a display of pupils’ work. Refreshments are served by the children. The lesson of seeing their parents the honored guests of the school is a wholesome one. Another Friday afternoon is needed for an “At Home” in the school cottage when the mothers may display their handcraft, exchange lace patterns, sing folk songs and feel almost as if they had enjoyed an afternoon back in the far lands from which they came. 11 158 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. The remaining Friday afternoons could be given over to a special variety of visiting—the distinctly social call, only long enough for the exchange of amenities. That these calls constitute a tour of inspection looking for evidence of cottage instruction in the houses will be the Home Teachers’ professional secret. All improvements will be noted with heartfelt praises. If the visitor has added some special touches to her dress, it will contribute to the joyous spirit of the occasion. As to her ordinary costume, let it be like that of other teachers. Her working gowns can easily be simple and sanitary without emphasizing these qualities to a conspicuous degree. Every family, native and foreign, should be visited, but necessity should place the emphasis. The home teacher may reasonably be required to spend one evening a week at her civic center, and thus she can do much to keep the neghbor- hood in touch with the advantages there offered them. Finally, those who enter this splendid pioneer field must realize the unity underlying the few and simple provisions of the Home Teacher Bill. The general aim for these next years is to put immigrant mothers in command of their own situation by correlating them with the best America has to offer. Hence no visit nor lesson can be limited or literal in its import. It must open out beyond itself into the vision of the whole achievement. REFERENCE BOOKS FOR TEACH E.R.S. The House in Henry Street. Lilliam Wald. Practical Homemaking. Mabel Hyde Kittredge. A second Course in Eſomemaking. Mabel Hyde Kittredge. Social Aspects of Education. Irving King. MAGAZINES. Immigrants in America Review. 95 Madison Ave., New York. The Survey. 105 East Twenty-second St., New York. IIMMIGRANT EDUCATION. 159 SUGGESTIONS FOR TEACHERS. To be of practical use, language must come to the tongue auto- matically when needed. Hence the teacher should employ endless drill and constant reviews. These, however, should be conducted with so much vivacity and variety that the pupil has no sense of monotony. Never fail to use actual objects whenever possible. Encourage pupils to recite with dramatic gesture and expression. These are of the greatest assistance to memory. The course is divided into four series of ten lessons. Each series should be thoroughly mastered before the next is attempted. The First Series begins with household actions and objects. It leads to the purchase of staples at a grocery store. During the latter lessons, a ‘‘play store’’ should be conducted. At the close of the series each pupil of the group must be able to make purchases in English. In connection with this series, the teacher should know the market prices of groceries and compare with what pupils are paying to see if they are being cheated. In presenting the lessons the real prices should be used to familiarize the mothers with actual values. Similarly, the Second Series leads to the dry goods store. The teacher should be equipped with dolls dressed in a model manner, so that they may be instructive in more ways than language. Also these dolls should be provided with nightgowns which should be put on and off during lessons. The baby doll should have a basket of additional clothes, showing a small but complete outfit of necessities for an infant. The Third Series has for its unit the expression of personal feelings and family relations. It leads to the social visit. The Fourth Series deals with the immigrant mother’s contact with her American environment in other ways than purely commercial. This series is composed of “Primer Lessons’’ intended for memorizing or dialogues. From them a ‘‘graduating’’ program may be arranged to celebrate (ompletion of this course. * Where pronouns are not all given in verb series, the teacher may supply them for oral drill. Each lesson must be first taught as ORAL, English. A lesson must NOT be used for reading and writing until perfectly mastered orally. 13 160 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. FIRST SERIES. First Lesson. Good afternoon. How do you do? Very well, thank you. What is this? This is a chair. What is this? This is a table. What is that ? That is a bed. I cook. ſº ~& I wash. _/ ~~~~% IMMIGRANT EDUCATION, 16], IHow many chairs? How many tables? How many beds? Goodbye. Second Lesson. $1.00 $.50 $.25 $.10 $.05 We wash. % _^ sweep. 2%__2^ mop. 2_ Sew. % _2 < z^* 15 162 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. You cook. *** -- You * %-4 You iron. %--> ~ ~ 2…^2_2^ - You w *…* - w ºw. - %-__ 16 IMMIGRANT EDUCATION. 163 They cook. *~~~~ They wash. º ~~~~ They iron. º~~~~ They sew. *~~2~ 17 164 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. She She She She She She Third Lesson. pound quart pint * * ~~~~ washes. ____ irons. *~~~~ ~~~~ mops. __ SeWS. __~~~~ Mary cooks. ~~~~~ Mary washes. *_ - Mary irons. *~~~~ 2% * * * ~~~~ Mary mops. *~ ~~~~~ Mary sews. 2-12 —22-22-Z’’ 1, 2, 11, 12, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20. 18 IMMIGRANT EDUCATION. 165 Fourth Lesson. water milk bread meat beans Do you cook? 20-2-errº 2 Yes, I cook. º ſº2-4. Do you sweep? *~~~~~ 2 Yes, I sweep. _^ J%__2^ Do you wash? *~~~~ 2 Yes, I wash. 2… -čeezzº Do you iron? 24- ~22222* 2 Yes, T iron. º -če º zº Do you mop 3 24– * Yes, I mop. º Do you sew? *~~~~~~ Yes, I sew. 2.4 –2-222 12—223:25 19 ió6 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. Do you cook? . No, I do not cook. Do you wash? No, I do not wash. Do you iron? No, I do not iron. Do you sweep? No, I do not sweep. Do you mop 3 No, I do not mop. Do you sew 3 No, I do not sew. 20 167 ~ *~~~~ 168 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. Fifth Lesson. cup plate knife fork spoon dozen A dozen spoons. A dozen cups. A dozen forks. A dozen plates. A dozen knives. Can you cook? *~~& º Yes, I can cook. 22. ‘ſ22-2222*2-24 Can you wash? *~~~~ * 2 Yes, I can wash. * º**** Can you iron? *~~~222222* * Yes, I can iron. º 22-22-22-azzº Can you sweep? *~~~~ 2 Yes, I can sweep. 22. A.~~~~< Can you mop 3 *~º 2 Yes, I can mop. 22. 1/22, 22-222.2% Can you sew'? * ^2222*.’ Yes, I can sew. 22. /2c-zz 22.4—24.2e2 22 IMMIGRANT EDUCATION. 169 sixth Lesson. Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday today yesterday tomorrow Yesterday I cooked. Yesterday I washed. Yesterday I ironed. Yesterday I swept. Yesterday I mopped. Yesterday I sewed. º *~ º º º *_ ~~~~ 23 170 COMMISSION OF IMIMIGRATION AND HOUSING. Seventh Lesson, stove pan kettle tub wood coal Tomorrow Mary will cook. Tomorrow Mary will wash. Tomorrow Mary will iron. Tomorrow Mary will sweep. Tomorrow Mary will mop. Tomorrow Mary will sew. 2^- ". ~. & - ~~~~~ *~~~º º *~~~~ Eighth Lesson. sugar Salt flour eggs rice cheese I cook the eggs. _ſ^~4 __ : I wºn the are A __ I iron the dress. A __&_ I sweep the floor. . / __ - e I mop the door. A __* - I sew the dres. A 22-4° 24 IMMIGRANT EDUCATION. 171 IPlease cook the eggs. |Please wash the dress. Please iron the dress. IPlease sweep the floor. Please mop the floor. |Please sew the dress. *_ - - Ninth Lesson. tea coffee soup butter SOap Oil pepper potatoes flour I want a pound of butter. I want half a pound of tea. I want a quart of milk. 172 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. How much is butter today? How much are eggs today? - ~~~~~ 2 *~~~~~ ~~~~ 2 Tenth Lesson. Playing Grocery Store. 26 IMIMIGRANT EDUCATION. 173 SECOND SERIES. First Lesson. Colors: red blue yellow green brown purple black white gray I am happy. I have money. I go to the store. I buy cloth. I make a dress. I like my dress. *~~~~ *~~~~ -º-º-º-º-º: *_* *_ *_ pretty ugly 27 13–22325 174 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. Second Lesson. Kinds of cloth: cotton linen silk wool Mary has money. Mary goes to the store. Mary buys cloth. Mary makes a dress. . Mary likes her dress. 2 ~~~~ - *º light blue dark blue IMMIGRANT EDUCATION. * 175 Third Lesson. skirt waist coat cape dress hat shoes stockings I was happy yesterday. I had money. - I went to the store. I bought cloth. I made a dress. I liked my dress. **** -º-º-º-º-º- *_2~~~~ * * ~ long short Ila,I’I’OW wide 176 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. Fourth Lesson. West drawers petticoat chemise union-suit nightgown I shall be happy tomorrow. I shall have money. I shall go to the store. I shall buy cloth. I shall make a dress. I shall like my dress. I take off my dress. I put on my nightgown, 30 177 * * * *~~~~ *- A_2^2-4-4** *_2^ *_ *** * * **** *~~~~ 178 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. Fifth Lesson. coat vest trousers shirt undershirt drawers nightshirt suit hat hose Have you money? Yes, I have money. I have no money. / / | -- - Has John money? Yes, he has money. He has no money. work pay-day 32 IMMIGRANT EDUCATION. 179 Sixth Lesson. baby baby basket dress nightgown pinning-blanket diaper skirt I put the doll by the basket. IPlease put the doll in the basket. *__ __ • . _ clean dirty .33 180 - COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND BIOUSING, Seventh Lesson. yard foot inch half-yard quarter of yard long wide - The table is five feet long. The cloth is a yard wide. EHow long is the cloth? |HOW Wide is the table? *~~~~~~ 2. Eighth Lesson. sheet blanket comforter pillows mattress pillowcase bedstead bedspread I take off the dirty sheets. I take off the dirty pillowcase. I put on the clean sheets. I put on the clean pillowcase. I make the bed. 34 &_&_2_* / __ */~~~~~~ 24-2-2. 182 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND EIOUSING. Ninth Lesson. lace embroidery ribbon thread 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100. 2 Please give me a spool of black thread number forty. º Tenth Lesson. Playing Dry Goods Store. 36 IMMIGRANT EDUCATION. 183 THIRD SERIES. First Lesson. child children living dead years old name boy girl TEACHER—How many children have you? PUPIL–Seven. TEACHER—Are they all living? PUPIL–Seven are living. Three are dead. TEACHER—How many of those living are boys? PUPIL–Five are boys. TEACHER—Then two are girls. PUPIL–Yes, two are girls. TEACHER—Please tell me the names of the boys. PUPIL–Juan, etc. - TEACHER—How old is Juan 3 PUPIL–Juan is eight years old. Second Lesson. father mother husband wife son daughter brother sister grandmother grandfather uncle aunt cousin The brother loves the sister. I love my father and mother. * 37 184 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. Third Lesson. * Parts of the body: head neck chest arms legs hands feet fingers toes eyes ears tongue nose I see with my eyes. I hear with my ears. I feel with my fingers. I taste with my tongue. I smell with my nose. **_2~ *_ You see with your eyes. They see with their eyes. We see with our eyes. Maria sees with her eyes. Juan Sees with his eyes. 38 IMIMIGRANT EDUCATION. . 185 Fourth Lesson. apple orange cabbage turnip Sweet Sour hard Soft clean dirty fresh ripe bitter thirsty hungry verb–Like TEACHER—Do you like apples? PUPIL–Yes, I like apples. No, I don’t like apples. TEACHER—Are you hungry” PUPIL–Yes, I am hungry. TEACHER—Is the orange sweet? IPUPIL–No, it is sour. Fifth Lesson. lace narrow wide thread sell fine coarse TEACHER—Can you make lace? PUPIL–Yes, I can make lace. TEACHER—What size thread do you use? PUPIL–For fine lace I use number 60. For coarse lace I use number 20. TEACHER—Linen thread or cotton thread? PUPIL–I use crochet cotton. TEACHER—How much can you make in a day? |PUPIL–I can make a yard of narrow lace. I can make half a yard of wide lace. TEACHER—Do you sell the lace? PUPIL–Yes. TEACHER—For how much? PUPIL–A dollar a yard for the wide lace. Half a dollar a yard for the narrow lace. 39 186 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. Sixth Lesson. clock watch hour minute early late tardy night day school sleep wake What time is it? It is nine o’clock. 2% Azºº Seventh Lesson. house roof room wall window door ceiling landlord rent fair too high This house has three rooms. This room has two windows and one door. The rent is too high. The landlord must mend the roof. 4() IMMIGRANT EDUCATION. . . 187 *(*~~~ *_2 188 COMMISSION OF IMIMIGRATION AND HOUSING. Eighth Lesson. spring summer autumn winter Sun moon stal's The weather is not warm. The day is cold. It rains. The sun does not shine. *__ Ninth Lesson. January February March April May June July August September October November December When is your birthday? My birthday comes the twentieth of October. Tenth Lesson. Let us play at Making Visits. 42 IMIMIGRANT EDUCATION. 189 FOURTH SERIES. First Lesson. PATRIOTISM. I love the American flag. It is my flag now. I love its stars and stripes. This flag gives us protection and liberty. My husband honors it. We teach our children to love the flag. Salute. This is my flag; It stands for my country; I will love my flag And be true to my country as long as I live. Second Lesson. Street-car. [Teacher arranges chairs to represent two street-cars. Assign a pupil to be conductor for each car.] PUPIL–I am going to visit a friend. I put on my hat. I go to the corner. I stop the car. I get on. I pay my fare. [To conductor.] Please give me a transfer to Grand Avenue. [Conductor gives transfer.] Where do I change? CONDUCTOR-Temple Block. [Pupil seats herself in car.] CONDUCTOR-[Calls.] Temple Block! [Pupil gets off and enters other car, giving transfer to that conductor.] PUPIL–I want to get off at Ninth Street. Please call it for me. CoNDUCTOR-All right. [Pause.] Ninth Street! PUPIL–Thank you. [Gets off car.] 43 IMMIGRANT EDUCATION. 191 Third Lesson. A house must not be damp. We need many windows. Dark rooms are very bad for the health. We must keep out flies with screens because flies bring sickness. - Stale garbage is dangerous. A clean house is a good doctor. Fourth Lesson. In the Park. [Teacher has setting of this lesson as appropriate as possible.] FIRST PUPIL–Det’s go to the park. SECOND PUPIL–Yes, I am very glad to go. [They cross room.] FIRST PUPIL–Now we are in the park. SECOND PUPIL–The park is beautiful. FIRST PUPIL–See the flowers' SECOND PUPIL–Yes, and how sweet they smell. FIRST PUPIL–Bear the birds ! - SECOND PUPIL–I love to hear the birds sing. FIRST PUPIL–The sun is warm and bright. SECOND PUPIL–The grass and trees are green. FIRST PUPIL–I must go home and get Supper for my husband. SECOND PUPIL–So must I. Let us go. - [They return to places.] . IMMIGRANT EDUCATION. 193 Fifth Lesson. We must eat good food. We must drink good water. We must have good milk. We must bathe often. We must sleep with our windows open. We must not stay in the house all the time. 194 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. Sixth Lesson. FIRST PUPIL–I write a letter. I put it in an envelope. I write the address. I have no stamp. I go to the Post Office. [Goes to “P. O.”] I want a stamp for this letter. SECOND PUPIL–ILooking at letter.] You need a five- cent stamp. - EIRST PUPIL–IHands out money, receives stamp, puts it on letter.] Where do I mail my letter? SECOND PUPIL–Over there. [Indicates mail slot.] TIRST PUPIL–Thank you. [Mails letter.] Seventh Lesson. Visiting the School. [Establish one pupil as Teacher with dolls to represent children.] IFIRST PUPIL–I am going to visit the school. [Crosses to school.] SECOND PUPIL–Good afternoon. I am very glad to see you. Will you have a seat? - tº EIRST PUPIL–ISeats herself.] Thank you. My Son Juan is in your school. Is he a good boy? SECOND PUPIL–Yes, he is a good boy. EIRST PUPIL–Does he study hard? SECOND PUPIL–Yes, he studies hard. He is a fine boy. I like to have him in my school. BIRST PUPIL–Thank you very much. My husband is proud of the boy. We hope he will make a fine man. SECOND PUPIL–I am sure he will. - FIRST PUPIL–IRising.] I will go now. Goodbye. SECOND PUPIL–I thank you for coming. I am always glad to see the parents of my pupils. Goodbye. 48 TMMIGRANT EDUCATION. 195 Eighth Lesson. FIRST PUPIL–I want to work. SECOND PUPIL–What can you do? FIRST PUPIL–I can wash and iron. SECOND PUPIL–What else? |FIRST PUPIL–I can wash windows and clean house. SECOND PUPIL–Can you cook? IFIRST PUPIL–I can do plain cooking. SECOND PUPIL–What wages do you want? PIRST PUPIL–Two dollars a day. SECOND PUPIL–What by the month ? TIRST PUPIL–Twenty-five dollars. SECOND PUPIL–What by the hour? EIRST PUPIL–Twenty-five cents. SECOND PUPIL–Will you come to my house Monday to wash 3 - FIRST PUPIL–Gladly. SECOND PUPIL–I shall expect you. Goodbye. Ninth Lesson. Tea table attractively spread—actual refreshment. EIRST PUPIL–I am expecting company to tea. The tea is in the teapot. The cake is on the plate. Here comes my friend. Good afternoon. SECOND PUPIL–Good afternoon. EIRST PUPIL–I am glad to see you. SECOND PUPIL–Thank you. [She removes hat, which hostess puts away.] - EIRST PUPIL–Sit down and we will have our tea. [Pours tea.] Do you take cream and sugar or lemon? SECOND PUPIL–I take sugar but no cream. FIRST PUPIL–Will you have cake? SECOND PUPIL–Thank you. [Takes cake. Hostess serves herself. They take their cake and tea to a little distance and two other pupils use the tea table in similar manner.] 49 196 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. Tenth Lesson. Words and music of “America.” Supplementary. Other songs, such as “Home, Sweet Home.” Games. For instance, arrange as for spelling match, only instead each contestant must name an English word. Later, sen- tences may be required. Housing. 197 IV. HousING. It has been difficult to perform the duties imposed on the Commission, in its organic act, to inspect housing conditions and to energize the cities in the enforcement of housing laws and in the general improve- ment of conditions, because the Commission’s appropriation is not proportionate to the task. A report to this effect was submitted to the legislature of 1915 and a petition made for a special housing appro- priation which would enable the housing department to do this work as thoroughly as it should be done. The petition was denied, however, and it has been necessary to continue the rather limited work with such portion of the general fund as could be set aside for this department. In spite of financial handicaps, enough has been done during the past two years to prove that every California city or town, irrespective of size, has a housing problem. The general and intensive housing surveys made in cities of all sizes, summarized in last year's report and in the following pages, are gradually convincing all communities that they can no longer deceive themselves by contentedly limiting the dis- cussion of housing problems to the slums of New York and Chicago. This systematic exposition of bad housing conditions is not mere “muck- raking.” It is the first essential step in bringing about any improve- ment, because people generally, and even officials charged with duties in this connection, are not aware of the need of improvement. Until very recently, therefore, the activities of the Commission have been restricted to this particular form of educational work. At pages 278 and 292 are copies of the “A-B-C of Housing,’’ and a ‘‘Plan for a Housing Survey,’’ recently published by the Commission as part of this educational campaign. Believing that there is now a more or less general appreciation of the existence of housing evils or problems in California, efforts in the future will be largely concentrated on utilizing this public sentiment in 14–22325 198 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. a demand for action. A persistent campaign will be carried on to arouse the public to demand the enforcement of existing housing laws, to support needed new laws, and to require safeguards for the future in the way of better housing and more careful city planning. As a first step in this direction, attempts are being made to bring about the enforcement of the state tenement house act in places where it has never been enforced (see page 202), and a movement has also been started to prove the necessity for, and secure the passage of a state housing law covering all family dwellings as well as those known technically as tenements. A simple housing bill, covering all dwellings, was drafted by the Commission and introduced in the 1915 legislature, but the opposition Typical California shacks—built of refuse lumber and roofing. These particular shacks are just outside the limits of a southern city and, therefore, subject to no building laws or regulations. was so strong that it was impossible even to get the bill out of com- mittee. There were many supporters of the bill, however, and it is hoped that at the next session of the legislature it will be possible to secure the passage of such a law. Reports of this Commission, and of local officials, indicate that there is just as serious a housing problem in connection with single family dwellings as with tenements. The Housing Commission of the Health Department of Los Angeles, for example, recommends “that regulations be enacted which will control the ramshackle single houses which are unfit for habitation.” No better proof of the growing demand for housing laws applicable to all habita- tions can be given than the following quotation from the report of the HOUSING. 199 Massachusetts Civic League, published as an argument for a law pro- posed in Massachusetts. The entire argument is applicable to condi- tions in California: - “There is no logic, never has been, in writing tenement house laws. The custom developed because in the earlier stages owners of one- family houses felt that they should not be governed by regulations the same as the owners of multiple dwellings. The shack problem, a serious item in Massachusetts, has done perhaps more than anything else to change the attitude of the people. This law, therefore, regulates all Combination shack and tent, occupied by three men and a child. In rear yard in Los Angeles (but the picture could be duplicated in almost any California city). houses used as dwellings. Its provisions will in no way interfere with the activities of ordinary owners of one-family houses. It will interfere in defense of the occupants and of the community when such extreme practices develop as may be found in most of the shack districts. In Boston, to illustrate, there were found shacks with no toilet facilities, the outside privy consisting of a box-like arrangement built over a shallow hole in the ground. The average shack is characterized by an absence of all sanitary provisions and all provisions for privacy. It usually gives its occupants poor protection from the weather and is in every sense a menace to the occupants and to the neighborhood. Small cottages, even of two or three rooms, may be and should be just as sanitary and healthful as larger dwellings. The aim in covering all houses is not to work against the small one-family house, but for it; to 200 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. guarantee, in other words, that the occupant of a small cottage shall have just as good a home as the occupant of a two or three-room tenement. “The owners of more pretentious homes will not be interfered with unless they undertake things as unreasonable as are undertaken by some of the shack builders. In the interests of the community, however, many of them are and all ought to be willing to accept the supervision necessary. The appearance of a shack area does more to destroy health, decency, good citizenship and property values than any other thing that can be introduced. The man with a substantial home should not oppose the appearance of sanitary and attractive cottages, but he should oppose the appearance of filthy, impossible shacks. This law should, therefore, Dwelling occupied the year round by a family of six. (See page 198 of text for discussion concerning the need of housing laws to cover such dwellings.) be advocated by all because it is in the interest of all except those only who desire to prey upon unfortunate people or who are careless and indifferent.” Workers in the field of housing are also now almost unanimously agreed that the minimum standard of housing should be fixed by a state law, rather than by local ordinances. Uniformity is thus assured, the careful city protected from the careless one, and the curse of “ward politics” in securing special suspensions of ordinances is done away with. Certainly housing is as much of a state affair as health. To quote from Ernest Freund, professor of law in the University of Chicago, in an address before the Fourth National Conference on Hous- ing in October, 1915: “A housing law should be a state law not merely to ensure the rule of equality but because certain desirable HOUSING. 201 provisions are beyond the usual ordinance power, and because in small cities it may be difficult to have housing codes drawn with sufficient expert asistance.” (A) HOUSING INSTITUTE. In order to draft a state housing law which will meet the actual existing conditions and which will represent the best thought on these matters in the State, the Commission is now organizing a series of conferences, to be known as the ‘‘Housing Institute.” Official dele- gates from the larger cities and towns will meet with the Commission, - --- - - - .… - - - - - - - - - - --- --- º A leaky, dirty, and over-crowded two room shack in a city where there are no housing regulations covering such a dwelling. A menace to the cities that may have regulations ! Why not a state law? and with experts employed by the Commission, six or seven times before the next session of the legislature to discuss a general state housing code. It is proposed to make necessary revisions of the tenement and hotel laws, and to combine these laws with a general dwelling house law under one compact, general law or code. The legal and building experts employed by the Commission will submit rough drafts for discussion and will whip into shape the suggestions of the delegates. Legislatures have frankly admitted their inability to deal with the technicalities of housing laws, and it is felt that the report of the Housing Institute will be regarded in the same manner as that of the technical commissions often appointed to study and draft laws. Fur- thermore, it is hoped that municipalities will feel that they have been 202 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. consulted in the making of laws affecting local matters and that there will not be the old resentment of “state interference” when a bill is finally presented to the legislature. If the cities go into this work in a sincere manner, really desiring improvement, the institute will be of great educational value, and it will be possible to obtain the support of even builders and contractors– in place of their opposition. It has been planned to invite representa- tives from hotel organizations, builders’ organizations, and real estate boards, in order to convince them that they should welcome, not oppose, Just outside the city limits—no housing regulation or inspection. A flashlight picture in the bed room of a two room shack. housing laws. The results of the Commission’s study will be produced to show that safe, well ventilated, sanitary homes are less expensive and more profitable investments than unsafe, dark, insanitary homes. However, this movement is an experiment believed to be the first of its kind in the United States—therefore, the Commission can not indulge in too hopeful prophecies. The co-operative principles of the plan seem sound, however, and it is hoped that California will thus secure a nearly perfect housing code and set an example for her older sister states. (B) ENFORCEMENT OF TENEMENT LAW. The legislature of 1915 gave the Commission limited jurisdiction in the enforcement of the state tenement house act by amending section 1 as follows: “‘Provided, however, that the Commission of Immigration and Housing of California shall enforce the provisions of this act which do not deal with actual construction of tenement houses in all incor- porated towns, incorporated cities, cities and counties in the State of HOUSING. 203 California whenever said Commission finds or discovers a violation or violations of the provisions of this act and notifies the local department of health in writing of such violation, or violations, and said local department of health does not, within thirty days thereafter, enforce this act in the instances specified in said written notice; provided, however, that the said Commission of Immigration and Housing of California shall enforce the act only in the instances specified in said written notice.” Only this rather indirect power of enforcement was granted because sufficient funds could not be appropriated for this department to Interior of a one room shack dwelling in a small village—no housing regulation or inspection. Notice over-crowding, torn paper, and general uncleanliness—all of which conditions would be violations of the law if in a tenement house—but here they violate no law. directly enforce the law in all cities. The Commission, furthermore, believes that the principle underlying this amendment is correct, and that a state department should not be directly and wholly responsible for the enforcement of housing laws. The machinery necessary for such enforcement would be cumbersome and expensive, and, moreover, each community should directly bear its proportionate share of this burden and responsibility. In the few months that have passed since this amendment went into effect it has also been demonstrated that the power granted therein can be used to great advantage. It has been found that local health departments are in no way opposed to the law, 204 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. but are usually handicapped in its enforcement by a lack of necessary inspectors, and, in the two cities where the matter has been presented, the officials seem to feel that if the law must be enforced they might as well have the appointment and control of the necessary inspectors. The main purpose in securing this amendment was to energize those cities where no effort was being made to enforce the tenement law. Consequently the first two places systematically inspected in this con- nection were the rapidly growing cities of Fresno and Stockton, and inspectors are now preparing a list of violations to submit to Oakland. San Francisco, Los Angeles, and San Diego have been at least trying to enforce the law, though Los Angeles is probably the only one of these that has an adequate staff of housing inspectors. No effort was made in either Fresno or Stockton to inspect all the tenement houses, but only enough to arouse the authorities to a realization of the fact that tenements existed which need constant inspection, and that there were violations which demand immediate attention. The table on page 204 summarizes the results of the work in these two cities. At the time of writing this report an active campaign is being inaugurated by the Commission in both cities to secure housing inspectors to assist the health officers—the only thing that seems to be needed to insure the enforce- ment of the law. A discussion of housing conditions in these cities will be found on pages 205 to 227. - 69 | No proper or suitable receptacles for ashes, rubbish, Table Showing Violations of the Tenement Law in Stockton and Fresno, Reported - by the Commission. p º % Number of Number of Number of # † ºf º S Violations (pertaining only to tenements already erected): §§§ #." jº ts 2. 30 houses 18 houses made in o inspected inspected Fresno” 58 Dark, unlighted hallway - 1. 59 Lights not kept burning regularly at night-------------tºr I 61 More than two families using one toilet---------------- S 10 5 62 Cellars occupied for living purposes 3 2 2 63 Floor and Wall surfaces around toilets and sinks not in good, order or repair—unpainted 29 19 9 64 Tenements not kept in good order, roof leaking, damp- ness in Walls, Ceilings, cte 35. 21 S 65 | Dirt, filth, garbage in tenements, yards, Courts, etc.--- 33 4 I 68 Wall paper placed on walls of tenements without old paper being first removed I 9 ------------ garbage, etc. - 19 5 3 70 Tenement used as a lodging house 9 5 ------------ 70 | Tenement lot or premises used for Stable-------------- 2 * * * 72 | Less than 400 cubic feet of air per person in bedroom--|------------ - 1 ------------ 73 | Tenement used for Storing, lºceping of rags 1 ------------ 77 | Bedrooms have no windows, Open on COWered COUlrtS; & kitchens without proper Ventilation g- 21 4 I new sink and two baths in- Stalled. 80 | Sinks enclosed with Woodwork 12 8 2 - TotalS 174. 89 34 *Reinspection of Stockton has not been made, therefore, these improvements are all in Fresno. The Stockton health Officer reportS that he has Started to enforce the law, but has no housing inspectors to assist him. HOUSING. 205 (C) REPORTS OF HOUSING INSPECTIONS MADE BY THE COMMISSION. I. FRESNO. (a) Tenements. In 18 tenement houses containing 127 apartments and 70 separate rooms used for lodging purposes, 89 violations were found which can be abated at once under the law by the Health Department. As in many other cities, old residences, lacking in sanitary appliances and in bad repair, were found to be the worst type of tenements. Five old A roughly constructed tenement house in Fresno. A not unusual type of tenement in the inland cities—such houses are generally in bad repair and insanitary. buildings which seemed absolutely unfit for occupancy were recom- mended for condemnation. In two buildings, cellars were occupied for living purposes. Open wooden boxes were generally used for garbage and trash, and rubbish was scattered about many premises. One open garbage pit served two tenements situated on the same lot. Sinks were found lacking in apartments in almost all of these old buildings—the bathroom or a common hall or porch sink serving the entire house. 15–22.325 206 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. Plumbing fixtures were broken and leaking and toilet facilities were - especially inadequate. A toilet used in common by many families is usually found to be ill-kept, for no family is willing to assume the responsibility of its cleanliness or maintenance. The following figures show how prevalent this evil is: (a) One toilet for tenement of 4 apartments. (b) One toilet for tenement of 4 apartments. (c) One yard toilet for tenement of 5 apartments. (d) One yard toilet (unfit for use) for 11 apartments. (e) Two yard toilets for tenement of 8 apartments. (f) Two toilets for tenement of 16 apartments. (g) Two toilets for tenement of 10 apartments. (h) Two toilets (both leaking) for 13 apartments and 8 single rooms. (i) Three toilets for 9 apartments and 37 rooms. (j) Three toilets for 8 apartments and 10 single rooms. There were 14 inside rooms used for sleeping and kitchen purposes found in 4 buildings. | | A flashlight picture of a cellar entirely underground, in the Chinese district in Fresno. Five bunks, all occupied, and unlimited “plank space” for temporary beds. In December reinspections were made of these buildings and im- provements noted in 11 buildings. (See table on page 204.) In seven tenements nothing had been done. Due to the difficulty of locating owners and to the fact that the Health Officer has no regular inspector detailed for the housing work, a more rapid enforcement of the law could hardly be looked for. The Commission is now arranging to EIOUSING. 207 assist the Health Officer in obtaining at least one housing inspector. The violations abated included the following: Broken toilets repaired –– 3 houses Garbage can provided (but open wood boxes still used) ––––––––––––– 3 houses. Toilet floors painted and cleaned--------------------------------- 2 houses Rickety stairway repaired * - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 house Rooms repapered and painted------------------------------------ 5 houses Woodwork around sinks painted––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 4 houses New toilets installed---------------------------------------- 5 in 3 houses Old toilet replaced- !----------------------------- 1 house Woodwork around sinks removed - - 2 houses Cellars closed as living quarters–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 2 houses Roof repaired –––––––––––––––––––––––– 1 house Screens repaired ---------------------------------------------- 1 house Sink installed –––––––––––––––––––––– * * * • — 1 house New baths installed -------------------------------------------- 2 houses Yard, cleaned *-* *-* * * * - mº m ºmº ºm m ºms º ºn tº “º º-º -ºº “º * * * * * * * * * * * * * *-* * *-* -- * * 1 house Although nothing had been done to the worst tenements found (in two cases the owners had entirely ignored the notices from the health department and one owner, an Armenian, pleaded extreme poverty as a reason for having done nothing); yet the effort made is a beginning in the right direction. Two owners who had not done anything, had, however, indicated their intention of complying with the law at the time of reinspection. The Health Officer considered the educational value of even this small attempt very great and hoped to finally estab- lish the enforcement of the housing laws on a more scientific basis. At the present, a lack of inspectors makes this practically impossible, and although the building department has enforced in the past and is at present zealously enforcing the law in new buildings, the health department has no means of passing on the permits granted for new buildings or to carry out the law in connection with granting certificates of Occupancy or licenses for tenements. To successfully meet the requirements of the tenement house law in regard to new buildings, to enforce those sections pertaining to existing buildings, and to enforce the hotel and lodging house law, at least one inspector should be imme- diately provided for the health department. (b) Dwellings Other Than Tenements. The housing inspections in Fresno in September and October. 1915. covered single and multiple dwellings not included in the legal defini- tion of tenements. The houses inspected were in scattered sections, chiefly in those occupied by immigrants. - - It is a regrettable fact that there was a decided change for the worse in the outward appearance of these districts since the survey made by the Commission in July, 1914. In 1914 the yards, alleys, and streets were clean and well kept, although generally the housing conditions were deplorable. However, this year these same sections presented an 208 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. appearance of untidiness, and neglect was everywhere apparent. Back yards were strewn with rubbish and garbage; alleys were overgrown with weeds and littered with tin cans and filth of every kind, including the manure problem is particularly bad, for almost every house has a º º manure from the numerous stables on both sides of the alleys. In the º º * - - º Nº. º - . º º N º . - º º º - º - so-called “Russian quarter,” between Railroad avenue and G street, Nº Nº. º º § { º: º A time exposure in a dark, narrow passageway between two buildings in the Chinese district in Fresno, used as an entrance to some five family apartments. stable in the rear for either a cow or a horse—or both. The large manure piles in these alleys afford breeding places for countless flies throughout the long summer. The alleys between H and I, San Benito and Monterey, A and B, Tulare and Kern, E and F, Fresno and Merced streets, are also objectionable. The large number of rabbits kept by many families in these closely built up districts of the city constitutes another obvious nuisance. HOUSING. 209 The accumulation of garbage in open pits, or in piles in the yards, is a common and dangerous practice in Fresno. These garbage piles afford abundant food for the flies bred in the manure piles. Sanitary garbage cans seem to be unknown—the city having no regulation requir- ing them—and their use is brought about only by persuasion on the part of the sanitary inspector. Because of the intense heat during the sum- mer months, this lack of garbage disposal becomes then a very serious matter. The tenement house law requires sanitary garbage cans for all tenements, but the same sort of regulation should apply to all other dwellings. Another matter which demands attention is the regulation of the public camping grounds a few blocks out of the business district. As - A motley collection of shacks in a house court arrangement in Fresno. Interiors in insanitary condition. (No house court or dwelling house laws.) many as six different vacant lots were found where “wagon” families camp for a night or more. Some of these lots are rent free, others are not. However, as neither water nor toilet facilities are provided on these lots, conditions often become most insanitary, and the campers become a great nuisance to the surrounding neighborhood. Many com- plaints were made to the inspector by residents in the vicinity of these grounds. Some of the campers are almost permanent residents, as the same tents and wagons were noticed on the grounds at B and Fresno streets for several weeks. These campers, who wander from place to place, looking for work during the summer months, must be taken care 210 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. of, but, at least, some special place, with proper water, toilet and other sanitary facilities should be provided or required by the city. Most of the privy vaults found in 1914 are still in existence, espe- cially in the Russian quarter. Now that sewers have been laid, the houses on Railroad avenue should have properly connected toilets. One vault, in disgustingly filthy condition, located in a rear yard on Mon- terey street, is really a public nuisance, and should be immediately removed. Patent toilets have been installed in the house on this lot, Shack in Fresno. Unregulated as to construction and sanitary maintenance. A rather common type of dwelling in the newer California cities. but the old vault is still being used. As soon as possible a definite effort should be made to abolish vaults wherever sewer connections are possible. Equal in importance to the general external cleanliness and sanita- tion is the cleanliness and repair of the interior of the houses. One of the things noticeable in merely passing through the foreign sections of the city is the confusion of shacks on a single lot. Rear, alley shacks are the rule instead of the exception, and too often two and three houses are located between the front and rear houses. Dilapidated old shacks built of odd pieces of wood (the typical Mexican shack found in the southern part of the State) have become very numerous in Fresno. These shacks are not only in bad repair but lack all sanitary conven- iences and are absolutely unfit for occupancy. Toilets and yard hydrants are used by several families in innumer- able instances. The house court, with its attendant evils of lack of HOUSING. 211 privacy and regulation, is becoming all too common in Fresno. (A house court is usually defined as: “three habitations or more built about a court on a given area of land.”) If this type of house is to continue its popularity in Fresno, better provision should be made for sanitary conveniences and general cleanliness. The one and two-room shacks are to be found everywhere, most of them in bad repair. The walls in particular are in filthy condition– paper torn and plaster broken and alive with cockroaches. Floors were found worn and broken—really dangerous to the occupants. Windows and screens are usually broken, the stairs rickety, the roofs leaking. - This high, board fence and “lean-to" roof cuts off all light and ventilation from the back rooms of five two room apartments in the brick building–Fresno. Yet the rents always remain the same. Of the 110 places inspected, 105 were found in a bad state of repair. Eighteen dark rooms were found, some opening into other rooms, others without any window whatever. These rooms, if in tenements, would be a violation of the state law, yet they are as dangerous in single houses. Ten of these rooms, located in apartments facing the alley between Tulare and Mari- posa streets, from E to F streets, could easily admit air and sunshine by removing the high board fence which closes in the porches upon which the rooms open. In the Japanese section many more inside rooms were found, and, from a casual observation of this district, it would appear that condi- tions are almost as bad as in the Chinese quarter. (Detailed report on page 214.) Especially congested is the block between the alley to 212 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. F street, Tulare and Kern. Many of these buildings come under the tenement house law, but at least the further building of back-yard shacks and rear additions should be prohibited for fire protection, if for no other reason. On the corner of G and Kern streets a Japanese conducts an underground lodging house. The cellar is totally under- ground, has absolutely no ventilation except the street entrance, and the floor is covered with long platforms. For ten cents, a Japanese An alley in the Russian quarter in Fresno. Manure is thrown from many stables in this manner and allowed to accumulate in large piles. carrying his own blanket, may have the privilege of floor space for the night. Nothing else is furnished. Such places are fine breeding places for tuberculosis and should be prohibited by law. Sanitary conditions were found to be bad in almost all dwellings, principally caused by lack of proper plumbing fixtures. If there are no sinks, water from the yard hydrants stands in pools, and waste water is thrown into the yard. Baths are unknown in the small shacks or the old worn-out houses. Owners often are holding such property for future business purposes and refuse to install plumbing or to make IHIOUSING. 213 repairs because they intend to remove the buildings in five or ten years. In the meantime the rental pays taxes. The conditions shown in the table on page 213 clearly demonstrate the need for legal regulation of these dwellings and the need of con- stant inspection. Such regulations should cover all dwellings or build- ings in which persons live. For the enforcement of these regulations, the Board of Health should be provided with much-needed inspectors— not only to enforce such ordinances but also the state tenement and hotel laws, as the number of tenements and lodging houses in the city is rapidly increasing. Conditions in Single Farmily Dwellings, and Multiple Dwellings, Other Than Tenenments. Fresno—September—October, 1915. Total number of separate family habitations inspected.---------------------- 110 Number of habitations in bad state of repair------------------------------ 90 Number of habitations with broken or insanitary plumbing_________________ 24 Number of habitations without sinks–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 50 Number of habitations with toilet used by two families -------------------- 21 Number of habitations with toilet used by three families ------------------- 10 Number of habitations with toilet used by four families ------------------- 13 Number of habitations with toilet used by five families -------------_______ 13 Number of habitations with toilet used by six families ----------------- –––– 5 Number of habitations with toilet used by ten families --------------______ 9 Number of habitations with toilet used by eleven families -----_____________ 2 In one instance only two toilets were provided for 16 habitations. Number of filthy rear yards--------------------------------------------- 3S Number of habitations without garbage cans–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 105 Number of habitations in filthy condition-----------------------------–––– 6S Number of dark inside rooms–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 16 Number of rooms to family: 31 families living in one-room habitations. 33 families living in two-room habitations. 19 families living in three-room habitations. 15 families living in four-room habitations. 10 families living in five-room habitations. 2 families living in six-room habitations. Number of habitations occupied by Italian families_________________________ Number of habitations occupied by Spanish families________________________ Number of habitations occupied by Armenian families______________________ 1. Number of habitations occupied by Mexican families ––––––––––––––––––––––– 3 Number of habitations occupied by Greek families ––––––––––––––––––––––––– Number of habitations occupied by Japanese families_______________________ Number of habitations occupied by Chinese families------------------------ Number of habitations occupied by German families________________________ Number of habitations occupied by American families –––––––––––––––––––––– 1. Number of habitations occupied by Russian families–––––––––––––––––––––––– Number of habitations occupied by German-Russian families ---------------- Number of habitations occupied by Negro families ––––––––––––––––––––––––– Number of habitations vacant-------------------- - P- -s =ºse sº- = <= = *-* * * *- *-* = ** = a- sº-sº sº- = = - - 1 214 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. (c) Chinatown Housing. Chinatown covers an area of two blocks located in the center of Fresno-on one side the business district, on the other, the poorer foreign section. As the children from Chinatown attend the same public school as the children of other nationalities, the danger of spreading diseases which result from bad living and housing conditions in Chinatown, is greatly increased. The hundreds of dark, damp cellars and totally dark and unventilated rooms in this district are a menace to the public health. Moreover, the almost solid mass of ..º. º lº- º º º | | * * * | º - º 'º. - º Large manure pile in rear of dwelling in Fresno. A breeding place for disease-carrying flies. buildings, in the rear of which there are a maze of narrow passageways and a jumble of wooden porches, kitchens and outhouses, makes this section an ever-present fire menace to the city. A house to house inspection was made as far as possible, but many places are constantly locked. Of the 177 apartments inspected, 92 were cellars, totally underground, and 63 of these cellars were found to be occupied, containing 224 rooms and 350 bunks. Often, instead of separate bunks, there were long, wooden platforms, covering almost the entire floor. The remaining 29 cellars were either vacant or locked. In the total number of places inspected, 436 dark, windowless rooms were found, containing 726 beds and bunks. This is not, however, the complete number, as many rooms were locked. HOUSING. 215 The plumbing, as a whole, was found in fairly good condition, this being due to the fact that in many places new plumbing had recently been installed by order of the plumbing department of the Board of Health. However, the space under sinks was found in many instances to be in filthy condition. Unventilated toilets, opening into kitchens, were numerous, and most of them were in filthy condition. Rats abound in this section, thriving under the wooden floors in cellars, kitchens, in the mazes of passageways, yards and porches. This condition can easily be remedied by cementing all yards, cellars and passageways. Several of the cellars now occupied are in violation of the State Tenement House law, and, under section 62, of that act, all such Garbage and rubbish in tenement house yard, Fresno. (Cleaned up and additional covered containers provided at time of second inspection by Commission.) cellars can immediately be closed. However, it is difficult in many instances to determine which of these houses are tenements, and, as many cellars in other buildings are likewise occupied, a general law should abolish cellar dwellings. In this brief report on the housing and sanitation of Fresno's China- town, all minor details are omitted. The conditions described in the preceding paragraphs are such flagrant abuses of all rules of health, and so obviously dangerous, that any lengthy compilation of details 216 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. would only detract from the force of these facts. In the more detailed report herein on the Chinatown section of Los Angeles, the close Con- nection between the health of all the residents of a city, and the bad housing conditions in the Chinese quarters, is discussed at length, but the connection is really quite apparent. Fresno undoubtedly should give heed to this situation and start a general clean-up of this section, as a protection against bubonic plague, tuberculosis, or any of the multitude of diseases that might develop there and spread throughout the entire city. II. STOCKTON. ' (a) Tenements. (1) OLD BUILDINGS. In November, an inspection was made of 44 tenements in Stockton. These 44 houses contained 338 apartments and 113 separate rooms used for lodging purposes only. In 30 of the buildings inspected there were found 174 violations of those sections of the State Tenement House Act (see table of violations, page 204) which pertain to old buildings, and which, under the powers delegated to the health department of the city, should have been corrected within one year of the passage of the act. These 174 violations, pertaining chiefly to sanitation and ventila- tion, are such as require immediate abatement irrespective of the date of erection of said buildings. The three cellars found occupied for living purposes contained eight apartments and were of the following heights above ground: 1st cellar—1 apartment, ceiling 2' 11" above ground level. 2d cellar—3 apartments, ceiling 4' 9" above ground level. 3d cellar—4 apartments, ceiling 5’ 6” above ground level. Toilet accommodations were found inadequate, especially in the old residences converted into tenements where new plumbing fixtures are seldom provided to meet the new conditions. Examples of inadequate toilet facilities were as follows: Two toilets for four apartments and 16 single rooms; three for 13 apartments and 11 rooms; one for five apart- ments; two for seven apartments and 20 rooms; one for eight apart- ments; one for five apartments; one for three apartments, and one for five apartments and three rooms. Where four or more families use a common toilet, compartments were found in filthy condition, with the bowls and pipes often broken and leaking. In one building toilets of seven apartments were located in kitchens and had no other ventilation than the door opening into the kitchen. In 65 apartments in the 30 old tenement houses there were no sinks. To show the deplorable lack IHOUSING. 217 of bathing facilities the following short table of bathrooms in various buildings is illuminating: 3 baths for 12 apartments. 1 bath for 3 apartments and 9 rooms. No baths for 2 apartments. 1 bath for 8 apartments. 1 bath for 18 apartments. No bath for 7 apartments and 11 rooms. 1 bath for 6 apartments. 1 bath for 5 apartments. 1 bath for 7 apartments. 1 bath for 7 apartments. 2 baths for 7 apartments. 2 baths for 4 apartments. No baths for 8 apartments. 1 bath for 7 apartments. 1 bath for 3 apartments. 2 baths for 8 apartments. 2 baths for 8 apartments. No baths for 6 apartments. 2 baths for 3 apartments and 16 rooms. No baths for 4 apartments and 14 rooms. No bath for 3 apartments. 1 bath for 8 apartments. 3 baths for 13 apartments. 1 bath for 4 apartments and 9 rooms. Garbage disposal in tenements was found to be most unsatisfactory. Of the 30 buildings inspected, 19 were without suitable or sanitary cans for rubbish, garbage, or refuse. Wooden garbage chutes were frequently found not only in filthy condition, but unconnected with a proper receptacle at the base of the chute. Filth and garbage was found within tenements and littering up yards and court areas. One of the city sloughs has become the rear yard for numbers of tenements, and also a general dumping ground for the tenants of these buildings. Interior repair and cleanliness of buildings is likewise bad. Several old buildings have become so dilapidated, both inside and out, that they are hardly worth repairing. Any attempt toward cleanliness on the part of tenants is easily discouraged by torn wall paper hanging in large patches, by broken and falling plaster, by worn and rough floors covered with old rag carpets. One tenement of four apartments was found with exterior walls partly torn away and broken and the building was actually breaking into two separate parts on the rotted underpinnings. With any extra jar, the building would easily collapse and endanger the lives of the occupants. Inadequate fire protection in these crowded tenements is especially serious. In one three-story frame tenement, containing 15 apartments, a 35-inch stairway situated at the extreme front was the only means of exit from the building which extends the entire length of the lot. In another three-story tenement of six apartments, the only entrance to the second and third floors was a rickety outside wooden stairway located in the rear of the building. Several other three-story frame buildings had only one stairway and no fire escapes. One of the worst violations of the law was that of section 77 pertain- ing to inside rooms. Violations of this section were found in 21 out of the 30 houses, as follows: (a) Number of inside kitchens with no proper ventilation 14 (b) Number of inside bedrooms opening to halls or other rooms---_______ 30 (c) Number of inside bedrooms and living rooms opening on courts roofed over with skylights------------------------------------------------ 7 218 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND EIOUSING. (2) NEW BUILDINGs. Thirty-two important violations pertaining to construction were discovered in 14 of the 44 tenement houses inspected. Most of these were erected since the passage of the law in 1911, and five were in course of construction or alteration, at the time of inspection. These violations prove that the city has made and is making no attempt to enforce the law in regard to new buildings. The following table shows the nature of the more serious violations: Type of violation i 9 || Insufficient or no rear yard Space (inner lots)------ --------, - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5 10 | No yard for tenements on Corner lots------------------------------------| 3 12 | Court or vent Shafts not Open to Sky--------------------- ----------------- 1 14 || Insufficient Widths and areas of inner Courts------------------------------ 2 15 | Insufficient widths and areas of lot line CourtS.--------------------------- 2 16 | No intake to inner or lot line courts--------------------------------------| 2 17 | Too Short distance between tenement and real building-------------- 1 18 || Rooms having windows which do not Open directly to Street, yard, Or courts of specified areas- - 2 25 | Vent Shaft of insufficient area----------------------------------------------- l 31 | Bathrooms and toilets have no direct ventilation------------------------ 4 33 || Four-Story Wooden tenements With apartments On lower floor---------- 1 37 | Stairway to roof not properly fireproofed-------------------------------- 1 38 | No additional Stairs in three-Story frame tenements_-_----------------| 3 109 | No fire-escapes on three-Story frame tenementS.-------------------- ------- 4 Two new tenements, erected in July and November of 1915, were built up to the rear lot line, leaving no yard space. In one three-story frame building, containing 18 apartments, there was only one stairway, and no fire-escapes, and there was no rear yard—only small triangular iot line courts. Another tenement of seven apartments, built in 1913, had no rear yard open to sky, and a stable was located 33 feet from tenement. A three-story frame tenement, being remodeled and enlarged, had no outside ventilation for three bathrooms and toilets. A four-story frame tenement of 50 apartments, was being erected with two apartments on ground floor, and with four bathrooms and toilets without direct ventilation to the outer air. These, and other instances of violation of the law noted in the above list, show clearly that Stockton should lose no time in providing the machinery with which to enforce the state law, not only in old houses existing prior to the passage of the act, but also in the new buildings which are rapidly increasing in number. w - - At present, the city clerk grants the building permit, and as no plans are filed it is an easy matter for unscrupulous builders to evade the law. Few builders know the requirements even if they wish to comply; HOUSING. 219 others become confused over the technicalities of the law, and blunder through as best they can ; while, unfortunately, still others know the law but endeavor to evade it in every possible manner, regardless of the social cost to the community, or the ultimate cost to themselves. As the city has not even a local building ordinance to regulate the erection of all types of buildings, there is absolutely no kind of check on tenement houses. Without a building ordinance or building inspec- tors, without inspectors in the health department to enforce those Three story, frame tenement house, containing eight family apartments and 28 additional rooms rented to lodgers, Stockton. No fire escape; building covers entire lot—only yard space occupied by porches and stairs here shown. sections of the law applying to maintenance, and with many new tene- ments in the course of construction, and several others planned, the city of Stockton stands in a fair way of developing a very real tenement house problem. The report of the grand jury to the city council in July, 1915, pointed out the urgent necessity of a building ordinance and a building 220 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. inspector, stating that the fire danger was especially great. The Com- missioner of Public Health and Safety, in reply to the report, agreed and stated: “There is not a building in town, including cottages (with the exception of Class A structures) that does not need inspection. State laws are violated. There are no fire-escapes on lodging houses.” If the city of Stockton is to become the large city predicted by enthusiastic residents, it certainly must supervise the erection of tene- ments, hotels, and all buildings. Otherwise, regular metropolitan slums A wooden garbage chute (marked “X”) in a tenement house, Stockton. This chute was rotting away, and an old torn sack was attached to the end. will spring up, the fire menace will increase, and the unsightly, unhealthy, and even dangerous buildings will cause the residents to regret the growth of the city. (b) Dwellings Other Than Tenements. An investigation made in July, 1915, in Stockton, revealed deplorable conditions already existing in single family dwellings and the multiple dwellings not covered by the Tenement House law. Due, perhaps, to the scattered location of the various factories and industries, these bad HOUSING. 221 conditions exist not in any particular section, but in spots throughout the entire city, usually in the immediate neighborhood of these industries. Groups of dilapidated, time-worn shacks were found everywhere, in the outlying districts as well as in the older portion of the city. Rentals everywhere are high in comparison with accommodations afforded. Due to the migration of entire families to the harvest fields and fruit districts in the summer months, many of the houses vacant in July were found occupied during a general or casual reinspection in November. A group of fifteen one-room shacks, built out of old boats, were found behind a high board fence at South Van Buren and Scott streets. Shacks in outskirts of Stockton. No plumbing ; one vault toilet for ten shacks; several rooms in two room shacks do not open to outer air. No building regulations. Only one toilet and one yard hydrant were provided for the fifteen shacks. The toilet was leaking and in filthy condition. In November it was noticed that more shacks had been built, thus still further over- crowding the lot area. Windows were small and of varying size, but averaging about 2 feet by 18 inches. There were usually two windows in each shack, but many of them did not open. The shacks were rough-finished inside and exceedingly dirty and vile smelling. As most of the shacks were only between six and seven feet in height, the high board fence obstructed them from general view. A rental of 222 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. $3.00 was charged for the white shacks, while those painted yellow brought $4.00 per month. A block or so distant, near the Santa Fe railroad, another group of shacks was located. These were occupied mostly by Mexicans and were built out of wood, sacks and tin cans. The three one-room huts and two barn-like structures used for bunk houses and dining room, found in July, had been added to in November. Three new one-room shacks and two two-room shacks, all without means for light or ventila- tion, were found occupied in November. One of the small huts was found occupied during the summer by an Italian in the last stages of tuberculosis. A few months later, the same hut, in the same filthy condition, was found occupied by a young Swedish sailor. One old Yard in rear of tenement house, Stockton. Insanitary, unsightly and a fire menace. vault was the only toilet convenience, and a faucet at a tank some 1,500 feet distant, was the only source of water supply. A high board fence was being built around these shacks in November, hiding them partly from view of passing trains—another instance where a high board fence hides, but does not solve, a city's housing problem. With one exception the shacks in this group were found to be occupied by Mexicans in November. These Mexicans go to Alaska every year to work in the canneries, and then return to these shacks for about six months. They pay twenty-five dollars apiece for sleeping space in these dark, cold, and airless rooms, and furthermore purchase LIOUSING. 223 their clothing supplies each spring from the second-hand clothing dealer who collects the rental for the shacks, and always arranges for reimbursement from the annual advance money credited to each man before sailing for Alaska. Since Stockton is really an inaccessible place with reference to the Alaska canneries trade and shipping points, the conclusion would seem inevitable that these shacks have been erected An open privy vault in the rear of a dwelling—a not uncommon condition in the smaller cities and towns. in that city, and the cannery workers are induced to live there, because Stockton has no building restrictions, and makes no effort with regard to housing inspections. A small group of houses in another portion of the city, rented by a large manufacturing company to its employees, were found in bad repair, with no patent toilets, with leaking roofs, and torn paper. This general bad repair, dilapidation, and lack of sanitary conven- iences, however, was found in all sections of the city. The problem is by no means limited to these groups of shacks or shanties. The 224 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. inspection covered 76 family dwellings, other than tenements, and the following is a summary of the worst conditions discovered: (a) Number of habitations in bad state of repair-------------------------- 65 (Walls and floors broken—general dilapidation.) (b) Number of habitations with broken or insanitary plumbing-------------- 60 (0) Number of privy vaults--------------------------------------------- S (d) Number of yards in filthy condition---------------------------------- 33 (e) Number of habitations without garbage cams-------------------------- 6.1 (f) Number of habitations with toilet used by 1 family---------------------' 38 Number of habitations with toilet used by 2 families____________________ 10 Number of habitations with toilet used by 3 families------------------- 5 Number of habitations with toilet used by 12 families___________________ 1 Number of habitations with toilet used by 15 families___________________ 1 (9) Number of dark inside rooms---------------------------------------- 14 (h) Number of habitations found in unclean or filthy condition______________ 60 (i) Number of families occupying habitations of 1 room-------------------- 20 Number of families occupying habitations of 2 rooms-------------------- 5 Number of families occupying habitations of 3 rooms------------------- 9 Number of families occupying habitations of 4 rooms------------------- 12 Number of families occupying habitations of 5 rooms------------------- 17 Number of families occupying habitations of 6 rooms_-_________________ 10 Number of families occupying habitations of 7 rooms------------------- 1. Number of families occupying habitations of 9 rooms------------------- 1 Number of families occupying habitations of 10 rooms---________________ 1 One house containing 20 rooms was occupied by owner who sublet single rooms to lodgers. (j) Number of habitations occupied by Greek families--------------------- 1. Number of habitations occupied by German families_______________----- 2 Number of habitations occupied by Negro families--------------------- 3 Number of habitations occupied by Mexican families––––––––––––––––––– 19 Number of habitations occupied by Italian families-------------------- 18 Number of habitations occupied by American families_____ **m ammº sºm. * * * * * * * * * * 7 Number of habitations occupied by Spanish families------------------- 7 Number of habitations occupied by Russian Jew families--------------- I Number of habitations occupied by Portuguese families----------------- 2 Number of habitations occupied by Irish families––––––––––––––––––––– 1. In 15 shacks nationality was not obtainable ; most of the men occupying these were Mexican sheepshearers. (k) Average rental per room------------------------------------------ $2.36 (l) Instances of congestion : Air space which Total air Number of wº Size of room (clºset, OCCupants º *: ment house (cubic feet) West Market Street --| 8' X S' x 9’ 6” 608 2 800 West Main Street __| 12' 6" x 12' 6" x 7' 8” 1,196 4 1,600 West Scott Street 9' 6" x 13” x 10' 2" 1,261 4 1,600 West Washington Street--------------- 7' 10’’ x 10' 8" x 10' 832 4 1,600 Ophir Street 14’ X 10’ 3” x 9’ 1,291 5 2,000 Ophir Street 14' 6" x 9’ 9” X 10. 1,414 6 2,400 East Scott Street 7, X 9/ x 9’ 3” 583 11 4,400 East Scott Street---------------------- 9/ X 11’ 3” x 9’ 10” 981 7 2,800 West Market street--------------------- II? X 10' X 9’ 990 5 2,000 HOUSING. 225 Besides these bad conditions found within the houses, other unsightly and insanitary conditions were found through various parts of the city. Vacant lots are usually the dumping grounds for rubbish and garbage. As no garbage cans are required, and as the city has no facilities for garbage collecting, vacant lots and the banks of the sloughs have natu- rally become the refuse heaps of the city. Old broken carts, junk and old iron litter up many vacant areas. Filthy stables and fly-breeding Broken and filthy toilet in tenement house, Stockton. Water leaking through floor. barnyards in the center of the business section, as well as in the residence districts, add to the general disorder and insanitation. The health department has no sanitary inspectors and the city ordinances contain practically no sanitary regulations. Consequently, it is not strange that such conditions as are described above are to be found in the course of a most cursory survey. Without inspectors and ordinances, little can be done to prevent the existing insanitary conditions growing worse with the growth of the city. Of still greater importance, however, is the necessity of providing against new and greater problems. Building ordinances should be 226. COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. passed and building inspectors appointed to prevent the erection of more poorly constructed houses. The grand jury report in July, 1915, referred to in the report on ténements above, pointed out the need of a building department and of building ordinances covering all dwellings. The city should lose no time in acting upon this important recommen- dation. * - (c) Hotels and Lodging Houses. Many complaints had been received by the Commission from various sources concerning the conditions in the cheap hotels and lodging houses in Stockton, so thirty-eight of these places were inspected in July, 1915, although the housing work had been confined generally to tenements and other family dwellings. On the following page the reports of these inspections are summarized in a table which empha- sizes some of the worst conditions...found. Although the State Hotel and Lodging House Act is not very specific or stringent, yet it does cover some of these bad conditions, and general health laws could be invoked to remedy some of the worst abuses. For instance, section 401a of the Penal Code provides that every room rented for sleeping purposes within the limits of any incorporated city, must contain at least 500 cubic feet of air space for eggſ;&cupant, and violation of the section is made a misdemeanor:yet there is no effort made to prosecute the many violators of this:#win. Stockton. The fact that the Board of Health has no inspectors’té check up conditions and enforce the laws may exonerate that department from blame, but it affords no excuse for the city government. The worst congestion and general housing conditions were found in the places containing “stalls” and “flop” rooms. These “stalls,” with partitions from eight to ten feet high, are usually dirty, and all of them are dark and poorly ventilated. The “flop” rooms are so crowded with dirty beds and mattresses that it is impossible to keep the floors clean. A lodging in such places only costs from 10 cents to 20 cents a night, so grandeur can not be expected—but cleanliness and ventilation can be expected, and the law demands both. The slightly more expensive or moderate priced hotels have better ventilation as a rule, and are cleaner and more sanitary. But there was not a fire-escape on any of the thirty-eight hotels and lodging houses inspected! This matter certainly demands attention. Not only are the lives of hundreds of occupants of these places in constant jeopardy from fire, but the lives of all the inhabitants of the thickly populated neighborhoods are endangered. In view of the fact that its immigrant wards frequent these places, and particularly because immigrant girls are often employed in them, the Commission feels bound to also call attention to the fact that many HOUSING. * 227 of the lodging and rooming houses inspected are little more than houses of prostitution and assignation. Several of these places are located over saloons which are connected by stairways, and women openly solicit in booths in the saloons and take men to the rooms upstairs. In one house the inspector observed that every man accompanied by a woman was asked whether the room was desired for “only a little while or for the night.” In another place, women were observed in the hallway several evenings openly soliciting passers-by on the street. Not only the police, but private organizations and citizens interested in the enforcement of the new abatement law, should take steps to prohibit the continuation of such practices. III. Los ANGELEs. Housing and General Social Survey of Macy Street School District, Including - Chinatown. (a) Introduction. The following report on the conditions existing in what is known as the Macy School district of Los Angeles is based on investigations made there during December, 1914, January, February and part of March, 1915. It considers all the factors of importance which affect the living conditions of any community, the location, housing, the environment and industrial opportunities. " Tn the description of the Macy Street School an attempt has been made to show how constructive the work of a neighborhood School can be, even in the midst of most unfavorable surroundings. --> . Special courtesy has been shown by the Municipal Housing Commis- sion of Los Angeles in giving information and assistance; by the Board of Health in the use of their records; by the Niagara Insurance Company of San Francisco who so kindly permitted the use of their maps, and by the students of the University of Southern California who helped with the investigation. History of district. The Macy School district, formerly known as the eighth ward, is located in an industrial center of Los Angeles, and is part of the oldest section of that city. Dwellings, stores and industries are now located where in the early Spanish settler days were orchards and vineyards. A house once occupied by the first governor of California is still stand- ing here. The City Plaza, years ago a meeting place for the townsmen, with its well kept lawn and shade trees, is now a resting and meeting place for the unemployed. - At one end of the district liés Chinatown, Once a flourishing business center for the ten thousand or more Chinese residents, where opium and gambling dens and lotteries thrived unmolested. For twenty 228 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. years the old “eighth ward” had all the brothels and one-third the saloons of the city. In the midst of Chinatown, the crib district still stands partly demolished, roofs gone, doors and windows broken and boarded up. About half of the remaining one hundred and forty apartments are occupied by Chinese men and occasionally by Mexicans during the winter months. The Macy district with its saloons, its gambling houses and prize- fights, its red-light section, and its ward politics, gave but little oppor- tunity for a wholesome and peaceful neighborhood. Its young people filled the juvenile courts and reformatories; the older ones, the jails Rear view of buildings in Macy street, Chinatown district, Los Angeles. Shows crowded condition of lots; insanitary shacks—unsightly and a fire In enace. and state prisons. Up to three years ago, it seemed hardly safe to walk through the streets at night on account of the drunken gangs and other disorderly groups of men. Gradually the movements toward civic betterment have had their effect here. The State outlawed the prize-fight; the red-light district was abolished; a city charter amendment eliminated the old ward lines and consequently all ward politics. But the constructive factor in changing this neighborhood from a disreputable and lawless one to a peaceable, orderly community has been the influence of the Macy School, which with its highly socialized and human activities has wrought the most remarkable changes in the community and the life of the people. HOUSING!. 229 Location and external environment. The Macy School district, located on a low, flat area of land adjoining the Los Angeles River, lies at the very entrance to the business center of the city. Although it includes a large territory, only a small part is devoted to homes. Chinatown takes up a section of about twelve blocks, and railroads cut it at either end. On the outer edge of China- town and near the Macy School standing on a siding are a number of Unpaved and muddy street in Macy street district, Los Angeles. cars into which manure is dumped every day, collected from stables throughout the city. Much of the manure which falls to the ground is left rotting in the sun, breeding countless flies. The adjacent packinghouses, with their corrals for sheep and hogs, and the smell and smoke from the gas plant, combine to make the place an unfortunate residence district. (b) Housing. There are two distinct housing problems, the tenements and lodging houses in Chinatown and the single dwellings and house-courts in the remainder of the district. Families are, for the most part, housed 16–22.325 230 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. separately in frame buildings. The tenements here are principally old two-story residences occupied by several family groups. The land is evidently being held for future speculation as industrial property, and in the mean time landlords are making no improvements or repairs but Only entrance to a tenement house in Los Angeles. desire to collect rentals for payment of taxes. As a result the families, with the exception of those owning their own homes, live in old tumble- down, dilapidated, insanitary buildings; consequently native American families have moved away and foreigners crowded in. In fact, at the time of the investigation, one house just outside the district collapsed. HOUSING. 231. The two families occupying the place were hurrying a little one evening to go to a “movie,” and the foundation, not able to endure the extra commotion, fell down. Within the Macy district there are a great many other houses in equally bad condition. With the exception of a few house-courts, the lots are not overcrowded with buildings, though they are considerably cluttered up with rear shacks, stables and outbuildings. In spite of the regulations of the City Housing Commission, there are rear apartments in house-courts, which present some of the worst housing evils. The central court - Garbage and rubbish on vacant lot in Macy street, Chinatown district, Los Angeles. A not uncommon condition, which could be easily remedied. serves as the front yard and laundry and is the only play place for the children. Here are the water faucets and toilets for the entire court, making privacy impossible. Repair. The condition of repair shows absolute neglect on the part of land- lords in keeping up the buildings to a condition fit for occupancy. Out of 241 families paying rent, 108 were living in apartments in bad state of repair. Defective plumbing was found in 53 out of 334 houses. Broken windows have to be boarded up by tenants to keep out rain, wind, flies and dust and consequently all light and air. Rain pours in where shingles are missing, flies from the nearby stables and other nuisances swarm into the houses through the broken screen doors and windows. Bedbugs, cockroaches and rats are another cause of com- plaint from tenants. Again and again tenants have stated that the 232 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. owners have refused to repair, or keep promising to remedy the defects, but fail to do so. Many tenants are too ignorant to know what is due them and make no requests for repairs, more often the tenant is in arrears with the rent due to lack of employment and fears being put out if any repairs are asked for. In one instance, a widow, trying to support her four children was found living in two rear rooms of an old tumble-down house; she be- came ill and the family came to the attention of the neighborhood A dark and poorly drained passageway between dilapidated shacks in a sort of house court, Los Angeles. school. The family was living in filth and squalor, the house overrun with vermin. Under the direction of the domestic science teacher of the school, the boys and girls of the higher grades were given a lesson in house cleaning and service and helpfulness to a neighbor. But even after the walls were whitewashed, the floors and windows scrubbed, the yard cleaned and the vermin-infested furniture replaced by other pieces, the rooms still looked far from fit for living purposes, because the house itself was so old and dilapidated. HOUSING. 233 Sanitation. Sanitary conveniences are sadly lacking in these old houses, many having no inside water connections. Outside, though hoppers are pro- vided for the hydrants, water is not always thrown into them and waste water was often found stagnating in pools in the yard. A covering of boards hid from sight one open cesspool, a deep hole dug in the ground under a faucet and filled with stagnant water and filth. For Ch º i. º, º," º,"; §a.*... º º (shown in dark upper opening) used for living and sleeping purposes. the sake of the health of the city, all apartments should be supplied with sewer-connected sinks and running water. Bathtubs, where found, were often in such bad condition, or were not connected with water, so that they could not be used. Common use of toilets is prevalent here; 159 apartments out of 334 investigated were using toilets in common. This is due in large part to the local house- court ordinance which permits one toilet for every ten men and one for every ten women in the house-court; a regulation which does not work as satisfactorily where families are concerned. Located out of doors, 234 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. the common use of these toilets and their consequent filthy condition present great moral dangers from the lack of privacy. In one court a toilet on the rear porch of the front house for the use of the two families residing there was also used by the women and children of the fourteen apartments in the rear (sometimes from 20 to 30 persons). Garbage. - The insanitation of the district is further augmented by the unsatis- factory garbage disposal; 197 families had tin or metal cans, many of them without covers, but 118 families threw their garbage to chickens The single dwelling problem in a large city—Los Angeles. Foundations giving way and house generally dilapidated. and rabbits or into open pits where it remained for days breeding flies and giving out noxious odors. Occasionally it was thrown into a neighboring vacant lot or dumped into the river. Stables. The numerous stables in the district add to the general insanitation. These stables are as a rule kept in filthy condition and their close prox- imity to the houses makes their presence a nuisance to residents. Windows of rear apartments of a house-court open directly on a filthy, foul-smelling barn lot where horses, cows and goats were kept. Another house-court adjoined a lot on which was a stable accommodating 26 horses. Several other instances were found where stables adjoined houses or were within two or three feet of bedroom or kitchen windows. HOUSING. 235 Residents complained constantly but the district being within the indus- trial limits, the ordinance regulating the distance of stables from houses does not apply. Added to the unimproved streets and vile odors from the industries, the stables, 91 in the residental part, 158 in the entire district, are yet another nuisance, the nauseating odors, flies and filth of which residents are compelled to endure because of their poverty and their inability to A kitchen built in between two buildings used as human habitations in Chinatown, Los Angeles. Note inflam- nable rubbish near stove. move into a better location. Although in an industrial district, these stables with manure heaped in a corner, with dirt or wooden floors are a disgrace to the city. Cleanliness. As to cleanliness, much is to be desired, both outside and in. Half of the yards were in filthy condition, from the pools of stagnant water, into which rubbish and garbage have been thrown for lack of the proper receptacles. 236 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. The dirt inside the apartments is due in part to the ignorance of the foreigner and the absence of all sanitary convenience. Grinding pov- erty, which makes the inhabitants struggle for the poor food they get, does not leave much money for soap and brooms and clean rags. More- over, crowded rooms without closets or storage room for food offer little incentive for tidiness and cleanliness. Dirt has a tendency to collect in dark or unventilated rooms and the inside rooms, or what was more frequent, rooms with windows too close to neighboring houses to Time exposure in a two room, family dwelling, Macy street district, Los Angeles. The single cot here shown was the only bed provided for nine persons. admit much light or air, were the most neglected. A little teaching and a great deal of patience is what is needed—but teaching for the landlord as well as tenant. Occupancy and congestion. Congestion in these houses is a serious problem; the 500 cubic feet air rule is constantly violated, and 156 cases of bad overcrowding were found in bedrooms. The table in the appendix shows the worst of these and the extent of violation of cubic air space. Crowding in beds is also frequent and has even a worse effect on the individual than sleeping in an overcrowded room (see Appendix). Four, five, even seven per- sons were found sleeping in one bed. In 14 bedrooms there were no beds and the 40 persons occupying them had to sleep on the floor. Many others sleep on the floor, but families dislike having it known and say they all occupy the one bed. HOUSING. 237 This overcrowding will persist, however, so long as families have such low incomes that they are compelled to keep lodgers to contribute towards the rent or to help out their fellow countrymen, in spite of the fact that it undoubtedly lowers the type of family life and should be discouraged. Rent. For these shabby apartments the average rental was $9.30 per month, while the average income was $36.85. This leaves only $27.55 for food, clothes and other expenditures. In fact, the average income for a family of five was less than $450.00 a year, over one-fourth of which was spent for rent. Flashlight picture of a totally dark kitchen in a house court dwelling in Los Angeles. - (c) Employment. These low incomes are due chiefly to the large number of men un- employed during several months of the year, to intermittent work, and to the low wage paid when men are employed. At the time of the inves- tigation, over half of the men were without employment and others had only intermittent work. Of the 146 families whose income was ascer- tained, 91, or 62 per cent, were receiving less than $60 per month. Almost every grade of skilled and unskilled trades was represented, and yet only two men were found who belonged to unions. This employ- ment problem is the fundamental one of the district and must be solved if the people are to be helped. Contrary to expectation, few of the residents work in the district. They have to live in this insanitary industrial part of the city because of their destitution. Here are the low rents, although not the cheapest. 17–22.325 238 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. The average rental of $2.86 per room is really high, considering the accommodations afforded. Bad housing and a bad industrial condition, low wages and unemployment seem to go hand in hand. Again, because of this economic situation, both women and children are compelled to add to the monthly budget by outside work. The women are laundry workers, garment makers, day workers (usually washing), and many keep boarders. The laundry workers get the highest wages; occasionally as much as $9.00 a week. Those who keep Flashlight picture of two filthy toilets, with no separate ventilation, opening into the kitchen of a Chinese lodging house in Los Angeles. boarders make little more than their own expenses. From $1.00 to $1.50 a day was the usual rate for day work. Complete statistics are to be found in the Appendix. With the irregular and insufficient incomes, it is obvious that the poverty would be extreme. Consequently, there are few savings, except where the men occasionally belong to lodges or societies from which their families derive slight benefit in case of sickness or death. This poverty is relieved in part by the efforts of the Macy Street School and the Municipal Charities. (d) Macy Street School. Too much cannot be said of the part which the Macy Street School has played in meeting all the problems of the district. A public school belongs to the people and therefore they come to it more freely than they would to a settlement or a church. HOUSING. 239 At last we are learning of what education consists. The school that is most thoroughly achieving its purpose is the one that is making of each resident of the community the finest type of citizen he is capable of becoming. Such citizenship can not be taught in a few hours each morning to the children of school age and then spread to that larger group of those over Open garbage pit, breeding and feeding thousands of flies, in house court yard in Macy street district, Los Angeles. school age. The whole community must be educated, with a learning that shows them how to live and work and play. Just this is the field which the Macy Street School occupies. It is open day and night. It is trying to make an American community with American ideals and standards, out of twenty-five different nation- alities. This means studying the idiosyncrasies of each one—the Italian with his love of industry and frugality, whose adaptability makes him quickly assimilated, and the Mexican, with his lack of ini- tiative, whose roving temper increases the difficulty of adjusting him. 240 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. They all present the common difficulty of inability to speak English, because, for the most part, they have been in the United States less than six years. The day, as well as the evening school, attempts to meet the indus- trial needs of the district. At 13 or 14 each child is started on some definite trade which can become later on a means of earning a livelihood. If the particular trade desired by the child cannot be taught by the Cars, filled with manure, standing (for days at a time) in the center of the Macy street district, Los Angeles. A breeding place for countless millions of disease-carrying flies. school, an effort is made to place him in some shop as an apprentice for half a day, while he attends school the other half. Basket making, metal work, woodwork, cookery, sewing and millinery are the trades taught. The cooking class prepares lunch for the teachers. Here the girls learn to serve lunches, as well as prepare them. In the woodwork department the boys are making furniture to be used in the new school. Folk-dancing, singing and story telling are diversions from the rou- tine book work and make this part of the school curriculum less tedious. Children are held, not by the old method of compulsory education, but by the spirit of interest which prevades the entire school. In spite of the seeming disorder and noise, every child is busy at his own job and so interested in it that when vacation comes it is with regret that he sees HOUSING. 241 the school close. At the completion of his school work regular employ- ment is found for the child. Incidentally, this familiarity with the industrial world often makes it possible for the teachers to find work for the adults. The school further recognizes the importance of the hitherto neglected immigrant mothers. A class in English and sewing is held for them in the afternoon. The evening school means opportunity for the adult. There he can learn to speak English and acquire a definite trade, fitting himself to take his part in our industrial world. Most interesting and necessary of all, he can learn citizenship. The diploma from the naturalization class is accepted by the court in place of the regular examination. There General view of dilapidated corrals and shacks in Chinatown, Los Angeles. (See page 262 of the text.) has been so little understanding of our politics before that some Italians were overheard saying, “We are Socialists in the head but we registered Republicans in order to get jobs. Democrats don’t get jobs.” Day and night, the school supplies all the recreation the district affords; and its influence has already been felt in the reduction of crime and juvenile delinquency. The accompanying table on juvenile delinquency (page 242) shows that few arrests have been made on charges which incriminate the child. It is interesting to note that there are no cases of school truancy. 242 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. The old Coyote Gang of boys, once the terror of the district, can now be seen enjoying the games, reading, music or candy making in the even- ing school. Although the leader of the gambling house they were ac- customed to frequent came to the school to induce them to return, his efforts were in vain. Petitions Filed Against Children of School Age and Under, in Macy Street School District, September, 1913-March, 1915. Date petition filed Age | Sex Nationality Charge Disposition . Nov. 4, 1913 - S Petit larceny ------. Probation Mar. 23, # 10 Boy Mexican; Burglary -----------. Commitment Suspend- ed; St. Francis Or- phanage Dec. 16, 1913 || 13 | BOy Jewish Petit larceny ------. Juvenile Hall—6 Weeks Jan. 6, 1914 7 | BOy Mexican , Danger Of leading | Institution; later re- immoral life. turned to home Jan. 30, 1914 4 | Boy | Mexican Mother deserted— | Placed with aunt unfit home. - Jan. 30, 1914 7 | Girl | Mexican | Unfit home ---------. Returned to home Jan. 30, 1914 | 12 Girl | Mexican | Unfit home ---------. Returned to home Apr. 12, 1914 7 | Girl | Mexican | Destitute ----------. County pay for care Apr. 12, 1914 5 | BOy Mexican | Destitute ----------. County pay for care Apr. 12, 1914 6 | Girl | Mexican | Destitute ----------. County pay for Care May 21, #; 14 | Boy Mexican | Burglary -----------. All Owed to go home Mar. 23, 1915 A - ~ * Burglary -----------| Allowed to go home May 3. iś 14 | Boy Mexican; Burglary -----------. Probation July 25, 1915 4 || Boy Mexican | Unfit home ---------- To go with mother July 25, 1915 2 | Boy | Mexican | Unfit home ---------. To go with mother July 25, 1915 || 10 | Girl | Mexican | Unfit home ---------. To go with mother The disposition of cases where the home of the defendant is unfit, offers material for thought. On Occasions, the children are taken to a movie, or to hear good music On Saturday afternoon. Every possible form of relaxing exercise is offered, either out-of-doors, or in the tiny gymnasium, built by the boys themselves. Once a week a dance is held, which is solving one of the biggest problems of the neighborhood. These pleasure-loving races, especially the Mexicans and Italians—find physical relaxation is vitally necessary after a tedious day’s work; and the dance seems to furnish this better than any other form of amusement. It combats the evil influence at work in the neighborhood and holds the people as nothing else can. Considering the bare, unattractive homes, cold and dark, from which they come, it is evident that if the boys and girls were not offered the cheerful schoolhouse, they would seek refuge from their monotonous lives in some less desirable place. ~ * Beside the education and stimulation which the school gives the - neighborhood, it is often called upon to relieve their actual physical HOUSING. 243 needs. The children who come to school insufficiently clad are given warm clothing and even the adults are supplied. Furniture is also often given, especially beds and stoves. Many of these families have had to improvise a stove out of a galvanized iron wash tub turned up over a pile of bricks. As so many of the children were suffering from malnutrition, a penny lunch is supplied at noon where the children can get all the soup and bread they can eat for a cent, and if they cannot pay the cent they are fed just the same. Mothers who cannot afford food for themselves, or those who are ill, have their lunch brought them by the children. Celery of vegetable peddlers soaking in open drinking trough for horses in Chinatown corral, Los Angeles. Note general unclean and insanitary conditions. Those who are ill and cannot afford medical treatment are sent to the free clinic. Beside this relief work the school assumes its responsibility for the physical care of the pupils, by seeing that those who need it use the shower baths. Wholesome exercise, that will keep the children in good condition, is also encouraged. Thus, in so far as it may, the school is solving the problems of the community and no one can say how far reaching its results have been. Nevertheless, some problems are too fundamental to be met by any social agency. However much the school may teach about cleanliness, 244 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. it can not force owners to keep their houses in a habitable condition. Only a single house law that will set a standard and enforce its main- tenance can make homes of the forlorn dwellings now used. Only regular, remunerative employment for the men will relieve the destitu- tion which has such degenerating effects upon the family. - N. -- Class in woodwork and carpentry in Macy Street School, Los Angeles. (See pages 238 to 245 of the text for report of work done by the school in this district.) However, the presence of such organized constructive effort as the school makes will ultimately awaken the whole city to its responsibility, so that it will be the school in the last analysis, which will accomplish the ideal of making the resident of the Macy Street district the Ameri- can citizen of our proudest boast. HOUSING. 245 | | • u $ $ $ C\( $ $ $ $ -- > ºò$ - S $ - s $ $ $ - -- $º S> SQ N- S " | # # # ， # - # # ## "2- # - 5 : # ## - e # 246 COMMIssion O F. |MMIGRATION AND HOUSING. 