800.89 11 72 де A 727,597 From Invelope Germanik English ·BY- ELIAS MOLEE. PROPRIETOI AND EDITOR OF THE BRISTOL NEWS, BRISTOL, DAY CO., DAK. 3.1119 POPPEDFE $ A Scheme for Uniting the English and German languages on Saxon and English bases in such a way as to obtain a language understood by the whole Germanic Race almost at first sight and one that can most easily be learned by Rus- sians, Indians, Chinese, Japanese and the African tribes for commercial and missionary purposes on account of being built on a concentrated homo- genous base, and on account of furnishing a key to all the higher derived and compounded words A language scheme requiring the least preliminary study to understand. LOGO! X ASTEB LIBRARY VERITAS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 22 GREETERIAKSTĪJU PRESENTED BY THE AUTHOR 17 I **Germani English,.. Ⓡ --By- **** Elias * Molee, $ it Proprietor and Editor of The Bristol News. Bristol, Day Co., South Dakota. A Scheme for Uniting the English and German languages on a Saxon and English bases in such a way as to obtain a language understood by the whole Germanic Race al- most at first sight and one that can most easily he learned by Russians, Indians, Chinese Ja- pansse and the African tribes for commer- cial and missionary purposes on ac- count of being built on a concen- trated homogenous base, and on account of fring a key to all the higher derived and pounded words. A language cheme requiring the least preliminary study to understand. 800.89 M72 Bristol News Print, 3225 } ge 1+ 1 311 4. PREFACE. This scheme is presented to the Universities and to a few, prominent Journals and Scholars of the Germanic countries especially those of the United States, England and Germany, with a good deal of diffidence. SO The writer is more satisfied with the plan itself than with he manner of presenting it. The writer has so long and exclusively pondered over what language ought to be, and might have been that he has often erred in the use of speech as it is. The author has in this case labored under some serious special disadvantages. Being forced by lack of funds to have this pamphlet printed in a small country newspaper office, by inexperinced typ-setters, and the author himself not being accustomed to proof reading, and sometimes having been absent, there are very many typographical mistakes, which the author begs the reader to overlook. It is a pioneer effort carried through with poor help and appliances. The idea which are herein presented, has appeared to the author to be of so vast importance to the English speaking people as well as to the world at large that he has been unwilling to post- pone the publication of his life study for fear that something might turn up and the scheme might be lost to the world, with all the encouragement which it might give to sympa- thetic and kindred spirits, who would further perfect the plan and carry it out among the people. As only 300 of these pamphlets are published but a few libraries can be supplied. The writer having no spare money with which to leave his newspaper office to visit the great cities to obtain a publisher or to hire the work done by a first class workman, · 3 and language after understood in see the vocabu- this subject. one he waives all his rights, title and interest to the within scheme allowing any one to publish this work in whole or part in any way and with any addition he may choose as if it was his own in any language. I would like to see Part II and III repub- lished or incorporated into some other work especially news- paper almanacs so as to make the ideas known and criticised by the world. I hope there will be many friendly publishers who will revise the English part and present the Germanic English portion in a fitting dress in pamphlet form for a fair price. I have also worked ont into MS. a Germanic English vocabulary which will probably cover 64 pages 8vo. The Grammar and vocabulary ought to be published in one book and then any one can with help of the grammar vocabulary write any thing they desire in this one weeks study and what is writen will be all the Germanic countries. I would like to lary published to form part of the literature on and serve as suggestions to future investigators. But as I have no funds to spare for this purpose and my health being poor: the MS. must lie until some will furnish the money for its publication. The GERMANIK ENGLISH JOURNAL, which I think some one would do well in organizing might besides devoting part