4777°4′ Lleolio euca…º…o…snųnšºupungºtae,ºitºu， ſ-insipſººuņsººrvºu ſóiſiſſae;u!Bloolapºp, wou oºulaoqsºu eųo ſº Soz 5757° 2/ſ/ zººģ% -7-4////， C700/MF= -77 ººs--ZA/9/7Ē 272/2/87 -77%/s y y|7，7 „( 27 J/ HOUSING. 247 (e) Appendices to Macy Street District Survey. APPENDIX I. HOUSING CONDITIONS. Yard-8pace. Number of yards in clean condition------------------------------------- Number of yards in filthy condition------------------------------------- No report ---------------------------------------- - - - - - House. Number of families living in 1-story houses------------------------------ Number of families living in 2-story houses------------------------------ - No report - - - * - -s tºº " Number front apartments----------------------------------------------- Number rear apartments------------------------------------------------ No report * * * - *- - - - - - - sº ºsmº ºms - sº mºm am sº- Number house courts (includes three in Chinatown) _______________________ Number families living in houses with one apartment --------------------- Number families living in houses with two apartments ------______________ Number families living in houses with three apartments ------------------ Number families living in houses with four apartments --_________________ Number families living in houses with five apartments — Number families living in houses with six apartments -------------------- Number families living in houses with seven apartments ---_______________ Number families living in houses with eight apartments --_________________ Number families living in houses with nine apartments ------_____________ Number families living in houses with ten apartments____________________ ___ Number families living in houses with fourteen apartments --______________ No report ----------------------------------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --> Repair. Number apartments in good repair * * * * * * m_m * * * * * * * * = m, m = *-* * * * * * * * * * * = * * Number apartments in fair repair –––––– - * = = - * * = - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Number apartments in bad repair –– * * * No report ------------------------------------------------------------ Sanitation. Number apartments with no bath. &= <= *-* *-* *-* * * * * * * * * = * * * * * * = * * * *-* * * * * * * *mm. Number apartments with bath ----------- * * *-* * * * * * * * * * * No report ------------------------------------------------------------ Number bathtubs (enamel) –––––––––––––– -* * = am, º mº ºm ºm smºº ºr * -- * *-* * * *-* *-* - - * *-* Number zinc tubs – * * * *m. º. ººms, sºme º mº ºmº m aim ºmº ºmº " - mºm, ºs º-' -- mº m ºr * * * * * * * Number apartments using toilets in yard -------- * * = Number apartments using toilets in house –––– Number apartments using toilets on porch -- No report —- wº-mº ºmº -ºº ºsmº Number toilets ventilated --- Number toilets not ventilated Number apartments where toilets are used by one family ----------------- 2 248 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. - Sanitation—Continued. Number apartments where toilets are used by two families ---------------- Number apartments where toilets are used by three families -------------- Number apartments where toilets are used by four families –––.------------ Number apartments where toilets are used by five families ---------------- Number apartments where toilets are used by six families ---------------- Number apartments where toilets are used by seven families -------------- Number apartments where toilets are used by eight families -------------- Number apartments where toilets are used by nine families ----------------- No report ------------------------------------------------------------ Total number families sharing toilets with other families-------------------- Number apartments using toilets in clean condition ----------------------- Number apartments using toilets in filthy condition ----------------------- No report -------------- -— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — Number of apartments with enamel sinks ––––––---- . . . - - Number of apartments with iron sinks ---------- * Number of apartments with zinc sinks -------------- * Number of apartments with no sinks ------- - • * * *-* - - No report -- * - = = - --------------- Number apartments having no garbage cans –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Number apartments having metal or tin, cans––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Number apartments where garbage is fed to chickens---------------------- No report ------------------------------------------------------------ Cleanliness of Building. - Number apartments in clean condition ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Number apartments in filthy condition ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– No report ------------------------------------------------------------ "{) NISſ).O.E.I 6% 0.09% S66 -------- A6 X,9 ,6 X/6 ,II 00g'g 608"I -- ,0I X//, / II X,j ,II 000°3 216 ------------------ ,6 X ,3I X ,6 O09% S00'I - - - - // X /3L X ,3I 00g “3 698 al, ,8 X/8 A3 X/0I,0I 000°3 698 TT //, /8 X/8 ,6 X,0I,0I 000°F SłS“I , fºlſ X ,3I X , II 00g “3 #SG"I - ,3I X ,3I X ,II 000°3 963'I ,3I X , 3.I X ,6 Ö00% OSO‘I - - - - - -- ,3I X ,0I X ,6 0.09% SIO'I ------------------------------------------------------------ a 9 ,0I X ,8IX,9 //, 00g ‘g 091. TT /9 // X ,OI X ,0I 00g"Z 003“I - - /3T X ,OI X ,0T 00g'3 003“I AOI X ,3I X ,0T O09% 963*I AG X /&T X ,3L O00% 089 /9 ,S X ,8 X ,0T C00°3 #2.É'I ,8I X ,7L X,0I,1, 000% 800“I --- ,8 X ,5L X • ,6 O09% 096 ,3I X AOI X ,8 000°3 388"I w8 ,6 X ,3L X 23L 000°3 36Z'I , fl. X/8 ,0I X ,6 00g “I 30S ,II X/9 ,6 X/6 //, 00g"I ##6 ,II X AOI Xml, ,8 00g “Z zigt –----------------------------------------------------------- .#I x 61 x 6 COg'g 066 |----- * - ,II X ,II X,3 .8 000°3 066 ,II X ,II X/3 ,8 00g ‘Z O66 ,II X ,II X,3 .8 000°g g80‘I w8 , II X,9 ,6 X/8 ,6 00g'8 g30‘I /8 ,II X,9 A6 X/8 /6 000°3 #36 - a 9 ,II Xal 8 Xºf 6 00g'3 IIz'I of /3T X/f AOI X ,0I 0.00% 9If ‘I ,3I X ,3IX/9 ,6 00g “I 658 - - /3 /8 X ,8I X ,8 003“I OSO‘I • * * * * * - - - - - = me • - * * * = m = - * * * * * * * - * * * * * * * * * * * * - - - - * * * * * * * * * * * * * * /3T X ,0I X ,6 0.00% Z38"I /9 ,II X/9 ,II X ’,0T 000°I 001, - - K0I X AOR X • , jJ. 000°I Of 9 * * * * * * * * * * - - - * * * * - - - * * * * - - - - * * * * - - ,8 X ,S X ,0I Q09% O99 * - ,0I X , 1, X. . .S 000°I OS; -- * - - ,0I X 9 X ,8 000% 00S ,0I x 8" x 0I O09 ‘I 008 - ,0I X ,S, X ,0I 009 ‘I Of 9 ,0I X ,S X ,S 00g “I 009 .9 x 0I x ,0I C00°8 0891 ------------------------------------------------------------ , FI X ,Of X ,&I 009'8 #99“I ------ ,6 X , FI X ,f I 00g'3 OOI*I - - - - ,II X ,0I X ,0I 000% 004: I ------------------------------------------------------------ ,0I x /gL x , ,0L 000% O##"I - - - - ,3I X ,3L X ,0I 000% g3}“I - - - - - - ,0'ſ X/8 ,f I X ,0L 0.00% I98 - - - f /9 ,S X ,0I X,8 50L 00g'3. 680°I ,II X , ,II X/f ,6 O00“g Ö89‘I --- ---- ,0I X , fºlſ X • ,3I 00g “I ors ------------------------------------------------------------ ,6 X ,6 X ,0I 000°8 OFW'I ,3I X ,OI-X ,0I 0.09% 919"I - - am am - - - - - * * * - - - - * * * AOI X/8 ,8I Xml ‘JII ()00% 002'ſ ----------------- /0I X/0I,6 X,0I,II 000°3 09 II - - MS ,6 X ,0I X ,3I 00g'g 98.1"I - ,3I X , ; L X/f ,0I 000°3 giFO‘I /9 /6 X ,II X ,0I 000°g O}}*I ,3I X ,3I X , ,0I 0.09% 8Gſ"I /8 X/9 /8L X/9 ,8]. 000°3 0&I*I - - ,8" X ,3L X/8 ,II 000°8 IZZ“I -- ÅI X • ,II X,8 ,6 00g"Z #911 ------------------------------------------------------------ /8 ſºl X /9I X • ,6 000% g6?' I ------------------------------------------------------------ ,8IX/9 ,II X ,0I 0.09% gigſ ------------------------------------------ ,II X,9 &I x ,0I º sº 'tūool Jo OZIS "suood peg Jo uo Iºsefuoo Buſſaous old e_L ‘II XIOINGICICIW 250 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. AEPPENDIX III. Table Showing Crowding in Beds. *Several sleep on floor. † On floor. Clara street 1 bed * * * * = e−e sma sms º ºs sº-s arms sº-s ºs = ºre 4 persons Clara street ------------------------- 1 bed------------------------ 5 persons Clara street ------------------------- 1 bed------------------------ 4 persons Vignes street ------------------------ 1 bed----------------------- 5 persons Vignes street ------------------------ 2 beds----------------------- 8 persons Queirollo street –––––––––––––––––––––– 2 beds----------------------- 6 persons Augusta street ----------------------- 1 single cot ------------------ *9 persons Date street -------------------------- 1 bed------------------------ 6 persons Queirollo street –––––––––––––––––––––– 1 bed------------------------ 5 persons Queirollo street ---------------------- 2 beds----------------------- 7 persons Date street -------------------------- 1 bed------------------------ 4 persons Date street -------------------------- 1 bed- - - ––––– 4 persons Date street -------------------------- 1 bed------------------------ 5 persons Ogier street ––––––– - 1 bed------------------------ 4 persons Ogier street ------------------------- 1 bed------------------------ 3 persons Avilla street ------------------------- 1 bed------------------------ 4 persons Avilla street ------------------------- 1 bed------------------------ 7 persons Avilla street ------------------------- 1 bed------------------------ 4 persons Avilla street ------------------------- 1 bed------------------------ 7 persons Avilla street ------------------------- 1 bed------------------------ 4 persons Avilla street ------------------------- 1 bed------------------------ 7 persons Bauchett street -- - - 1 bed------------------------ 5 persons Bauchett Street –––––––––––––––––––––– 1 bed------------------------ 6 persons Lyon street -------------------------- 1 bed------------------------ 4 persons Lyon street ------------------------- 1 bed------------------------ 6 persons Lyon street -------------------------- 1 cot ------------------------ 2 persons Lyon street -------------------------- 0 beds----------------------- #7 persons Howard street ––––––––––––––––––––––– 1 bed; 6 º Howard street ––––––––––––––––––––––– 1. º * * * * * me ºsmº - - smºº smº - * * = * * * * * * * * persons Howard street –––––––––––––––––– 1 bed * * gm ºm m - - - -ºº º ºsmº ºmº ºm m - sºme º 'º - - - 4 persons Howard street -----------------------1 cot ------------------------ 3 persons Ramirez street ––––––––––––––––––––––– 1 bed------------------------ 6 persons Ramirez street * * * *m. ––1 bed------------------------ 4 persons Macy street ------------------------- 1 bed------------------------ 4 persons Macy street ------ ––1 bed------------------------ 5 persons Macy street ------------------------- 1 bed------------------------ 7 persons Macy street –––––– ––1 bed------------------------ 4 persons Macy street ------------------------- 1 bed------------------------ 4 persons HOUSING. 251 APPENDIX IV. Families Keeping Lodgers. Number families keeping 1 lodger---------------------------------------- 36 Number families keeping 2 lodgers––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 41 Number families keeping 3 lodgers--------------------------------------- 15 Number families keeping 4 lodgers––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 10 Number families keeping 5 lodgers––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 7 Number families keeping 6 lodgers––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 4 Number families keeping 7 lodgers––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 4 Number families keeping 8 lodgers––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 3 Number families keeping 12 lodgers––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 1 121 Table Showing Average Number Persons to Room. Total number persons ------------------------------------------------- 1,866 Total number rooms --------------------------------------------------- 1,264 Total number bedrooms ------------------------------------------------ 715 Total number beds ---------------------------------------------------- 915 Average number persons to bedroom ------------------------------------- 2.6 Average number persons to bed ----------------------------------------- 2.03 Number bedrooms with no beds–––––––––––––––––––––– 14 (occupied by 40 persons) APPENDIX W. Table Showing Average Rentals and ln comes of Families. Total income per month for 272 families–––––––––––––––––––––––––––– $10,436 60 Total rental per month for 256 families––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 2,629 O0 Average income per month per family------------------------------ 36 85 Average rental per month per family-------------------------------- 9 30 Average yearly income per family----------------------------------- 442 20 Average yearly rental per family------------------------------------ 116 60 Average rental per room------------------------------------------- 2 86 Table Showing Rentals Paid. Number families paying under $5.00 a month------ * * * * * * * * * * * ºn mº mº m = -º 27 Number families paying from $5.00 to $7.00 a month---------------------- 66 Number families paying from $7.00 to $9.00 a month--____________-------- 40 Number families paying from $9.00 to $12.00 a month_____________ - — — — — — — — — 69 Number families paying from $12.00 to $15.00 a month______________________ 47 Number families paying from $15.00 to $18.00 a month______________________ 36 Number families paying from $18.00 to $20.00 a month---------------------- 10 Number families paying from $20.00 to $25.00 a month—— 11 Number families paying from $25.00 to $30.00 a month---------------------- 3 Number families paying from $30.00 to $40.00 a month---------------------- 4 Number families paying $40.00 a month------------------------------------ 2 252COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. -lo • • • • g • • • • • • • • • • • • • • – — ° § → — so os – on on Totals----------· r=\ | -r={| Iºrench Spanish.| | CN| Dalmatian------| | | | Arabian--------| | | →CN| Mexican Syrian…| | ! r=-{! Negro-----------·| | |t={||| Jewish----------|||} | .||! ●|•••••• • • • • • • • • •---- →→→→--'--'-|----- - -----_ i ___ | (/)r|| º |Irish-----------|! <！-!|| :-|－| (vý|-r-+|| 5German Iºrencl. .}| （5__|_„_|_ |_| |_|_| |_| |_| |_|_|_| |_| |___ | (výŠīſ ſīļºſ” ,TTF ! Z | French Italian--·| | | || -│ │ │ │| O---'—'—'—'| <！--º| . | | |!} ?Spanish Irish.--._.|||} ● ●||}| ~o||－|!||!I|†||!|||!|||!| <--; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;| | | | | | − | | | | | | | | | | | | 3 ||French Belgian--] ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; }=-{O|!iI±?||||!!|||!!|||!| ș> <Ć! ||－! ！Spanish---------} }P-T}t={| }，C| 11| |×CD!!�! }={>|–}|| !I|－ 9r=\ r={|} 24‘5German---------|} ſą|! Q-R(/)→r=ł| –| –ſ-{| ºſ 5 ||French---------|- | <; };| | | | |_|_|_|_|_|_| |_| |_|_| |_| | | __| | | | __ | (， .|| - | | | |r-+{>|>|>|>| ſú ſ § Shoemaker Stableman Stevedore Salesman S. P. fireman Stone cutter Teacher Teamster Unemployed S. P. pensioner Jail Retired No report DeSerted Dead Away Sculptor 49 l 1 Waiter Pantryman Mailman IPOrter eme amº ame sº sº sº sº, sº me emº sº is sº sº m = am mº, smº, am, sº * * * Truck driver * * * * *- : * Tailor * - * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * : 2 : 2 254 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND ITOUSING. APPENDIX VII. Table Showing Incomes of Men During Regular Employment. Number of men receiving under $40 a month------------------------------ 16 Number of men receiving from $40 to $50 a month------------------------ 19 Number of men receiving from $50 to $60 a month------------------------ 56 Number of men receiving from $60 to $70 a month------------------------ 20 Number of men receiving from $70 to $80 a month------------------------ 14 Number of men receiving from $80 to $90 a month------------------------ S Number of men receiving from $90 to $100 a month------------------------ 4 Number of men receiving $100 and over a month--------------------------- 9 Number of men receiving no income-------------------------------------- 22S AI’I?IDNDIX VIII. Table Showing Occupation of Women Wage-earners. £ E. Tº ſº, Čſ. *.. *Z * łº- H; H ă É # # # # É | | | | | | | #. lºses : to -; O -: 5 cr t; *. 3 p t; ; : 5 ; 3 G | 5 3. E; p" § ©o E; ! ! ! º t; | } { l ! | | | | | | | | | | | S. | | | | ! I | ! | | | 5 ! l | | ! | ! | ! r: ! ! | | t | i l t I f | ! i Laundress --------------------- 8 12 1 1 ------ * - ºg me mº, º º | ams ºm º ºs º ºs 1. 23 Garment Worker ---------------'------ 7 2 9 Chambermaid ----------------- '------ 3 ------------------------------------------------ 3 Keeping boarders -------------- 7 7 2 ------ 2 2 20 Seamstress -------------------- 1. 2 3 1 ------ 7 Olerk - 1 ------ l 2 E[ousework 4 4 Cannery ----------------------- l 2 3 Midwife ------------------------------ 2 * * * 2 Washwoman ------------------ 3 2 2 I 1. I 1() Unemployed ------------------- 5 2 l 1 - 9 Car-cleaner -------------------------------- 1. I Storekeeper --- 1 ------------------ ------ 1. Total number of women Wage-68. TInel'S ------------ |------------------------------------------------------ 9| Employment of Father in Families Where APPENDIX IX. Number of families where father is a. Employed - 27 b. Employed irregularly 3 c. Unemployed * * * * = a- - - - - - - - - - - * * * * * * * = s—s a- - * * * * = 28 d. In Mexico 2 e. Dead 18 f. Deserted * * - 4 g. No report on father’s occupation--------- 12 Total -- 94 HOUSING. APPENDIX X. Table Showing Occupations of Children of Families According to Nationality. # | 5 || 5 || 3 | # ; # # | | | | | | | | | | | 3 à || 5 || 3 | # | 3 | # | 3 || || || 3 || 5 || 3 || || | | | 3. g t; § É tº t; O 3 | ? § | 3 | # t; £o ty ! * ! t; E. º | t; | | E; | }- - | | | | | | | | | | | | | ; | 3 || | | | | | | | | : | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | !— "— I § | ! I l | | | | | i Unemployed ------------- 22 8 2 2 I 1. -----| 81 Delivery boy ------------- 2 1 ----- 1 1 -----|-----|-----|-----|----- 5 Electrician ---------------|----- 1 ----------|-----|-----|-----|----- 1 Clerk 1 4 3 1 -----|-----|----- 1 -----|----- 1 11 Seamstress -------------- 1 -----|----- 1 -----|----- 2 Laborer ----------------- 9 5 |----- 2 1 ----- 1 ----- 1 -----| 2 21 Laundry ----------------- 5 4 -----|----------|-----|-----|----------|-----|----- 2 |-----| 11 Waitress ----------------- 1 -----|-----|--------------------|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|----- 1 Sloyd Shop -------------- 1 ----------|-----'----------'----------|-----|---------- 1 Marble cutter -----------|----- 1 ---------- ---------. & ºms gº º * *m, m sº I me sº ºme ºs ºs sm * = ** = as sº *ss ess as sº me ame amº ºne 1 Conductor --------------- 1 ----- ... ---------|--------------- * * * * * | * * * * * | * * * * *ms sº sº sº sº sm 1 Factory Worker --------- 5 6 ---------- ----- -----| 1 |----------|-----|--------------- 12 Garment Worker -------- 1. ? -----|----- --- ems me ºme sº ºm E * * * * * * me * * * * 3 Chauffeur --------------- -----| 3. 1 ----- ----------------------------------- * * * * * | * * * * * 2 Electrical plater ---------|----- 1 ---------- '------------------------------ 1 Machinist ---------------- 1 -----|------ ---------| 1 |--- smº me I ºms ºs ame ºr º- m. mºe sºme º sº. 2 Demonstrator -----------|----- ! -------------------- * * * * * I am sº º ºs as sm am me sº *s º sm as ºm me sº * * * me º 'º- eas ºm ms º º sº sºme sºme ºs I Oashier - - 1 -----|-----|----- sm am - " sº mº -a ºr sº me . * * * * * : * * * * sm i <= me was ºne mºs * * * * * 1 Stenographer ------------ -----| 1 * - * * * | *- º ºs m. º. * * * * * *m as sm m ms ºn am sº * * * *ms º me sº * me sº see : * * *ms ºs mºs 1. Barber -------------------|----------|-----|--------------------|----------|---------- 1 ----- T Newsboy ----------------|-----|----- 1 -----|-----|----- * * * *m; sºme s—s m 'mº sº m * * * * *- 1 No report --------------- -----| 2 |---------------|----------|-------------------------|----- 2 APPENDIX XI. Total number of families interviewed------------------------------------- 359 Total number persons included––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 1,868 Adults ------------------------------------------------------------- 1,271 Children (14 years and under) –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 597 Average number of persons to family group------------------------------- 5.2 Number families keeping lodgers (33 per cent) --------------------------- 121 Number families having relatives in household––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 69 Number families having children in school (50—no report) ----------------- 163 Number fathers naturalized (50—no report) –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 49 Literacy of Foreign Families. ** Number families where both parents speak English_________________________ 109 Number families where parents speak no English-------------------------- 130 Number families where father speaks English___________________________2_ 19 Number families where mother speaks English_____________________________ 5 Number families where parents speak only a little English--________________ 22 55 No report 256 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. Number families with bank savings________— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — Number families owning property––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Number families with no savings or insurance----------------------------- Number families with accident policies----------------------------------- Number families carrying life insurance---------------------------------- French Hospital benefit * = - “s - * * * * * * * *- * = <= - - - sºme am m. m. * * = m = * is sºm am am sº wºm º ºs ºse º-e ºs = sº. Ičailroad Hospital benefit—-------- -------------------------------------- Religion. Number of Catholics ----------------------------------------------- ----- Number Baptists ------------------------------------------------------ Number Presbyterians -------------------------------------------------- Number Congregational —- * * ---------------------------- Number Protestants (kind not specified) ---------------------------------- g Atheist ----------------------------------------------------- —l— — — — — — — — Jewish Orthodox –––––––––––––––––––––––––– - - - Greek Catholics ------------------------------------------------------- No church affiliation --------------------------------------------------- s” No report Moose Masons Woodmen of the World------------------------------------------------ Hibernian - Savings and Insurance. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Societies and Lodges. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -,- - - - - - - - - - - - – – — — — — — — Maccabees --- * - * *-* - *-* * * * *-* - *-* - - - - - - -ºs º- " - - - - - m ºr sº - * *- - - - - - - * * = * * *m are sº- ºr amm, mºm s-s Garibaldi Society ----------------------------------------------------- Druid ––– * * *- - - -- ~ * * * * * * * = me • * * * * * * * * * = ** = a- * = m, sº *-* * = = *-s ºr a-s sº sº am, ºr sº as sº, s- *-* = <= = - * ~ *-- a-- a--, -- a-- m. Syrian Society ––––––– a- * *- := - *- - - - - - - - - * *- : * * * * * * *-* *-* * *- -s º 'º - m = = - * * * = me mºm am m. St. Peter's Benefit - s—s me * *= *-* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * = * * * * * * * * * * * * * = ** = a- ºms sº º-s amº me Total Mon—— Number employed ---------------------------------- - - - - - ------------- Regular employment ----------------------------------------––––––– Irregular employment ----------------- ----------------------------- Number unemployed ––– - ------------------------------ Women—. Number Wage-earners -------------------------------------------- Children—. . Number children employed --------------------------------------- Number children unemployed –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––... -- - - Number children having irregular employment----------------------- 2 5 } HousING. 257 APPENDIX XII. Table Showing Nationalities of 359 Families. Mexican ------------------------------------------------------ 154 Italian. -------------- * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *ms sº ame m = * * = sºme ºf sº-s amºus m = sºme 121 Syrian -------------------------------------------------------- 29 Slavonian ------------------ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *ss = ºs = <= ims sºme ºm, am eme ºne mºm sma ame sº- ess 11 Spanish ------------------------------------------------------- 10 French -------------------------------------------------------- 5 Dalmatian --------------- *-* * * * * *-* º ºsm ºmºm º º sºme sº º sº sº- ºr -º ºr * * * * * * * * 1. Irish --------------------------------------------------------- 1. German ------------------------------------------------------- 5 Belgian -------------------- — — — — — — — — — - * * * * * *-* *-* -ºº º sm am sº 1. Arabian ------------------------------------------------------- 1. Jewish -------------------------------------------------------- 1 American ----------------------------------------------------- 16 Negro --------------------------------------------------------- 3 AIPPIENDIX XIII. Nationality of Pupils in Macy School as Compiled by Principal. * Per cent Mexican ------------------------------------------------ 190 34.3 Italian ------------------------------------------------- 150 27.0 Syrian ------------------------------------------------- 6S 12.1 French ------------------------------ - - 50 9.0 Chinese ------------------------------------------------- 15 2.7 Indian -------------------------------------------------- 11 2 Jewish –– — — — —; - - - * * * * * * * *-s mºm amº amº ºm. –– 8 1.4 Negro -------------------------------------------------- S 1.4 American ----------------------------------------------- 6 1.1 Slavonian –––––––––––––––– - *m ºmº º ºs º-, -º º mº, º am - m a.m. º. º. ame me sº- == 6 1.1 Basque ––– am sm. - - - - - - - - * * * * * * * * *m, amº –– 5 .9 Montenegrin * - - * * * –– 4: .7 German ------------------------------------------------- 4 .7 Russian ------------------------------------------------ 4. .7 , Spanish * * *-*. * * * * = - sm ºr = * * * * * * * * * * * = * * = - = = * * *-s ºm mº ºms, sº º smº - * 4 .7 Scotch -------------------------------------------------- 4 7 “ Japanese ––––– * * –––– 3 .5 English ------------------------------------------------- 3. .5. Welch -------------------------------------------------- 8 .5 Dutch -------------------------------------------------- 2 .4 Belgian * * * = ** = ** = sº- a-- = * *s ame sº- * = ~ * = * * = = m = a- - - - - mas 2 .4 Irish -------------------------------------- 2 .4 Argentinian --------------------------------------------- 2 .4 Swiss --------------------------------------------------- 1. .2 Cuban -------------------------------------------------- 1. .2 556 100.0 258 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. APPENDIX XIV. Table Showing Number of Years Parents Have Been in United States and California. In United States. In California. Father. Mother. Father. Mother. Less than 1 year year yearS.--- years years years yearS.---- * = −. years yearS - * years years ; º y € 8. r S l 2 y 0. 8. r S : : : : ; 15 years 16 years 17 years —w 18 years 19 years---------- 20 years 24 years----- 25 years 26 years 27 years 29 years - - 30 years ;: : : 1 : 1 1II 12 23 19 20 24 18 9. 12 ll 1 18 25 18 20 30 2.) 7 11 S {) 1 4 l 31 years 32 years 34 years * * 35 years 45 years 49 years 60 years---- APPENDIX XV. Number of Families in which Parents Speak English, According to Nationality. Speak * Speak no No English English. report. Mexican - - 45 84. 25 Italian 68 31 22 Syrian ---- 21 7 l Slavonian 3. 4 4 Spanish 3 4 3 IFrench 5 0. 0 Dalmatian l O 0 Irish l O 0 German 5 0 0 Belgian - l 0. O Arabian - - - - 1 0 0. Jewish l () () Total -I 155 130 55 American 16 Negro - 3 EIOUSING. 259 AIPPENDIX XVI. Natural- Not nat- No ized. uralized. report. Mexican 8 101 29 Italian ess amº m * * * * * 29 50 37 Syrian * - - .3 19 4 Slavonian --------------------------- 1 5 5 Spanish --------------------------------- () 4. 2 Dalmatian - - 0. 1 O French ------------------------------- * *s 3 3 0 Irish - 1. () () Belgian . ------ * * 1 0 0 Arabian — sm me () 1 O German ------------- gº 3 0 () Total 49 184 77 AIPPIENDIX XVII. |NDUSTRIES. Number of People Employed in Thirty-three Industries in Macy Street School District. Total employees —- -* * * * * * * *-* * * *-* - * * * - = * * * * * * * * = ** = - mºre m = - sº me. - - 1,499 Number male employees ---------------------------------------- 1,446 Number female employees –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 53 Number skilled men ––––––– — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — SS6 Number unskilled men ------------------------------------------ 560 Number skilled Women ----------------------------------------- 50 Number unskilled women --------------------------------------- 3 Nationalities of 1,499 workers. American ----------------------------------------------------- 750 Italian ------------- - –––––––––––––––––––––––––. 126 Mexican ------------------------------------------------------ 169 Spanish ------------------------------------------------------ S Greek -------------------------------------------------------- 72 Japanese ----------------------------------------------------- 2 Slavonian ---------------------------------------------------- 40 English ------------------------------------------------------- 7 Russian ------------------------------- amºs - - - - - * = sºm. * * * = ** = * 157 Armenian ----------------------------------------------------- 131 Roumanian –––––––– ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 1. German ------------------------ -- mºm, mº ºn-s: “ ºr * * * *m mº, sºm º ºsmº - ºr smºº sm amºs -ºº ºm, sº ºme º 30 Jewish ------------------------------------------------------- 6 260 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. APPENDIX Industries in Macy g aiº, Men Women. wages per day. III's. With Women) tº tº 8 100,0- 8 100.0 I6 I00.0 § TABLE III. The Sanitary Condition of 107 Labor Camps. A Detailed Report on the Most Important Sanitary Features, With - - Percentages—Continued. - (Tables cover only camps inspected between November 1, 1914, and June 30, 1915.) Mines - - - - - Per- Per- Per- Per- Per- Miscel- Per- Per- Lumber centage quº. s centage Oil centage | Railroad citize Ranch citize ianeous | centage | Total |centage Bathing facilities— - - No bathing facilities 3 60.0 3 60.0 * 5 100.0 1 20.0 56 {52.4 Natural bathing facilities on stream - or lake * - l 50.0 19 17.7 Tubs, ShoWers, or both--------------- 2 40.0 2 40.0 6 100.0 4 S0.0 l 50.0 31 29.2 No data l .7 Totals 5 100.0 5 100.0 6 100.0 5 100.0 5 || 100.0 2 100.0 107 100.0 Toilet facilities— No toilets * I 20.0 20 18.6 Filthy toilets 1 20.0 4 || 80.0 2 40.0 2 40.0 2 || 100.0 38 35.7 Fair, but slightly exposed------------|----------|------- 2 30.0 l 20.0 2 40.0 26 24.3 Sanitary, fly-proof toilets------------ º 4 80.0 1 20.0 3 50.0 I 20.0 1 20.0 21 19.6 No data 1 20.0 * 2 1.8 Totals . 5 100.0 5 100.0 6 | 100.0 | 5 100.0 5 100.0 2 100.0 107 || 100.0 Separate toilets for the sexes— Men, Women and children use same - toilets - - l 25.0 - * 15 36.6 Separate toilets for Women and children - 4 80.0 2 100.0 1 100.0 11 26.8 No data 1 20.0 2 100.0 º 8 75.0 ---- * 15 36.6 Totals (equals number of camps With Women) —w 5 100.0 2 100.0 2 100.0 4 100.0 1. 100.0 • 41 100.0 § . . . IU} TABLE | | I. (Tables cover only camps inspected between November 1, 1914, and June 30, 1915.) The Sanitary Condition of 107 Labor Camps. A Detailed Report on the Most Important Sanitary Features, With Percentages—Continued. Per- Per- Con- Per- Per- Per- || HighWay | Per- Per- Beet centage | Perry | contage struction centage | Fruit cºntige Grape centage gºing centagó Hop Centage Washing facilities for face, hands and Clothes— Inadequate 2 33.3 4 17.3 I6 32.7 Adequate - 4 66.7 19 82.7 29 59.2 No data 4 8.1 100.0 Totals 6 100.0 23 100.0 49 100.0 100.0 Stables— - With Stables 3 50.0 10 43.5 38 77.5 No Stables 3 50.0 13 56.5 11 22.5 100.0 No data - * * * * * Totals 6 | 100.0 23 100.0 49 100.0 100.0 Distance Of Stables from kitchen Quarters— Less than 100 yards----------------- 2 66.7 3 30.0 21 55.2 100 yards and more------------------ 1 33.3 7 70.0 16 42.2 No data º 1 2.6 Totals (see number of stables)--- 3 100.0 ------------------ 10 I00.0 *=. 38 100.0 § TABLE III. The Sanitary Condition of 107 Labor Camps. A Detailed Report on the Most Important Sanitary Features, With Percentages—Continued. - (Tables cover only camps inspected between November 1, 1914, and June 30, 1915.) Per- Mines Per- Per- Per- Per- Miscel- Per- IPer- Lumber centage Clwºes Centage Oil centage | Railroad centage | Ranch centage ianeous centage | Total centage Washing facilities for face, hands and clothes— Inadequate 1 20.0 - I 20.0 1 20.0 25 23.4 Adequate --- 5 100.0 3 60.0 3 4 80.0 4 80.0 2 100.0 73 68.2 No data l 20.0 3 -------- <- 9 8.4 Totals 5 100.0 - 5 100.0 6 -------- 5 100.0 5 100.0 2 100.0 . 107 100.0 Stables— With Stables l 20.0 4 80.0 3 50.0 5 100.0 64 59.8 No stables ---, 4 80.0 l 20.0 3 50.0 5 100.0 2 100.0 43 40.2 No data * = s.s. Totals 5 100.0 5 100.0 6 100.0 - 5 100.0 5 100.0 2 100.0 107 100.0 Distance of stables - from kitchen QuarterS— Less than 100 yards----------------- I 100.0 l 25.0 3 60.0 31 48.4 100 yards and more 3 75.0 3 100.0 * 2. 40.0 32 50.0 No data * * l 1.6 Totals (see number of stables)--- 1 100.0 4 100.0 3 100.0 ------------------ - 5 100.0 ------------------ 64 100.0 § TABLE III. The Sanitary Condition of 107 Labor Camps. A Detailed Report on the Most important Sanitary Features, With (Tables cover only camps inspected between November 1, 1914, and June 30, 1915.) Percentages—Continued. - * Per- Per- Con- Per- Per- Per- || HighWay | Per- - Per- Peet | centage | Berry | centage struction centage | Fruit centage || Grape centage sº g centage | Hop centage Disposal of manure— Sanitary . d 1 33.3 1 10.0 7 18.4 Insanitary l 10.0 25 65.8 No data 2 66.7 8 80.0 6 15.8 Totals (see number of stables)--- 8 J00.0 ----------|-------- 10 100.0 38 || 100.0 Screening on kitchen and dining quarters— * - Screening — --- 8 50.0 16 69.5 28 57.0 |: 'No Screening ---------------------is ºs º ºs 3 50.0 6 26.1 20 41.0 No data - - 1 4.4 I 2.0 100.0 Totals 6. 100.0 23 100.0 49 100.0 100.0 Disposal of garbage— - Sanitary 3 50.0 15 65.3 38 77.5 100.0 Insanitary 3 50.0 6 26.0 --- 7 14.3 No data - 2 8.7 4 8.2 Totals 6 100.0 23 100.0 sms º ºs ºº 49 100.0 I00.0 § TABLE III. The Sanitary condition of 107 Labor C ." (Tables cover only camps inspected between November 1, 1914, and June 30, 1915.) amps. A Detailed Report on the Most Important Sanitary Features, With Percentages—Continued. - Mines IPer- Per- Per- Per- - Per- * Per- Miscel- Per- - Lumber centage quº;es | centage Oil centage | Railroad centage | Ranch centage ianeous | centage | Total centage Disposal of manure— . Sanitary - I00.0 2 40.0 14 21.9 Insanitary --- I 100.0 3 75.0 3 60.0 33 51.5 No data .1 25.0 17 | 26.6 Totals (see number of stables)--- l 100.0 4 100.0 100.0 5 || 100.0 64 100.0 Screening on kitchen and dining quarterS— - Screening 5 100.0 4 80.0 100.0 1. 20.0 4 80.0 1 50.0 68 63.5 No screening --- 1 20.0 2 40.0 1. 20.0 l 50.0 34 31.9 No data, - 2 40.0 º: 5 4.6 Totals 5 100.0 35 100.0 100.0 5 100.0 5 100.0 2 100.0. 107 100.0 Disposal of garbage— - - - - Sanitary 5 100.0 4. 80.0 83.2 2 40.0 3 60.0 2 100.0 78 i------- Insanitary -- l 20.0 l 20.0 2 40.0 20 ------- No data. 16.8 2 40.0 - 9 ------- Totals 5 100.0 5 100.0 100.0 5 100.0 100.0 2 100.0 107 .100.0 # TABLE III. The Sanitary Condition of 107 Labor Camps. A Detailed Report on the Most Important Sanitary Features, With (Tables cover only camps inspected between November 1, 1914, and June 30, 1915.) Percentages—Continued. Per- Per- Con- Per- Per- Per- | Highway | Per- Per- Beet centage | Berry centage struction centage | Fruit centage | Grape centage gºing Centage Hop Centage . | Garbage containers— - No Containers 3. 50.0 5 21.7 6 12.2 ----------------- Uncovered containers - 5 21.7 |_ 20 40.8 Oovered sanitary containers---------- 3 {50.0 ~y. 12 52.2 20 40.8 1 100.0 No data --- 1 4.3 3 6.2 Totals 6 100.0 23 100.0 49 100.0 1. 100.0 Cubic air space— Less than 350 cubic feet--------------- 2 30.0 5 21.7 * gº 10 20.4 350 to 500 cubic feet 7 30.5 26 53.1 Over 500 cubic feet 3 50.0 11 47.8 10 20.4 No data 1. 20.0 3 6.1 l 100.0 Totals 6 100.0 23 100.0 49 100.0 1 100.0 Living conditions— All use same 1 16.7 4 17.4 * 26 53.1 Separate conditions -- 1 4.4 * 4. 8.1 One nationality 4 66.7 14 60.8 4 8.1 - No data I 16.6 4 17.4 ---------- 15 30.7 1. 100.0 Totals º 6 100.0 23 100.0 49 100.0 I 100.0 § TABLE III. The Sanitary Condition of 107 Labor Camps. A Detailed Report on the Most Important Sanitary Features, With Mines - Per- centage Per- . Per- Per- Miscel- Per- Per- Lumber centage after Per- Oil centage | Railroad centage citize laneous centage | Total citize Garbage containers— - No containers * * I 20.0 1 20.0 1 20.0 17 15.9 Uncovered containers l 20.0 2 40.0 2 100.0 30 28.1 Covered Sanitary containers---------- 5 100.0 3 60.0 5 83.2 1 20.0 2 40.0 - 52 48.6 No data * * 1. 16.8 3 60.0 8 7.4 Totals. 5 100.0 5 100.0 6 || 100.0 5 100.0 5 100.0 2 || 100.0 107 || 100.0 Cubic air space— Less than 350 cubic feet 2 40.0 1 20.0 20 18.7 350 to 500 cubic feet------------------- 1 20.0 1 20.0 1. 16.8 2 40.0 1 20.0 - 39 36.5 Over 500 cubic feet 4 80.0 4 80.0 4 66.6 1 20.0 3 60.0 2 100.0 42 39.2 No data * * i l 16.8 -- 6 5.6 Totals 5 100.0 5 100.0 6 5 100.0 5 100.0 2 100.0 107 100.0 Living conditions— All use same 4 80.0 3 60.0 1 16.8 3 60.0 4 S0.0 46 43.0 Separate conditions 5 4.7 One Dationality * * - 1. 16.8 1 20.0 2 100.0 26 24.2 No data I 20.0 2 40.0 4 66.6 2 40.0 | 30 2S.I. Totals 5 i 100.0 5 6 100.0 5 100.0 5 100.0 | 2 100.0 107 100.0 Percentages—Concluded - (Tables cover only camps inspected between November 1, 1914, and June 30, 1915.) 100.0 346 CoMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND EIOUSING. TABLE IV. Nationalities Represented in 107 Labor Camps. (Tables cover only camps inspected between November 1, 1914, and June 30, 1915.) tº; to O Ej Q b- tº O º ;3 º H Hö # || | | | | | | | #| | | | |##| | | | | | | | | | | | Î | | | # | f | # | ## | | | # |##| | | 3 || 3 | # | f | # I | g I ! Eğ | 1-3 5.; | £3 £3 : § ; | 3. . . . l #3 t ! §3. F. ! p | (ſº } | | || 5 || | | | | || 3 | | | | | f * | | | | | | | 3 | | | ? i li | f | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | f | | | Americans --- 17 ----- 686 -----|----- 699 |----- 344 || 58 || 127 || 43 103 || 6 || 2,083 || 48.7 Italians 20 ---------- 168 |----- 126 212 2 7 || 45 -----| 580 || 13.6 Mexicans 29 508 ----- 3 12 2 || 56 6 |-----| 616 || 14.4 Japanese ------ 61 ----- sº sº º mº º 1 |-----|----- -----|-----|----- 62 | 1.5 Greeks 141 ---------- 20 ----- 46 -----|----- 40 247 5.8 Germans 3 5 -----| 50 -----| 3 |----- 5 ----- 66 1.6 Chinese ------- 1 ---------- 5 ----- * m. ºn mº sm m sm º ºs m. = * * * * * * *-* * *- 6 .14 Portuguese - 8 * * * * * S .19 Austrians ----- * * = sºme gº i = * *-* - sº 92 |----- 100 |----- 192 4.5 SWedes --------|-----|-----|-----|-----|----- 70 ----- 100 170 4.0 Irish ---------------|----- * * * * * 5 ----- 5 .12 French -------------|----- 2 * * * me sm. 2 .04 Russians ------ * = * * * : * * * * = 10 ----- * * * * * 10 .23 English -------|----- * * *=º tº º I am º sº tºº ºm 1 ----- * * * * 1. .02 Swiss ---------------|----- * * * * * 1 -----|----------|----- l .02 Negroes 26 *ms me º 'ºm' sm smºs ºm, sº * * : * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 26 .60 Slavonians 19 65 -----|-----|----- 84 2.0 Koreans ------- * * * * * 2 2. .04 Porto Ricans-—l 17 |-----|----- * * * * * * * *m; sº * * 17 .4 Pilipinos ------| 92 |-----|----------|------------|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|----- 92 2.1 Totals ----| 188 |-----| 898 |-----|----- 1,680 |----- 769 290 134 || 106 | 159 46 || 4,270 |100.0 No data. am amº, º sº mº sº ame sm º I as as as sº sº. I = * * * * : * * * * * * me . * = * * *-* † = * * * * | * * * * * i = * * * * * * *ms sº * m ms amº sº sº. -----| 683 Grand totall of residents ------|------------|-----|-----|--------------- |---------- 4,953 TABLE V. Summary of Most Important Totals From Returns on 983 Labor Camps Inspected Between April 10, 1914, and June 30, 1915, Including 876 Camps Covered in Statistics in First Annual Report of the Commission. Number per- Number per- of persons centage of camps centage Residents— Men 36,164 88.4 983 100.0 Women 2,913 7.1 983 100.0 Children 1,829 4.5 983 100.0 Totals --- 40,906 100.0 983 100.0 Character of Working force— Skilled 8,319 24.5 983 100.0 Unskilled --- 25,654 75.5 983 100.0 Totals * * 33,973 100.0 983 100.0 General sanitary condition— - Good 25,156 36.8 335 34.0 Fair 23,627 34.7 342 34.8 Bad 19,423 28.5 306 31.2 - Totals - 68,206 100.0 983 100.0 Nationalities*— Native born 18,259 49.2 983 100.0 Foreign born - - 18,819 50.8 9S3 100.0 Totals 37,078 100.0 983 . I00.0 *No data on nativity of 4,721 laborers, š GROUP II. TABLE 1. Residents and Working Force in 663 Labor Camps, With Distribution According to Sex, Skill and Marital Condition. (Tables cover only camps inspected between July 1, 1915 and January 1, 1916.) Per- Con- Per- Per- Per- || HighWay | Per- Per- Per- Beet cigel stºon cenºgel Fruit cºntage Grape | cºne gºing cigel Hop cigel Lumber | eige Residents 1,758 4.4 2,130 5.3 1,151 2.8 (39 .17 5,058 12.5 6.857 17.0 10,221 25.2 Men ams sº ens. “ 1,567 89.2 2,059 - 96.7 621 53.9 64 92.8 4,944 98.8 5,069 73.9 8,074 79.0 Women 105 5.9 43 2.0 373 32.4 5 7.2 74 1.4 1,313 19.2 | . 847 8.3 Children under 16 years--------------- 86 4.9 28 1.3 157 137 ----------|-------- 40 .8 475 6.9 1,300 12.7 Totals 1,758 100.0 - 2,130 100.0 1,151 100.0 69 || 100.0 5,058 100.0 6,857 |. 100.0 10,221 100.0 Number employed 1,678 4.6 2,146 5.9 1,663 4.5 64 .17 5,565 15.2 6,356 17.5 8,356 23.0 Men — 1,617 96.7 2,138 99.6 988 59.4 62 96.7 5,544 99.6 5,087 80.0 8,251 98.7 Women 56 3.3 8 .4 675 40.6 2. .3 21 .4 1,094 17.2 105 1.3 Ohildren under 16 years - |- 175 2.8 ----------------- Totals * * * 1,673 100.0 2,146 100.0 1,663 100.0 64 100.0 5,565 100.0 6,356 100.0 8,356 100.0 Number of laborers skilled------------- 131 8.4 750 37.6 225 13.5 ----------|-------- S55 16.5 10 .2 | 2,984 43.4 Number of laborers unskilled----------- 1,447 91.6 1,244 62.4 1,437 86.5 64 100.0 4,323 83.5 6,346 99.8 3,896 56.6 Totals 1,578 100.0 1,994 100.0 1,662 100.0 04 100.0 5,178 100.0 6,356 100.0 - 6,880 100.0 Number of laborers married----------- 1.3 2.1 317 4.6 486 7.0 6 .08 552 8.1 1,552 22.3 1,594 22.9 Skilled 43 30.0 , 243 76.6 80 16.5 204 37.0 2 .l 1,019 63.9 |Unskilled 100 70.0 74 23.4 406 83.5 6 100.0 348 63.0 1,550 99.9 575 36.1 Totals 143 || 100.0 317 100.0 486 || 100.0 6 | 100.0 | 552 100.0 1,552 | 100.0 1,594 | 100.0 § TABLE 1. Residents and Working Force in 663 Labor Camps, With Distribution According to Sex, Skill and Marital Condition - —Concluded. (Tables cover only camps inspected between July 1, 1915 and January 1, 1916.) Mines Per- Per- Per- Per- Miscel- Per- Per- alºes citize Oil centage | Railroad centage | Ranch cºntage laneous centage Totals |centage Residents - 5,942 14.6 4,317 10.7 1,120 2.8 775 1.9 1,043 2.6 40,441 100.0 Men - 4,588 77.2 2,619 60.6 955 85.3 674 86.9 547 52.4 31,781 78.5 Women - 610 10.3 908 21.0 63 5.6 61 7.9 194 18.6 4,596 11.4 Children under 16 years 744 12.5 790 18.4 102 9.1 40 5.2 302 29.0 4,064 10.1 Totals 5,942 100.0 4,317 l 100.0 1,120 100.0 775 100.0 1,043 100.0 40,441 100.0 Number employed 4,806 13.2 3,150 8.6 987 2.7 930. 2.6 743 2.0 36,439 100.0 Men - 4,781 99.5 3,092 98.2 984 99.7 920 98.9 689 92.6 34,153 93.7 Women 25 .5 58 1.8 3 .3 10 1.07 54 7.4 2,111 5.8 . Children under 16 years t • - e 175 .5 TOtals 4,806 | 100.0 3,150 100.0 987 100.0 930 100.0 743 100.0 36,439 100.0 Number of laborers skilled 1,522 36.6 2,411 77.0 121 12.3 100 10.7 296 40.0 9,405 27.9 Number of laborers unskilled 2,646 . 63.4 719 23.0 861 87.7 830 89.3 445 60.0 24,258 72.1 Totals 4,168 100.0 3,130 || 100.0 982 100.0 930 - 100.0 741 100.0 33,663 100.0 Number of laborers married - 676 9.7 1,277 18.4 83 1.2 88 | 1.3 174 2.5 6,948 || 100.0 Skilled + - 423 62.6 1,177 92.2 13 15.7 44 50.0 128 73.5 3,376 48.6 |Unskilled 253 37.4 100 7.8 • ‘70 84.3 44 50.0 46 26.5 3,572 51.4 Totals 676 100.0 1,277 | 100.0 83 || 100.0 88 || 100.0 174 || 100.0 6,948 100.0 Women in 380 camps. No women in 283 camps. Children in 250 camps. No children in 413 camps. Women employed in 196 camps. No Women employed in 467 camps. Data on skilled and unskilled laborers was not obtained in 36 camps. Married laborers in 438 camps. No married laborers in 82 camps. No returns from 143 camps. Š TABLE II. General Sanitary Condition of 663 Labor Camps on Date of Inspection, With Number of Camps, Number of Laborers Therein and Percentages in Each Group.* Number of Laborers Based on Capacity of Housing Facilities. (Tables cover only camps inspected between July 1, 1915 and January 1, 1916.) Good Fair Bad Totals Nuper Per- Number Per- Nuper Per- Nuper Per- Nuper Per- Number re. Number Per- Number | Per- O O O O O O f CàIll]]S || Centage laborers Centage CàIn OS Centage laborers Centage CàImpS Centage laborers Centage CanxpS Centage I at:€IS Cent8 ge Beet ----------------- 17 25.0 953 33.2 26 38.2 947 33.1 25 36.8 966 33.7 68 100.0 2,866 100.0 . Construction -------- 21 48.8 1,644 61.7 10 23.3 259 9.7 I2 27.9 763 28.6 43 100.0 2,666 100.0 Truit ----------------- 14 51.8 1,785 66.9 7 26.0 474 17.8 6 22.2 408 15.3 27 100.0 2,667 100.0 Grape ---------------- 1 16.7 25 7,6 4 66.6 150 46.1 1 16.7 150 46.1 6 100.0 325 100.0 Highway and grading 21 13.1 962 14.6 51 31.8 2,094 31.9 88 55.1 3,518 53.5 160 100.0 6,574 100.0 Iſop ----------------- 27 55.1 5,067 68.0 13 26.5 1,545 20.7 9 18.4 840 11.3 49 100.0 7,452 100.0 Lumber -------------- 35 38.0 3,623 38.2 39 42.4 3,960 36.2 18 19.6 3,340 30.6 92 100.0 10,923 100.0 Mines and quarries-- 34 49.3 3,869 53.6 25 36.2 2,648 36.7 10 14.5 698 9.7 69 100.0 7,215 100.0 Oil ------------------- 66 91.7 6,855 96.5 6 8.3 245 3.5 72 100.0 7,100 100.0 Railroad ------------- 3 8.3 69 5.5 12 33.3 335 26.5 21 58.4 S62 68.0 36 100.0 1,266 100.0 Ranch --------------- 12 38.7 1,046 69.0 10 32.2 280 18.5 9 29.1 IS9 12.5 31 100.0 1,515 100.0 Miscellaneous -------- 3 30.0 1,100 53.3 6 60.0 954 46.2 I 10.0 10 .5 10 100.0 2,064 100.0 Totals ----------- 254 38.3 26,998 51.3 209 31.5 13,891 26.4 200 30.2 11,744. 22.3 663 100.0 52,633 100.0 NOTE.--This year higher standards of ratings were used than in 1914. See page 28. § TABLE III. The Sanitary condition of 663 Labor Camps. A De tailed Report on the Most Important Features of Sanitation, With Percentages. (Tables cover only camps inspected between July 1, 1915 and January 1, 1916.) Per- Highway - Con- Per- Per- Per- Per- Per- - JPer- . Beet citizel stºo, - cºntage Fruit citize Grape centage gºing eige Hop edº ſlumber cºntage. N - General layout— Good 51 75.0 35 81.4 25 92.6 4 66.6 114 71.2 39 79.6 80 87.0 Fair 2 2.9 4 9.3 1. 16.7 34 21.2 9 18.4 9 9.7 Bad 8 11.8 2 | 7.4 1 16.7 6 3.8 l 2.0 !----------------- No data 7 10.3 4 9.3 6 3.8 3 3.3 Totals 68 100.0 43 100.0 | 27 100.0 6 100.0 160 100.0 49 100.0 92 100.0 Drainage— - Stagnant pools near camp------------ 11 16.2 - 2 7.4 * = * 12 7.5 2 4.1 |----------------- No Stagnant pools near camp-------- 50 73.5 38 88.4 25 92.6 6 100.0 142 88.7 47 95.9 88 95.6 No data 7 10.3 5 11.6 g- 6 3.8 4 4.4 Totals 68 100.0 43 100.0 27 100.0 6 100.0 160 100.0 49 100.0 92 100.0 Drinking water— - - Pure drinking water supplied--------- 64 94.2 42 97.7 27 100.0 6 || 100.0 151 94.4 48 98.0 83 90.2 Drinking water exposed to contami- nation 4 5.9 1 2.3 7 4.4 1. 2.0 5 5.4 No data 2 1.2 4 4.4 Totals 68 100.0 43 100.0 27 100.0 6 100.0 160 100.0 49 100.0 92 100.0" Bathing facilities— * * No bathing facilities----------- * = = * * * * 21 30.9 20 46.5 6 22.2 3 50.0 96 60.0 12 24.5 21 22.8 Natural bathing facilities on stream, lake, or ocean 8 4.4 8 18.6 2 7.4 - 34 21.2 16 32.6 7 7.6 Tubs, showers, or both--------------- 44 64.7 15 34.9 19 70.4 3 50.0 30 18.8 21 42.9 61 66.3 No data. * * * 3 3.3 Totals 68 || 100.0 43 100.0 27 100.0 6 || 100.0 160 100.0 49 100.0 100.0 § TABLE III. The Sanitary condition of 663 Labor Ca (Tables cover only camps inspected between July 1, 1915 and January 1, 1916.) mps. A Detailed Report on the Most Important Features of Sanitation, With Percentages—Continued. - Mines Per- T^er- & Per- Per- Miscel- Fer- Per- ºld. |citage | on cºntage|*|centage | Ranch eigel is centire | Totals ceilige General layout— i Good 63 91.4 72 100.0 23 63.9 27 87.1 9 90.0 542 81,7 IFair 5 7.2 4 11.1 2 6.5 70 10.6 Bad * 9 || 25.0 1 3.2 1 || 10.0 29 4.4 No data 1. 1.4 * 1 3.2 22 | 3.3 Totals 69 100.0 72 100.0 36 100.0 31 100.0 10 100.0 663 100.0 Drainage— - Stagnant pools near camp. 2 2.9 ------------------ 10 27.8 l 3.2 1 10.0 41 .6.2. No stagnant pools near camp 67 97.1 72 100.0 25 69.4 29 93.6 8 80.0 597 90.0 No data - 1 2.8 1. 3.2 1. 10.0 25 3.8 Totals 69 100.0 72 100.0 36 100.0 31 100.0 10 100.0 663 100.0 Drinking water— - - IPure drinking Water Supplied - 67 97.1 71 98.6 34 94.4 30 96.8 9 90.0 632 95.4 Drinking Water eXposed to contamination-------------- 1 1.45 1 1.4 2 5.6 l 3.2 1 10.0 24 3.6 No data, - 1 1.45 7 1.0 Totals 69 100.0 72 100.0 36 100.0 $1 100.0 10 100.0 663 100.0 Bathing facilities— No bathing facilities - 17 75.4 1 1.4 31 86.1 11 35.5 1 10.0 240 36.2 Natural bathing facilities on stream, lake, or ocean l 2.8 3 9.7 2 20.0 76 11.5 Tubs, showers, or both 52 24.6 71 98.6 4 11.1 17 54.8 7 70.0 344 51.8 No data 3 .5 Total 69 100.0 72 t 100.0 36 100.0 31 100.0 10 100.0 663 100.0 § TABLE III. The Sanitary Condition of 663 Labor Camps. A Detailed Report on the Most limportant Features of Sanitation, With Percentages—Continued. (Tables cover only camps inspected between July 1, 1915 and January 1, 1916.) Per- Con- Per- - Per- Per- Highway | Per- Per- Per- Beet Centage stion cºnge I'ruit centage | Grape centage gºing Centage EIop citize Lumber cºntage Use of bathing facilities— Laborers use baths 47 100.0 22 95.5 21 100.0 3 100.0 64 100.0 37 100.0 63 92.6 Laborers do not use baths l 4.b No data 8) 7.4 Totals 47 100.0 23 100.0 21 100.0 3 100.0 64 100.0 37 100.0 68 100.0 Frequency of using baths— Baths used daily 19 40.5 12 54.5 11 52.4 2 66.7 23 35.9 27 73.0 | 23 36.5 Baths used semi-Weekly--------------- 16 34.1 1. 4.5 8 882 ----------|-------- 8 12.5 2 5.4 4 6.4 Baths used Weekly--------------------- 10 21.3 7. 31.9 1 4.7 1 33.3 26 40.7 8 21.6 30 47.6. No data 2 4.1 2 9.1 1 4.7 7 10.9 6 9.5 TOtals 47 100.0 22 100.0 21 | 100.0 8 100.0 64 100.0 37 100.0 63 100.0 Water supply for face, hands and clothes— Adequate supply 67 98.5 42 97.7 27 100.0 6 100.0 158 98.7 49 100.0 89 96.7 Inadequate Supply -------------------- 1 1.5 2 1.3 No data • 1 2.3 3 3.3 Totals \ 68 100.0 43 100.0 27 100.0 6 100.0 . 160 100.0 49 100.0 92 100.0 Supply of Washing materials— Basins, Stoves, or both, furnished.---- 13 19.1 16 32.2 7 25.9 2 33.3 86 53.8 71 77.4 With soap - - 15 22.1 13 30.2 5 18.5 3 50.0 26 16.3 3 6.1 14 15.2 With soap and towels--------------- 9 13.2 6 14.0 3 11.1 1’ 16.7 6 3.7 1 1.8 Nothing furnished -------------------- 31 45.6 7 16.3 12 44.5 41 25.6 46 93.9 3 3.3 No data 1 2.3 1 .6 - 3 3.3 \ Totals 68 100.0 43 100.0 27 100.0 6 100.0 160 100.0 49 100.0 92 100.0 § TABLE | | |. The Sanitary Condition of 663 Labor Carm ps. A Detailed Report on the Most Inmportant Features of Sahitation, With Percentages—Continued. - (Tables cover only camps inspected between July 1, 1915 and January 1, 1916.) Mines Per- - Tº el:- Per- | . Per- || Miscel- Per- Fer- alºes citize Oil centage | Railroad centage | Ranch centage i. centage | Totals | centage Use of bathing facilities— Laborers use baths 51 98.1 71 100.0 5 100.0 20 100.0 6 66.7 410 97.6 Laborers do not use baths 1 1.9 2 .5 No data 3 33.3 8 1.9 Totals 52 100.0 .71 100.0 5 100.0 20 100.0 9 100.0 420 100.0 Frequency of using baths— Baths used daily 40 78.5 39 54.9 2 40.0 9 45.0 1. 16.7 208 50.8 Baths used semi-Weekly 1 1.9 11 15.5 ----------|-------- 3 15.0 2 33.3 56 13.6 Baths used Weekly 8 15.7 20 28.2 3 60.0 6 30.0 3 50.0 123 30.0 No data 2 3.9 1 1.4 2 10.0 23 5.6 Totals 51 100.0 71 100.0 5 100.0 20 100.0 6 100.0 410 100.0 Water Supply for face, hands and clothes— - - - Adequate Supply 68 98.6 72 100.0 35 97.2 31 100.0 9 90.0 653 98.6 Inadequate supply 1. 1.4 - - - - 1 10.0 5 .7 No data l 2.8 5 : .7 Totals 69 100.0 72 100.0 36 100.0 31 100.0 I0 - 100.0 663 100.0 Supply of Washing materials— - Basins, stoves, or both, furnished 16 23.2 15 20.8 13 36.1 11 35.5 5 50.0 255 38.5 With soap 23 33.3 35 48.7 3 8.3 7 22.6 1 10.0 148 22.3 With soap and towels 17 24.7 15 20.8 8 25.S 2 20.0 68 10.2 Nothing furnished 12 17.4 6 8.3 19 52.8 5 16.1 l 10.0 183 27.6 No data 1 1.4 1 1.4 1 2.8 |----------|-------- l 10.0 9 1.4 Totals, 69 100.0 72 100.0 36 100.0 31 | 100.0 10 100.0 663 100.0 § TABLE III. The Sanitary Condition of 663 Labor Camps. A Detailed Report on the Most Important Features of Sanitation, With - - Percentages—Continued. (Tables cover only camps inspected between July 1, 1915 and January 1, 1916.) - Per- Con- Tºo 1'- Per- Per- | Highway | Per- P Per- Iłęet centage struction centage Fruit centage Grape citize g tºn g eize Hop citize Lumber centage - - i Toilet facilities— - - : No toilets 3 4.4 6 14.0 1 3.7 l------------------ 27 | 16.9 1 2.1 - Tilthy toilets - 17 25.0 6 14.0 5 18.5 2 33.3 68 42.5 8 16.3 19 20.6 Fair, but slightly exposed------------- 32 || 47.0 10 23.3 4 14.8 3 50.0 42 26.2 7 14.3 22 23.9 Sanitary, fly-proof toilets------------ 16 23.6 21 48.7 17 63.0 1. 16.7 23 14.4 33 67.3 48 52.2 No data ------------------------------|----------|-------------------------- - |-- ,- 3 3.3 Totals '68 || 100.0 43 100.0 27 100.0 6 100.0 160 100.0 49 100.0 92 100.0 Separate toilets for the sexes— - - No toilets for Women and children.---- 1 2.7 1 7.7 1 5.9 ------------------ 4 9.3 1. 2.4 Men, women and children use same - toilets --. 19 51.3 2 15.4 4 23.5 1 33.3 12 27.9 7 17.1 2 2.6 Separate toilets for women and chil- - dren 17 46.0 9 69.2 10 58.8 2 66.7 27 | . 62.8 33 80.5 69 90.8 No data 1 7.7 2 11.8 5 6.6 Totals (equals number of women - - in camp) 37 100.0 13 100.0 17 100.0 3 100.0 43 100.0 41 100.0 76 100.0 Flush toilets— || Number of camps having flush toilets|----------|---- - - - - 3 -------- - 12 -------- 3 -------- 3 6 ------- Number of flush toilets - 20 -------- 58 -------- 8 -------- 6 sº am - 15 i------- Screening on kitchen and dining-room Openings— * Screening 35 51.5 31 72.1 15 55.6 5 83.3 105 65.6 2 4.2 51 55.3 No screening or ineffectual screening- 83 48.5 8 18.6 9 33.3 1 16.7 55 34.6 |. 37 40.2 Laborers cook in private tents - - 47 95.8 • No data, - 4 9.3 3 11.1 - 4 4.5 Totals 68 100.0 l 48 100.0 27 | 100.0 6 100.0 | 160 | 100.0 49 || 100.0 92 100.0 § TABLE lll . . The Sanitary Condition of 663 Labor Camps. A Detailed Report on the Most Important Features of Sanitation, With - - - - Percentages—Continued. (Tables cover only camps inspected between July 1, 1915 and January 1, 1916.) | Mines Per- Per- T2er- Per- Miscel- Per- Per- alſº es | centage Oil centage Railroad centage | Ranch centage janeous centage | Totals |centage - - s * - - - Toilet facilities— - - - * : No toilets ...----- - - = * = - 13 86.I. l 3.2 52 7.8' IFilthy toilets . - * 12 17.5 2 2.8 I () 27.8 7 22.6 3' || 30.0 159 24.0° Fair, but slightly exposed 32 46.3 10 13.9 5 13.9 13 11.9 1 10.0 181 27.3 Sanitary, fly-proof toilets * 24 34.8 60 83.3 | S 22.2 10 32.3 6 60.0 267 40.3 No data - - | 1 | 1.4 - - - - - - 4 .6 Totals -- * ~ * -- - 69 100.0 | 72 | 100.0 36 100.0 31 || 100.0 10 || 100.0 663 100.0 Separate toilets for the sexes— - - - No toilets for women and children 3 20.0 11 2.9 Men, women and children use same toilets-------------- 6 13.7 - 3 20.0 4 23.5 2 22.3 62 16.3° Separate toilets for Women and children.--------------- - 36 81.8 65 100.0 8 53.3 13 76.5 6 66.6 295 77.6 No data - - 2 4.5 1. 6.7 1 11.1 - . 12 3.2 Totals (équals number of women in camp).-------- 44 100.0 65 100,0 15 100.0 17 100.0 9 100.0 380 100.0 Flush toilets— - - - Number of camps having flush toilets 5 -------- 87 -------- 2 -------- 6 -------- * -------- - 80 ------- Number of flush toilets 118 -------- 464 -------- 4 24 -------- 134 841 ------- Screening on kitchen and dining-room openings— \ * Screening 56 81.2 | 65 90.3 10 27.8 27 S7.1 8 80.0 410 61.8 No screening or ineffectual screening-- 13 18.8 |: 26 72.2 4 12.9 l 10.0 IS7 28.2 Laborers cook in private tents ------------------------------------------------------ t 47 7.1 No data - 7 9.7 * I 10.0 19 2.9 Totals -------------- 69 100.0 . 72 100.0 36 100.0 31 100.0. 10 : 100.0 663 100.0 § TABLE lll. The Sanitary Condition of 663 Labor Camps. A Detailed Report on the Most Important Features of Sanitation, With • * Percentages—Continued. - (Tables cover only camps inspected between July 1, 1915 and January 1, 1916.) Per- Con- T'er. Per- Per- || Highway | Per- * Per- Beet centage struction centage | Fruit centage || Grape citize gºing citize BIop cº Lumber citize Garbage containers— No containers sº 21 || 30.9 7 16.3 8 29.6 28 17.6 21 42.8 1 .1.1. Uncovered containers ---------------- 33 48.5 11 25.6 8 29.6 I 16.7 67 4.1.8 6 12.3 26 28.3 Covered containers ------------------- 14 20.6 21 48.8 10 37.1 4 66.6 65 40.6 22 44.9 61 66.3 No data 4 9.3 1 3.7 l 16.7 4 4.3 Totals 68 100.0 43 100.0 27 100.0 6 100.0 160 100.0 49 100.0 92 100.0 Disposal of garbage— Sanitary—i.e., burned, buried or fed to hogs 48 70,6 30 69.8 20 74.1 5 83.3 116 72.5 34 69.4 83 90.3 Insanitary—i.e., fed to chickens, - dumped near kitchen, etc.----------- 17 25.0 9 || 20.9 7 25.9 42 26.3 15 30.6 5 5.4 No data * 8 4.4 4 9.3 r- 1 16.7 2 1.2 ---- 4 4.3 Totals - 68 100.0 43 || 100.0 27 100.0 6 100.0 160 100.0 49 100.0 92 100.0 Hogs as garbage consumers— With hogs 44 64.7 7 16.3 9 33.3 4 66.6 33 20.6 26 53.1 82 89.2 No hogs 24 35.3 32 74.4 18 66.7 1 16.7 127 79.4 23 46.9 6 6.5 No data 4 9.3 1. 16.7 4 4.3 Totals 68 100.0 43 100.0 27 100.0 6 100.0 160 100.0 49 100.0 92 100.0 Hogs, how kept— • - - With hogs kept in pens--------------- 43 97.7 6 85.7 9 100.0 4 100.0 28 84.9 26 100.0 77 93.9 IIogs roam freely about camp grounds I 2.3 1. 14.3 5 15.1 5 6.1 No data * = Totals 44 100.0 7 : 100.0 9 || 100.0 4 || 100.0 88 100.0 26 100.0 82 l 100.0 § TABLE | II. (Tables cover only camps inspected between July 1, 1915 and January 1, 1916.) The Sanitary Condition of 663 Labor Camps. A Detailed Report on the Most Important Features of Sanitation, With Percentages—Continued. Mines Per- Per- Per- Per- Miscel- Per- Per- after cºntage Oil cºnge | Railroad centage | Ranch centre ianeous centage | Totals citize | Garbage containers— No containers 7 10.1 10 27.8 4 12.9 1 || 10.0 108 16.4 Uncovered COntainers 24 34.8 6 8.8 16 44.4 II. 35.5 2 20.0 211 31.8 Covered containers 36 52.2 58 80.6 10 27.8 16 51.6 7 70.0 324 48.8 No data 2 2.9 8 11.1 20. 3.0 Totals 69 100.0 • 72 , 100.0 36 || 100.0 31 100.0 10 100.0 663 100.0 Disposal of garbage— * Sanitary—i.e., burned, buried or fed to hogs---------- 50 '72.4 60 83.3 17 47.3 25 80.0 8 80.0 496 74.8 Insanitary—i.e., fed to chickens, dumped near kitchen, etc. 15 21.8 4 5.6 16 44.4 5 16.1 1 10.0 I36 20.5 No data 4. 5.8 8 11.1 3 8.3 l 3.1 I I0.0 31 4.7 Totals 69 100.0 72 100.0 36 100.0 31 100.0 10 100.0 663 100.0 Hogs as garbage consumers— With hogs 35 50.7 15 2ſ).S 4 11.1 22 71.0 2 20.0 283 42.6 No hogs * sº 32 46.4 55 76.4 32 S8.9 S 25.9 8 80.0 366 55.3 No data 2 2.9 2 2.8 ||----------|-------- 1. 3.1 14 2.1 Totals 69 100.0 72 100.0 36 100.0 31 100.0 10 100.0 663 100.0 Hogs, how kept— - With hogs kept in pens 30 85.7 15 100.0 2 50.0 21 95.5 2 100.0 263 92.9 Hogs roam freely about camp grounds 5 14.3 2 50.0 l 4.5 20 7.1 No data TOtals – 35 15 100.0 4. 100.0 22 100.0 2 100.0 283 100.0 TABLE III. The Sanitary Condition of 663 Labor Camps. A Detailed Report on the Most Important Features of Sanitation, With - s Percentages—Continued. (Tables cover only camps inspected between July 1, 1915 and January 1, 1916.) Per- Con- IPer- g Per- | Per- || Highway | Per- P. - | Per- Beet celltage stion | centage | Fruit centage Grape citize gºiás cºntige IHop cºnce Lumber citize Distance of hog pens from kitchen and . dining-room— • - |Under 15 yards 4 9.3 ------------------ * 2 7.1 1 3.9 4 5.2 16 to 25 yards 1. 2.3 1. 25.0 1 3.6 I 3.9 26 to 50 yards 7 16.3 - - - 4 14.3 4 5.2 51 to 100 yards 15 34.9 2 33.3 4 44.0 1 25.0 10 35.7 3 11.5 24 31.2 101 to 250 yards 9. 20.9 1 16.7 4 44.0 2 50.0 3 10.7 3 11.5 21 . 27.2 251 to 500 yards 3 7.0 2 33.3 * * * = 5 17.9 10 38.4 14 . . 18.2 Over 500 yards--- 4 9.3 1 16.7 1 12.0 3 10.7 8 30.8 10 : 13.0 Totals 43 100.0 6 100.0 9 || 100.0 . 4 100.0 28 100.0 26 100.0 77 || 100.0 Disposal of kitchen sewage— Covered cesspool, septic tank or city - - -- - - , SeWer -- 42 61.8. 25 58.1 20 74.1 4. 66.6 48 || 30.0 8 16.4 34 36.9 Open ceSSpool 4 5.9 1 2.3 1 37 ----------|-------- 17 10.6 .1 2.0 2 2.2 Sewage poured on Surface of the - ground near kitchen 19 27.9 10 23.3 4 14.8, 1. 16.7 76 47.5 38 77.6 6 6.5 Sewage run into a Creek--------------- 3 4.4 3 7.0 2 7.4 17 10.6 I 2.0 44 47.9 No data 4 9.3 1. 16.7 2. 1.3 1. 2.0 6. 6.5 Totals 68 100.0 43 || 100.0 27 | 100.0 6 100.0 160 || 100.0 49 || 100.0 92 || 100.0 Stables— \ - - • - With stables --- 49 72.0 16 37.2 13 48.2 5 83.3 134 83.7 24 49.0 46 50.0 No stables 19 38.0 27 62.8 14 51.8 1. 16.7 26 16. 25 51.0 42 45.6 . No data - 'i--------|----------|--------|---------- 4 4.4 JTotals -- 68 100.0 43 100.0 27 100.0 6 t 100.0 160 100.0 49 100.0 92 100.0 § TABLE III. The Sanitary Condition of 663 Labor Camps. A Detailed Report on the Most Important Features of Sanitation, With - - - Percentages—Continued. - *** me I gº (Tables cover only camps inspected between July 1, 1915 and January 1, 1916.) Mines Per- Per- Per- Per- Miscel- Per- Per- gºes Centage Oil centage | Railroad centage | Ranch citize laneous | centage | Totals | centage ſ Distance of hog pens from kitchen and dining-room— Under 15 yards - l 3.3 - I 50.0 13 4.9 16 to 25 yards 2 6.7 - l 4.8 7 2.7 26 to 50 yards 3 10.0 l 6.7 |_ l 4.8 20 7.6 51 to 100 yards 5 16.7 3 20.0 |_ 8 38.1 . 1 50.0 76 28.9 101 to 250 yards 6 20.0 1 | 6.7 1 50.0 4 || 19.0 - 55 21.0 251 to 500 yards 7 23.3 * 8 53.3 5 23.8 54 20.5 Over 500 yards 6 20.0 2 13.3 l 50.0 2 9.5 38 14.4 Totals - 30 100.0 15 100.0. 2 100.0 21 100.0 2 | 100.0 263 100.0 Disposal of kitchen sewage— - - Covered ceSSpool, septic tank or city sewer.------------- 30 43.5 62 S6.1 5 13.9 20 64.5 8 80.0 306 46.2 Open cesspool 1 - 1.5 l 2.8 l 10.0 29 4.4 Sewage poured on surface of the ground near kitchen- 17 24.6 2 2.8 25 69.4 6 19.4 l 10.0 205 . 30.8 SeWage run into a creek—— - 15 21.8 l 1.4 4 11.1 4 12.9 94 14.2 No data - 6 8.6 7 9.7 1 2.8 l 3.2 29 -4.4 Totals 69 || 100.0 72 100.0 36 100.0 31 100.0 I0 100.0 663 100.0 Stables— - - - With stables 49 71.0 45 62.5 10 27.8 31 I00.0 8 80.0 430 64.8 No stables 20 29.0 27 37.5 26 72.2 2 20.0 229 34.6 No data 4 .6 Totals 69 100.0 72 100.0 36 100.0 31 100.0 10 100.0 663 | 100.0 É TABLE III. The Sanitary Condition of 663 Labor Camps. A Detailed Report on the Most important Features of Sanitation, With Percentages—Continued. (Tables cover only camps inspected between July 1, 1915 and January 1, 1916.) Per- Con- Per- - Per- t Per- | Highway | Per- Fer- Per- centage struction centage | | Fruit contage Grape | centage gºing centage IIop centage | Lumber centage Distance of stable from kitchen and dining quarters— - Less than 100 yards 33 67.3 3 18.7 7 53.8 1 20.0 73 54.5 4 16.7 8 17.4 100 yards or more 15 30.6 12 75.0 6 46.2 4 80.0 61 45.5 20 83.3 38 82.6 No data, I 2.1 1 6.3 Totals 49 100.0 16 100.0 13 100.0 5 100.0 134 100.0 24 100.0 46 100.0 Disposal of manure— Sanitary—i.e., burned, spread on land, put in fly-tight manure box, - e etc. 12 24.5 9 56.2 3 23.1 3 60.0 54 40.4 16 66.6 21 45.6 Insanitary—piled near kitchen, etc.--- 37 75.5 7 43.8 10 76.9 2 40.0 79 58.9 8 33.7 25 54.4 No data * 1 .7 - Totals 49 100.0 16 100.0 13 100.0 5 100.0 134 100.0 24 100.0 46 100.0 Condition of Sleeping quarters— Sanitary quarters—i.e., clean floors, no Vermin, no deleterious matter-- 44 ($4.7 39 90.7 20 74.1 5 83.3 114 71.2 10 20.4 56 60.8 Insanitary quarters—i.e., Wet floors, - - etc. - 24 35.3 4 9.3 4 14.8 45 28.2 -- 32 34.8 No inspection made, tents owned by laborers 39 79.6 ----------------- NO data 3 11.1. 1 16.7 1 .6 - 4 4.4 Totals 68 100.0 43 100.0 27 100.0 6 100.0 160 100.0 49 100.0 92 100.0 Rind of floors in Sleeping quarters— * Wooden floors ------------------------ 48 70.6 17 39.5 25 92.6 5 83.3 19 12.0 1 2.0 88 95.6 Earthen floors ---- 10 14.7 21 48.8 2 7.4 - 133 83.0 47 96.0 ----------------- No data 10 14.7 5 11.7 1 16.7 8 5.0 1 2.0 4 4.4 Totals 68 100.0 43 100.0 27 100.0 6 100.0 160 100.0 49 100.0 92 100.0 š TABLE || |. (Tables cover only camps inspected between July 1, 1915 and January 1, 1916.) The Sanitary Condition of 663 Labor Camps. A Detailed Report on the Mcst Important Features of Sanitation, With Percentages—Continued. Mines Per- Per- Per- Per- Miscel- Ber- T'er- gºes cºice oil | cºage Railroad centage | Ranch cºise i.; cºre | Totals cºnce l l Distance of stable from kitchen and dining quarters— Less than 100 yards.-- 10 20.4 6.6 9 90.0 15 48.3 2 25.0 168 39.1 100 yards Or more 39 79.6 93.4 l 10.0 16 51.7 6 75.0 260 60.4 No data - 2 .5 Totals 49 100.0 100.0 10 100.0 31|| 100.0 8 100.0 430 100.0 Disposal of manure— Sanitary—i.e., burned, spread on land, put in fly-tight -*. Imanure box, etc —f 19 38.8 77.8 |----------|-------- 18 58.0 4 50.0 194 45.1 Insanitary—i.e., piled near kitchen, etc 30 61.2 20.0 10 || 100.0 13 42.0 3 37.5 233 54.2 No data 2.2 1. 12.5 3 .7 Totals 49 || 100.0 45 || 100.0 10 || 100.0 31 || 100.0 8 || 100.0 430 | 100.0 Condition of sleeping quarters— Sanitary quarters—i.e., clean floors, no vermin, no - - deleterious matter ------ 57 82.6 71 98.6 20 55.6 20 64.6 8. 80.0 464 70.0 Insanitary quarters—i.e., Wet floors, etc.---------------- 10 14.5 l 1.4 15 41.7 10 32.2 2 20.0 147 22.2 No inspection made, tents owned by laborers 39 5.9 No data -- 2 2.9 I 2.7 1 3.2 13 1.9 Totals 69 100.0 72 100.0 36 100.0 31 100.0 10 100.0 663 I00.0 Rind of floors in sleeping quarters— Wooden floors 42 60.9 72 100.0 25 69.4 29 93.6 9 90.0 380 57.3 Earthen floors 1 1.4 10 27.8 1 10.0: 225 34.0 No data 26 87.7 ------------------ I 2.8 2 6.4 58 8.7 Totals 69 100.0 72 | 100.0 36 100.0 31 100.0 10 100.0 663 || 100.0 § TABLE III. The Sanitary Condition of 663 Labor Camps. A Detailed Report on the Most Important Features of Sanitation, With Percentages—Continued. - (Tables cover only camps inspected between July 1, 1915 and January 1, 1916.) Per- Con- Per- Per- Per- || HighWay | Per- Per- Per- I3eet Cen'6Age || struction cºnge Fruit centage Grape centage gºing centage Hop citize Lumber citize Bunks, sanitary— * Wood 30 || 44.1 15 34.9 3 11.1 57. 35.6 1. 2.0 11 12.0 Steel - 6 8.85 21 48.8 12 44.5 5 83.3 45 28.2 2 4.1 51 55.4 Both Wood and Steel 2 2.95 3 7.0 8 11.1 |-- 12 9.5 1 2.0 22 23.9 Bunks, insanitary— - *Wood 30 44.1 4 9.3 5 18.5 31 19.4 2 2.2 Steel 1 .6 1 1.l JBoth Wood and Steel 5 3.1 1. 1.l No bunks Supplied 4. 14.8 8 5.0 6 12.2 ----------|------- Bunks OWImed by individuals 39 79.7 No data 1 I6.7 1 .6 - 4 4.3 Totals 68 100.0 43 100.0 || 27 100.0 6. 100.0 160 100.0 49 100.0 92 || 100.0 Not sufficient bunks. Supplied----------- 2 * * * * * * * * * * * * - I - - - - - - - * 17 mº Cubic air space per capita in sleeping quarterS– - Less than 350 cubic feet per person.-- 6 8.8 8 18.6 2 7.4 ----------|-------- 70 43.8 1. 2.0 2 2.2 350 to 500 cubic feet per person----- *-** 15 22.0 18 41.9 5 18.5 52 32.5 2 4.1 4 4.3 Over 500 cubic feet per person-------- 35 51.5 12 27.9 17 63.0 4 66.6 27 | 16.9 4 8.2 76 82.6 No data - - 12 17.7 5 11.6 3 11.1 2 33.4 11 6.8 42 85.7 10 10.9 Totals 68 100.0 43 100.0 27 100.0 6 100.0 160 100.0 49 100.0 92 100.0 NOTE.--Due to misunderstanding in some inspections all wooden bunks i Were classed insanitary. § TABLE lll. The Sanitary Condition of 663 Labor Camps. A Detailed Report on the Most Important Features of Sanitation, With - - - Percentages—Continued. - (Tables cover only camps inspected between July 1, 1915 and . January 1, 1916.) Mines Per- º Per- Per- Per- Miscel- Per- . IPer- after Centage Oil centage | Railroad centage | Ranch centage i. citize Totals citize | Bunks, sanitary— - WOOd 9 13.0 2 2.8. 10 27.8 6 19.4 5 5.0 149 22.5 Steel 42 60.8 69 95.8 6 16.7 12 38.7 271. 40.8 Both Wood and Steel 4 5.9 1 1.4 4 11.1 4 12.9 I 10.0 57 8.6 : Bunks, insanitary— *Wood 7 10.1 11 30.6 9 29.0 4 40.0 103 | 15.5 Steel 3 4.8 ------------------|---------- 5 .77. Roth wood and steel * 3 8.2 9 1.38 No bunks supplied l 2.8 * 19 2.88 Bunks owned by individuals 39 5.89 No data 4 5.9 1 2.8 11 1.68 Totals 69 100.0 72 100.0 36 100.0 31 100.0 10 100.0 663 100.0 Not sufficient bunks supplied mº ºms. " - 19 ------- Cubic air space per capita in sleeping quarters— Less than 350 cubic feet per person 8 4.4 1 1.4 9 25.0 ------------------ 1. 10.0 103 15.5 350 to 500 cubic feet per person 8 11.6 1 1.4 11 30.6 2 6.5 I 10.0 119 18.0 Over 500 cubic feet per person 29 42.0 69 95.8 8 22.2 27 87.0 8 80.0 316 47.7 No data. 29 42.0 I 1.4 8 22.2 2 6.5 125 18.8 Totals 69 100.0 72 100,0 36 ° 100.0 ° 31 100.0 10 || 100.0 663 100.0 NOTE.-Due to misunderstanding in some inspections all wooden bunks were classed insanitary. à TABLE III. The Sanitary Condition of 663 Labor Camps. A Detailed Report on the Most important Features of Sanitation, With - Percentages—Continued. (Tables cover only camps inspected between July 1, 1915 and January 1, 1916.) Per- Con- Per- Per- Per- | HighWay | Per- Per- Per- * | centage stion citize Eruit - citize Grape centage gºing cºice EIop centage | Lumber centage General living and sleeping conditions— - - - Where all races have same conditions— 24 35.3 25 58.2 12 44.4 4 66.6 131 81.9 11 22.4 84 91.2 Where Some aliens have separate con- - ditions • 7 10.3 1 | 2.3 5 18.5 ----------|-------- 6 3.7 18 36.8 8 3.3 Where laborers are all of Same nationality - 30 44.1 12 27.9 10 37.1 1 16.7 16 10.0 20 40.8 4 4.4 No data 7 10.3 5 11.6 l 16.7 | . 7 4.4 1 1.1 Totals 68 100.0 43 100.0 27 100.0 6 100.0 160 100.0 49 100.0 e 92 100.0 § TABLE III. The Sanitary Condition of 663 Labor Camps. A Detailed Report on the Most Important Features of Sanitation, With Percentages—Concluded. (Tables cover only camps inspected between July 1, 1915 and January 1, 1916.) Mines Per- Per- Per- Per- || Miscel- Per- Per- gºes centage Oil centage | Railroad |centage | Ranch centage indous | centage | Totals | centage General living and sleeping conditions— Where all races have same conditions 53 76.8 22 30.6 22 61.1 18 . 58.0 6 60.0 412 62.1 Where some aliens have separate conditions------------ 10 14.5 4 5.6 2 5.6 3 9.7 3 30.0 . 62 9.4 Where laborers are all of same nationality------------ 5 7.3 46 63.8 12 33.3 8 25.8 I 10.0 165 24.9 No data I 1.4 2 6.5 24 3.6 Totals 69 100.0 72 100.0 36 100.0 31 100.0 10 100.0 663 100.0 3. TABLE IV. Nationalities Represented in 663 Labor Camps. (Tables cover only camps inspected between July 1, 1915, and January 1, 1916.) :OI! - E[ighway Mines - & * * Beet stion IFruit Grape gºi,g Iºſop . Izumber atºes Oil Railroad Ranch i. Total ciº Native born— -- - Whites --------------- 546 1,230 897 30 2,632 2,721 4,005 1,918 4,659 217 362 689 19,906 53.060 Negro -- * - tº 60 -------------- -- 60 .160 Indian .4 402 1 * 2 ---------- 409 1.090 Italians ------------------- 21 272 188 ---------- 655 605 1,272 1,066 1 101 90 58 4,279. 11.405 Mexicans ------------------ 208 36 149 |---------- 747 525 9 122 2 582 131 140 2,651 7.065 Japanese ------------------ 580 ---------- 113 35 9 969 3 29 38 10 1,786 4.760 Spanish ------------------- 4 22 20 ---------- 62 375 34 655 ---------- 6 11 1,189 3.168 Portuguese --------------- 22 108 121 ---------- 90 75 132 370 21 2 47 7 995 2.652 Greeks 37 100 487 62 94 ---------- 78 ---------- 30. 888 2.367 Swedes 2 57 2 ---------- 117 ---------- 461 48 4 |. 9 1 25 726 1.937 Slavonians 80 280 ---------- 220 138 8 - 726 1.936 Chinese ------------------- - 46 17 46 4 26 331 92 21 22 15 12 11 643 1.714 Germans ------------------ 16 60 14 60 84 132 91 31 16 42 76 622 1.659 Finns 1 6 2 414 15 ---------- 4 * = 442 1.178 East Indians ------------- 165 * º 216 6 387 1.032 Austrians 169 ---------- 52 82 2 27 1. 333 .887 Russian Germans r- * - * 230 230 .612 Irish 41 15 ---------- 120 6 1 32 3 1 219 .583 Serbians 187 ---------- 1. 1 139 .370 English ------------------- 2 27 4 ---------- 20 12 31 10 ||— 2 I08 .288 Norwegians 16 83 1 6 1 ---------- 107 .285 Canadians ---------------- 1. 4 1. 65 5 1 1. 78 .208 Armenians - 75. 2 77 .205 Coreans ------------------ 1 44 ---------- 17 62 .165 Russians 3. 14 27 3 12 59 .156 Swiss 12 1 1 ---------- 2 ---------- 19 2 20 1 1 ---------- 59 .156 Filipinos ------------------ 41. 3 44 .117 Danish -------------------- 14 1 7 ---------- 8 8 1 1 2 42 .112 Syrians 31 - 31 .083 French 3 8 ... ? ---------- I2 4 5 ---------- . 29 .077 Hungarians 27 - 27 .072 ve º š Maltese 15 12 27 .072 Scandinavians 14 10 24 .064. Montenegrins 2 21 23 .061 Scotch 2 2 ---------- 8 ---------- 4 7 2 20 .053 Albanians 15 15 .040 Polish 11 . 11 .029 Australians 10 1 |. 11 .029 Belgians 1 ---------- 6 1 ---------- 8 .021 EIOllanders 1 2 3 1 7 .019 Turks 2 2 * - 4 .001 Bohemians 2 1 3 .008 Bulgarians 1 2 ---------- 3 .008 COrnish 8 ---------- 3 .008 New Zealanders I 1. tº º sº * 2 .005 Brazilians 1 l .003 Totals ---------------- 1,685 1,999 1,585 69 5,308 6,867 7,266 4,749 4,778 1,161 998 1,050 37,515 100.000 J. i | - NOTE. No foreign born in 108 camps. No data from 23 camps. § TABLE V. Native Born—Foreign Born and Foreign Born Naturalized. Men, Women, and Children lincluded in Each Group. (Tables cover only camps inspected between July 1, 1915, and January 1, 1916.) Number of Number of § ...; Aºi, foreign º persons in DerSOIIS labor camps Percentage lºs Percentage *::::: Percentage º#;" i. on date of on date of Who had number of inspection ... inspection - become foreign born **-, ... ' - naturalized Beet 546 32.4 1,139 67.6 1,685 100.0 24 2.1 Construction 1,230 61.5 769 38.5 1,999 100.0 168 21.8 Fruit, 897 56.6 688 43.4 1,585 100.0 10 1.4 Grape 30 43.5 39. 56.5 69 100.0 Eighway and grading 2,696 50.8 2,612 49.2 5,308 100.0 135 5.1 Hop 3,123 45.5 3,744 54.5 6,867 100.0 528 14.2 Lumber 4,006. 55.1 . 3,260 44.9 7,266 100.0 637 19.5 Mines and quarries 1,918 40.5 2,831 59.5 4,749 100.0 78 2.7 Oil 4,659 97.5 119 2.5 4,778 100.0 33 27.7 Railroad 217 18.7 944 81.3 1,161 100.0 16 1.6 Ranch 364 36.5 634 63.5 998 100.0 44 6.9 Miscellaneous 689 65.6 361 34.4 1,050 100.0 113 |. 31.3 Totals 20,375 54.3 17,140 45.7 37,515 || 100.0 1,786 10.4 NOTE. Foreign born in 532 camps; of this number 160 camps had naturalized foreign born ; 231 camps had no naturalized foreign born, and 141 camps gave no returns on this subject. § C-4 P- C tº cº- d. © E; (f) t t ! ! ; Beet Construction Fruit Grape Highway and grading EIOp Lumber Mines and Oil Railroad Ranch Miscellaneous TABLE VI. Number of Camps Where Foreign Born Laborers Were Controlled by Padrones. Table Shows Nationalities so controlled and - Nature of the Relation Existing Between Laborers and Padrones. (Tables cover only camps inspected between July 1, 1915, and January 1, 1916.) Totals NOTE. Figures on this subject are largely dependent upon the season; e.g., more padrones would be found during harvest season. # TABLE V ||. The Attitude of Camp Foremen Toward Foreign Born Labor and Native Born Labor. Table Shows Nationalities Preferred. (Tables cover only camps inspected between July 1, 1915, and January 1, 1916.) # | 3 || 3 || 3 || så | 5 || 3 || 25 || 3 || 3 || 3 | # | 3 | } ** tº E. § #3. *3 E gº: É { E: tº . % 3 | s: F- f #3 : 3. £ in | 3 É. 9, É. 3 : t £ | I tº go | r; 3.3 ! £3 º !. cº- ! 3. | | E * ! : Śā. ! F. E; ; : ; ; I s ſ | I £3 I | | l | I co | fo ! F | | ! #. ; ! ! ! : ! 2 I ! | ſº ! | | i t | ! ! ! & ! l Favorable to foreign-born labor------- 46 24 19 3 103 38 74 59 15 27 19 6 433 65.3 Unfavorable to foreign-born labor----- 10 13 6 1. 33 8 16 7 57 2 9 8 165 24.9 No data. 12 6 2 2 24 3 2 3 7 3 1 65 9.8 Totals 68 43 27 6 160 49 | 92 69 72 36 31 10 663 100.0 Favorable to native-born labor-------- 53 31 21 4 114 27 88 58 72 15 24 9 516 77.8 Unfavorable to native-born labor------ - 4 4 4 19 18 7 12 4 72 10.9 No data 11 8 2 2 27 4 4 4 --------- 9 8 1 75 11.3 Totals 68 43 27 6 160 49 92 69 72 36 31 10 663 100.0 Nationalities preferred— - American '9 20 '8 . I 37 9 39 15 71 --------- 7 3 214 31.39 Armenian 1 1 .147 Austrian 6 --------- 1 1. 7 1.03 Ohinese 5 1. 4 10 1.47 Corean 1 1. .147 Danish * 1 I .147 IEast Indian 1 1 2 .29 Finn 10 10 1.47 German 1 tº ºt tº 1. 4 6 .88 Greek ? --------- 1. 1 4 .58 Irish 1. 1 2 .29 Italian 1 4 l 19 6 17 14 --------- 5 2 69 10.11 Japanese 4 1 --------- I2 17 2.48 Moxican 8 3 7 6 1. 20 2.93 * tº. Š .147 North European I Norwegian 1 --- --- l .147 Portuguese 2 2 2 |--------- 5 2 : 2 15 2.19 Scandinavian - 3 3 .143 Scotch • * 1 1. .147 Slavonian 1 || 7 --------- 1. 9 1.32 Spanish 1 - 4 5 .73 SWedish - 1 1. 1 |--------- 11 s 14 2.06 No preference for any nationality------ 31 10 10 1 59 17 6 29 1. 14 13 4 195 |. 28.63 No data 12 6 4 1. 26 4 --------- 4 --------- 9 5 2 73 || 10.86 68 27 6 165 53 92 72 72 36 36 |. 10 681 100.0 *Totals *Total is greater than total number of camps inspected for the reason that many foremen preferred more than one nationality. 372 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND E[OUSING. 8°Ø.I01,”3 gºſ†09°Z 8°0′I0I$’9889gºïſ;6I0g“Z •-,9*I·Oý“Z -*g8°3 0°ZIII0'98998’889*II993°3 →8°3I03'Ø. T’IIº gLºz 0'836IOI’Z 8’IZ036°9I438’888'ſ I†8°6†0'8IØI00:3 8’OIOI06°I gº99|-I’IL8g8’I g”999°T0’93!8”),g g/,”T !'8____|| [0!,”I ZººØg9*I 9°1,!†”),Ø09’I ZºZZ†”）,ZggºT 9°881,’9I†”）,38°ZI8°OI!0g“I - ----1,”8I--- g#’I I'IIOſ“I I'IIggºT ----1,”8I08ºT ș‘II00°T I'II06'0$ ---&ep I0ď S04BI4S0AAOT ----ſºț8SQUI90 ĶIZ =#*IISQUI00 OZ 6°ZØ8ļū30 SI - - H • • • • • • • • • • • • • I • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ! • • • • • • • • • • I • • • • • • • • • • • • • I = • • • • • • • • I • → • → = • • • • • • • ! - - - - * * = •8’ſ,g -Sļū30 LI *--Inoq Jºđ 8048 I 4 SÐAaoT 93.8\u003884u.0033t.\u00BuȚpp.133384u00938ņu00øſtępuao | UIO!] On IQS | 93840190 “;;;" | 10auin'ſ | “}}}đOEI--I9&Ikuģiſ-J0&Iºđ8ıÐ::::}}ſº | ſinuſ-ia，-u0O--I9&I400£I ſŻŻ% /、 Gºrgi‘I AÇItænu er pute ºg I6T！ÁIn T U 39AAļ9q pºļ09đSUIĮ SdULI 20ÁTuoJ9A0o sº Iq'eJL) · (ºu pºpol pure preoq go 9AȚsnȚ0x9) sduue o Kq sø6e/w go sºļe!！! !!seawoºT • "I || /\ ET E \7_L LABOR, CAMP STATISTICS. 373 0°00T | 6ý• • • Ź”OI9- - - - 6°0ý03 • 6°ZŤIZ Oºſ;%- - 0°ZI - S[{3}OT, ！34!!3p ONI SpUnoď OOI Iºđ. 00'L SptInoď OOT IºđI 06" SpUInod OOI I0ÓI g8° spūnoď OOI Iºđ 08'0$ –SČÍOų 5ūpſoţdſ Iog pțg đ spuſnoČÍ OOI Iođ S048?I O’Ó0IŹ60°00T09I0°00T90°00′I130°00T8Ť0°00TSIB4OJ, I'IT!,’8#I/,'9IIIºII88°6†9°/, I| 848p ONI -*g8°8 -*0°1,891,”8 T’I IOg’8 -* __ _ - - - - - ， ） ---- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -）， ± - - - - - -> • I • • • • •- - - -> I - º * * *= *-º-º-ºgț¢’8 gŻ’8 I'II9*IIg0079 ---- -06°Z 8°8898% 9°I08"Z I'IIZºTZ9!,”3 É TABLE VIII. Lowest Rates of Wages by Camps (exclusive of board and lodging)—Concluded. (Tables cover only camps inspected between July 1, 1915, and January 1, 1916.) Mines e- - *º- Ber- ** tº *= - gºes citize Oil citize Railroad centage | Ranch cº #; citize Total cºis, LOWest rates per hour— 17 cents 5 .8 18 cents 2 .3 20 cents 1 .1 21; cents • 3 .5 LOWest rates per day— $0.90 1 1.00 1 I.25 - - 9 25.0 11 1 1.30 -- ---. i 1.35 - * Æ- 1 1.40 - - 1 1.45 1 1.50 –- 1. 2.8 l 3.2 1. 10.0 17 2 1.55 - 4 1.60 - 1. 2.8 5 16.1 – 15 2 1.65 - - 2 - 1.70 1 1.75 8 22.2 3 9.7 . 30 4.5 1.85 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 , 6.5 • 11 1.7 1.90 8 4.3 - - s 13 2.0 2.00 12 17.4 yº . S ; 22.2 S 25.8 I 10.0 98 14.9 2.10 --- 1. 1.5 ------------------------------------ 5 16.1 !---------- ,-------- # 25 3.8 2.15 - - - | - 1 .1 2.20 • - ||--------|----------|--------|----------|------------- - - - - - - ------- 1 .1 . 2.25 -- - 9 13.0 - 7 19.5 6 19.4 96 14.5 2.35 2 2.8 |----- • - - --- 2. .3 2.40 - - t - 1 .1 2.50 - 18 26.1 10 13.8 sº 3 30.0 118 17.9 2.60 - as I = sm = as sm sº as sº, sº º amº ºr ºs ss as ame me s-t f = sm eme * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * : * = * * = * * * = - | * * * * * * * * 4 || .6 LABOR CAMP STATISTICS. 375 0°00'I || 999•= 1."Gt3ņt3p ON I'803SpUInOĆI, OOL Jºđ 00’I 3°8IZ spuſnoČÍ OOI I0， 06° 8*Zspumođ OOI Iºđ g8' IºISpunodſ OOI I0ĆI 08'0$ —sqoq 3ūpſoțđ Iog pĮg đ spunoď OOI Iºđ. 8048&I 9’36† 190°00T | 0I0°00T | I80°00T | 980°00'I | Zſ,0°00T || 69S[3ļOJ, 0'9OŤO’OII .Ź'8IgºgZ • →-g“I.It3}{3p ONI ZºT8I-II8«…» «…--g8°8 gº891,”8 I'Il.6°9ggºTIOg’8 },'IIIgºgITIgjºß. gº3-#"IIgºTI93 “8 8'ſ,ZgO’OII6’gſ89†’ſ IZI ,00*8 gºØ8'3306°Z gº8 g8°Z gºZO’OII~~ 03°Z †‘Z9I0’OZZ |-8’g’III91,”Z TºT. →0!,”3 [3404 pUIBJĘ) s TABLE IX. Highest Rates of Wages by Carm ps. (Tables cover only camps inspected between July 1, 1915, and January 1, 1916.) Con- tº- sº * - || Highway & - wº - * Beet cº struction cities Fruit, . ciº Grape citize gºing cº • Eſop - cº Lumber citize 18 cents 2 2.9 * 21% cents 1 1.5 r- 22 cents 2 2.9 gºs $1.25 1 1.5 1 3.7 1.50 1 1.5 2 7.4 16.66 1.60 1 1.5 - 1.75 2 2.9 1. 3.7 1.85 2 7.4 2.00 9 13.2 l 2.3 5 18.6 16.66 1 .6 2.10 2 2.9 2 7.4 2.25 2 2.9 1. 3.7 16.66 2 1.2 2.30 1 3.7 2.50 3 4.4 24 15.0 2.60 1 3.7 3 3.3 2.75 2 7.4 16.66 12 7.5 sº 2.85 3 4.4 g== ſº - 3.00 7 10.3 2 4.7 1. 3.7 23 14.4 1. 1.1 3.10. 5 7.4 - * * * = < * * * = <= - * * * * * * *-* = ** = ′ = * * * = = * * = - 1 = * * * * * * * } = - - - - - - - - - I - * * = = = * * 1. 1.1 3.25 1. 1.5 ---------------- 16.66 * * 2 2.2 3.30 - 4 2.5 ---------- - 3.40 1 2.3 3.50 3 6.9 1 3.7 * 34 21.3 4 4.3 8.60 5 74 ----------|--------|----------|--------|---------------------------------- 4 4.3 3.75 I 2.3 1 .6 5 5.4 3.85 3 4.4 1 1.1 Highest rates per hour— 17 CentS . . . 3 4.4 20 centS 1 1.5 24 centS 2 2.9 Highest rates per day— 2.70 LABOR CAMP STATISTICS. 377 0°00T | 6ý| 0’OI || 9| 0’IŤ | 03| 0^8£ | IZ 0°# || Z. 0°Z || T. SpurnOĆI OOI SpÚInOĆI OOI SpUII) OG OOI SpUILLOČI OOI stonoj, '848p ON J0CI 00°T I0ĆI 06" J0ĆI g3° Iođſ 08:0$ –sdĪoq 3ūļx{08đ[ Ioļ pĮted Spunod OOT Iºdſ S040}T 0’00IZ60′00I09I0°00T0°00′IÅ30°00T8ff0°00TS[8ļOJ, I'IIg”6GI99:91I-II88’6†!,’ LIºgļep ON ---,• →8°ZT09” /, I'I | I |---*1,'$ | 300° 1, |06°9 8° Z.T9/,'9 T’I ’I9°I• • ** *-º-）. --★ → H • • • • • → • • • •8°ZI09°9 º ſºgG£8º9 • "8°ZI9，3°9 8°0′IOIZ’IZ=*1.'ſZ00*9 Ź"Z306ºg • •8° Z.Ig1, ºg ††#· ,09.ºg 8° Z.I0g ºg I’I,IgŻºg S”OI0IOºg8«æ8' 830I00*g 8°88--★g/,'$ 8°6601,“† 09’ſ. 8°890°8|-OºțI9Ogºſ 8°889*† |--------→→→Ogºſ ZººØ ·ZºTZgºgºj; I'II* GI’ſ Zº9IÇI8°8’IŹŹI’IL 82. ‘II900’ſ #!,”8I06°8 j i TABLE ix. Highest Rates of Wages by Camps—Concluded. (Tables cover only camps inspected between July 1, 1915, and January 1, 1916.) Mines sº *~ Per- - º * e- gºes cºis Oil cities Railroad centage | Ranch citize #; citize Total citize E[ighest rates per hour— 17 cents --------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------|---------- 8 .5 18 cents 2 .3 20 cents r- amº ºm º ºs l .1 21% cents - 1. .1 22 centS y- tº ºs sº sm. 2 . .3 24 CentS - 2 .3 Highest rates per day— $1.25 -. 6 16.6 |-- 8 1.2 1.50 2 5.5 6 .9 1.60 1. 3.2 2 .3' 1.75 4 11.1 2 6.4 9 1.4 1.85 1 3.2 3 .5 2.00 4 11.1 4 13.0 I 10.0 26 3.9 *10 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------|-------- 6 19.5 10 1.5 2.25 7 19.5 9 29.1 !------------------ 22 3.3 2.30 2 2.9 * - - 3 .5 2.50 4 5.7 3 8.5 1. 3.2 35 5.3 2.60 2 6.4 -; 6 .9 2.70 I 3.2 º º 1 | . . 2.75 l 2.8 l 3.2 17 2.6 2.85 1 - 3.2 - 4 .6 3.00 . 6 8.7 l 2.8 1. 10.0 :42 6.3 3.10 `---|------ 6 .9 3.25 2 2.9 2 5.5 8 3.30 4 .6 3.40 - I .1 3.50 10 14.5 8.5 1. 2.8 3 30.0 62 9.4 3.60 9 1.4 3.75 1. 1.5 8 1.2 3.85 - 4 .6 LABOR CAMP STATISTICS. 370 0°00T899[3404 pUIBIÐ !’’’9A· Bºļgp ON 0'803SpUITìOĆI OOL JºÕI 00°T | 3'8TØSpunodſ 00T Jºſſ 06° gºz |--------|----------|--------|----------|--------|----------spumođİ OOI I0ď g8° Iº. ISpUmoÕI OOI I0ĆI 08'0$ —sdoq 5ūp}{0!(Í IOų pțgď SpUnoď OOI I00ſ SºļB'XI 9’36†T90°00T0I0’00II20°00′I980°00′IØl,0’00I69~ ~ SIB4OJ, Ź’9Tý0’OITZ'8Iºgºg,Zg’II--- e qep oN. 9*†|---I gſ.809’ſ, 0'803} - - - - - - - - • • • • ! -- – • • - - - - - - - - - • • • • • • • • d • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • I • • • *-* * • • • • • ** **9°8Z//I00°/, IºI}†’II06°9 gºZ{ g’ITg/,'9 gº8· -- ：09'9 8ºg*98°9 IºI|gŻ’9 Lºiſtg |------------------g’6I†Igºſ800°9 gºØ06°g 9* †!Zºſ89J,’9 9°{ ſ.--- • •~ 09’g 6°9O’OI ; I-·gºg†T Ogºg . 8′ .z |--------|- - - - - - - - - - € = = - - - - - -----ș’IIgººg Å');Ig|----------|--------|----------|----8’9GI’938I00*9. I’I.| |--------; • • • • • • • • •- -Ź’8t -----Zºſ8g/,'$ gºT0I|-g‘II0),“† gºØ8° Z.g |--------|------09’ſ Iºſ130°0Zz : ¡--------gºg†1,ºg†Ogºff 9°# --------|----------|--------- 08’f; 6°9----- ：6°ZØ�-- ggºſ Iº† --------|----------|--------- - -→GI’ſ 8°0ITſ,O’OITgºg3gº@I68°03†† I------------------------------------------------------00’ſ) 8*Z8%I06°8 380 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. TABLE X. Average Rate of Wages Paid in Labor Camps. (Table does not include hop camps.) (Tables cover only camps inspected between July 1, 1915 and January 1, 1916.) Average Average *:::: s low Wage high Wage all Wages Beet; 1.90 2.14 2.02 Construction 2.55 4.79 8.67 Fruit 1.70 2.45 2.07 Grape 2.00 2.35 2.17 E[ighway and grading 2.31 3.45 2.88 Lumber 2.05 4.63 3.34 Mines and quarries 2.51 4.1.1 3.31 Oil 3.11 5.56 4.33 Railroad 1.77 2.25 2.01 Ranch - 1.95 2.28 2.11 Miscellaneous 2,48 3.28 2.88 General average of wages paid in all camps----------- - 2.21 3.39 2.80 — à TABLE XI. (Tables cover only camps inspected between July 1, 1915, and January 1, 1916.) Cost of Board in 663 Labor Camps. - * gº tº wº Highway sº * - Cost per meal I}eet dise stion ciº Fruit citize Grape citize gºing cº Hop cº Lumber citize 9 cents 3 11.1 10 cents 3 4.4 12 centS 2 2.9 l 3.7 1. 16.7 13% cents 11 16.3 * 4 4.3 14% cents * 1 1.1 15 cents 6 8.8 163 cents 5 7.8 l---------- 7 7.6 183 cents 2 4.7 ------ * * *- :- 3 3.3 20 cents gºw 27 39.7 3 7.0 12 44.5 I 2.0 38 41.3 22 CentS e— 1 .6 24 Cents 1. 2.3 25 cents 2 2.9 23 53.5 2 7.4 4 66.6 120 75.0 33 35.8 26 Cents 1 1.1 27 cents I 2.8 4 2.5 28 cents are = |* - - - - - - - - - 1 = - - - - - - - I - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1.1 30 centS 2 4.6 16 10.0 - 33% cents 6 14.0 * = 12 7.5 2 2.2 35 cents - l .6 Laborers board themselves------------- 4 5.9 - 7 25.9 48 98.0 No data 8 11.8 5 11.6 2 7.4 1 16.7 6 3.8 2 2.2 Totals 68 || 100.0 43 100.0 27 | 100.0 6 || 100.0 160 | 100.0 49 || 100.0 92 || 100.0 Average cost per meal $0.172 |-------- $0.26 $0.18 |-------- $0.22 -------- $0.26 -------- $0.20 $0.22 |------- § TABLE XI. Cost of Board in 663 Labor Camps—Concluded. (Tables cover only camps inspected between July 1, 1915, and January 1, 1916.) . . * Mines • * - - - With &ºº - -> - - Cost per meal | atºes. eigel on |cºl Railroad citiel Ranch leſſ, i: | cºal Total citize 9 CentS 3 | 10 CCIntS 1. 2.8 1. 3.2 . 5 12 CentS 3 8.3 7 1. 13% cents 15 2.3 14% cents ---|-- - 1 .1 15 cents - 1. 2.8 l------------------ 7 1.1 163 cents - 2 2.9 --- . 5 16.1 19 2.8 183 cents - - F- 5 .8 20 Cents 2 2.9. 3' 8.3 15 48.4 101 15.3 22 cents 1 .1 24 cents . - - *-i---------- 1. .1 25 centS -: . . . 25 36.2 4 5.5 5 13.9 8 25.8 3 30.0 229 34.6 26 cents - - - - 4 40.0 5 .7 27 cents - w 11 16.0 - - - 16 2.4 28 cents - - 5 7.0 6 .9 30 cents º - - 6 8.7 8 11.1 7 19.5 |- 1 10.0 40 . 6.0 33% cents - 16 23.2 48 66.7 ----------|------------------------------------ - 84 12.7 35 centS - - - r— - 1 .1 Laborers board themselves— 4. 5.8 15 41.6 78 11.8 No data 3 4.3 7 9.7 1 2.8 2 6.5 2 20.0 39 5.9 TOtals º - 69 | . I00.0 72 100.0 36 100.0 31 100.0 10 100.0 663 100.0 Average cost per meal $0.28 |-------- $0.32 -------- $0.23 -------- $0.20 -------- $0.26 *$0.233 |------- *General average. § TABLE XII. Cost of Lodging. (Tables cover only camps inspected between July 1, 1915, and January 1, 1916.) - w *- on- - - & _ EIighway * * = º Tºor- Cost per month Beet cº sºon citize Fruit ciº Grape cº, gºing citize Eſop cº Lumber citize $0.25.-------------------------------------|----------|--------|---------- 3 3.2 .50 P- 2 2.2 1.00 ** = ** | *s sº * * = as sº * 1. 2:3 1. 3.7 4 4.3 1.25 ––. 1 2.3 - 1.50 |-|--------|------------------|----------|--- ---- 2.00 1 8.7 2.50 3.00 - 1 3.7 4.00 - 1 3.7 4.50 1. 2.3 -- 1 1.1 5.00 - - - 1 3.7 No charge for lodging 65 95.6 36 81.8 18 66.7 83.3 159 99.4 80 87.0 No charge for camping privilege - 49 100.0 No data 3 4.4 4. 9.3 4 14.8 16.7 1. .6 2 2.2 68 100.0 43 100.0 27 100.0 160 49 100.0 92 100.0 Totals 100.0 100.0 § TABLE XII. Cost of Lodging—Concluded. (Tables cover only camps inspected between July 1, 1915, and January 1, 1916.) Mines *- º gº - i- i- s Cost per month - gºes ciº Oil cº Railroad size Ranch citize #. cº Total ciº $0.25 1 1.4 y- 4 .60 .50 2 2.9 amº m º 4 .60 1.00 3 4.4 9 1.36 1.25 g- 1 .15 1.50 I 10.0 1 .15 2.00 sº sº tº sº *- 1. .15 2.50 1 1.4 I .15 3.00 1. .15 4.00 --------------------------------------------------------|------------------|----------|--------|----, ---- 1 . .15 4.50 2 .31 5.00 3 4.4 - 4 .60 No charge for lodging 58 84.1 65 90.3 36 || 100.0 31 100.0 7 70.0 560 | 84.47 No charge for camping privilege 49 7.39 No data - 1 1.4 7 9.7 ----------|--------|---------- 2 20.0 25 3.77 Totals 69 100.0 72 100.0 36 || 100.0 31 100.0 10 || 100.0 663 100.0 § TABLE XIII. Countries to Which Laborers Send Part of Their Earnings and the Number of Camps From Which the Earnings Are Sent. (Tables cover only camps inspected between July 1, 1915 and January 1, 1916.) - Highway Mines - - - Beet sºon | Fruit Grºve ºl. Hop | Lumber anº. on Railroad Ranch #: | Total | size Armenia - - * * * * * * * * * - I - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - I - - - 1 .66 Austria. 5 ---------- 7 4 ---------- 1 ----------|---------- 1, 11.35 Bulgaria -- * I as me - - - - - - - - - 1 ---------- 1. .66 China ---------------------|----------|----------|----------|----------|---------- * !----------|----------|---------------------------------------- 2 1.32 Corea - - - * !---------- - - - - - l .66 Denmark ----------------- 1 ---------- - - - 1 .66 Finland 2 -------------------- 2 1.32 Germany 1 * - - - .1 .66 Greece --------------------|--------------------|------------------------------|---------- 1 -------------------- 2 | 3 2.00 India --------------------- 3 * * * * - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - H = a- - - - - - - - - I - - - - - - - - - - 3 2.00 Italy ----- 1 ---------- 12 1 32 14 ---------- 7 67 44.70 Japan 18 ---------- 2 1 --------------------|---------- 1 17 11.35 Mexico ----- * * *s, * * * - - - - - - - - sm m = * * * 1 ---------- 6 ----------|---------- 1 ---------- 2 10 6.67 Philippine Islands -------- 1 ºl---------- l .66 Portugal * 2 5 7 4.67 Serbia --------------------|--------------------|---------- - - - l - r - 1 .66 Spain - 2 - 1 2 -------------------- 5 3.35 SWeden -------------------|---------- 8 -------------------- 1 9 6.00 Switzerland -- * * * - - - - --- 1. ---------- l .66 Totals ---------------- 18 1 6 ---------- 23 5 53 28 ---------- 14 2 ---------- 150 || 100.0 *Number of laborers who sent earnings “home”--- 157 3 28 ---------- S9 97 38 310 ---------- 46 4 ---------- S02 *Actual number of laborers who sent money “home” could be obtained in only a few cases. 386 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HousING. stanoj, 0°00TZ60 00I6ý0°00T09T0°00′I90°00′I130'00Ī8ýoroot | g9 |----------------------------- Ź^3ZgºZI0%1,’9III-II8(3'8I9I’6I8It3ļBp ON 0’88T8I’ſZf'69III1,’9II8*6g9Igºſ0Zș’61,țg |--------------------SIOOųOS 04 BALIĆI ON 1,"8"88°8I68°89-I,* †ZS0ĮĮUDI OI JOAO → → → → → → → → ſſ ** * = ** = w => • • • • • •†”ZZTII’898°88ZÞº 1,38°ZIg’IISOITUI OL og g I'I{3°99 -/3Z’IL8I8°88ZZºZZ99°Z8#IS0[[UCI g JºpÚIQ —IOOQ0S 0413AȚId !S0.ī£30N, 0°00T ’ | Z60°00I6ý0·001 | 0910°00′I90°00′I130°00′Igſ0°00T89：-） -->signo L 0’OI9I9°9'IIIºII88º9I//A’AIZItºqtºp ON Z° 1393I°98• • • •!,’ț¢ZS0[[ULI OT I0 AO 0°ØIIIg’OIg| 8'90I],'f;36°Zg |---------------------S0ĮĮUDI OI OQ SÐIȚUII gſ 0°ZIII8"8I6| ZºIIgt ſ--------|----------1.”8I9*IIG1,’ſ I - || OIsÐIȚIII g OQ SÐIĻUDI 9 Oº8LZI†’030I| 6.9L131,”99†1,78I9°8'ſ8Lºſ I0IS9ĮĮUDI 8 OQ SÐIĻUII Z 8°668º9I8|†”.6L | I8A,’9II0°/80I2,* ſ;3g’839IS9ĮĮUDI Z Oļ 0ĮĮDII I 0'92 | †39°8′Z | ¡Tu| zog | sg | --------|----------gºſſ | @Ig’68 || ||I9°93 | 8I0[[UDI I I0pUIQ ||&|—[Ooq0S 0ĮĮqnĆI QS0-I89N, 05tanſſºº | noqtun3384u8oCIO3384 LIÐ0aſſº25Tr) t1003CÍtſ.I93\}\u004ȚILIJI98 equeo | Uloņon.īņs į 2387113000 -.lºaſtuin7 |*';JEI-10āſ | suÅųäppt | -JºãIo-J0&I ！-J0&I, -uoſ)--I9&I！SH (-9T8I. ‘I Krenueſ pure ºg I6 I ‘I KIn C ue3AAļøq p0409đsuſ sſſureo KĻUO 19A00 SQIq'eJL) ºs ſoouſos oſ 3oueu349 H LÀ 34 WAsduu eoJo uoſąeo OT "AIX ET E V_L § (Tablés cover only camps inspected between July 1, 1915, and January 1, 1916.) TABLE XIV. Location of Camps With Reference to Schools—Concluded. T'er- Per- & Per- Per- Miscel- Per- Per- alºes Centage Oil centage | Railroad citize Ranch citize ianeous centage | Totals | centage *Nearest public school— - Under l mile 2 | 34.8 38 52.8 21 58.3 7 22.6 6 60.0 239 36.0 1 mile to 2 miles 11 16.0 19 26.4 4 II.I. 5 16.1 1. 10.0 117 17.7 2 miles to 3 miles 7 10.1 11 15.3 l 2.8 4 12.9 2 20.0 97 14.6 3 miles to 5 miles 8 11.6 4 5.5 4 I1.1 8 25.8 . 1 10.0 79 11.9 5 miles to 10 miles 10 14.5 3 9.7 43 6.5 Over 10 miles 3 4.3 ------------------ 1 2.8 34 5.1 No data. 6 8.7 5 13.9 4 12.9 ------------------ 54 8.2 TOtals 69 100.0 72 100.0 36 100.0 31 100.0 10 100.0 663 100.0 Dnder 5 miles 7 10.3 36 50.0 4 11.1 6 19.4 3 30.0 124 18.7 5 miles to 10 miles__- 4 5.8 7 9.7 1 2.7 4 12.9 1 10.0 39 5.8 Over 10 miles 14 19.5 - l 3.2 1. 10.0 41 6.2 No private Schools 49 71.0 14 19.5 22 61.2 16 51.6 4 40.0 390 58.9 No data - 9 12.9 1 1.4 9 25.0 4 12.9 l 10.0 69 10.4 Totals 69 100.0 72 100.0 36 100.0 31 100.0 10 100.0 663 100.0 *Nearest private School— *Distances to school given even though no children in camp on date of inspection. § TABLE XV. School Attendance, Classes for Instruction of Children and Adults, and Number of Illiterates. (Tables cover only camps inspected between July 1, 1915, and January 1, 1916.) IPer- Con- Per- - Per- Per- | Highway | Per- Per- Per- Beet centage struction centage | * cºntige Grape | centage afts centage EIop centage Lumber centage | Number of camps from which children ł ; i attend School 2 8.7 3 50.0 6 75.0 ----------|-------- 1 6.2 9 37.5 20 35.8 Number of camps from which children | - - - do not attend School---------------- 3 13.1 2 33.3 ---------- - = a_s = ea = sºme as i = − = ** = * * * * } = sº - * * * * * 4 25.0 14 58.3 16 28.6 Number of camps in Which children are | below School age 15 || 65.2 1 | 16.7 2 25.0 ----------|-------- 5 || 31.3 1 4.2 20 i 35.8 No data ---- 3 13.0 | ** 6 37.5 t ; —W | Totals (equal to number of Camps - with children) 23 100.0 6 100.0 8 100.0 16 100.0 24 100.0 56 100.0 - | Camps with classes for instruction of t | children Or adults '- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - i * * * 3 3.3 Camps With no classes for instruction - | ... • of children or adults 56 82.3 37 86.1 24 88.9 5 S3.3 148 92.5 49 100.0 | 89 96.7 No data. 12 17.7 6 13.9 | 3 11.1 1 . 16.7 12 7.5 { TOtals 68 100.0 43 || 100.0 ſ 27 - 100.0 6 100.0 160 100.0 49 100.0 92 100.0 Camps in which some laborers could l neither read nor Write---------------- 12 17.6 7 16.3 4 14.8 - 31 19.4 18 36.8 2 2.2 Camps in which all laborers could read , - - - - Or Write 41 60.3 27 62.8 16 59.3 . 5 83.3 93 58.1 28 57.1 40 l. 43.5 No data 15. 22.1 9 20.9 7 25.9 1 16.7 36 22.5 3 6.1 50 54.3 { | Totals 68 100.0 43 100.0 27 100.0 6 100.0 160 100.0 49 100.0 92 100.0 Number of illiterates (actual numbers h not available in many camps)-------- 120 12.6 27 2.7 85 8.9 |----------|-------- 180 18.9 301 31.6 11 1.6 § TABLE XV. School Attendance, Classes for Instruction of Children and Adults, and Number of Illiterates–Concluded. (Tables cover only camps inspected between July 1, 1915, and January 1, 1916.) } | t t Number of camps from which children attend school---- Number of camps from which children do not attend School Number of camps in which children are below School age * No data Totals (equal to number of camps with children)- Camps with classes for instruction of children or adults- Camps with no classes for instruction of children or adults No data Totals Camps in which some laborers could neither read nor Write - Camps in which all laborers could read or write--------- No data - TOtals Number of illiterates (actual numbers. Inot available in Imany camps) Mines | Per- Per- g Per- | r , Pet. Miscel- Per- Per- ałe, centage Oil cºnse Railroad cºnce IRanch citize ineous centage | **** |centage 23 60.5 45 84.9 7 58,3 3 37.5 6 100.0 125 50.0 8 21.0 3 5.7 3 25.0 ------------------------------------ 53 21.2 5 | 13.2 5 9.4 l 8.35 5 62.5 60 24.0 2 5.3 ----------|-------- I 8.35|---------- * = - * * * * * 12 4.8 38 || 100.0 53 100.0 12 100.0 8 || '100.0 6 100.0 250 100.0 1. 1.4 ------------------ 1 2.8 * 5 .7 60 S7.0 72 100.0 27 75.0 26 83.9 10 100.0 603 91.0 8 11.6 - 8 22.2 5 16.1 !----------|-------- 55 8.3 69 100.0 72 100.0 33 100.0 31 100.0 10 100.0 663 100.0 5 7.2 I 1.4 13 36.1 6 19.4 1 10.0 100 15.1 48 69.6 71 98.6 9 25.0 17 54.8 S 80.0 403 60.9 16 23.2 14 38.9 8 25.8 1 10.0 160 24.0 69 || 100.0 72 || 100.0 36 100.0 31 100.0 10 : 100.0 663 100.0 9 .9 30 3.1 105 || 11.0 43 4.5 40 4.2 951 | 100.0 390 COMMISSION OF IMIMIGRATION AND Housing 0°00′I· ·，≤ ∞� 093 | -9°g†I8’83 || Zſ,8°39 | 38 I || 8°Ø. 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L pue s}[n KO|np w udog u 6! edo - 6 uouuv 96 en6ue-l us||6u= euſą jo 96 peſawa6\/ · �ou× 6uļx|leadS º IAX ET - •EITT SHIV/ L LABOR CAMP STATISTICS. 391 TABLE XV I. Required Crew. (Turn—over.) Number of Different Laborers Hired Each Month to Maintain (Tables cover only camps inspected between July 1, 1915 and January 1, 1916.) *...* f Percentage of y w Number of laborers hired ºyº Total Number of laborers each month force which number camps from required during the dropped out of Which data during the working period and had to be Cùnl])S WºlS Worlºing period to maintain replaced each available OT S.C §lSOI). the number month during of laborers the worlºing required period Beet -------------------------- ($8 44 1,346 445 33.1 Construction ---------------- 43 34 1,917 864 45.0 Fruit ------------------------ 27 22 2,088 232 11.1 Grape 6 4 60 6 10.0 Highway and grading------- 160 122 4,222 3,291 78.0 IHop * - 49 39 5,007 556 9.1 Lumber ---------------------- 92 79 5,791 705 12.2 Mines and quarries---------- 69 45 2,977 456 . 15.3 Oil 72 60 3,109 15 .48 Railroad 36 28 783 796 101.7 Ranch - 31 24 671 336 50.1 Miscellaneous ---------------- 10 6 708 90 12.7 Totals ------------------- 663 516 28,679 7,792 27.2 TABLE XVI I I. Summary of Reinspection Returns on 118 Labor Camps. (Tables cover only camps inspected between July 1, 1915 and January 1, 1916.) Number Per of camps cent Number of camps showing improvement— From bad to good---------------------- 11 9.3 From bad to fair------------------------------- 11 9.3 From fair to good--------------- 23 19.5 *From good to better------------------------------------------------------------ 3S 32.3 Totals ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 83 70.4 Number of camps showing no improvement— •. 1. Stayed same as when first inspected: Bad ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8 6.8 Fair ----------------------------- 9 '7.6 Totals ------------------------------------------------------------------- 17 14.4 2. Retrograded— From good to fair----------------------------- 5 4.2 From good to bad------- 4 3.4 From fair to bad----------------------------------------------------------- 9 7.6 Totals - --- 18 15.2 Grand totals -------'---------- 118 100.0 Number of camps which not only show improvement, but which have been * brought up to the minimum standard set by the Commission— From bad to good--- s & ------------------------------- I 1 || {j.3 From fair to good--s--l •= * * * * * * * * *-* - sº a º º ºr * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * m. m. sm. - = = * * = - - - sº - sº wº. 23 19.5 From good to better * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 3S 32.3 Totals — -* - 72 61.1 : *On first inspection these camps Were classed good. made by the Commission had been put into effect. On reinspection it was found that minor suggestions 392 CoMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. APPENDIX A. Act Creating the Commission of Immigration and Housing of California. CIHIAPTIER 818. An act relating to immigrants and immigration, creating a commission of immigra- tion and housing, providing for the employment by said commission of a secre- tary, agents and other employees, authorizing said commission to fix their com- pensation, prescribing the duties of said commission, providing for the investi- gation by said commission of all things affecting immigrants, and for the care, protection and welfare of immigrants, and making an appropriation for the purpose of carrying out the provisions hereof. [Approved June 12, 1913. Section 10 amended in 1915.] The people of the State of California do enact as follows: SECTION 1. Within thirty days after this act shall go into effect, the governor of the state shall appoint five suitable persons to act as commis- sioners of immigration and housing. Said commissioners shall hold office and serve solely at the pleasure of the governor and not otherwise. SEC. 2. Said commissioners shall serve without compensation, but shall be entitled to receive from the state their actual necessary expenses while traveling on the business of the commission, either within or with- out the State of California. SEC. 3. The commission shall be known as the ‘‘commission of immi- gration and housing of California.” It shall have a seal for the authen- tication of its orders and proceedings upon which shall be inscribed the words ‘‘commission of immigration and housing—California—seal.” Each member of the commission, before entering upon the duties of his office, shall take the oath of office as prescribed by the Political Code for state officers in general, and must execute an official bond in the sum of five thousand dollars. Within thirty days after appointment, the com- mission shall meet at the state capitol and organize, selecting a president, a vice-president and a secretary. A majority of the commission shall constitute a quorum for the exercise of the powers or authority con- ferred upon it. Whenever a vacancy occurs in the commission, from any cause whatsoever, such vacancy shall be filled by the governor, as provided in section one for the original creation of the commission. In case of a vacancy, the remaining members shall exercise all the powers and authority of the commission until such vacancy is filled. The commission shall maintain its headquarters and principal office in ACT CREATING COMMISSION. 393 the city and county of San Francisco, and may establish branch offices at any place or places which in the judgment of the commission may be deemed advisable. The commission may, however, hold sessions at any place other than its offices when the convenience of the commission and the parties interested so requires. SEC. 4. - For the purpose of carrying out the provisions of this act, the said commission is authorized to employ such expert and other employees as it may deem necessary, and upon such terms and for such compensation as it may deem proper. The said commission shall have power to enter into contracts of employment with such persons as it may desire to employ for a definite period of time; but no contract shall be made for more than one year. The employees of the commis- sion shall be entitled to receive from the state their actual necessary expenses while traveling on the business of the commission, either within Or without the State of California. SEC. 5. The commission of immigration and housing shall have the power to make full inquiry, examination and investigation into the condition, welfare and industrial opportunities of all immigrants arriv- ing and being within the state. The commission shall also gather information as to the agricultural possibilities and opportunities for Settlement on land within the state; such information to include soil and agricultural surveys of the arable land within the state and other data relating to the price and productivity of land. The commission shall also have power to collect information with respect to the need and demand for labor by the several agricultural, industrial and other productive activities, including public works, within the state; to gather information with respect to the supply of labor afforded by such immigrants as they shall from time to time arrive or be within the state; to ascertain the occupations for which such immigrants shall be best adapted, and to bring about intercommunication between them and the several activities requiring labor which will best promote their respective needs; to investigate and determine the genuineness of any application for labor that may be received and the treatment accorded to those for whom employment shall be secured; to cooperate with the state employment bureaus, municipal employment bureaus, and with private employment agencies within the state, and also with the employment and immigration bureaus conducted under the authority of the federal government or by the government of any other state, and with public and philanthropic agencies designed to aid in the distribution and employment of immigrants; and to devise and carry out such other suitable methods as will tend to prevent or relieve con- gestion, and obviate unemployment; and to collect and publish, in English or foreign languages, for distribution among immigrants, in, or embarked for, California, such information as is deemed essential to their protection, distribution, education and welfare; and said com- mission is hereby empowered and authorized to have printed by the state printer any such reports or information, records or proceedings as it may deem necessary or proper; and if for any reason the state printer is not equipped to do any part of said work, then the said commission shall have the right and the authority to have the same done elsewhere upon such terms and conditions as it may deem proper. 394 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. SEC. 6. The commission shall cooperate with the proper authorities and organizations, federal, state, county, municipal and private, with the object in view of bringing to the immigrant the best opportunities for acquiring education and citizenship. To that end it shall procure from, or with the consent of, the federal authorities, complete lists giving the names, ages and destination within the state of all immi- grant children of school age, and such other facts as will tend to identify them, and shall forthwith deliver copies of such lists to the Superintendent of public instruction or the several boards of education and school boards in the respective localities within the state to which said children shall be destined, to aid in the enforcement of the pro- visions of the education law relative to the compulsory attendance at school of children of school age. The commission shall further cooper- ate with the superintendent of public instruction and with the several boards of education in the state to ascertain the necessity for and the extent to which instruction should be imparted to immigrants within the state and to devise methods for the proper instruction of adult and minor aliens in the English language and other subjects; and in respect to the duties and rights of citizenship and the fundamental principles of the American system of government; and shall cooperate with the proper authorities and with private agencies to put into opera- tion practical devices for training for citizenship and for encouraging naturalization. It shall be the aim to communicate this instruction to the immigrant as soon after his arrival as is practicable. The commis- sion shall cooperate with the proper authorities to extend this educa- tion for both children and adults to labor camps and other localities from which the regular schools are not easily accessible. The commis- sion in cooperation with the proper authorities and organizations shall encourage the establishment of playgrounds and other recreational activities, and also the establishment of settlements and social centers in cities and towns. SEC. 7. With the object in view of rendering to the immigrant that protection to which they are entitled, the commission of immigration and housing may inspect all labor camps within the state, and may inspect all employment and contract agencies dealing with immigrants or who secure or negotiate contracts for their employment within the state; may investigate the banking relations that exist between immi- grants and laborers; may investigate and inspect institutions estab- lished for the temporary shelter and care of immigrants and such philanthropic societies as shall be organized for the purpose of securing employment for or aiding in the distribution of immigrants, and the methods by which they are conducted; and shall investigate housing con- ditions under which immigrants live, and sanitary and safety conditions Tunder which immigrants are employed; it shall further investigate con- ditions prevailing at the various places where immigrants are landed within the state and at the several docks, ferries, railway stations, and on trains and boats therein, and shall investigate any and all complaints with respect to frauds, extortion, incompetency and improper practices by notaries public and other public officials; it shall further investigate the relations existing between immigrants and steamship and railway ticket agents, hotel runners, cab men, baggage men, interpreters and pawn brokers; it shall further investigate the dealings carried on ACT CREATING COMMISSION. 395 between immigrants and real estate firms or corporations; and as the 'result of any of the above inspections or investigations, if it should find evidences of fraud, crime, extortion, incompetency, improper practices or exploitation, it shall be the duty of the commission of immigration and housing to present to the proper authorities the evidences for action thereon, and shall bring to bear all the authority within its power to see that justice is rendered. The commission shall also encourage the establishment of legal aid societies. SEC. 8. With the further object in view of bringing to the immi- grant the best protection the state can afford, it shall be the duty of the commission to call to the attention of the proper authorities any viola- tions it may discover of the laws pertaining to the payment of wages, to the mode of paying, pertaining to the child labor laws, the employ- ment of women, factory inspection laws, weekly day of rest laws, pro- tection of labor under building laws, protection of labor under public works laws, laws relating to the white slave traffic, and laws of the state and county and municipal health departments; the tenement house laws, and other laws perti...ning to housing conditions. The commis- sion shall investigate an study the general economic, housing and Social conditions of immigrants within the state, for the purpose of inducing remedial action by the various agencies of the state possess- ing requisite jurisdiction; and shall generally, in conjunction with existing public and private agencies, consider and devise means to promote the welfare of the state. The members of the commission of immigration and housing or any of their authorized agents shall have the right to enter into tenement houses, buildings and dwelling places for the purpose of inspecting such houses, buildings, and dwelling places to secure compliance with state tenement and building acts and municipal building ordinances and to prevent violation thereof, and shall have the right to examine the records of the various city departments charged with the enforcement of the tenement house law and other building regulations and to secure from them reports and copies of their records at any time. SEC. 9. The commission shall have the right to demand of all officials, state, county and municipal, and it shall be the duty of said officials to supply, such information and references to records as will onable the commission to carry into effect the provisions and intent of this act; and shall have the right to enter upon private property to make investigation for the purposes of carrying out the provisions of this act. For the purpose of carrying out fully the intent and spirit of this act, the said commission shall have full power and authority to gather any and all such evidence as it may deem proper and necessary in order to present the same to the proper authorities for the purpose of instituting prosecutions against any and all persons, firms or cor- porations found violating any of the laws of any municipality, county or of the state or of the federal government, concerning any of the matters in this act referred to. - SEC. 10. For the purpose of carrying out to the fullest extent the provisions hereof, the said commission or any member thereof shall have power to hold hearings for the purpose of investigation and inquiry, and for the purpose of reaching an amicable settlement of - and each of them and such Pºon as ºn 3y he lºsignated in writin / 396 COMMISSION OF IMIMIGRATION AND HOUSING. i controversies existing between persons, firms and corporations men- \ tioned herein; and to this end and purpose, the said commissioners said commission, are hereby authorized and empowered to subpoena witnesses to appear at such hearings and to administer oaths. No decision shall be deemed to be final until ratified and approved by the said commission and filed in its office. SEC. 11. For the purposes of this act, the words immigrant and immigration shall refer to any alien who is within the state, either permanently or temporarily domiciled here, or in transit, or passing through the state to a contiguous state or territory; said words shall further refer to any alien who may first have taken up residence in some other state or in one of the federal territorial possessions, and then shall have removed to this state; said words shall further refer to all aliens coming to and being within the State of California. For the purpose of this act, the word alien shall refer to all persons who are not native born or who have not received their final citizenship papers under the naturalization laws of the United States. SEC. 12. This act shall not be construed to authorize or direct the commission of immigration and housing to induce or encourage immi- gration into this state or the United States. SEC. 13. The commission of immigration and housing shall make an annual report to the governor, on the second day of January, of the operation of the commission. gº SEC. 14. The sum of fifty thousand dollars is hereby appropriated out of any moneys in the state treasury not otherwise appropriated, for the purpose of carrying out the provisions of this act; and the state controller is hereby authorized and directed to draw warrants upon such sum, from time to time, upon the requisition of said com- mission, approved by the board of control; and the state treasurer is hereby authorized and directed to pay such warrants. THE ANNUAL REPORT OF THE & Commission of Immigration and Housing & of California JANUARY, 1919 CALIFORNLA STATE PRINTING OFFICE SACRAMENTO 1 9 1 9 43S55 PERSONNEL OF THE COMMISSION. Commissioners. SIMON J. LUBIN, President------------------------------------- Sacramento MOST REV. E. J. HANNA, D.D., Vice President_________________ San Francisco MRS. FRANK A. GIBSON--------------------------------------- Los Angeles J. H. MCBRIDE, M.D.---------------------------------------------- Pasadena PAUL SCHARRENBERG, Secretary---------------------------- San Francisco GEORGE L. BELL, Attorney and Executive Officer. Offices of the Corm mission. MAIN OFFICE: Underwood Building, 525 Market Street, San Francisco BRANCEI OFFICES : ----> 526 Union League Building, Second and Hill Streets, Los Angeles. • Rowell Building, Fresno. 419 Forum Building, Sacramento. Council Chamber, City Hall, Stockton. Publications of the Commission of Immigration and Housing of California. 1. Americanization—The California Program. 2 . Immigrant Education Leaflets, Numbers 1, 2, 3, and 4. . The Spirit of the Nation (Song Book). . Patriotic Exercises (A Program). . The Home Teacher Manual. A Discussion of Methods of Teaching English. º . A Primer for Foreign-speaking Women. I’arts I and II. . An A-B-C of Housing. . A Plan for a Housing Survey. 1. . State Housing Manual. 1. 1. . Camp Sanitation and Housing. . Suggestions for Speakers. 1 : 13. Heroes of Freedom. 14. Fresno's Immigration Problem. These publications may be had free on application to the Commission. TABLE OF CONTENTS. TOREIGN LANGUAGE SPEAKERS--------------------------------------- RECOMMENDATIONS OF A LATIN AGENT----------------------------------- A SUBSTITUTE FOR THE SALOON------------------------------------------ NOT A UNITED STATES MARSHAL, BUT AN INTERPRETER____________________ LETTERS AND TELEGRAMS----------------------------------------------- LABOR CAMP INSPECTION______________________________ `-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - LABOR CAMP SANITATION---------------------------------------------- THE MIGRATORY LABOR PROBLEM_____________________________________ HOUSING ------------4-------------------- –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– BUREAU OF IMMIGRANT EDUCATION___________________________________ THE SOCIALIZATION OF THE EVENING SCHOOL----------------------------- FOREIGN CLASSES IN SAN FRANCISCO –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– REPRESSION NOT THE ANSWER–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– SCHOOL CENSUS OF SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY---------------------------- AMERICANIZATION ––––––––––––––––.------------------------------------– COUNTY COMMITTEES -------------------------------------------------- OUTSTANDING CO-OPERATION IN THE AMERICANIZATION OF CALI- FORNIA -------------------------------- - - - - - - - THE SAN FRANCISCO CHAMBER OF COMMERCE----------------------------- THE CROATION SOCIETY AND SOUTH SLAVONIC ALLIANCE OF OAKLAND–––––––– THE JAPANESE AGRICULTURAL ASSOCIATION OF CALIFORNIA----------------- THE GENERAL FEDERATION OF WOMEN'S CLUBS ––––––––––––––––––––––––––– STATE FEDERATION OF WOMEN'S CLUBS ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Womſ EN’s COMMITTEE OF STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE.---------------------- Los ANGELES COMMUNITY SURVEY--------------------------------------- THE LAND SITUATION---------------------------------- THE LAST WORK OF FERANK J. CUNNINGHAM –––––––––––––––––––––––––– STATISTICS. COMPLAINTS –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– LABOR CAMPS ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– '- - - - - - - - - - - - HOUSING –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– - - - - ACT CREATING THE COMMISSION--------------------------------------- A DAY OF JUDGMENT----------------------------------- Inside back cover P A. G E 1. 11 2 2 : : : 7 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. To His Excellency, WILLIAM. D. STEPHENs, Governor of California. - SIR: We have the honor to submit herewith the annual report of the commission. - We take this occasion to express to you again our gratitude for your unfailing co-operation which has made possible the development of the . work described on the pages which follow. Respectfully yours, COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING OF CALIFORNIA. y \ IN MEMORIAM. FRANK J. CUNNINGHAM. April 2, 1891–December 14, 1918. It is the prayer of every fine man to live until something shall have been accomplished by his hand; it is the prayer of every fine man to die fighting when death shall come. To Frank Cunningham, acting executive secretary of the commission, both of these prayers were granted. Yet the work in the midst of which he died is a work which calls for many hands, the tasks which he had accomplished were but the promise of finer tasks to come; and therefore is his loss the more difficult to bear and to accept. A never failing aid to those who directed him, a comrade to those whom he himself directed, sincere and kindly in his dealings with all men, humble in his own achievements— thus will he be sorrowfully remembered by all who have known him and by all who have worked with him. FOREWORD. During the whole period of the war, even when it seemed far removed from America, the Commission of Immigration and Housing was in intimate touch with the world conflict. It knew the changes as they came in the early days in the foreign quarters, in the camps, in the night schools. It knew when the first groups drew apart, when the first Contingents mobilized, where the families were left and how. It knew this in many ways but particularly because the whole story came in Scraps through the interpreters to whom the men and women came for help in adjusting wage claims, contracts, life insurance and tickets. For in those days the war was essentially an unsettler of the immigrant and his activities—an immigrant problem. Thus, while America was still but an observer of the world war, the Commission anticipated the necessities of the state as a whole as well as those of the people whom it was created to serve, and flexed its machin- ery for that service. In face of a sweeping sentiment for ‘‘the English language only” and for the suppression of the foreign press, the commission installed more foreign-speaking agents in its various offices and used the foreign lan- guage as a medium of communication with the immigrant population. When this country entered the war and the first registration was ordered, the commission was ready with a foreign language policy. It knew the uneasiness, the suspicion, the utter helplessness of a great part of the population ignorant of our language—it knew that no war order in English only, would reach these people, and so it prepared a sign which in sixteen languages carried a notice explaining the order and its importance. These signs were distributed throughout the state wherever they could reach non-English speaking people. - And in this way, and at this time, began the definite war program which finally took possession of the various departments. As each government order was issued, whether it related to food or fishing, to baby weighing or naturalization, to education or Liberty Bonds, to housing or shipbuilding, it became the mission not only of the foreign- speaking agents, but of every officer of the commission. And so the commission became a government messenger and carried the federal orders through the length and breadth of the state. - This campaign won the interest and co-operation of the immigrants of California for each federal order, for each national drive. In one short year the major part of the citizenry of the state was welded together for a common cause by co-operation and education—vigorous, persistent, intelligent. Best of all, mutual understanding was estab- lished, and now the commission has a new vision of its duties and its opportunities. All that it has learned of service, and co-operation, all that it has learned of organization for war, must now be used to set in motion the forces that make for better living and working conditions, for broader educational opportunities in California. JUNE - * JUNE 5 5 MILITARY REGISTRATION 1. On Tuesday, June 5th, EVERY MALE who has reached his 21st birthday and who has not reached his 31st birthday MUST REGISTER in the official registration place IN HIS HOME PRECINCT. * \ 2. EVERY MALE within the above ages MUST register WHETHER BORN IN THE UNITED STATES OR IN A FOR- EIGN COUNTRY, whether he is a CITIZEN OR AN ALIEN, whether he is MARRIED OR SINGLE. 3. If YoU fail to register you will be PUNISHED by FINE and IMIPRISONMENT. 4. YOU must go and register. The official will not come to you. 5. If you can not find the registration place go to the City Clerk in the City Hall and he will direct you. 6. If you are sick you MUST HAVE A RELATIVE OR FRIEND GET A REGISTRATION CARD FROM THE CITY CLERK BEFORE JUNE 5th. Then you must fill out the card and HAVE IT FILED JUNE 5th. 7. If you will be AWAY from your home district on June 5th YOU MUST REGISTER at the City Clerk's office BEFORE JUNE 5th. 8. When you REGISTER you DO NOT ENLIST IN THE ARMY. This is merely a census. If you think you should be exempt from military service you must write your reasons on your registration card. BUT YOU MUST REGISTER. 10 COMMISSION OF IMIMIGRATION AND HOUSING. THE COMMISSION'S ROSTER OF WAR SERVICE OUTSIDE • $ THE STATE. * COMMISSIONER JAS. H. McBRIDE served six months in Washington as Housing Expert under the States Section Committee of the National Council of Defense. COMMISSIONER PAUL SCHARRENBERG made a survey of camp conditions in the Southwestern border states and submitted recommendations for their improvement, to the Federal Department of Labor. GEORGE L. BELL, Executive Officer of the commission, was comman- deered to Washington to act as Executive Secretary of the War Labor Policies Board. MARK C. COHN, Director of the Housing Bureau, was commandeered by the federal government to serve as Pacific Coast Field Agent with the United States Housing Corporation. JOHN L. SIMPSON, of the Complaint Department, left the commission in 1915 to serve on the Committee for Relief of Belgium. He is now in Serbia with the United States Food Administration. GORDON WAGENETT, formerly head of the Complaint Department, left in May, 1917, to enter the First Officers’ Training Camp. He received a commission as first lieutenant and is now in France. LEON T. MoTT, Camp Inspector, entered the army in May, 1918. He was transferred to an officers’ training camp and received a com- mission as second lieutenant. He is again with the commission. STORY OF THE COMMISSION. 11 THE STORY OF THE COMMISSION. Five years ago California established her Commission of Immigration and Housing to protect and aid immigrants within the state. This commission was built upon the conviction that all the problems which touch the immigrant take On a distinct aspect peculiar to no prob- lem of the native born. It was built upon the conviction that the foreign born suffers great hardships because, from the moment of his arrival, he is placed at a disadvantage, and that, in order that he may be placed upon an equal footing with his native-born neighbor, definite constructive aid must be given him in overcoming his handicaps. Furthermore, it was built upon the conviction that as the immigrant suffers from his shortcomings so does the community in which he lives suffer with him. In establishing the commission, California had no definite precedent to follow. The experiment was new to herself, new to America, new even to the world at large. And, as in the case of all experiments, con- fidence in its success was not unmixed with doubts. And then—came the war, came war work, came the cry for American- ization. California found herself a Prophet and a Pioneer, found her- self five years in advance of the times, found the country as a whole frantically organizing for the tasks which she had undertaken long before. And she had undertaken them not as a hasty war measure— for the world had not yet dreamed of war—but as her plain and simple duty to the immigrant, to herself, and to America. From the start, in the scheme of the commission, these tasks outlined themselves, following the belief that before a man should be asked to become a good American by being worthy of his surroundings, those surroundings should be made worthy of a good American. The immigrant did not understand his rights, did not understand our laws, his ignorance was exploited on every hand; so the commission's Bureau of Complaints came into being, to advise him, to adjust his difficulties, and to remove the causes for those difficulties. In the labor camps he worked—for the most part—under wretched conditions which he could not change, and the remedy for this was the commission’s Bureau of Labor Camp Inspection which, in five years, has revolutionized the labor camps of the state. He lived by his work and little help could be given him if he were deprived of that work; and the question of unemployment with the problems leading up to it, the problems arising from it, and possible solutions, became part of the commission’s undertaking. From the moment of his arrival he was crowded into the badly- congested quarters of the city and so the problem of Housing was 12 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. The State of California Commission of Immigration and Housing is created to protect and aid immigrants in California |H||M|| Yºsis | (b ||M||||ſh |||||||}|f|| ||||||f||M|| |||}||||||||||||||||||||| |||} |||} |I|||}||} H — * * * * * TO IN1M1 GRANTS PER GLl EMIGRANTI (tulas) ..]; SJSTX"b -- rit:-r :--a rº Tº r $1, r tº Caitzer. Carr sv v^ -: i-r-, z-z", tº ls Cor- Errºgramicrº in Californu itsus jº. --> ----, -, . * * * *{, -virt ... ("ta"rd to ſtºr, l arv; , , .…", gran's th tº rats per fºrtrzęere r", rugſ art, in Calſettia. 2s – '-- -: * C4% frºm 1 a Qıxzi frturr art the crº-rº d, raters stati ingarrut! ---T--- *- - - i w's teel that “...tv a e tern - reºrged. o 4°its ºf all cy'ſ irr the drº Jrraro ºrderral cri, s.r.orwegati :- . . . 2. º :: *J cr -e’r:...:e J tº wººj wai'i interri’s yºu are asked to du wºrlfr ºr ; attoºs o di ucts, rve sil'UIſ,two delta Cerrº-us- º “w i :: : -I pºzzº, rx : * * - - , -11°r to oſſ.: , t Sta's co-r-stºn. I scre. Urder-ocq Haldirt. 3:3 Mary ri St. San Francisco. I at * * r * - :::=r: ------ rests ºn tº T-t- ºr 7. ... - 13.rg $º six ket St ret Sain Franz.ito Californ. A - - t.Jº a tº ºr • * * * * * * tº Earºt Undrrºr:oºl Ball.nr., $23 Markrt St. San Francisco, Cul. - **' ſ 37 nºvº º 1. is 57, re z-z-z-z-z E-2 º --- A LOS INMIGRANTES usia--ah) PARA EMIGRANTES (Patscue.) DO EMIRGRACJI tºpouth) DOSELJENICIMA (creatun) a- - Cor 1-c- ºr irr-ſta.1: n A's 11-rººt; ºr: Evajo A Cor:--wºo de Errºgra, A3 t i-ºvui én do Estado da , D, lavra karttuja ra urljtruits 3 I wai'itu uselytraka Jº Ca' ſc" - a as a J. tº a ts put a ſww.tº grº y avº.: if a los Cat-ſcr'aa, crºca para prote grº r a 4-1! An erra grant tº ris Kal.ſorrujvale Errºgrazyjne Bºero otwarts dis pornºxy tº fºr law a Kalf - l * – - A 1--.' * - I -- **** **, Caº's r. 1 J tº re-A. | lrleſ marr rºarranºr fºr trºtym to Kalſcºr-l. u Kaiferº * * A " ' " ſtan'tv <-e hiya~ *.**** * *'rin a graviz, łrstran’t 1 que pulgarn terr-, into trºl trits 33s. Dragrar.'. Act ry cru; 1 urbº e fourrstart, lub ikºwl; tı.r.l. Aoy drix da [rn se rurdrºla Arıvitz, da wu •: - , , , ºr crº-º-º-º: * * * r * q-e cº-astrican per. I stºria.… c., critat def>. c., q2r devºir inferrrºgio is cºrukani. a takit Khºrch lºts: infºrucz. Fºr ".. ls p lili Aevi isle infrarrrat, is reka ded ki <-2 ºr rr tº rººt *.*.*, * is uſe, "a de la Co-is. -- urºrt. ret six, a v.rer, prºvoareru, º eigeºrem so exh;tons sºlcºt ºut ºvetºe lºt lº'cºre to ºuts Keriºr Urea- cººl, Riºn, ºr dºne ºf ºrani's º w -- F. - rs ::: Marº et St San Fra-r, i.a. da Cerrº.º.o. Urºtrº-ood Building. 323 Rux Market. San wood Duijing 5:3 Market St. San Francavco. Under-23 buddin: 3:3 Marºn Suerº San Franzaro. a Co--ºr, ºr a rusº'o, ºr ſcºrev «er war reces a-ion y $’rzrºcinº. Muro Korruy, h - a yıtk.m. Korºlºs r º Čati inſcrºture perpoºl rvirax 47 "a's 2 t cº.4 para que ºf hats in ºut:1:1z drº, ix. A Cerrºrussis lorrecrºi inſ:r-ºrio a sjudari tºcs a w ctrryrraniu pra - Jº-ołº, du debuju ºvox prºvo. - Habt-r-cº y Es...nbrºos to is a low 13.3rran cºtri r". Jºati; a Fałłrrior r rºcrevrrots modat as langual- Mowry rive-ny popclika his fºr cruno i gnizrpo ºwe Kºzikr. - - sº- - -- - - - A U x I at M I GRAfw r h --- A BEVANDORLOKHOZ tº III'U- 'rºr: \ll. T.V.Y.A:ºr.\: (Greek) PRISTEHOVALCUM (Behºrr-,-) L. c.º.d.º.º.-º! || “. ," (Fuagerse) *...***** *** ********* - - - was "rºw-tº-c Stit Kallicºn e ºak til rºutthawaltzkou a us, tevatſ de Calaſetrie a 4th crète ºrrºr. . len Irrrri. § Ca! It ſt-A ſtre+: “tau tv ſ.l. wºrrr, fºr 3' u ra artti *** 11°-ºvºst kº-'r-war ºr *= -r-, -tº-vi-'-- ~~~ tlii, Altrà trºl ºvs) tºwatt & tary a pºrt. Reproduction of postel', in twelve different languages, offering assistance to innnni- grants. These posters Were placed conspicuously in all innnnigrant centers throughout the State. The Commission’s first step in making its existence known to the foreign born of California. BUREAU OF COMPLAINTS. 13 accepted as part of the bigger problem of immigration, and the Com- mission set about the task of awakening the state to its obligation of furnishing proper living conditions even for those who can pay little rent. - He did not know the English language, and the commission’s Bureau of Immigrant Education turned to this new task of education. Even so, he could not wait to learn the language of America before assuming some of the duties toward her; her ideals and hopes had to be made clear to him in his own tongue; and the commission’s Foreign- Language Speakers set out upon their mission of enlightenment. Now the labor camps of Oregon and Washington are being inspected under the federal government’s program of war necessity. Housing surveys are now being undertaken as part of the country-wide American- ization movement, and yet there was much wondering when, five years ago, California linked the two. Educators throughout America are realizing that teaching English to the foreign born is a new profession for which new provision has to be made. And the co-operation of the leaders of these foreign born is being enlisted in carrying America’s message to their countrymen in their own tongue, a measure which has long been a vital part of California's plan for assimilation. It is the hope of the commission that the brief pages which follow will give a clearer interpretation of its work in these several depart- ments. THE BUREAU OF COMPLAINTS. The purpose of the commission was clear from the start: to protect and aid immigrants in California. The method of procedure was not so simple. To protect against whom and against what? To aid to what end and by what means? There were many books and many reports on the subject of immigra- tion. And the commission laid them all aside and opened its Bureau of Complaints. ‘‘Not to theorize concerning the problems and difficulties met with by newly-arrived immigrants, but to find out from the immigrants themselves what those facts and problems are.” This statement went into the first annual report of the commission, and there has been no occasion, in the years which followed, to change the words. From the start the Bureau of Complaints became the point of contact between the state and the people whom the commission was to serve. From the start it became evident that it was to be the chief protective branch of the commission, and from the start, its work divided itself into three parts. 14 COMMISSION OF IMM IGRATION AND HOUSING. In the capacity of clinic, the bureau takes up the work of research, isolating a given problem as presented by the complaints brought to its office, and determining the circumstances which made it possible. Here the causes of the immigrants’ difficulties are sought out. Then the individual complaints are adjusted. Land frauds, insur- ance frauds, wage claims, industrial accidents, bad housing conditions, insanitary camps, and unnumbered other difficulties are referred to their proper departments and settled in the best way possible. The work of legislation forms the third part of the work and is the logical end of research. And the commission takes just pride in the laws which have been enacted for the protection of the stranger. - “Not to theorize concerning the problems and difficulties met with by newly- arrived immigrants, but to find out from the immigrants themselves what these facts and problems are.” THE BUREAU OF COMPLAINTS SOMETIMES BECOMES THE BUREAU OF INFORMATION. The Bureau of Complaints is a vital branch of the commission’s work. But sometimes the foreign born come with inquiries instead of injuries and the Bureau of Complaints becomes the Bureau of Information. Work; always they come for work. Where to apply and how, and then that question which hides a bitter tragedy: “Where can I find my BUREAL OF INFORMATION. 15 work!' It is a ghastly history, the history of the foreign born misfit. A decorator working for a plumber, a cabinetmaker carrying bricks, an engineer digging ditches—and always the same story—the lack of information, the absence of self-confidence, the ignorance of English. Men come to ask concerning laws on land, on wages, on naturalization, on housing, on bad camps. Men come for help with money orders, with letters, with loans, with investments. The commission's agents must know how a divorce is obtained, where free blankets and free seed samples are to be had, must be able to advise on labor unions and pas- tures, on charities and dentists—on everything which touches human life. It is impossible to be of service to any people unless the point of view of those people is known. The commission's office furnishes a clearing house for the diffi- culties of the immigrants. During the trying months of war the commission spread information far from its offices. Two thousand eight hundred letters were sent out to the leaders of foreign born asking their co-operation in helping their people to register properly, and to answer the questionnaires. This appeal was strengthened by letters sent out by the Governor of California. The commission itself was kept very busy with these. In the Los Angeles office alone, more than two thousand questionnaires were filled. When one considers the difficulties of native born Americans with these questionnaires, the state of mind of the immigrant required to answer 16 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. the questions can scarcely be imagined. Knowing how easily mistakes occur, the commission carried its assistance through the attesting of the signature and the sealing of the envelope, after which it considered its duty done. Until one day the commission’s agent discovered a man whose questionnaire he had just filled out, solemnly depositing that document into a street garbage can. As both the mail box and the garbage can are made of metal, as both have slots, and as the man probably never mailed a letter before, the mistake is not so strange. But it is significant as an example of the ease with which mistakes and difficulties occur in the case of the unprotected foreign born. TWO CONCRETE EXAMPLES OF EXPLOITATION. The following cases show plainly that there is a field for Americaniza- tion among the native born—that “the attitude of the alien toward this Country is, in a great part, a reflection of the attitude of our own citizens toward him.’’ - Two concrete instances of exploitation which have been discov- ered by the State Immigration Commission will serve to point out why it is obvious that our national neglect has made the immigrant problem serious in the present crisis: Several years ago a large tract of land was opened for coloniza- tion in the Sacramento Valley. The sales agents made a particular point of inducing immigrants to purchase this land in lots of from twenty to thirty acres. Agents were employed who spoke many languages and the value of the land was represented, in advertising and Orally, in the most glowing terms. There was much exaggera- tion and even misrepresentation, and some 150 families, mostly immigrants, were induced to pay from $100 to $150 an acre for this land. Some eighty settlers have left the colony after three. years of fruitless labor, and their life savings are gone. The land is honey-combed with hardpan and the State University’s soil experts have said that at the most it is worth only $15 to $20 an acre, and that no one could possibly make a living on these twenty- or thirty-acre lots. The families that remain are practically desti- tute, but the commission is co-operating with them in bringing action against the owners and agents for fraud, and there is some hope for recovery. This is only one of some 500 land fraud cases that have been handled by the State Immigration Commission. It shows that immigrants are exploited even in their attempt to get back to the These cases have been settled by a compromise in which the purchasers receive a certain return Of Cash. * BURE.A U OF INFORM.ATI())N. 17 land—the place where many wise students of the problem say they must be before our immigrant problem will be settled. Another instance in the experience of the commission has to do With political exploitation. In one of the smaller towns near San Francisco Bay, several years ago, the commission discovered some 800 Sicilians who were unnaturalized and unable to speak the English language, although they had been in the country from two to eight years. Some people in the town had suggested that even- ing schools might be organized wherein these people could study English and citizenship. In the course of interviewing some resi- dents concerning this matter we met the so-called ‘‘boss,’’ or leader, of these Sicilians. He confidentially, but frankly, explained that he thought it would be expensive nonsense to start these classes or to try to educate these people. He stated that the essential thing was to get them naturalized so they might vote, and he stated that if we could “help him a little bit” with the local judge he could collect some $20 or $25 apiece from these men for coaching and ‘‘cramming’’ them for examination and getting them passed as citizens—after which he solemnly promised to “deliver the whole block of votes to the right party.’’ He then naively recounted how he had done this same thing in two other immigrant communities where he had “stood in ’’ with the judges. It is rather difficult to conceive of a more degrading and discour- aging phase of our assimilation, or attempted assimilation, of immi- grants. The State Commission is doing all it can to offset such evil influences, but only a radical change in public opinion, in the public attitude toward immigrants, can do it effectively. Under such conditions it is small wonder that many immigrants have been forced to a hatred of our government and its institutions, and almost to anarchy. They have had complete faith in our American laws and people, feeling that no harm could come to them here, yet they have met with such things as are mentioned above, and they have only too frequently met with harsh and unsympathetic treat- ment from government officials. Often we have heard district attorneys, or other peace officials, to whom we have gone for aid for defrauded immigrants, remark, ‘‘Oh, they’re a bunch of Dagos or wild Russians. We can’t understand their lingo or take time to fool with their cases 1’’ Thus have we created out of our immigrants a potential menace. We have failed to see in the so-called ‘‘Dago’’ the potential fires of Latin enthusiasm and patriotism, just as we have failed to see in the so-called “wild Russian’’ the centuries of old longing for freedom and opportunity º * *. It is high time that we awaken to these things and mold these old world forces to our own ends. There is ample opportunity to turn the potential menace to poten- tial good, if we but change our attitude and remember our obligations. - - —From an address made by George L. Bell at State Convention of the Cali- fornia. Federation of Women's Clubs, Pasadena, California, 1917. 2–43855 5. MORE THAN Two THOUSAND QUESTION NAIRES FILLED IN THIS OFFICE. - - - - - - Helping with the Questionnaire. Only those who have gone among the foreign-born soldiers in cantonments have any conception of the tragic mistakes occurred because the registrants, lacking the English language, did not know the meaning of the word "exemption" or the grounds for claiming which have ['OREIGN TuANGUA (Tº Sl” IEA. KTERS. 19 FOREIGN-LANGUAGE SPEAKERS. As recently as May of 1917 the slogan which was threatening to sweep America was, “One language for all, and that language the English l’’ But when the need came for reaching the foreign born on the subject of the draft and the Liberty Bonds, then were speaker's sent abroad who could reach them in their own tongue. - - Contrary to popular opinion the commission has always held that the need of knowing America and her institutions is greatest before the alien can hope to understand America’s language, that talks in the language of the immigrant are a definite part of any adequate program of Americanization, and that to wait for the immigrant to learn English before letting him become acquainted with America is to ignore the greatest necessity of his education. - The commission has interpreters in each of its offices as well as its force in the field. Agents of the commission’s Bureau of Foreign-Lan- guage Speakers go among the foreign born of the state and make clear to them in their own tongue those things which perplex and baffle them in their new environment. They explain the laws which so often the foreign born transgress through ignorance; they learn the grievances of immigrant laborers in labor camps and acts as mediators between them and their employers; they make clear to the newcomers their duties to their new country, as well as their rights and their privileges. Especially during the war their services were in demand. Into mines and logging camps, foundries and fisheries, shipyards and railroad shops, into hotels and restaurants, into beet and cotton fields they went, explaining, encouraging and adjusting. - Registration for the draft, the absolute democracy of that draft, Liberty Bonds, Thrift Stamps, and the benefits derived from investing in both, the need for food conservation, the questionnaire, the duty of staying on the job—all these were made clear to the immigrant and all acknowledge that men of foreign birth helped manfully in our great war task. - - LA wº --- Tº NN - - To many of these men the first Americanizing influence comes through the speeches of these agents and it comes in their own language. RECOMMENDATIONS ATTACHED TO A REPORT ON MEXICA LABOR BY A LATIN AGENT. - That the utmost candor and truthfulness be used with the Mexican; that at the time of his engagement he be told truthfully just what to expect in regard to Wages, location, sanitary and housing accommoda- tions, transportation and payment. It has been found that when the Mexican has been thoroughly posted in advance about his job that he comes and he stays; When he has been deceived he strikes or takes unceremonious leave. That uniformity of work hours (if possible to be regulated); uni- formity of wages for the same class of work; uniformity of housing accommodations; uniformity of kindly, considerate, honest treatment be accorded to all Mexicans. Absolute justice and infinite patience, realizing that they are but grown-up little children—human beings with the passicns of men and the knowledge of babes—will make of them citizens of whom we will be proud. Now, they are swayed by every Wind that blows but they have no inherent lurking meannesses, no greedy avarice nor Cupidity. They are hungry for education, quick to learn as children but slow when grown up. They are with us to stay : we can mold them as we will, and if we groom our horses, feed them, give them shelter and a bed when they have toiled hard for us at work which we could not do for ourselves—shall we do less for the hard- working stranger within our gates whose sons and daughters will soon be our American citizens ! 2 2 COMMISSION OF IM MIGRATION AND HOUSING. A SUBSTITUTE FOR THE SALOON. **** In a late report to this commission, made by a foreign-speaking agent on his return from a long visit to the camps of California, he concluded by saying: $ • “Seasonal labor in the mines and log- ging camps is very bitter against prohi- bition. Not so much on account of the ‘booze” but because it does away with meeting places where the men may spend their leisure time. At five o’clock work is over for the day and soon after six Sup- per is finished. It is yet too early to go to bed and the men must have a place to sit and some recreation. The discon- tent they show in anticipation of the time when the saloon shall be closed is very apparent—and growing. Is it possible for the commission to make any recom- mendation for a substitute for the saloon?” On July 1 all saloons will be closed and thou- sands of men in California will be without their usual gathering places. This condition is serious and worthy of prompt attention by both the state and the nation. The commission invites constructive sugges- tions. NOT U. S. MARSITAL, BUT INTERPRETER. 23 “NOT A UNITED STATES MARSHAL, BUT AN INTERPRETER." ‘‘The war has acted upon our international communities like the wrong kind of acid dropped into a solution. It has suddenly started a reverse action. As a Polish teacher expresses it, “People had begun to forget their feeling for nationality; and then the war ! And the differ- ences have all reappeared.” Everyone is sensitive about his nationality now. I believe this resharpening of nationalistic prides is a good thing for all of us, so far. We can no longer step so blunderingly all over our patient, voiceless foreign peoples | If we rise to the challenge of these international times, this sudden emphasis upon the kinetic life of America will continue to be good. - * This reverse action has compelled us in spite of ourselves to know who and what these different peoples are. It has injected into our international communities the old vivid feelings, and differences and prejudices which have kept the peoples of Europe in a fever of suspicion and hate against each other, but not heretofore against America. In a mining camp in California, the manager began to notice a restless- mess among the South Austrians. They were Croatians, but he did not know that. The unrest grew. He could discover no real cause for it and began to fear real trouble. The Immigration Commission office up in San Francisco heard of the stir and wired to wait, for they would send down an interpreter who spoke the language of the men. The interpreter arrived and announced he intended to live among the men and find out just what all the noisé was about. The office objected on the ground that it was dangerous and his life wouldn’t be worth a cent. He answered, ‘But you forget these are my own people. And I understand them.’ He found a bunk in a lodging house. At the end of the second day be reported back to the office that the row was the result of a feverish debate, in which the whole camp was involved, as to where the new capitol for the new republic of Jugo-Slavia should be located | That man went about explaining to them the United States’ part in the war. At a mass meeting he spoke of the Red Cross, and every man present joined. And later he sold $6,000 in War Savings Stamps. The men were eager to give. They bought Liberty Bonds, too. The management said, ‘All that we needed was an interpreter to help us understand the men.’’’ º From Ottº Intelºlcºtion Cll Coºl nºt mities clºud the Wrth'. 24 COMMISSION OF IM. M.I.G.R.ATION AND HOUSING. LETTERS AND TELEGRAMS, INDICATING THE VALUE OF FOREIGN-SPEAKING AGENTS IN STATE DEFENSE. ForT BRAGG, CALIFORNIA, February 19, 1918. Ea:ecutive Scoretary, State Commission of Immigration and Housing, 525 Market Street, San Francisco, California. DEAR SIR: Your Mr. —, who recently visited Fort Bragg, has doubtless reported to you conditions as he found them here and has given you some idea of what he has accomplished. In my capacity as a lawyer I represent the principal industry here and I want to say that prior to Mr. — visit we had been con- siderably worried by the attitude of the Austrians towards our government in this present war. We feel that your representative came just at the right time, and that he accomplished more practical good than any representative of the government who preceded him... We believe that the sentiment of the Austrians has changed, and that he has opened their eyes to the true situation and we think it no more than his duc that we should make known to you the able and efficient manner in which Mr. handled the situation. For a time matters looked rather critical, but he was equal to the situation. - te We have a large number of Austrians employed in the woods about ten miles from Fort Bragg, where they have an assembly hall and can be gathered together on proper occasions, and we are of the opinion that if it could be arranged for Mr. — to come to Fort Bragg again soon it would be a good idea to have him speak to these men, and feel that his help in solving the Austrian situation is just as . much needed in the Woods as it is elsewhere. If you can arrange to have him come to us and give us a week's advance notice of the time when he will be able to speak, we will make all necessary arrangements. Again commending the work of your representative and your department on the manner in which the situation here was handled, we beg to remain, Sincerely yours, (Signed) J. A. PETTIS. Sixth District, California Legislature. | Telegram] • WACAVILLE, CALIFORNIA, May 1, 1918. Eaccutive Officer, State Commission of 1 m migration and Housing, 525 Market Street, San Francisco, California. Mr. — is doing very good work here and is bettering our relations with the Spanish element. We would appreciate it very much if Mr. — could be here for a part of our fruit season. We think it would help conditions throughout the state, as the Vacaville Spaniards work as far south as Fresno and will carry the friendly sentiment that he instills in them into other fields. F. B. MCINEWITT COMPANY. DEPARTMENT OF LA EOR. United States Employment Service. 207 South Broadway, Los Angeles. .4 cting E.recutire Officer, State Commission of Immigration and Housing, San Francisco, California. SIR : I beg to advise that the sugar beet companies in southern California are now harvesting their beets, and a few factories are operating at top speed. From your personal experience with labor in this part of the state, you are no doubt a Ware that there is more or less continuous labor trouble and agitation among T,.\ B() R. C.V. MIP JNSPECTION. 25 thé Mexican laborers, most of which is due to misunderstandings. and also German and I. W. W. propaganda in southern ('alifornia, among the Mexican people. Last season, and also in the fall of 1916, these disturbances were held down and checked to the minimum through the efforts of your agent, the local Mexican consul, and the Writer. Mr. — is widely known among the local Mexican populace, and by fair treat- ment has gained complete conſidence of the local Mexican laborers. Mr. — can not be commended too highly for the active interest and excellent work performed by him last season during the harvesting of the local sugar beet crop, particularly in the matter of proper camps and sanitation for the Mexican laborers, and being advised that he is now in the Fresno district, where he will perhaps remain indefinitely. I respectfully request that, if possible, he be assigned to duty as soon as possible to this district, where no doubt he would be in a position to render invaluable assist- ance to all concerned during the present beet and beam harvest. * * * Assuring you that this office is co-operating with your commission to the fullest extent, I am, sir, Yours respectfully, - - (Signed) EM II, J. PERNATCII E, * Examiner in Charge. LABOR CAMP INSPECTION. In the first year and a half of its existence the commission acted merely as an advisory body in the Work of labor camp inspection, with no authority to enforce the improvements which it recommended. In 1915 the legislature amended the Labor Camp Sanitation Law, and placed the power of enforcing it in the hands of the commission. But, where possible, the commission still preferred to act in an advisory capacity. In the words of one of its inspector, “We talk and work and fight and plead, and only as the last resort do we use the law.” º ... In the last five years the living conditions of California labor camps have been revolutionized and during these years no serious labor dis- turbances have taken place in California. Slowly the camp operator has become converted to the commission's point of view. One railroad company which at the beginning of the commission's Work could claim some of the worst camps in the state, has just agreed to put up model car camps for its section and bridge crews and its extra gangs, and the result of this change will affect all railroads in California. Five years ago, one bath was found in all the lumber camps visited. Today, practically every lumber camp in the state is equipped with bathing facilities. Operators of mines have been ready to make improvements. All of the larger mines and most of the smaller ones have been inspected and improved by the commission. Much progress was made in improving the state's farm-labor camps. These are difficult to handle as the farm is often rented and no one considers himself responsible. - 20 com Mission OF IMM IGRATION AND LIOUSING. The standard of sanitation for the fruit, berry, and miscellaneous camps has been entirely changed in the last five years. It was in the work with these camps that the commission has evolved its plans for community camps. By this plan a number of small holders erect a camp at a central point and operate it jointly. This plan has been already tried and will be undertaken on a large scale next summer in the counties of Fresno, Tulane and Kern. A Community Labor Camp. This represents the latest type of camp advocated by the commission for a number of small holders who can not undertake the building of labor camps individually. Built from the commission's plans. Education in the matter of improvements was not confined to the employers. The commission itself discovered ever new methods for improving its own plans, as its experience grew. The advisory pam- phlet on the building and maintenance of camps, published in 1915, no longer meets the commission's own standards of 1918, and a revised pamphlet is now nearing completion. - This pamphlet, with its drawings and descriptions, gives the camp superintendent plans, by which he can make a camp habitable and up to standard at a minimum of expense. It considers the employer as well as the laborer. Not only California has used it, but it has been sent upon request to every state in the union. Recently the Japanese have LA BOR (AMP INSPECTION. 27 translated it into their language for distribution among their country- Illell. Also, out of the commission's experience has come recommendations for strengthening the Camp Sanitation Law. The law is now adequate for those who stand ready to co-operate with the commission. For the others (those who still hold that anything is good enough for labor) more stringent regulations are needed if the work of camp sanitation is to develop to its fullest capacity. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - A “Permanent" Labor Camp before Inspection. A few years ago operators of labor camps did not believe that mere “lumber jacks,” mere railroad laborers, mere fruit pickers could appreciate decent living conditions. The past two years have been trying ones, marked by unrest of labor both in cities and rural districts throughout the United States. While other states were experiencing strikes and labor disturbances brought about by unlivable camp conditions, it is significant that but one minor instance of labor trouble on account of insanitary camp conditions was recorded in California. When the labor situation became serious other states had to call on the federal government for advice and assistance to carry out what California had accomplished through the Camp De- partment of the Commission of Immigration and Housing. During the same period the War Department found it necessary to detail seven commisisoned officers to devote their time to reconstructing labor camps in the spruce district of the Pacific Northwest. The Department of Labor requested one of the members of the Com- mission of Immigration and Housing of California to make a survey of camp conditions in the Southwestern border states and report recom- mendations for improvements. - 2S COMMISSION OF IMM IGRATION AND LIOUSING. The following excerpts from letters received by the commission from concerns maintaining camps which house large numbers of workers show the employer's attitude toward the work accomplished by the Camp Department: From the Spalding ſº anch Company (ner Ernst E. Behr, manager) : * * * * Since the following out of the plan of camp sanitation as outlined by your inspector, we have been able to keep on our ranch a better class of men than we formerly employed. This is especially true during rice harvest time, as ºur camp attracts a better class of labor than those camps which are of a temporary nature. * * * * From the Earl Fruit ('ompany (per S. A. Lines, general manager) : * * * * We can say to you that in conjunction with the representative of the Immigration and Housing Commission we planned a sanitary camp on the Jones ranch, to be occupied by both pickers and packers. . . . We believe that it was of - -- -- --- - -- | - - *º-sºº Permanent Labor Camp Built as Recommended by the Commission. The educational side of the connnnission's labor-camp inspection has had its effect–employers are becoming educated to the necessity of camps such as this, not only for the sake of the laborers but for their own profit as well. the greatest economic value to us to maintain a camp of this description, and believe that when the farmers of California begin to appreciate this and make better preparations for their help, that there will be less difficulty in securing high class labor for farm work. * * * * From the Hobart Estate Company (per G. D. Oliver, manager) : * * * * We are a thorough believer in the expediency of maintaining sanitary labor camps. We have endeavored at all times to carry out your ideas and have gone even farther this year, by building between forty and fifty cabins of approved construction. . . . . Although labor is short, we can say at this time that our logging camps are very well supplied with good men, and it is our opinion that it is more on account of the living conditions than any other. * * * - From the Standard Oil Company (per II. M. Storey, secretary): * * * * This company has always endeavored to maintain sanitary labor camps. Much attention has, however, been given in recent times, to camp sani- tation and camp conditions have improved. . . . It can be said that the improved camp conditions not only attract better workmen, but serve to raise the standard of the workmen. * * * * LA BOR (AM 1 INSPECTION. 2) From the Union Lumlºr ('ompany (per IR. I.). Swales, secretary) : * * * * We consider it has been money well spent in carrying out this work. for it has brought us, we believe, a better class of laborers. . . . We believe that the men appreciate the good condition of the camps, for every once in a while we hear an expression from some one of them stating about the fine accommo- ſlations furnished the men working for the Union Lumber ("ompany. We also have in each of the camps a reading room, and in our main camp a moving picture hall, where moving pictures are shown once a week. * * * * From the 100 rics / or and Lumlºr ('ompany (per A. Davies, manager) : * * * * We think that your efforts have been largely responsible for the wonderful improvement in camp sanitation which has been brought about in recent years. * * * * From the United States Smelting, ſººfining and 11 in inq ('o. (G. W. Metcalfe. manager : * * * * Answering your inquiry of July 31, would say that our efforts to maintain our mining camps in sanitary condition have resulted in our suffering less from the present labor shortage and inefficiency of labor than has been the case with other companies operating in this vicinity where the conditions, though fairly good, have not been quite as good as in our camps. * * * * Temporary labor camp erected as recommended by the commission. Operators who once opposed improvements, now are ready to co-operate with the commission. Lºron ("on tº aſ Williamson. I nº. [...]. E. O'Neill) : -- - - * * * We are pleased to state that we have found from an economic standpoint we have been fully repaid for any money we have spent in the way of increasing sanitation and equipment of our camps, for the reason that more officient work and better results have been obtained from our crews on account of being satisfied with the treatment given them also we have found, during times of labor shortage. that we were able to hire more men than others who had not provided suitable accommodations for their laborers. . . . In this connection. I wish to thank you for your co-operation and the advice and assistance furnished by your office. We trust your good work will be continued. * * * * From the Timſºn Ranch Company (per C. O. Bullis) : “During the past summer there was a labor shortage in Imperial Valley. While many other farmers in the valley were unable to handle their crops promptly on account of shortage of men, we scarcely felt the shortage at all. . . . We attribute this largely to our housing accommodations. . . . We farmers must realize that the farm laborers as in fact almost all laborers, have really never had a fair chance, and are entitled to better things. Conditions this year are right 3 0 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. Dining and cooking quarters built upon the advice of the commission. In the past five years the commission has improved labor camps with a population of 165,755 men, women and children. This may help explain why California has recently been free from labor disturbances. It is impossible to show bad bathing facilities, as there were no bathing facilities before the commission came into being. The above is a house built from the con- mission's plan. Here not only a bath but a hot bath becomes possible. T, AIBOR (AM 12 SANITATION. 3]. for a good start in this direction. Imperial Valley farmers should show good profits, provided they can get their crops harvested at anything like ordinary rates. Part of these profits rightfully should and must go into the installation of sanitary labor camps and living accommodations.” From the Pacific Lumber Company (per Donald McDonald, Vice-president) : “* * * We are heartily in accord with the campaign which has been carried on by the State Commission of Immigration and Housing for the improvement of camp sanitation. The results are not measurable in dollars and cents alone. Proper conditions about the woods camps not only makes for better men, but lyetter service, and in our judgment the work which has been carried on by your commission has been a distinct help, not only to the employee, but the employer. * * * * LABOR CAMP SANITATION. Unfortunately, in preventive Work it is always difficult to prove results, or to prove that trouble has been prevented. But it is fairly certain that the movement for labor camp sanitation in California dur- ing the past few years has done much to ward off and prevent out- breaks on the part of the 75,000 or 80,000 unskilled, migratory workers in the state. At various times during that period labor trouble has threatened to reach the violent stage in different localities, where one of the causes of complaint has been insanitary and objectionable living conditions. Inspectors have been rushed to these points and the opera- tors have been persuaded to furnish proper living conditions without the threat of legal pressure being brought to bear. With the granting of these proper demands, the temper and mood of the workers has always changed and peaceable negotiation concerning the other matters in dispute has been made possible. The commission has had such experi- ences throughout the state. Moreover, a recent request from the Lumbermen’s Congress of all the Northwestern states for several hundred copies of the commission’s advisory pamphlet on camp sanitation and housing for immediate use, indicates the fact that attention to this matter is absolutely essential, particularly in the rougher industries of the far Western states. The operators have finally come to realize these facts, and their belated appeal to California is really proof of the fact that Cali- fornia owes her freedom from trouble in the lumber camps, partially at least, to the state's foresight in providing better living accommoda- tions during the past years. - --- As additional proof of the importance of this particular work the fol- lowing unsolicited statement from Dr. Frederick L. Hoffman, nationally prominent in sociological work, is presented. Dr. Hoffman sent us this 32 CO M M ISSI () N () tº IM M I (ºr ATI () N \ ND LI () USING. - Model toilets built on recommendation of the commission. A 1918 labor camp, illustrating the need for eternal vigilance. Not long ago this camp was rated "good." Then it changed hands and immediately chaos came. The manager of this camp was arrested for violating the Camp Sanitation Law. on a warrant sworn to by an agent of the commission. MIGRATORY TABOR PROBLEM. - 33 communication after a personal investigation of conditions in California lumber camps : “My general couclusious regarding the work of the Countnission of Immigration and Housing were distinctly favorable. I was gratified to observe in my personal inspection of camps throughout northern California that a decided improvement of camp conditions has been secured, through hearty and intelligent co-operation of large employers of labor with the officials of the commission. What has been done in this respect in California should be followed without needless delay in other states. Conditions at labor or construction camps are, as a rule, throughout the country, unsatisfactory. No other state has made progress in this respect comparable with California. The model plans, rules, and regulations promul- gated by your commission are admirable and deserving of nation-wide con- sideration. “The men who are employed in the Woods, or in construction work, or in seasonal fruit gathering, are entitled to be housed and cared for in conformity to modern sanitary requirements. What is done for them as a matter of justice is, however, certain to benefit in the long run the community as a whole. Proportionate to the results achieved, the expenses incurred must be considered reasonable. Your success is primarily to be attributed to the careful selection of your official staff. I am sure that my views are shared by the large employers of labor, and the large body of employees, who are much more familiar with the facts. It is sincerely to be hoped that other states will follow California in the adoption of corresponding methods of labor and construction camp supervision and control.” {- In line with the labor camp sanitation work has been the safety movement under the Industrial Accident Commission whereby the gen- eral working conditions have been made much safer, and better in other respects. Likewise, the State Labor Commissioner and the Indústrial Welfare Commission have done much to improve working and sanitary conditions in factories and canneries, etc. (Excerpt from report made by commission to Federal Mediation Committee.) THE MIGRATORY LABOR PROBLEM. One phase of labor problems peculiar to California is the direct result of our state's specialized crops where thousands of casual laborers are employed for a brief season of three or four weeks only. Farm crops are not diversified in California and, as a result, there are practically no opportunities for steady or all-year employment of agricultural laborers. The districts where the few large specialized crops are grown are widely scattered and, during the harvest season, the workers have to move Over great distances in the course of what is termed their profession of “following the crops.” This system has built up a class of many thousands of men who have no established residence or home and who are largely unemployed during from five to six of the fall, Winter and spring months. It might be said that it is only by accident that any of these people are enabled 3–43855 34 - COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND IHOUSING. to casually fit themselves into the industrial scheme of things during these months when there is no opportunity for employment in agri- cultural pursuits. Those who find no casual employment during this time either hibernate in cheap lodging houses, living meagerly on their summer’s earnings, or they become public charges. The evils of the system are obvious: First, the economic waste entailed in this undirected, more or less chance wandering about, hunting for casual, seasonal Work during the summer months. - - The first obvious step toward a remedy of this particular evil is the establishment of free labor exchanges or employment bureaus to direct and control the migration of these workers. The State Immigration and Housing Commission, in 1915, initiated a bill to create a system of free state labor exchanges. The legislature established such state employment offices; however, the state was not far-sighted enough to provide funds which would permit of the establishment of this work on a sufficiently large scale. The federal government has also estab- lished a sort of departmental system of free labor exchanges, but these offices, also, are not yet up to the requirements of the situation. Fur- thermore, besides such bureaus of intelligence and information, there must be some arrangement for rapid group movement of this labor by the railroads at reduced rates, and public employment offices will always be handicapped until some constitutional method is devised for abolishing the practice of private offices in charging fees for securing a man employment. Second, there is the more fundamentaſ evil of lack of employment for this class of labor during the winter months. Except at times when there is a universal shortage of labor which takes up all the slack there is a tremendous economic and social loss involved in such unem- ployment. – The Only complete solution that offers itself for normal times is a change in methods of farming by diversification of crops, providing regular employment in all districts of the state for longer periods of time during each year. Another possible solution is an interstate systematized interchange of labor, Supervised by a federal employment bureau. Third, there is the equally fundamental evil presented by a large class of labor which can never become established home builders, or even responsible voting residents of any one community. The only possible, final solution of this evil seems to be the abolish- ment of the whole system that requires an army of migratory workers. HOUSING. 35 Fourth, the fact that these workers are only temporarily employed makes exploitation more possible. The most important phase of this evil has already been pointed out under the discussion of the problem of labor camp sanitation. These roving, unorganized workers are prac- tically compelled to accept the deplorable and degrading living condi- tions provided on most farms and ranches. Such a life lowers the physical, mental and moral standards of the workers and weakens their whole fiber, besides breeding dangerous discontent and unrest. HOUSING. Until recently the conception of housing as a social, as well as an economic problem, was considered an extravagant theory. But the work of the commission’s Bureau of Housing has, from the first, been built on the conception that proper housing of any human being makes for steady employment, for contentment, for self-respect, for loyalty, and for good citizenship. - - The commission’s first task, after undertaking the work, was to edu- cate the state as a whole to its necessity. Few knew how their neighbor lived, and surveys were made to bring actual conditions to their knowl- edge. In five years such preliminary investigations have been made in 55 cities—25 before September, 1917, and 30 since. These began in the most difficult and congested districts of San Francisco and were con- tinued until they have gone all over the state. The laws were so inade- quate and the machinery for their enforcement so meager that little could be done except to create intelligent public opinion. In 1915, the commission was given limited powers in the enforcement of the tenement house law. This did not meet the needs, so the commis- sion called together representatives, including attorneys, physicians; architects, builders, health officers and fire inspectors, of the state’s 14 largest cities in a Housing Institute, and these, in co-operation with the commission, drafted new laws covering hotels, tenements and single dwellings, which were passed by the legislature of 1917. All the laws went into effect September 1, 1917. The tenement house law is a great improvement over the old law. The hotel law is the most comprehensive in the United States. The dwelling house act is merely a skeleton bill but at least paves the way for a really effective law later on. It applies only to incorporated cities and towns and it is the commission’s hope that in the future the entire state will come under the protection of the law. The com. mission was instrumental in having a county ordinance passed in 36 COMMISSION OF IMM IGRATION AND HOUSING. Fresno covering the same points as the state law and there is a possi. bility that other counties may adopt this method of reaching the rural communities. Is the housing problem merely a problem of houses? Can we expect this man to be 100 per cent American? With this new legislation in effect, the commission began its tour of cities and towns with the purpose of securing uniform enforce- ment and giving assistance to officials in the interpretation and explana- HOUSING. 37 tion of the laws. Twenty-four cities were visited with this end in view, and inspections made in conjunction with the city officials. According to reports from fifty-nine cities in September, 1918 (see page 76), one year after the laws went into effect, much progress was made in securing changes in buildings. In seven of the larger cities alone, over 2,000 inside dark rooms were removed. On account of the war much of the actual reconstruction work was held up. The commission prepared a manual for the use of inspectors and builders, explaining the laws, and their application, and giving draw- ings and charts to illustrate. This has done as much to prevent viola- tions as to clean up existing conditions. Her Babies. The mother's future is in the life of her children and there are 365 days in every year and the years stretch on. As a result of the department's campaign of education the University of California started a course in Problems of Housing. During 1918– 19, the course was conducted by a member of the staff of the commission. It is interesting to note that where five years ago, the housing work was looked upon as freakish reform, today the commission is constantly being asked by cities to make surveys and assist them in improving their conditions. - Industries likewise are awakened to their responsibility in providing decent housing accommodations for their workers. Requests have 38 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. become numerous for information and definite plans as how best to house employees. As was the case with all other departments of the commission, the housing work was modified to meet war emergencies. The director was called to federal service, having as his territory, the entire Pacific coast. The state commission co-operated with the federal plan as far as possible. During December, 1917, and from January to May, 1918, the housing department devoted its entire time to war housing. Inves- tigations were made in Oakland, Alameda, San Pedro and Vallejo to determine the extent of the housing facilities for shipyard workers. Her House. And if cleanliness is next to godliness, what chance has she of being clean or good? After the serious shortage of workingmen's homes was discovered, the commission co-operated with the federal government, cities, and private organizations to relieve the situation. Effort was made to induce large employers of labor to take some active part in providing housing facili- ties for their workers. The war has emphasized the need and value of better housing; the years of reconstruction will no doubt give it the greatest impetus. It is toward education rather than toward laws that we must look for betterment of conditions. When wages are low, work irregular, fami- lies large and rents high it does little good to talk of enforcing the law HOUSING. 39 against overcrowding. When families are ignorant of our language, the law alone has small effect. We must realize the basis of our troubles and assemble all the means at hand to educate landlords as to the social obligations, tenants and householders in their rights and duties and the public in its responsibility, that California may set the stand- ard of the whole country for good housing. In order to achieve the results desired, a co-ordinated and systematic campaign of action must be formulated and adhered to. The heretofore apathetic attitude of some of the municipal and state officials must be changed. Good results will obtain if every public official, particularly The Hour of Rest. “A man's house is his castle.” the health officers, building and housing inspectors, at once commence an intensive survey or investigation of conditions in their respective cities and counties; platting and zoning their communities into districts, attacking first the district where the worst conditions obtain, and con- tinuing the work diligently until every building used for human habi- tation is made to conform to the California state housing laws and to the local ordinances of the cities and counties. Opposition may be encountered, but if traced to its source, will be ſound only of a selfish sort because no individual or community has yet advanced a logical reason why bad housing should prevail; bad 40 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. housing will exist only so long as the good-natured public will tolerate it. So long as the principle is right, and the laws back it up, conse- quences are not to be feared. An educational publicity campaign to get crystallized public sentiment behind the movement, will in itself accom- plish half of the task, by exposing those who stand for bad housing, and all its attendant evils. In the light of experience, and from the use of available information, the time has arrived when each individual and community, public official and civic organization should take a stand either for or against bad housing. w The commission's three pamphlets, An A-B-C of Housing, A Plan for a Housing Survey, and a State Housing Manual which contains the state housing laws, can be had upon application. BUREAU OF IMMIGRANT EDUCATION. FOREW ORD. Until May, 1917, there was only one person, the director, in this bureau. This director, by her. personality and genius for hard work was able to secure and use much volunteer assistance. She surveyed her immediate field and by her first report on ‘‘What it Costs to Neg- ject the Immigrant’’ was able to enlist the interest and co-operation of the community. Following this, she gathered the information and personally prepared Leaflets 1, 2, 3 and 4 on Education and all pam- phlets issued prior to 1918. She also planned “The Heroes of Freedom” and “A Community Survey of Los Angeles.” These reports are largely upon Los Angeles for two reasons: that Los Angeles is an immigrant center and because the director was held in that city as the head of the branch office. BUREAU OF IMMIGRANT EDUCATION. 41 REPORT. In section 6 of the act creating the Commission of Immigration and Housing, the commission is charged: With “bringing to the immigrant the best opportunities for acquiring education and citizenship.” With “ascertaining the necessity and extent to which instruction should be imparted to immigrants”; and To “devise methods for the proper instruction of adult and minor aliens in the English language and other subjects,” and - To “put into operation practical devices for training for citizenship, and for encouraging naturalization.” This program to be carried out by co-operation with existing agencies rather than by creating new machinery. Educational work to Be Co-operation with All Existing Agencies. In compliance with this keynote of co-operation, the commission, through its Department of Education, has endeavored not to establish new machinery for carrying on its work, but to encourage already existing agencies to understand their local immigration problem and extend their work to meet it. For this reason much of the time has nécessarily been spent in propaganda, in interviewing superintendents of schools, directors of public employment bureaus, of settlements, play- grounds, libraries, missions and other agencies public and private, always emphasizing the importance of making such modifications in a regular program as will fit the peculiar needs of the immigrant. Through its complaint department such questions as child labor and inattendance at school, among immigrant families, were reported to the proper authorities. Compulsory Attendance of School Children. Through its labor camp inspection, the commission has a record of children of immigrants for whom “the regular schools are not easily accessible.” This has been arranged by urging the county superin- tendent to open a school in compliance with the school law, or where this was not practicable, employers have been asked to provide instruc- tion. There is much need for further work in this direction. Propaganda to Educate Americans. In order to educate the American to a clearer and more sympathetic understanding of the immigrant, Volunteer speakers trained by the commission, have been sent out to arouse communities to their respon- sibilities and to give them a practical program. 42 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. Aside from this more indefinite part of the education program, which shows results only in a growing social consciousness that Cali- fornia has an immigration problem, which it can no longer neglect, there have been concrete activities which should be reported upon. poverry-15.4% #215,014.95 N - N Tº N º -- 30, N WHAT OUR NEGLECT OF THE IM M I GRANT COST.S. The Result of a Study in Los Angeles. NotE.-The striking feature of this chart is the fact that while $1,271,575..13 is spent in the remedial fields of crime, sickness, poverty and unemployment, only $38,983.14 is spent in the constructive field of education. General Study–Home Teacher Legislation. First Year: During the first year of the commission, the Department of Education confined its activities to studying the agencies available for immigrant education. It found one great need. There was no American influence, except an occasional settlement, which reached the home. The only agency which could adequately do this was the school. It alone came with no prejudice, and it had the widest contact. As teachers already were too overburdened for this additional service, the commission, after studying the best methods in other states, drafted BUREAU OF IMMIGRANT EDUCATION. 43 a law which created the home teacher. Once the act was passed, the department devoted itself to explaining the functions of such a teacher and preparing a manual for her use. For the sake of having a definite illustration of the advantages of this appendage to the school system, and to work out standards, the commission induced a highly trained Woman to work as a volunteer in the Los Angeles City schools for a year and a half. - Mobilization of Women's Clubs Throughout the State to Study Immigration in Local Communities. Second Year: The Department of Education devoted most of its concrete work during the second year to the city of Los Angeles, because it hoped definite accomplishment in one place would be the best begin- ming for a successful state-wide program. - It did, however, mobilize the women’s organizations throughout the state to study this local immigration problem, giving them a question- naire and a program to follow : . Survey of the Cost of the Immigrant to Los Angeles Taxpayers. In Los Angeles, it began with a study of the cost of the immigrant to the city taxpayer. The result graphically produced is shown on page 42. This convincing proof that education is cheaper in the Cnd than remedial methods, was made the subject of an educational Campaign. Large colored charts were prepared and used in speaking before the Board of Education, the Chamber of Commerce, County J3oard of Supervisors, women’s and other civic organizations. The School board and county supervisors were especially urged to increase their budgets and give a larger proportion for the teaching of English in the night schools and in afternoon classes for women. Study of the Neighborhood Schools. A careful study of neighborhood schools (public schools especially adapted for the local needs of immigrant communities, a unique feature of the Los Angeles public school system) was prepared for the State Conference of Social Agencies in a “Report on Social and Economic Conditions of the Neighborhood School Districts.” Campaign to Get Foreigners Into the Night Schools. Third Year: The third year opened with an intensive campaign to get the adult foreigners into the night schools of Los Angeles. The commission lent its office temporarily to the T30ard of Education for this purpose and mobilized every available agency in the city for advertising and inviting the foreign born to the schools. New schools were opened where there was a demand, hours were adapted to special 44 COMMISSION OF IMIMIGRATION AND HOUSING. needs, and classes were organized in places outside school buildings, in factories, or wherever convenient. In comparison with the tremendous efforts made, the results were inadequate, and it was necessary to find the reason. The teaching of English to foreigners, a highly specialized profession, was being done by teachers who had no training for this highly specialized work.” Intensive Study of Night School Methods and Attendance. Very few figures have ever been compiled about night school attend- ance. Therefore for information and as a basis for future programs an intensive study was made of all the night school classes in Los Angeles County. An effort was made on the part of an investigator in Los Angeles County to find the causes for the very irregular attendance. The result of this study was published in a report, ‘‘A Discussion of Methods of Teaching English to Adult Foreigners with a Report on Los Angeles County.” It revealed the startling fact that “141 pupils mever came back after the first might and that only 322 out of a total of 3,448 stayed for sixty mights.” This pamphlet has been widely used by teachers to improve their method. Appointment of (1) Instructor in Methods of English Teaching at Los Angeles State Normal and (2) Supervisor of Immigrant Education in Los Angeles City Schools. The next task was to see that the normal school included this in its curriculum. A splendid teacher, a veritable genius, was appointed to give two classes every Saturday, to which teachers as well as students were invited. This was followed up by the appointment of this same instructor as supervisor of immigration education in the city Schools. The far-reaching results of placing this work upon the same basis with the same opportunity for growth, and development of other depart- ments, can not be estimated. This was not done by the commission directly, but its urging and the public sentiment it had created were in part responsible. Too much stress can not be laid on the fact, however, that Los Angeles has a school superintendent of great vision and with unusual experience and knowledge of the foreigner. * “Not only have we failed to meet our foreigners in their own languages, and on their own particular ground, but we have failed to perceive that the teaching of English to them is a social problem and one absolutely necessary to the solution of other social difficulties. Teaching English has been left to the schools, or to the Commercial groups. The teaching of English to adult foreigners is 80 per cent a problem for the social worker, and 20 per cent a problem for the educational worker. When we inaugurate Socialized English-teaching we shall see much progress toward good will and understanding. We must get behind this enormous problem, which is a universal one to this country; put recreation into it, put community spirit into it, use it as a means for mingling American and foreign, for drawing out the power for self-expression of every group, and so introduce them to each other.”—Mrs. EDITFI TERRY BREMER, New York. - 13 (JREAU () ſº IM MT (HIRANT ICDU CA'ITON. 45 Classes for Foreign-born Women. Because the home teacher although employed in a few schools had never received universal endorsement by boards of education, the commission tried an experiment in the summer of its third year. The Los Angeles Normal School was asked to give credit to such students as would work under supervision during the summer, teaching classes of foreign-born women. Through the co-operation and with the super- vision of the Normal, the School Board, the International Institute of the Y. W. C. A. and the commission's Director of Education, 24 classes were conducted for women of various nationalities. The report of this was published in “A Summer Experiment in the Americanization of Foreign-Born Women.” Immigrant Education Work in Fresno. Fourth Year: The fourth year, the commission planned to carry its education campaign over the state by doing intensive work of two or three months in communities where there were large numbers of foreign born. It began in Fresno, by making a study of conditions and agencies for their amelioration with a suggested program of con- structive work. This was published in “A Report on Fresno's Immi- gration Problem.” - While in Fresno the director of the Bureau of Education got in touch with other communities in the San Joaquin Valley and stimulated them to fresh efforts. The commission was able to assist the Superintendent of Education of Fresno County to compile very valuable statistics gathered by the teachers, on the nationality, and the economic and industrial conditions of the parents of school children. Los Angeles Co-operative Survey of Educational Status and Living Conditions - in Foreign Districts. During the winter, a unique survey was carried on in Los Angeles with the co-operation and support of the commission, in which over. two hundred social workers and teachers took part. Most of the organ- izing and directing of this work was done by the Children’s Librarian of the Los Angeles Public Library and the director of the Bureau of Tºducation of the Immigration Commission. This survey is now ready for press. English Classes in Concentration Camps. Fifth Year: Much of the work of this year was connected with war service. In May of 1918, the commission was privileged to send a normal teacher to Camp Kearny to instruct a class of sergeants and corporals 46 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. who were detailed to teach English to foreign-speaking soldiers. Two representatives of the commission assisted in the organization and teaching of the classes. A report of this experiment by one of the teachers is given in the National Geographic Magazine of August, 1918, entitled “Bringing the World to Our Foreign-Language Soldiers.” The government has used this report in the various cantonments. The publication “Our Soldiers and the English Language” is a report of the splendid effort of the San Francisco teachers in volum- teering their services at Camp Scott and the Presidio. - - Oakland Normal Class. In order to have all teachers better prepared for their task, a normal class was held in Oakland under the joint auspices of the city School department and the commission. This supplemented a similar course given in the South by the University of California. Organization of Counties in California for Americanization Work. When the revelations of the draft awoke the country to the neces- sity of national unity through education, it undertook in a large way ihe organization of public sentiment for the task so long neglected. At this time the Commission of Immigration and Housing Was chosen as the Americanization Committee of the state, and much of the sum- mer and fall of 1918 was occupied in Organizing in the counties in California for this work. A study was made of the foreign-born communities and their natural and wise leaders asked to serve on Americanization committees. County chairmen were appointed. Plans and programs were prepared for the instruction and direction of these chairmen. The commission now has three organizers and is ready to send a representative to visit each county and give necessary assistance. Various new leaflets have been prepared which can be used for Amer- icanization work everywhere. They are “Americanization—The Cali- fornia Plan,’’ ‘‘Heroes of Freedom,” “A Plan for Speakers” and a revised ‘‘Home Teacher Manual.’’ - - The need for educational work is so great and the number of em- ployees who can devote themselves to it so small, that the commission is conscious of tremendous gaps that are left unfilled. A strong pro- gram of county work which is now undertaken will do much to crys- tallize American feeling, to give accurate information and produce far-reaching results. Such success as has been won in this department is due to— 1. The wholehearted co-operation and loyalty of each and every department of the Commission of Immigration and Housing; BUREAU Olº IMM IGRANT EDUCATION. 47 camp and housing inspectors, officers at the complaint desks, foreign-speaking agents and Americanization organizers who have carried the message of education to every part of the state, urging men and women to learn our language and our laws; 2. The co-operation of the social agencies of the state in spreading the new spirit toward our foreign population; 3. A speaking propaganda with speakers trained in the policies of the commission; 4. The co-operation of the press; 5 The free use of the educational pamphlets prepared by this com- mission, which are sought by many states beside California. what Came of One Experiment. In Los Angeles, in 1917, classes in English for foreign-born women were organ- ized at the Union Labor Temple by the Garment Workers' Union. They were part of an experiment conducted by the public schools, the normal school, the Y. W. C. A., the library, and the Commission of Immigration and Housing. COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. Soon the school outgrew the experimental stage. Under the direction of the Garment Workers' Union classes in millinery, arithmetic, dressmaking, writing, Spanish, and cooking were added, the cafeteria financed by the girls themselves, then mechanical drafting, and the theory of carpentry. It was no longer the school for the foreign born. All met for a half hour of singing. It became “our school.” BUREAU OF IMM IGRANT EDUCATION. - 49 The Art Class filled a long-felt need. And then recognition came. The school was made into an Independent High School and the woman in charge was made its principal. It is now part of the city school system and its teachers, fifteen in number, are paid by the city. In fifteen months, from a few classes for the foreign born, the board of directors of the union built a vocational high school and built it firmly upon the needs of the people. Will this school remain the exception? 1-43855 50 COMMISSION OF IMM IGRATION AND HOUSING. The New Teacher. The New Teacher is no longer to be found in the schoolhouse from 9 a.m. to 4 p.m. She now follows the needs of those whom she would teach and adjusts her time to theirs. - º º º cº- tº º - -- A class of picture brides and their American children. T}UREAU ()R IM MIGRA.NT ICDUCATION. 5i. THE SOCIALIZATION OF THE EVENING SCHOOL. Tho following statistics are provided by Miss Ruby Baughman, Direc- for of Immigrant Education in the city of Los Angeles: Average Attendance—Elementary. Evening Schools. - Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. | Jan. reb. Mil. April, May |.. June --- – * * - - ... - . | --—- ?'. in 17 ---....... . tº is sº sºſ | . Tº sus, is 730 guſt 20 1917-18 ------------- & 700 865 : - '970. 890 910 80s | 894 | * $82, 856 810 1918-19 ------------ 595 757 * | #375 * * } . . * * * | * g r ... . | | ** . ; *NO sessions. Influenza epidemic. #In six days' session in 15 schools. It must be understood that the figures in the above tables represent technical attendance reported as required by the California state law, namely, on the basis of two hours actual class attendance five mights a week, reported in minutes. They are in mowise a statement of the number of persons, human creatures, in actual attendange in classes. For example, in a factory class meeting for thirty minutes’ lesson during the noon hour, four persons must be in actual attendance in Order to make the report show one technical attendance. Concerning the figures of 1918, September, October and December, it must be noted in the first place that the figures are from only 19 schools as compared with 26, schools. The sessions, furthermore, were irregular and interrupted by the epidemic of influenza, by four rainy - evenings and three school holidays. There were, as a matter of fact, only seven weeks all told in the school sessions between September and February, under conditions which do not, make for excellent adult attendance. The figures reported for December, 1918, represent a brief session of only six isolated days. The remarkable thing about them lies in the fact that the night school average daily attendance runs as high as the average daily attendance for the day schools for that same brief period. It is to be noted also that the second month of 1918, despite all the handicaps mentioned above, closely approximates the figures of preceding years. The following excerpts from reports and letters concerning the work of this same period in other large cities offer, an interesting basis for comparison, These figures include no children of day school age. They involve only actual adult attendance. COMMISSION OF IMM IGRATION AND HOUSING. The new teacher is a person of resourcefulness. Americanization follows the course of English or sewing or both. It matters little to her whether - - | -- º- - - - - . - - - - - - - - - Since the Home Teacher plan is built on the idea of the family as the unit of society, the entire family is entitled to a place in the schoolroom. BUREAU OF IMMIGRANT EDUCATION. 53 A Report of Habitual Constructive Neighborhood Activities of the Night School Principals and Teachers Outside the Classroom Hours of Instruction, from September to December, 1918. A. Vists: 1. Visits to homes on school business------------------- 3,342 2. General Social visits to homes of night school students__ 1,444 3. General social visits to other than night school students 1,678 6,464 B. Employment: 1. Employees sent to employers----------------------- 150 2. Employers visited concerning positions -------------- 54 3. Employers notified concerning opportunity classes for employees -------------------------------------- 50 - 254 C. Public Library: 1. Persons taken or referred to libraries_______________ — 424 2. Branch libraries—volumes distributed________________ 316 740 D. Hospitals and Clinics: 1. Cases sent to hospitals or clinic--------------------- 158 2. Cases sent to health office ------------------------- 18 3. Cases referred to public nurse --------------------- 157 4. Cases referred to physicians ----------------------- 85 418 E. Aid: 1. Families referred to county or city aid-------------- 85 2. Families. helped directly by teacher or school__________ 404 3. Persons receiving clothing in exchange for work through evening classes or other night school agency---_____ 589 F. Cases under civilian relief service------------------------ 25 1,103 In explanation of the above rather unusual figures, the following report on the “Habitual constructive neighborhood activities of the liight school principals and teachers outside the classroom hours of instruction’’ represents the work of an average of 150 teachers over the seven weeks period from September to December, 1918. One of the first essentials in successful work of adult classes is a close and intimate social contact between members and teachers of adult classes, and the people of the neighborhood in which those classes function. The first essential, however, of successful work with adult classes is excellence of quality of teaching done by the teachers of those classes. 54 COMMISSION OF IMIMIGRATION AND HOUSING. To further the appreciation of and excellence of technique of teaching in this particular field, two-hour conferences have been held as a part of the Normal School Saturday Extension work, and special committees of teachers have been working at various phases of Americanization. Attendance at such conferences and committee work is, of course, not necessarily indicative of good teaching, but the following figures of attendance at these conferences and committees are at least indicative of the interest of the teaching community at large in this general work of Americanization. These conferences serve two purposes, one as regular normal school class work for which normal school credit is given for the continuous semester’s work, and the other a general conference which any person or persons interested in the work of Americanization, may drop for two or three or four sessions, as they please. During this period—counting those using the course for normal school credit and those using the course as a general Conference hour without credit—the Saturday classes in Immigrant Education have enrolled 528; summer university course, 45; special committee meetings to organize courses, lessons, devices, workroom, etc., 69; total, 642. These normal school and university courses and smaller conferences have supplied teachers trained in the technique of their especial busi- ness. This accounts for the unusual attendance record during a most difficult and trying interval. Excerpts from Letters and Reports from Other Large Cities. of the Country. “We have had no training courses for teachers for the last two or three years because the numbers in attendance have been gradually decreasing through lack of immigration.” * * * “We were unable to begin our courses in October, as originally scheduled, on account of the epidemic.” “In normal times, about eighteen thousand foreign-born persons attend the classes. At the present time only about one-sixth of that number are in attendance.” FOREIGN CLASSES IN SAN FRANCISCO. Dr. Anne Nicholson, Supervisor of Foreign Classes in San Francisco, has recently prepared for her teachers an outline of the work, with directions and explanations. An extract will show the spirit of approach she inculcates: ‘‘Establish at once a personal relation with each student. Learn his name, find out where he lives, what is his Occupation, why he wishes to come to school; what is his native country, how long he has been in America; what opportunities for education he has had in his own country; something of his relatives, something of his interests. Be keenly interested in the life of his native country—its industries, its people, its history. This interest, which must be sincere, BUREAU OF IMMIGRANT EDUCATION. ; 55 not counterfeit, nor assumed, nor patronizing, is the keynote to success in teaching foreigners.” - This spirit, if applied generally and constantly, would soon bring about the unity which is so greatly to be desired. REPRESSION, NOT THE ANSWER. Illiteracy must be met by requiring in a not unreasonable manner an attempt to learn English on the part of every foreign speaking immigrant within certain age limits. The attempt to deprive people of the use of their own language, however, or to cast discredit thereon has no justification in education, ethics, or government. The experi- ences of a lifetime are behind the language of one's youth and One's early home. No new language under any Ordinary circumstances can take its place and repression under such circumstances is neither demo- cratic, ethical, or educational and, as in the case of all undue repression, must invite disastrous results. In a recent campaign for War Savings Stamps a foreign mining community in California was in Open hostility against the requirement of the corporation to purchase stamps. It became a question of military aid. An Americanized worker was sent by the Immigration and Housing Commission to talk with the miners in their own language. In twenty-four hours the leader of the anar- chistic gang threw down a thousand dollars in gold at the post-office window for War Savings Stamps on his own account. They simply do not understand, and understanding must come through the inter- pretation of those one believes to be friends. It seems to me that in no part of our educational system can mental testing, providing it can be carried into the language of the foreigner, be of more value since it will aid in determining what should be required from and expected of him. - The learning of English is essential in order that they may know the meaning of what they see and hear about them, in order that they may protect themselves in the factory and on the street, in order that they may have an elementary understanding of the laws and customs among which they must live and without which understanding any degree of rational freedom is impossible.—LEWIs A. AVERY, in Oakland’s Answer. SCHOOL CENSUS OF SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY. Recent figures on the number and nationality of the foreign born are difficult to get. The 1910 Census is quite inadequate. Consequently, the best estimate can be gotten from a school census. To this end, the school boards and Superintendents have co-operated wonderfully. On a 56 * * COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. number of occasions Los Angeles has filled out questionnaires presented by the commission which have disclosed most illuminating facts. Some excellent statistics were obtained concerning the foreign born population of the city of Fresno in this way. A report on San Bernardino County has just been completed through the co-operation of the county superin- tendent. This will be widely used in preparation of the county program for Americanization. Some of the statistics and the form of questionnaire follow : Nationality and Naturalization of Fathers of Pupils in the Schools of San Bernardino County.* Mexican ----------------------- 1,441 Portuguese 20 British subjects –––––––––––––––– 339 Dutch --- *-* * * 16 German ----------------------- 120 Japanese ––– "— — — —- 16 Italian –––– - - - - 76 Russian 14 French –––– 44 Greek ––––– 7 Swedish 38 Armenian —- 5 Danish ------------------------ 27 Chinese ––––– - - - 4 Hungarian -------------------- 27 All others --------------------- IS Swiss s= * 22 American - 5,070 Norwegian -------------------- 21 No report ---------------------- 46 Austrian ---------------------- 20 - *===e Total - - ____ 7,387 Total foreign born––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 2,271 30.9% Total Mexican ---------------------------------- 1,441 19.6% Per cent Mexican of total foreign born_---------- ------- 63.4% Total foreign born naturalized––––––––––––––––––––– 612 29.6% Total number of children in whose homes a foreign language is spoken----------------------------- 1,848 25.0% of total S1.3% of foreign born Question naire Form for Census of Foreign Born. 1. Name of school------ - Teacher__ amºs ºme sº- 2. Total number of pupils in class - - 3. Number of children in class with father born in United States sms - 4. Give nationality and number of all children whose fathers were not born in . United States * *m. 5. Number of children with fathers not born in United States who have been naturalized ---------------- * G. Number of children in whose home a foreign language is spoken * 7. For children of foreign-born fathers only : Number of children whose families have lived in the United States five years or In Ol'C–––––––––––––––––––––. Less than five years - Number of children whose families have lived in San Bernardino County five Yeal'S Ol' In Ol'e——––––––––––––––––. One to five years Iless than one year—— - NOTE.—The totals of questions th?’ee and four should equal total number of pupils in the class. AMERICANIZATION. AMERICANIZATION. The program of Americanization in the state of California is in the hands of the commission. By this program the state is being organized for a closer co-operation between the foreign born and the native born in all that makes for the improvement of the living conditions of both, and the method of procedure followed by the commission is based upon the ideals which it brings to the task. The commission holds that the foreign born brings with him to America many fine traditions and fine traits and fine beliefs which would be of benefit to his community if he were given the opportunity to take his place in the advancement of that community. It holds that an immigrant is at a disadvantage in his new home until he has overcome certain initial handicaps—ignorance of language, ignorance of laws and of customs. It holds that a man is largely made by the conditions under which he lives, that every man will choose good conditions in preference to bad if the opportunity of choice is but given him, that every man will do his part toward bettering his own surroundings if he is but shown the way in which he can be of use; that it is unfair to demand good citizenship of a man who is dis- heartened and oppressed by handicaps which he can not remove. Good housing, decent working conditions, education, friendly advice when it is needed, real help when trouble comes—this is not too much to give to the man whom we ask to become worthy of America. And he must be helped toward acquiring these requisites of contentment, or else Americanization remains a hollow word. The commission was formed “to protect and aid immigrants in Cali- fornia’’ and it has taken upon itself those tasks which touch the immigrant most closely. Yet a glance over these pages will show that work for the good of the foreign born can not but reflect upon the Welfare of the entire state, just as neglect of the immigrant hinders the progress of the entire state. COUNTY COMMITTEES OF AMERICANIZATION. The commission has issued a California plan for Americanization. This program provides for committees in each county of the state, work- ing on the same general plan, for its successful carrying out depends upon groups in each county and each unit of the county—upon the local men and women who give themselves to community building for national unity. Upon them depends the making of local plans which shall be in harmony with, as well as a part of, the state program. 58 COMMISSION OF IMIMIGRATION AND HOUSING. These committees will co-operate with all existing agencies; they may now be of especial service to the foreign born men who have served in our army and who will apply to the placement bureaus. In helping to place these men, there may develop other opportunities for service. “Under the emergency act of May 9, 1918, foreign born soldiers are being naturalized before demobilization. This naturalization, however, can not fulfill its full purpose unless these men on returning home are brought to understand American life and institutions. Important as it is to find work for every discharged soldier, it is equally important that the foreign born soldier be so directed that he will become an intelligent citizen of the country for which he fought.” Through the courtesy of General Borree, the commission has obtained many lists of the foreign born registrants who need to learn English. These lists will be forwarded to the county committees as soon as they are ready for action. - The commission now has three Americanization organizers in the field, two working out from the San Francisco office and one from the Los Angeles office. The commission and its agents are at the service of the county committees, and will give careful attention to all questions sub- mitted to them. OUTSTANDING CO-OPERATION IN THE AMERICANIZA- TION OF CALIFORNIA. THE SAN FRANCISCO CHAMBER OF COMMERCE. In the summer of 1918 the San Francisco Chamber of Commerce made a survey of the industries of its city in order to determine the number of employees who wished or needed opportunity to learn to speak and read our language. On December 27 it made the following appeal to employers: “We are enclosing here with list of alien employees in your establishment who have signified a desire to attend night school and fit themselves for citizenship. They should have your encouragement and support, for at this time an expres- Sion of personal interest from you, their employer, may be just the thing needed to convince the doubtful and the Wavering. - “The San Francisco School Department has provided additional accommoda- tions for alien students, and each of your employees whose name appears on the enclosed list has received a letter from this committee, instructing him when and where to go, to begin his schooling. “One of the chief difficulties is to sustain the interest of the pupil until he has properly completed his course, and this may be largely overcome by delegating Someone of sympathy and understanding who will watch the progress of the students and give encouragement and advice where needed. “This committee is confidently relying on you for the earnest support and co-operation which the importance of this program amply justifies.” At the same time it sent the following letter to employees: “DEAR FRIEND : “Some months ago you wrote on a card which we sent you that you would like to go to night school and learn to speak English, so you could become an American citizen. AMERICANIZATION. 59 “Men who speak and understand English can do better work and get more pay. “If you are going to live and work in America you should become a naturalized citizen, but you should first learn what American citizenship means by going to School and gaining a knowledge of the rights, duties and privileges of a citizen. “San Francisco wants to help you and is giving lessons in citizenship at several of the evening Schools, the names and locations of which are on enclosed list. “Go to the nearest one to your home any Tuesday or Thursday evening after January 1 and join one of the classes. It will cost you nothing and you will learn much that will make you happier to live and work in America.” THE CROATIAN SOCIETY AND south SLAvonic ALLIANCE OF OAKLAND. In a letter expressing the appreciation of the Croatian Society and the South Slavonic Alliance of Oakland at the appointment of a foreign- speaking agent, the following statement is made: “The above-mentioned organizations are well known in many lines of pro- gressive endeavor, nationally and internationally speaking. Now, we are con- centrating our efforts towards the securing of full protection for all southern Slavs who have the misfortune of still being Austro-Hungarian subjects, and educating that part of them who through illiteracy are still loyal to the monarchistic principle, so that they may come to a full realization of the advan- tages guaranteed by the great Constitution of our adopted country, and to instill into them a love and enthusiasm for those glorious principles for which America Has harkened to the call of Mars even—so that they may be fulfilled, and thereby tear asunder the bonds which have fettered the southern Slavs for five hundred years.” THE JAPANESE AGRICULTURAL ASSOCIATION OF CALIFORNIA. The Japanese Agricultural Association, during the summer of 1918, translated the commission’s Camp Sanitation pamphlet into Japanese for distribution to Japanese farmers. During the winter months of 1918–1919, the association has notified the commission that it will pro- vide lectures by Japanese experts, for Japanese farmers at fifty-six places in California. 3 f: *). Object. The object of such lectures will be to explaim to the J apanese farmers: . The significance of the great war, and its influence upon the national ideals of America. . The new movement started by the American government and the American leaders of thought for the Americanization of the aliens residing in this country. . The necessity and wisdom, on the part of Japanese farmers, of acting in harmony with American farmers in all their activities, especially with regard to economic matters. . The necessity of organizing or strengthening growers’ associations in standards of price for farm produce. Farm management and sanitation. 60 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND EIOUSING. THE GENERAL FEDERATION OF women's clubs. This national Organization, representing 2,000,000 women, is com- mitted to Americanization work, and a member of the Commission of Immigration and Housing of California is its Chairman of Americani- zation. At its annual meeting in Hot Springs, Arkansas, last April, its Chairman of Education, Dr. Mary E. Parker of the Western Reserve University said: “Specialists in this work look to women to arouse public interest, to help in the raising of funds, and to give personal attention to specific problems. They urge also that no contribution can be of greater value than the individual and personal Service of women who will themselves take a course in methods of teaching English to foreigners and thus make themselves trained teachers. In the opinion of the present chairman, a club or federation will do well to consider the plan of placing in the schools in the foreign quarters a ‘Home Teacher.’ Such effort attacks the problem at its point of greatest need and utilizes the public School, which must be in the last analysis the great instrumenality for Americanization. With a view to rendering especially efficient service in the cause of Americanizing our foreign women and their homes at a time when such work is not merely desirable but imperative, the recommendation is made that all state chairmen during the meat biennium inform themselves in regard to California Home Teach cr Act” and imaugurate a movement looking toward similar legislation in their own StatCs.” *Twenty-Seven states have already asked for printed reports and Other information On the Honne Teacher. •-º-º- STATE FEDERATION OF WOMEN'S CLUBS. The State Federation of Women's Clubs gave the entire Christmas number of the Clubwoman” to the subject of Americanization. The fol- lowing editorial indicates the spirit and understanding of the federation: “OUR TASK. “Following World events, this number of the Club woman is prepared by the State Department of Education and is devoted to national unity, particularly as affected by education. The decision was made just two weeks before going to press and the material has been swiftly assembled—too swiftly for the reception of articles now on the way from Eastern experts. Clubwomen of the state have responded promptly and their articles show that they are wide-awake and pre- pared to guide the federation in the ‘conservation, development, and absorption of American ideals with the view of securing a United America’—a great task in which the federation must take its full share, and take it gallantly ; a task that it can not accomplish alone, but to which it must welcome all agencies, both public and private ; a task that it can not perform if it must work among a people who are not content ; a task that it can not accomplish without full knowledge of the social and industrial conditions under which the immigrant must work—the conditions fundamental to successful education. “When five or six families are huddled in one dilapidated shack, without beds, without a cookstove, without enough to eat, Without the necessities to keep clean—and it takes a twelve-hour day to provide this—what can education do? Nothing. There is no energy, no desire, no time. There is malnutrition, there is soddenness, there is discontent. To change conditions as regards Wages and hours is not in our power, except as We influence public opinion. That power lies with the great world of industry. “In the new reconstruction program the immigrant is more positively than ever before the ‘hewer of wood and the drawer of water’—so Americanization of industry must be accomplished before education can do its perfect work.” *Copies will be mailed free on application to the commission's Office, Union League Building, Los Angeles. AMERICANIZATION. 61 WOMEN'S COMMITTEE OF STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE. The Women’s Committee of the State Council of Defense, in its reconstruction program, made the following recommendations On Americanization : We are deeply interested in Americanization and recommend as basic to the assimilation of the immigrant now here and to come: I'in'sł– a. Opportunity to settle on the land with proper state assistance in choosing and securing that land, and with additional assist- ance from the County Farm Adviser in the farming methods necessary in a new country. b. Industrial justice in wages, hours and sanitary surrounding, and safety conditions in shops and camps. c. Proper housing. Second—Educational opportunity: a. In schools and libraries. b. In shops, manufactories and camps. C. In homes and neighborhood centers. This educational opportunity should recognize the helplessness of adults who do not know our language and prepare them for practical life. This will require a new educational scheme, new hours, and above all, new and practical methods; all of which requires knowledge of the psychology of the immigrant. * - Unless the basic recommendations (First, a, b, c), are met, there will be failure in assimilation, as it is impossible to secure loyalty and love of country in people who are social discontents. No amount of English education will overcome un-American conditions offered by employers. American standards in industry are the swiftest possible Americanizers. The Women’s Committee is especially interested in the Americaniza- tion of the homes of California and for that reason recommends that all possible effort be made to reach the foreign-speaking women. a. In their homes by home teachers. b. In groups in schools, clubs, libraries, neighborhood centers for general education and by community singing and pageants. t LOS ANGELES COMMUNITY SURVEY. In the city of Los Angeles, during 1917–1918, there was a splendid bit of co-operation of all professional social workers. Here, at the instigation of the Public Library, all the social agencies, including the teachers in the public schools, united to make a study of the immigrant neighborhoods. A report of the achievement of this effort is to be published by the commission and is now ready for the press. 62 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND FIOUSING. THE LAND SITUATION. The Commission of Immigration and Housing, in its work of pro- tecting and caring for the immigrant, has found itself constantly con- fronted by various phases of the land problem, and particularly by the difficulties attending the prospective settler of small means who tries to obtain a secure footing on the soil. In its second annual report the commission, among other things relating to the subject, called attention to the fact that “idle and unimproved lands seem to constitute one of the safest and most profitable investments. And, unfortunately for the unemployed, the investment in land does not need the assistance of labor or require the payment of wages, nor does it compel owners of wealth to bid against each other for labor. Wealth may thus be invested and large gains realized from it by merely waiting, without its owners paying out one dollar in wages or contributing in the slightest degree to the success of any wealth-producing enterprise, while every improvement in the arts and sciences and in social relations, as well as increase of population, adds to its value. By this means we foster unemployment, yet it is considered legitimate business to purchase land for the avowed purpose of preventing capital and labor from being employed upon it until enormous sums can be extracted for this privilege.” º In furtherance of the views and purposes expressed in its previous report the commission has just completed a survey of large land- holdings in southern California. This report is ready for the printer and should be available for distribution when the legislature reconvenes in March. It is scarcely necessary to state that the need of definite information on the California land situation is both vital and pressing. Misinformation is general, and wholly unfounded statements are made, often without contradiction. As an instance, it may be noted that during the recent political campaign the statement was repeatedly made and widely published that twenty million fertile acres of land in the state are lying idle. As a matter of fact, there are not twenty million fertile acres of land in the whole of California. The Conserva- tion Commission, which in 1912 published a report of its survey of the state, gave the estimate of 21,936,325 acres of what is called “agricul- tural land,” of which the irrigated portion was only 3,188,541 acres, and of which only 9,623,300 could, in its judgment, ever be irrigated. Though the term ‘‘agricultural land” is not clearly defined in that report, an analysis of the detailed figures shows that it was used in a manner broadly and even extravagantly inclusive. When one sub- 'I'ſ.j.B. J.AND SITUATION. 63 tracts from this aggregate the areas underlaid with hardpan, the areas charged with alkali, the sinks and patches of ‘‘hog wallow” and the considerable areas for which there is an inadequate Water supply, or no supply at all, one finds a conjectural total which can not possibly reach twenty million acres. What proportion of this total lies idle no man can say; and no guess made on the basis of any data now available is of much value. The collecting and classifying of this inormation is, however, not an easy task. The contents of assessors’ and tax collectors’ books are not arranged for the gleaming of this particular sort of knowledge; while in the case of Los Angeles County the enormous number of entries presents at first sight an unexplorable jungle which might appall the most ardent investigator. Ownership, moreover, is in many ways disguised and can not always be ascertained from the records. Data on related matters, and from sources other than the tax records, is sometimes so meager and again so conflicting that upon certain points the investigator can express only conjecture instead of substantiated fact. Yet, it is believed that the findings here assembled may supply some much-needed information, and that the accompanying suggestions may aid in the application of a remedy for a gross and long-continued evil. A summary of the findings of fact, or of reasonable approximation, are as follows: 1. That in the eight counties of southern California there are 279 holdings (reducible by allowing for duplications to about 255 holdings), each of more than 2,000 acres, comprising an aggregate of 4,893,915 3.CI’éS. 2. That the Southern Pacific grant lands and ‘‘lieu lands” in five of these counties (there are none in the other three counties) aggregate 2,598,775 acres. 3. That of the total of nonrailroad and nonpublic rural lands in these Counties, roughly approximated by the federal census figures of “land in farms” (4,587,581 acres), 2,295,140 acres, or 50 per cent, are owned in about 250 holdings. 4. That apart from the railroad lands, there are at least 32 holdings each of more than 15,000 acres; that seven of these holdings exceed 50,000 acres each; that one of them is of 101,000 acres and another of 183,399 acres. - 5. That of the 2,295,140 acres mentioned above, at least 666,886 acres, or 29 per cent, are now or potentially tillable. 6. That a considerable part of this tillable land lies idle; that another considerable part of it is not devoted to its most beneficial use; that though there are many thousands of persons eager to get access to this land, much of it is not for sale under any circumstances, and that such 64 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND IIOUSING. portions as are for sale are held under prices usually beyond the pro- ductive value and on terms of payment which mean great hazard or ruin to the purchaser. - } . - Some remedial suggestions follow. They include the extension on a large scale of the plan of the Land Settlement Board. But they lay the greatest emphasis on the need of making large landholdings unprofitable, and to this end the recommendation is made of a graduated land value tax. THE LAST WORK OF THE LATE FRANK J. CUNNINGHAM. At the regular meeting of the Commission of Immigration and Housing, held December 4, 1918, the following plan was offered by the acting executive officer, the late Frank J. Cunningham. The outline was read and discussed but all action was deferred to the next regular meeting, which has not yet been held. Though several suggestions are debatable, the unfinished, unrevised and unofficial draft is presented in this report. It is presented not as a program but to show the vision of a man who in five years of earnest service to the commission had made a careful study of the problem of the immigrant in California. This point of view can only be gained when the desire to serve tram- scends all personal considerations. The spirit of this man is the spirit which quickeneth—it is the spirit which justifies the existence of this Commission. g IAST WORIX Ol' F. J. CUNNINGHſ AMI. 65 RECONSTRUCTION WORK WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO PROBLEMS AFFECTING THE COMMISSION OF IMMIGRA- TION AND HOUSING. - - * I. Action necessary for distribution of immigrants and for getting on the land those who wish farms. (1) The breaking up of large land holdings by (a) Dither a graduated tax on unimproved agricultural land held by one person, in excess of £l0110 S. (b) A tax on unimproved agricultural land which is capable of cultivation. (2) The creation of a State I, and Information Bureau, either under the State Doard of Agriculture or the University Department of Agriculture, which board shall : (a) Give correct impartial written or oral information to prospective settlers in California concerning the soil, water supply and agricultural possi- bilities, not only of various sections but even of particular tracts of land. * (b) Co-operate with prospective farmers in California by finding for them land suited to their particular needs and assisting them by advice regarding methods of financing themselves. (c) Assist settlers who are on the land by co-operation of county horticultural agents, county farm advisers, university experiment stations and agricultural experts and by local farming associations. (3) By great extension of the California land settlement policy. NOTE.-If this program were put in effect there would be a large annount of agricultural land thrown on the market; the prospective farmer, either of native or foreign birth, could get accurate information regarding its location and Value, would be advised of all available methods of financing himself and Would be constantly helped in making a success Of his venture. Land settlement by the state would supplement this opportunity of getting on the soil. The Commission of Immigration and Housing could co-operate with such agencies in assisting immigrants, to get land and thus aid in relieving tenant farming and urban congestion and at the same time increase food production. II. The creation of a non-paid Farm Labor Board,” either under the Agricultural Department of the University, the State Board of Agriculture or the United States Department of Agriculture, this board to be made up of : * * (1) Representatives of agencies supplying farm labor, as- (a) The Un’ted States Employment Service. (b) The State Employment Bureaus. (c) The Woman’s Land Army. (d) The Working Boys' Reserve. (e) Miscellaneous. - (2) Representative of farm and camp sanitation agencies : (a) . Commission of Immigration and Housing. (b) Bureau Sanitary Engineering (State Board of Health). (3) Representative of Labor Protective Agencies: (a) Bureau of Labor Statistics. (b) Industrial Welfare Commission. (c) Commission of Immigration and Housing. (4). Representatives of farmers and agricultural associations. The need of such a clearing house was clearly shown at a recent conference held on the invitation of the State Council of Defense. *NOTE.—This body, which should meet at least once in two months, would form a clearing house for farm labor problems in California. The farmers could make known their needs, the months and places when needed ; the commission could advise regard- ing camps, both community and Single, and give general advice On immigrant labor ; the protective agencies could instruct farmers of the laws applying and the standards required. - 5—43S55 66 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND FIOUSING. III. l'art to be played by the Countnission of Immigration and Housing in reconstruction of California. (1) Americanization. - - (a) The commission will act as the Americanization committee for the entire state and will advise with and co-operate with all state-wide agencies. The commission must have five field divisions for Americanization, as follows: . Southern—with one field agent working from Los Angeles. San Joaquin Valley—with field agent working from Fresno. . Bay District—with field agent working from San Francisco. . North mountain region—with field agent working out of San Fran- cisco or Sacramento. w Sacramento Valley—with field agent working out of Sacramento. : 5. In addition to the field agents the commission's foreign language speaking representatives, camp inspectors, and housing investigators will aid the county organizations. . - In each of the fifty-eight counties of the state an Americanization Com- mittee under this commission will supervise Americanization activities and Will co-operate with : (a) (b ) (c) (d) (e) ( f ) Educational agencies in order that . Foreign-born children of school age attend school. . Evening schools for adult immigrants be established and maintained. Factory classes be opened. Home teachers for foreign mothers be employed. Naturalization classes be established in immigrant centers. Library extension work be carried on in foreign quarters. Domestic science classes be established in foreign quarters. Classes in home economics be established in foreign centers. . Neighborhood schools be encouraged. With employers of foreign born in order that : 1. Factory classes in IEnglish and citizenship be established. 2. Welfare work for foreign born both within and without industries be provided, this work might embrace (1) safety committees, (2) health insurance, (3) medical and dental care, (4) recreational, bands, drill teams, athletic teams, literary societies, dances, picnics, pageants, etc. 3. Co-operation with public service corporations, especially railroads, for better educational and recreational facilities for adults and children. With labor to secure just treatment for foreign-born employees and co-operation in demanding that English be understood. With social service agencies, such as— 1. County and city welfare departments. 2. Settlement houses. 3. Civic centers. 4. Community centers. - - 5. Playgrounds, parks and recreation centers. With local health departments, such as– 1. Health officers, to enforce - (a) Housing regulations. - (b) Sanitary laws and rules. Visiting nurses and school nurses. . Clinics and dispensaries. County hospitals, to secure (a) Adequate treatment of needy immigrants. Nurses training schools, so that foreign-born girls or daughters of foreign-born parents be admitted and encouraged to become nurses. ith civic and patriotic organizations for, . The fitting observance of national holidays. . The encouragement of patriotic celebrations. . The welcoming of newly-admitted citizens by a public celebration. e : ; IAST WORK OF F. J. CUNNINGHAM. 67 (2) (3) (4 ) (g) With protective agencies, such as- 1. State agencies. 2. Probation officers—juvenile courts, district attorneys, school attend- ance officers, etc., for protection of immigrants. (h) With leaders of foreign born in each county to get their co-operation in carrying Americanization among their own people. This will involve the co-operation of the : - 1. Foreign language press, foreign language lodges and Societies, foreign language churches, foreign language business organizations. (i) With churches and church organizations. © (j) With labor placing agencies and employers of foreign labor to aid in bringing the man and the job together and particularly for the purpose of finding suitable work for discharged soldiers of foreign origin. Immigrant education. 1. Co-operation with the State Board of Education. 2. Co-operation with normal schools and teachers’ training schools to the end that teachers for night school and home teaching work be adequately trained. 3. Surveys of immigrant education facilities in immigrant centers and advice and assistance to school authoritics in getting proper facilities. 4. Issuance of publications regarding work of a. Home teachers. b. Night school classes. C. Methods of instruction. d. I'actory class work, etc. . Holding seminars in order to supply expert Speakers on immigrant educa- tion for teachers' institutes, club conventions and civic leagues, and training workers for immigration service. 5 Labor camp sanitation. (a) Continuation of work of maintaining the high standards of sanitation already set in most large camps of California. (b) Extension of work to cover : 1. Railroad section houses and boxcar camps. (Arrangements have already been made with Santa Fe.) . Mexican labor camp of south. (Co-operation has already been secured from American-Ilatin League and many of the Imperial Valley employers.) . Co-operation with farmers' organizations for community camps, such as have been erected for the Woman's Land Army. . Co-operation with the federal and state employment service for the reporting of insanitary camps to the commission. (The federal service has just agreed to do this.) . Co-operation of labor organizations and employers for better mutual feeling as result of better standards of living. - . Co-operation with state agencies having field men so that they will report on all camps covered by them. (This is now done by the mine inspectors of the Accident Commission.) 2 3 4 5 6 Housing. With the resumption of building, the housing department of the commission will make particular efforts to see that local authorities secure compliance with the housing laws by 1. Surveys of their respective towns and cities. 2. By advice, both oral and written, from the commission’s experts. (5) Complaint and information bureau, which will continue to aid and advise immigrants in California by 1. Personal assistance at main and branch offices in matters relating to— a. Land frauds. - b. Fraudulent shyster lawyers and medical quacks. c. Abuse and fraud of various sorts. 68 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND FIOUSING. 2 commissions in protecting immigrants who have claims under respective jurisdictions. mittees. 4. By reports sent in by foreign language speaking agents. 5. By investigations to show the presence of a. Anti-American foreign organizations. b. Anarchistic foreign agitators. . c. Unpatriotic foreign press. d. Disloyal individuals. . Co-operation with State Tabor Bureau, Accident, and Industrial Welſare thoir By receiving complaints entered through county Americanization com- To summarize : the commission must make additional preparation adequately to cover matters relating to working, living and housing conditions, Americanization, education, and the general protection of immigrants in California. In five years twenty-one thousand five hundred ten complaints have been handled, as the tables will show : COMPLAINT AND APPLICATION STATISTICS. TA B L E 1. Complaints and Applications Received From January 1, 1916, to January 1, 1919. Com- Applica- fº plaints tions* Total In San Francisco * * * = - * 1,447 971 2,41S In Sacramento -------------------- 2,818 - 1,650 4,477 In Fresnoi. 1,390 311 1,701 In Los Angeles: * = sm ºn mº m ºr m 'm sºme mº m ms sº sº mº m 'm m, mº m - * * * * = * * * * * * * * 1,164 3,556 4,720 It! Stockton ------------------ * = a- - - = * * * * * * * * = a- * * * * *s as * * * * * * * * = * * * * 1,581 246 1,827 - | Totals, January 20, 1914, to January 1, 1916-------------------------- 4,965 1,402 6,367 Grand totals * * * * 13,365 8,145 21,510 *Under the head of “Applications” are listed requests, appeals for assistance, and complaints of a general character not directed against specific individuals. #No application statistics kept by the Fresno office prior to January 1, 1918. #No application statistics kept by the Los Angeles office prior to January 1, 1917. TABLE ||. Transcript of Complaint Register From January 1, 1916, to July 1, 1918, Showing Causes of Abuse and threats Accidents (industrial) -------------- 463 Assistance desired (general) –––––––– 13 Attachments, Wrongful ------------ 10 Attorneys’ fraud ––––––––––––––––––– 55 Automobile accidents -------------- 4 Daggage damaged 1 Baggage lost # 28 Baggage overcharged -------------- 2 Battery 24 Blacklisting ---- 4 Blackmail -- 1. Board bill, unpaid - 17 Boarding house frauds------------- 5 Breach of promise ----------------- 9 Breach of peace 4 Business frauds ------------------- 22 Child labor law, violation of-------- 4 Conn plaints. Checks, fraudulent Collection agency COmmissary frauds Compensation payments, delay in-- Conspiracy Contracts, breach of --------------- Death of relatives, damages for --- Debts Defamation of character----------- Deportation desired Deportation feared Desertion. Destitution Destruction of property------------ Detention of children, illegal_______ Detention of money, illegal________ Discrimination, unjust ------------- Detention of property, illegal ---__ __ ^ STATISTICS. 69 TABLE ||—Continued. Transcript of Complaint Register From January 1, 1916, to July 1, 1918, Showing Causes of Complaints—Continued. - Divorce Doctors, trouble With--------------- Draft irregularities DureSS IEight-hour laws, violation Of------ Ejections and evictions, wrongful-- Embezzlement Employment agency frauds ------ IEmployment dangerous IEmployment desired Employment misrepresented IExcessive sentence IExtortion Failure to provide False arrests and imprisonment--- Felonies Fines, unjust FOOd, innpure |Fraud, general Grafting forennen Guardianship trouble IHospitals, complaints against______ Iſospital fee, illegal and excessive—— Hospital, lack of Housing law, violation of---------- Immigration irregularities Immorality Importing destitute laborers.-------- Illegal banking business Information wanted Innkeeper, defrauding -------------- Inheritance fraud In Sanitary hotel Insanitary housing and living con- ditions Insanitary labor camps Insanitary jail Insanitary nursery Insanitary restaurants Insanitary Steamers --------------- Insurance, accident, deducting pre- miums for Insurance frauds Irrigation districts, formation under duress Interpreters’ frauds Juvenile court, Outside influence in Land frauds - Landlords’ frauds Legal advice Wanted.--------------- Libel Loan frauds Loss of liberty *- Loss of property by negligence---- I_OSt pay check Malicious mischief Malicious prosecution Marital complaints * * * * * * * * * * * * * * = * * * * * * * * * * * * * sºm. * * * -- * * *-* *-* * * * * * * * * * 1 11 118 141 138 1 7 1 : : 1. 1 1 7 2 : Medical illegalities - Minor, contributing to delinquency Of - Misuse of mail Money under false pretense-------- Mortgage, unjust foreclosure Of_--- Murder Naturalization difficulties Neglect Of children Neglect of aged parent Neglect of sick employee Neglect to provide nursery Nuisances * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Neutrality, breach of -------------- - Officials, neglect of duty----------- Overcharge Overworking men IPapers, legal Withheld–------------ Parole, refusal to Partnership difficulties Passports, refusal to grant--------- Pawnshop frauds : — IPerjury Personal injuries, not in course of employment Police, misfeasances - Postal authorities, trouble with---- Probation desired -- Property lost *. Property, receiving Stolen---------- Prostitution, Open and notorious--- IRailroad. Overcharges Robberies and thefts Saloon complaints Sedition Seduction Sickness School, industrial, frauds of ------- Stock sale frauds - Station gang frauds TheftS Taxes, excessive Ticket frauds Ticket, transportation, Sired Time check frauds Transportation troubles, Trustee, fraud of Tuition, excessive, retained-------- Typhoid, contracted on job, recov- ery for TJndesirable aliens TJrlions, trouble with Wage claims, delays, etc.---------- White slavery “Yiddish,” Objection to use of ---- $ºm º ºs m.º. ºº tº mº sº-º º º sºme sº sm º ºs refunds de- general--- TOtal --- - - 70 COMMISSION OF IMIMIGRATION AND HOUSING. TABLE | | 1. Transcript of Complaint Register From January 1, 1916, to July 1, 1918, Showing Nationality of Complainants. Albanian S African 1. American, South 12 American, native U. S. A.--------- 656 Armenian 92 Australian 10 Austrian 206 Belgian - 2 Bohemian 13 Bulgarian - 3 Canadian 15 Chinese 7 Croatian 34 Cuban --- Danish 39 Finglish 46 Dutch and Flemish 25 Filipino 95 Finnish S French 51 German - 270 Greek * 775 IHawaiian 3 |Hindu 272 Hungarian —º- 34 Irish 75 Italian S86 Total Indian 6 Japanese 60 Maltese 1. Mexican 1,652 Montenegrin 7 Moravian 1. Norwegian 7 IPerSian (Afghans) 13 Polish 37 Porto Rican * * Portuguese 136 Roumanian 3 Russian 292 Sannoan **s Scotch. -- 26 Serbian 93 Slavonian 30 Spanish 426 SWedish 94 Swiss 27 Syrian S Turk 6 Welsh 2 Yiddish 57 Nationality unknown -------------- 621 7,243 STATISTICS. 71 TABLE iv. Transcript of Complaint Register From January 1, 1916, to July 1, 1918, Showing Disposition of Complaints. Adjusted Advice given Agricultural advice given--- * Assistance given Attorneys, referred to Camp inspection department Çharities, referred to City health Officer Contract adjusted --- Convictions secured Counsel, referred to I}efendant arrested . Defendant died IDefendant disappeared Defendant warned I)ismissed I}istrict attorneys, referred to Dropped by complainant Ejectment stayed 3xemption board, referred to Filed for legislative, etc., reference Fire department, referred to Further labor misrepresentations prevented–-- º Hospital fee refunded IHospital secured Housing department, referred to Immigration (United States) officials, referred to Industrial Accident Commission, referred to Industrial Welfare Commission, referred to Insurance Commission, referred to Insufficient evidence to Secure redress Initerpreter removed Internal revenue department, referred to Justice of peace, referred to Labor Commission, referred to Legal advice given Legal Aid Society, referred to Ilicense revoked Medical aid Secured Money Obtained on general claims Money Order cashed Naturalization examiner, United States Nursery secured Official of private companies, referred to Operations of company stopped I’ardon board, referred to Parole secured JPending Folice department, referred to I?robation officers, referred to Property recovered - - -*. IPublic defender, referred to Publicity Ičelease from false arrest Shipping commissioner, referred to State Board of Health, referred to--------------------------------------- State Compensation Fund, referred to State Commission Market State and county Officials, general Statute of linnitations run Third party claims filed Unable to locate defendant---------------------------------------------- TJnited States Director General of Railroads, referred to T.Inited States Postal Inspector, referred to Warrant obtained - 512 288 32 567 42 960 10 17 20 5 5 36 5 60 40 137 149 178 2 2 61 1 I I 1. 35 60 104 2 1 Total 7 2 4 3 3. 72 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. TABLE V. NATURE OF APPLICATIONs. Transcript of Application Register, San Francisco Office, January 1, 1916, to January 1, 1919. - Army, information re '88 Attorneys, information re 11 JSanks, rate of exchange, etc 5 l:3usiness, information re opportunities * 5 Cortificate of arrival Wanted 1 Camp sanitation, information re 14 Consul, information re - 7 })etained at Angel Island - 6 IDestitution 56 Deportation, information re 10 Iºnlployment agencies, information re - 17 Employment Wanted * * * * * * * * * * * * * * **m amº m ºr m = - 100. Farm colonies, information re 7 |Help wanted & - 47 THomestead lands, information re 5 Hospital service desired - - S Innmigration laws, information re & - 16 Information (general) - 189 Insurance policy, information re - 2 Interpreter wanted 13 Labor laws, information re-- 3. 41 I,ands, information re - 22 I aws (general) S I, egal advice - 60 I,etter writing 18 Mining opportunities, information re 2 Naturalization 44 New arrivals, advice to - 3 Passports 2 IPatents 4 E’eddler’s license —— - 3 Tersons, information re & 56 Quack doctors l Relatives, location of 7 Schools, information re. 26 Translation Wanted t 16 Travel, routes, fares, etc. 16 Workmen’s compensation ––– 35 Total 971 STATISTICS. 73 During 1917 and 1918 the labor camp department made much prog- ress in improving living conditions for laborers in camps throughout the state. The following tables show the total number of camps inspected and the number of laborers affected. The figures show a con- siderable increase in camps inspected during 1917 and 1918 over pre- vious years. g LABOR cAMP STATISTICS. TA B L E |. Showing Number and Population of Camps Inspected From April, 1914, to January 1, 1919. Number Popu- of Camps lation April to November, 1914 --- . 876 36,846 November, 1914, to June 30, 1915---- 4. 107 4,953 July 1, 1915, to January 1, 1916 (363 40,441 January 1, 1916, to January 1, 1917 * 598 38,820 January 1, 1917, to January 1, 1918 1,035 44,378 January 1, 1918, to January 1, 1919 - 969 42,603 Tota's – * * -> 4,248 208,044 3. ſº: * ~ * 1918 ". . . .” Showing General Sanitary Condition, Nurnber, Population, and Types of Camps Inspected Between January 1, fºlſº and Jai uary 1," Permanent Temporary - - J - Total' Type of Camp Good ----- Fair ------ Bad -- - - - - - good -- - - - Fair - - - Bad • y Popu- | Nº. Popul- : Popu- Popu- | N. Popu- | x. Popul- || A-... p <--> Number i.º. Number iºn Nunº lation |Nunº iº. Number iºn ||Number i. Number iºn i | i | - Ranch as sº | 122 , 4,203 163 2,330 64 1,187 147 6,198 142 3,619 97 2,633 . 735 | 20,200 Construction - 6 198 10 334 3 77 | 41 3,507 34 1,078 11 279 10:5 5,473 Mine and quarry--------- ------' 5 713 4 1,002 4 97 ||----------------|--------|---------------- mº amº ass sº smºs ºs º- - 13 1,812 Lumber ------ | 33 3,428 | 36 7,618 8 262 3 142 5 236 4 124 89 || 11,810 Cannery 1 64 ---------------- 21 2,637 4 335 l 275 27 3,311 ! i |-- * -- Totals { 166 8,542 214 11,348 79 1,623 212 12,484 IS:5 5,268 113 3,341 969 42,606 | | | { ... } 1918 Summary of RºCamps. Condition i Number Population | Good -------------------- * * * * = * = . 378 21,023 Fair ----- * * 399 16,616 Bad ---------------------------------------------------- 192 4,961 Totals - 969 42,006 S; "TA E L E II - - Tººl:Elklä. 1917 3.8 Showing General Sanitary Condition, Number, Population, and Types of Camps Inspected Between January 1, ####, and January 1, §§ Permanent Temporary | Total Type of cannp Good Fair IBad | - Good - - - | Fair Bad | - * Popu- | N- Popu- Popu- || N- Popu- N: Popu- Popu- º Number | #3. |Number | #. |Number jº. |Number iš. Number i. |Number i. |Number #. - - - -- - - --- - - - - - - -- - ---------- - - - - - - -------------------------> --------- ~~~ • --------— — — — — ' ----- i Ranch ------- - - 26 836 55 3,047 * | 2:0 119 ºš 28 5.8% 216 3121 : 514 24,682 Construction - - = sº me sº sº, ºr “º m sº * * * = ** =s, sº amº, sº m sº * * = &m ºm me - * = 11 790 36 801 6 180 56 3,028 46 2,531 68 3,062 223 10,392 Mine and quarry 10 S63 12 566 9 472. 1. 23 I 35 2. 165 35 2,121 Izumber 20 1,875 35. 2,460 13 387 2 125 - 14 540, S 295 92 5,682 Cannery --------- * * 2 do --- 3| Los 3 || 150 3 250 11 | 1,501 Totals ----- º- sº º -º 69 4,421 138 6,874 77 3,819 172 10,245 2S2 || 9,116 297 9,903 1,035 44,378 -: - | - } * 91.7 Summary of 1919:Camps. Condition Number Population Good ----------- • * 241 14,663 T'air ------------------------------------ 420 15,990 Bad -------------------- * * * * sº 13,722 Totals - - s = 1,035 44,37S 76 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. HOUSING STATISTICS. The Answers of Fifty-nine Cities to a Questionnaire Sent on July 1 to Building and 1 O i : 13. 15. * * * 20. 2S. 29. © ºV, º) 6T) º dº). 34. & ) 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. tº) & º 32. Sanitary Inspectors of California. Fifty-nine Cities. Tenements inspected (in 24 cities) ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 5,937 Hotels inspected (in 89 cities)-------------------------------------- 6,863 DWellings, etc. (in 29 cities)--------------------------------------- 26,115 Sanitation, Nuisances Abated, Improvements, IRepairs. . Air and vent shafts, new in old buildings (in 10 cities) ---------------- 241 Air and vent shafts, cleaned, painted (in 7 cities) --------------------- 200 . Animals, fowls ordered removed (in 23 cities) ------------------------ 1,020 Ash, garbage and rubbish cans provided (in 14 cities) ------------------ 1,281 Basement and cellars cleaned (in 12 cities)--------------------------- 242 . Bathtubs and showers repaired—made sanitary (in S cities) –––––––––––– 32 . Bathtubs and showers, new provided (in 10 cities) –––––––––––––––––––– 369 . Bedding and mattresses ordered cleaned, condemned (in 11 cities) -------- 2,651 . Buildings which have had improvements made to conform to state law (in 9 cities) * -: * * * * * * * * * * * *-* 1,309 . Buildings which now violate the requirements of the state law (in 10 cities) ––– — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 3,349 . Buildings condemned and vacated (in 13 cities) –––– SS 2. Buildings which contained inside rooms, and now conform to state law (in 9 cities)---------------------------------------------------- 172 Carpets, ordered cleaned (in 4 cities) -- - - -------------------- 1,152 . Ceilings and walls, cleaned, repaired, painted, etc. (in 9 cities) ––––––––– 9,956 Cellars, living rooms in, vacated (in 5 cities) ––––––––––––––––––––––––– 65 . Curtains ordered cleaned (in 2 cities) –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 1,741 . Dormitories in old buildings changed to comply with new law (in 4 cities) 1:57 . Drains provided in yards, courts, shafts (in 9 cities) ------------------- 113 . Faucets, new and repaired (in 11 cities) ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 2,214 . Fire escapes, obstructions removed (in 7 cities) ----------------------- 247 . Fire escapes, painted, etc. (in 5 cities) ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 233 Floors repaired, cleaned, painted, etc. (in 9 cities) ––––––––––––––––––––– 2,212 . Garbage cans ordered cleaned (in 15 cities).--------------------------- SOS . Garbage, ashes, rubbish, removed (in 16 cities) ------------------------ 1,311 . Hallways cleaned and ventilated (in 9 cities) ––––––––––––––––––––––––– 3SS Hallways lighted by skylights or windows (in 9 cities) ––––––––––––––––– 136 . Illumination provided for hallways, stairways, fire escapes, and other egresses (in 6 cities)----------------------------- 191 Illumination provided for water closet and bath compartments___________ 225 Janitor or housekeeper required provided––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 11 Ladders and scuttles to roof provided–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 117 Overcrowding of rooms and buildings abated-------------------------- 1,225 Owners and agents names filed in department______ ––– 2,540 Permits of occupancy issued - * * * s= * *-* *- - 2,701 Plumbing ordered new –––––– ------------------- 1,716 . Plumbing fixtures ordered repaired, made sanitary--------------------- 6,935 . Premises and buildings cleaned___________--------------------------- 939 Privy Vaults abated ----------------------------------------------- 52L Privy Vaults new, constructed.--------------------------------------- - SO Privy vaults, approximate number now in use------------------------- 4,930 Prosecutions for violations of laws–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 8 Roofs and skylights new and ordered repaired__________ 232 Rooms (inside rooms without windows to the outer air) which have been made to conform to the state law----------------- * * 1,723 Rooms (inside rooms without windows to the outer air) which have been closed --------------------------------------------------------- 1,315 ACT CREATING COMMISSION. 77 44. Rooms (inside rooms without windows to the outer air) which have not been made to conform to the state law------------------------------ 270 45. Roller towels and common drinking cups abated ----------------------- 1S4 46. Sinks, kitchen sinks, new provided––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 514 47. Sinks, kitchen sinks, ordered cleaned, repaired------------------------- 114 48. Sinks, slop sinks, ordered cleaned, repaired---------------------------- 57 49. Sinks, slop sinks, new provided––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 216 50. Skylights, new provided, and repaired-------------------------------- 117 51. Stairways, repaired, obstructions removed----------------------------- S6 52. Urinals, new provided–––––––––––––––––––––––––––*- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 30 53. Urinals, ordered cleaned, repaired.------------------------------------ 46 54. Wash basins, new and repaired-------------------------------------- 496 55. Wash tubs (trays), new and repaired-------------------------------- 232 56. Water-closets ordered cleaned, repaired.------------------------------ 2S3 57. Water-closets, new provided----------------------------------------- 579 58. Water-closet seats varnished, enameled, or otherwise made monabsorbent__ 16{} 59. Water-closet and bath compartments ventilated to the outer air--_______ 404 60. Windows, new and repaired----------------------------------------- 1,815 61. Windows and doors provided With screens---------------------------- 99.1 62. Woodwork enclosed sinks, removed---------------------------------- 037 63. Woodwork enclosing water-closets removed.---------------------------- 452 (j4. Woodwork enclosing wash trays or lavatories removed.----------------- 1,067 65. Water supply, new provided––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 233 66. Yards, cleaned, paved or graded, etc.---------------------------------- 3,950 ACT CREATING THE COMIMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING OF CALIFORNIA. CHAPTER 31S. An act relating to immigrants and immigration, creating a commission of immigra- tion and housing, providing for the employment by said commission of a secre- tary, agents and other employees, authorizing said commission to fix their com - pensation, prescribing the duties of said commission, providing for the investi- gation by said commission of all things affecting in migrants, and for the care, protection and welfare of immigrants, and making an appropriation for the purpose of carrying out the provisions hereof. [Approved June 12, 1913.] The pcoplc of the State of California do em act as follows: SECTION 1. Within thirty days after this act shall go into effect, the governor of the state shall appoint five suitable persons to act as commissioners of immi- gration and housing. Said commissioners shall hold office and serve solely at the pleasure of the governor and not otherwise. Sec. 2. Said commissioners shall serve without compensation, but shall be entitled to receive from the state their actual necessary expenses while traveling on the business of the commission, either within or without the State of California. SEC. 8. The commission shall be known as the “commission of immigration and housing of California.” It shall have a seal for the authentication of its orders and proceedings upon which shall be inscribed the words “commission of immigra- tion and housing–California—seal.” Each member of the commission, before entering upon the duties of his office, shall take the oath of office as prescribed by the Political Code for state officers in general, and must execute an official bond in the sum of five thousand dollars. Within thirty days after appointment, the com- mission shall meet at the state capitol and organize, selecting a president, a vice- president and a secretary. A majority of the commission shall constitute a quorum for the exercise of the powers or authority conferred upon it. Whenever a vacancy Occurs in the commission, from any cause whatsoever, such vacancy shall be filled by the governor, as provided in section one for the original creation of the commis- Sion. In case of a vacancy, the remaining members shall exercise all the powers 7S COMMISSION OF IM, MIGRATION AND ITOUSING. and authority of the commission until such vacancy is filled. The commission shall maintain its headquarters and principal office in the city and county of San Fran- cisco, and may establish branch offices at any place or places which in the judgment of the commission may be deemed advisable. The commission may, however, hold sessions at any place other than its offices when the convenience of the commission and the parties interested so requires. SEC. 4. For the purpose of carrying out the provisions of this act, the said commission is authorized to employ such expert and other employees as it may deem necessary, and upon such terms and for such compensation as it may deem proper. The said commission shall have power to enter into contracts of employment With such persons as it may desire to employ for a definite period of time ; but no con- tract shall be made for more than one year. The employees of the commission shall be entitled to receive from the state their actual necessary expenses while traveling on the business of the commission, either within or without the State of California. SEC. 5. The commission of immigration and housing shall have the power to make full inquiry, examination and investigation into the condition, welfare and industrial opportunities of all immigrants arriving and being within the state. The commission shall also gather information as to the agricultural possibilities and opportunities for settlement on land within the state ; such information to include soil and agricultural surveys of the arable land within the state and other data relating to the price and productivity of land. The commission shall also have power to collect information with respect to the need and demand for labor by the several agricultural, industrial and other productive activities, including public works, within the state; to gather information with respect to the supply of labor afforded by such immigrants as they shall from time to time arrive or be within the state; to ascertain the occupations for which such immigrants shall be best adapted, and to bring about intercommunication between them and the several activities requiring labor which will best promote their respective needs; to investigate and determine the genuineness of any application for labor that may be received and the treatment accorded to those for whom employment shall be secured ; to cooperate with the state employment bureaus, municipal employment bureaus, and with private employment agencies within the state, and also with the employment and immigra- tion bureaus conducted under the authority of the federal government or by the government of any other state; and with public and philanthropic agencies designed to aid in the distribution and employment of immigrants; and to devise and carry out such other suitable methods as will tend to prevent or relieve congestion and obviate unemployment; and to collect and publish, in English or foreign languages, for distribution among immigrants, in, or embarked for, California, such informa- tion as is deemed essential to their protection, distribution, education and Welfare ; and said commission is hereby empowered and authorized to have printed by the state printer any such reports or information, records or proceedings as it may deem necessary or proper; and if for any reason the state printer is not equipped to do any part of said work, then the said commission shall have the right and the authority to have the same done elsewhere upon such terms and conditions as it may deem proper. SEC. 6. The commission shall cooperate with the proper authorities and organi- zations, federal, state, county, municipal and private, with the object in view of bringing to the immigrant the best opportunities for acquiring education and citizen- ship. To that end it shall procure from, or with the consent of the federal authori- ties, complete lists giving the names, ages and destination within the state of all immigrant children of school age, and such other facts as will tend to identify them, and shall forthwith deliver copies of such lists to the superintendent of public instruction or the several boards of education and school boards in the respective localities within the state to which said children shall be destined, to aid in the enforcement of the provisions of the education law relative to the compulsory attendance at school of children of school age. The commission shall further cooperate with the superintendent of public instruction and with the several boards of education in the state to ascertain the necessity for and the extent to which instruction should be imparted to immigrants within the state and to devise methods for the proper instruction of adult and minor aliens in the English language and other subjects; and in respect to the duties and rights of citizenship and the funda- mental principles of the American system of government; and shall cooperate with ACT CREATING COMMISSI () N. 79 the proper authorities and will private agencies to put into operation practical devices for training for citizenship and for encouraging naturalization. It shall he the aim to communicate this instruction to the immigrant as soon after his arrival as is practicable. The commission shall cooperate with the proper authorities to extend this education for both children and adults to labor camps and other locali- ties from which the regular schools are not easily accessible. The commission in cooperation with the proper authorities and organizations shall encourage the estab- lishment of playgrounds and other recreational activities, and also the establish- ment of settlements and social centers in cities and towns. SEC. 7. With the object in view of rendering to the immigrant that protection to which they are entitled, the commission of immigration and housing may inspect all labor camps within the state, and may inspect all employment and contract agencies dealing with immigrants or who secure or negotiate contracts for their employment within the state; may investigate the banking relations that exist between immigrants and laborers; may investigate and inspect institutions estab- lished for the temporary shelter and care of immigrants and such philanthropic societies as shall be organized for the purpose of securing employment for or aiding in the distribution of immigrants, and the methods by which they are conducted ; and shall investigate housing conditions under which immigrants live, and sanitary and safety conditions under which immigrants are employed ; it shall further investi- gate conditions prevailing at the various places where immigrants are landed within the state and at the several docks, ferries, railway stations, and on trains and boats therein, and shall investigate any and all complaints with respect to frauds, extor- tion, incompetency and improper practices by notaries public and other public offi- cials; it shall further investigate the relations existing between immigrants and steamship and railway ticket agents, hotel runners, cab men, baggage men, inter- preters and pawn brokers; it shall further investigate the dealings carried on between immigrants and real estate firms or corporations ; and as the result of any of the above inspections or investigations, if it should find evidences of fraud, crime, extor- tion, incompetency, improper practices or exploitation, it shall be the duty of the commission of immigration and housing to present to the proper authorities the evidences for action thereon, and shall bring to bear all the authority within its power to see that justice is rendered. The commission shall also encourage the establishment of legal aid societies. SEC. S. With the further object in view of bringing to the immigrant the best protection the state can afford, it shall be the duty of the commission to call to the attention of the proper authorities any violations it may discover of the laws per- taining to the payment of wages, to the mode of paying, pertaining to the child labor laws, the employment of women, factory inspection laws, weekly day of rest laws, protection of labor under building laws, protection of labor under public works laws, laws relating to the white slave traffic, and laws of the state and county and municipal health departments; the tenement house laws, and other laws per- taining to housing conditions. The commission shall investigate and study the general economic, housing and social conditions of immigrants within the state, for the purpose of inducing remedial action by the various agencies of the state possess- ing requisite jurisdiction ; and shall generally, in conjunction with existing public and private agencies, consider and devise means to promote the welfare of the state. The members of the commission of immigration and housing or any of their author- ized agents shall have the right to enter into tenement houses, buildings and dwelling places for the purpose of inspecting such houses, buildings, and dwelling places to secure compliance with state tenement and building acts and municipal building ordinances and to prevent violation thereof, and shall have the right to examine the records of the various city departments charged with the enforcement of the tene- ment house law and other building regulations and to secure from them reports and copies of their records at any time. SEC. 9. The commission shall have the right to demand of all officials, state, county and municipal, and it shall be the duty of said officials to supply, such infor- mation and references to records as will enable the commission to carry into effect the provisions and intent of this act ; and shall have the right to enter upon private property to make investigation for the purposes of carrying out the provisions of this act. For the purpose of carrying out fully the intent and spirit of this act, the said commission shall have full power and authority to gather any and all such 80 COMMISSION OF IMIMIGRATION AND FIOUSING. y ovidence as it may deem proper and necessary in order to present the same to the proper authorities for the purpose of instituting prosecutions against any and all persons, firms or corporations found violating any of the laws of any municipality, county or of the state or of the federal government, concerning any of the matters in this act referred to. SEC. 10. Tor the purpose of carrying out to the fullest extent the provisions hereof, the said commission or any member thereof shall have power to hold hear- ings for the purpose of investigation and inquiry, and for the purpose of reaching an amicable settlement of controversies existing between persons, firms and corpora- tions mentioned herein ; and to this end and purpose, the said commissioners and each of them and such person as may be designated in writing by said commission, are hereby authorized and empowered to administer oaths. No decision shall be deemed to be final until ratified and approved by the said commission and filed in its office. - SEC. 11. For the purposes of this act, the words immigrant and immigration shall refer to any alien who is within the state, either permanently or temporarily domiciled here, or in transit, or passing through the state to a contiguous state or territory; said words shall further refer to any alien who may first have taken up residence in some other state or in one of the federal territorial possessions, and then shall have removed to this state ; said words shall further refer to all aliens coming to and being within the State of California. For the purpose of this act, the word alien shall refer to all persons who are not native born or who have not received their final citizenship papers under the naturalization laws of the United States. SEC. 12. This act shall not be construed to authorize or direct the commission of immigration and housing to induce or encourage immigration into this state or the |United States. - SEC. 13. The commission of immigration and housing shall make an annual report to the governor, on the second day of January, of the operation of the com- mission. - SEC. 14. The sum of fifty thousand dollars is hereby appropriated out of any moneys in the state treasury not otherwise appropriated, for the purpose of carry- ing out the provisions of this act ; and the state controller is hereby authorized and directed to draw warrants upon such sum, from time to time, upon the requisition of said commission, approved by the board of control ; and the state treasurer is hereby authorized and directed to pay such warrants. - 43S55. 3-10 5000 * * -: : r=2. *** * ** º ***, * * § *: ; , g º, 5-. • *z, :-- * g º ," ." } tº ' ', -3° W, § * ..." * - 5 -- i ; : r * ! * *. ", s } f # *-* i t . . . . . " ºf +. *. --- * ** • *, & ~..., r * * & !", is t , ~3 *: ; • , ”, * > . * - º, * ** *** Y * - - - º - - - ; , , , , a, “ . . . - - ... 4 - ''' { } . . . . . ." º .. * § is t 3. ** t; THE ANNUAL REPORT OF THE • *%- Commission of Immigration and Housing of California JANUARY, 1921 < e < * * * * UREIGH • * E º * > CALITORNIA STATE PRINTING OFFICE J. M. CREMIN, Superintendent SACRAMENTO, 1921 PERSONNEL OF THE COMMISSION. COMMISSIONERS. SIMON J. LUBIN, President Sacramento MOST REV. EDWARD J. HANNA, D.D., Vice President__________ San Francisco MRS. FRANK A. GIBSON Los Angeles J. H. McBRIDE, M.D Pasadena PAUL SCHARRENBERG, Secretary San Francisco R. JUSTIN MILLER, Attorney and Eaxecutive Officer. OFFICES OF THE COMMISSION. MAIN OFFICE : : Underwood Building, 525 Market Street, San Francisco. BRANCEI of FICES : Los Angeles— - 924 Pacific Finance Building, Sixth and Olive streets. Fresno— 227 Rowell Building. Sacramento— 821 Second Street. Stockton— Council Chambers, City Hall. Bakersfield— Arlington Building. TABLE OF CONTENTS. PERSONNEL OF COMMISSION_ OFFICES OF COMMISSION TABLE OF CONTENTS LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL INTF.ODUCTION ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANIZATION (chart) COMPLAINT DEPARTMENT CAMP SANITATION DEPARTMENT FIOUSING DEPARTMENT IMMIGRANT EDUCATION DEPARTMENT ACT CREATING THE COMMISSION PUBLICATIONS OF THE COMMISSION LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. To His Eaccellency, WILLIAM D. STEPHENs, Governor of California. SIR: We have the honor to submit herewith the annual report of the Commission covering its operations during the year 1920. To your interest and assistance in the work of housing, camp sanita- tion and Americanization, the Commission owes much of the success with which it has met. |Respectfully yours, COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING OF CALIFORNLA JANUARY 3, 1921. INTRODUCTION. The following are a few of the vital principles upon which the Commission of Immigration and Housing was founded and upon which the work of that Commission is based. The years of experience in the Work which touches the foreign-born have merely strengthened the Commission’s belief in the soundness of these principles. Motive Underlying the Creation of the Commission. The motive underlying the creation of the Commission was not a paternalistic one. Nor was the Commission an institution created through the feeling of favoritism to the immigrant. Its creation was governed merely by a desire to overcome, the handicaps under which the immigrant lives, putting him into a position not superior, but merely equal to that of the native born, which is only fair and just to the Ile WGOHOle]". - The Working Scheme. At the time of the creation of the Commission there were many existing agencies in the state ready to help the immigrant. But they needed direction, coordination, and a great deal of energizing and in- spiring. With the thought in mind of acting as such a coordinating agency, the Commission was established as an independent, separate organization, linked with no other body in the state. - “Going Out for Business.” The Commission from the beginning, was not content merely to wait until tasks were imposed upon it. A policy of “going out for business” was the point of departure, and it has brought rich results in that almost at once it won its place among the foreign-born of the state. The Bureau of Complaints. “Not to speculate concerning the problems met with by our immi- grants, but to find out, from the immigrants themselves what those problems are.” The Commission, at the start, consulted all the litera- ture available on the subject of immigration, but had to adopt the above motto in order to find a definite starting point. So the Bureau of Complaints was organized, and its work has fallen into three divisions. First it functions as a clinic, to receive and diagnose any given problem; then it adjusts the particular complaint either directly or through a cooperating agency; and finally it seeks to remiedy the difficulty which lies at the root of the complaint by striving for improved legislation, and by educating public opinion. º S COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. Why Housing Was Included. At first there was opposition to combining immigration with housing. Then a woman, a member of the preliminary committee, broke through with her statement, “The home is the basis of civilization in all lands. The house is the concrete aspect of the home. The house, generally overcrowded and in the slums, is the first point of contact between the immigrant and his new environment. And no culture can be fostered in a miserable hovel, but ignorance, vice and crime thrive therein.” So the combination was made. No New Problems. A careful study of the records of the complaint bureaus brought out the fact that the immigrant has and presents no new problems, but merely intensifies aspects of problems already existing, involving hous- ing, urban and rural, court and police dishonesty, illiteracy and educa- tion, recreation and use of leisure time, etc. The first step in dealing with the immigrant, them, was not to devise new laws which should be different from the laws governing the native-born, but to set about removing the handicaps which made him different from that native- born, so that he might take his rightful place beside him. Removing Handicaps. The removing of the handicaps which hold back the immigrant serves a double purpose. It gives to that immigrant the chance to work his way toward a contented life here. It also saves our country from the “menace of the immigrant,” so feared by many who now oppose immigration. This is shown in the Commission’s work in labor camps where chiefly immigrants are employed and which were veritable breed- ing places of disease before the campaign of improvement was begun. The Right Mental Attitude. The first public appeal of the Commission was not to the immigrant, but to the native-born who were asked to assume towards the new- comer the right mental attitude, for the stranger in great part reflects the environment in which he finds himself. Antagonism, suspicion, the spirit of rebellion, on the part of the immigrant, are all, very often, but the normal reactions called forth by the treatment which he receives from his hosts. - The Domestic Policy. The problem of the domestic policy is the problem of such attitude. Nor should that policy be influenced too greatly by the national immi- gration policy, for the two can be entirely distinct. That is, the national policy might suddenly become that of prohibition of immigration, but that would make no difference in the domestic policy, for the immigrants COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. 9 already here would have to be handled exactly in the same manner as formerly. r Regulating Immigration. The domestic policy is a better means for determining the quality of immigration than any restrictions at the gate. Practically all the immigrants come here in response to letters from friends already here. If the things to be found here are fine, then fine people from abroad will respond to the quest for them. If, on the other hand, the letters home bear tales of fraud and deception, practiced upon the immigrant, then the lawless element from the native land will come in the hope of an easy existence. “Scatter the Immigrants.” The plan of scattering the immigrants has often been offered as a panacea for all problems of immigration. The study of the question, however, has revealed that distribution from behind does no good. The only acceptable kind of distribution is through making a given place so attractive that a man has to come there. “If you would have him go to the farm, you must make the farm more attractive to him and to his children.” This statement coming from an immigrant was not idly made. National Heritages. Realizing the valuable contributions that have been made to the World’s civilization by all the nations, the Commission has sought to encourage the preservation and development of the best national cul- tural elements, in art, literature, music, science, the crafts, and in things spiritual. Only by preserving and developing these heritages and combining them with the cultural elements which are distinctly Ameri- can can the foreign-born be given their rightful place in the tasks of our nation. Rational Assimilation. From the first the Commission took its stand against that form of assimilation which hands to the immigrant some things which he is supposed to swallow. So, while emphasizing the things we must give the alien, it has placed equal emphasis upon the things he can give us. This conception makes a natural place for the immigrant in America, by making him welcome, by giving him a share in the common tasks, and by educating him properly, basing that education upon things already known to him. Immigrant Education. It is upon this plan of working from the known to the unknown that the entire scheme of immigrant education should be built. And this con- 2-8330 10 COMIMISSION OF IMIMIGRATION AND HOUSING. ception ties education very closely to daily life. The classes for immi- grants which have been organized with the cooperation of the Commis- sion are held at the time and in places most convenient to the people who are to be instructed and the subject matter for the lessons is chosen with a view toward the greatest benefit to them. Also, the Com- mission has used its influence to establish classes for teachers of immi- grant education, believing that, oftentimes, the greatest difficulty con- nected with the problem lies with the teachers who are not properly trained for the work. Americanization. The Commission found that Americanization was not flag-raising and “patriotic” howling; that it was not suppression of speech and bonest opinion; that it was more than teaching English to foreigners. Americanization, it found, is the encouragement to decent living and making possible the attainment of decent standards. In involves the development of national ideals and standards and the schooling of all residents, foreign-born as well as native-born, in those ideals and standards. Community Organization. The best medium for this development of national ideals and stand- ards is, of course, the community. It is in his life as a member of the community that every man, native-born or foreign-born, becomes truly Americanized and makes his best contribution to his nation. Therefore the Commission is definitely interested in the development of all rational schemes of community organization. Finally—Our Apology. As a sovereign nation, we have the indubitable right to admit to our shores those whom we desire and to exclude any and all if we choose. But, once admitting a man either for sentimental reasons or because we believe he will prove of economic benefit to us, we have taken on an obligation to treat him decently, to protect him from exploitation and abuse, and to do all those things that tend to remove his peculiar handi- caps and that tend to give him an equal opportunity with his neighbor. To give expression to this theory, the Commission of Immigration and Housing was formed. But, also, the experience of the Commission has shown that a unique opportunity is at hand to build here, consciously and deliberately, a new nation that shall embody the best of all national cultures, ancient and modern, giving to it the advantages which no other nation can enjoy. E. - ID COMMISSIONER— COMMISSIONER— rº, ENT COMMISSIONER— º I ; of- Assigned to Assigned to - Assigned to SS ligne O COMPLAINTS. HOUSING. COMMISSION. CAMP SANITATION. IMMIGRANT EDUCATION. - - - W - - ~ As Member. ATTORNEY º - AND Assistant Executive Officer º: EXECUTIVE OFFICER. WA '/ | rt--> w p ſº . DIRECTOR Direct or . Executive OF PUBLICITY; Offc r Librarian, - Statist cn. [nsp Insp Insp. DEP " T .Account- • Direct or aſlt. Interpreter. +- [nsp Insp. l Insp z— | BRANCH- Sac “to-Stockton. BRANCH- Fresno-Baksfld. [Tº IG) 5:TG) [T]G) BRANCH- Los Angeles Chart Showing Administrative Organization of the Work of the Commission of Inn migration and Housing of California. 12 CoMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. REPORT OF THE COMPLAINT DEPARTMENT. The Complaint Department of the Commission is designed, as its name suggests, to receive and adjust complaints of immigrants who are in trouble. Its methods have become standardized to a point where a large volume of work can be, and is, efficiently handled. When a request for assistance is made by an immigrant his case is classified according to an arbitrary standard, as a “Complaint’’ or an ‘‘Application.” If the statement of the immigrant shows that some other individual, official, or corporation is directly involved, such per- son or corporation is named as defendant, and the case is filed as a ‘‘Complaint.” If no other person is directly involved and the case is one which requires only the giving of information, advice or assistance of a general nature, it is classified as an “Application.” An investigation of the case is then made and appropriate advice or assistance is given. Complaint Department Table No. 1, which appears on this page, in- dicates that the Commission has been handling an average number of between 4000 and 5000 complaints and applications each year. COMPLAINT DEPARTMENT—TA BLE NO. 1. Summary for 1914 :o 1921. Complaints Applications Totals January 20, 1914, to January 1, 1920------------- 15,26S 10,41S* 25,686 January 1, 1920, to January 1, 1921-------------- 2,125 2,214 4,339 (5260){ 17,393 12,632 30,025 (30946)+ *During, the first year of the Commission's existence no distinction was made between “Complaints. and “Applications.” . During the period from July 1, 1918, to January 1, 1921, “Complaints” and “Applications” have been classified separately. flºrior to January 1, 1920, all complaints and applications regarding labor camp and housing Conditions were first classified in the Complaint Department records and were then assigned to the proper department for investigation. During 1920 they have been referred directly to the Department of Camp Sanitation and the Department of Housing. Nine hundred twenty-one of Such complaints and applications have been received during the year. It is apparent, there- fore, that under the old system of tabulation the total for the year should be increased to 5,260; and the grand total should be made to read 30,946. It would be absurd to suggest that the foreign-born applicant is always in the right. In 175 cases the complaints were dismissed after thorough investigations because it was apparent that the complainants were wrong in their contentions. In a very few instances it even appeared that the complainants knew they were wrong and were attempting to take advantage of someone else. In the great majority of cases, however, a just cause of complaint existed. In many instances where such settlements were effected; property recovered, or assistance given, this department of the Commission provided an agency for the actual administration of justice which would otherwise have been com- pletely lacking. In those instances in which adjustments were secured of cases which would otherwise have been taken to court, the Com- mission was able to save to the state many thousands of dollars. It has COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. 13 been estimated that the expense to the state involved in a jury trial in the superior court is about $200 per day. When it is considered that many of these cases extend over periods of three or more days it is possible to estimate the tremendous financial burden which is being avoided through the work which is being done for these immigrants. The Commission’s work also emphasizes the need of legislation to pro- vide for similar processes of conciliation in cases in which others than immigrants are involved. Such legislation has been in effect in other countries for some time, with the result that the work of the courts and consequently the need of court buildings, judges, juries and other court officers have been tremendously decreased. The main office of the Complaint Department is located at San Fran- cisco in the most cosmopolitan section of the state. The others are placed at convenient centers of labor and foreign population, namely, at Los Angeles, Sacramento, Stockton, Fresno and Bakersfield. In order to increase the work of the department to the point of greatest officiency, another office should be established in the foreign section of San Francisco, one in Oakland, and probably other offices in San Diego, San Jose and Eureka. Even then it can readily be seen that some deserving persons would not be reached. Wherever an immigrant lives there is a possibility for work by this department. Where the amount in dispute is small, the issue involved relatively unimportant, or the complainant is very poor, of course he cannot travel far for aid. Some cases of this kind can be cared for by mail, but the Commission must expect to secure results in a good many of such cases by cooperation with the local officers, the Legal Aid Society, or the local charities. There is a large field for cooperation in this direction and the Commis- sion will welcome suggestions as to how it can best help to meet the problem of the rural districts. In a great many cases the Complaint Department was able to bring into contact with other officials and commissions, immigrants who would otherwise have been unable to take advantage of the methods of law enforcement provided by the state and intended to regulate special classes of cases. The Industrial Accident Commission and the State Bureau of Labor Statistics are the two most important instances of this kind. - In several instances the Commission has through its agents in the Complaint Department and the Department of Camp Samitation avoided incipient labor troubles and has settled troubles already precipitated in which immigrant workers were involved. - One of the most marked single achievements of the Complaint Depart- ment of the Commission is to be found in the present investigation and revelation of the miscarriage of justice which has prevailed in the 14 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND EIOUSING. police courts of San Francisco. This investigation was directly precipi- tated by the activities of the Commission’s representatives in connection with various cases of the exploitation of immigrants which arose in con- nection with those courts. It is to be hoped that Out of this and other investigations of the same kind may come substantial improvement in the method of administration of justice in the lower courts. Until we have taken steps to remove the procedural delays, crooked practices, and disregard for law which have grown up around some of our courts, we cannot expect to merit the respect of our people or of the immi- grants. The Commission believes in the extension of Legal Aid Socie- ties of the type which it has helped to develop in San Francisco. It urges the creation of the office of public defender at least in the larger counties. There can be no doubt that the presence of many undesirable features of police court work, including the shyster lawyers, can be largely eliminated through the presence of the public defender. The Commission urges intelligent revision of the laws relating to the selection and service of juries, and the preservation of the right of jury trial. Unwarranted delay and inexcusable abuse of the jury system are possible under our present laws. Thousands of immigrants each year are making their acquaintance with the American judicial system through the medium of our lower courts, and we should insist that there be given in those courts an administration of justice, just as intelligent just as fair and just as dignified as in the higher courts. Certainly the guarantees of our gov- ernment will sanction nothing less. In conclusion it must be said that the files of the Complaint Depart- ment contain a record at Once weird and pathetic, of the penalty paid by the immigrant by reason of his ignorance and misplaced confidence. So long as we have immigrants we may expect to have need of a strong governmental agency to protect them. COMPLAINT DEPARTMENT—TABLE NO. 2. Causes of Complaints, January 1, 1920, to January 1, 1921. Abuse and threats 15 Crimes: Acounts and debts 44 Aged parent, neglect of ------------ 1. Attachments 5 Battery 17 IBaggage: Blackmail 2 Damaged 1 Contribution to delinquency--------- 4 Lost 72 Children: Blacklisting 1 Cruelty to 2 Check and money order, trouble over 44 Failure to provide for------------- 2 Children: - Neglect of 1. Attendance at School--------------- 2 DureSS 22 Delinquents 2 Embezzlement 13 Collection Agency 1 Extortion 3 Contracts: Libel and slander 2 Breach Of 295 FHomicide 1 Partnerships 8 Malicious mischief 7 Void 1 Malicious prosecution S COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. 15 COMPLAINT DEPARTMENT—TABLE NO. 2–Continued. Obtaining money or property by false pretense 3 Perjury, Subornation of------------- IPOstal laws, violation of------------ IProstitution IRobberies and thefts 1. , Seduction Deportation Discrimination Ejections and Evictions--------------- 1. Failure to pay judgment-------------- Fraud and neglect: Attorney’s Business T) entist’s - - 1 Doctor’s 1. Employment: Agency Private - Płotel and lodging house------------ 5 In Surance 5 Interpreter’s 3 Land 10 Stock sales 4 TicketS 5 Tru Stee’s 1. 9 8 4. 8 S General ––– FIospital Immigration Industrial accidents Industrial compensation, trouble over Landlord 15 Marital and domestic troubles: Breach of promise 1. Common law marriage-------------- 3 Desertion and non-support---------- 46 Divorce 5 Parent and child 16 General ----- 27 Naturalization 1. Officials: Abuse of authority----------------- 39 Neglect of duty 36 Overcharge 16 Passport 14 Personal injuries: Motor vehicles 43 General 28 Property: Conveyances, deeds, mortgages, leases 4 Detention of 90 Destruction Of 4 Injury to 5 Loss of I2 Taxes 4 Transportation trouble---------------- 20 TJnions 4 Wage claims 548 Total 2125 COMPLAINT DEPART M ENT—TA B L E No. 3. Disposition of Complaints, January 1, 1920, to January 1, 1921. Advice given: 1. Business ---- l 2. Legal 154 3. Miscellaneous ------ _ - - - - - - - - - - - - 13 Assistance given: 1. Criminal cases: a. Parole Secured––––––––––––––– 2 b. Release from detention.------ 7 C. Warrant obtained------------ 1. 2. Civil cases: a. Attachment release---------- 1 b. Ejectment stayed–––––––––––– 12 c. Judgment procured or col- lected 1 3. Hospital or medical aid secured—— 3 4. Miscellaneous: a. Money orders cashed.-------- 21 b. School attendance secured——— - C. General 13 IBusiness disagreement adjusted: 1. Contract adjusted.---------------- 76 (including debts, accounts, ten- ancy, etc.) 2. Money settlement Secured.-------- 176 Complaint dismissed: 1. Dropped by complainant--------- 93 2. Insufficient evidence-------------- 50 3. Complaint unfounded––––––––––––– 175 4. Statute of limitations run-------- 4 Defendant not ſound _ 7 IDefendant warned 26 Defendant disappeared ––––––––––––––– 3 Defendant died 1 Domestic difficulties adjusted.--------- 38 Industrial accidents: 1. Adjustment made 7 2. Assistance given 30 3. Referred to Industrial Accident Commission 87 Property recovered 66 Referred to : 1. Attorneys 82 2. Charities 2 3. Health authorities---------------- 1. 4. District attorney 22 5. Inn migration Commission United States –– 6 6. Industrial Welfare Commission——- 1 7. Insurance Commission------------ 1. 8. Justice of the Peace-------------- 4 9. Legal Aid Society---------------- 1. 10. Official of private Connpany------- 1. 11. Police department---------------- 5 12. Probation officers––––––––––––––––– 2 13. Public defender 13 14. Shipping commissioner––––––––––– 1 15. Postal authorities, United States 6 16. Juvenile authorities–––––––––––––– 5 17. Other Officials 7 Tax difficulty adjusted.---------------- 4 Wage and labor disputes: 1. Collections made 165 2. Assistance given - 29 3. Referred to Labor Bureau-------- 203 Total - 1630 Number complaints pending---------- 495 Total 2125 16 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND EIOUSING. COMPLAINT DEPARTMENT—TA E L E NO. 4. Nationalities of Complainants, January 1, 1920, to January 1, 1921. African 4 Irish ––. 10 Anerican, South 4 || Italian 185 American, Central 13|Jugo-Slav 6 Armenian 27 Let 5 Australian 2 Lithuanian - 6 Austrian *}|Mexican 1022, Bohemian 1 | * C & - t British 11 Montenegrin 2 Bulgarian 3 | Persian (Afghan) 2 Canadian 7 | Polish 14 Chinese 1 | Portuguese 42 Croatian 7 | Rounanian 5 Czecho-Slovak 14 | Russian 322 Dalmatian 1 | SCOtoh 2 Danish 4 || Serbian 5 Dutch and Flemish 1 | Slavonian 5 Filipino 10 || Spanish - 120 Finn 2 | Swedish - 13 French 24 | Swiss 14 German 42 Turkish l Greek 65 | Yiddish S |Hawaiian 10 | Nationality unknown ––––––––––––––– 42 FHindu 9 - Hungarian 11 Total 2125 COMPLAINT DEPARTM ENT—TA BLE NO. 5. Status of Citizenship of Complainants, January 1, 1920, to January 1, 1921. Aliens 2044 Citizens 137 Declarants 123 Unknown 145 Total 2125 DEPARTMENT OF LABOR CAMP SANITATION. During the past ten years California has witnessed a complete trans- formation in the living conditions of her migratory laborers. An even more striking change has transpired during the last three or four years in the attitude of employers and the general public regarding labor Camps. Prior to the passage of the Camp Sanitation Act in 1913, the labor camp, except in established year-round occupations, was almost an un- classified object. Large crowds of people were brought together indis- criminately to pick hops or prunes or work in the cannery or packing house, and the fact of their being together was an incident largely unconsidered in the season’s program. Today it is one of the most important considerations in the minds of the employer of labor. Ten years ago the conditions prevailing in labor camps made them the breeding ground for I. W. W. 'ism and similar outbursts. Today radi- cal labor movements have been practically eliminated in the field of in- dustry served by transient labor through the lessening of insanitary conditions which formerly provided a basis for “red” propaganda. comMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. 17 Employers of labor have little by little come to realize that money expended for better camps—in many cases model camps of permanent structure—is money well expended. It is an investment in a stable, contented and efficient labor supply with a resulting increase in pro- duction, and safety of product. - * California has the largest number of outdoor labor camps of any state in the Union. The number varies much from year to year and indeed from month to month; but many of the camps are permanent. The importance of these camps in the economic existence of the state may be judged by the following list of industries in which they occur: Lumber and mill camps. &º ºmº Oil and mining camps. Construction and railroad camps (including maintenance of way cars, etc.). Fruit, berry and raisin camps. Cannery and packing house camps. Beet camps. - Ranch camps (including truck crops, Walnuts, tobacco and scores of other branch industries). Rice camps. Cotton camps. - A very large percentage of the laborers who spend a part or all of their time in such camps are of foreign birth or parentage. It is from these camps that the unskilled immigrants, newly arrived in our state, obtain many of their impressions of the United States and its economic and governmental standards. Since the year 1914 the Commission’s camp inspectors have visited 7979 labor camps, scattered from one end of the state to the other. The accompanying chart will indicate the gradual improvement which has resulted. The year 1920 has witnessed not only the continued improvement of camp conditions, but also vital changes in the system of operating them. Under the old established system it was the regular thing for each worker to carry his blankets from job to job. During the year of 1920 the Camp Department has succeeded in inducing many com- panies to provide their workers not only with the bunks or beds required by law, but also with the necessary bedding. Thus has been effected the beginning of the elimination of the ‘‘blanket stiff’’ or of blanket carrying by workers in labor camps. Another change brought about in housing of seasonal workers has been the “community camp.” This system of camp operation was begun in 1918 and has continued successfully with improved types of 18 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. structure. During the past year several modern camps have been constructed throughout the state. To secure the best cooperation from camp operators, the Director and Inspectors of the Camp Department have held numerous meet- ings with groups of employers to explain the requirements of the camp law and matters pertaining to camp construction and operation. In most instances the desired results were obtained in this manner. However, there have again been a few camp operators who do not or will not conform to the requirements of the law until compelled to do so. Therefore the inspectors have had to initiate criminal pro- ceedings against several such operators. In every instance the Com- mission has secured a conviction. This indicates that the people of the state generally have been ready and willing to uphold the con- structive work carried on by this department. CAM P DEPARTMENT. Report on Camp Reinspections from January 1, 1920 to January 1, 1921. * ORIGINAL. Total number of camps inspected______ - — — - - __ 2,022 Total population –––––––––––––––– 73,458 Total number of good camps–––––––––––––––––––––––––– ––– (370 Total number of fair camps------------------------------------------- 1,069 Total number of bad camps-------------------------------------------- 2S3 Total * * * * *-* * * * * = * * * * * * * * * * * * * *-* * = * * =s, am, ºr * * * * * *-* = a-, -m ºm me am = sm am, ºs =e 2.022 CAMP DEPARTMENT. Report on Camp Reinspections from January 1, 1920, to January 1, 1921. & REINSPECTION. Number of camps brought from bad to good on reinspection G Number of camps brought from bad to fair on reinspection---------------- –, 16 Number of camps showing no improvement on reinspection— 16 Number of camps brought from fair to good on reinspection 41 Number of camps showing no improvement on reinspection------------------. 30 Number of camps that went from fair to bad on reinspection________________. (§ Number of camps that went from good to bad on reinspection_______________ () Number of camps that went from good to fair on, reinspection_______________ 4 Number of camps that were good on original inspection, where inspector recom- mended added facilities on reinspection all recommendations had been com- plied with---------------------------------------------------------- 34 * * Total number of reinspections–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 153 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND EIOUSING 19 WUMBEA OF CA/MAX5 /WSA'EC7FDAY }/AAA’.S. O * = * * * = * = ** = n = asse -ă = - see eme = * = sms sº me = <= me smºº sm amº, sº sºme sm eme sº *s ºm * smºs ºsmº ºme smº º ºs º º sºme ame amm ammº ºm sºme se sº ºne mºns ºmº = m º ºs =s mºs º ºs sº tº sº = sº-sº simme mºre sºme * * *m sºme - - mm smºs ºr sºme * * = * * * = * * * = = *-* = - - - - * = - sº se me • * = - -- * * * * = * = &ºme tº sºmeº amº ºme sº essms amº gº ºsmºs ºsmºs sº sº as tº mºsº ºne gºs sº - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — - — — — - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - – – - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - gºs ºs ºmsº smºs ºse ºsse emº gº gº tº gº X Ö/ 2\\ * * Ö § Q} Q) (9) W [T]Good/N/3/2 Aza/ %ZAWA/7A/VDED //y /9/5-/9/9. AO/2///A7/O/Y OF CAMAS A * * =sº º ºsº gº ºs º gº tº sº º ºs º ºs sº gº tº gº gº * me smºs amº assº ºne sºme sºme ºn sº wºme &ºmº. sº º ºs º ºs 20 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND EIOUSING. HOUSING DEPARTMENT. From every section of the State of California comes the cry for more houses—more housing accommodation—and the remedies suggested vary from tent cities and the use of public buildings to the closing of the doors of the state to transient population. While such remedies might produce a temporary but entirely inadequate relief from the present housing shortage, there is a growing demand for federal and state action to meet the situation in a broad and comprehensive manner that would assure the people of this state the minimum of housing accommodation necessary to meet the requirements of sanitation and safety established by law and recognized as an American standard. A statement already submitted by the Commission at the request of Governor Stephens sets forth the causes of the present shortage of houses and suggests remedies to meet the situation. The problem daily becomes more and more serious, as the present building program of the state is not even meeting the normal required housing increase, to say nothing of making up the shortage, which developed during the war period. While any program must be capable of constant adjustment in a period of rapid change, such as the present, the work of the department is proceeding in general along the following lines: * I. LAW ENFORCEMENT (a) General and uniform enforcement of the state law. The short- age of houses, accompanied by high rents and the resulting use of every available habitation makes this work increasingly difficult. It is espec- ially hard for the local officials, who are charged with the enforcement of the laws to secure compliance with regulations which in many in- stances demand reconstruction and alteration of buildings involving large investments. The Commission's main function in the field of law enforcement is that of inspection of housing conditions and advis- ing local officials of those conditions. The housing acts contemplate that the work of law enforcement should be carried on by the local officials. They expressly provide that the Commission can take active charge of prosecutions only in case of failure, refusal or neglect of duty on the part of those directly charged with this work. The Com- mission has been able to secure an increasing degree of cooperation from the local officials in the enforcement of the laws. It has, of course, been necessary during this emergency period to use discretion in the exercise of the arbitrary power vested in the Commission. Any other course would have resulted in unnecessarily harassing these already embarassed officials. -- - - - ** * * * * * • * ~ * * * * * - - - ~~~~ - - - - - - - -- COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. 21 (b) Development of a uniform system of inspection, record keeping, reporting, etc., to be adopted by the cities of the state in order to facili- tate more efficient inspection and lay the foundation for statistical in- formation regarding the building activities in the municipalities of the State. - (c) Inspections in cooperation with local authorities with a view to assisting in the development of local housing, building and Sanitation departments where such departments do not already exist or for various reasons they have been handicapped in their service. (d) The interpretation of questions of law submitted by local offi- cials and departments concerned with the work of law enforcement. II. LEGISLATION. (a) Study of present Ordinances in municipalities relating to hous- ing and assisting in the preparation of housing and building codes per- taining to dwelling houses, hotels and tenement houses which will properly supplement the minimum standards established by the state law. - (b) The holding of housing institutes in two or three centers of the state for discussion of the present housing acts by public officials and others directly concerned with housing legislation and to obtain from persons with first hand experience the information necessary for a satisfactory revision of the act. This work is being undertaken with the express Sanction of Governor Stephens. It should result in substantial improvement of the existing laws, making such changes as experience has shown to be necessary to render their provisions most effective, and at the same time eliminating unnecessary restrictions which have per- haps contributed to the shortage. - (c) The holding of a series of conferences with men representing various lines of business and professional activity and the development therefrom of a proposed act to aid and encourage the construction of dwelling houses throughout the state. This proposal has been recently presented to Governor Stephens. . III. EDUCATIONAL WORK. (a) The study of conditions in this and other states and of the experi- ments and solutions offered for housing problems in various parts of the world; the dissemination of the results of this study by lectures to various local and state Organizations which are assisting in housing work. - (b) The development among city officials and others of an interest in housing, sanitation and city planning in general, as the most effec- tive methods of safeguarding the homes and the existing realty values in the community. 22 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND EIOUSING. THE DEPARTMENT OF IMMIGRATION EDUCATION. During the latter part of the year 1919 a committee was appointed by Governor Stephens to take charge of the work of Americanization in California. The membership of this committee was made up as follows: 1. Simon J. Lubin, Chairman; 2. Mrs. Frank A. Gibson. Both from the Commission of Immigration and Housing. . Will C. Wood, State Superintendent of Public Instruction. . E. P. Clarke, President of the State Board of Education. . Prof. F. T. Blanchard; . Prof. L. J. Richardson. t Both from the Extension Division of the University of California. It was this committee which arranged and held a series of institutes throughout the state which were designed to prepare teachers for the instruction of immigrants. The institutes reached a large number of people and as a result about one thousand teachers were prepared and certificated. The instruction given was built up around the lecture Work of Mr. John Collier, who was brought from New York by the University of California, and who was paid jointly from the funds of the University and the Commission of Immigration and Housing. Thereafter under the auspices of the Commission Mr. Collier remained in California and began the work of community organization. Several successful pieces of work were started, notably in San Fran- cisco and in Los Angeles. These experiments are still developing in a very satisfactory manner and other community councils are spring- ing up in other parts of the state; although the Commission was unfor- tunately forced to release Mr. Collier and to practically withdraw from the work on account of lack of funds. The present crime wave throughout the country and a study of the causes thereof are bringing to the people of the state an increasing realization of the necessity for the development of healthful and intelli- gent methods of participation in community affairs on the part of all of our people. This is especially true of the immigrant in whose case the problem of adjustment in the community is at once very important and very difficult. Through an understanding which has been effected between the Commission and the State Superintendent of Public Instruction, the Commission has provided the services of its Director of Immigrant Education in the work of Supervising the instruction of immigrants in the educational institutions of the state. This work has been developed along three general lines as follows: : 1. The training of teachers in the normal schools and universities. COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND EIOUSING. 23 2. The supervision of the education of adult immigrants by visit- ing classes in which instruction is being given. 3. The planning of the extension of this work by the development of new and improved methods of teaching and the institution of courses covering such methods in the state university and in the Normal schools. t - This has been a monumental piece of work and has been done with remarkable success by the Commission’s Director of Immigrant Educa- tion, Miss Ethel Richardson, who also bears the title of Assistant Superintendent of Public Instruction in charge of Americanization. 24 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. ACT CREATING THE COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING OF CALIFORNIA. CHAPTER 318. An act relating to immigrants and immigration, creating a commission of immigra- tion and housing, providing for the employment by said commission Of a segre. tary, agents and other employees, authorizing said commission to rix their compensation, prescribing the duties Of said commission, providing for the investigation by said commission of all thirgs affecting immigrants, and for the care, protection and welfare of immigrants, and making an appropriation for the purpose of carrying out the provisions hereof. (Approved June 12, 1913: Stats. 1913, p. 608; amended, Stats. 1915, p. 848; Stats, 1917, p. 1514.) SECTION 1. Within thirty days after this act shall go into effect, the governor of the state shall appoint five suitable persons to act as commissioners of immigra- tion and housing. Said commissioners shall hold office and serve solely at the pleasure of the governor and not otherwise. SEC. 2. Said commmissioners shall serve without compensation, but shall be entitled to receive from the state their actual necessary expenses while traveling on the business of the commission, either within or without the State of California. SEC. 3. The commission shall be known as the “Commission of Immigration and Housing of California.” It shall have a seal for the authentication of its orders and proceedings upon which shall be inscribed the words “Commission of Immigra- tion and Housing—California—Seal.” Each member of the commission, before enter- ing upon the duties of his office, shall take the oath of office as prescribed by the Political Code for state officers in general, and must execute an official bond in the sum of five thousand dollars. Within thirty days after appointment, the Com- mission shall meet at the State Capitol and organize, selecting a president, a Vice- president and secretary. A majority of the commission shall constitute a quorum for the exercise of the powers or authority conferred upon it. Whenever a Vacancy occurs in the commission, from any cause whatsoever, such vacancy shall be filled by the governor, as provided in section one for the original creation of the Com- mission. In case of a vacancy, the remaining members shall exercise all the powers and authority of the commission until such vacancy is filled. The commission shall maintain its headquarters and principal office in the city and county of San Fran- cisco, and may establish branch offices at any place or places which in the judgment of the commission may be deemed advisable. The commission may, however, hold sessions at any place other than its offices when the convenience of the commission and the parties interested so requires. SEC. 4. For the purpose of carrying out the provisions of this act, the said commission is authorized to employ such expert and other employees as it may deem necessary, and upon such terms and for such compensation as it may deem proper. The said commission shall have power to enter into contracts of employ- ment with such persons as it may desire to employ for a definite period of time; but no contract shall be made for more than one year. The employees of the commission shall be entitled to receive from the state their actual necessary expenses while traveling on the business of the commission, either within or without the State of California. SEC. 5. The Commission of Immigration and Eſousing shall have the power to make full inquiry, examination and investigation into the condition, welfare and industrial opportunities of all immigrants arriving and being within the state. The commission shall also gather information as to the agricultural possibilities and opportunities for settlement on land within the state ; such information to include soil and agricultural surveys of the arable land within the state and other data relating to the price and productivity of land. The commission shall also have power to collect information with respect to the need and demand for labor by the several agricultural, industrial and other productive activities, including public works, within the state ; to gather information with respect to the supply of labor afforded by such immigrants as they shall from time to time arrive or be within the state ; to ascertain the occupations for which such immigrants shall be best adapted, and to bring about intercommunication between them and the several activities requiring labor which will best promote their respective needs; to investigate and determine the genuineness of any application for labor that may be received and the treatment accorded to those for whom employment shall be secured; to cooperate with the COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND EIOUSING. 25 state employment bureaus, municipal employment bureaus, and with private employ- ment agencies within the state, and also with the employment and immigra- "tion bureaus conducted under the authority of the federal government or by the government of any other state, and with public and philanthropic agencies designed to aid in the distribution and employment of immigrants; and to devise and carry out such other suitable methods as will tend to prevent or relieve congestion and obviate unemployment; and to collect and publish, in English or foreign languages, for distribution among immigrants, in, or embarked for, California, such information as is deemed essential to their protection, distribution, education and welfare, and said commission is hereby empowered and authorized to have printed by the state printer any such reports or information, records or proceedings as it may deem necessary or proper; and if for any reason the state printer is not equipped to do any part of said work, then the said commission shall have the right and the authority to have the same done elsewhere upon such terms and conditions as it may deem proper. - SEC. 6. The commission shall cooperate with the proper authorities and organiza- tions, federal, state, county, municipal and private, with the object in view of bringing to the immigrant the best opportunities for acquiring education and citizen- ship. To that end it shall procure from, or with the consent of, the federal authorities, complete lists giving the names, ages and destination within the state of all immigrant children of school age, and such other facts as will tend to identify them, and shall forthwith deliver copies of such lists to the superintendent of public instruction or the several boards of education and school boards in the respective localities within the state to which said children shall be destined, to aid in the enforcement of the provisions of the education law relative to the compulsory attend- ance at school of children of school age. The commission shall further cooperate with the superintendent of public instruction and with the several boards of education in the state to ascertain the necessity for and the extent to which instruction should be imparted to immigrants within the state and to devise methods for the proper instruction of adult and minor aliens in the English language and other subjects; and in respect to the duties and rights of citizenship and the fundamental principles of the American system of government; and shall cooperate with the proper authori- ties and with private agencies to put into operation practical devices for training for citizenship and for encouraging naturalization. It shall be the aim to communicate this instruction to the immigrant as soon after his arrival as is practicable. The commission shall cooperate with the proper authorities to extend this education for both children and adults to labor camps and other localities from which the regular Schools are not easily accessible. The commission in cooperation with the proper authorities and organizations shall encourage the establishment of playgrounds and Other recreational activities, and also the establishment of settlements and social centers in cities and towns. SEC. 7. With the object in view of rendering to the immigrants that pro- tection to which they are entitled, the commission of immigration and hous- ing may inspect all labor camps within the state, and may inspect all employment and contract agencies dealing with immigrants or who secure or negotiate contracts for their employment within the state; may investigate the banking relations that exist between immigrants and laborers; may investigate and inspect institutions established for the temporary shelter and care of immigrants and such philanthropic Societies as shall be organized for the purpose of securing employment for or aiding in the distribution of immigrants, and the methods by which they are conducted ; and shall investigate housing conditions under which immigrants live, and sanitary and safety conditions under which immigrants are employed; it shall further investigate conditions prevailing at the various places where immigrants are landed within the state and at the several docks, ferries, rail- Way stations, and on trains and boats therein, and shall investigate any and all complaints with respect to frauds, extortion, incompetency and improper practices by notaries public and other public officials; it shall further investigate the relations existing between immigrants and steamship and railway ticket agents, hotel runners, cabmen, baggagemen, interpreters and pawnbrokers; it shall further investigate the dealings carried on between immigrants and real estate firms or corporations; and as the result of any of the above inspections or investigations, if it should find evidences of fraud, crime, extortion, incompetency, improper practices or exploitation, it shall be the duty of the commission of immigration and housing to present to the proper 26 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. authorities the evidences for action thereon, and shall bring to bear all the authority within its power to see that justice is rendered. The commission shall also encourage the establishment of legal aid societies. ſº SEC. 8. With the further object in view of bringing to the immigrant the best protection the state can afford, it shall be the duty of the commission to call to the attention of the proper authorities any violations it may discover of the laws per- taining to the payment of wages, to the mode of paying, pertaining to the child labor laws, the employment of women, factory inspection laws, weekly day of rest laws, protection of labor under buildings laws, protection of labor under public works laws, laws relating to the White slave traffic, and laws of the state and county and municipal health departments; the tenement house laws, and other laws pertaining to housing conditions. The commission shall investigate and study the general economic, housing and social conditions of immigrants within the state, for the purpose of inducing remedial action by the various agencies of the state possessing requisite jurisdiction ; and shall generally, in conjunction with existing public and private agencies, consider and devise means to promote the welfare of the state. The members of the commission of immigration and housing or any of their authorized agents shall have the right to enter into tenement houses, buildings and dwelling places for the purpose of inspecting such houses, buildings, and dwelling places to secure compliance with state tenement and building acts and municipal building ordinances and to prevent violation thereof, and shall have the right to examine the records of the various city departments charged with the enforcement of the tenement house law and other building regulations and to secure from them reports and copies of their records at any time. SEC. 9. The commission shall lave the right to demand of all officials, state, county and municipal, and, it shall be the duty of said officials to supply, such in- formation and references to records as will enable the commission to carry into effect the provisions and intent of this act; and shall have the right to enter upon private property to make investigation for the purposes of carrying out the provi- sions of this act. For the purpose of carrying out fully the intent and spirit of this act, the said commission shall have full power and authority to gather any and all such evidence as it may deem proper and necessary in order to present the same to the proper authorities for the purpose of instituting prosecutions against any and all persons, firms or corporations found violating any of the laws of any municipality, county or of the state or of the federal government, concerning any of the matters in this act referred to. - SEC. 10. For the purpose of carrying out to the fullest extent the provisions hereof, the said commission or any member thereof shall have power to hold hear- ings for the purpose of investigation or inquiry, and for the purpose of reaching an amicable settlement of controversies existing between persons, firms, and corpora- tions mentioned herein ; and to this end and purpose, the said commissioners and each of them and such person as may be designated in writing by said commission, are hereby authorized and empowered to subpoena witnesses to appear at such hearings and to administer oaths. No decision shall be termed to be final until ratified and approved by the said commission and filed in its office. (Amended Stats. 1915, p. 848.) & SEC. 11. For the purposes of this act, the words immigrant and immigration shall refer to any alien who is within the state, either permanently or temporarily domiciled here, or in transit, or passing throuugh the state to a contiguous state or territory; said words shall further refer to any alien who may first have taken up residence in some other state or in one of the federal territorial possessions, and then shall have removed to this state ; said words shall further refer to all aliens coming to and being within the State of California. For the purpose of this act the word alien shall refer to all persons who are not native born or who have not received their final citizenship papers under the naturalization laws of the United States. - SEC. 12. This act shall not be construed to authorize or direct the commission of immigration and housing to induce or encourage immigration into this state or the United States. - SEC. 13. The commission of immigration and housing shall make an annual report to the governor, on the second day of January, of the operation of the commission. SEC. 14. The sum of fifty thousand dollars is hereby appropriated out of any moneys in the state treasury not otherwise appropriated, for the purpose of carrying out the provisions of this act; and the State Controller is hereby authorized and COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. 27 directed to draw warrants upon such sum, from time to time, upon the requisition of said commission, approved by the board of control ; and the state treasurer is hereby authorized and directed to pay such warrants. SEC. 15. The commission may make investigations of the housing of immigrants and working people and of city planning in California and elsewhere, may encourage the creation of local city planning commissions and may furnish information as to the progress of other cities for the use of such commissions. It may investigate and report upon defective housing and the evils resulting therefrom and the work being done to remedy the same in California and elsewhere. It may make studies of the operation and enforcement of building and tenement house laws, of housing finances and taxes, of zoning and districting regulations and may promote the formation of organizations intended to increase the supply of wholesome homes for the people, and aid in the enforcement of any laws enacted to promote the purposes for which the commission is established. (Added by Stats. 1917, p. 1514.) SEC. 16. It shall be the duty of each and every city planning commission or housing commission of any incorporated city or town in the State of California to file on the first day of June of each year with the secretary of the commission of immigration and housing of California a complete report of its transactions and recommendations to any municipal organization or private person or corporation during the previous year, and particularly to report any conflict in authority, lack of cooperation with local municipal authorities or with adjoining cities, with recom- mendations for needed legislation to properly carry on the development of their housing and city planning work. The commission may annually, or oftener, call a conference of representatives of these commissions, of local health officers, hous- ing inspectors, building inspectors or such other municipal officers as it shall deem advisable to carry out the purposes of this act. The commission may employ city planners and other persons whose salaries, wages and other necessary expenses of the commission will be provided for out of the funds at the disposal of the com- mission. (Added by Stats. 1917, p. 1514.) SEC. 17. The commission may make an annual report on housing and city plan- ning to the governor, which the state printer shall cause to be printed as a public document, and copies of this report shall be filed with each and every local housing and city planning commission in the State of California. The commission is further authorized to furnish information and suggestions from time to time to city govern- ments, housing and city planning commissions and other public, semipublic or private bodies such as may, in its judgment, tend to promote the purposes for which the commission is established. (Added by Stats. 1917, p. 1514.) 28 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. LIST OF PUBLICATIONs IssueD BY COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING OF CALIFORNIA. (NotE.—The publications marked * are out of print, but are on file in the Com- mission library, 214 Underwood Building, San Francisco. The others are for free dis- tribution and may be had at any office of the Commission.) to Labor Camp Sanitation . *Report on Unemployment to His Excellency, Governor Hiram w. Johnson . *Advisory Pamphlet to Employers, Setting Forth State Requirements as . *First Annual Report of Commission, January 2, 1915 *Report on Relief of Destitute Unemployed, 1914-15, to His Excellency, Governor Hiram W. Johnson A. B. C. of Housing *Advisory Pamphlet on Camp Sanitation and Housing (see No. 29 below) | *Plan for a Housing Survey Immigrant Education Leaflets, 1, 2, 3 and 4 1 ; *The Home Teacher: the Act, with Working Plan and Forty Lessons in English -- - - 1 1. . *Discussion of Methods for Teaching English 1 2 the Americanization of Foreign-born Women . *Report on Experiment Made in Los Angeles in the Summer of 1917 for 1 3 Americans * . *The Spirit of the Nation, as Expressed in Song and the Words of Famous Our Soldiers and the English Language 1 4. 1. 5 Report on Fresno's Immigration Problems A Community Survey Made in Los Angeles City 1. 6. 1. 7 . *Primer for Foreign-speaking Women : Parts 1 and 2 i ; . *Americanization, the California Program State Housing Manual : the Three California Housing Laws, annotated -- ; . *Americanization, Suggested Lines for Speakers and Workers –––– Suggestions for Speakers (revised and extended) . *Manual for Home Teachers 2 2 2: 3 *Héroes of Freedom, first edition (see No. 31 below) -- 24. 25. Report on Large Landholdings in Southern California Annual Report of the Commission, January 2, 1919 ------------ 2 6. Rules for Labor Camps 27. Same, Japanese Text 28. Same, Spanish Text 29. Advisory Pamphlet on Camp Sanitation and Housing (revised) 80. A Suggested Program for Americanization: reprinted by permission of the General Federation of Women’s Clubs 31. Heroes of Freedom, second edition (revised) 32. Bulletin of Information for Immigrants 33. Slame, Italian Text 34. Same, Spanish Text 35. Americanization : California's Answer 36. Immigration and Housing Bulletin for September 37. Immigration and Housing Bulletin for November 8330 1-21 5650 1914 1914 1915 1915 1915 1915 1916 1916 1916 1916 1917 1917 1918 1918 1918 1918 1918 1919 1919 1919 1919 1919 1919 1919 1919 1919 1919 1919 1919 1919 1920 1920 1920 1920 1920 1920 1920 2 NINTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Commission of Immigration and Housing of California JANUARY 9, 1923 OFFICES OF THE CO M M ISSION MAIN OFFICE Underwood Bldg., 525 Market St., San Francisco BRANCH OFFICES Los Angeles—923 Pacific Finance Building Sacramento–213 California Fruit Building Fresno—227 Rowell Building - Stockton—City Council Chamber Bakersfield—Room 7, City Hall San Jose—227 Bank of Italy Building CALIFORNIA STATE PRINTING OFFICE IPRANK J. SMITEI, Superintendent SACRAMENTO, 1923 23736 PERSONNEL OF THE COMMISSION. CO M M ISSION ERS. SIMON J. LUBIN, President - - Sacramento MOST REVEREND E. J. HANNA, D. D., Vice-President San Francisco PAUL SCEIARRENBERG, Secretary__ San Francisco J. H. McBRIDE, Mſ. D - Pasadena MRS. FRANK A. GIBSON (Resigned July, 1922) --------______________ Los Angeles STAFF OF THE COMMISSION. R. W. KEARNEY, Attorney and Executive Officer. Administration. Vincent S. Brown, Assistant Executive Officer. Miss Eleanor Del Carlo, Secretary to Attorney and Executive Officer. Miss Florence Smith, Bookkeeper. William Wilson, Messenger. Miss Pearle S. Rumsey, Stenographer. Complaint Department. Frank J. DeAndreis, Special Complaint Officer. Mrs. Adele S. Calhoun, Complaint Officer. Christopher Degnan, Complaint Officer. Otto Biernath, Interpreter. Miss Margaret Burnham, Stendºrapher-Interpreter. Miss Anna Renucci, Stenographer. . Miss Ruby Sutter, Stenographer. Miss Veva Anderson, Stenographer. Camp Department. Edward A. Brown, Director of Camp Sanitation. Antone Scar, Chief Camp Inspector. Milton Edwards, Camp Inspector. Fred J. Rugg, Camp Inspector. Miss Kathryn Quinn, Stenographer. Housing Department. Edward Glass, Director of Housing. Leo T. Mott, Chief Housing Inspector. Miss Elise Harlan, Housing Inspector. A. C. Hyde, Housing Inspector. Miss Mary T. Hedges, Stenographer. Department of Immigrant Education. Mrs. Grace C. Stanley. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page TITLE PAGE-OFFICERS OF THE COMMISSION - 1 PERSONNEL OF COMMISSION AND STAFF 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS 3 T.ETTER OF TRANSIMITTAL 5 LETTERS TO MEMBERS OF STAFF___ * G I. FOREWORD–IMMIGRATION AND THE COMMISSION______________ 7 1. Motive Underlying Creation——— * 7 2. The Working Scheme - - 8 3. “Going Out for Business” - º * * - 8 4. The Bureau of Complaints------ - - 8 5. Why Housing Was Included 8 6. No New Problems - 8 7. Removing Handicaps 8 8. The Right Mental Attitude———— - - - -- 9 9. The Domestic Policy 9 10. Regulating Immigration 9 11. “Scatter the Immigrants” - - 10 12. National Heritages 10 13. Rational Assimilation 10 14. In migrant Education 11. 15. Americanization - 11 16. Community Organization ------ –– 11 17. The Apology —— 11 II. INTRODUCTION 12 1. Governor Johnson’s Tribute____ - 12 2. Organization of Commission 12 3. Special Protection of Immigrant 13 4. Divisions Of Commission’s Work - - – 15 a. Complaints - - 15 b. Housing –––– 15 c. Labor Camps - - 15 d. In migrant Education ––– 16 III. BIRIEF SUMMARY OF RESULTS________________ * * ~m * 17 A. General –––––––– 17 1. Labor Camps ––– 17 2. Complaints - * 17 3. Housing — 17 4. Immigrant Education ––– - 18 B. Legislative —- 18 IV. LABOR. CAMP INSPIECTION –– 21 1. Progress in Legislation-------- 21 2. Administration of Law––– 26 3. Progress in Cooperation * - * 28 4. From Old Camps to New 29 a. Construction Camps ---- - - - 30 b. Lumber Camps — — — - - –– 32 C. Mining—Cement—Oil Camps 34 d. Railroad Camps ------------------------------------------- 35 C. Agricultural Camps ––– — 36 5. Labor Camp Statistics - 45 TABLE OF CONTENTS.–Continued. V. BUREAU Of' COMPLAINTS ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Fº 1. “From the Immigrants Themselves”------------------------------ 48 2. The Difficulties of Assimilation----------------------------------- 50 3. Fraud and the Immigrant_--__ –––– 51. 4. The Bureau as Adjuster----------------------------------------- 51 5. The Bureau as Clinic______ - 53 6. The Bureau as Law—maker___ 54 7. Legal Aid Societies 55 8. The Bureau Of Applications * * * * * - - - 56 9. Bureau in War Time 56 10. Pamphlets 57 11. The Question of Attitude 58 12. The Bureau’s Work in 1922 —— 58 13. Some Typical Complaint Cases 60 VI. HOUSING 64 1. Efficiency and Economy––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 65 2. The First EffortS mºmº sº º __ 70 3. Purpose of Surveys--------------------------------------------- 74 4. The Greatest Gain 74 5. The Housing Institute—The Laws of 1917 ––––– - - - 75 6. Publications * - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -s - - - - - - 75 7. War Housing –––––––––––––––––– 76 8. The Attitude of the Immigrant * * * 76 9. Additional Responsibility—City Planning 77 10. Notes on Bakersfield Housing Survey––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 78 11. Industrial Housing - - 80 12. The Housing Department in 1922– - - 82 13. City Planning - - * * -- 82 14. The Passing Of the Inside ROOm——— — — — — — 82 15. The New El Monte Town_ - - 3 16. Examination of Building Plans __ 84 17. Organization of City Housing Departments–––––––––––––––––––––––– 84 18. Housing Inspections -------------------------------------------- 84 19. Bakersfield Building Code-–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– S5 20. Book On Housing and City Planning 85 21. Housing Shortage Survey---------------------------------------- S5 22. Plans for the Future------ *- - - - - * * * 85 VII. IMMIGRANT EDUCATION___ - 87 1. The Importance of a Common Language 87 2. The Beginning – — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 8S 3. The Home Teacher –––– 89 4. Los Angeles Studies and Experiments––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 90 5. The Crying Need for Teachers––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 90 6. Classes for Women—Bringing the School to the People_-___________ 93 7. Widening the Field - - - - - - *-* -º me º = * *-* * * * * * * * * * * * * * 95 8. Helping the State to Realize the Problem - 95 9. A New Department Under the State Board of Education___________ 9:5 10. The Nature of the Work____ 96 11. The New Experiment - - * * * 97 VIII. FOREIGN LANGUAGE SPEAKERS----------------------------------- 98 The Jackson Mine Disaster 100 IX. DISTRIBUTION OF IMMIGRANTS___________________________________ 102 X. UNEMPLOYMENT -------------------------------------------------- 104 XI. AMERICANIZATION V.S. “AMERICANIZATION”-----_________________ 10S t The State and the Immigrant - 109 XII. ACT CREATING THE COMMISSION_________________________________ 111 AIPPENDICES. A. Report of Department of Labor and Industrial Relations_________________ 115 B. A. Study of the Census * - * * *-* - - * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *m amº m = - sº sm ºs m. - sº m, sº arms ama, 121 C. State Housing Institute –– 122 D. Commission Publications - - - - * = * * - 123 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. *-*.*-*-m- OFFICE OF THE COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING OF CALIFORNIA, UNDERWOOD BUILDING, - SAN FRANCISCO, January 9, 1923. To His Eaccellency, FRIEND. W. RICHARDSON, Governor of Califormia. SIR: In compliance with section 13 of the act creating this Com- mission, we have the honor to submit herewith the ninth annual report of the Commission. It has been the practice of the Commission several times in the nine years of its existence to make its annual report not only the account of the progress made during the previous year, but also to reach back and give a brief summary of the Commission’s work since its establishment in 1913. In this way the principles underlying the work of the Com- mission and the avenues of further development can be shown as well as the actual achievements. The above plan is being followed in this report. While emphasis is laid on the work done in 1922, our aim is to give a bird’s-eye view of the entire nine years of the Commission’s existence. Respectfully submitted. SIMON J. LUBIN, EDWARD J. HANNA, PAUL SCHARRENBERG, J. H. McBRIDE, Commissioners. To all Members of the Staff, Commission of Immigration and Howsing of Califormia: The story of the Immigration and Housing Commission of California is probably unique in the history of the State and of the Nation. It is not too much to say that a very large part of the success which has attended the labors of the Commission is due to the intelligent and the loyal support of those who have been members of our staff. The Com- missioners can do little more than outline the work and give it direction; upon you must come the toil, the sacrifice, the spirit of hearty Coopera- tion without which the work must be indeed imperfect; without which it must in the end fail. We, the Commissioners, desire to take this means of expressing to you our deep appreciation of the fine cooperation you have given us in our common task. In the first place, you have shown unusual sympathy with the Com- mission’s wards—the hundreds of thousands of foreign-born residents within the State. That sympathy has been of the mind and from the heart, intelligent and human. Then you have worked in harmony with the Commission’s policy of education and persuasion, employing the force of law and authority only as a last resort. In many instances, that has required on your part admirable tact and almost unlimited patience. - - You have been keen to respond to every call the Commission has made upon you; and you have given of your time, your thought and your Gnergy far more than the technical conditions of employment demand. The extraordinary service you have given can be explained only on the ground of love for the work and loyalty to the ideals of the Com- mission. Your reward is this: You are masters in your craft; no other workers in America stand higher as authorities in your fields; You have done a job and are engaged in work which has won the admiration of social observers throughout the land; Through your whole-hearted and wise devotion to this task, you have prepared yourselves to do honorably and successfully whatever task may fall to your hands in the future. For your intelligence, your sympathy, your energy and your loyal devotion, we commend you; and you may be assured of our sincere and practical support in any worthy enterprise in which you may engage in the future. - Commissioners, EDWARD J. HANNA, PAUL SCHARRENBERG. J. H. MCBRIDE. SIMON J. LUBIN. FOREWORD. IM M I GRATION AND THE COMM ISSION. The Commission of Immigration and Hotising of California has nothing whatever to do with federal immigration policy. It has nothing to do with determining the question of whether immigration into the United States is to be restricted or unrestricted, or of how many immi- grants shall be admitted into the United States or into the State of California. In fact, the Commission, by section 12 of its creating act, is expressly forbidden “to induce or encourage immigration into the State or into the United States.” - The interest of the Commission is solely in the immigrants who are already in our midst. Here are neither conjectures nor theories, but hard facts, the immigrants are here; and since this is the case, the responsibility for their well-being falls squarely upon the shoulders of the State. - - The 1920 census showed that there were within the State approxi- mately 775,000 foreign-born and 910,000 native-born of foreign parentage. These two elements compose just fifty per cent of our total population. Experience has shown that the children of the foreign-born often require special attention. Even if the present restrictions upon immigration be indefinitely retained by the federal government, or even if immigration into the United States is entirely prohibited, the task of caring for the above 775,000, to say nothing of their descendants, is one which will extend into many years. - To help these immigrants become Americans worthy of the name is the aim of the Commission. The following pages will give an outline of the methods used to accomplish this, and an account of the work already done. Early in the history of the Commission, certain fundamental prin- ciples were laid down. After more than nine years’ experience, the Commission is prepared to say that it is even more firmly convinced of the soundness of these principles. Therefore it is deemed worth while to reprint them below, as they appeared in the annual report published in January, 1921. Motive Underlying the Creation of the Commission. The motive underlying the creation of the Commission was not a paternalistic one. Nor was the Commission an institution created through the feeling of favoritism to the immigrant. Its creation was governed merely by a desire to overcome the handicaps under which the immigrant lives, putting him into a position not superior, but merely equal to that of the native-born, which is only fair and just to the In eVCOIn €I’. 8 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. The Working Scheme. At the time of the creation of the Commission there were many exist- ing agencies in the State ready to help the immigrant. But they needed direction, coordination, and a great deal of energizing and inspiring. With the thought in mind of acting as such a coordinating agency, the Commission was established as an independent, separate organization, linked with no other body in the State. “Going Out for Business.” The Commission from the beginning, was not content merely to wait until tasks were imposed upon it. A policy of “going out for business” was the point of departure, and it has brought rich results in that almost at once it won its place among the foreign-born of the State. The Bureau of Complaints. ‘‘Not to speculate concerning the problems met with by our immi- grants, but to find out, from the immigrants themselves what those problems are.” The Commission, at the start, consulted all the litera- ture available on the subject of immigration, but had to adopt the above motto in order to find a definite starting point. So the Bureau of Com- plaints was organized, and its work has fallen into three divisions. First, it functions as a clinic, to receive and diagnose any given prob- lem; then it adjusts the particular complaint either directly or through a cooperating agency; and finally it seeks to remedy the difficulty which lies at the root of the complaint by striving for improved legislation, and by educating public opinion. - Why Housing Was Included. At first there was opposition to combining immigration with housing. Then a woman, a member of the preliminary committee, broke through with her statement, “The home is the basis of civilization in all lands. The house is the concrete aspect of the home. The house, generally over- crowded and in the slums, is the first point of contact between the immi- grant and his new environment. And no culture can be fostered in a miserable hovel, but ignorance, vice and crime thrive therein.” So the combination was made. No New Problems. A careful study of the records of the complaint bureaus brought out the fact that the immigrant has and presents no new problems, but merely intensifies aspects of problems already existing, involving hous- ing, urban and rural, court and police dishonesty, illiteracy and educa- tion, recreation and use of leisure time, etc. The first step in dealing with the immigrant, then, was not to devise new laws which should be different from the laws governing the native-born, but to set about removing the handicaps which made him different from that native-born, so that he might take his rightful place beside him. Hemoving Handicaps. The removing of the handicaps which hold back the immigrant serves a double purpose. It gives to that immigrant the chance to work his way toward a contented life here. It also saves our country from the ‘‘menace of the immigrant,” so feared by many who now oppose immi- COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. 9 gration. This is shown in the Commission’s work in labor camps where chiefly immigrants are employed and which were veritable breeding places of disease before the campaign of improvement was begun. The Right Mental Attitude. The first public appeal of the Commission was not to the immigrant, but to the native-born who were asked to assume towards the newcomer the right mental attitude, for the stranger in great part reflects the environment in which he finds himself. Antagonism, suspicion, the spirit of rebellion, on the part of the immigrant, are all, very often, but the normal reactions called forth by the treatment which he receives from his hosts. The Domestic Policy. The problem of the domestic policy is the problem of such attitude. Nor should that policy be influenced too greatly by the national immi- gration policy, for the two can be entirely distinct. That is, the national policy might suddenly become that of prohibition of immigration, but that would make no difference in the domestic policy, for the immigrants already here would have to be handled exactly in the same manner as formerly. º A frequent scene in Italy—reading a letter from America. It does not help the understanding between nations if the hundreds of thousands of let- ters which go back to Europe every year contain stories of fraud and discouragement. Regulating Immigration. The domestic policy is a better means for determining the quality of immigration than any restrictions at the gate. Practically all the immi- grants come here in response to letters from friends already here. If the things to be found here are fine, then fine people from abroad will respond to the quest for them. If, on the other hand, the letters home bear tales of fraud and deception, practiced upon the immigrant, then the lawless element from the native land will come in the hope of an easy existence. 10 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. “Scatter the Immigrants.” The plan of scattering the immigrants has often been offered as a panacea for all problems of immigration. The study of the question, however, has revealed that distribution from behind does no good. The only acceptable kind of distribution is through making a given place so attractive that a man has to come there. “If you would have him go to the farm, you must make the farm more attractive to him and to his children.” This statement coming from an immigrant was not idly made. The hope of farming under better conditions is often the cause of the European emigrants’ coming to America. The above photograph shows modern farm implements of Southern Europe. National Heritages. Realizing the valuable contributions that have been made to the world’s civilization by all the nations, the Commission has sought to encourage the preservation and development of the best national cul- tural elements, in art, literature, music, science, the crafts, and in things spiritual. Only by preserving and developing these heritages and com- bining them with the cultural elements which are distinctly American can the foreign-born be given their rightful place in the tasks of our nation. - Rational Assimilation. From the first the Commission took its stand against that form of assimilation which hands to the immigrant some things which he is supposed to swallow. So, while emphasizing the things we must give COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND EIOUSING. 11 the alien, it has placed equal emphasis upon the things he can give us. This conception makes a natural place for the immigrant in America, by making him welcome, by giving him a share in the common tasks, and by educating him properly, basing that education upon things already known to him. • * - * Immigrant Education. It is upon this plan of working from the known to the unknown that the entire scheme of immigrant education should be built. And this conception ties education very closely to daily life. The classes for immigrants which have been organized with the cooperation of the Com- mission are held at the time and in places most convenient to the people who are to be instructed and the subject matter for the lessons is chosen with a view toward the greatest benefit to them. Also, the Commission has used its influence to establish classes for teachers of immigrant edu- cation, believing that, oftentimes, the greatest difficulty connected with the problem lies with the teachers who are not properly trained for the work. Americanization. The Commission found that Americanization was not flag raising and “patriotic” howling; that it was not suppression of speech and honest opinion; that it was more than teaching English to foreigners. Amer- icanization, it found, is the encouragement to decent living and making possible the attainment of decent standards. It involves the develop- ment of national ideals and standards and the schooling of all residents, foreign-born as well as native-born, in those ideals and standards. Community Organization. The best medium for this development of national ideals and stand- ards is, of course, the community. It is in his life as a member of the community that every man, native-born or foreign-born, becomes truly Americanized and makes his best contribution to his nation. Therefore the Commission is definitely interested in the development of all rational Schemes of community organization. Finally—Our Apology. As a sovereign nation, we have the indubitable right to admit to our shores those whom we desire and to exclude any and all if we choose. But, once admitting a man either for sentimental reasons or because we believe he will prove of economic benefit to us, we have taken on an obligation to treat him decently, to protect him from exploitation and abuse, and to do all those things that tend to remove his peculiar handi- caps and that tend to give him an equal opportunity with his neighbor. To give expression to this theory, the Commission of Immigration and Housing was formed. But, also, the experience of the Commission has shown that a unique opportunity is at hand to build here, consciously and deliberately, a new nation that shall embody the best of all national cultures, ancient and modern, giving to it the advantages which no other nation can enjoy. 12 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND FIOUSING, * A TRIBUTE. In his second biennial message, delivered to the legislature on Janu- ary 5, 1915, Governor Johnson said the following concerning the Com- mission of Immigration and Housing of California: The Systematic work scientifically done by the Commission in our State can only be thoroughly understood by references to its report. In one direction alone it has accomplished results that had it done nothing else would have justified its creation, and justified many times its expenditures. The labor camps of the State of Cali- fornia were in very many instances unfit for human habitation. The Commission of Immigration undertook the systematic inspection of these camps. Hundreds of them it has cleaned up and rendered sanitary. For more than 60,000 human beings the Commission has provided better and more sanitary places in which to live, and for this great work, so well performed, the Commission has the thanks not only of those who were unable to aid themselves and have benefited but of the State at large. The Commission as well has performed its work for the protection of the immi- grant. In various cities of the State it has presented the evils resulting from improper housing, and within the limits of the law has endeavored to correct these evils. I am deeply indebted to the Commission for the aid it has rendered me on many occasions in social problems that have arisen. Particularly am I indebted for its very careful work concerning the unemployed. This particular Commission has furnished to me a scientific investigating arm in social questions, and the obligation of the State to the Commission and its members I feel can never be repaid. In the latter part of 1913, a condition which, perhaps, in some degree, had always existed in our State became critical or acute. Those who were out of employment began to organize ; and what had existed for many years, but which in its unorganized or unmassed state, had attracted little public attention, became, when massed and organized, a burning problem. At that time, I asked some of the best minds in California to aid the State in finding some solution to what apparently would be an ever recurring difficulty. Publicly I solicited contributions from those who had thought upon the subject, and privately I asked the commissions of the State dealing with social questions to devote themselves collectively and individually as well to the problem, and its remedy. I received very, very many communications and all of these finally were placed in the hands of the Commission of Immigration and Housing, consisting of Simon J. Lubin, Right Reverend Edward J. Hanna, Mrs. Mary Gibson and Paul Scharrenberg, and formally I asked this Commission to investigate each communication and each proposed method of dealing with the matter and to report officially their conclusions. * * * I am in receipt of a report from the Immigration and Housing Commission, which in great detail and at length dis- cusses the subject, and I feel that personally I am deeply indebted to that Commis- sion, and that the State as well owes it a great obligation. * * * I commend to you the report of the Commission of Immigration and Housing and ask your very carefu) consideration of that report. * * * The Commission is conducting its investigations along the lines suggested in its recommendations and during your ses- sion its activities will be duly reported to you. THE ORGANIZATION OF THE COMMISSION. The Commission of Immigration and Housing is composed of five Commissioners appointed by the Governor and holding office at his pleasure, These five Commissioners serve without pay, not receiving even a per diem. The present Commissioners were appointed by Governor John- son at the time the Commission was established or shortly thereafter, and were continued in office by Governor Stephens. The Commissioners employ an attorney and executive officer who, under their supervision, directs the activities of the Commission. They also employ the rest of the staff needed to carry on the work. COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND ELOUSING. 13 WHY SHOULD WE GIVE THE IM M I GRANT SPECIAL PROTECTION ? Long before the Commission of Immigration and Housing was created in 1913, when the plans for its establishment were first under discus- sion, there were some who asked, “Why a special Commission for the immigrant? Why single out the alien for special protection, for spe- cial help ? If help is to be given toward better living, should not the native-born receive it also 3’’ These and similar questions still are asked from time to time. The immigrant is deemed in need of special protection because of the special and overwhelming handicaps which surround him from the moment he sets foot upon our soil: handicaps which are due, almost wholly, to his ignorance of our language and our customs. This ignorance not only works to the detriment of the immigrant him- self, making him timid, inefficient and despondent, but it also definitely injures the community in which the immigrant finds himself, by weight- ing it down with an unproductive member. The special help of the nature given by this Commission is considered necessary, not that the immigrant may have a better chance than the native-born in his daily work, but that he may have something like an equal chance. For, so long as he does not have that equal chance, he not only loses opportunities for his own advancement but also definitely holds back those about him. Unprotected, the immigrant falls a ready victim to fraud. He, him- self, suffers. But his community suffers also, for every dishonest trick played within its confines necessarily undermines its traditions of law and order. Unaided, the immigrant usually settles in the least desirable section of town or city, crowding close to his own people, fearful of spending an extra dollar for rent because of the uncertainty of his immediate future. He pays dearly for this congestion, but his city also pays, with all the evils which follow upon wretched housing conditions. Having come here to work the immigrant is usually over-anxious to secure his first job. Here the operators of labor camps have an oppor- tunity to profit, for the ‘‘foreigner,” knowing little or nothing of America’s living standards, is more likely to accept filthy surroundings than is his American neighbor. And here again, although the immi- grant is badly treated, the injury extends to the native-born camp laborer as well and, moreover, insanitary labor camps become breeding holes of disease which endanger the entire State. Unable to fight his own battles successfully, bitterly disappointed in the hopes which prompted his coming from his own land, the immigrant often grows sullen and discontented. In his own misfortune he begins to see the results of an imaginary class oppression. The next step is anarchy. It may destroy him, but it also works inestimable injury to all who come in contact with him in his community. Conversely, the correction of the ills which confront the immigrant also carries with it definite benefits to the entire community, since it is an obvious fact that the immigrant introduces no new problems into the social structure of the country but merely gives a peculiar aspect. to problems already existing. 14 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. For example—the Commission of Immigration and Housing could properly undertake the improvement of labor camps because early sur- veys disclosed the fact that more than half of the workers in these camps were aliens. But the benefits which came from improving these camps did not stop with the foreign-born. Similarly, housing was made one of the responsibilities of the Com- mission because immigrants usually live in badly congested districts. From this point, started a series of investigations which led to the present State Housing Laws which deal in no uncertain terms with the requirements of good housing and are of inestimable benefit to the entire State. Instances of this sort may be given without number. The two cited above are perhaps sufficient to make this point: that in carrying out its purpose—to aid and protect immigrants in California—the Com- mission of Immigration and Housing deals with the causes which under- lie the evil conditions. The removing of these causes makes for lasting and far-reaching benefits to all. But, the approach must be made through the immigrant, for he is always the greatest sufferer from these evil conditions. Justice demands that all residents of the state receive equality of opportunity. Removal of some of the alien’s handicaps makes for that equalization. A contented, successful and patriotic foreign-born element reduces what would otherwise be a great policing expense. Immigrants living under fair and favorable conditions are likely to make their best individual and racial contributions to our national development. - Children in church–The immigrant brings as one of his heritages a deep religious sentiment. COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. 15 THE MAIN DIVISIONS OF THE COMMISSION'S WORK. Even a superficial glance at the branches into which the Work of the Commission has divided itself will show how completely their activi- ties embrace the life of the immigrant. The reason for this is that when the Commission was first organized, there was no complete hard and fast plan for the several divisions into which its task should fall. These divisions developed only as the Commission became acquainted with the needs and the problems and the difficulties of the immigrant. This knowledge came chiefly from the immigrants themselves, through numerous Surveys which preceded the organization of the Commission and searched into every phase Of the life of the foreign-born, and through the Bureau of Complaints which the Commission opened as soon as it came into existence. These divisions are as follows: THE BUREAU OF COMPLAINTS. To this day the Bureau of Complaints, the first activity of the Com- mission, constitutes one of the main divisions of its work. It is both a Bureau of Complaints and a Bureau of Applications, for almost as many come to it for advice and information as to bring a complaint of injury done. This Bureau performs a two-fold task. It is instrumental in giv- ing aid to thousands of imigrants every year, and it is the investigating agent of the Commission, developing and guiding its other activities in the light of the information which it is constantly acquiring. HOUSING. Housing was included in the program of the Commission’s work at one of the meetings in San Francisco held to draft the bill that fin- ally became the creating act. Up to that time the projected Commission was thought of merely as a ‘‘Commission of Immigration.” Then a woman, vitally interested in practical social reform, urged that housing be made an added definite responsibility. The house is the concrete embodiment of the home, she insisted, and there can not be decent citizens without decent homes. Immigrants, upon their arrival, usually are crowded into filthy hovels and therefore are burdened with an additional handicap from the start. - There was no opposition to her contention, and ‘‘Housing’’ was added to the title of the proposed Commission. LABOR CA M P L N SPECTION. The Commission’s early investigations showed that more than half of the men in California labor camps were foreign-born. Also, it was known that a large majority of California’s immigrants were laborers. These figures, combined with the fact that labor camps throughout the state were in a wretched condition, created an irrefutable argu- ment for the directing of the Commission’s finest efforts to the cleanup of these camps. 16 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. IMM IGRANT EDUCATION. Thoughtful and systematic education of the foreign-born is, today, a need to which the state is rapidly awaking. Two years ago there was created the position of assistant to the State Superintendent of Public Instruction, in charge of immigrant education. The sole duty of this person is to organize, inspect and energize the schools and classes for immigrants throughout California. Nine years ago such a scheme would have been considered extrava- gant and useless by the public at large. Yet, nine years ago, the Com- mission began to work for just such a solution of the question. To this end it made immigrant education one of its big problems and, in cooperation with far-sighted educators and educational agencies, worked out a series of experiments, the results of which could not but con- vince all interested individuals and organizations. - A fuller and more comprehensive story of these activities, as well as of several minor departments, makes up the body of this report. Nine years of constant work along these lines have shown that the four major divisions mentioned above cover the chief needs of the immigrant and are the most important factors in his aid and protec- tion. “Take his picture—he is an American.” Seeing an American with a camera, this Italian mother begged him to photograph her son. Circumstances had brought her back to her native land, but she was in ordinately proud of the fact that the boy was born in the United States. COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. 17 BRIEF SUMMARY OF RESULTS OF THE COMMISSION'S º WORK. Below is a brief outline which gives the most important steps in actual accomplishment during the nine years of the Commission’s existence. A. General. 1. In Labor Camp Inspection. The efforts of the Commission in this field have completely revolu- tionized the labor camps of the state. In place of the insanitary, dirty, congested, unventilated, fly-filled camp, which was the rule before the Commission began its inspections, comes the camp which is being met with more and more frequently—clean, orderly and comfortable, Com- plying in every particular with the Commission’s Advisory Pamphlet on Camp Sanitation. Many of the newer camps are built on plans drawn and furnished by the Commission. It is safe to say that, at present, California leads all other states in the excellence of her camp standards. During the nine years ending October 31, 1922, the Commission has made 12,570 camp inspections. Of these, 1761 were made in 1922, up to November 1st. Through these 12,570 inspections, 465,838 men, women and children located in these camps have been given the opportunity to live cleanly and decently. 2. In the Bureau of Complaints. During the nine years ending October 31, 1922, the Commission has handled, in its several offices, 21,014 complaints rising out of the difficul- ties which beset the immigrant. (This does not include the thousands of complaints handled by our Housing and Camp Sanitation Departments.) One thousand four hundred ninety-four of these complaints came during the first ten months of 1922. It has handled 17,009 applications, exclusive of housing and labor camps; 1427 of these in 1922. The settling of a complaint by a state organization necessarily brings a feeling of greater trust and confidence in the government on the part of the complaining immigrant. In many instances, the settling of a complaint means that a lawsuit has been avoided. The Legal Aid Society, now thoroughly established and receiving aid from the Bar Association, was organized in San Francisco upon the initiative of the Commission, in conformity with its creating act. Pamphlets embodying useful information on points which are likely to confuse the alien have been published in Russian, Italian, Spanish and English. (The State of Connecticut used this pamphlet in prepar- ing a similar publication.) 3. In Housing. The Housing Institute, a series of conferences which brought together men in the various professions whose work touched upon housing, was called by the Commission in 1916. As a result of this institute, the present state housing laws were framed, and were enacted by the legisla- ture in 1917. 2—237 36 18 COMMISSION OF - IMMIGRATION - ANDr EIOUSING. In cooperation with city housing officials, extensive housing Surveys and inspections have been måde in most of the important communities of California, with the aim in view of correcting bad housing features by making the building conform to the state housing laws. Up to this time this work has been confined chiefly to hotels and tenements. The Commission has taken part in thousands of inspections. As the result of these joint efforts on the part of municipal authori- ties and the Commission, the inside room, that greatest single menace to health, has practically disappeared in three cities—Fresno, Stockton and Salinas; and the number of inside rooms is steadily and rapidly diminishing in other cities. There has been corresponding improvement in other points of housing—bath facilities, toilets, ventilation, light, fire safety, abolition of basement living, general cleanliness, etc., etc. Wherever possible, the Commission has given definite assistance in city planning and in drafting municipal building codes, as specified 'by its creating act. An interesting example of a progressive city’s experiment in city planning Will be found in the chapter entitled ‘‘Housing.” - - 4. In Inn migrant Education. In cooperation with the Los Angeles Board of Education, the Commis- sion has conducted a series of educational experiments in its efforts to interest the State in the immigrant woman. These experiments led to the framing and passage of the Home Teacher Act. Further experi- ments were conducted, culminating in an extensive system of classes in immigrant education throughout the city. . . . , * ~ *- - - - - A In cooperation with the same board, the Commission was instrumental in launching the first normal training course for teachers interested in immigrant education. - - A Manual for Home Teachers was prepared, embodying the lessons for adult women beginners in the study of English. - This was followed by the Primer for Immigrant Women. This booklet broke away completely from the childish primers used in many of the classrooms, and substituted a useful, every-day vocabulary. In 1920, following its custom of not doing any work which could be done by an agency especially equipped for that work, the Commission suggested to the State Board of Education that it establish a Department of Immigrant Education as a definite part of its own task. The sugges- tion was instantly adopted. The woman who directed the Commission’s work of Immigrant Education was made the new Director of Immigrant Education for the state, and, until the next meeting of the legislature, the Commission cheeerfully continued to pay her salary, and cooperated with the Superintendent of Public Instruction in directing her work. An experiment in better education of the Mexican children has just been launched jointly by the State Board of Education and the Commis- sion. This experiment is treated at greater length in the chapter on Immigrant Education. • * * * * B. Legislative. Believing that the most enduring means for aiding any group of people lies in improved legislation, the Commission has always endeav- ored to incorporate its findings in legislative measures planned for the prevention of an abuse or the improvements of a bad situation. COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. 19 The Commission has been instrumental in the preparation and the passage of the following laws: - - - t 1. Labor Camp Sanitation. - * - r . . . . The Labor Camp Sanitation Act of 1913 has been strengthened by amendments at the legislative sessions of 1915, 1919 and 1921. 2. Housing. - - * * * • Tenement House Act of 1915. Amended 1917; Statutes of 1917, chapter 738. - , " Hotel and Lodging House Act. Enacted in 1917; Statutes of 1917, chapter 736, repealing former acts. - . . • . * Dwelling House Act. A new law enacted in 1917; Statutes of 1917, chapter 737. - g - . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. Home Teacher Act. Section 1670 (b) was added to the Political Code in 1915, empowering regularly qualified teachers to instruct adults and children at their homes on matters vital to their welfare. 4. False Land Advertisement. - - Section 654 (b) added to the Penal Code in 1915 making it a mis- demeanor to publish or disseminate any untrue or misleading statement concerning real estate located in California or elsewhere. 5. Dock, Zone Law. - Enacted in 1915, Statutes of 1915, page 548. Provides for establish- ment of Zones or areas on docks where immigrants are landed and pre- scribes the powers and duties of the Commission of Immigration and Housing with relation thereto. - - 6. Subpoenaing Witnesses. In 1915, section 10 of the act was amended to empower the Commission to hold hearings and gall witnesses to be examined under oath. 7. Support of Illegitimate Children. - Section 27 0. of the Penal Code was amended in 1915 so as to make a parent of an illegitimate child criminally liable for failure to properly support it. 8. State Land Bureant. The Land Settlement Board created, in 1917 was supported by the Commission in a recommendation made in 1915. r 9. Labor. Eacchanges. • * The State Free Employment Bureaus created in 1915, Statutes of 1915, page 486, are in line with the Commission’s ideas as expressed at that time. - 10. Regulation of Private Employment Agencies. - The act of 1913, regulating private employment agencies, was amended in 1915 to allow greater supervision of these agencies and adding requirements beneficial to those seeking employment. The Commission supported these amendments. 20 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND Housing. 11. City Plamming. Sections 15, 16 and 17 were added to the Commission’s creating act, in 1917, authorizing it to investigate and encourage city planning. Directs city planning commissions in incorporated cities and towns to file a report of their annual transactions with the Secretary of the Com- mission of Immigration and Housing. Authorizes the Commission to make an annual report on housing and city planning to the Governor and directs the State Printer to print such report as a public document. 12. Homes for Working mem. In this act, Statutes 1921, page 143, the legislature directs the Com- mission to investigate the practicability of state assistance in the matter of purchase of home lots and erection of dwellings for workingmen. Further directs the Commission to report a bill to the 1923 session of the legislature embodying procedure for putting such a work into effect. Legislation has been suggested on the following subjects, but none of them have yet been put into statutory form. 1. Public Defenders. The creation of the office of publie defender in the more thickly populated counties, such official to defend criminals unable to employ counsel and to represent poor persons in small civil suits. Since the proposal of this matter, Los Angeles and San Francisco have created this office and the passage of the Small Claims Court Act has proven of vast aid to poor people involved in petty civil suits on contracts. 2. Comtracts in Foreign Languages. (a) A law, requiring that all contracts involving amounts over fifty dollars, to which an alien of less than three years’ residence is a party, be written both in the English language and in the ſanguage of the alien. (b) A translation bureau to be established by the Commission of Immigration and Housing which will furnish translations of contracts at C0St. 3. Interpreters, Official Court. An act placing official interpreters in courts of law, under civil serv- ice; requiring them to be put under a sufficient bond; and establishing a schedule of fees to be charged by interpreters acting for private per- sons and not for the state. 4. Titles of Semi-Public Utilities. Prohibiting the use of such words as ‘‘state,’’ ‘‘city,” “California,” etc., in the title of a semi-public utility, when the use of such words might mislead as to the question of ownership and management, and might give the impression that the utility is owned and operated by some department of government. - COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. 21 LABOR CAMP INSPECTION. The first labor camp sanitation act in California became effective August 10, 1913. Enforcement of this act was placed in the hands of the State Board of Health. However, no special funds were provided for the investigation of existing conditions and to obtain their Com- pliance with the demands of the act. During the same year, by an act of the legislature, the Commission of Immigration and Housing was created. Under section 7 of this act the Commission was given authority “to inspect all labor camps within the state.” Almost as soon as the organization of the Commis- sion had been completed, it was ordered by Governor Johnson to investi- gate the conditions which brought about the riot which occurred on a hop ranch near Wheatland on August 3, 1913, just one week before the Camp Sanitation Act became effective. The Commission was the natural agency to be called in, as most of the laborers on the ranch in question were foreign-born. Housing and sanitary conditions on that ranch were unspeakably bad. Moreover, it was found that these conditions were by no means excep- tional, and the Commission, with the consent of the Board of Health, assumed the responsibility for inspection and correction of camp hous- ing and sanitation. - - This responsibility was officially given to the Commission, through a completely revised law, by the legislature of 1915, for, by this time, it had become clear that more than half of the laborers in the camps were immigrants and, furthermore, the Commission’s Camp Sanitation Department was already organized and functioning in a thoroughly efficient manner. The history of this department, covering a period of less than nine years, has been a history of continuous progress and constructive effort and of accomplishment even beyond the Commission’s own early plans and hopes. Yet the change in the actual conditions of the camps, as well as in the standards of housing, has been brought about so steadily, adjustments to the new standards have been made so gradually, that the improvements have been taken almost as a matter of course. In fact, both employers and employees have forgotten, in large part, that anything less than the present standards ever existed. This development of camp sanitation and housing under the direc- tion of the Commision has been in four ways; first in actual changes in the law itself—the constant raising of the standards; second, in the improvement of the administration of the law—a working out of better methods of covering the state; third, in a definite and gratify- ing growth of cooperation secured from employers; and, fourth and most important of all, in the improved condition of the camps them- selves. It is from these four angles that the history of the Commission’s Department of Labor Camp Inspection will be briefly sketched. I. PROGRESS IN LEGISLATION. The act of 1913, the first camp sanitation law, was soon found to be inadequate. Its provisions were indefinite. The law simply set forth in general terms that bunk houses, tents and other sleeping quarters 22: COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. and the grounds about camps should be kept clean; that sufficient air space be provided in sleeping quarters; that beds or bunks be made of iron, canvas or other sanitary material and be so constructed as to afford reasonable comfort to the occupants. . . - ... " - The law did not state that the housing quarters for employees must be furnished, and there were no provisions for sanitary arrangements. Yet the lack of toilet and bathing facilities and the primitive methods used in the disposal of kitchen waste, garbage and other refuse were responsible, to a large degree, for making our labor camps unfit for human habitation and a menace to public health. - - Therefore the Commission, in cooperation with the State Board of Health, drew up a set of rules to serve as a minimum standard for living conditions; and the Camp Department endeavored to secure compliance with these requirements as well as the specific features of the law itself. This practice of obtaining improvements beyond and above the mere minimum set by law has been the regular practice of the Commission, and thus well-tried practical experiment and success- ful accomplishment have always preceded changes in the law. The amendments from time to time have simply legalized the practices already in effect. - . . . . - - These amendments gradually changed the original act almost beyond recognition and the Commission’s Pamphlet on Camp Samitation and Housing has kept paee with these revisions. The present law, while by no means ideal, ranks high in provisions for reasonable comfort in living quarters and in maintenance of sanitary conditions about camps. So far have standards advanced that a “good” camp of 1914 would be only “fair” now. The principal features of this present law which show advancement over the original act may be briefly summed up in the following points: - . * . . . . . 1. Bunk houses, tents or other suitable sleeping places must be pro- vided and must be in good structural condition so as to afford shelter against the elements and exclude dampness. . - This assures the worker of good housing quarters and protects him from the ‘‘ground for a floor and sky for a roof” type of sleeping place. It does away with ragged tents, with brush shelters and with barns and stables formerly used. 2. Suitable bunks or beds shall be provided for employees. A clear space of twenty inches measured from floor to ceiling must be allowed between beds or bunks. A mattress or equally comfortable bedding must be supplied upon request, a reasonable charge for which may be made by the employer. Ticks or containers must be supplied if straw or other substitute for mattresses is used. - - In this manner the Commission has done away with the common practice in the past whereby the only bed supplied was space on the floor or ground with a bit of straw thrown in. Platform bunks have likewise been eliminated as well as wooden bunks containing loose straw, which become quickly infested with vermin. The present law makes possible comfort and cleanliness in beds. com Mission of IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. 23. Car-type dining quarters of the modern lumber camp. built in cooperation with the Commission. Specially designed for the pine districts where camps are moved from place to place. - - 3. Dining rooms, kitchens or other structures where food is cooked, prepared or served must be kept clean and sanitary; openings must be screened. Cooking utensils, dishes, knives, forks, spoons and other implements for eating must be kept clean, unbroken and sanitary. Proper protection for food is most essential whether in its prepara; tion and cooking or in serving. Contamination of food in the old tim filthy and unscreened kitchens was unavoidable. This change in the law not only has been a measure for protection against disease but has increased the efficiency of the kitchen service and has added eomfort to the employees during their meal hours. The Commission has brought about the building of scores of dining rooms of this type to replace the old tumbledown, unscreened quarters. 24 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. 4. Every camp must provide convenient and suitable bathing and toilet facilities. Their maintenance in a clean and sanitary state is definitely prescribed. Perhaps there has been no greater cause for complaint than the utter disregard on the part of employers for these most essential of all sanitary conveniences. Bathing facilities were not only entirely lacking in the labor camps of the state when the Commission began its work, but their installation was deemed an unheard-of and entirely unreasonable proposal. Men working in camps never had bathed, therefore they never would bathe; so why furnish baths? But the properly equipped bathhouse is today as much a part of a camp layout as the kitchen itself. And the baths are used. One of the hardest fights which the Commission has is the installation of bathing facilities. This photograph shows that bath houses need not be pretentious. Heater in rear. The former crudely built burlap or frame structure made to serve for toilet purposes has been one of the most aggravated factors with which the Commission has had to contend. Frequently even this shelter was missing and the open spaces behind buildings, river beds, ditches, open fields, were the only facilities afforded. The very specific manner in which the law states that privies shall be built and maintained insures protection against these dangers to public health and establishes a standard for decency and privacy. 5. Garbage, kitchen waste and refuse must be placed in covered receptacles, must be emptied daily or oftener and contents burned, buried or otherwise disposed of. Drainage from kitchen sinks must be carried through covered drains to covered cesspools or septic tanks or be disposed of by some other satisfactory method. The old method of throwing garbage and refuse out of the kitchen door or dropping it through convenient holes in the floor to the ground beneath for hogs to forage was responsible in the past for the unsightly and insanitary conditions of so many camps, Covered garbage con- COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. 25 tainers and proper disposal of their contents as well as sanitary treat- ment of drainage are essential to healthful camps. 6. At every camp a responsible person must be appointed to assist in keeping camps clean, Camps can not take care of themselves. The best built camps, the most modern equipment, will soon deteriorate if care is not given to their upkeep. Laborers can not be expected to look after this phase of the work, and the daily routine of cleaning must be delegated to some definite person. The above requirements of the present Camp Sanitation Act make possible decent and healthful living conditions. The standards thus The living garbage cams of the old-style lumber camp. Refuse was thrown out of the kitchen door and the hogs were supposed to take care of it from that point on. - - established by law in California have considerably lessened the just grievances of workers and have guarded against one of the most per- sistent causes of labor unrest and labor trouble, namely, bad housing and insanitary living accommodations. Employers themselves have acknowledged the advantages gained. The following excerpt from one of the innumerable letters received by the Commission shows justification for these standards set by law: We are heartily in accord with the campaign which has been carried on by the State Commission of Immigration and Housing for the improvement of camp sanita- tion. The results are not measurable in dollars and cents alone. Proper conditions about the woods camps not only make for better men, but better service, and, in our judgment, the work which has been carried on by your Commission has been a dis- tinct help not only to the employee but to the employer. 26. commission of IMMIGRATION AND Housing: ii. PRogress in Administ RAtion of THE LAw. The successful carrying out of the spirit as well as the letter of the law has necessitated not only insistent enforcement but wise administra- tion and a thorough understanding of the problems to be dealt with. Up to August, 1915, when authority for enforcement was delegated to the Commission of Immigration and Housing, the camp department was able to use only persuasion to secure results. But even under this handicap of lack of power, encouraging progress was made. So that by the time authority for enforcement was actually granted to the Com- mission, many improvements had already been started and sufficient co- operation obtained to make that authority necessary only as the last resort. - º - Inspection was made difficult at first because of a lack of record either of the location or of the number of the camps in the State. The inspectors had to simply search them out, using every available means A 12 ºr 1, tent occupied by eleven men. A common condition in uninspected labor camps. of inquiry to aid them. Year by year, however, the Commission has added to its camp list until today there is on file practically a complete record of permanent camps, and this is a great aid to inspection. The Commission has steadily gained more accurate knowledge of the seasons in which permanent and temporary camps are open, and inspection became adjusted to the time when camps are in operation. This was a big asset in a State as large and as varied in its industries as California. - Location and inspection of camps of a temporary nature is still one of the chief difficulties of the camp department. Maintenance of sani- tary conditions in temporary camps has depended to a large degree on COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. 27. the alertness of the camp department in ferreting out their location in the beginning rather than the end of the season, for to reach a camp only to find that it is to close in a few days is wasted effort. It is futile to insist upon compliance with the law when the camp itself is to be demolished in a few days. While constant inspection and reinspection are absolutely imperative, other methods of reaching camp operators have aided in the effective administration of the act. The widespread distribution of the “Advis- ory Pamphlet on Camp Sanitation and Housing” has made it possible for camp operators to understand more clearly what was expected by the Commission. An elaborate exhibit of good camp housing was pre- pared and brought before the public. The Commission’s inspectors Wood floors, half walls and the presence of a stove make these tents eartremely comfortable in any weather. A common type of camp today. often hold meetings with employers, singly or in groups, to discuss the requirements of the act and to advise on the specific needs for the com- ing season. This has brought about mutual understanding and inter- est in providing the best possible accommodations. While the Commission has always preferred the policy of persuasion to that of compulsion, it has become necessary at times to resort to the latter method. This policy has been sanctioned by the act itself which was amended in 1921 so as to give the Commission the right to enter upon property for inspection purposes. The law further gives the Com- mission’s officers or agents the authority of sheriffs and other peace officers when it becomes necessary to secure enforcement of the act. 28 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. | | |. PROGRESS IN COOPERATION. Successful enforcement of a law depends largely upon the extent of intelligent interest displayed by all parties concerned. In no phase of its work has the camp sanitation department made more marked prog- ress than in the cooperation secured from employers and employees. The Commission has always believed that the question of improving living conditions in labor camps was a question of friendly and inter- ested cooperation with camp operators as well as the gradual education of the State in standards of camp housing and camp sanitation. The nine years of work in this field have completely justified this belief. With labor camps improved almost beyond belief, with 12,570 camp inspections to its credit, the Commission has caused just 52 arrests for failure to cooperate in improving the camp—a shade over four- tenths of one per cent of the number of inspections. It is interesting to note here that, although these cases are tried in local courts, only two out of the 52 offenders were found “not guilty.” It is the spirit in which employers have fallen in with the Commis- sion’s plans that is largely responsible for the numerous model camps which exist today—camps far in advance of the law's requirement— which would have seemed extravagant dreams in 1914. - . It is not entirely surprising that camp operators had given but little attention to decent quarters for their workers prior to 1913. There were no standards for the housing of laborers, no one really knew what comforts were due them; and men came and went, carrying their blankets on their backs, taking their chances on finding something that might be termed ‘‘housing shelter’’ and a place in which they could be fed. For the rest, anything would do, even if it were nothing. Com- plaints from the workers could be of little avail for there was no organ- ization to which appeal could be made, no law to protect them. { The first efforts of the commission, therefore, had to be educational in character. Old prejudices, old habits of thought had to be broken. down before a new practice could be initiated. Employers had to be persuaded not only that the improvements sought were necessary to the health and general well-being of the workers, but that good camp condi- tions meant a more contented, more stable and more efficient labor Supply. . While recalcitrant employers were often encountered, while many prejudiced operators considered the new demands unreasonable or visionary, it is to the credit of the large number of them that they have readily adapted themselves to the new order. They have complied with the requests of the camp inspectors, have followed the instructions set forth in the advisory pamphlets issued by the Commission, and have continually sought advice regarding better ways of maintaining and improving their camps. The following statement made to the Director of Camp Sanitation by the general manager of one of the largest lum- ber concerns operating in California best illustrates the attitude of employers toward the new standards: The education I received in the matter of good labor camps was invaluable to me and to my company. When my company first came to California, to Operate labor camps in the lumber district, I was very antagonistic to all the so-called “California Social Laws,” but I have learned that this legislation is for the benefit of the employer as well as the employee, and I’m for it. - COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. 29 Ignorance and neglect on the part of the laborers employed also had to be dealt with. The abuse of model equipment installed meant dis- couragement for the operator and made it more difficult for the Com- mission to continue its insistence on these improvements. Placards of “Sanitary Rules’’ printed in different languages have been posted by the Commission in all labor camps, so that foreign as well as native-born workers might know that the State is definitely interested in their wel- fare and that responsibility for decent standards rests with them as well as With their employer and the Commission. And the employes have been quick to appreciate well kept quarters. Now that they are familiar with the work of the Commission’s camp department, they constantly report insanitary conditions through the Commission’s bureau of complaints, and it is upon these reports that the Commission depends in locating certain bad camps which still con- tinue to exist, or those of a temporary nature which it had been impos- sible to locate. - - IV. FROM OLD CAMPS TO NEW. Whatever else may have been accomplished in the field of camp inspection, the final test of the work lies, of course, in the improvement of the camps themselves. For, no matter how excellent the progress in legislation, no matter how wise the administration of the law or how thorough the cooperation between the Commission and the employers of labor, if the camps themselves have not gone ahead, then all else counts for less than nothing. - Literally thrown into the work of camp inspection by the 1913 Wheat- land hop-field riot mentioned above, the Commission had to do some very rapid ‘‘ Organizing’’ in order to meet the new task. - And this new task was a stupendous one. The labor camps of the state were in wretched shape and there was no time to lose. Yet for the first year and a half the Commission of Immigration and Housing had Only delegated authority in the work, and, even when the legislature of 1915 officially confirmed this authority, appropriation for the work was very small, $5,000 a year for two years, and the whole of the State of California to cover. - That the Commission was able to carry on the work efficiently under these conditions and to obtain the results which it obtained is due, in part, to the splendid cooperation of other agencies which could be of help, particularly the State Board of Health, the Highway Commission, the Industrial Accident Commission and the Industrial Welfare Com- mission whose agents were able to aid in locating camps and in variouſ other ways while attending to their own specific duties. In California the work of labor camp inspection is complicated by the fact that there are many different kinds of camps. And while, fundamentally, standards are the same for all camps, the problem varies greatly with each industry around which a particular camp has grown up. An inspector who had learned how to bring a permanent lumber Camp up to standard would face an entirely new undertaking when he came into a seasonal camp in the apricot district. - These differences in the types of camps have been taken into con- sideration when presenting a brief outline of the work of the camp department. r 30 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. The construction camp as it used to be before the Commission's inspectors showed the better way. Torn tents, providing very little protection. 1. Construction Camps. Certain construction camps were the first to be inspected by the Commission, and it is certain that a description of one of these would be indignantly repudiated by any 1922 operator. He would insist that no camp run by his company would have been in such condition even nine years ago. And yet, practically without exception, all con- struction camps were bad, consisting of 12 by 14 floorless tents holding as many men as could be crowded into their double deck wooden bunks, and pitched “anywhere” at crazy angles to each other; unscreened, ragged dining tents with garbage dumped around them; no drainage or toilets; bathing facilities unknown; dirt, disorder and rubbish every- where. - A construction camp of today showing model tents in military rows, the grounds immaculately kept, meeting, in every respect, the requirements of the Com- ints ston. COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION-AND HOUSING. 31 Another view of the old construction camp. Over- crowded sleeping quarters under a leaky roof. Construction camps were the first to be improved by the Commission. º A true bird’s-eye view of a modern construction camp, photographed from the air. Showing the result of the state's policy of sanitation. 32 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. Nine years have passed and we have the 1922 construction camps. with floored sleeping tents set in military rows, each containing steel beds with comfortable mattresses, each equipped with a stove; screened dining quarters; covered garbage containers; ample toilet and bathing facilities; and special attendants to keep the camp clean and in good repair. t And the sentiment of camp operators toward the new Order is often expressed in some such terms as appear in this paragraph in a letter from a firm which maintains construction camps: We are pleased to state that we have found from an economic standpoint that we have been fully repaid for any money we have spent in the Way of increasing sanita- tion and equipment of our camps for the reason that more efficient work and better results have been obtained from our crews on account of being satisfied with the treatment given them, also we have found during times of labor shortage, that we were able to hire more men than others who had not provided suitable accommoda- tions for their laborers. - 2. Lumber Camps. When the Commission’s inspectors went, in 1914, into the lumber district they were told of the ‘‘model camp of Humboldt County’’ which, so gossip went, was run by a “nut” who had built a bath for his men. This, to the best knowledge of the Commission, was the only bath in the lumber camps of that period. In 1922 there was not a lumber camp of any importance in the entire state which did not have adequate bathing facilities. Other improve- ments kept pace with this. Cesspools and septic tanks had taken the place of drainage into the creek or over the bank; flush type toilets had been installed in many camps in place of insanitary privies or the lack of all facilities; smaller sleeping cabins are taking the place of the crowded bunkhouses of the redwood districts and the shabby, ragged tents of the pine woods. In sleeping quarters the greatest improvement has come in the pass- ing of the itimerant “blanket stiff.” Many camps no longer permit men to carry their own blankets into camp. Instead, clean bedding, including sheets, is provided by the operator and usually a small monthly charge is made for this. The readiness with which the work of improvement gathers momen- tum until many things are provided which are not prescribed by law, is well illustrated in the enthusiastic letter from a lumber company, part of which is here given. In it is described what the Commission calls a “model camp”—one which has gone beyond the legal require- ments. - All camps have new cabins with the exception of cabins in one camp which were repaired, they are painted white inside and out, wooden boxes put in and a clothes locker for each man so that he may lock up any personal effects. A cabin service with our new beds, which consist of mattresses, three army blankets, sheets, pillows and a canvas covering long enough to fold under the mattress, was started and a camp man makes up the beds, sweeps out the cabins, fills the wood boxes with cut up fine Wood, replenishes fuel for the lamps in the camps where electricity is not yet installed and does his share of sanitary work around the camp. Flush toilets are scrubbed out each day with lye and bath houses are placed amongst the cabins with hot and cold running water, which also receive their share of lye. - All kitchen drains run into a cesspool which resembles a septic tank and the over- flow is carried off by filtering through a gravel pit. - COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. 33 Tin cans and rubbish from the kitchen and camp are carried away from the camp to a hole where they are burned, so I'm afraid that a sanitary notice from you will be a small one if any at all. The cook houses have all been remodeled and painted white, it certainly makes quite a difference in the looks. Our cooks are absolutely the best that we can obtain and the results have well repaid the selection and differences in salaries. To further improve our service we keep a relief cook who not only gives the regular cooks a chance to rest up and break away but also furnishes the camp with a change in cooking. We started one thing and I’m sure I don't know where it will stop. A school and family houses down on the flat in the center of the three camps. We faced a prob- lem—that of getting the few children to school. So we decided to build our own school building and hire the teacher. With that news out people began to come into camp and were willing to live in any kind of a shack as this was something new, a school and a free home in the woods. A lumber camp now under construction showing the small cabin type which the Commission evolved after thorough investigation. Each cabin houses three ºnen. We put up the school building and combined a social hall along with it. It is arranged with a portable partition in the center of the building so that when dances and shows are held there is room for all. Then we decided on a standard family house of four rooms with running water, placed far enough apart so that there is privacy and plenty of room for gardens. The demand was great and this is the system we now use; a family man comes up to work in the woods, he naturally asks for a house and his name is taken. If he makes good on his job and is of the type that would be a benefit to the community, his request is granted after a fair trial to all concerned. - From what you saw on your last trip here, I hope that you are satisfied with th information that I have given you in this letter and that you will put it over big for the sake of newer ideas in the future. When the Commission's inspectors went into Humboldt County nine years ago they were looked upon as crazy men and their sugges- tions were openly called extravagant dreams. Yet the above letter describes but one of the scores of these dreams which have come true even beyond the expectations of these same inspectors. - 3–2.37 3-6 34 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. 3. Mining—Cement—Oil. Mining camps of the earlier days were neither comfortable nor well constructed in spite of the fact that they were permanent in character and just the type of camp to which men with families would be attracted by proper housing features. Today, although there are few mines in operation, the rating of the mining camps is “good,” and the manager of several large mines writes, in part— Our efforts to maintain our mining camps in sanitary condition have resulted in our suffering less from the present labor shortage and inefficiency of labor than has been the case with other companies operating in this vicinity where the conditions, though fairly good, have not been quite as good as in our camps. A better view of the three-men cabin. These cabins have taken the place, in many camps, of the big, crowded bunkhouses against which the Commission has been fighting since 1913. This has been true of all our mines, but the effect is most marked in our main mine, where in addition to good sanitary conditions, we have installed what we call a “Social Hall” which provides a pleasant reading room, billiard hall, dance hall and moving picture show for our employees. In several of the mining camps, men have the choice of renting cabins with bedding or of taking their own blankets into a well ventilated bunkhouse. One mining camp is now planning to put in a complete sewer system. Upon advice of the Commission, living quarters in cement quarries in the state have been practically rebuilt and here, also, a large plant has put in a sewer system. Oil camps of today are, on the whole, rated highest of all on the records of the Commission. Well built houses, meat, clean camp grounds, modern plumbing conveniences, characterize these camps, whose owners recognize the value of all this to themselves, of which one oil company writes: It can be said that the improved camp conditions not only attract better work- men, but serve to raise the standard of the workman. COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. 35 Progress over the oil camps of 1914 has been rapid and very thorough, and here the Commission has had the most wholehearted cooperation from the start. It still faces, however, the problem of inducing oil camp operators to provide bedding for their employes. 4. Railroad Camps. In no branch of camp inspection have better results been achieved than in the construction and maintenance of railroad section camps. Each railroad maintains section crews stationed ten miles apart and their “homes” in former years often consisted of shacks made of rotten boards and tin cans, or, where portable camps had to be main- tained discarded cars were used filled with double deck wooden bunks. Working with the Commission, the railroads have evolved types of section houses best suited to the needs of their men and the last years have witnessed the building of many of these. The Santa Fe Railroad, The railroad section houses used to be a menace to health and decency. This shows an earcellent type of houses recently developed. for example, has just completed 128 new and model section houses; the Southern Pacific, 252; the Western Pacific, 5; and the Northwestern Pacific, 2. The work of improvement here is tied up with tremendous outlay of money and the Commission, realizing this, has been content to go only “so fast and no faster” so long as a steady improvement is maintained. Double deck bunks are going out of use and are being supplanted by steel beds, new cars are being used in place of the dilapidated ones, and the Commission has been thoroughly satisfied with the progress made. As for the attitude of the railroads toward the work of improvement, it leaves nothing to be desired, and the following is a typical view: In labor camps care is exercised in maintaining proper sanitation and living accommodations. Where extra gangs are employed and educational instruction is not otherwise obtainable, the company maintains portable schools where without cost the children of employees are afforded opportunity to obtain an education in the elementary branches of English. - This policy seems not only dictated by humanity but it has proven of economic value. 36 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. 5. Agricultural Camps. That ranch managers recognize the value of good camps for their help is seen from letters such as the following: Since the following out of the plan of camp sanitation as outlined by your inspector, we have been able to keep on our ranch a better class of men than we formerly employed. This is especially true during harvest time as our camp attracts a better class of men than those camps which are of a temporary nature. During the last year we have had no sickness on the ranch which is doubtless one of the benefits derived from better sanitation. Ranch camps include several distinct types, depending upon the crop grown, and only the principal ones are mentioned here. Ranch camps have presented one of the gravest problems. This is the type of sleeping place often found in uninspected camps. Yet the ranch camp can be both clean and comfortable. This is one of the many which the Commission’s standards have helped to create. COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. 37 (a) Citrus. The model camps for laborers in many of the citrus districts of south- ern California had their beginning in the El Monte experiment where, at the suggestion of Dr. Pomeroy, county health officer, Mexican Taborers who lived on the banks of a “wash” in shabby shacks were moved to a better location where a model little settlement had been built. The Commission was called upon to help with the planning of construction and sanitation, and so excellent did it find the plan that it used it as an example to interest the citrus communities in constructing similar “towns” for workers—mostly Mexicans—who were living in shacks made of brush, weeds and tin cans reinforced by an occasional piece of discarded lumber. | TT º - A citrus canºp in Southern California before the Commission had had an oppor- tunity to show the better way. There are still camps of this type which must be eradicated. A citrus camp for Merican laborers in a city of Southern California. Another example of commendable City Planning. 38 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. The joy which these workers take in their new homes is a revelation to the skeptics who have held that “anything is good enough for Mexicans.” Model citrus camps are now in existence in many points in Ventura, Los Angeles, San Bernardino, Riverside, Orange and San Diego counties. (b) Beets. A big problem was encountered here. Mexican laborers are brought in great numbers to work in the beet fields and sugar factories and, until recently, these have been housed indiscriminately, with no thought of order and little thought of sanitalion. After consultation and planning with the Commission the principal beet sugar companies agreed to erect a number of adobe houses and proper tents for temporary camps. Here, too, the problem is that of a great outlay of money, for the working force is very large. Nevertheless, a company in the Salinas Valley has recently put up complete frame houses for its workers in every one of its forty-five camps and has provided up-to-date bathing and toilet facilities. But much still remains to be done, and the Com- mission is now working on the next step to be taken here. - The cottom camps of Imperial Valley as they still are in some localities, showing the need for unceasing work on the part of the inspectors. (c) Cotton. Cotton is grown in the Imperial Valley and here the job of camp. improvements becomes inextricably mixed with the vicious practice of tenant farming. Men who lease a ranch for a year or two see no reason for spending money on housing accommodations for their help, while the owners, residing hundreds of miles away, can feel no responsibility in the matter. While, when the land owner himself conducts his camp, the work of the Commission is complicated by the attitude described in this letter: Many of the Imperial Valley farmers came into the valley without a cent, developed their own land, lived on the desert in ramada houses or tents and without any of the facilities and comforts which are more commonly now enjoyed. It is no wonder that these pioneers have found it hard to see why ordinary cotton pickers should be furnished with accommodations better than they themselves enjoyed for a long time. COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. 39 Yet it is in places like the Imperial Valley that housing plays the greatest part in the attitude of the workers. The same letter goes on to say: It has been our policy to furnish sanitary living conditions in our labor camps. During the past summer there was a labor shortage in the Imperial Valley. While many other farmers were unable to promptly handle their crops, we scarcely felt the shortage at all. We have found that every cent expended so far has been amply justified. We propose to continue along the same lines and would be glad of your suggestions and cooperation. - Knowing the value of persistent education, the Commission will con- tinue hammering at the cotton camps, even though results come much more slowly than in other industries. A different type of cottom camp in Imperial Valley, showing the type of structure best adapted to the heat of the summers. (d) Apricots, Cherries, Peaches, Grapes. Here the task of the Commission was, often, not to improve camps but to create them. And therefore the maximum of tact and judgment had to be used in convincing ranch operators that compliance with the law would also mean real benefits to themselves. The seasons of the various fruits are so short that ranchers thought it useless to provide any sort of comforts or even shelter. In their eyes “it didn't pay.” To overcome this difficulty the Commission has devised the Community Camp which gives several ranchers the oppor- tunity to cooperate in housing their summer crews, and which is made up of tent houses so constructed that they can be easily taken apart and stowed away for the winter. Taking the place of the old method of throwing down old sweat boxes under the trees and expecting the workers to be satisfied—this community camp has marked a big step in good housing. 40 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. (e) Hops. In the light of the oft-mentioned Wheatland hop fields riot which gave the state an inkling of how bad labor camps can be, the conditions in the 1922 hop camps have been a source of particular pleasure to the Commission. H- -- º - --- - A model Community Camp, planned by the Commission to take care of the - - needs of several growers. - The hop fields of 1913 offered shelter such as this in the heat and dust of summer. Many complaints were made, in those days, of the spirit of discontent among the hop pickers. COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. 41 The hop ranch referred to above was, in 1913, a combination of torn tents, sleeping accommodations on the ground under the open sky, and absolute lack of means for garbage disposal, toilets wholly inade. quate in number and in unspeakably filthy condition, uncovered, muddy, polluted wells and no facilities for bathing although hops are gathered in the heat of summer. Nor was this ranch the exception. Today hop ranches offer all the required comforts, and operators of camps have been ready to cooperate at every point. It is worthy of note that no tendencies toward any “riots” now appear among the men employed. (f) Rice. The Commission’s wholehearted attitude of give-and-take which has made its task of labor camp inspection so rich in firmly grounded results was shown in the case of the rice camps of 1920–1922. Two years before this, the rice men were rich. And the Commis- sion held them very strictly to the observance of the law. Some fine results were obtained and a number of splendid new camps came into being. Before the bad years of 1920–1922 struck the rice growers, the Commission was able to supervise the erection of many camps such as this in the rice district. But 1920 and 1921 were failures and many ranchers were in des- perate straits. The Commission decided that it could not hold opera- tors to the building of new camps or even to the structural improve- ments of camps already existing. The letter of the law had to give way to the spirit, and operators were considered as doing their duty if they kept their camps clean. As soon as conditions improve, the rice fields will be given special attention. Here, too, the vicious ten- ant farmer problem complicates the work. 42 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. (g) The Delta District. The Delta District is the sore spot of the state in the matter of labor camps. Here the laboring population is 95 to 99 per cent foreign-born and American standards of living have penetrated but little or not at all. The atmosphere of the section is entirely foreign and the Com- mission’s camp inspectors are forced to readjust their methods of approach many times each day, as they talk with Hindu, Chinese, Japanese, Italian, Portuguese, and American operators, each with his own particular standard of living and sanitation. A semi-permanent settlement of migratory laborers who conne home to these dwellings from the day's work. Conditions such as these are rapidly dis- appearing, but there is still a big field for inspection. Where Camp Sanitation overlaps City Planning. A cannery camp showing modern cottages for housing the workers. One of the results of the state's labor camp policy. COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. 43 To carry out the provisions of the law, two camp inspectors have been kept in this district just before and during asparagus cutting time. Here lack of funds is not a usual factor, for the land is the richest imaginable. As the result of concentrated effort, several hun- dred camps have been rebuilt and new camps were constructed by can- meries on the islands in the district. But the problem here will always call for the strictest vigilance and reinspections will have to be made continually if the section is not to become a menace to the state. This, in brief, is the story of actual camp improvements in Califor- nia. In all, there have been 12,570 inspections by the Commission, 1446 of which were reinspections. The population of the inspected That workers will produce more and better work when living under conditions such as these has always been the theory of the Commission. A model camp laid out with the Commission's help. - camps was 465,838 men, women and children—almost half a million persons whose living conditions were improved because of the far- sighted policy of the state. - - As early as 1915, when the work of the Commission was still in its very beginning, Senator Johnson, then Governor of California, said in his message to the legislature, speaking of the Commission: In one direction alone it has accomplished results that, had it done nothing else, would have justified its creation, and justified many times the expenditures. The labor camps of the State of California were in many instances unfit for human habitation. The Commission of Immigration and Housing undertook a systematic inspection of these camps. Hundreds of them it has cleaned up and rendered sani- tary. For more than 60,000 human beings the Commission has provided better and more sanitary places in which to live, and for this great work, so well performed, the Commission has the thanks not only of those who were unable to help themselves and were benefited, but of the State at large. 44 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. Since then the results achieved have been multiplied many times over, and the 60,000 of which Senator Johnson speaks has grown to nearly 500,000. With more and more camps being located, with new territory con- stantly opening up in the development of California, with new inter- est being shown in building of all sorts, the Commission's camp depart- ment has had, in 1922, even more work than in earlier years. But much of the disheartening, uphill work of making clear the concep- tions underlying the task has already been done and the department is now free to devote practically all of its time to the definite prob- lems of still further improving its standards, of building new camps, and improving and maintaining camps already existing. Cheerful, airy and light—built in accordance with the suggestions of the advisory Pamphlet on Camp Samitation and Housing. COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. 45 The Commission planned the kitchen for the big camp with careful thought for ſ'." and welfare of all concerned, the camp laborers as well as the Cook's. LABOR CAMP STATISTICS. Showing Number and Population of Camps Inspected and Reinspected from April, 1914, to November 1, 1922. Inspected Reinspected Population April to November, 1914 S67 5S7 36,846 November, 1914, to June 30, 1915________ - - - - --- 107 S 4,953 July 1, 1915, to January 1, 1916— 663 73 40,441 January 1, 1916, to January 1, 1917 ----- 59S 179 38,820 January 1, 1917, to January 1, 1918 – 1,035 112 44,378 January 1, 1918, to January 1, 1919 — 969 2S 42,603 January 1, 1919, to January 1, 1920 – 1,556 157 53,408 January 1, 1920, to January 1, 1921___________ 2,022 153 73,458 January 1, 1921, to January 1, 1922____________ 1,597 9S 51,305 January 1, 1922, to November 1, 1922_________ 1,710 51 79,626 Totals 11,124 1,446 465,838 Total number of camps inspected___________ ––––––––––––––––––––––– 11,124 Total number of camps reinspected—------------------- 1,446 Total ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 12,570 Average number camps inspected each month, April, 1914, to December, 1921 – 117 Average number camps inspected ten months, 1922------------------- - ------ 176 46 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND EIOUSING. Report of Camp Inspections from January 1, 1922, to November 1, 1922. ORIGINAT, Total number of good camps-------------- sºme = *-* * * * * * * * * = m = m = <= * * * = (32S Total number of fair camps--------------------------------------------- 934 Total number of bad camps------------- –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 148 Total number of camps inspected.-------------------------------------- 1,710 Total population of camps inspected.------------------------------------ 79,626 Total number of Women residing in camps----------. - - -------- 10,518 Total number of children residing in camps------------------------------ 11,972 - REINSPECTION Camps brought from bad to good on reinspection----------------------------- 7 Camps brought from bad to fair on reinspection----------------------------- I(5 Camps showing no improvement on reinspection----------------------------- Q Camps brought from fair to good on reinspection----------------------------- 0 Camps showing no improvement on reinspection----------------------------- 7 Camps that went from fair to bad on reinspection---------------------------- 2 Camps that went from good to bad on reinspection-------------------------- () Camps that went from good to fair on reinspection------- ------------------- 1 Camps that were good on original inspection, where inspector recommended added facilities, on reinspection all recom- mendations had been complied with---------------------- ------------ 0 Total number of reinspections------------ - 51 Table Showing Various Nationalities Employed in Labor Camps From January 1, - -- - - 1922, to November 1, 1922. Americans ---------------------------------------------------------- 49,3S1 Mexicans --- - -------- * * *-* * * * * * *-* * * * * * * m_m = ** *-* = <==— 5,53S Italians ------------------------------------------------------------- 3,56S Japanese ------------------------------------------------------------ 2,652 Chinese ------------------------------- ------------------------------- 1,765 Spanish ------------------------------------------------------------- 1,442 Portuguese ---------------------------------------------------------- 1,404 Scandinavians ------------------------------------------------------- 1,403 Slavonians ---------------------------------------------------------- 7S3 Hindus * * * = = - * * * *= * *- = - - - - sº- - emº ºm 64.5 Greeks ---------------------------------- * * * * * * * * * * me mºm º ºsmº m = a- -s. 3S3 Filipinos ------------------------------------------------------------ 315 Germans –––––––––––––– * * * * * * * * * * *- := - = = <- - - * * = * = s.s. a = 230 Irish --------------------------------------------------------------- 225 Swiss –––– - - - - - = * * * * * * * = ma as-- a-- ~ *-s ºr “ -e ºs ºm * * = a-mº sº, sº sº. 152 Finns — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — - 125 French –––––––––– - - - - - - - - S0 Armenians —— * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * = * * * * * * * * = <= * * * * * = a- = - - *-s sº, sºme as ºr sºr a me = <=s 7S Austrians ----------------------------------------------------------- 67 English ------------------------------------------------------------- 60 Mohammedans -------------------------- - - - 46 Bulgarians –––– - - - - — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — . — — — — — — — — — — — — — 20 Scotch -------------------------------------------------------------- 14 Dutch * * * - = = = − = – = - - - - - - – - - - - - - - - - - * * – – = - - - - - - - - - - - - = = = = -s. Q Turks * * 6 Serbians ---------------------------------- - - 6 Arabians -------------- *— — — — — — -- - - - - - - - * * = * * * * * - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3 Canadians -------------------------------------------------- 3 Bohemians —— - 2 Total --------------------------------------- - - - ––– 70,714 American born - –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 49,381 Foreign born - 21,333 Total - 70,714 Population of camps where data on nationalities was not available_-_________ 8,912 Number of camps where data on nationalities was not available_-___________ 103 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND FIOUSING. 47 Number of Camps. Inspected in Each County January 1 to November 1, 1922. County Jan. Feb. March April May Juno -ms July Aug. Sept. Oct. Aſameda Alpine | * * * * * * * * * * - - - - - - Amador Butte CalaVCras - - - - - - - - Colusa, Côntra Costa----- Del Norte 12 * * - - - - - - - JEl Dorado I'reSno Glenn - * *- - - - - - 15 3S IIulmboldt, Imperial * * * * - - - - - m a.m. * * Inyo - - - - - - -> * 107 * * *-* * *- - - - - LOS Angeles------- Madlera, 13 Mal'in. Mariposa Mendocino. Merced - - - - - m - * 19 Modoc 12 Mono MOInterey — Napa 3 : Nevada. Orange IPlaCel' * - - - - - - nº - " - Plumas Riverside San San Bernardino--- 12 24 S0 33 - - - - - * * * 34 San Diego. San Francisco 5 San Joaquin------ 63 San Luis Obispo-- San Mateo Santa Barbara --- Santa Clara ------ Santa Cruz-------- Shasta * * - - - - - * - - - - - * * * Sierra Siskiyou Solano Sonoma, Stanislaus Sutter Tehama 46 • - * * * * * * - - - - - - * * Trinity Tulare Tuolumne Ventura, Yolo Yuba - *-* - - - - -- - - - - - Totals-------- 108 121 195 203 48 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND EIOUSING. & BUREAU OF COMPLAINTS. The work of the Bureau of Complaints has been, from the start, a most vital part of the work of the Commission of Immigration and Housing. The purpose of the Commission, as expressed in its Creatilag Act, was clear—to protect and aid immigrants in California. But there was needed a broad and rational interpretation of this purpose and a same and practical program for carrying it out, so that the newly created Commission might prove a really live institution. “From the Immigrants Themselves.” The Commission was going out into a virgin field and there were no precedents to guide its work. The mass of statistical data, the lengthy reports, the many books on immigration into the United States, shed little light on the question of how to help an immigrant in California to become a good American. So the Commission laid aside books and reports and opened its Bureau of Complaints. ‘‘Not to theorize concerning the problems and difficulties met with by newly arrived immigrants, but to find out, from the immigrants themselves, what these facts and problems are.” The Commission cheerfully pleads guilty to having used this phrase again and again and again, in its reports, in its letters, in talks made by members, by its staff—giving it always as the starting point for its work with and for the immigrants. This “finding out” the Commission hoped would come through the Bureau of Complaints to which perplexed or wronged immigrants would come for advice and help. And, while this advice and help were given to them, the Commission would learn “from the immigrants themselves,’’ the nature of the difficulties and the handi- caps with which they were obliged to cope. Today, after nine years of experience, the Commission feels more certain than ever of the sound- mess of this initial theory. Having opened this bureau, the Commission was not content to await the normal slow-growing response. Instead, it went out defi- nitely in search of trouble. Huge posters printed in twelve languages, one of which is reproduced here, announced the opening of the Com- mission’s office and invited all who needed help or information to come in person or to write. The foreign press of the state eagerly under- took to do its part in spreading the news; thousands of cards, in Eng- lish and in the prevailing foreign languages, were printed and distributed. The response was very great from the start; countless grievances had been borne in silence or in futile complaining for long periods, and the opportunity to secure real and lasting aid from their own Com- mission was eagerly grasped. 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Cal £orrºw ºn-crº will ſurnaº, ºn ſcrºna tree, and Nºll and La Cerrºsaalert ſtrnwk laſerrhationl ºd shutºri ad I knee setts twº sºn reviv--- * ****** * * * * * * * * * * *- •rs :::"r rºw ºr r- ºr--retre rs7 tº irr-r; ºn all tº ebtairurg rust... We speak art -v ºr au langus tra. º ar k - - * ..., erºse rans ſaetºs ºs e s serve as * * * * *** **** .ºrt: ºr nº pro ºr ºn to -e-, re-rz tº -º-º-º-º-º-mºh-ººmsºmº-ºm º A LOS INMIGRANTES (ºranish) PARA EMIGRANTES (Portugues) DO EMIRCRACJI (Petah). | DOSELJENICIMA (creatun) La Carrisºn & Irrur atten A13;arernte del Estade A Cerrºnamic de Errºrs;le • Powaids de Eatsdo da t - Drtava hemiuys tº adjenjitve I saltitu wetlyrruka de Calustraa. As sºde tº rada pars prostgrº y arvdaſ a California. Creeds para proteger w sustlist trºutrastes ra Kaliſerwijskº Errigratyrºs Bºuro orwarts tº pornocy ** 1. -- * * * * n i- 4 - *- portals 4 *. trºrs grantry rr. Calierrun Caldørnia. I internazy erurrastern re rybrº systrºn 4o kakſerve. exalternºr. " & * . A is a trºugrantºv COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. 85 Huntington Beach, Los Angeles, Lodi, Marysville, Merced, Modesto, Monterey, Madera, Monrovia, Napa, Oroville, Pacific Grove, Pomona, Pasadena, Roseville, Red Bluff, Redding, San Luis Obispo, San Fran- cisco, Sisson, San Jose, Salinas, Santa Cruz, Sacramento, Stockton, Santa Rosa, Torrence, Vallejo, Weed, Watsonville, Whittier, Willows, and Willits. . . . . . t - Bakersfield's Building Code. The far-sighted city of Bakersfield has been working on a building code to govern its building operations and the Commission had an opportunity to send its representative to the meetings to work with the city authorities in the preparation of this code. . This is a task which the Commission feels should be undertaken on a larger scale by the state so that all cities might have a fundamentally uniform code. Toward this end the Commission is now working. Book on Housing and City Planning. During 1922 the Commission’s Housing Department prepared a comprehensive book on Housing and City Planning, which will probably be printed during the early half of 1923. This book gives helpful sug- gestions in the building of homes, beginning with the least expensive, and is, throughout, an up-to-date manual in the problems of housing which are of greatest interest to the public today. *N Housing Shortage Survey. . . . . Having, as one of its duties, the encouragement of home building in the state, the Commission was interested in the “Flaherty Bill” which passed the legislature in 1921, and which directed the Commission to “investigate the practicability of the State of California assisting workingmen to acquire and build homes, and to report to the next session of the legislature a bill or bills embodying a plan and the method of carrying it out whereby, with the assistance of the state, workingmen may acquire lots of ground and build houses thereon, such lots and houses to become homesteads and to be sold on the installment plan.” ** * A considerable amount of material was gathered in 1921, including detailed reports on overcrowding, the relation that exists between bad housing and infant mortality, tuberculosis and the various communica- ble diseases, as well as detailed reports on various financial methods adopted in European countries and other states of the United States to relieve the housing shortage. During 1922 more material was collected and actual congestion sur- veys were made in San Francisco, Los Angeles, Oakland, and Berkeley. These surveys were made in the last quarter of the year so that the bill embodying the recommendations of the Commission might be based upon the very latest data obtainable. Plans for the Future. First on the housing program for the coming year is the stimulating of home building and the encouraging of the formation of additional city planning commissions. The working out of financial plans in con- nection with the increased building program will be a big task. Even more energy is to be devoted to the Commission’s first duty—the work- ing with various municipalities in the line of law enforcement. The 86 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. housing laws of 1917 should be modified to meet present conditions. For in the five years which have gone since the enactment of these laws the Commission has had unparalleled opportunity to observe their working, and can now see many points which should be improved upon. Consequently, the Commission issued a call for a second housing insti- tute, like that held during 1916. The first meeting took place in San Francisco on December 14, 1922. The results will be certain amend- ments to the existing laws which the institute will present to the 1923 legislature. Small, comfortable houses, insuring privacy and independence. Built for working men who receive small wages. COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. 87 IMMIGRANT EDUCATION. In the fall of 1920 the State Board of Education added a new depart- ment to its activities, the Department of Immigrant Education. This was the goal toward which the Commission of Immigration and Housing, aided by several progressive educators and educational agen- cies, has steadily worked since its organization, to have the State give to the education of our foreign-born a dignity equal to that accorded to the other branches of instruction. Rational surveys, practical experiments, progressive legislation, and a tireless campaign to awaken public interest and to enlist public senti- ment—all this on the part of the Commission—combined with the far- sighted attitude on the part of the State Superintendent of Public Instruction, made the move possible. And this move laid the founda- tions of an institution which, a decade ago, would have been considered useless and extravagant but which, a decade hence, will be as indis- pensable to our civilization as our high schools and our universities. It seems fitting, at this point, to give recognition to the service in this field of Mrs. Frank A. Gibson of Los Angeles, ex-commissioner of the Commission of Immigration and Housing. The Commission’s Department of Immigrant Education was placed under Mrs. Gibson’s supervision, and it is to her clear vision, to her energy and enthusiasm and to her readiness to sacrifice her personal interests in her service to this undertaking, that the State owes, in a very great measure, its present far-reaching policy in the education of its foreign-born. The Importance of a Common Language. Even if we were sure that not another immigrant would ever be added to those already in California, the question of how to help those already here to become true citizens of the state and of the nation would still be tremendously important. * This was the thought with which the Commission, in 1913, attacked the problem of immigrant education. The state had built up and was maintaining an expensive and elaborate system of education for the development and training of native-born citizens. Yet it was just as essential to have a department and a plan for the assimilation of the hundreds of thousands of foreign-born potential citizens who came to live in our state. The most important step in this assimilation and training is, of course, the learning of English. This is necessary for the obvious reason that a man or woman who can not talk with and understand Americans can not become an American. It is also necessary for another reason, less obvious but no less important—that without the knowledge of English, the immigrant can not make himself known to Amerca, and his poten- tial cultural contributions to the community in which he finds himself must remain locked away because he can not speak English. Thou- sands of immigrants who live in our midst today are looked down upon as “ignorant” while in reality their cultural attainments in their own tongue are at least equal to those of the native-born neighbors around them. - 88 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. In this connection a story may well be told of an immigrant child, a little girl of nine, who brought to her teacher her excuse for absence which had obviously been written by herself, though she had tried to disguise her handwriting and had signed her mother's name. The teacher, with an appalling lack of tact, bullied the child into telling her why she had done this, whereas the reason should have been easy to guess—the mother could not write English and the child was trying to conceal the fact. Still following the tactless line, the teacher later remarked to a friend: “Isn’t it dreadful that Mrs. is illiterate | They really seemed to be such nice people.’’ A little later the teacher made her duty call at the foreign home. Conversing with Mrs. through the little girl she discovered that, in her own country, the woman had held a teaching position considerably more advanced than her own. Therein lies the pity. With this experience as a background, this woman, if she had possessed a knowledge of English, could have become an invaluable asset to the life of the little town, giving to her neighbors the benefit of a culture quite different from their own, making their lives richer, even as she enriched her own. Instead of this she was an “ignorant” foreigner, shunned and pitied when she should have been respected and admired. The Beginning. The teaching of English to the foreign-born could not be conducted successfully unless it were looked upon as an important and a necessary activity on the part of the state at large, and up to the time of the creation of the Commission there had been practically no state recogni- tion. Individual cities had taken up the question; some of the cities had gone far in the work and had achieved excellent results. But, beyond this, there did not even seem to be an acknowledgment of the fact that the state had the problem of the immigrant who could not speak English. In 1913 the Commission, a state agency, was given the responsibility for having certain things done in the line of immigrant education. Specifically, the creating act charged the Commission : With “bringing to the immigrant the best opportunities for acquiring education and citizenship.’’ - With ‘‘ascertaining the necessity and extent to which instruction should be imparted to immigrants.’’ z To ‘‘devise methods for the proper instruction of adult and minor aliens in the English language and other subjects.’’ To “put into operation practical devices for training for citizenship and for encouraging naturalization.’’ Following its usual method of cooperation and coordination, the Com- mission immediately made a study of the agencies and organizations which were already equipped for the work at hand but which would need help in planning and developing the new undertaking. The Com- mission saw that the new task would have to be closely tied up with our schools if permanent results and natural growth were to follow. But the schools, in fact the entire educational system of the state, would have to be modified to meet the needs of the immigrant. To find out how this could best be accomplished and to help in the actual modifica- tion became the task of the Commission in this field. COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. 89 The Home Teacher. The easiest way to attack the problem of Immigrant Education Would have been to enlarge and energize the existing night schools. But, as in all its work, the Commission chose to spend some time at the roots of the question. Its first inquiry was, “Who, among the immi- grants, is being reached, be it ever so imperfectly, by our present Schools?” - - The answer was simple. The children were being taken care of by the regular schools. The father was being looked after, although very unsatisfactorily, by the evening classes. The mother—here was almost a total blank. Not even the most forward-looking cities were giving much thought to the immigrant mother. - - Yet the mother had to be considered. Even forgetting her own wel- fare for the moment, an angle of our statistics of crime among the immi- grants points back to the un-Americanized mother. Our records show that the percentage of crime among our foreign-born is comparatively low, but that the percentage of crime among the children of immigrants, the ‘‘second generation,” is alarmingly high. Somehow this second generation slips. Anyone who has seen the foreign mother with her American children will catch the answer. The discipline which holds the children steady while they are developing self-control vanishes with the first hint of shame or of superiority which the youngsters feel toward their un-Amer- icanized mother. She can not talk English, she can not help them with their lessons, she wears funny clothes—so why should they stay around her any more than necessary 3 - - It is difficult, under these conditions, for a mother to hold her flock to the strict concepts of obedience and mutual self-respect, of frugality and the love of virtue. Home becomes a dull place for the youngsters, outside attractions call more and more; the mother, frightened, becomes unduly exacting and harsh and is answered with cunning and with sub- terfuge or with open defiance. This, of course, is not the picture of the average immigrant home. But the reform school, the probation officer, the juvenile court and the jail know in how many homes tragedy ends the dissension between parent and child. - There seemed but one way to remedy this. American influences would have to reach the home, reach the mother, and give her the tools to cope with her American children. The school was the natural agency for this task; moreover, the school which was attended by the children should be the school which would also take in the mother. Clearly, however, the children’s teacher could not be the agent for this; the work needed much time and special training. - The conception of the home teacher was the result of the study of this problem, and the Home Teacher Act was made ready for the next legislature and became law in 1915. This law gave to districts in which foreign-born were numerous the privilege of employing special teachers who should work out from the regular school and whose educational work should lie among the immigrant women. Neighborhood classes in English, friendly visits, the work of an interpreter, taking the children to the clinic, being at all times friend, adviser and the disseminator of the best American influences—such is the task of the home teacher. \ 90 COMMISSION OF IMIMIGRATION AND HOUSING. As soon as the act was passed, the Commission induced a teacher excellently trained and fitted for the work to devote a year and a half to filling the position of home teacher, working out from the various schools of Los Angeles and gathering data ‘‘from the immigrants them- selves’’ upon which might be built plans, rules and standards to guide the work of home teachers who should follow. This early experiment has been of inestimable benefit to the state, and many of the principles Worked out in this manner are incorporated in the Commission’s pam- phlet “The Home Teacher,” which was published as a concrete help for the task. - Today there are scores of home teachers in California, and the num- ber has increased steadily every year. Los Angeles Studies and Experiments. Most of the early studies on the part of the Commission were con- ducted in Los Angeles, where the way was comparatively easy. The city was already awake to its big responsibility of teaching English to the immigrants and was ready to cooperate with the Commission on every undertaking which offered a step forward in the solution of the problem. In Los Angeles was made the now well-known study of the cost of the immigrant to the taxpayer, the results of which study are shown here in graphic form. This chart was very widely used in the early cam- paigns to awaken the state to the need of a definite program and an earnest attitude for the task of immigrant education. The Crying Need for Teachers. If the Commission were asked which of its contributions in the field of immigrant education it considers the most vital to the development of the work, it would probably answer: The driving home of the fact that teachers who intend to teach English to foreigners must first be trained for this particular work; and that being a first-rate teacher of American children does not necessarily qualify one to be an accept- able teacher of adult immigrants. This conclusion came as the result of the Commission’s investiga- tion of the night schools in Los Angeles County. The Los Angeles Board of Education, in cooperation with the Commission and every other available agency, had conducted an intensive campaign to increase attendance in evening schools. A fairly good first might attemdance was obtained. But this at once began to dwindle and, after sixty nights, less than one out of every ten pupils present on the first might still attended school. A careful study of the methods used by teachers who held their pupils, a no less careful study of the methods used in classes which melted away, numerous interviews with the immigrants themselves, a close analysis of the textbooks used; all this led to the absolute convic- tion that the fault of the average night school lay in the teacher, who was trying to hold and help adult foreign-born with exactly the same methods, and often with the same books, which she employed with American children. And the effort was proving a dismal failure. COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. 91 poverry-16.4% #215,014.95 WHAT OUR NEGLECT OF THE IMMIGRANT COSIS. The result of a study in Los Angeles in 1915. NotE.-The striking feature of this chart is the fact that while $1,271,575..13 is spent in the remedial fields of crime, sickness, poverty and unemployment, only $38,983.14 is spent in the constructive field of education. The first result of this study was the evolving of some fundamental rules for correct instruction, which are to be found in the Commission’s pamphlet, “A Discussion of Methods of Teaching English to Adult Foreigners.” It might be mentioned here that today, with a State Director of Immigrant Education giving her entire time to the task, with successful evening schools springing up on every hand, those fundamental rules still form the basis for the methods of immigrant instruction throughout the state. 92 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. The next step in the development of immigrant education in Los Angeles was the offering of normal school instruction in methods of teaching English to foreigners, the first class of its kind in California. Soon after this came the appointment of a Supervisor of Immigrant Education in the Los Angeles schools. Both of these steps had long been urged by the Commission, but they became realities at this time because at this time Los Angeles had at the head of its educational system a man of unusual vision and one who saw the problem of the foreign-born in its true light. A schoolhouse in which classes for foreign-born were held. It was a quarter of a mile from the foreign settlement and in spite of all efforts the classrooms remained absolutely empty. A teacher who believed in bringing the school to the people moved the classroom to this shack which stood in the very heart of the little foreign settlement. No windows, no doors, no electric lights. COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. 93 Classes for Women—Bringing the School to the People. Having been instrumental in formulating the Home Teacher Law, the Commission now went about the task of putting the education of foreign-born women upon a firmer foundation. This could be done only by conducting an experiment which would show not only the need for instruction but also the possibility of getting results and really advancing the knowledge of English among the pupils. With this in view the Commission, in 1917, in cooperation with the normal school, the school board and the Y. W. C. A., undertook a truly thrilling task which is described in its booklet, “A Summer Experiment in the Americanization of Foreign-born Women.” The Commission had always held that the people should not be forced to go to the school, but that the school should go to the people. This, the foundation of the Home Teacher Law, was also the basis of the “Summer Experiment.” - A. flashlight photograph of the class which filled the little shack every evening. Soon two teachers were needed. The students are Italians and Belgians, and they made wonderful progress in learning English. - Classes were held at the time of day most convenient to the women, and in places easily accessible. Classes were held in railroad camps, in factories; a class was held in an abandoned street car and another out under the trees. Teachers were selected from normal students. And the success of the undertaking, especially when one considers its newness, was very marked. The following summer saw the work continued on a larger scale, this time under the city board of education, where it rightfully belonged, and carried on as field work in connection with a course in immigrant education given as part of the University of California sum- mer session. 94 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. During this second summer came an experience which justified to the fullest extent the Commission's idea in taking the school to the people. This story, in photographs, is told on pages 92 and 93, and there is no need of enlarging upon it. º " - - - Sometimes the Home Teacher finds an easy way of conn- bining the teaching of English with instruction in better methods of doing household work. The solution of the problem of the mother who can not leave her children at home while she goes to class. Indoors a class in English is going on. Out- side, an assistant teacher amuses the children and gives intruction in the newest methods of quilting. COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. 95 Widening the Field. After the Los Angeles experiments came work in some of the other cities of the State. Fresno was visited in the winter of 1917-1918 and a general survey of the immigrant sections was made with particular reference to the educational possibilities and requirements. The story of this Survey is told in the “Report on Fresno's Immigration Problem.” A normal course giving instruction to teachers interested in immi- grant education was held in Oakland under the Supervision of the Commission in 1918. In the same year the Commission was called upon to help with the organizing of classes in English for the foreign-born soldiers in Camp Kearney. - - Helping the State to Realize the Problem. The years 1918-1920 were spent in convincing the state as a whole of the importance of giving means of education to our immigrants now within the boundaries of California. Several trained speakers with a wide knowledge of the subject gave the message of the Commission wherever their attendance was requested—the necessity for adopting toward our foreign-born a sane and broad-minded attitude and the need for placing their education on the same basis as the other branches of Our learning. The aid of various social agencies was enlisted in this campaign and the press gave generous space to accounts of the various talks. The Commission was assisted, on every hand, by the State Federation of Women’s Clubs, which organization had been, from the start, one of the Commission’s strongest allies in this work. A New Department Under the State Board of Education. In the fall of 1920, the Commission laid before the State Superim- tendent of Public Instruction its plan for Immigrant Education and suggested that a special department under the State Board of Education be created for carrying on the work which had now gone beyond the experimental stage. The State Superintendent, who had just assumed the position and was keenly conscious of the shortcomings of his department in the field of Immigrant Education, approved the suggestion. It then became the question of funds and a suitable person to take charge of this new department, and it was agreed that the Commission’s Director of Immigrant Education be transferred to the State Board of Education as director of the work. Until the next session of the legislature increased the Board of Education appropriation, the Commission car- ried the expense. The Commission was well satisfied with the outcome. The director in question was a woman who had been in the work from the start, who herself had supervised many of the investigations and surveys which had been conducted to study the problem, and it was felt that under her supervision and the influence of the State Superintendent the new department would develop along sane, practical and broadly humani- tarian lines. To organize the State for the serious task of educating its foreign- born was a big undertaking, yet the director found her work much sim- plified by the fact that she was following paths already blazed; and 96 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. this blazing had been done largely by herself under the supervision of the Commission. It remained now to put into actual operation the plans which the Commission had developed and tested by actual exper- iments and with which many of the communities were already thor- oughly familiar. The work had been gathering momentum for many years; now, backed by the State Board of Education and developing under the wise direction of the State Superintendent of Public Instruc- tibn, it went forward at a rapid pace. r g -- The Nature of the Work. In country districts the Director of Immigrant Education works first with the county superintendent of schools. Together they attack the problem of how best to reach the foreign-born population of the county. The way here lies through high school principals, since, under the law, Immigrant Education is a part of the high school program. But high schools are permitted to organize classes in outlying elementary schools, and this agrees well with the Commission’s original conception of bring- ing the school to the people. The high school appoints a director of immigrant education for the district, and it is the task of this director to organize classes, to employ assistants and to write lessons. A word must be said about this last duty. The first Los Angeles survey, held many years ago, brought out the inadequacy of the Ordinary lessons which were being offered to the foreign-born, and later observations but deepened this opinion. The immigrants come to school with a purpose and that purpose is to acquire a vocabulary which will help them, not in the distant future, but today, tomorrow and the next week. This vocabulary, therefore, must needs differ with each locality, depending largely upon the occu- pations in which the immigrants are engaged. As part of the planning with school authorities comes the urging of the employment of home teachers wherever the need is present. This branch of the work is also rapidly growing throughout the state. The second part of the director’s task consists in suggesting the teachers for the new immigrant classes which are being continually formed, for the Commission’s early cry of “specially trained teachers for immigrant education’’ is one of the fundamentals of the new scheme. In order to be able to do this, the director must keep in close touch with the several teachers’ training centers of the State and must work for new normal classes. When the teacher is on the job, her training con- timues, for short institutes are being constantly held in localities where immigrant classes are found, and these institutes are under the super- vision of an itimerant educator employed by the University of California and working closely with the State director. - The third part of the work lies with the non-English speaking chil- dren. Here also the training of teachers must be supervised and new methods devised for an easier start toward good citizenship on the part of children who do not bring a knowledge of our language to the school. The new Department of Immigrant Education has been in existence for two years. When it began its work in 1920 there were classes for foreign-born in 35 districts. The following year the number was 77. In 1922 the number had become 140. * * * Sidelights on the way in which various districts handle their work are interesting in the extreme. One small but scattered high school district COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. 97 has eight classes for immigrant women, all rather far from each other. Here the teacher in charge is equipped with a Ford and has become a true itimerant instructor. In another widely scattered district the principal takes the teachers to their evening classes in his car and, himself, takes the class farthest out, a distance of thirty miles from his home. In one community the principal was not enthusiastic about Immigrant Education and in spite of the energy on the part of the teacher the class was given no encouragement, in fact it was not per- mitted to meet in the school. Thoroughly discouraged, the teacher agreed to discontinue the work. Whereupon the community, native- born and foreign-born alike, rose in unanimous protest. The class remained, but the principal soon had to search other employment. The New Experiment. Cooperating with the State Board of Education, the Commission is now fostering an experiment in the education of children who do not speak English which will probably develop into a movement even more important than the teaching of adult immigrants. Thoughtful educators have long felt that the teaching methods which produced results when applied to native-born children of American parents failed to reach the children of some of our foreign-born, notably the Mexicans. Mexican children were leaving school very early in life and the reason was not wholly the attitude of the parents. The children simply were not interested. - Through observation of the studies which these children did like and the methods of teaching which did hold them, and through the thought- ful study of their home life, there was evolved a new scheme of instruc- tion which is now being tried in several California schools in which most of the pupils are Mexicans. - - - - The experiment is very new, scarcely begun, in fact. But it is felt that its results will bring a rich contribution to the educational develop- ment of the State and of the nation. - In the light of these, and many similar reports, the Commission feels that its years of uphill work, in creating an interest in place of general indifference and in working out concrete methods which might be used when the indifference passed, have been well spent. Rightly directed from the start, rightly fostered and developed now, the work is gaining momentum with every passing day, and the State should feel a deep satisfaction in its policy in this field. - - Here, again, the person carrying on this experiment, though paid out of the funds of the Commission of Immigration and Housing, is actually attached to the staff of the Superintendent of Public Instruction— another instance of the close cooperation existing between the Commis- sion and the State Board of Education. The pioneering Work is done by the Commission or at its expense; then when it has been proven that the work is worth whilé, and when the most approved methods have been worked out, it is entirely probable that the State Board will take over the entire enterprise. - 7—23.736 98 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. |FOREIGN LANGUAGE SPEAKERS. To know the work of the Commission’s foreign language speakers at its best one would have had to follow them about the state from foreign settlement to foreign settlement, during the trying months of the War. It would them become clear why, during the entire war period, there was hardly a labor disturbance in the State of California which assumed the proportions of a strike. The Commission has always held that, although the learning of Eng- lish is the most important step in the assimilation of the immigrant, the need for making America known to him is greatest when that English language is still a blank to him. For it is while the immigrant can neither speak nor understand, that he is most likely to be troubled and confused by real and imaginary difficulties; and the mental state of worry thus created is not a wholesome one either for himself or for his community. This is precisely what the foreign language speakers remedy and prevent by bringing to the immigrant the message of America in the immigrant’s own tongue while the language of America is still unknown to him. Nor are their talks vague and indefinite. During the war the list of subjects to be discussed was a particularly long one and each subject covered a burning issue. The rising cost of living, the draft, our reason for being in the war, War Savings Stamps, Liberty Bonds, the Red Cross, the need of increased production creating the need for staying on the job—these were some of the more obvious topics of which the Commission’s agents spoke, though an additional topic was nearly always furnished by some local condition which had been the cause of the agent’s coming. And men who had been troubled because they had heard, all about them, the stirring of a new order of things which they could not understand, and whose chief source of information—or mis- information—was often the professional agitator who found rich soil for his seeds of distrust and disloyalty; these men were kept same and working because the perplexing problems were made clear to them by the State in which they lived. These foreign language speakers were sent to those communities where aliens lived in large numbers; and the particular nature of their work varied with the immediate needs at hand. Sometimes a company employing immigrants called its men together to hear the talk; some- times the agents preferred to approach the matter in a different way, going about quietly among the men and learning just what informa- tion they needed most before gathering them together for an informal talk. For example: A bad situation developed in 1918 among the employees of one of the big lumber companies of the State. Most of these employees were Slavonians of Austrian birth and, like their com- patriots throughout America, were in an odd position. They were against Germany but they were not against Austria and, worst of all, they were not for any country in particular. Utterly indifferent to COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND EIOUSING. 99 Liberty Bonds and Red Cross donations, they were objects of suspicion to all about them; and this attitude, in turn, aroused their antagonism and drew them closely together into a sullen, defiant band. In reality these men were merely confused and hurt. They had lived long in the Woods, and America was a country they did not know. No One had tried to make clear to them the issues involved in the war; no One had tried to make clear to them their duties to their new country; and then, suddenly, they found themselves outcasts in that country. The atmosphere of the little lumber town was becoming decidedly ugly. A labor agitator came to town, and another. Someone, alarmed, sent Out a “tip” and two deputy marshalls arrived armed with search- Warrants. And suddenly the entire Slavonian colony was on the verge of an outbreak. It was then that one of the Commission’s foreign language speakers slipped quietly into town. He was a man who spoke Slavonian perfectly and knew the peoples of Southern Europe, and, having worked as inspector of labor camps under the Commission, he knew the men about him, knew their troubles and their difficulties. For three days he mingled with them and listened to their chatter. On the third evening he called the Slavonians together, introduced himself, and talked to them for a time in their own tongue. He did not appeal to exaggerated sentiments of patriotism. He asked them merely to use their common sense in deciding what was right and what was of advantage to themselves, to America, and to the great cause now being fought. His arguments were simple. The state was doing what it could to help them. In return it was only fair that they become loyal inhabit- ants of the State. America was fighting for democracy. They, the Slavonians of Austria, had come to America in search of that democracy. Therefore it was fair and just that they help America in that fight. They had not been taken into the army. Therefore they should turn the more readily to the tasks at home. Their first task was to stay on their job. If they moved from place to place, if they stirred others to move, America’s home work could not go on efficiently and they themselves would suffer in the end. . Liberty Bonds had been offered them, and they had not bought. Yet by lending their money to the government they were not only helping in the crisis, but they were advancing their own interests as well. As for the Red Cross, the war could not go on without it and the after-war years would need its help no less. Men, women, children, all over the United States, were giving their last pennies to help it, yet they had not given. * In conclusion—the time had come for every foreign-born to make his decision. The man between two countries was a man without a country. The choice was theirs to make He himself would return on the following evening and speak again. If they cared to come back and bring their friends he would be glad. The feelings of the Slavonians were made plain when, next evening, 100 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. they crowded the hall. The feeling of their employers is made no less clear in the following letter received at once by the Commission: Your Mr. Scar, who recently visited us, has doubtless reported to you conditions as he found them here and has given you some idea of what he has accomplished. In my capacity as lawyer I represent the principal industry here and I want to say that prior to Mr. Scar's visit we had been considerably worried by the attitude of the Austrians toward our Government in this present war. We feel that your representative came at the right time, and that he accomplished more practical good than any representative of the Government who preceded him. We believe that the sentiment of the Austrians has changed, and we think it no more than his due that we should make known to you the able and efficient manner in which he handled the situation. For a time matters looked rather critical, but he was equal to the situation. . * We have a large number of Austrians employed in the woods about ten miles from here, where they have an assembly hall and can be gathered together on proper occasions, and we are of the opinion that if it could be arranged for Mr. Scar to come here again soon it would be a good idea to have him speak to these men, and feel that his help in solving the Austrian situation is just as much needed in the woods as it is elsewhere. If you can arrange to have him come to us and give us a week’s notice of the time when he will be able to speak, we will make all necessary arrangements. - Again commending the work of your representative and your department on the unanner in which the situation here was handled, we beg to remain, etc. One item the letter did not mention. After the second talk by the Commission’s agent there had been a party. It was given for the agent and it ended with liberal donations for the Red Cross—the first money these men had ever given to a good cause in America. t Another sidelight on the work is given by a telegram from a large fruit company which was interested in preserving a friendly feeling among the Mexicans who comprised most of the laboring force from which the community drew its work crews. The agent mentioned in this telegram had been delegated to work among all Spanish-speaking people of the State, and his task was an enormous One. The telegram follows: Your agent is doing very good work here and is bettering our. relations with the Spanish element. We would appreciate it very much if he could be here for a part of our fruit season. We think it would help conditions throughout the state as our Spaniards work as far south as Fresno and will carry the friendly sentiment that he instills in them into other fields. - For many months two and sometimes three men were kept on this job of explaining, and were able to cover all the important foreign settlements in the state. - After the war, lack of sufficient funds has not only prevented the growth of this branch of the work but has made contraction necessary. Occasionally, however, there comes the urgent need from a remote dis- trict to make some vital matter clear to a group of foreign-born or to calm a troubled community, and the Commission is always quick to respond. - - - . . . . . . . . The Jackson Mine Disaster. * . . . Such a need came recently, in the fall of 1922, during the fire at the Argonaut Mine in Jackson. The mining population there is largely foreign-born, and the dreadful uncertainty during the days of rescue work weighed even more heavily upon the families and friends of the COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. 101 entombed miners because of their inability to understand readily all that was being said to them in explanation. Sinister grumblings began to be heard—‘‘The mining inspector’s fault.’’ ‘‘The fault of the shift boss.’’ ‘‘The fault of the operating inspector.” An agent of the Commission who spoke Slavonian and Italian, the two nationalities principally involved, was immediately sent to the mine. At once he fell into his accustomed ways, mingling unobtrusively with the men and women, giving a cheering word there, a bit of calm advice elsewhere, stopping to gossip with street-corner groups, dropping into the drinking places. As usual, he was trying to locate the agitators, either the professional type or the unthinking, too free-speaking mem- bers of the community itself; and found both types. The representa- tives of the former type found they could accomplish nothing after his arrival, and left. Of the latter type, he found one who was going from house to house spreading distrust everywhere, laying the burden of responsibility upon the operators, urging the wives and families of the entombed miners not to accept the men’s pay checks, warning against accepting money from the compensation fund, leaving chaos wherever he went. $ Having singled him out, it required but a few minutes of the Com- mission’s agent’s time to convert him to the idea that silence and discre- tion should be his in the future. After that, the agent’s task was to undo the work of the other as much as possible, to visit where the other had visited, to calm and explain where the other had aroused and con- fused. The mutterings died down, almost at once the atmosphere changed and lost its tenseness. The Commission’s files hold letters of liigll commendation and appreciation both from the mine management and from the State Industrial Accident Commission. These are but two of the innumerable experiences which have fallen to the Commission’s foreign language speakers, but perhaps they are ufficient to indicate the method of attacking the problem. The Commission feels that the need for such work is a vital one and that it should be going on all the time so that proper understanding, Sovital to proper cooperation, might be established between the foreign- born and the State of California. * * 102 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. DISTRIBUTION OF IMMIGRANTS THE LAND QUESTION. In the Commission’s report of 1920 Occurs the following paragraph under the heading—‘‘Scatter the Immigrants’’: The plan of scattering the immigrants has often been offered as a panacea for all problems of immigration. The study of the question, however, has revealed the fact that distribution from behind does no good. The only acceptable kind of distribution is through making a given place so attractive that a man has to come there. “If you would have him go to the farm, you must make the farm more attractive to him and to his children.” This statement coming from an immigrant was not idly made. On this problem of sane and rational distribution, the Commission has spent much time. In a measure, three of its departments—housing, labor camp inspection and immigrant education—have been contrib- uting to the willingness of men to go out into sparsely inhabited Sec- tiolis, for better housing has reached even the small cities; the improved labor camps have made comfort possible while working in remote locali- ties, and, under the present system of immigrant education, even the country districts offer means for practical mastery of the English lan- guage. The Commission’s Bureau of Complaints has also made its contribution by bringing about legislation which has made land fraud a much more difficult thing to “put over.’’ But much more is needed if our foreign-born or, indeed, our native-born as well, are to find Suit- abic land for their farms and find contentment when these farms are theirs. - - Realizing this, the Commission, very early in its work, tried to inter- est institutions which are best qualified for the task to cooperate with it. in the dissemination of thorough, exact and up-to-date information on lands in California from all angles which would interest a prospective owner. Although several beginnings were made, no permanent bureau of practical information has been established. In 1919, working independently, the Commission made a thorough investigation of the land situation in a large section of the State and the result of these investigations is contained in its pamphlet, ‘‘Large Landholdings in Southern California.’’ This report gives the location and extent of tillable tracts and dis- cusses the prices and the values of land in different localities. The question of the large landholdings is considered in the light of one of the big difficulties in the way of prospective landowners, and the Com- mission here urges on the part of the State a constructive policy which will have for its aim the steady breaking up of these large holdings, thus permitting them to become a factor in the development of the state. The last ten pages of the report are devoted to a consideration of possible means to this end. - A summary of the findings of fact, or of reasonable approximation, is as follows: 1. That in the eight counties of southern California there are 279 holdings (reducible by allowing for duplications to about 255 holdings). each of more than 2000 acres, comprising an aggregate of 4,893,915 8,CI’éS. COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND . HOUSING. 103 2. That the Southern Pacific grant lands and ‘‘lieu lands’’ in five of these counties (there are none in the other three counties) aggregate 2,598,775 acres. 3. That of the total of nonrailroad and nonpublic rural lands in these counties, roughly approximated by the federal census figures of ‘‘land in farms’’ (4,587,581 acres), 2,295,140 acres or 50 per cent, are owned in about 250 holdings. 4. That apart from the railroad lands, there are at least 32 hold- ings each of more than 15,000 acres; that seven of these holdings exceed 50,000 acres each; that one of them is of 101,000 acres and another of 183,399 acres. 5. That of the 2,295,140 acres mentioned above, at least 666,886 acres or 29 per cent, are now or potentially tillable. 6. That a considerable part of this tillable land lies idle; that another considerable part of it is not devoted to its most beneficial use; that though there are many thousands of persons eager to get access to this land, much of it is not for sale under any circumstances, and that such portions as are for sale are held under prices usually beyond the pro- ductive value and on terms of payment which mean great hazard or ruin to the purchaser. - Some remedial suggestions follow. They include the extension on a large scale of the plan of the Land Settlement Board. But they lay the greatest emphasis on the need of making large landholdings unprofitable, and to this end the recommendation is made of a graduated land value tax. For the guidance of the foreign-born who are interested in the pur- cha e of land, the Commission offers its services in investigating the desirability of any tract the purchase of which they might be contem- plating. This investigation includes the agricultural possibilities of the land, conditions surrounding the marketing of crops and general desirability of settling in the particular locality. The question of the distribution of immigrants is an important one, but it is also most delicate. The approach to it must necessarily lie through making rural life more attractive and through making the immigrant less dependent upon his fellow countrymen and sufficiently self reliant to go out into new and sparsely populated sections with the chances for success in his favor. - 104 COMMISSION OF IMIMIGRATION AND EIOUSING. UNEMPLOYMENT, The problem of unemployment, especially in the Winter months, has always been a very serious one for California. It is especially aggra- vated by the fact that, with the coming of cooler weather, thousands of jobless men drift in from other states, attracted by California’s milder climate and the ease of obtaining food which is naturally associated with a rich State: , * Realizing that this situation was causing a constant drain upon the State and was, also, a source of constant menace to the peace of Our communities, Governor Johnson, early in 1914, requested the Commis- sion of Immigraation and Housing to study the question of unemploy- ment and to offer definite suggestion for a same and rational, solution of this very grave problem. - - The Commission of Immigration and Housing was particularly well equipped to handle this investigation. In its broad studies and investi- gations of the problems of immigrants, it had recognized unemploy- ment as one of the greatest of the difficulties in the way of the natural progress of the foreign-born. Also, the fact that a newly arrived immigrant is, necessarily, one of the unemployed until he obtains his first position, has made it imperative for the Commission to study the employment agencies as well as other avenues for bringing together the laborer and the job. These studies were begun even before the Com- mission had formally opened its offices, and a new light was thrown upon the situation a little later, when the Bureau of Complaints began to function and the stories of unemployment, of fraud on the part of these employment agencies and the difficulties surrounding the landing of a job began to come in ‘‘from the immigrants themselves.” A large part of the work necessary for complying with the governor’s request had, therefore, already been done. The eleven months which elapsed between the request and the submitting of the report which embodied the Commission’s findings were devoted to intensive study of the question from the following angles: 1. A consideration of suggestions embodied in the many letters on the subject of unemployment from interested and informed persons. 2. A thorough study of the best books, reports and articles on the subject—Covering experiences both in the United States and in Europe. 3. An intensive investigation of conditions in California. This inves- tigation was carried on in cooperation with the United States Commis- Sion on Industrial Relations and covered the following points: (a) Study of special localities to show methods of obtaining labor; (b) Study of several hundred life histories of migratory and casual workers to learn causes of unemployment and methods of obtaining jobs; (c) Study of available material in United States Census, report of United States Immigration Commission, report of State Commissioner of Labor Statis- tics, reports of labor unions in California; (d) Investigation of eighty- one private employment agencies within the state to determine their real status and value. COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND EIOUSING. 105 The report which embodied the results of this three-fold investigation was thorough and comprehensive. This report was printed under date of December 9, 1914. A well-known social worker speaks of this report (and of three other publications of the Commission) as ‘‘the most progressive documents on migratory labor that I have ever found.” The major part of this report deals with means for the ultimate elimination of unemployment through a relatively slight readjustment of the machinery of the state. Chief among the Commission’s recom- mendations in this line are the following: 1. The creation of a state central employment bureau under a gov- erming board composed of representatives of labor, employers and the general public. This bureau would establish branch offices throughout the state which would function as free employment agencies. It would also supervise and regulate private and philanthropic agencies and would have the power to issue and revoke licenses. This recommendation came as the result of the study of the eighty-one private employment agencies mentioned above. When it was found that sixty-four per cent of these agencies were of doubtful honesty, sixty-four per cent of doubtful efficiency, and that misrepresentation, illegal reten- . tion of fees, false advertising of jobs and countless other abuses were admittedly a part of the employment agency game, the need for regula- tion and supervision become imperative. Though a still more vital reason for the creation of this central bureau was the fact that such a bureau would have a knowledge of the labor situation in the entire state, a knowledge which would prevent a man in Los Angeles from remaining idle when there was a job for him in Fresno. This is a service which a local employment agency, working independently, can not perform. In addition, this central bureau would be in a position to issue warm- ings, during slack periods, to men in other states, making clear that California could not absorb any more labor. - Unemployment insurance in some form would probably result from the establishment of such central bureau. It is futile to speak of unem- ployment insurance when a great part of unemployment is not a lack of jobs but the inability of the man to find the job. The suggestion outlined in the above recommendation was adopted by the legislature, though in a somewhat modified form. 2. Further encouragement of the development of labor camp sani- tation and of housing throughout the state. This recommendation came as the result of the conviction that sickness is very often the beginning of unemployment. A man’s vitality becomes lowered, his work record drops, he is laid off and his troubles begin. Or, in case of acute illness, he leaves his job for a time and, upon return- ing, often finds the gap filled by another man. Sickness is very often the result of improper housing. To speed up improvement of labor camps in the rural districts and of housing in cities, the Commission, in this report, urged additional appropriation on the part of the state as a far-sighted policy toward the doing away with unemployment. -- - 106 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. 3. Developing the work of education and vocational guidance. The connection between unemployment and lack of training is obvious. Here the Commission urged at least part-time education for children from fourteen to twenty-one, a thorough development of vocational guidance and the education of adult foreign-born. 4. Improving rural conditions, thus making the ‘‘back to the land’’ movement a natural one. Through this, farming would receive an impetus and thousands of men would find employment even as the state as a whole would receive large benefits from new farming developments. Toward this end the Commission urged the founding of a State Land Bureau which could give out authentic information on lands. 5. Enabling the Commission of Immigration and Housing to enlarge the scope of its work. It was pointed out that, through its various departments, the Com- mission of Immigration and Housing was already working for the elimination of unemployment and had accomplished much in this field. Enlarging the scope of its work was therefore necessary. These, in brief, were the principal suggestions embodied in the report. Obviously, the processes necessary to a fundamental solution of the problem, as Outlined here, could not take place overnight even under the most favorable conditions. Yet the Commission realized that there was need for immediate steps for the alleviation of the evils of unem- ployment already about us, steps which could be taken while the machinery for the ultimate solution was being set in motion. A separate set of recommendations was therefore drawn up and the Commission urged that they be put into effect at once, for the winter of 1914–1915, under the supervision of some competent committee. These immediate recommendations, briefly, were as follows: 1. Preventing cities of California from driving out their unemployed as well as the migratory laborers who drifted in. This step would pre- went the forming of roving ‘‘armies, ’’ and would make it necessary for each city to care for the unemployed within its limits. 2. Insisting that giving work, not charity, be the policy of the cities, So that the influx of applicants from other states might be avoided. 3. Adopting a uniform plan for action on the part of cities and counties with regard to supplying work such as clean-up of city, sewer work, highway construction, etc., establishing municipal lodging houses, impressing upon Associated Charities the need for continuing caring for resident destitute, and enlisting cooperation of other charitable institutions. - Immediately upon receiving this report, Governor Johnson approved these recommendations and placed the measures for immediate relief into the hands of the Commission of Immigration and Housing. The work of the Commission in this new undertaking is described in its “Report on Relief of Destitute Unemployed,” submitted in June of 1915. COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. 107 Upon receiving its appointment to the task, the Commission imme- diately started to organize the state, as there was no time to lose. Practically without exception it met whole-hearted cooperation on the part of the cities concerned. In the one exception, the county took matters into its own hands and partially filled the gap. The work was planned in great hurry, there was little time for delib- eration or even for organization. Yet the benefits derived from the efforts were very great. Quoting from the report in question we find that : - * More than 100,000 persons have directly or indirectly shared in the efforts made in their behalf by a comprehending and generous group of cities and counties. By receiving work at a time when their resources were exhausted thousands of worthy men have been spared the ignominy of accepting charity. Not the least valuable of the benefits derived from the winter's work is the prevalent feeling generated among the unemployed that, as they frequently expressed it, “The cities are playing fair.” Notwithstanding the acute and widespread economic distress and the presence in our state of the largest number of unemployed in its history, California, during the winter months just past, has been notably free from the disorder so prevalent in the state during the previous winter and so apparent in other sections of the country during the past winter. This propitious condition was partially the result of the sane, prompt and generous manner with which the various public and private organizations have responded to the timely appeals made by the Commission for unity of action in meeting the impending crisis. + Not merely has crime been reduced, relief afforded and -physical suffering mini- mized, but allegiance of the better element of the unemployed in constructive efforts to improve conditions has been Secured. The enthusiastic approval of this plan by the cities which had tried it was evident from the many letters which were sent to the Commission at the end of the season, and from the much more important fact that, in California, the custom of driving out the unemployed floating popu- lation seems to have vanished with this experiment. It is particularly worthy of note that one of the cities, Alameda, at once planned to secure means whereby this work with the unemployed would become a permanent branch of its municipal machinery. . Now, after seven more years have passed in work among the foreign- born, the Commission feels even more definitely that every available means should be used for the elimination of the great evil of unemploy- ment, and that this elimination will come as the result of measures out- lined in its report of 1914. 108 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND FIOUSING. AMERICAN IZATION vs. “AMERICANIZATION." The war brought home to America as a whole the realization that America had not been doing her full duty by the foreign-born who had come to its shores, and that, in consequence, these foreign-born had failed to become assimilated, and were, for the most part, very far from the goal of good citizenship in their new home. This realization gave rise to a sudden wave of “Americanization.’’ which, for a time, shared honors with the war itself in the time, energy and news space devoted to it throughout the country. Everywhere there seemed to be not only the desire to “Americanize” every existing immigrant overnight, but also the firm conviction that this could be easily accomplished. All sections of the country organized themselves for the task. In California the State Commission of Immigration and Housing was chosen as the Americanization committee of the state, and entrusted with the duty of Organizing the various communities for the big undertaking. The Commission accepted its new responsibility in all earnestness, ready, as always, to give a fair trial to any experiment actuated by a worthy motive. But, after a very short time, the Commission learned ‘‘from the immigrants themselves’’ that the new idea, even when shorn of its really objectionable features and modified in the light of the Com- mission’s experience with the foreign-born, could not produce the results which were expected of it. In fact, adherence to the policy of ‘‘Americanization” as popularly conceived could end only in further bewilderment and dissatisfaction on the part of all concerned, and especially of the immigrants whom it was expected to benefit most. The mistake on the part of those who fostered this nation-wide move- ment came in thinking that the organizing of a community for Ameri- canization could be done in a manner similar to the organizing of a com- munity for a Red Cross drive. The extreme intricacy and delicacy of the former problem was completely overlooked. Community organization, the bringing together of all its parts, for- eign-born and native-born, is an excellent thing in itself and is conducive to the promotion of the best ideals of citizenship. But it can come only as the result of the right attitude within the community, an atti- tude made up of mutual friendliness, understanding and the spirit of cooperation between the foreign-born and the native-born, an attitude which was developed maturally and steadily over a long period of time And a sime qua mom of this attitude is the feeling of ‘‘at homeness’’ on the part of the foreign-born—the sense of self-reliance, of independence and of standing shoulder to shoulder with their native-born neighbors. The trouble with the proponents of “Americanization’’ was simply this—they tried to hand down from the top something which should have grown up from the bottom. Whereas, the true Americanization concerns itself with aiding this growing up and the very first step is helping the immigrant to achieve self reliance. The State of California discovered the way to this true Americani- Zation nine years ago, before the nation as a whole had given much thought to the matter, and, having discovered it, it organized its Com- mission of Immigration and Housing and charged it with the task of COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. 109 putting the new conceptions into effect. Since then the process of Americanization, based upon firm and rational foundations, has been going on steadily within the state through the regular work of the Com- mission’s several departments. When arguments were being brought together to support the forma- tion of the proposed Commission of Immigration and Housing, an article, “The State and the Immigrant” received considerable publicity as embodying some of the conceptions upon, which the Commission was being planned. It is here reproduced to throw additional light on California’s conception of Americanization. THE STATE AND THE IM MIGRANT. A question, which more than once we have had to answer, runs something like this: “Why should the state devote special attention to the immigrant, Haven’t we our own poor, our own exploited among the native born? And aren’t they just as worthy of protection and assistance as the alien? In fact, doesn’t our first duty demand that we serve our own 2 Should not charity begin at home?” Our state may justify itself from at least three different viewpoints. The act creating the Commission does not intend that any special favor be accorded the foreigner. But the stranger, ignorant of our laws, our customs, and often of our language, upon arrival finds himself beset by innumerable handicaps. The removal of these tends to place him upon an equality with those longer resident here. There is no favoritism in this ; merely an attempt to establish a measure of justice. Ordinarily, the immigrant is so situated that he becomes an easy prey to exploiters, that he finds it almost impossible to get on his feet economically; mis- fortune drags him into the overcrowded quarters of our slums, those breeding places of disease, immorality, crime and ignorance ; education in English and in civics is almost impossible to attain. Such a man is not on the road to becoming a useful citizen. Indeed, unguided and unprotected, he is liable to become a menace. The correction of these evils is no more than a matter of our own self-protection. Our efforts primarily are in the direction of our own welfare. From this viewpoint, the immigrant is only an incident in our activities. But the immigrant is not merely a potential menace from whom we must pro- tect ourselves. With the proper encouragement, he may become a positive source ºf benefit to our civilization. Each man brings to our shores certain inherited racial and national talents as well as certain personal faculties which we may encourage and develop to our own advantage. The social settlement was the first institution in this land to give practical recognition to the fact that art and philosophy had not departed from the Greek, that music and the sense of legal order had not deserted the Italian, that with the Jew there still remains a worship of the beauty of holiness, a reverence for pure family life, and a deep-seated belief that a nation which breaks faith is as much a sinner as is the individual who does violence to the moral law. The settlement first recognized the valuable contributions that might be made to our culture by immigrants from Germany, from Russia, from England, from France and from the homes of the Norsemen ; yes, even from the pettiest of distant lands, And advisedly we may take the cue from the settlement in this respect, to do all within our power to bring out the latent possibilities from even the humblest of the strangers within our gates. Our country, in its early history, borrowed ideals and practices from all peoples, both ancient and modern. Is it not conceivable that the descendants of those who contributed this might still have something to give? The state, then, in directing some attention toward the immigrant, is justified in three ways: First, by removing handicaps in the path of the stranger, it tends to 110 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND EIOUSING. place all upon an equality of opportunity; then, by protecting and aiding the foreigner, it most wisely seeks the welfare of the whole commonwealth ; and finally, in encouraging the development of racial and personal talents, the state brings out valuable contributions to our culture. The matter of supreme importance is not what we do at the gates, but what We do after the immigrant is admitted. The vital thing is not a policy of admission and exclusion, but a domestic immigration policy, whether we open wide the gates or keep them tightly closed. First, for our own security, if not for his, we must protect the foreigner from abuse and exploitation. Then we must remove friction from the path leading to economic settlement. The effort of the national department of labor to organize and coordinate the work of public employment offices is an attempt in this direction. Agricultural cooperation and rural credits would help. Then we must make more common the opportunities to acquire a knowledge of English and the rudiments of civics. What sometimes seems to be, most important of all is the establishment and maintenance of proper standards of health, sanitation, housing, education, labor and justice. - With wise minimum social, economic, educational and legal standards determined and enforced, we make impossible the existence of many of those practices and habits which are repugnant to our civilization. The immigrant crowds into hovels, thus endangering our health and our economic structure. Well, enforce our five hundred cubic feet law and other housing regulations, and he must be halfway decent. The alien competes unfairly by throwing his women and his children into the stream of labor. Then bring to bear upon him our compulsory education law and our laws governing the employment of women and minors. The foreigner par- ticipates in corrupt politics and overloads our courts. Possibly our taking corrup- tion out of our politics and putting more justice into our courts might remedy much of this. - The protection of the foreign-born from exploitation, the building up of proper standards, and the opening up of economic and educational opportunities are What are involved in the conception—a domestic immigration policy. COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. 111 ACT CREATING THE COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING OF CALIFORNIA. . . CHAPTER 318. An act relating to immigrants and immigration, creating a commission of immigra- tion and housing, providing for the employment by said commission of a secretary, agents and other employees, authorizing said commission to fix their compensa- tion, prescribing the duties of said commission, providing for the investigation by said commission of all things affecting immigrants, and for the care, protec- tion and welfare of immigrants, and making an appropriation for the purpose of carrying out the provisions hereof. (Approved June 12, 1913: Stats. 1913, p. 608; amended, Stats. 1915, p. 848; Stats. 1917, p. 1514.) SECTION 1. Within thirty days after this act shall go into effect, the governor of the state shall appoint five suitable persons to act as commissioners of immigra- tion and housing. Said commissioners shall hold office and serve solely at the pleasure of the governor and not otherwise. SEC. 2. Said commissioners shall serve without compensation, but shall be entitled to receive from the state their actual necessary expenses while traveling on the business of the commission, either within or without the State of California. SEC. 3. The commission shall be known as the “Commission of Immigration and Housing of California.” It shall have a seal for the authentication of its orders and proceedings upon which shall be inscribed the words “Commission of Immigra- tion and Housing—California—Seal.” Each member of the commission, before enter- ing upon the duties of his office, shall take the oath of office as prescribed by the Political Code for state officers in general, and must execute an official bond in the sum of five thousand dollars. Within thirty days after appointment, the com- mission shall meet at the State Capitol and organize, selecting a president, a vice- president and secretary. A majority of the commission shall constitute a quorum for the exercise of the powers or authority conferred upon it. Whenever a vacancy occurs in the commission, from any cause whatsoever, such vacancy shall be filled: by the governor, as provided in section one for the original creation of the com- mission. . In case of a vacancy, the remaining members shall exercise all the powers and authority of the commission until such vacancy is filled. The commission shall maintain its headquarters and principal office in the city and county of San Fran- cisco, and may establish branch offices at any place or places which in the judgment of the commission may be deemed advisable. The commission may, however, hold sessions at any place other than its offices when the convenience of the commission and the parties interested so requires. SEC. 4. For the purpose of carrying out the provisions of this act, the said commission is authorized to employ such expert and other employees as it may deem necessary, and upon such terms and for such compensation as it may deem proper. The said commission shall have power to enter into contracts of employ- ment with such persons as it may desire to employ for a definite period of time ; but no contract shall be made for more than one year. The employees of the commission shall be entitled to receive from the state their actual necessary crpenses while traveling on the business of the commission, either within or without the State of California. SEC. 5. The Commission of Immigration and Housing shall have the power to make full inquiry, examination and investigation into the condition, welfare and industrial opportunities of all immigrants arriving and being within the state. The commission shall also gather information as to the agricultural possibilities and opportunities for settlement on land within the state ; such information to include soil and agricultural surveys of the arable land within the state and other data relating to the price and productivity of land. The commission shall also have power to collect information with respect to the need and demand for labor by the several agricultural, industrial and other productive activities, including public works, within the state ; to gather information with respect to the supply of labor afforded by such immigrants as they shall from time to time arrive or be within the state; to ascertain the occupations for which such immigrants shall be best adapted, and to 112 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. bring about intercommunication between them and the several activities requiring labor which will best promote their respective needs; to investigate and determine the genuineness of any application for labor that may be received and the treatment accorded to those for whom employment shall be secured ; to cooperate With the state employment bureaus, municipal employment bureaus, and With private employ- ment agencies within the state, and also with the on ployment and immigration bureaus conducted under the authority of the federal government or by the govern- inent of any other state, and with public and philanthropic agencies designed to aid in the distribution and employment of immigrants; and to devise and carry out such other suitable methods as will tend to prevent or relieve congestion and obviate unemployment ; and to collect and publish, in English or foreign languages, for distribution among immigrants, in, or embarked for, California, such information as is deemed essential to their protection, distribution, education and Welfare, and said commission is hereby empowered and authorized to have printed by the state printer any such reports or information, records or proceedings as it may deem necessary or proper; and if for any reason the state printer is not equipped to do any part of said work, then the said commission shall have the right and the authority to have the same done elsewhere upon such terms and conditions as it may deem proper. - SEC. 6. The commission shall cooperate with the proper authorities and organiza- ...tions, federal, state, county, municipal and private, with the object in view of bringing to the immigrant the best opportunities for acquiring education and citizen- ship. To that end it shall procure from, or with the consent of, the federal authorities, complete lists giving the names, ages and destination within the state of all immigrant children of school age, and such other facts as will tend to identify them, and shall forthwith deliver copies of such lists to the superintendent of public instruction or the several boards of education and school boards in the respective localities within the state to which said children shall be destined, to aid in the enforcement of the provisions of the education law relative to the compulsory attend- ance at school of children of school age. The commission shall further cooperate with the superintendent of public instruction and with the several boards of education in the state to ascertain the necessity for and the extent to which instruction should be imparted to immigrants within the state and to devise methods for the proper instruction of adult and minor aliens in the English language and other subjects; and in respect to the duties and rights of citizenship and the fundamental principles of the American system of government ; and shall cooperate with the proper authori- ties and with private agencies to put into operation practical devices for training for citizenship and for encouraging naturalization. It shall be the aim to communicate this instruction to the immigrant as soon after his arrival as is practicable. The commission shall cooperate with the proper authorities to extend this education for both children and adults to labor camps and other localities from which the regular schools are not easily accessible. The commission in cooperation with the proper authorities and organizations shall encourage the establishment of playgrounds and other recreational activities, and also the establishment of settlements and social centers in cities and towns. t SEC. T. With the object in view of rendering to the immigrants that protection to which they are entitled, the commission of immigration and housing may inspect all labor camps within the state, and may inspect all employment and contract agencies dealing with immigrants or who secure or negotiate contracts for their employment within the state ; may investigate the banking relations that exist between immigrants and laborers ; may investigate and inspect institutions established for the temporary shelter and care of immigrants and such philanthropic societies as shall be organized for the purpose of securing employment for or aiding in the distribution of immigrants, and the methods by which they are conducted ; and shall investigate housing conditions under which immigrants live, and sanitary and safety conditions under which immigrants are employed ; it shall further investigate. condi- ...tions prevailing at the various places where immigrants are landed, within the state and at the several docks, ferries, railway stations, and on trains and boats therein, and shall investigate any and all complaints with respect to frauds, extortion, incom- petency and improper practices by notaries public and other public officials; it shall further investigate the relations existing between immigrants and steamship and railway ticket agents, hotel runners, Cabmen, baggagemen, interpreters and pawn- brokers; it shall, further investigate the dealings carried on between immigrants and real estate firms or corporations;. and as the restilt of any of the above inspections or investigations, if it should find evidences of fraud, crime, extortion, incompetency, COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. 113 improper practices or exploitation, it shall be the duty of the commission of immi- gration and housing to present to the proper authorities the evidences for action. thereon, and shall bring to bear all the authority within its power to see that justice is rendered. The commission shall also encourage the establishment of legal aid societies. SEC. 8. With the further object in view of bringing to the immigrant the best protection the state can afford, it shall be the duty of the commission to call to the attention of the proper authorities any violations it may discover of the laws per- taining to the payment of wages, to the mode of paying, pertaining to the child labor laws, the employment of women, factory inspection laws, weekly day of rest laws, protection of labor under building laws, protection of labor under public works laws, laws relating to the white slave traffic, and laws of the state and county and municipal health departments; the tenement house laws, and other laws pertaining to housing conditions. The commission shall investigate and study the general economic, housing and social conditions of immigrants within the state, for the purpose of inducing remedial action by the various agencies of the state possessing requisite jurisdiction ; and shall generally, in conjunction with existing public and private agencies, consider and devise means to promote the welfare of the state. The members of the commission of immigration and housing or any of their authorized agents shall have the right to enter into tenement houses, buildings and dwelling places for the purpose of inspecting such houses, buildings, and dwelling places to secure compliance with state tenement and building acts and municipal building Ordinances and to prevent violation thereof, and shall have the right to examine the records of the various city departments charged with the enforcement of the tene- ment house law and other building regulations and to secure from them reports and copies of their records at any time. - SEC. 9. The commission shall have the right to demand of all officials, state, county and municipal, and it shall be the duty of said officials to supply, such informa- tion and references to records as will enable the commission to carry into effect the provisions and intent of this act; and shall have the right to enter upon private property to make investigation for the purposes of carrying out the provisions of this act. For the purpose of carrying out fully the intent and spirit of this act, the said commission shall have full power and authority to gather any and all such evidence as it may deem proper and necessary in order to present the same to the proper authorities for the purpose of instituting prosecutions against any and all persons, firms or corporations found violating any of the laws of any municipality, county or of the state or of the federal government, concerning any of the matters in this act referred to. SEC. 10. For the purpose of carrying out to the fullest extent the provisions hereof, the said commission or any member thereof shall have power to hold hear- ings for the purpose of investigation or inquiry, and for the purpose of reaching an amicable settlement of controversies existing between persons, firms, and corpora- tions mentioned herein ; and to this end and purpose, the said commissioners and each of them and such person as may be designated in writing by said commission, are hereby authorized and empowered to subpoena witnesses to appear at such hearings and to administer oaths. No decision shall be termed to be final until ratified and approved by the said commission and filed in its office. (Amended Stats. 1915, p. S4S.) - SEC. 11. For the purpose of this act, the words immigrant and immigration shall refer to any alien who is within the state, either permanently or temporarily domiciled here, or in transit, or passing through the state to a contiguous state or territory; said words shall further refer to any alien who may first have taken up residence in some other state or in one of the federal territorial possessions, and then shall have removed to this state ; said words shall further refer to all aliens coming to and being within the State of California. For the purpose of this act the word alien shall refer to all persons who are not native born or who have not received their final citizenship papers under the naturalization laws of the United States. SEC. 12. This act shall not be construed to authorize or direct the commission of immigration and housing to induce or encourage immigration into this state or the United States. - SEC. 13. The commission of immigration and housing shall make an annual report to the governor, on the second day of January, of the operation of the commission. 8—23736 il4 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. SEC. 14. The sum of fifty thousand dollars is hereby appropriated out of any moneys in the state treasury not otherwise appropriated, for the purpose of carrying out the provisions of this act; and the State Controller is hereby authorized and directed to draw. Warrants upon such sum, fom time to time, upon the requisition of said commission, approved by the board of control ; and the state treasurer is hereby authorized and directed to pay such warrants. SEC. 15. The commission may make investigations of the housing of immigrants and working people and of city planning in California and elsewhere, may encourage the creation of local city planning commissions and may furnish information as to the progress of other cities for the use of such commissions. It may investigate and report upon defective housing and the evils resulting therefrom and the work being done to remedy the same in California and elsewhere. It may make studies of the operation and enforcement of building and tenement house laws, of housing finances and taxes, of zoning and districting regulations and may promote the formation of organizations intended to increase the supply of wholesome homes for the people, and aid in the enforcement of any laws enacted to promote the purposes for which the commission is established. (Added by Stats. 1917, p. 1514.) SEC. 16. It shall be the duty of each and every city planning commission or housing: commission of any incorporated city or town in the State of California to file on the first day of June of each year with the secretary of the commission of immigration and housing of California a complete report of its transactions and recommendations to any municipal organization or private person or corporation during the previous year, and particularly to report any conflict in authority, lack of cooperation with local municipal authorities or with adjoining cities, with recom- mendations for needed legislation to properly carry on the development of their housing and city planning work. The commission may annually, or oftener, call a conference of representatives of these commissions, of local health officers, housing inspectors, building inspectors or such other municipal officers as it shall deem advisable to carry out the purposes of this act. The commission may employ city planners and other persons whose Salaries, wages and other necessary expenses of the commission will be provided for out of the funds at the disposal of the com- mission. (Added by Stats. 1917, p. 1514.) SEC. 17. The commission may make an annual report on housing and city plan- ning to the governor, which the state printer shall cause to be printed as a public document, and copies of this report shall be filed with each and every local housing and city planning commission in the State of California. The commission is further authorized to furnish information and suggestions from time to time to city govern- ments, housing and city planning commissions and other public, semipublic or private bodies such as may, in its judgment, tend to promote the purposes for which the commission is established. (Added by Stats. 1917, p. 1514.) COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. 115 APPENDIX A. REPORT OF DEPARTMENT OF LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS. TO GOVERNOR FRIEND W M. RICHARDSON AND THE MEMBERS OF THE FORTY-FIFTH SESSION OF THE CALIFORNIA LEGISLATURE. To the Govermor and To the Senate and Assembly of the State of California: Chapter 604 of the Laws of 1921 created a Department of Labor and Industrial Relations, composed of four divisions: Industrial Accident Commission, Commission of Immigration and Housing, Industrial Wel- fare Commission, and the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Provision was made in the law for the co-relating of administrative work, the deter- mination of complaints, the prevention of overlapping and duplication of activities, and the transference of funds from one division to another, by majority vote. Chapter 604 further provides that “The Depart- ment of Labor and Industrial Relations shall submit a report to the governor and to the forty-fifth session of the legislature embodying a complete plan of reorganization and departmentalization of the activi- ties herein mentioned.” ORGANIZATION OF DEPARTM ENT. Preliminary meetings were held by the members of the four divisions after the close of the 1921 legislature and prior to formal organization On October 26, 1921, as required by law. The representatives selected by the respective divisions were: WILL J. FRENCH (Chairman), Industrial Accident Commission; SIMON J. LUBIN, Commission of Immigration and Housing; KATHERINE PHILIPS EDSON (Secretary), Industrial Welfare Com- mission; -- WALTÉR G. MATHEWSON, Bureau of Labor Statistics. A close study was made of the laws and powers of the four divisions so important to the industrial and social welfare of the citizens of California. Graphs were prepared. Legal opinions were secured to point out possible sources of contact or of conflict. A special commit- tee, known as the Committee on Inspection and Complaints, was appointed, one member from each division, to ascertain definitely the status of affairs and to recommend accordingly. This committee has met at regular intervals, has found the claims of duplication and overlapping of activities to be without foundation and has planned itineraries of employees so that there would be the maximum of advantage to the state at a minimum of cost. Regular meetings have been held by the representatives and, at longer intervals, by all the members of the four divisions. 116 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. A SURVEY OF ADMINISTRATIONS IN OTHER STATES. One of the most important tasks undertaken by the Department of Labor and Industrial Relations was to ascertain the experiences of other states, especially those that have consolidated, in different ways, state departments comparable with those now in existence in California. A voluminous and interesting correspondence resulted. Letters of inquiry were sent to the secretaries of employers’ organizations and of federations of labor in the following states: New York, New Jersey, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Illinois, Ohio, Wisconsin, Oregon and Washington. The National Association of Manufacturers and the American Federation of Labor were asked for their views of the best method of administering labor laws. Men of recognized standing in the country, and who have made a close study of the problem under consideration, were solicited for their opinions, and replies are in hand from Ethelbert Stewart, U. S. Commissioner of Labor Statistics; Carl Hookstadt, U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics; Professor John R. Com- mons of the University of Wisconsin; Dr. John B. Andrews, Secretary of the American Association for Labor Legislation. The answers to the general letter of inquiry vary, as a rule, because the writers consider the laws and experiences of their respective states as paramount. Too close concentration of power in administration of labor laws is generally condemned, on the theory that some degree of representation to employers and employees is preferable to the pulling and tugging of either one group or the other to have its representative selected. An illustration of this is furnished by the New York Evening Post, which printed a series of articles on November 2, 3, 6 and 7, 1922, setting forth the results of an independent investigation into the admin- istration of labor laws in the state of New York, decidedly unfavorable to what is termed the ‘‘political reorganization” of the Labor Depart- ment, and despite the support of Governor Miller by the Evening Post in the campaign just closed. References were made to the weaken- ing of factory inspection, delaying workmen’s compensation activities and hampering the New York state employment service. The press dispatches say that Governor Smith is going to displace the present head of New York’s Industrial Commission, and in the New York Times he has declared himself strongly in favor of extending the pro- tection of humane legislation for the benefit of men, women and children. This merely illustrates the point that failure to give representation to employers and employees in matters of such vital importance to them will, sooner or later, result in the chaos now described in New York state after a brief experience. - One fact noted in the replies received is the general approval given to a separate department to administer workmen’s compensation and kindred legislation. One reason for this is the judicial, or semi- judicial, nature of the work, the constitutional or legal requirements, and the general acceptance of representation for capital and labor on industrial accident commissions or workmen’s compensation boards. A notable example of this is furnished by the state of Illinois. Sweep- ing consolidations of departments have taken place in that state, and the Industrial Commission is maintained a separate unit, as formerly, even though it is administering a law without safety and insurance and other large departments, such as are included in the California law. COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. 117 Attention is directed to the letter of Professor John R. Commons, because of his commanding position in the domain of economics and his past experience as a member of the Industrial Commission of Wis- consin. He wrote on July 5, 1922: ‘‘It may be possible in cases where you have the separate boards that have been doing good work and are quite proud of their work, and have enlisted the efforts of exceptionally good men, that such boards should be retained and that a joint representation affair would be preferable to wiping out boards that have made good records. I consider that the most important need for all is public- spirited and able people to join in the administration of labor laws, and would under no circumstances advocate consolidation on the mere doctrinaire belief in the efficiency of centralization. Then, there is another danger in too much centralization, as shown in the experiences in Ohio and New York. It concentrates attacks upon the commission and tends to line up partisan politics or organized capital and labor to control the commission.’’ Not one of the replies from other states reports a state department comparable to the California Commission of Immigration and Housing, and industrial welfare commissions are few and far between. |N FORMATION CONCERN ING T H E CAL | F O RN IA CO WIM ISSIONS. Our experience is that some citizens have the opinion that there are four labor commissions possessing varying memberships and all Oper- ating On a full-time basis. In an effort to clear away this misunder- standing it is advisable to briefly present the facts, as to personnel, appropriations from the state treasury and the number of employees. |NDUSTRIAL ACC | D ENT CO M M i SSION. There are three full-time members of this Commission: Will J. French, A. J. Pillsbury and A. H. Naftzger. The latter is the Los Angeles member and supervises the work in the southern field. There were 550 industrial deaths in California in 1921, 1643 permanent injuries and 123,336 temporary injuries. Besides administering a com- . pensation department that brings thousands of formal and informal cases up for consideration each year, there are ten main departments under the Commission’s jurisdiction, including the important Safety Department with its seven divisions. There was appropriated the sum of $267,000 for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1922. The number of employees was approximately 136. (The expenses and employees of the State Compensation Insurance Fund are not included in the fore- going, because the expenses come out of premiums paid in by employers, and not one cent comes out of the state treasury; the number of employees varies according to the exigencies of business.) CO M M ISSION OF IM M I GRATION AND HOUSING. There are four members (one vacancy) of this Commission: Simon J. Lubin, Archbishop E. J. Hanna, Dr. J. H. McBride and Paul Schar- renberg. These men serve the State of California without cost, either as to salary or per diem. Their duties include full inquiry, exam- 118 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND EIOUSING. ination and investigation into the condition, Welfare and industrial opportunities of all immigrants arriving and being within the state, to promote their interests, and to bring to both immigrants and their children the best opportunities for acquiring education and citizenship. Immigrants unacquainted with the common language and methods are assisted in ways impossible to particularize in a brief statement. A monumental work has been done in placing the labor camps in California in a sanitary condition and to generally supervise the wel- fare of a migratory group of workers who, prior to 1913, were helpless against social and economic errors. California is in a class by itself in respect to migratory labor, owing to the tens of thousands employed in harvesting crops and in the lumber industry during summer months. Hotel, tenement and dwelling-house laws also come under the Com- mission’s jurisdiction. The Commission is investigating, under the mandate of the 1921 legislature, the practicability of the State of California assisting workmen to acquire and build homes. The last year’s appropriation for the Commission was $91,288. The number of employees averaged between 20 and 25. t INDUSTRIAL WEL FARE COM M ISSION. s There are five members of this Commission: A. B. C. Dohrmann, Walter G. Mathewson, Henry W. Louis, Paul Sinsheimer and Mrs. Ratherine Philips Edson. They serve without salary, excepting for a per diem paid for stated meetings and per diem paid one of the members as executive commissioner. The duties of the Industrial Welfare Commission include supervision over the employment of Women and minors, the determination of minimum wages and maximum hours, and to make investigations into the comfort, health, safety and welfare of such women and minors. Payment of less than the mini- mum Wage provided by law is prohibited. Unpaid wages are collected by the Commission and every assistance extended those usually with- Out any form of organization for their own protection and who were Subject, in former years, to conditions of work and pay that were deplorable and harmful to the state. California’s minimum wage of $16 a week is the highest rate paid in the United States to women and minors in industry. In other states where minimum wage legislation has been consolidated in different ways the work has been minimized and its effect lost. The appropriation for the year was $65,492. The number of employees was 19. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. Walter G. Mathewson is the Labor Commissioner. There are at least fifty general labor laws in California requiring the continual exercise of his administrative and enforcement powers. All of these laws are vital to the wage-earners of the state, as they involve, among other things, the regulation of private employment agencies, the Super- vision over working conditions, and the enforcement of the laws per- taining to payment of wages. The significance of the enforcement of the wage laws is shown by the fact that in the one fiscal year ending June 30, 1922, the Bureau of Labor Statistics collected $228,813.49 in unpaid wages. COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. 119 During the last biennial period, more than one-half of the bureau’s appropriations was used in the administration of the free public employment offices—a work of inestimable value to the workers as well as to agricultural and manufacturing interests of the state. The bureau’s appropriation for the last fiscal year was $160,235, of which 47 per cent was used for the free public employment offices, leaving only $84,825 for the administration and enforcement of all other labor laws. The number of employees averaged 75. The limitation of space prevents further reference to the multitudi- nous duties assigned to the Labor Commissioner and to the importance of this office to the workers and employers of the state. FACTS OF IMPORTANCE. In considering the instructions laid down by chapter 604, we believe it to be our duty to point out the following facts: 1. Two of the four divisions of the Department of Labor and Indus- trial Relations are served by representative citizens of the northern and southern parts of California, without expense for salaries and, so far as the Commission of Immigration and Housing is concerned, without any per diem expense for stated or other meetings. We are decidedly of the opinion that it is advantageous to the state to have this free service from public-spirited citizens and we do not deem it the part of wisdom to recommend reorganization that will lose such service. Cer- tainly it would be necessary to add to state expenditures if the work now performed by these two groups should be assigned to those employed, or to be employed, on a full-time basis. Furthermore, it would be impossible to continue the free service if the work was super- vised by a full-time official, or officials. 2. There are four full-time members of the remaining two divisions— three on the Industrial Accident Commission and the Labor Commis- sioner. With one member of the first-named division in Los Angeles, there are left three officials to administer one of the most complete com- pensation systems in the United States and to supervise approximately fifty general labor laws. Our research into the experiences of other states convinces us that California’s record in this respect is good and that it is superior to many other jurisdictions. 3. As at present constituted, labor, capital and the public at large have representation on three of the four divisions, and this is an excel- lent procedure. The courts have upheld the status of the Industrial Accident Commission, in accordance with the constitutional amend- ments adopted by California’s voters, and the country-wide opinion is that a small group should specialize in the problems of compensa- tion, safety, insurance, rehabilitation, and other sections of the work. 4. The approximate cost to the state treasury for the four divisions during One year was $584,015. This is not a large amount, considering the importance of the legislation to employers, employees and the com- munity at large. The number of employees assigned to the four divisions was about 253, with clerks and stenographers predominating. 120 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. CONCLUSION. After a careful and thorough study of the problem assigned us by Chapter 604, we are of the opinion: - First. That the departmentalization plan outlined by the 1921 legislature for the Department of Labor and Industrial Relations should be continued, inasmuch as the citizenship of California is receiving valuable services without cost and the status is therefore entirely different from that which would be presented if there were twelve or fourteen full-time state employees in charge of the four divisions. Second. We have not found in any other state a department func- tioning like the Commission of Immigration and Housing, and the proper supervision of immigrants and the prevention of tenement-house conditions during this period of California’s development will be reflected in the enrichment of our common citizenship during the years to come. Likewise the Industrial Welfare Commission is doing a work for women and minors unlike that done in any other jurisdiction we have investigated. Third. We recommend that the four divisions of the Department of Labor..and Industrial Relations be housed under one roof in the down- town section of San Francisco, thereby enabling the closest kind of cooperation to be maintained and constant supervision exercised over the movements of state employees, so that maximum services will be rendered by those whose duties cause them to travel. The convenience of citizens doing business with the department will be subserved by this centralization. Respectfully submitted. WILL J. FRENCEI, Chairman, SIMON J. LUBIN, RATHERINE PEIILIPS EDSON, Secretary, WALTER G. MATHEWSON, Representatives Department of Labor and Industrial Relations, January 12, 1923. COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. - 121 APPENDIX B. THE CENSUS AND THE REPORTS OF THE UNITED STATES IMMIGRATION COMMISSIONERS. An interesting commentary may be drawn from a study of the 1920 census in connection with the reports of the United States Immigra- tion Commissioners for the fiscal years 1913 to 1922. The 1920 census shows that California has a total population of 3,426,861 of which 787,689 are foreign-born, or 22.98 per cent. More than two-thirds of this number live in our cities. The foreign-born are scattered throughout the state. At least 5 per cent of the population of every County in the state are foreign-born white and there are more than 20 per cent of foreign-born whites in each of 18 counties. The trend of immigration from the reports of the United States Immigration Commissioners appears to be leading to California as is shown by the following table: Total immigration To'al immigration Rank in - to United States to California Percentage States 1918 ------------------------------ 1,197,892 32,277 2.6 7 1914 ------------------------------ 1,218,480 32,089 2.9 8 1913 ------------------------------ 326,700 20,116 6.1 4 1916 ------------------------------ 298,826 17,101 5.6 4 1917 ------------------------------ 295,403. 16,354 5.5 4 1918 ------------------------------ 110,618 12,09S 10.9 8 1919 ------------------------------ 141,132 16,575 11.0 3 1920 –––––––––––– - 430,001 32,502 7.5 4 1921 ------------------------------ S05,228 43,242 5.3 7 1922 ------------------------------ 309,556 23,624 7.6 3 Total for 10 years––––––––––––––– 5,133,836 245,878 4.9 . ‘‘Total Immigration to California’’ in the above schedule means only those who at ports of entry gave California as their destination. There is no check on the number of immigrants coming to the United States destined for other states, who drift to California some time after their arrival. This is a considerable number. California receives immi- grants from practically every country in the world. The table above set forth shows distinctly our problem. It shows the follow-up work that is necessary to be carried on to convince each of the incoming immigrants that the United States is just what he considered it to be when he left his home—a country of opportunity and freedom. It is our duty to convince him that this should be his home, the place to raise his family and that he should become a citizen. 9–23736 122 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. APPENDIX C. THE STATE HOUSING INSTITUTE. The Commission of Immigration and Housing, after the referendum on the 1921 Housing Law had been decided, following the custom estab- lished in 1916, called a Housing Institute for December 14th, to be held in San Francisco at which time persons from all walks of life and all sections of the state who were interested in housing gathered and dis- cussed the housing laws generally. After this general discussion a committee was appointed, composed of— J. J. Backus, Chief Inspector of Buildings, Los Angeles, repre- senting the City of Los Angeles and the Southern California Chapter American Institute of Architects. J. P. Horgan, Chief Building Inspector, San Francisco, repre- senting the City and County of San Francisco. A. M. Edelman, Los Angeles, representing California State Board of Architecture. Robert Greig, Building Inspector, Berkeley, representing the City of Berkeley. A. C. Horner, Building Inspector, Stockton, representing the City of Stockton and the Building Inspectors Association. Chief M. J. Kearns, San Francisco, representing the Fire Depart- ment of San Francisco. Felton Taylor, San Francisco, representing the Apartment House and Hotel Interests. To this committee were added the Attorney and Executive Officer and the Director of Housing of the Commission of Immigration and Housing who were ex officio members without the right to vote. The Board of Health of the city and county of San Francisco was invited to send a representative and did send Mr. James E. Britt. This committee worked for six and a half days using the laws which are now in force and effect, the 1921 Act which was defeated by refer- endum and a proposed law drawn by the Commission. The result was presented to the people interested in housing throughout the state and Suggestions and criticisms requested. The committee met again on January 10th, considered all suggestions made and then submitted a draft to the second session of the Housing Institute, which was held on January 12th in San Francisco. Again persons representing all walks of life and all sections of the state who were interested in housing attended. They considered the draft of the proposed bill submitted by the committee and after discussion approved it. This bill häs been introduced in the Senate by Senator Inman as Senate Bill Number 52. COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. 123 throughout the State. APPENDIX ID. IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING OF CALIFORNIA. - (Note)—The publications marked * are out of print, but are on file in the Com- mission library, 214 Underwood Building, San Francisco, and in the various libraries office of the Commission.) 1. 99 * * * 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 2S. . *Advisory Pamphlet on Camp Sanitation and Housing (revised) --_______. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 39. 40. 41. 42. . *A Community Survey Made in Los Angeles City . *Primer for Foreign-speaking Women : Parts 1 and 2 . *State Housing Manual : The Three California Housing Laws, annotated__ . *Americanization, the California. Program--- * *- 20. *Americanization, Suggested Lines for Speakers and Workers 21. *Report on Unemployment to His Excellency, Governor Hiram W. Johnson____ . *Advisory Pamphlet to Employers, Setting Forth state Requirements as to Labor Camp Sanitation—— . *First Annual Report of Commission, January 2, 1915–-------------- . *Report on Relief of Destitute Unemployed, 1914-1915, to His Excellency, Governor Hiram W. Johnson . *Advisory Pamphlet on Camp Sanitation, and Housing (See No. 39 below)-------------------------------------------- A. B. C. of Housing––––––––––––––––––– . *Plan for a Housing Survey - Second Annual Report of Commission, January 2, 1916 Immigrant Education Leaflets, 1, 2, 3 and 4----------------------- . *The Home Teacher : The Act, with Working Plan and Forty Lessons in English - - Discussion of Methods for Teaching English . *Report on Experiment Made in Los Angeles in the Summer of 1917 for the Americanization of Foreign-born Women . *The Spirit of the Nation, as Expressed in Song and the Words of Famous Americans Our Soldiers and the English Language Report on Fresno's Immigration Problem Suggestions for Speakers (revised and extended) - *Manual for Home Teachers *Heroes of Freedom, first edition (See No. 31 below) *Annual Report of the Commission, January 2, 1919–– Report on Large Landholdings in Southern California Rules for Labor Camps--- - * *- Same, Japanese Text *- - - Same, Spanish Text - A Suggested Program for Americanization ; reprinted by permission of the General Federation of Women’s Clubs Heroes of Freedom, second edition (revised) - Bulletin of Information for Immigrants--------------------------- Same, Italian Text_ - * — — — — — — — - *Same, Spanish Text - * * Americanization : California’s Answer Immigration and Housing Bulletin for September Immigration and Housing Bulletin for November Annual Report of the Commission, January 2, 1921 Advisory Pamphlet on Camp Sanitation and Housing (revised) Bulletin of Information for Immigrants—Spanish Text Bulletin of Information for Immigrants—Russian Text 23736 2–23 4650 O *State Housing Manual : The Three California Housing Laws, annotated_ LIST OF PUBLICATIONS ISSUED BY COMMISSION OF The others are for free distribution and may be had at any 1914 1915 1915 1915 1915 1915 1916 1916 1916 1916 1917 1917 1918 1918 1918 1918 1918 1919 1919 1919 1919 1919 1919 1919 1919 1919 1919 1919 1919 1919 1920 1920 1920. 1920 1920 1920 1920 1921. 1921 1922 1922 1922 TY OF CH LIBRARIES CAGº 2 MARCH is30 THE ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Commission of Immigration and Housing of California JANUARY, 1925 + º- e, , " ... “ . . * * * : CALIFORNIA STAºPRINTING OFFICE JOHN E. KING, State Printer SACRAMENTO, 1925 36391 PERSONNEL OF THE COMMISSION. COMM ISSIONERS. MOST REV. EDWARD J. HANNA, D.D., President San Francisco G. B. OCHIELTREE, Vice President Berkeley GEORGE S. HOLLIS, Secretary San Francisco J. H. MCBRIDE, M.D Pasadena Attorney and Executive Officer. R. W. KEARNEY. OFFICES OF THE CO M M ISSION. MAIN OFFICE State Building, Polk and McAllister Streets, San Francisco |BRANCET OFFICES Los Angeles—816 Pacific Finance Building Sacramento—213 California Fruit Building . Fresno—319 Rowell Building Stockton—City Council Chamber tº cºngress R&GRIVES | MAR 11 1925 occuraenºrs ºwnsºrt wº- wiversity or $ iſºgº"cago 5892 MARCH is39 TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page PERSONNEL OF COM IVllSSION-------------------------------------------- 26 OFFICES OF COMMISSION------------------------------------------------ 2 TAT3T_TE of contents * * *-* * * * *m º ºr ºs * = = a-º. -- a--, - = ** * = a-º. -- ~ * *-* * *- = <= ** = *-* = ** *** -- ~ * * * = = ** = * * 3 LDTTER OF TRANSMITTAL---------------------------------------------- 5 INTRODUCTION --------------------------------------------------------- 7 COMPLAINT DEPARTMENT - - - - - * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *m * * 9 CAME SANITATION DEPARTMENT - – 14 fiOUSING DEPARTMENT ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 1S ILEGISLATION - * ~. ammº ºm. - - * * - - - = a- - - - - - - - -º mºm º ºr sºme sm * = 25 FINANCIAL STATEMENT –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 27 ACT CREATING THE COMMISSION -------------------- 28 PUBLICATIONS OF THE COMMISSION ---------------------------------- 34 2—3639 I LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. To His Eaccellency, FRIEND WM. RICHARDSON, Governor of Califormia. SIR: In compliance with section 13 of the act creating this Commis- Sion, we have the honor to submit herewith report of activities for the year 1924. Respectfully submitted. EDWARD J. HANNA, President. G. B. OCHELTREE, GEO. S. HoLLIS, J. H. McBRIDE, - Commissioners. San Francisco, January 2, 1925. INTRODUCTION. The Commission of Immigration and Housing of California has nothing whatever to do with the federal immigration policy and has no control over the number or class of immigrants which shall be admitted to our state. In fact, the Commission, by section 12 of its creating act, is expressly forbidden “to induce or encourage immigration into this state or the United States.” It is solely interested in the immigrants who have already come to California. - The Commission was created to overcome the handicaps of the immigrant and thereby give him an equal opportunity with the native born. In doing this it not only aids the immigrant by solving his problems but also benefits the community. The house selected by the immigrant and his family is usually in the poorest section of the community. This is caused by his economic condition, he has little money and no employment, therefore, he must go into the cheapest of accommodations. He meets insanitary and overcrowded conditions. He feels the disadvantages of not know- ing our language, customs or laws. It is here also communicable diseases may do their deadly work. This will affect a whole city as well as all of the residents in the particular district. His first work is apt to take him where manual labor Only is required—to the lumber, agricultural, oil and construction camps. Early surveys showed that over half of the population of the labor camps were foreign born. The work of the Commission, therefore, naturally falls into three departments: Complaint, Housing and Camp Samitation. It formerly included immigrant education but this has been transferred to the school department. Before passing to the work of each department it is interesting to study the 1920 census in connection with the reports of the Federal Commissioner of Immigration for the fiscal years 1914 to 1924 inclu- sive. The 1920 census shows that California has a total population of 3,426,861 of which 787,689 are foreign born, or 22.98 per cent, and 910,000 native born of foreign parentage. The foreign born are scattered throughout the state. At least five per cent of the popula- tion of every county in the state are foreign-born white and there are more than 20 per cent of foreign-born Whites in each of eighteen counties. The trend of immigration from the reports of the United States Immigration Commissioners appears to be leading to California as is shown by the following table: Total invºmi- Total invºlvi- gration to gration, to RClºvk, int. United States California, Percentage StateS 1914 1,218,480 32,089 2.9 S 1915 - __ 326,700 20,116 6.1 4 1916 298,826 17,101 5.6 4 1917 -------------------------- 295,403 16,354 5.5 4 1918 –––– __ 110,618 12,098 10.9 3 1919 -------------------------- 141,132 16,575 11.0 3 1920 — 430,001 32,502 7.5 4 1921 ––– 805,228 43,242 5.3 7 1922 309,556 23,624 7.6 3 1923 - - - ____ 522,919 39,093 7.4 4 1924 -------------------------- 706,896 57,946 8.1 4. Totals __ 5,165,759 310,740 6,0 S COMMISSION OF IMIMIGRATION AND HOUSING. “Total Immigration to California’’ in the above schedule means only those who at ports of entry gave California as their destination. There is no check on the number of immigrants coming to the United States destined for other states, who drift to California some time after their arrival, or who enter illegally. This is a considerable number. California receives immigrants from practically every country in the world. The table àbove set forth shows distinctly our problem. It shows the follow-up work that is necessary to be carried on to convince each of the incoming immigrants that the United States is just what he con- sidered it to be when he left his home—a country of opportunity and freedom. It is our duty to convince him that this should be his home, the place to raise his family and that he should become a citizen. The immigration from Mexico is increasing each year. Their prob- lems, as shown by the reports of each of the departments of the Com- mission, are the most difficult. - ANNUAL REPORT, 1924. 9 COMPLAINT DEPARTMENT. The Complaint Department of the Commission, as its name suggests, Was designed to receive and adjust complaints of immigrants who are in trouble and to instruct and advise them as to matters in which they seek assistance. Each individual case is classified according to an arbitrary standard as a “complaint’’ or an “application.” If the Statements made by the immigrants show that some other individual, firm, official or corporation is directly involved and complained against, Such person, firm or corporation is named defendant for the purpose of brevity and the case filed as a complaint. If no person is com- plained of and the matter requires only the giving of advice, informa- tion or assistance of a general nature, it is classed as an application. In complaint cases the facts are investigated and appropriate advice or assistance given, or the proper action taken or indicated. The Complaint Department receives annually between four and five thousand complaints and applications which are systematically handled and disposed of as readily as the individual mature of each Case and the necessary amount of investigation permit. The five offices maintained by the Commission received 2262 complaints and 1752 applications during the year just passed beside giving informa- tion on minor matters of which no record was kept. With its limited staff of eight persons, three of them stenographers, it is impossible for the Complaint Department to keep in close touch with a population of nearly one million foreign born, though statistics for the period covered by this report show that assistance of some kind has been given to one immigrant for every two hundred and fifty residing in the state. It is highly probable that there are many cases that do not come to the Commission’s attention, but the number of complaints and requests for advice and information that come by letter from distant parts of the state show that the Commission is well known among the foreign population. - The immigrant is not always in the right as is shown by the 262 cases dismissed during the past year, after a thorough investigation disclosed that the complaints were without foundation. In some instances it even appeared that the complainants knew they were Wrong and were attempting to take advantage of someone else. In the great majority of cases, however, it was found that a real cause for complaint existed. - One of the most useful functions of the Complaint Department is cxercised in bringing immigrants in touch with other officials and commissions with whom they could not otherwise have come in con- tact. This enables them to take advantage of methods of law enforce- ment provided by the state for the regulation of certain classes of claims. Cases involving industrial injuries and wage or labor disputes are the most important instances of this kind. In furthering this sort of assistance the foreign language speakers of the Complaint Department are often called upon to aid agents of the Industrial Accident Commission and Bureau of Labor Statistics in cases concern- ing immigrants with little or no knowledge of English. 10 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. Some typical cases best illustrate the disabilities of immigrants in this country, the assistance given them by the Commission and the general method of adjusting cases presented for solution. Sometimes the immigrants follow the advice they are given to a much greater degree than is intended. A Mexican woman was suffer- ing annoyance from her husband who had left her. After several visits to the office with the same complaint the complaint officer ventured the suggestion that she should beat the recreant husband with a pick handle. A few nights later the husband called at the wife’s residence and demanded admission which was refused, whereupon he endeavored to kick the door in. A hammer ably wielded by the wife put a stop to his activities. On the advice of the complaint officer she swore out a warrant for the spouse’s arrest and he was found guilty and given twenty-four hours to leave the city. It often happens that the immigrant is very hazy as to the details of the matter on which he seeks assistance or advice. This some- times makes it necessary for the complaint officer to investigate at length before he can even commence to solve the difficulty. Such was the case of an Italian, ignorant of English, who came to ask the Com- mission to collect a day's wages due him for labor in excavating a lot. He did not know the name of the party he worked for or where he could be found. He had been hired at one of the Italian hotels and told where to report for work. Inclement weather had stopped the work, as the investigator found, and the neighbors could not tell who owned the lot or who had charge of the excavation. A rough measure- ment enabled the investigator to inform himself sufficiently to obtain the owner's name from the block book in the tax collector’s Office. The owner knew nothing about the man’s hire but believed that the con- tractor might. He did and after some delay the Itailian received his lmoney. Fake doctors and healers are a fertile cause of complaint among the Los Angeles Mexicans. A case of this kind called to the Commission’s attention is illustrative of the length to which these gentry can go in preying upon the ignorance and superstition of the average Mexi- ean. This complaint was referred to the State Board of Medical Examiners whose agents raided the healer’s office and in the raid seized such correspondence as they could find. A copy of one of his letters to a dupe is translated: & “Referring to your favor of the 17th instant. I beg to inform you that you made a mistake in keeping up my treatment too long, for you had already roached a point where you were completely restored to health. Nevertheless, I hope that you continue to improve and will soon be perfectly well. If you wish to get thoroughly on your feet my treatment is efficacious to become calm, to sleep well and above all, to have a good appetite. The cost of the secrets or treatments for which you ask is as follows: Treatment to be fortunate in business and obtain success in anything You undertake ------------------------------------------------ $30 00 Treatment to overcome any love doubt or difficulty to attract any love—- 30 00 Treatment for success in gambling----------------- _ 75 00 (An insignificant sum if you take into consideration that as soon as you begin to play you will get this money back.) Power to read the deepest thoughts of any person.------------------- 20 00 Power to make yourself visible or invisible_------------------------ 20 00 Power to communicate with any being beyond the grave______________ 20 ()() ANNUAL REPORT, 1924. - 11 Power to get thin or fat------------------------------------------ $20 00 Secret to find any treasure--------------------------------------- 75 00 Awaiting your esteemed orders, I remain, Your obedient servant.” This man has been convicted of using the mails to defraud and sent to McNeil’s Island. - A Russian immigrant was injured while employed by a painting contractor who did not carry insurance for his employees. The injured man came to the Commission and was taken to the Industrial Accident Commission where an application for the adjustment of his claim was filed. The fall he had taken resulted in an injury to his head Which has somewhat impaired his mental balance and medical opinion holds that he should have hospital treatment. The man is without funds and no one of the free clinics will treat him while his case is pending before the Accident Commission. His employer dropped out of sight and any award made him by the Commission can not be col- lected. Meanwhile the man is out of work with no place to live. An arrangement was made with the Salvation Army whereby he will be given some light work to do to pay for his meals and lodging until a Solution can be worked out. A Russian immigrant, with a little money to invest, was persuaded by a friend of his to purchase some German government and municipal bonds from an investment company. The purchase price to him was $850, of which $550 was paid and a note given to the company for the balance, secured by some Standard Oil stock. Shortly after the sale the Russian suspected that he had been defrauded and called, upon the Commission for assistance. Investigation showed that the man had been charged nearly four times the market value of the bonds on the day he purchased them. The case will be called to the attention of the district attorney. COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. CAUSEs of complainTs. January 1, 1924, to January 1, 1925. Abuse and threats Accounts and debts Attachments —— Baggage : Lost —A Check and money order, trouble OVGr Children : T)elinquents Contracts : . Breach of Partnerships —— * Crinnes : Aged parent, neglect of -------- Battery --> |Bigamy — Breach of peace--------------- Check, fraudulent ------------- Contribution to delinquency---__ Clhildren : Cruelty to Failure to provide for--______ Failure to send to school Neglect of Duress Embezzlement Extortion Libel and slander-------------- Malicious mischief --__________ Obtaining money or property by false pretense --------------- Malicious prosecution Prosecution Sedition — Seduction - Deportation - Discrimination ------------------ Failure to pay judgment__________ Fraud and neglect : Attorney’s Business --------------------- Charity –- 15 106 6 7 130 4 2 2 1.: ; Doctor’s Employment : Agency Private Interpreter’s Land — Stock Sales Tickets Trustee’s General Hospital --- Immigration Industrial accidents ––––––––––––– Compensation, trouble over----- Insurance Landlord Marital and domestic troubles : Common law marriage--------- Desertion and nonsupport------- Divorce IParent and child General —- * * Naturalization NuisanceS –– Officials : Abuse of authority –––––––––––– Neglect of duty Overcharge Passport I’ersonal injuries : Motor vehicles General — game me Property : Conveyance, leases Detention of –––––––––––––––––– T)estruction of Injury to LOSS Of ––– Taxes ––– Transportation trouble ––––––––––– Wage claims *- - smºs º-, sm- mºm, a m = 31,146 -- 75,569 Number of camps where data, on riationalities was not available Population of these camps Number of Camps Inspected in Counties by Months, 1924. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Alameda------------ Alpine-------------- Del Norte---------- El Dorado---------- Fresno------------- Madera------------ Mariposa----------- Mendocino---------- San Diego---------- San Francisco------- San Bernardino----- - San Joaquin--------- San Luis Obispo----- San Mateo---------- * * * * * * * * * * * = * - sº * * * * * * * * * ses º - amº. º. º. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * 1 1 2 1 1 * * * * = * * * * * * * : * * * * * * Jan. | Feb. 1 ------ ----i-...... ---------- 7" ----i-I. ----------- 2 1 "T3"| "T32 TT21"|III * * m = * * 9 `; III. 3"| 16. * * * * * * 2 T13 | "T15 l 19 "Tº T10- 1 26 1 ------ * * * * * * 7 5 ------ "T3"|II. IIIT 30 72 162 |S COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. HOUSING DEPARTMENT. The emergies of the Housing Department during the last year have been devoted mainly to routine inspection looking toward stricter enforcement of the State Housing Law; to checking plans and blue prints of proposed buildings; to assisting various cities in matters con- nected with the preparation and adoption of adequate building ordinances and the appointment of building inspectors; and to inten. sive surveys in the shack areas of various cities of the state, with a vicW to inaugurating a constructive program of housing relief in such districts. tº Routine inspection work. A total of 744 inspections and 465 reinspections of hotels and apart- ment houses in 124 cities were made. A detailed account of improve- ments is reflected later in this report. An important phase of this work has been the inspection of numerous hotels under construction in unin- corporated districts of the state. Inspections showed in some instances that faulty construction has occurred in rural hotels, due to lack of knowledge of the Housing Act on the part of builders, or to the fact that there were no definitely appointed and functioning agencies in the outlying regions to enforce its provisions. - The Commission, without authority, has succeeded many times in having changes made in buildings during construction to correct vio- lations of the law. For this reason it is strongly urged that at the next session of the legislature the State Housing Law be amended, empower- ing the Commission to enforce all the provisions of the act relating to construction as well as to maintenance of hotels and apartment houses in unincorporated areas. Regular inspections in various cities of the state were followed by reinspections. The results effected are most gratifying. Numerous old structures in a state of bad repair were condemned and demolished, while extensive improvements were made in many others. There is con- vincing proof that in order to obtain desired results with respect to housing law enforcement, it is necessary to undertake considerable follow-up work, especially in those cities having no regularly appointed housing inspectors. Transient dwellings. There is a growing tendency to clutter the state with so-called “auto camps’’ and ‘‘tent cities.” As a rule, these are nothing more or less than groups of small, cheaply constructed, one-room huts, crowded closely together, where living accommodations of a most limited char- acter are to be had. Toilets and bathing facilities are few and far between, of a semi-public mature, and sanitation is generally bad. Lit- tle or no privacy is afforded to the occupants of these “camps.” From the standpoints of housing, health and fire hazards, such group dwell- ings are a menace to themselves and to the communities in which they are located. Though many of them are new at the present time, they will rapidly fall into a state of bad repair because of their flimsy con- struction and degenerate into slum areas. This offers a rendezvous for ANNUAL TREPORT, 1924. 19 an undesirable element, composed largely of nomads, who will con- stantly roam about the state from ‘‘camp to camp,” transporting their Worldly belongings by wagons, autos, etc. Once built, their elimination is a difficult task. They will ultimately become to California what the ‘‘refugee shacks’’ were to San Francisco long after the fire and earth- quake of 1906. A new order of things will be established—slum condi- tions worse than the tenements of some of the eastern cities. Several of these so-called ‘‘tent cities’’ were built supposedly to relieve the housing shortage of 1918 to 1922. They continue to thrive and have become the residence of thousands of families, many of whom are financially able to afford better quarters but have gradually adjusted themselves to the lower standards of these “camps.” The Commission has fully realized for some time that the alarming growth of these community eye-Sores is lowering the housing standard of Cali- fornia and on several occasions has had their construction summarily stopped. In many instances they are without doubt subject to the oper- ation of the State Housing Act—being frame dwellings located in incorporated communities. - The State Board of Health, through a set of rules, is regulating the sanitation of these auto shelters, especially in the rural districts. Our department is working, through local building inspectors and other channels, to prevent further construction and to eliminate, wherever possible, present objectionable conditions. Auto camps and tent cities properly constructed and maintained for the convenience of the travel- ing public are essential; but as permanent homes for any class are not a necessity and should be discouraged. Dwellings outside city limits. Another serious situation has arisen in the last few years for which as yet there is no solution—this is the building of dwelling houses just outside of city limits. There is no regulation for this type of develop- ment and sanitary conditions as a rule are practically nil. The same arguments used above against the tent city apply to this class of building. Fire hazards of hotels and apartment houses. Early in the year a campaign was instituted by the Commission throughout the state, with particular reference to the fire hazard and fire escape situation in older hotels and apartment houses. This work has been carried on vigorously and excellent results have been obtained. A survey, particularly in some of the southern cities, brought out the fact that although many buildings had adequate fire escapes, access to them was obstructed by locked doors, blocked hallways, etc. Such con- ditions made the fire escapes practically useless for the purpose for which they were intended. Impetus was given to this fire hazard cam- paign when an old three-story wooden structure burned at Venice in July and some thirty-five persons lost their lives because of inadequate and defective fire escapes. The fire escape installation clause of the State IIousing Law is not retroactive in its nature, but in those cities where the Commission has recommended the adoption of building Ordinances the urgent necessity of including a provision requiring fire escapes on Old buildings has been stressed. 20 COMMISSION OIF IMMIGRATION AND HIOUSING. Building and housing ordinances. Many cities had no building ordinances and others were operating with antiquated ones. The Commission urged the city Councils to have proper codes prepared and adopted and competent persons appointed to enforce their provisions. Assistance has been given various city officials in collecting and preparing data for such ordinances. Sacra- mento, Martinez, Colton, Santa Maria, Burlingame, Oxnard, Fresno, Redondo Beach and El Centro now have their proposed building ordinances in the course of preparation. Venice, Signal Hill and Compton have recently adopted and are enforcing new Ordinances. At the request of the Long Beach City Health Department a rough draft of a housing ordinance was prepared for that city. It is understood that it is now in the hands of the city attorney and it is expected that it will be adopted at a later date. Plans and blue prints. Considerable time has been devoted to checking plans and blue prints of proposed buildings which have been received in greatly increasing numbers at both the San Francisco and Los Angeles offices. Most of them have been received from cities where there were no active building departments, or from rural districts. Violations of the State Housing Act were noted in several instances and recommendations made. This prevented the construction of buildings which would have contained violations of good housing and saved the owners from remodeling them. Applications. Applications for information and interpretations of the State Hous- ing Law from city officials as well as from architects, contractors, builders, owners of property and other interested persons have been received in increasing numbers. Permanent housing for unskilled labor. During the early part of the year considerable time was devoted to intensive surveys of housing conditions existing in the ‘‘foreign quar- ters’’ of Fresno and Riverside. General conditions obtaining in these quarters had long been known. Detailed surveys, however, were con- sidered essential to ascertain their extent and nature, the causes for their existence and the tendencies for their development. The bad housing conditions in these cities are in the most part in those areas occupied by the unskilled laboring element, particularly the Mexicans and negroes. - The Fresno survey included 160 habitations housing 683 persons, while that of Riverside considered 181 houses occupied by 927 persons. The surveys showed in a forceful manner the deplorable conditions of housing and sanitation in these quarters and the urgent need for constructive relief. g At the request of the Commission meetings were called by the mayors of the respective cities and attended by prominent and interested citi- zens. Methods were suggested at these meetings whereby the shack conditions could be replaced by substantial houses and plans were pre- sented for moderate-priced habitations, outlining in detail the necessary steps for the organizing and financing of a housing company. ANNUAL REPORT, 1924. 21 While nothing definite has yet been done in the Way of actual con- struction of houses a definite response is expected in the near future. A recent cursory survey at Riverside and Fresno showed that con- siderable improvement had already been effected, through the efforts of the local officials. There was manifest evidence that our original hous- ing investigations had awakened the local authorities to the need of a clean-up campaign. 22 COMMISSION OF IMIMI GRATION AND HOUSING. STATISTICS OF THE HOUSING DEPARTMENT. Table Showing Towns in Which Inspections and Reinspections Were Made from January 1, 1924, to December 31, 1924. . Original inspections Rein- Spections Made to comply Found to comply Pending Arroyo Grande------------------------------ Atascadero Beach--------------------------- Burlingame--------------------------------- Calapatria---------------------------------- Calexico.----------------------------------- Capitola----------------------------------- Carlsbad----------------------------------- Cayucos------------------------------------ Centerville--------------------------------- El Segundo--------------------------------- Emeryville--------------------------------- Encinitas----------------------------------- Hemet------------------------------------- Irvine-------------------------------------- Jacumba----------------------------------- Laguna Beach------------------------------ La Habre--------------------------------- - Lancaster---------------------------------- Newhall------------------------------------ Palm Springs------------------------------- Palo Alto----------------------------------- Pasadena----------------------------------- - - - - - * *-* * - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - * * * * - - - - ANNUAL REPORT, 1924. 23 STATISTICs of THE HOUSING DEPARTMENT—Continued. Table Showing Towns in Which Inspections and Reinspections Were Made from January 1, 1924, to December 31, 1924 Original Rein- Made to Found to inspections spections comply comply Pending Paso Robles--------------------------------|------------ 8 * ------------ Petaluma---------------------------------------------- 12 3 ------------ Pismo Beach-------------------------------- * !------------|------------ 1 ------------ Placentia----------------------------------- 7 ------------|------------|------------------------ Pleasanton--------------------------------------------- 4 * ------------ 2 Redolido Beach----------------------------- 1 7 * ------------ 5 Redwood City------------------------------ 1 9 3 ------------ 6 Richmond---------------------------------- * ------------------------|------------------------ Riverside----------------------------------- *182 2 * !------------------------ Rosamond---------------------------------- 1 ------------|------------|------------|------------ oseville----------------------------------- * !------------------------------------|------------ Salinas------------------------------------- 3 ------------------------ 2 ------------ San Diego near Del Mar.--------------------- * !------------------------|------------------------ San Fernando------------------------------- 6 4 4 1 ------------ San Jose-----------------------------------|------------ 54 18 ------------ 36 San Juan Batista------------------------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3 2 ------------ 1 San Juan Capistrano------------------------- 4 ------------|------------ 2 ------------ San Leandro------------ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 1 ------------ 1 San Luis Obispo-----------------------------|------------ 2 * !------------------------ San Mateo---------------------------------|------------ 11 0 ------------ 5 San Miguel--------------------------------- * ------------|------------ 1 ------------ San Rafael--------------------------------------------- 16 * ------------ 14 anta Ana---------------------------------- 28 18 18 5 ------------ Santa Clara--------------------------------|------------ 4 ------------------------ 4 Santa Cruz---------------------------------|------------ 6 ! ------------ 5 Santa Fe Springs----------------------------|------------ 9 9 ------------------------ Santa Margarita---------------------------- * !------------|------------|------------------------ Santa Maria-------------------------------- 19 ------------|------------ 7 ------------ Santa Monica------------------------------- * !------------|------------|------------------------ Santa Paula--------------------------------|------------ 2 * !------------------------ Santa Rosa--------------------------------- 3 3 ! ------------ 2 Sausalito----------------------------------- I 5 3 1 2 Saticoy------------------------------------ * ------------|------------|------------------------ aučuš------------------------------------- * ------------|------------|------------------------ Serra-------------------------------------- 1 ------------|------------ 1 ------------ Sherman----------------------------------- 1 ------------|------------|------------|------------ South Pasadena----------------------------- 3 2 ------------|------------ 2 Suisun------------------------------------- 5 ------------|------------ 2 ------------ Tehachapi---------------------------------- 4 1 1 * ------------ Thermal----------------------------------- 1 ------------|------------|------------------------ Torrance----------------------------------- 1 7 6 ------------ 1 Vacaville----------------------------------- 4 ------------|------------ 2 ------------ Vallejo-------------------------------------|------------ 29 14 |------------ 15 Venice------------------------------------- 6 5 2 ------------ tº Ventura------------------------------------ 4 ------------|------------|------------|------------ Walnut Creek------------------------------- 3 ------------|------------ 2 ------------ Watsonville------ ---------------------------|------------ 4 1 ------------ 3 Whittier-------- --------------------------- 38 1 1 ------------|------------ Totals--------------------------------- 744 465 259 89 206 *Including surveys. 24 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. Reinspection of 465 habitations shows the following results: Sleeping rooms of hotels, lodging houses and apartment houses without sufficient light and ventilation made to comply with the State Housing Law–––––––––––– Ritchens of apartment houses without sufficient light and ventilation made to comply with the State Housing Law -* - - Bathrooms and toilets without sufficient light and ventilation made to comply With the State Housing LaW---------------------------------------------- Piotels, lodging houses and apartment houses where cooking and sleeping in Same room has been eliminated____________ t Hotels, lodging houses and apartment houses having plumbing fixtures enclosed with Woodwork made to comply with the State Housing Law ----------------- Hotels, lodging houses and apartment houses where sleeping in public hallways has been eliminated- - –––– Hotels, lodging houses and apartment houses where insanitary conditions were Caused by the accumulation of filth and rubbish and the absence of COvered metal garbage containers—now in a sanitary condition - - Hotels, lodging laouses and apartment houses where public hallways and fire escapes Were obstructed by furniture, debris, etc.—now clear and unobstructed EHotels, lodging houses and apartment houses where insanitary plumbing fixtures have been eliminated or replaced–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Hotels, lodging houses and apartment houses in a general state of bad repair that have been repapered, plastered and repaired— - - Hotels and lodging houses where the use of common towels has been eliminated.-- Hotels and lodging houses where filthy and insanitary bedding has been elimi- nated ------------------------------------------------------------------- Buildings unfit for human habitation that have been demolished or closed.------ Cellar living abated––––––––––––––––––––– - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - |Hotels and lodging houses where baths have been installed Hotels and lodging houses where toilets have been installed—— - — — — Hotels, lodging houses and apartment houses where sinks have been installed——— Hotels wherein the use of common drinking cups has been eliminated.----------- 158 16 9 45 30 15 ANNUAL REPORT, 1924. 25 LEGISLATION. A steadily increasing number of agricultural laborers who have worked as contractors or subcontractors in the preparation and harvesting of crops have come to the Commission for aid in the Col- lection of money due them. This is not restricted to any particular section of the state but generally occurs when they are dealing with tenant farmers. The condition has reached the point where legislation is deemed essential to correct the evil for the following reasons: (a) Every man should be paid for his work. - (b) It causes an economical waste. Many times the laborer has had to stop work in the midst of the harvest through lack of funds to buy food for himself and his family; causing in some instances the loss of a considerable portion of the crop. (c) It often becomes necessary for the charities to care for the worker and his family during the winter. The Commission, after considerable study, recommends the following legislation to remedy the evil: “Any person who shall by his own labor, or that of his live stock, or by using his machinery, do or perform any labor or Serv- ice upon any farm or land in tilling the same or sowing or harvest- ing or heading or threshing any grain, or in securing or assisting in securing or housing any crop or crops, has lien upon all such crop as shall have been raised upon all or any of such land, and on said land itself and said lien attaches from the date of the com- mencement of such work or labor, and is prior to all other liens and incumbrances.’’ Legislation of this type is not new and untried for some of it was passed in 1896. There are many states including Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Idaho, Louisiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, North Carolina, North Dakota, Oregon, South Carolina, South Dakota, Texas, Washington and Wisconsin, which protect the laborer by liens on temporary crops. Labor in this state is protected generally by liens on the land where permanent improvements are being made and the same philosophy supporting them applies to this. Another factor caused through contracts for the harvesting of crops has been called to our attention forcibly through the Camp Sanitation Department. The Camp Sanitation Law affects all camps wherein five or more persons are employed. Our Supreme court has held that contractors or subcontractors do not come within the definition of ‘‘employee.’’ Some of the employers are avoiding the responsibility of furnishing housing or sanitation for the workers in the harvesting of temporary crops. This is done by the making of contracts whereby the contractor, who is oftentimes irresponsible, shall provide housing. As a result a condition becomes extant which is as unsanitary and squalid as has ever existed. The worst feature is that family groups are usually involved. - - 26 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. To regulate this menace the Commission recommends the following amendments to the Camp Sanitation Act: ‘‘Section 1. In or at any camp where five or more persons are employed (or working as contractors or subcontractors), bunk houses, tents, or other suitable sleeping places must be provided for all the employees (amd their families, comtractors and their families or subcontractors and their families). Section 2. Every bunk house, tent or other sleeping place used for the purpose of a lodging or sleeping apartment in such camp, shall contain sufficient air space to insure an adequate supply of fresh air for each person occupying such bunk house, tent or other sleeping place. Suitable bunks or beds shall be provided for all employees (amd their families, contractors and their families or subcontractors and their families). Such bunks or beds shall be made of steel, canvas or other sanitary material, and shall be so constructed as to afford reasonable comfort to the persons occupy- ing same. A clear space of at least twenty inches extending from the floor to the ceiling or roof of any bunk house, tent or other sleeping place must be allowed between each bed or bunk in any bunk house, tent or sleeping place. Upon request of an employee (comtractor or subcontractor) he must be supplied with a mattress or some equally comfortable bedding for which a reasonable charge may be made, the same to be deducted from his wages. When straw or other substitute for a mattress is used a container or tick must be provided.’’ The State Housing Law does not require the filing of plans and specifications of hotels and apartment houses in unincorporated areas. . It is much less expensive to the owner to have plans changed than to remodel a new building. . There is no machinery outside of incorporated towns, incorporated cities and incorporated cities and counties for the direct enforcement of the State Housing Law. It is recommended that amendments to the State Housing Law, be made which would require the filing of the plans referred to above with the Commission and also give the Commission direct enforcement of the State Housing Law outside of incorporated areas. ANNUAL REPORT, 1924. 27 STATEM ENT OF EXPEN DITU RES. For the Period January 1, 1924, to December Materials Service Tunction and and Administration— supplies eXperise TOtal Commissioners—travel —- -------- $295 15 $29 5 15 Attorney and execu- tive officer------------ -------- 1,135 17 5,135 17 Administration & clerical $36 30 1,298 62 6,220 76 Printing --------------- 283 25 --------- --------- 2S3 25 Automobile expense------ 225 187 83 413 22 $544 $2,916 77 $12,347 55 Conn plaint depam' lºvent— & San Francisco––––––––––– –––––––– $299 60 $5,399 60 Los Angeles--------------------- 613 01 4,183 70 Sacramento (incl. auto) –– $56 738 69 5,070 59 Stockton --------------- -------- 233 67 233 67 Fresno (incl. auto) ----- - 55 909 87 3,952 35 $111 $2,794 34 $18,839 61 Camp department— Salaries and Wages–––––––– –––––––– * * $10,920 00 Travel * * = *** * $4,865 44 4,865 44 Printing ---------------- $59 59 55 Automobile expense------ 1,628 1,886 84 5,214 17 $1,688 $6,752 28 $21,059 16 Housing department— Salaries and wages------ –––––––– $5,882 09 --------- $5,882 09 Travel ----------------- -------- $3,015 17 3,015 17 Printing --------------- $169 * * * * j. 69' 75 $160 $3,015 17 $9,067 ()1 Totals ------------- $2,514 $15,47S 56 $61,313 33 28 COMMISSION Olſ' IMIMIGRATION AND HOUSING. ACT CREATING THE COMMISSION OF IMMIGRA- TION AND HOUSING OF CALIFORNIA. CHAPTE R 318. An act relating to immigrants and immigration, creating a commission of immi- gration and housing, providing for the employment by said conn mission of a secretary, agents and other employees, authorizing said corm mission to fix their corn pensation, prescribing the duties of said commission, pro- viding for the investigation by said commission of all things affecting inn migrants, and for the care, protection and welfare of immigrants, and making an appropriation for the purpose of carrying out the provisions hereof. - (Approved June 12, 1913; Stats. 1913, p. 60S ; amended, Stats. 1915, p. S4S ; Stats. 1917, p. 1514.) Section 1. Within thirty days after this act shall go into effect, the governor of the state shall appoint five suitable persons to act as commissioners of immigration and housing. Said commissioners shall hold office and serve solely at the pleasure of the governor and not otherwise. Sec. 2. Said commissioners shall serve without compensation, but shall be entitled to receive from the state their actual necessary expenses while traveling on the business of the commission, either within or without the State of California. Sec. 3. The commission shall be known as the “Commission of Immigration and Housing of California.” It shall have a seal for the authentication of its orders and proceedings upon which shall be inscribed the words ‘‘Commission of Immigration and Housing— California—Seal.’’ Each member of the commission, before entering upon the duties of his office, shall take the oath of office as prescribed by the Political Code for state officers in general, and must execute an official bond in the sum of five thousand dollars. Within thirty days after appointment, the commission shall meet at the state capitol and organize, selecting a president, a vice president and Secretary. A majority of the commission shall constitute a quorum for the exercise of the powers or -authority conferred upon it. Whenever a vacancy occurs in the commission, from any cause whatsoever, such vacancy shall be filled by the governor, as provided in section one for the Original creation of the commission. In case of a vacancy, the remain- ing members shall exercise all the powers and authority of the com- mission until such vacancy is filled. The commission shall maintain its headquarters and principal office in the city and county of San Francisco, and may establish branch offices at any place or places which in the judgment of the commission may be deemed advisable. The commission may, however, hold sessions at any place other than its offices when the convenience of the commission and the parties inter- ested so requires. Sec. 4. For the purpose of carrying out the provisions of this act, the said commission is authorized to employ such expert and other employees as it may deem necessary, and upon such terms and for such compensation as it may deem proper. The said commission shall have power to enter into contracts of employment with such persons ANNUAL REPORT, 1924. 29 as it may desire to employ for a definite period of time; but no con- tract shall be made for more than one year. The employees of the commission shall be entitled to receive from the state their actual necessary expenses while traveling on the business of the commission, either within or without the State of California. Sec. 5. The Commission of Immigration and Housing shall have the power to make full inquiry, examination and investigation into the condition, welfare and industrial opportunities of all immigrants arriving and being within the state. The commission shall also gather information as to the agricultural possibilities and opportunities for settlement on land within the state; such information to include soil and agricultural surveys of the arable land within the state and other data relating to the price and productivity of land. The com- mission shall also have power to collect information with respect to the need and demand for labor by the several agricultural, industrial and other productive activities, including public works, within the state; to gather information with respect to the supply of labor afforded by such immigrants as they shall from time to time arrive or be within the state; to ascertain the occupations for which such immigrants shall be best adapted, and to bring about intercommunication between them and the several activities requiring labor which will best pro- mote their respective needs; to investigate and determine the genuine- ness of any application for labor that may be received and the treat- ment accorded to those for whom employment shall be secured; to cooperate with the state employment bureaus, municipal employment bureaus, and with private employment agencies within the state, and also with the employment and immigration bureaus conducted under the authority of the federal government or by the government of any other state, and with public and philanthropic agencies designed to aid in the distribution and employment of immigrants; and to devise and carry out such other suitable methods as will tend to prevent or relieve congestion and obviate unemployment; and to collect and publish, in English or foreign languages, for distribution among immigrants, in, or embarked for, California, such information as is deemed essential to their protection, distribution, education and wel- fare, and said commission is hereby empowered and authorized to have printed by the state printer any such reports or information, records or proceedings as it may deem necessary or proper; and if for any reason the state printer is not equipped to do any part of said work, then the said commission shall have the right and the authority to have the same done elsewhere upon such terms and conditions as it may deem proper. Sec. 6. The commission shall cooperate with the proper author- jties and organizations, federal, state, county, municipal and private, with the object in view of bringing to the immigrant the best oppor- tunities for acquiring education and citizenship. To that end it shall procure from, or with the consent of, the federal authorities, com- plete lists giving the names, ages and destination within the state of all immigrant children of school age, and such other facts as will tend to identify them, and shall forthwith deliver copies of such lists to the superintendent of public instruction or the several boards of education and school boards in the respective localities within the state to which said children shall be destined, to aid in the enforcement 30 |COMMISSION OF IMIMIGRATION AND HOUSING. of the provisions of the education law relative to the compulsory attendance at school of children of school age. The commission shall further cooperate with the superintendent of public instruction and with the several boards of education in the state to ascertain the neces- sity for and the extent to which instruction should be imparted to immigrants within the state and to devise methods for the proper instruction of adult and minor aliens in the English language and other subjects; and in respect to the duties and rights of citizenship and the fundamental principles of the American system of govern- ment; and shall cooperate with the proper authorities and with private agencies to put into operation practical devices for training for citizen- ship and for encouraging naturalization. It shall be the aim to Com- municate this instruction to the immigrant as soon after his arrival as is practicable. The commission shall cooperate with the proper authorities to extend this education for both children and adults to labor camps and other localities from which the regular Schools are not easily accessible. The commission in cooperation with the proper authorities and Organizations shall encourage the establishment of playgrounds and other recreational activities, and also the establish- ment of settlements and social centers in cities and towns. Sec. 7. With the object in view of rendering to the immigrants that protection to which they are entitled, the commission of immigration and housing may inspect all labor camps within the state, and may inspect all employment and contract agencies dealing with immigrants or who secure or negotiate contracts for their employment within the state; may investigate the banking relations that exist between immi- grants and laborers; may investigate and inspect institutions estab- lished for the temporary shelter and care of immigrants and such philanthropic societies as shall be organized for the purpose of Securing employment for or aiding in the distribution of immigrants, and the methods by which they are conducted; and shall investigate housing conditions under which immigrants live, and sanitary and safety con- ditions under which immigrants are employed; it shall further investi- gate conditions prevailing at the various places where immigrants are landed within the state and at the several docks, ferries,' railway sta- tions, and on trains and boats therein, and shall investigate any and all complaints with respect to frauds, extortion, incompetency and improper practices by notaries public and other public officials; it shall further investigate the relations existing between immigrants and Steamship and railway ticket agents, hotel runners, Cabmen, baggage- men, interpreters and pawnbrokers; it shall further investigate the dealings carried on between immigrants and real estate firms or cor- |porations; and as the result of any of the above inspections or investi- gations, if it should find evidences of fraud, crime, extortion, incom- petency, improper practices or exploitation, it shall be the duty of the commission of immigration and housing to present to the proper authorities the evidences for action thereon, and shall bring to bear all the authority within its power to see that justice is rendered. The com- mission shall also encourage the establishment of legal aid societies. Sec. 8. With the further object in view of bringing to the immi- grant the best protection the state can afford, it shall be the duty of the commission to call to the attention of the proper authorities any viola- tions it may discover of the laws pertaining to the payment of wages, ANNUAL REPORT, 1924. 31 to the mode of paying, pertaining to the child labor laws, the employ- ment of women, factory inspection laws, Weekly day of rest laws, pro- tection of labor under building laws, protection of labor under public works laws, laws relating to the white slave traffic, and of the state and county and municipal health departments; the tenement house laws, and other laws pertaining to housing conditions. The commis- sion shall investigate and study the general economic, housing and social conditions of immigrants within the state, for the purpose of inducing remedial action by the various agencies of the state possessing requisite jurisdiction; and shall generally, in conjunction with existing public and private agencies, consider and devise means to promote the welfare of the state. The members of the commission of immigration and housing or any of their authorized agents shall have the right to enter into tenement houses, buildings and dwelling places for the pur- pose of inspecting such houses, buildings, and dwelling places to secure compliance with state tenement and building acts and municipal build- ing ordinances and to prevent violation thereof, and shall have the right to examine the records of the various city departments charged with the enforcement of the tenement house law and other building regulations and to secure from them reports and copies of their records at any time. Sec. 9. The commission shall have the right to demand of all officials, state, county and municipal, and it shall be the duty of said officials to supply, such information and references to records as will enable the commission to carry into effect the provisions and intent of this act; and shall have the right to enter upon private property to make investigation for the purposes of carrying out the provisions of this act. For the purpose of carrying out fully the intent and spirit of this act, the said commission shall have full power and authority to gather any and all such evidence as it may deem proper and necessary in order to present the same to the proper authorities for the purpose of instituting prosecutions against any and all persons, firms or corpo- rations found violating any of the laws of any municipality, county or of the state or of the federal government, concerning any of the matters in this act referred to. Sec. 10. For the purpose of carrying out to the fullest extent the provisions hereof, the said commission or any member thereof shall have power to hold hearings for the purpose of investigation or inquiry, and for the purpose of reaching an amicable settlement of controversies existing between persons, firms, and corporations mentioned herein; and to this end and purpose, the said commissioners and each of them and such person as may be designated in Writing by said commission, are hereby authorized and empowered to Subpoena witnesses to appear at such hearings and to administer oaths. No decision shall be termed to be final until ratified and approved by the said commission and filed in its office. (Amended Stats. 1915, p. 848.) Sec. 11. For the purpose of this act, the words immigrant and immigration shall refer to any alien who is within the state, either per- manently or temporarily domiciled here, or in transit, or passing through the state to a contiguous state or territory; said words shall further refer to any alien who may first have taken up residence in some other state or in one of the federal territorial possessions, and then shall have removed to this state; said words shall further refer to all aliens 32 COMMISSION OF IMM1CFRATION AND HOUSING. coming to and being within the State of California. For the purpose of this act the Word alien shall refer to all persons who are not native born or who have not received their final citizenship papers under the naturalization laws of the United States. Sec. 12. This act shall not be construed to authorize or direct the commission of immigration and housing to induce or encourage immi- gration into this state or the United States. Sec. 13. The commission of immigration and housing shall make an annual report to the governor, on the second day of January, of the operation of the commission. - Sec. 14. The sum of fifty thousand dollars is hereby appropriated out of any moneys in the state treasury not otherwise appropriated, for the purpose of carrying out the provisions of this act; and the state controller is hereby authorized and directed to draw warrants upon such sum, from time to time, upon the requisition of said commission, approved by the board of control; and the state treasurer is hereby authorized and directed to pay such warrants. Sec. 15. The commission may make investigations of the housing of immigrants and working people and of city planning in California and elsewhere, may encourage the creation of local city planning com- missions and may furnish information as to the progress of other cities for the use of such commissions. It may investigate and report upon defective housing and the evils resulting therefrom and the work being done to remedy the same in California and elsewhere. It may make studies of the operation and enforcement of building and tenement house laws, of housing finances and taxes, of Zoning and districting regulations and may promote the formation of organizations intended to increase the supply of wholesome homes for the people, and aid in the enforcement of any laws enacted to promote the purposes for which the commission is established. (Added by Stats. 1917, p. 1514.) Sec. 16. It shall be the duty of each and every city planning com- mission or housing commission of any incorporated city or town in the State of California to file on the first day of June of each year with the secretary of the commission of immigration and housing of California a complete report of its transactions and recommendations, to any municipal organization or private person or corporation during the previous year, and particularly to report any conflict in authority, lack of cooperation with local municipal authorities or with adjoining cities, with recommendations for needed legislation to properly carry on the development of their housing and city planning work. The commission may annually, or oftener, call a conference of representatives of these commissions, of local health officers, housing inspectors, building inspec- tors or such other municipal officers as it shall deem advisable to carry out the purposes of this act. The commission may employ city planners and other persons whose salaries, Wages and other necessary expenses of the commission will be provided for Out of the funds of the disposal of the commission. (Added by Stats. 1917, p. 1514.) - Sec. 17. The commission may make an annual report on housing and city planning to the governor, which the state printer shall cause to be printed as a public document, and copies of this report shall be filed with each and every local housing and city planning commission in the State of California. The commission is further authorized to ANNUAL REPORT, 1924. 33 furnish information and suggestions from time to time to city govern- ments, housing and city planning commissions and other public, semi- public or private bodies such as may, in its judgment, tend to promote the purposes for which the commission is established. (Added by Stats. 1917, p. 1514.) º arº ºº i THE ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Commission of Immigration and Housing of California JANUARY, 1927 CALIFORNIA STATE TRINTING OFFICE CEIARLES A. WEIITMORE, State Printer SACRAMENTO, 1927 | 94 () | PERSONNEL OF THE COMMISSION. CO M M ISSIONERS. MOST REV. EDWARD J. HANNA, D.D., President G. B. OCHELTREE, Vice President San Francisco Berkeley GEORGE S. HoDLIs, Secretary J. H. McBRIDE, M.D San Francisco Pasadena CHAs. C. CHAPMAN Fullerton Attorney and Executive Officer R. W. KEARNEY. OFFICES OF THE COMMISSION. Main Office : State Building, Polk and McAllister Streets, San Francisco. Branch Offices: Los Angeles—812 Sun Finance Building. Sacramento—217 California Fruit Building. Fresno–319 Rowell Building. Stockton—City Hall. CONTENTS. PERSONNEL OF COMMISSION--------------------------------------------r* OFFICES OF COMMISSION__ * - amº - mºm ºmº -º sº amº. ººm - -º- m. mº º mºm, 2 TABLE OT;' CONTENTS__________ *— — — — — — - 3 LETTER or TRANSMITTAL----------------------------------------------- 5 INTRODUCTION - 7 IMMIGRATION ------------------------------------ - - - - –– 7 COMPLAINT DEPARTMENT - ---- 9 CAMP DEPARTMENT ------------------------------------------------------ 17 HOUSING DEPARTMENT - 24 JAILS * * - - - * = m = - mºm a-mº sºme sº-sº sºme sºme mºs. - * * * * * * * * * * *-* * * * * * *m. 29 ACT CREATING THE COMMISSION * * * - - - - 31 PUBLICATIONS OF THE COMMISSION--------------------- 36 2—494.01 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. To His Ea:cellency, C. C. YoUNG, Governor of California. SIR: In compliance with section 13 of the act creating this Commis- Sion, I have the honor to submit here with report of activities for the year 1926. Respectfully submitted. EDWARD J. HANNA, President. San Francisco, January 3, 1927. INTRODUCTION. The Commission of Immigration and Housing of California was created to study the immigration problem in so far as it affects the welfare of our state and the handicaps of immigrants due to their lack of knowledge of our laws, customs and language. The duty of bettering housing conditions was placed upon this Commission for the reason that the immigrant, as a class, on his arrival has little money and no job. He is forced therefore to live in the poor- est sections of the community and take the first available work. In some of our cities in California today we have specific cases of persons well educated and trained for responsible positions as well as professions, who are doing the lowest kind of unskilled labor while they are studying our language, a knowledge of which will allow them to assume their proper position in our midst. We, of course, also have a large number of immigrants of low mentality who will always be unskilled laborers. In a state such as ours they are essential for our agriculture and our industry. The duty of improving living conditions in labor camps was given the Commission because early surveys disclosed the fact that more than half of the workers in these camps were aliens. At the last session of the legislature the duty of approving plans for county jails was transferred to this Commission from the Board of Charities and Corrections, at their request. | M M I GRATION. The Commission is precluded by its creating act from inducing or encouraging immigration into the state or the United States. Its Sole interest so far as immigration is concerned is in the immigrants who are already in California. The new immigration law has reduced the total immigration to the United States from 706,896 during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1924, to 304,488 for the last fiscal year. This has had its effect on immigra- tion to California. The new law does not affect the immigration of per- Sons born in Canada, Mexico or in Central or South America, and it is reported there has been much illegal immigration over our borders. During the fiscal year ending June 30, 1926, a total of 19,785 immi- grant aliens gave California as their future permanent residence. There is no data available showing the number who have moved here from other states. The following table is taken from the Report of the Commissioner General of Immigration for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1926: Immigrant Aliens Admitted, Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1926, Who Gave California as Their Future Permanent Residence. African (black) --------------------------------------------------------- 32 Armenian —- 44 Bohemian and Moravian (Czech) -- - - - - 21 Eulgarian, Serbian and Montenegrin 22 Chinese ---------------------------------------- - 23.9 Croatian and Slovenian —- * *** - 25 Cuban ––– - - - - - * * * - - - - - m - - - - - - - 4 Dalmatian, Bosnian, and Herzegovinian - - - - - - - - - — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — - - - - - - 3 Dutch and Flemish - - - 219 S COMIMISSION OF IMIMIGRATION AND HOUSING. East Indian —- - - 10 English 3,040 Finnish 1S French 588 German –––– * - * * * * 2,135 Greek –––– 49 Hebrew — — — — * 213 Irish - 1,358 Italian (north) * * * * * sºme ºme ºm ms amº sºme a s m ºmºm º ºsmºs º-, -º 162 Italian (South) ------- - 340 Japanese * - 112 RCOrean * * = * * = <= * * * * * * *-*. 3 Lithuanian ––––––– * 3 Magyar ––––––––––– 11 Mexican ------ - 7,823 IPacific Islander ––––––––––––––––––– * * POlish - - - 32 Portuguese - - -- - - 132 JRumanian ____ - - 12 Russian -------------------- * * - mºs 219 JRuthenian (Russniak) — — — — . 6 Scandinavians (Norwegians, Danes and Swedes) 815 Scotch ––––––––––– - - - 1,345 Slovak * — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 6 Spanish t— — — — — — 55 Spanish American 520 Syrian _ - 1S Turkish ----------------------- * * 4 Welsh - - - - 124 West Indian (except Cuba) –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 2 Other peoples —l- *-* º * * 21 Total –––– –––– 19,785 Immigration from Mexico during the last five years has been excep- tionally heavy, the greatest number coming to Texas and California. Texas is often used as a distributing point and we may have many in California who have come from there. Following is a table taken from the reports of the Commissioner General of Immigration covering the past five years: Total Immigration to the 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 Total TJnited States ------- 309,556 522,919 706,896 294,314 304,488 2,138,173 Total Mexican Immigration to United States ––––––– 18,246 62,709 87A648 32,378 43,316 245,297 Total Immigration to California. 23,624 39,093 57,946 20,960 19,785 161,408 Total Mexican Immigration to - California –––––––––– 2,454 7,520 15,038 4,861 7,823 37,696 The Mexicans are now doing much of the common labor in the fields and railroads and seem almost essential in both lines of endeavor. They are, however, causing an immense social problem for our charities, schools and health departments. While the Commission realizes the fact that it is necessary to use unskilled labor in our state, nevertheless it believes that unrestricted immigration from Mexico should be stopped. ANNUAL RIEPORT, 1927. {) COMPLAINT DEPARTMENT. The Complaint Department of the Commission is designed to receive and adjust the complaints of immigrants who are in trouble and through standardization of its methods can and does handle a large volume of work efficiently. A matter presented by an immigrant is arbitrarily classed as a ‘‘Complaint’’ or an “Application.” If the facts stated by a petitioner show that some other person, firm or corporation is involved adversely, such person, firm or corporation is named as defendant and the case filed as a complaint. The term defendant is used for the sake of brevity and clearness and is not understood in the legal sense. Where it appears that no other person is complained of and the matter requires only the giving of advice, information or assistance of a gen- eral nature, it is classed as an application. In complaint cases the facts are fully investigated and both sides of a dispute sifted before appropriate advice or assistance is given, or the proper action taken or indicated. The five offices maintained by the Commission in the principal fore- ign population centers received a total of 2005 complaints and 1860 applications during the year. This total does not include information given in minor matters of which no record is kept. Effect of the Immigration Act of 1924. The work of the Complaint Department has continued to be a vital part of the Commission’s activities making, as it does, the direct appli- cation of the Commission’s basic principle, ‘‘to aid and protect immi- grants.’’ The Complaint Department deals with its charges on the most intimate terms and many of the matters presented by them are given in strictest confidence. The decrease in immigration has not resulted in less work for the department, in fact along certain lines the work has increased, due to changes in administration caused by the Immigration Act of 1924. On broad lines this act classes aliens in three divisions, quota aliens, non- quota aliens and preference within quota aliens. In order to enter the United States every alien must obtain an immigration visa from an American Consul abroad and must establish his status to the satisfac- tion of the Consul. For the proof of status necessary for issuance of nonquota or preference within quota visas the Federal Immigration Service furnishes blank forms calling for varied information which, when supplied, substantiates the claim of the alien concerning his status. Very often the information necessary, while in existence, is beyond the ability of the alien to secure and the Complaint Department is called upon to procure it and attend to the proper drafting of the forms for its applicants. Another source of trouble for the immigrant rising out of the act of 1924 is the necessity for noncitizens visiting abroad to secure a per- mit to reenter the United States. Failure to secure this permit may result in refusal of reentry if the alien proceeds abroad. This permit must be applied for in the same manner as those referred to, and the Complaint Department finds much work in putting these applications in correct form and securing the necessary data so to do. 1() COMIM lºs SION OF ] IV). M I GRATION AND liſ(OUSING. These are the principal sources of increased work rising out of the act of 1924, but the department receives many inquiries concerning other phases of the act which do not fall into any general class. In the solution of these difficulties the Federal Immigration Service officials everywhere in the state invariably extend the department every courtesy and assistance. Mexicans. It will be noticed that the Mexicans have received more attention from the Complaint Department than any other mationality. The Mexican population far outnumbers the alien population of any other country on account of geographical proximity, lack of immigration restriction and necessity for use as labor in agricultural and railroad activity. It might appear that the Complaint Department is operated for the benefit of Mexicans, but proportionately to population there is no more done for the Mexican than for the national of any other coun- try. Again, our state humanitarian institutions are in existence to benefit those who cannot for financial reasons greatly benefit them- Selves, and of all the immigrants within the state none fall more within this class than Mexicans. The bulk of complaints made by Mexicans originate from labor con- tracts and family disputes and the greater number of these are dis- posed of in the Commission’s Los Angeles office where the center of the state’s Mexican population is found. This city is also the clearing house for Mexican labor which furnishes another reason for the large number of wage and labor disputes brought to the Commission’s office there and referred to the local office of the Bureau of Labor Statistics or worked out in conjunction with it. The spread of agricultural and vastly increased acreage devoted to seasonal crops require more labor for harvest time and a constant parade of Mexicans is to be found about the state. Sooner or later many of them are stranded without funds, usually in the Southern counties, with the result that they become charges upon those counties. There should be a central agency or series of agencies established to regulate the flow of this itinerant labor to correct this condition and check the health menace necessarily involved. There will always be the need of Mexicans in agriculture and consequent need of constant watchfulness against impositions practiced upon them, as well as need for community protection against disease carriage by them as an inevi- table consequence of the mode in which they live. People constantly on the move become accustomed to a low standard of living due to poor financial circumstances for one reason, and this low standard of living leads to many other evils needless to enumerate. Complaint Officers. The complaint officers in charge of the branch offices in addition to their regular duties have been active during the year in assisting the Iabor Camp Department in the prosecution of persons arrested for violations of the Camp Sanitation Act. This has resulted in relieving the district attorneys of the counties where arrests were made of con- siderable work incident to the preparation and prosecution of these C&SCS. ANNUAL REPORT, 1927. * 11 Nature of Complaints. There has been a notable change in the nationality statistics for this year in that in the history of the Commission there has never been the number of complaints made by Chinese, Japanese and Filipinos. Most of these have their origin in agricultural contracts, where, as it often happens the grower pays the contractor who in turn omits to pay the subcontractors either wilfully or because his expenses outrun his profit. In the main most of the claims of this character were settled with a minimum of loss to our complaimants and a great saving of the time and expense contingent to litigation. The principal causes of complaint were trouble with officials of all classes, usually due to misunderstanding on both sides; difficulties aris- ing from checks or other negotiable paper; fraud of all kinds and classes; real estate bought or sold; matters pertaining to federal immi- gration laws and claims for wages. As usual investigation sometimes proved that the complaining immi- grant was not always in the right as evidenced by the 118 cases dis- missed as unfounded. In some instances it even appeared that he knew he was wrong but hoped to harass the defendant. The great majority of cases show, however, that the immigrant is nearly always in good faith with his complaint and has a just grievance to be remedied. The statistical tables show the nature of all complaints heard and the general manner in which they were disposed of, but they do not show the human side of the individual cases or the patience, effort and serious investigation often necessary to bring them to a conclusion. The following cases illustrate some of the difficulties of the immigrant and the methods used in obtaining redress for his grievances when redress is possible. An educated Slavonian promoted an investment company, incor- porated and went around the state selling stock in the concern to his countrymen. He proceeded within the limits of the permit granted him by the Commissioner of Corporations and his actions up to this point were entirely regular. After the expiration of six months the permit to sell securities of the company was revoked on technical grounds and any sale thereafter constituted a public offense. During this period the concern had not transacted any business, its only activity being the sale of its corporate stock by its president, the promoter. Six months after the suspension of its permit, a dividend of five per cent was declared and paid to all who appeared on the books as stockholders. Obviously the dividend was paid from money col- lected from sale of stock, there being no profits, surplus or otherwise, out of which a dividend could be paid. After the dividend the promoter covered the ground again, sold more stock to his old customers and added fresh names to a growing ‘‘sucker list” and then when the field had been well worked, left the state tak- ing with him all the books and records of the company. He located at Evanston, Illinois, whence he wrote all stockholders to say that it had been decided to liquidate the concern and distribute the assets pro rata among them. The assets amounted to $160 in a Los Angeles Bank, while the individual stockholders paid from $100 to $3,000 for stock in the company at the rate of $100 per share. 3—49 401 j2 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. A magistrate’s warrant for his arrest was issued at Eureka but extradition was refused by the governor of Illinois as the offense involved only $200. Thereafter a grand jury indictment was returned in Humboldt County containing twenty-two counts embracing grand larceny and violation of the corporate securities act, involving more than $2,500. Extradition was again refused by the governor of Illinois. The entire matter was then turned over to the United States Post Office Department and it is still hoped that the defendant may be returned for trial in the Federal Court at Los Angeles. The facts in this case were entirely developed by the Commission’s agents and then diverted into the proper channels for action. The average Mexican even more than the average American is an easy victim for any quick wealth promoter, and the following is typical of many cases called to the attention of the Complaint Department. One such Mexican called at the Commission’s Los Angeles office with some advertising and letters which openly promised investors in ICan- sas oil lands a fortune within a short time. The advertising, run in one of the Spanish papers, was a palpable fraudulent misrepresentation and the concern Was forced to categorically deny the misrepresentation in further advertisements and to radically change their methods. The complainant and many other potential Mexican investors were doubt- less saved from financial loss in this concern. A Slavonian farmer living near Chico received a call from a stranger who told him that he had fallen heir to $8,000 upon the death of a rel- ative in the old country and that he was sent by the man who had the money. The holder of the money was in a hotel a few miles away and too sick to leave his room. The farmer went to the hotel with his visitor and was shown a box which apparently contained a large roll of money, his inheritance. The sick man said that he was duty bound to deliver to the right person and the only guarantee he would accept would be the placing of $3,000 in a similar box by the farmer and that sick as he was, he would make an effort to go to the farmer’s bank with him to draw the money. On account of the suspicion of a bank official the farmer received only $1,500 which was placed in the box, after Which all went to a room in a Chico hotel and exchanged boxes. The Strangers left the room saying they would return in a few minutes, but when an hour passed the farmer becoming uneasy took his box to the bank where it was found to contain a large roll of paper with a two dollar bill on the outside. The perpetrators of the ancient ‘‘box trick’’ were later arrested, tried and convicted. - An alleged robbery was committed in the Sacramento Valley in which a Russian woman was relieved of $1,500 at the point of a gun in her own house, by a stranger who had visited there the preceding evening with a mutual acquaintance and who had been informed of the intention of the woman and her husband to withdraw that amount of money from the bank on the next day. The matter was reported to the Commission’s office at Sacramento and a futile search was made. Some time later a Russian resident of San Francisco called at the office and said that he had been robbed of $1,500 and the details of his story, omitting the gun and the violence, were almost identical with ANNUAL REPORT, 1927. 13 the above complaint. The man fortunately was in a position to furnish a very good description of the offender and he was arrested in Los Angeles shortly afterward. He admitted the San Francisco crime, but his version of the manner in which he obtained the money was radically different from that of the complaining witness. He claimed that he had called at the house of the complaining wit- less with a mutual friend and during the course of the evening dis- cussion was had concerning various ways of making a good deal of money without working. Bootlegging and other schemes were dis- Garded when he informed the company that he had with him a machine With which he could and did manufacture paper money in any quantity and for their edification produced the machine, put in a piece of white paper cut to currency size and by manipulation slipped through a new dollar bill claiming it to be the product of the white paper and the Operation of the machine. The victims were duly impressed and read- ily accepted his idea that if they were to engage in the venture they might as well manufacture large bills. In the morning the host brought out three five hundred dollar bills to be used for samples. The artist apparently placed them in the device but really slipped them to his confederate. He then attached an ancient dry cell to the money- maker and gave orders that it should not be touched until his return, which he said would be two hours later. He has not yet returned. The complaining witness vehemently denied all knowledge of any machine though one was found packed in a grip in his house and he admitted that the grip belonged to the robber. - The woman from the Sacramento Valley was brought to San Fran- cisco and identified the prisoner as the same man who had robbed her. He then admitted that offense, but gave a like version to the San Fran- Cisco crime as to the manner of his commission of it. It is difficult to Say which story is the true one in each case, but at all events a San Francisco jury found the high financier guilty of grand larceny. The credulous Mexican continues to be fair game for the fake doctor of his own race as per the following tale of woe related by a victim to a complaint officer. Some time ago complainant, who works on a ranch, brought his wife to visit a family. The defendant called at the home and seeing com- plaimant’s wife he asked to look at the palm of her hand. He imme- diately told her that her veins were crossed and that she was a very sick woman. He said if she would consult with her husband regarding a course of treatments with him he would guarantee to cure her. The wife became quite excited and discussed the matter with her husband and they debated over stopping the treatments which she was taking at a clinic and starting a new course with defendant. It was finally decided to do so and they called at defendant’s home. At that time he said it would be necessary to secure $85—$5 for the examination and $80 for the treatments. Complainant stated that he had little or no money but would be glad to make payments in installments. Defendant refused and said he must have all of the money at once. Complainant said he would make what arrangements he could to raise the money. At this first treatment, defendant placed the wife in a chair before a table. On the table were a picture of the Christ, a cross and a match. 14 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. He placed a small glass before the wife and asked her what she could see. She said, “A match.” He said, “This proves that you are pos- sessed by a woman who has absolute control over you and who is keep-. ing you sick.’’ He then walked around the room with his hands together and his head bowed as though in prayer. Defendant made about five visits over a time of three months and on each occasion the same sort of treatment was given. At the fourth treatment defendant recommended some medicine and gave them four bottles which were to be taken home. The wife took a tablespoon of one of the medicines which made her very ill. She also tried two of the other bottles with no better results. The fourth bottle was for external application. According to complainant, the following is the way he describes the situation : ‘‘I believed defendant when he told me that he would cure the family. He said he would deliver the family in perfect condition for $85, but the family grew worse and each time the family looked into this glass and saw the match, it seemed to excite her and make her that much worse.’’ At the last treatment defendant brought out a rag doll and placed pins in each side and the front of the forehead, a pin on the stomach and one on each knee and said, “This represents your wife’s condition. A woman controls her. This doll will save her. I will send the doll to your house.” A few days later, on the date that the doll was to have been found in complaimant’s home, complainant had arranged to meet defendant on a certain street corner in order to secure the report of a consultation which defendant promised to have with a friend of his regarding the wife’s condition. Complainant waited from five to ten o’clock but defendant did not appear. He then went to the house and defendant said that he had been looking for the doll; that it had gone in the wrong direction but that he had found it and it was in a glass jar. He opened the jar and brought forth the doll With a dead frog tied to its stomach. He said, “The doll has dome the Work. Your wife is well. This will cost, you $20.” Complaimant said he had but $10. Defendant said, “I will accept the $10 but you must bring me the balance in another week.” He then took some oil and poured it over the doll and burned up the doll and the frog. Complainant returned to his wife. She was very ill that night and has been ill since. They have never seen the defendant again. ANNUAL REPORT, 1927. COM PLA |NT DEPARTMENT—TA BLE NO. I. Causes of Complaints, January 1, 1926, to January 1, 1927. Abuse and threats--------------- 22 Accounts and debts-------------- 118 Attachments — –– 32 Baggage: Detained — 2 Lost ----- 3 Check and money order, trouble OVel' –––––––––––––––––––––– 236 Children, delinquents –––––––––––– 3 Contracts : Breach of –––––––––––––––––––– 381 Partnerships ----------------- 16 Crimes : Aged parents, neglect of –––––– 7 Battery –––––– - 12 Contribution to delinquency----- 7 Children : Cruelty to ---- 8 Neglect of sm sº 2 Duress -------------------------- 16 Embezzlement 3 Extortion –––––– 1. Libel and slander — 7 Malicious mischief ––––––––––––––– 61 Malicious prosecution –––––––––––– 6 Obtaining money or property under false pretense - 1 Perjury ------------------------- 2 Postal laws, violation of ---------- 3 Robberies and thefts –––––––––––––– 13 Deportation –––– 37 Discrimination ––––––––––––––––– 10 Ejections and evictions –––––––––– 7 Fraud and neglect : Attorney’s 19 Business 4S Doctor’s – 11 Employment, agency ---------- 32 Overcharge Land Stock sales Tickets ---- General Hospital Immigration : - Industrial accidents Compensation, trouble over Insurance Landlord sºm me mº m s- ame sºme me sºme emº m ºmºs ºme s-s mº sºme smºs sº mºre sº-e ºsmº m ºr *s Marital and domestic troubles : Common law marriage Desertion and non-support------ Divorce Parent and child General ––– Nuisances Official’s : - Abuse of authority Neglect of duty sºme emº ºm ºmºm ºm * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *- * * * * * * * * * *-* amº ºms -- *-* Passport and visa Personal injuries: Motor vehicles General ––– Property : Conveyances, deeds, mortgages, leases Destruction of property Detention of property Injury to property Loss of property Transportation trouble Union, trouble with Wage claims Total 45 13 11 20 !)3 23 16 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND EIOUSING. COMPLA INT DEPARTMENT—TABLE NO. 2. Disposition of Complaints, January 1, 1926, to January 1, 1927. Total -ºr -y ºr Advice given : Property recovered –––––––––––––– 19 1. Business - —— 15 | Referred to : 2. Legal 225 | 1. Attorneys ----------------- 61 3. Miscellaneous –––––––––––––– 20 | 2. Charities 5 Assistance given : 3. Department of Public Welfare 2 1. Criminal cases: 4. Health authorities ---------- 14 Warrant obtained –––––––––– 5 5. District attorney ––––––––––– 27 2. Civil cases : 6. Immigration Commission, U. S. 68 a. Attachment released –––––– 3 7. Justice of the peace –––––––– 3 b. Judgment procured or col- 8. Juvenile authorities –––––––– 11 lected 2 9. Legal Aid Society ---------- 17 3. Hospital or medical aid secured 1. 10. Official of private company—— l 4. Miscellaneous : 11. Police department -------- 1S a. General 77 12. Probation officers ––––––––– 2 Business disagreement adjusted : 13. Public Defender –––––––––– 10 1. Contract adjusted –––––––––– 148 14. Postal authorities, U. S. ____ 1. (Including debts, accounts, 15. Real estate Commission –––– 3 tenancy, etc.) 16. Small claims court –––––––– 19 2. Money settlement secured -- 462 17. State Compensation Insur- Complaint dismissed : ance Fund 3 1. Dropped by complainant –––– 32 | 18. Other officials ------------ 7 2. Insufficient evidence –––––––– 18 Wage and labor disputes: 3. Complaint unfounded –––––– 118 1. Collections made –––––––––– 3() Defendant not found –––––––––––– 16 2. Assistance given ----------- 152 Defendant Warned –––––––––––––– 21 3. Referred to Labor Bureau --- 137 Domestic difficulties adjusted –––– 46 smºsºmº ºmºmºsºm-º: Industrial accidents : Total 1,876 1. Adjustments made –––––––––– 5 || Number of complaints pending ––– 129 2. Assistance given –––––––––––– 19 **mºm 3. Referred to Industrial Acci- Total ----------------- 2,005 dent Commission –––––––––––– 33 CO M P LA | NT DEPARTMENT—TABLE NO. 3. Nationalities of Complainants, January 1, 1926, to January 1, 1927. Albanian ––– 51 Italian 133 American, Central. 6 || Japanese 56 American, South 18 Jugo-Slav 5 Armenian 3 | Let – 9 Austrian ------------------------ | 2 | Lithuanian 2 Bohemian 1 | Mexican 944 British 5 | Norwegian * I Bulgarian –––––– 7 | Polander 22 Chinese 13 || Porto Rican 9 Croatian 4 || Portuguese 31 Cuban 7 | Roumanian ,- 2 Czecho-Slovak 10 | Russian 402 Danish – 2 || Scotch 3 Dutch and Flemish –––––––––––––– 1 | Serbian 2 Egyptian – 17 | Slavonian 7 Filipino 96 || Spaniard 74 Finn 1 | Swiss –– 5 French 4 Syrian 2 German 34 | Ukrainian 20 Greek 17 | Welsh * * 1 F[awaiian 4 || Yiddish 1. Hindu 13 * EIungarian 2 Total 2,005 Irish 2 COMPLAINT DEPARTMENT—TABLE NO. 4. Status of Citizenship of Complainants, January 1, 1926, to January 1, 1927. Aliens –––– 1,820 Declarants 146 Citizens 39 2,005 ANNUAL REPORT, 1927. 17 CAMP DEPARTMENT. A resume of the activities of the Camp Department for the past year shows that satisfactory results were obtained in the lumber industry and hydro-electric projects and considerable progress made in changing conditions in railroad maintenance-of-way camps. Difficulty was had in obtaining results in construction camps due to the lack of coopera- tion on the part of the operators. In addition to this the Commission has had one of its greatest problems—one that still exists and continues to grow—i. e., the working out of some satisfactory plan whereby Mexicans and their families can be properly housed and provided with the necessary sanitary facilities. Agricultural pursuits of the state are increasing rapidly and steadily. This has brought an influx of Mexican labor which is fast supplanting American labor. Each year various agencies advertise and employ agents to procure Mexican labor, the uppermost thought in their minds being to bring labor in an abundance into the district. They do not consider how or where the Mexican is going to be housed, nor the possibility of a permanent residence—thinking of him as “here today and elsewhere tomorrow.” From every indication at present it appears that the Mexican is here to stay and the situation must be met squarely by employers, welfare associations, civic clubs and organized labor. It is an economic as well as a social problem and one that affects the entire state. The number of Mexicans engaged in seasonal labor with their willing- ness to live under any conditions imposed upon them by the employer is having a demoralizing effect on seasonal camps in which American labor is housed. Employers are as a general rule inclined to neglect furnishing proper housing and adequate sanitary facilities for the Mexican workers. This retrogression and laxness has necessitated never ending vigilance and a constant struggle on the part of the Com- mission’s agents. The average employer of Mexican labor, when approached by the Commission’s inspector regarding camp conditions, usually answers by condemning the Mexican and all of his works, but he realizes the necessity for this class of labor during the harvest. The attitude of this class of employers is best expressed in the words of one who had been repeatedly advised by the Commission to place his camp in a Sanitary condition, but who ignored all advice. Upon being arrested to enforce compliance with the act he said, “They have finished harvest- ing my crops, I will kick them out on the county road. My obligation is ended.” He, in his shortsighted way, thought it had, but when he “kicked them out on the county road,” the obligation of the community at large, of which he is an integral part, has just commenced. How far-reaching may the neglect of or utter indifference to his obligation toward the Mexican laboring class on the part of the opera- tor extend? Let us cite the case of the public school. In many locali- ties the Mexican children attend the same school as the children of American families who are permanently located in the district. This demands constant watchfulness on the part of the school teachers and nurses as it has been found that children who come from squalid labor camps may be a source of infection for the local children. The Com- 18 COMMISSION OF IM MLIGRATION AND HOUSING. mission has received a number of letters from school attendance officers and school nurses regarding insanitary conditions in labor camps in which migratory Mexican children are living. The following is an excerpt from one of the letters: “*** During the past three weeks I have had under close observation the migratory labor brought into –––––––––– County, We were able to put the children into school and supply them with a migratory teacher; but yesterday the school nurse was obliged to send them home to clean up because of head lice. When the children first came they were clean. This head condition has developed because of the dirty conditions of these camps.” “** During the month of November, 1926, the Director of Camp Sanita- tion was requested by one of the county health officers of Southern California to accompany him on an investigation of the housing and sanitary conveniences in one of the agricultural districts of his county. IJtter indifference and total disregard on the part of the operators of camps, as to how or where the Mexican employees lived, were manifest on all sides—a condition for which there was no excuse. One of the Commission’s inspectors had previously inspected every labor camp in this particular district and had advised the operators what was required to make all camps livable and sanitary. In addition to finding the camps in a deplorable condition, the director and county health officer, during the course of their visit, also brought to light the fact that many Mexican children who were infected with eye disease were attending the same schools as the local children. Inspection showed that the camps from which the infected children came were invariably filthy hovels. The above instance is another example showing the need for eternal vigilance on the part of the Camp Department in attempting to solve the problem of adequate housing and sanitary facilities for the vast army of Mexican laborers. A typical instance of the assumption of the obligation of an employer toward his labor is best illustrated by the case of the operator of one of the largest camps in Southern California. Last spring the Director of Camp Samitation was asked to go over the situation. After doing so thoroughly he called on the operator and produced figures showing that in this particular camp the highest infantile mortality rate in the county prevailed. This condition, according to the physician and nurses of the school district, was chargeable to shack houses, over- crowding and primitive sanitary conditions. Not a particularly pleas- ant situation, nor one conducive to a feeling of pride on the part of the operator. However, when this condition was brought to his atten- tion he, in company with the Director, went over the entire situation and after some conferences relative to costs and construction, the old insanitary shacks were dismantled and destroyed and a model village housing 32 families was erected in their stead. The school nurse in the district in which this camp was located Writes the Commission in the following manner: * “*** The new ---_______ camp is completed. They have used the lumber from the old shacks to build chicken houses and have whitewashed them. The company is working on our “neighborhood house’ and We are hoping to get in by December. - ANNUAL REPORT, 1927. 19 “The Commission's agents certainly started improvements among the Mexican labor camps of this district. Of course, everything isn’t just up to the mark yet, but the camps are in so much better condition than they were,” Another problem with which the Commission has had to deal is the method of employment frequently used by operators who are develop- ing large tracts of land for growing intensive crops; such as melons, peas, lettuce and tomatoes. Many of this class aim to shift the responsi- bility of operating the labor camps to a contractor whom they engage to secure labor for the harvesting of their particular crops. This con- tractor is usually a Mexican or Filipino who has some standing as a leader among his own people, being in many instances a very irrespon- sible person and one whose finances are probably no greater than those of the laborers he employs. With the responsibility of the operation of the camp on his shoulders and generally without funds to supply the necessary conveniences, this Mexican or Filipino contractor lets the inevitable happen, and that is—the persons he employs must either provide their own housing or take up their residences in any abandoned shack that may be handy. In many instances improvised habitations are built of burlap, boxes, brush, packing cases, tin cans, cartons or whatever may be available on the location, and occasionally we find them housed in abandoned stables. The Commission’s agents during the year have encountered many of that class of camps, and it has been necessary to prosecute the con- tractor to bring about the desired results. By this method of procedure the employer who is using the contractor as a shield has to produce the money to make the improvements or lose his labor supply, because of the contractor’s financial inability to do so. The policy of persuading operators of permanent and semi-perma- ment camps to provide beds and bedding for their employees is gradually being extended. One of the large lumber companies and also a mining company have put the system into effect this year. Several hydro- electric companies have leased the dining and sleeping quarters to com- panies who provide everything necessary, thus eliminating the carrying of bedding by the workers. Many men object to carrying blankets, but they are willing to pay the charge necessary to cover the cost of having accommodations furnished and cared for by the employer or his agent. - Taking the lumber industry as a unit, operators have continued to cooperate with the Commission. When camps are operated directly by the company little difficulty is had in securing satisfactory results. However, some of the lumber companies contract the cutting of tracts of timber to an individual, or as is sometimes the case, to several men —this class of operator is known as a “jipo’’. ‘‘Jipo camps” are usually any kind of habitations that can be cheaply thrown together. During the past year several of this class of camp operator were brought into court for neglecting to comply with the Commission’s instructions repeatedly given. A number of hydro-electric projects are employing several thousand workers. Due to the educational work of previous years, complaints from workers in this class of camps are few. Operators construct their 20 COMMISSION OF IMIMIGRATION AND EIOUSING. camps on lines advised by the Commission and during the life of the camp keep all units up to standard. Various railroad companies during the past year have made con- siderable progress in improving living conditions for the workers. The Commission expects to see the plan extended, particularly by one of the companies which in conjunction with the Commission's agents has outlined a comprehensive campaign of improvements in section, main- tenance-of-way, bridge and building and signal gang camps. This Work has already been started and will continue until all of the objec- tional conditions have been remedied. - Camps in the citrus belts are being improved each year–old camps remodeled, new ones constructed and the advice of the inspectors being carried out. Citrus camp operators have long ago learned that good living conditions mean they will have more contented workers when needed to harvest the crop, with less turnover. - In August the Commission added another camp inspector to the staff. With the addition of one more inspector it was possible to rear- range the routing by locating one man in Sacramento, one in Fresno, one in Los Angeles and one in San Francisco. This makes possible a more intensive program of inspection. Before this it was not possible to make reinspections, especially of camps where seasonal workers were employed, and to carry on the regular inspection work which must necessarily be done in camps of a more permanent nature. Most of the 468 camps that were “bad” on original inspection were tem- porary camps. It was possible to reinspect 89 and of this number 69 were brought to a rating of either “good’’ or ‘‘fair.” This result in Imany cases, however, was not obtained until the inspector had made several visits and prosecuted some of the more obstinate operators who showed no inclimation to cooperate. During the past year the Director of the Camp Department has held meetings in various places throughout the state in which Mexican labor is used almost exclusively. These meetings were held with the object in view of educating the employers and the business interests regarding the necessity of providing adequate housing and sanitary conveniences for all agricultural laborers. At all times the friendly, helpful cooperation of the Commission’s entire personnel was extended to owners, operators and all who were interested. ANNUAL REPORT, 1927. 2]. CAMP DEPARTMENT STATISTICS. Report of camp Inspection from January 1, 1926, to January 1, 1927. Original. Number of good camps 392 Number of fair camps 691 Number of bad camps ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 468 Number of camps inspected –– 1,551 Number of camps reinspected -------------------------------- 151 Total ---- 1,702 Number of old camps inspected ---------------------- 855 Number of new camps inspected ––––––––––––––––––––––––– 696 Total — —— 1,551 I’opulation of camps inspected -------------- - - 62,715 Number of Women residing in camps ------------- 12,657 Number of children residing in camps - - - ––– 11,857 ReimSpections. Camps brought from bad to good on reinspection -------------------------- 18 Camps brought from bad to fair on reinspection –––– m ºmºs 51 Camps showing no improvement on reinspection 2() Camps brought from fair to good on reinspection ------------------------ 14 Camps showing no improvement on reinspection –––––––––––––––––––––––––– 4() Camps that went from fair to bad on reinspection 5 Camps that went from good to bad on reinspection () Camps that went from good to fair on reinspection ---------------------- 2 Camps that were good on original inspection, where inspector recommended added facilities, on reinspection all recommendations had been com- plied with ºm amº sº -- 1. Total number of camps reinspected 151 CA M P DEPARTMENT STATIST ICS. Table Showing Various Nationalities Employed in Labor Camps From January 1, 1926, to January 1, 1927. Americans 31,077 Mexicans — –––16,152 Filipinos — * * * - 3,358 Japanese -- - 1,890 Spanish –––––––––––– 1,739 Italians 1,669 Chinese - - - 1,334 Portuguese smº mº, º mº - 1,260 Scandinavians 793 Hindus -------------------------------------------------------------- 622 Armenians ----------------------------------------- 596 Germans ––––– ºm amº -º º * * = 592 Slavonians 534 Finns 326 Russians 293 Greeks ---- - 272 Swiss 47 French - - 46 Koreans ºme sm. 28 Irish * 22 Austrians * 20 Mohammedans ––––– 17. Serbians ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 15 Xanadians 9 Dutch —— 4 Total ––62,715 22 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND FIOUSING. American born Iforeign born Total ---- Population of camps where data on nationalities was not available Number of camps where data on nationalities was not available CAMP DEPARTMENT STATISTICS. Number of Camps inspected in Each County from January 1, 1926, to January 1, 1927. * * * * * * * * * * * * Apr. May Jan. Feb. Mar. June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *-* * * * * * * * am sº es emº ºm mºm * * * * *- : * El Dorado--- Fresno------------- Glenn.-------------- Humboldt---------- Imperial------------ Merced------------- San Diego---------- San Francisco------- San‘Joaquin--------- San Luis Obispo----- San Mateo---------- Santa Barbara.------- Santa Clara.--------- Santa Cruz--------- Siskiyou------------ * * * * * * * m me sº me = * = m, ºs m. m. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * - º * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *= * * * * * * * * * * * * * ame sº as am. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * mr. º. º. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * º ºm > * * * * *m, m, sº * * * * *-* * * * * * * * * * * * *-* * * * * * * * * * * * * * m. º. º. ººm º º * * * * * = * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * tº ºm * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * sº ºm me º 'º º sms sº ºm me - sº * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *s as sº sº me • * * * * * * * * * * * * ANNUAL REPORT, 1927. Classification of Camps Inspected During the Year 1926. Mining (cement, quarry, oil, coal)----------------------------------------------------------------------- Railroad---------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Celery * - sº * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *-* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *m, sº * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *= * * * * * mº m 'm, ºr = sm as ºr sº * * * * * * * * * am sº º sº sº sº. - sº sº, º sº am - mºm º ºs ºr sº ºne ºr * * * * m sº * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 24 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. HOUSING DEPARTMENT. The Housing Department of the Commission has devoted consider- able effort in securing corrections of violations discovered during pre- vious surveys. Numerous old hotels, apartment houses and other hab- itations were vacated or demolished. There were also many instances where buildings were completely remodeled and renovated so as to meet with the requirements of the State IIousing Act. Investigation has clearly shown that inspection of the cheaper class of hotels should be made frequently. Places found to comply with the act today will later show violations, such as rooms vacated on account of not having ventilation to the outer air will be occupied; a room will be used for cooking and sleeping; water closets which had been clean will be dirty and insanitary; yards formerly clean will be littered with rubbish and filth. Original inspections were carried on as usual. In many cases viola- tions affecting life and safety were discovered—due to a number of causes. The builder may be at fault, the local official may be unfamiliar With the act and too frequently there is inadequate building inspection. A number of the smaller cities in the state lack building departments or any department charged with the enforcement of the Housing Act. The Commission has succeeded in getting some of these cities to appoint inspectors and has trained these men in housing work. Through this method the local officials are more familiar with the State Housing Act and as a result better enforcement has been obtained. Requests for advice and assistance have increased during the last year from most of the cities in the state as well as some of the counties. With the exception of six counties the rural districts are inspected by the Commission only. The department has cooperated with officials in Ilos Angeles, Riverside, Orange, San Luis Obispo, Ventura and San Diego counties in campaigns to improve housing conditions in areas populated by unskilled labor—particularly the foreign element. Inten- sive surveys were conducted in the Mexican sections of Riverside, Casa Blanca and Arlington. A general cleanup of shack conditions in those communities is now under way. . One of the most interesting improvements in housing for unskilled labor is that now under way in a large orange orchard where shack habitations were scattered throughout the holding. The company is constructing new houses with sanitary conveniences at a central point. When these are completed the present hovels, forty to fifty in number, will be destroyed. - The Commission has also assisted the Los Angeles County Health Department in rural sanitation and housing surveys, particularly in the San Fernando district. These campaigns have been most compre- hensive in their scope and are probably the only ones of their kind now being carried on in the country. The results of the Surveys have been the complete rehabilitation of several slum areas. The use of the so-called auto camps as a permanent place of abode is bringing into existence a new type of slum area, which will be a menace in some of our incorporated cities. Sanitary facilities are, as a rule, inadequate, there is little privacy, they are often dirty and are a fire menace. During the year groups of flimsy buildings, one story in ANNUAL REPORT, 1927. 25 * height containing three room apartments and garage, have been built in several incorporated towns. Some of these structures, which are called auto camps, have as many as fifteen apartments under the same roof. These must be classed under the State Housing Act as dwellings, because they are only one story in height, and do not have sufficient protection for the number of families who occupy them. Many shacks used as dwellings have been built outside the limits of a number of our incorporated cities. These are not reached by the State Housing Act and to meet the situation the Commission has recommended county housing ordinances. The Commission has reviewed new building ordinances for several cities during the past year in order to avoid conflicts with the State Housing Act. Many cities are without building codes, others are obsolete. The Pacific Coast Building Officials Conference has been holding meetings in various parts of the state for the purpose of Com- piling a standard or uniform code. A representative of the Commis- sion attended all meetings and aided in its preparation. The prelim- inary draft was accepted at the annual meeting last Summer and it is expected that the final draft will be presented at the next annual meeting. The Commission during the coming year will in all prob- ability be prepared to recommend this as a code to cities not having one. There has been considerable building of one-story single family modern dwellings in a number of cities. This is reflected in the reports of the cities of Los Angeles, San Francisco and Oakland building departments. These departments issued 14,797 permits at an approxi- mate value of $46,267,267 for this type of dwelling. During the year there has been a considerable increase in the number of plans and blue prints of proposed buildings received for checking as to compliance with the State Housing Act, and several major viola- tions were pointed out for correction. In some instances it was neces- sary to recommend the preparation of entirely new sets of plans. The service extended by the department in checking over plans and blue prints and noting violations before construction is started has saved builders thousands of dollars. Housing is one of many social and economic problems. The public is usually slow to recognize the value of good housing with its provisions for sanitation, good ventilation of rooms and structural Safety of *: buildings. This is particularly true where the smaller incorporated cities have no local building and sanitation laws. The following tables, however, show the progress made. s 26 COMIMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. STATISTICS OF THE HOUSING DEPARTMENT Table Showing Cities and Towns in Which lnspections and Reinspections Were Made from January 1, 1926, to December 31, 1926. Original Rein- Made to Pendin Found to Under inspections spections comply g comply construction Alameda----------------------- 8 |------------|------------|------------ * !------------ Alhambra---------------------- * !------------|------------|------------|------------ 2 Alvarado---------------------------------- * !------------ * !------------|------------ Anaheim * 0 ------------------------------------------------ 2 Angels Camp------------------- * !------------------------|------------ 0 ------------ Vin------------------------- ! ------------------------------------ 0 ------------ Atascadero--------------------- 2 * ------------ 2 0 ------------ Atherton---------------------- 3 ------------------------|------------ 0 ------------ Avalon"----------------------- 1,372 5 2 3 1,367 1 Bakersfield--------------------- 11 43 22 21 1 6 Banning----------------------- 2 3 1 2 0 1 ay Point--------------------- * ------------|------------|------------ 1 ------------ Beaumont--------------------- 1 ------------|------------|------------ 0 ------------ Pell--------------------------- 1 ------------|------------|------------|------------ I Bellflower----------------------|------------ 1 ------------ ! ------------|------------ Benicia------------------------ 8 |_ - * : * * * * * * * * * * * * * ------------ Berkeley----------------------- 18 ------------------------------------ 3 ------------ Brawley----------------------- 3 6 0 ------------|------------ 2 Brentwood---------------------|------------ 1 ! ------------------------|------------ Bridge Haven------------------ * !------------------------------------ 0 ------------ Broderick--------------------- 1 ------------|------------------------- 0 ------------ Buena Park-------------------- 1 1 ! ------------ 0 ------------ alexico----------------------- 5 8 4 4 0 I Calistoga----------------------|------------ 3 3 ------------|------------------------ Camarillo - -- ! ------------|------------------------ 0 ------------ Cambria 2 2 ------------ 2 0 ------------ Cardiff------------------------ 1 1 ------------ ! --------- --- I Cayugos----------------------- 1 1 ------------ 1 0 ------------ Centerville--------------------- ! -----------|------------------------ 1 ------------ Chico--- 1 11 2 9 0 ------------ Chino * * * * ! ------------ 1 ------------|------------ Cisco-------------------------- * !------------------------------------ * !------------ Claremont--------------------- 1 ------------|------------------------ 0 ------------ Colton - * * 1 - sº º sm º º ºr ºn sº ºm ºr * 1 ------------ ! ------------------------ Colusa.-------------------------|------------ 7 ------------ 7 Corona 2 3 3 ------------ 0 ------------ Coronado---------------------- 3 ------------|------------|------------|------------ 2 Cottonwood--------------------|------------ 2 2 * * * 4 = * * * * * * * * * * * Courtland--------------------- 1 ------------|------------|------------|------------ 1 Covina--- * * 1 ------------------------------------ 0 ------------ Crockett * ------------------------|------------ * !------------ Crows Landing-----------------|------------ 2 1 1 ------------------------ ulver------------------------ ! ------------------------------------------------ 1 Culver City-------------------- 3 ------------------------|------------ ! ------------ Del Mar----------------------- 1 ------------|------------|------------------------ 1 Dixon-- 1 |-- - - - 0 ------------ Dunnigan * * * * * * * * * * * * * ------------| ? ------------|------------ Dunsmuir 1 6 3 3 ------------ 1 Tl Centro---------------------- 12 13 6 7 ------------ 5. Espalon 1 ------------ - * * * * ! ------------ Eureka--------------- 1 3 ------------ 3 1 ------------ Fillmore-- 1 2 1 1 ------------|------------ Florence 1 ------------|------------------------------------ 1 Fullerton"--------------------- 64 ------------------------------------------------ 23 Garberville--------------------- 4 ------------------------------------ 1 1 Garden Grove------------------|------------ 1 ! ------------|------------------------ Gilroy---- 1 9 2 7 ! ------------ Glendale 29 18 11 7 6 Glendora--------------------- l 1 1 ------------ 0 ------------ Glen Ivy Hot Springs.----------- * ------------|------------|------------|------------ 1 Gonzales * * * * 2 ---- * * * * * !------------ Goshen--- 1 - - - - * * * * 1 ------------ Graham---- * m = * * *m, amº - m a.m. - * : * : * * * * * * * * * * * * : * I - - - - * * * * * * * * Greenfield Corners-------------- 1 ------------------------------------ 0 ------------ Guadalupe--------------------- 1 5 3 2 0 ------------ Gusfine - - - 2 * * * * - * * * 1 ------------ Hawthorne--------------------- 2 - - 2 brinoS*-----------------------|------------ 1 l * - sº ºn º ºs º- * * * * * : * * * * * * * * * * * * Hermosa Beach----------------- ! ------------|------------------------|------------ 1 Hollister----------------------- 7 * * * * * * * m, it ºn m. * * * * * * * * * * 1 ------------ Hueneme---------------------- 3 ------------|------------|------------ 1 ------------ Huntington Park--------------- 1 1 Indian Wells*------------------ 40 40 Indin 4 7 1 6 ------------ l Inglewood--------------------- 1 ------------------------ 1 Isleton------------------------ 11 ------------------------ 8 *Including surveys. ANNUAL REIPORT, 1927. 27 STATISTICS OF THE HOUSING DEPARTMENT—Continued. Table Showing Cities and Towns in Which Inspections and Reinspections Were Made from January 1, 1926, -- to December 31, 1926. Original Rein- Made to Pendin Found to Under. inspections spections comply g comply construction Jamestown--------------------- 7 ------------|------------|------------ 3 ------------ Johannesburg------------------|------------ 1 ------------ ! ------------------------ Kingsburg---------------------|------------ ! ------------ 1 ------------|------------ La Crescenta------------------------------- 1 ------------ ! ------------|------------ La Mesa-----------------------|------------ ! ------------ 1 ------------------------ Lancaster---------------------- ! ------------|------------|------------ 1 ------------ Lebed-------------------------|------------ ! ------------ 1 ------------|------------ Lenox------------------------- ! ------------|------------|------------|------------ 1 Lincoln------------------------ 0 ------------|------------------------ 1 ------------ Livingston--------------------- * !------------------------|------------ 1 ------------ Lodi-------------------------- * !------------|------------|------------|------------ 1 Lompoo----------------------- 17 16 4 12 ------------------------ Long Beach-------------------- 12 5 * ------------------------ 1 Los Alamos--------------------|------------ 2 1 ! ------------|------------ Los Angeles-------------------- 5 3 2 1 ------------ 2 Los Banos--------------------- 2 II 7 4 2 ------------ Lynwood---------------------- 10 ------------|------------------------ 3 2 Martinez---------------------- 5 4 2 2 1 2 Marysville--------------------- 4 16 9 7 0 ------------ Maxwell-----------------------|------------ 2 * !------------|------------------------ Merced------------------------ 2 9 2 7 0 ------------ Modesto----------------------- * !------------|------------|------------ 5 ------------ Mojave------------------------|------------ ! ------------ 1 ------------|------------ Montebello Park---------------- ! ------------|------------|------------|------------ 1 Monterey---------------------- 7 10 7 3 0 2 Monte Vista------------------- 3 ! ------------------------|------------ 4 Morgan Hill------------------- | 1 |------------|------------|------------ ! ------------ Mountain View----------------- * ------------|------------|------------ ! ------------ Murietta----------------------|------------ 1 ------------ ! ------------------------ Murietta Hot Springs----------- * ------------|------------------------ * !------------ Napa-------------------------- 2 7 4 3 0 ------------ National City------------------ ! ------------|------------------------ 0 ------------ CWTD8D----------------------- 3 4 3 I ! ------------ Newport Beach----------------- 18 1 ------------ 1 ! ------------ Niland------------------------ * ------------|------------|------------ * !------------ Niles-------------------------------------- 1 ------------ ! ------------|------------ Nipomo----------------------- ! ------------|------------|------------ 0 ------------ North Sacramento-------------- ! ------------|------------|------------|------------ 1 akdale----------------------- * ------------|------------|------------ * !------------ Oakland----------------------- 6 19 17 2 0 1 Oceano------------------------ 1 ! ------------ 1 0 ------------ Oceanside----------------------|------------ 3 ------------ 3 ------------|------------ Orange------------------------ 9 15 2 13 ! ------------ Orland------------------------ 1 7 3 * ------------------------ Oroville-----------------------|------------ 9 4 * ------------|------------ Palmdale---------------------- ! ------------|------------|------------ 0 ------------ Palm Springs------------------- 0 ------------|------------------------ * ------------ asadena---------------------- ! ------------|------------|------------|------------ I Perris-------------------------|------------ 2 1 ! ------------------------ Piru--------------------------- * !------------|------------------------ 0 ------------ Pismo Beach------------------- 2 3 1 * !------------|------------ Pittsburg---------------------- * !------------|------------------------ * ------------ Oſmond----------------------- * !------------------------|------------ 1 I Randsburg---------------------|------------ 7 5 * !------------------------ Red Bluff---------------------- 1 ! ------------ 1 0 ------------ edding----------------------- 1. 3 1 2 0 ------------ Redlands---------------------- 3 7 4 3 ------------ 2 Redondo Beach----------------- 3 6 6 ------------|------------------------ Richmond--------------------- 5 26 13 13 * !------------ Ripon------------------------- * ------------|------------------------ ! ------------ Riverbank--------------------- * !------------|------------------------ * !------------ Riverside---------------------- 1 5 3 1 ------------ 2 Roseville---------------------- 11 11 2 9 0 ------------ Ryde-------------------------- 1 1. 1 ------------|------------ 1 Sacramento-------------------- 2 * !------------ * ------------ 2 Saint Helena------------------- 1 4 2 2 ! ------------ alinas------------------------ 3 ------------|------------------------ 0 2 San Andreas------------------- 1 1 1 ------------|------------------------ San Anselmo------------------- ! ------------|------------|------------ ! ------------ San Bernardino----------------- 20 59 24 35 0 4 San Clemente------------------ ! ------------------------------------ 0 ------------ Sandberg----------------------|------------ 1 1 ------------|------------------------ San Diego--------------------- 9 12 3 9 ------------ 3. San Dimas--------------------------------- * ------------ * ------------|------------ San Fernando------------------ 17 171 171 ------------ 2 9 San Francisco------------------ 7 1 1 ------------ ! ------------ San Jacinto-------------------- l 3 3 ------------ 0 ------------ COMMISSION OF IM Mil GRATION AND HOUSING. STATISTICS OF THE HOUSING DEPARTMENT—Continued. Table Showing Cities and Towns in Which Inspections and Reinspections Were Made from January 1, 1926, to December 31, 1926. . Original Rein- Made to Pendin Found to Under inspections spections comply g comply construction San Jose----------------------- 29 9 8 1 0 ------------ San Luis Hot Springs.----------- 2 1 ------------ 1 ! ------------ San Luis Obispo---------------- 8 ------------|------------|------------ 3 ------------ San Miguel-------------------- 5 2 l 1 * !------------ San Rafael--------------------- 7 * ------------ 4 1 ------------ Santa Ana--------------------- 1 3 1 * !------------|------------ Santa Barbara.------------------ 16 53 25 28 2 7 Santa Cruz-------------------- 1 4 2 * !------------ 1 Santa Margarita---------------- 1 * !------------ * !------------------------ Santa Maria------------------- 3 3 8 ------------ 0 ------------ Santa Monica------------------ 2 9 6 3 1 1 San Ysidro mº 3 ------------------------------------ 3 ------------ Saticoy------------------------|------------ 1 ! ------------|------------------------ Selma------------------------------------- 3 ------------ 3 Shafter 1 ------------------------|------------ 0 ------------ Sherman----------------------- 5 4 ------------ 4 ------------ 2 Smelzer------------------------|------------ 1 ------------ ! ------------|------------ Sonora------------------------ 0 ------------|------------|------------ * !------------ Sunnyvale--------------------- 7 ------------------------ * * * * * * * * * * * * * !------------ Stockton----------------------- 11 53 22 31 5 ------------ Tehachapi--------------------- 5 l ! ------------|------------------------ Temecula---------------------- 1 1 ! ------------ 0 ------------ Thousand Oaks----------------- 1 ------------------------------------------------ I Torrance----------------------|------------ 4 * ------------|------------|------------ Tracy - - - 2 * | * * * * * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * * * * * ! ------------ Ukiah------------------------- 5 !------------------------|------------ * !------------ Vallejo------------------------------------ 1 ------------ 1 ------------------------ Valona------------------------ 7 ------------|------------|------------ 1 3 Venice------------------------------------- 23 14 9 ------------------------ Ventura----------------------- 5 3 * !------------|------------ 5 Verdugo----------------------- 1 ------------------------------------|------------ 1 Willa City (Venice Way)*--------|------------ 236 236 ------------|------------------------ Visalia------------------------ 46 9 1 8 5 ------------ Wasco-------------------------|------------ * ------------ 4 ------------------------ Watsonville-------------------- 4 10 6 4 1 ------------ Wheatland 3 ------------------------|------------ 0 l------------ Williams sº ºm ºm m. * * * 5 2 3 ------------|------------ Willits * * * 3 1 2 Willows------------------------ 1 8 2 6 ------------|------------ Woodland---------------------|------------ 3 1 2 Totals--------------------- 2,129 1,121 735 383 1,480 179 *Including surveys. Number of cities and districts in which inspections were made------------------------------------------------ #: Number of cities and districts in which reinspections were made ANNUAL REL’ORT, 1927. 29 H O U S I N G D EPARTMENT. t Reinspection of 1121 habitations shows the following results: Sleeping rooms of Hotels and Apartment Houses without sufficient light and Ventilation made to comply with the State Housing Act -------------- 714. Kitchens of Apartment Houses without sufficient light and ventilation made to comply with the State Housing Act ---__ - 47 Hallways of Hotels and Apartment Houses without sufficient light and venti- lation made to comply with the State Housing Act ------------------ 5 Bathrooms and toilets without sufficient light and ventilation made to comply With the State Housing Act Hotels and Apartment Houses where cooking and sleeping in same room has been eliminated ---------------------------- * * 11() Hotels where sleeping in public hallways has been eliminated –––––––––––– 3 Hotels and Apartment Houses having plumbing fixtures enclosed with wood- work made to comply with the State Housing Act 67 IHotels and Apartment EIouses where insanitary plumbing fixtures have been eliminated or replaced 100 Hotels and Apartment Houses where insanitary conditions were caused by the accumulation of filth and rubbish and the absence of covered metal garbage containers—now in a sanitary condition * 09 |Hotels and Apartment Houses where public hallways and fire escapes were obstructed by furniture, debris, etc., now clear and unobstructed.------ 38 Hotels and Apartment Houses in a general state of bad repair that have been repapered, plastered and repaired * - - 285 Hotels where the use of common towels have been eliminated –––––––––––––– 24 Hotels where filthy and insanitary bedding has been eliminated –––––––––––––– 21 Iłuildings unfit for human habitation that have been demolished or closed.------ 314 Hotels and Apartment Houses where baths have been installed –––––––––––––– 40 Hotels and Apartment Houses where toilets have been installed –––––––––––– 92 Hotels and Apartment Houses where sinks have been installed –––––––––––– I6 Hotels and Apartment IIouses where new fire escapes have been installed------ 11 Sleeping rooms overcrowded –––––––––––––––––––––– * * 31 New fire escapes installed – 11 Miscellaneous adjustments: Cellar sleeping abated; use of common drinking cups eliminated ; gas appliances vented; signs pointing to fire escapes ––––––––––––– –––– 24 JAILS. At the last session of the legislature the Commission was given authority to approve plans for the construction of county jails. This work was formerly carried on by the Department of Public Welfare and was transferred at their request. & In order to make a study of existing conditions so that proper rules and regulations could be drawn, inspections of the jails were made. Some of them were found to be a grave fire menace to the occupants, Others were insanitary and poorly ventilated with inadequate sanitary and bathing facilities and no provisions made for sterilization and fumigation. After having made this study the Commission decided upon the fol- lowing rules, which have been approved by experts in jail construction throughout the country: Reçommendations and Rules Governing the construction of Prisons, Reformatories, Workhouses, Jails and other places of penal confinement. 1. Should be a fireproof building wherein all exterior and interior loads or stresses are transmitted to the foundation by means of concrete, reinforced concrete, brick, stone, or by means of a skeleton framework of steel or iron, or of reinforced Concrete, or a combination of such materials; the exterior walls, inner court walls and roof constructed of concrete, reinforced concrete, brick, stone, terra cotta or concrete tile; Where all the structural steel or iron is thoroughly fireproofed by con- Crete, cement, plaster, tile brick or sandstone not less than two inches thick; where 30 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND EIOUSING. all the interior partitions are constructed of terra cotta or concrete tile or blocks, gypsum blocks, brick, concrete, reinforced concrete, or of metal studs lathed with metal lath and plastered not less than three-quarters of an inch thick. Every Window shall be of wire glass not less than one-fourth inch thick set in metal frame and sash. 2. Should have a standpipe and sufficient hose connected on each fioor with con- stant Water pressure, or an efficient chemical fire extinguisher on each floor. 3. No building or room in which cells are installed should be less than sixteen (16) feet by twenty (20) feet floor area inside; and the ceiling not less than nine (9) feet in height for one tier of cells. The ceiling height for two tiers of cells should be not less than eighteen feet in height, provided that a cell or room which has direct ventilation by a window or windows opening directly on a street, yard or court should be not less in dimensions than seven (7) feet by eight (8) feet floor area, and ceiling not less than nine (9) feet in height. 4. The total window area should be not less than one-eighth of the superficial floor area of room in which cells are located, and in the event that a double tier of cells is provided, the said window area should be doubled. All such windows should be located so as to properly light all portions of the room or compartment, as the case may be, and should be made and arranged so that at least one-half of the aggregate window area required in such room or compartment may be opened unobstructed. 5. In lieu of Windows such cells or rooms may be ventilated by a skylight with fixed or moveable louvers directly to the outer air of sufficient size to give proper light and ventilation. Skylights should be of incombustible materials and glazed with wire glass not less than one-fourth inch thick. 6. All window guards should be properly imbedded and anchored into concrete or masonry Walls. 7. There should be at least four hundred (400) cubic feet of air space for each person confined in the room in which cells are installed. S. Cells for one person should be at least five (5) feet Wide, Seven (7) feet long by seven (7) feet high. 9. Cells for two persons should be at least five (5) feet eight (8) inches wide, eight (S) feet long by eight (8) feet high. 10. In no case should cells be occupied by more than two persons. 11. Grating and plate in cell walls and ceilings should be so arranged as to allow free circulation of air throughout. 12. Each cell should be equipped with toilet and lavatory. 13. All jails should have adequate bathing facilities. 14. All jails should be provided with three lock-up departments, one each for male, female and juvenile prisoners, with the exception of the village lock-up, which is generally of one or two cells. During the past year the Commission has checked plans for new jails in Del Norte, San Bernardino, Siskiyou, and Solano counties, as well as for alterations in Alameda county. It has also discussed plans for a new jail in Santa Barbara county. In every instance the best of cooperation has been received from the county officials. ANNUAL REPORT, 1927. & 31 ACT C R EAT|NG THE COM M ISSION OF | M M I GRATION AND HOUSl. NG OF CAL | F O RN | A CHAPTE R 318. An act relating to immigrants and immigration, creating a commission of immigration and housing, providing for the employment by said commission of a secretary, agents, and other, employees, authorizing said commission to fix their compensation, prescribing the duties of said commission, providing for the investigation by said commission of all things affecting inn migrants, and for the care, protection and welfare of immigrants, and making an appropriation for the purpose of carrying out the provisions hereof. (Approved June 12, 1913 ; Stats. 1913, p. 608; amended, Stats. 1915, p. 848; Stats. 1917, p. 1514.) - SECTION 1. Within thirty days after this act shall go into effect, the governor of the state shall appoint five suitable persons to act as Commissioners of immigration and housing. Said commissioners shall hold office and serve solely at the pleasure of the governor and not otherwise. - SEC. 2. Said commissioners shall serve without compensation, but shall be entitled to receive from the state their actual necessary expenses while traveling on the business of the commission, either within or with- out the State of California. SEC. 3. The Commission shall be known as the “Commission of Immigration and Housing of California.” It shall have a seal for the authentication of its orders and proceedings upon which shall be inscribed the words “Commission of Immigration and Housing—Cali- fornia—Seal.” Each member of the commission, before entering upon the duties of his office, shall take the oath of office as prescribed by the Political Code for state officers in general, and must execute an official bond in the sum of five thousand dollars. Within thirty days after appointment, the commission shall meet at the State Capitol and Organ- ize, selecting a president, a vice president and Secretary. A majority of the commission shall constitute a quorum for the exercise of the powers or authority conferred upon it. Whenever a vacancy occurs in the commission, from any cause whatsoever, such vacancy shall be filled by the governor, as provided in section one for the original crea- tion of the commission. In case of a vacancy, the remaining members shall exercise all the powers and authority of the commission until such vacancy is filled. The commission shall maintain its headquarters and principal office in the city and county of San Francisco and may estab- lish branch offices at any place or places which in the judgment of the commission may be deemed advisable. The commission may, how- ever, hold sessions at any place other than its offices when the conven- ience of the commission and the parties interested so requires. SEC. 4. For the purpose of carrying out the provisions of this act, the said commission is authorized to employ such expert and other employees as it may deem necessary, and upon such terms and for such compensation as it may deem proper. The said commission shall have power to enter into contracts of employment with such persons as it may desire to employ for a definite period of time; but no contract shall be made for more than one year. The employees of the commis- sion shall be entitled to receive from the state their actual necessary expenses while traveling on the business of the commission, either within or without the State of California. 32 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND EIOUSING. SEC. 5. The Commission of Immigration and Housing shall have the power to make full inquiry, examination and investigation into the Con- dition, Welfare and industrial opportunities of all immigrants arriv- ing and being within the state. The commission shall also gather information as to the agricultural possibilities and opportunities for settlement on land within the state; such information to include Soil and agricultural surveys of the arable land within the state and other . diata relating to the price and productivity of land. The commission shall also have power to collect information with respect to the need and demand for labor by the several agricultural, industrial and other productive activities, including public works, within the state; to gather information with respect to the supply of labor afforded by such immigrants as they shall from time to time arrive or be within the state; to ascertain the occupations for which such immigrants shall be best adapted, and to bring about intercommunication between them and the several activities requiring labor which will best promote their respective needs; to investigate and determine the genuineness of any application for labor that may be received and the treatment accorded to those for whom employment shall be secured; to cooperate with the state employment bureaus, municipal employment bureaus, and with private employment agencies within the state, and also with the employ- ment and immigration bureaus conducted under the authority of the federal government or by the government of any other state, and with public and philanthropic agencies designed to aid in the distribution and employment of immigrants; and to devise and carry out such other suitable methods as will tend to prevent or relieve congestion and obviate unemployment; and to collect and publish, in English or foreign languages, for distribution among immigrants, in, or embarked for, California, such information as is deemed essential to their protec- tion, distribution, education and welfare, and said commission is hereby empowered and authorized to have printed by the state printer any Such reports or information, records or proceedings, as it may deem necessary or proper; and if for any reason the state printer is not equipped to do any part of said work, then the said commission shall have the right and the authority to have the same done elsewhere upon Such terms and conditions as it may deem proper. SEC. 6. The commission shall cooperate with the proper authorities and Organizations, federal, state, county, municipal and private, with the object in view of bringing to the immigrant the best opportunities for acquiring education and citizenship. To that end it shall procure from, or with the consent of the federal authorities, complete lists giving the names, ages and destimation within the state of all immigrant children of school age, and such other facts as will tend to identify them, and shall forthwith deliver copies of such lists to the superintend- ent of public instruction or the several boards of education and school boards in the respective localities within the state to which said chil- dren shall be destined, to aid in the enforcement of the provisions of the -education law relative to the compulsory attendance at school of children of School age. The commission shall further cooperate with the Superintendent of public instruction and with the several boards of education in the state to ascertain the necessity for and the extent to which instruction should be imparted to immigrants within the state ANNUAL REPORT, 1927. & 33 and to devise methods for the proper instruction of adult and minor aliens in the English language and other subjects; and in respect to the duties and rights of citizenship and the fundamental principles of the American system of government; and shall cooperate with the proper authorities and with private agencies to put into operation practical devices for training for citizenship and for encouraging natur- alization. It shall be the aim to communicate this instruction to the immigrant as soon after his arrival as is practicable. The commis- sion shall cooperate with the proper authorities to extend this educa- tion for both children and adults to labor camps and other localities from which the regular schools are not easily accessible. The commis- Sion in cooperation with the proper authorities and organizations shall Oncourage the establishment of playgrounds and other recreational activities, and also the establishment of settlements and social centers in cities and towns. SEC. 7. With the object in view of rendering to the immigrants that protection to which they are entitled, the commission of immigra- tion and housing may inspect all labor camps within the state, and may inspect all employment and contract agencies dealing with immigrants Or who secure or negotiate contracts for their employment within the State; may investigate the banking relations that exist between immi- grants and laborers; may investigate and inspect institutions estab- lished for the temporary shelter and care of immigrants and such philanthropic Societies as shall be oragnized for the purpose of secur- ing employment for or aiding in the distribution of immigrants, and the methods by which they are conducted; and shall investigate hous- ing conditions under which immigrants live and sanitary and safety Conditions under which immigrants are employed; it shall further investigate conditions prevailing at the various places where immi- grants are landed within the state and at the several docks, ferries, railway stations, and on trains and boats therein, and shall investigate any and all complaints with respect to frauds, extortion, incompetency and-improper practices by notaries public and other public officials; it shall further investigate the relations existing between immigrants and steamship and railway ticket agents, hotel runners, cabmen, bag- gagemen, interpreters and pawnbrokers; it shall further investigate the dealings carried on between immigrants and real estate firms or Corporations; and as a result of any of the above inspections or investi- gations, if it should find evidence of fraud, crime, extortion, incom- petency, improper practices or exploitation, it shall be the duty of the commission of immigration and housing to present to the proper authorities the evidences for action thereon, and shall bring to bear all the authority within its power to see that justice is rendered. The commission shall also encourage the establishment of legal aid societies. SEC. 8. With the further object in view of bringing to the immi- grant the best protection the state can afford, it shall be the duty of the commission to call to the attention of the proper authorities any violations it may discover of the laws pertaining to the payment of wages, to the mode of paying, pertaining to the child labor laws, the employment of women, factory inspection laws, weekly day of rest laws, protection of labor under building laws, protection of labor under public works laws, laws relating to the white slave traffic, and 34 COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. laws of the state and county and municipal health departments; the tenement house laws, and other laws pertaining to housing conditions. The commission shall investigate and study the general economic, hous- ing and social conditions of immigrants within the state, for the pur- pose of inducing remedial action by the various agencies of the state possessing requisite jurisdiction; and shall generally, in conjunction with existing public and private agencies, consider and devise means to promote the welfare of the state. The members of the commission of immigration and housing or any of their authorized agents shall have the right to enter into tenement houses, buildings and dwelling places for the purpose of inspecting such houses, buildings, and dwell- ing places to secure compliance with state tenement and building acts and municipal building ordinances and to prevent violation thereof, and shall have the right to examine the records of the various, city (lepartments charged with the enforcement of the tenement house law and other building regulations and to secure from them reports and copies of their records at any time. - SEC. 9. The commission shall have the right to demand of all offi- cials, state, county and municipal, and it shall be the duty of said officials to supply such information and references to records as will enable the commission to carry into effect the provisions and intent of this act; and shall have the right to enter upon private property to make investigation for the purpose of carrying out the provisions of this act. For the purpose of carrying out fully the intent and spirit of this act, the said commission shall have full power and author- ity to gather any and all such evidence as it may deem proper and necessary in order to present the same to the proper authorities for the purpose of instituting prosecutions against any and all persons, firms or corporations found violating any of the laws of any munici- pality, county or of the state or of the federal government, concerning any of the matters in this act referred to. SEC, 10. For the purpose of carrying out to the fullest extent the provisions hereof, the said commission or any member thereof shall have power to hold hearings for the purpose of investigation or inquiry, and for the purpose of reaching an amicable settlement of controversies Cxisting between persons, firms and corporations mentioned herein; and to this end and purpose, the said commissioners and each of them and such person as may be designated in writing by said commission, are hereby authorized and empowered to subpoena witnesses to appear at Such hearings and to administer oaths. No decision shall be termed to be final until ratified and approved by the said commission and filed in its office. (Amended Stats. 1915, p. 848.) SEC. 11. For the purpose of this act, the words immigrant and immigration shall refer to any alien who is within the state, either permanently or temporarily domiciled here, or in transit, or passing through the state to a contiguous state or territory; said words shall further refer to any alien who may first have taken up residence in some other state or in one of the federal territorial possessions, and then shall have removed to this state; said words shall further refer to all aliens coming to and being within the State of California. For the purpose of this act the word alien shall refer to all persons who are not native born or who have not received their final citizenship papers under the naturalization laws of the United States. ANNUAL REPORT, 1927. 35 SEC. 12. This act shall not be construed to authorize or direct the commission of immigration and housing to induce or encourage immi- gration into this state or the United States. SEC. 13. The commission of immigration and housing shall make an annual report to the governor, on the second day of January, of the operation of the commission. SEC. 14. The sum of fifty thousand dollars is hereby appropriated out of any moneys in the state treasury not otherwise appropriated, for the purpose of carrying out the provisions of this act; and the State Controller is hereby authorized and directed to draw warrants upon such sum, from time to time, upon the requisition of said com- mission, approved by the board of control; and the state treasurer is hereby authorized and directed to pay such warrants. SEC. 15. The commission may make investigations of the housing of immigrants and working people and of city planning in California and elsewhere, may encourage the creation of local city planning com- missions and may furnish information as to the progress of other cities for the use of such commissions. It may investigate and report upon defective housing and the evils resulting therefrom and the work being done to remedy the same in California and elsewhere. It may make studies of the operation and enforcement of building and tenement house laws, of housing finances and taxes, of Zoning and districting regulations and may promote the formation of organizations intended to increase the supply of wholesome homes for the people, and aid in the enforcement of any laws enacted to promote the purposes for which the commission is established. (Added by Stats. 1917, p. 1514.) SEC. 16. It shall be the duty of each and every city planning com- mission or housing commission of any incorporated city or town in the State of California to file on the first day of June of each year with the secretary of the commission of immigration and housing of Cali- fornia a complete report of its transactions and recommendations to any municipal organization or private person or corporation during the previous year, and particularly to report any conflict in authority, lack of cooperation with local municipal authorities or with adjoining cities, with recommendations for needed legislation to properly carry on the development of their housing and city planning work. The commis- sion may annually, or oftener, call a conference of representatives of these commissions, of local health officers, housing inspectors, building inspectors or such other municipal officers as it shall deem advisable to carry out the purposes of this act. The commission may employ city planners and other persons whose salaries, wages and other necessary expenses of the commission will be provided for out of the funds at the disposal of the commission. (Added by Stats. 1917, p. 1514.) SEC. 17. The commission may make an annual report on housing and city planning to the governor, which the state printer shall cause to be printed as a public document, and copies of this report shall be filed with each and every local housing and city planning commission in the State of California. The commission is further authorized to furnish information and suggestions from time to time to city gov- ernments, housing and city planning commissions and other public, semipublic or private bodies such as may, in its judgment, tend to pro- mote the purposes for which the commission is established. (Added by Stats. 1917, p. 1514.) 36 COMſ MISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING. LIST OF PUBLICATIONS ISSUED BY COMMISSION OF IMIMIGRATION AND HOUSING OF CALIFORNIA. NOTE–The publications marked * are out of print, but are on file in the Commission library, 608 State Building, San Francisco, and in the Various libraries throughout the state. The others are for free distribution and may be had at any office of the Commission. 1. *Report on Unemployment to His Excellency, Governor Hiram W. Johnson 1914 2. “Advisory Pamphlet to Employers, Setting forth State Requirements as - - to Labor Camp Sanitation - ––––– 1915 3. *First Annual Report of Commission, January 2, 1915 --____________ 1915 4. *Report on Relief of Destitute Unemployed, 1914-1915, to His Excellency. - Governor Hiram W. Johnson -------------------------------------- 1915 5. *Advisory Pamphlet on Camp Sanitation and Housing 1915 6. A. B. C. of Housing - - - - - - - - - - - - * * * - - - - - - * * * *- - - - - 1915 7. *Plan for a Housing Survey -------------------------------------- 1916 S. Second Annual Report of Commission, January 2, 1916 ------------ 1916 9. *Immigrant Education Leaflets 1, 2, 3 and 4 – 1916 10. *The Home Teacher: The Act with working plan and Forty Lessons in English ------------------------------------ ___ 1916 11. *T)iscussion of Methods of Teaching English - * * * * - - - - -- * * * *- - - - - - 1917 12. *Report on Experiment made in Los Angeles in the Summer of 1917 for the Americanization of Foreign-born Women ------------------ 1917 13. *The Spirit of the Nation as Expressed in Song and the Words of Famous Americans ––––––––––––––––––––––––––– - ! — — — - - 1918 14. *Our Soldiers and the English Language –––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 1918 15. *Report on Fresno's Immigration Problem ––––––––––– 1918 16. *A Community Survey Made in Ilos Angeles City ___ 1918 17. *Primer for Foreign Speaking Women : Parts 1 and 2 -----------___ 191S 18. *State Housing Manual: The Three California Laws, Annotated --______ 1919 19. *Americanization, the California Program - - - __ 1919 20. *Americanization, Suggested Lines for Speakers and Workers ---_______ 1919 21. Suggestions for Speakers (revised and extended) ___ 1919 22. *Manual for Home Teachers –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 1919. 23. *Heroes of Freedom, first edition ---_____________ * 1919 24. *Annual Report of the Commission, January 2, 1919 –––––––––– 1919 25. Report on Large Landholdings in Southern California –––––––––––––––– 1919 26. Rules for Labor Camps – -s - * - 1919 27. Same, Japanese Text ---------- - — — — — — — — — — — — — — — - - 1919 28. Same, Spanish Text –––––––––––– ___ 1919 29. *Advisory Pamphlet on Camp Sanitation and Housing (revised) –––––––– 1919 30. *A Suggested Program for Americanization; reprinted by permission of the General Federation of Women’s Clubs 1919 31. Heroes of Freedom, second edition, (revised) ____ 1920 32. *Bulletin of Information for Immigrants 1920 33. *Same, Italian Text -- 1920 34. *Same, Spanish Text 1920 35. *Americanization : California’s Answer 1920 36. Immigration and Housing Bulletin for September –––––––––––––––––– 192() 37. Immigration and Housing Bulletin for November ___ 1920 38. *Annual Report of the Commission, January 2, 1921 - _ 1921 39. *Advisory Pamphlet on Camp Sanitation and Housing (revised) ------ 1921 40. *State Housing Manual : The Three California Housing Laws, annotated 1922 41. Bulletin of Information for Immigrants, Spanish Text -------------- 1922 42. Bulletin of Information for Immigrants, Russian Text –––––––––––––– 1922 43. Annual Report of the Commission, January 9, 1923 –––––––––––––––– 1923 44. . A Report on Housing Shortage ___ 1923 45. State Housing Act of California 1923 46. Bulletin of Information for Immigrants (revised) - __ 1924 47. Bulletin of Information for Immigrants—Italian Text revised –––––––– 1924 4S. State Housing Manual—Reprint -- __ 1926 49. Advisory Pamphlet on Camp Sanitation and Housing _ 1926 O 49.401 2–27 3650 Bound APR 20 tons {}}N i v a \,, r ... i - H. 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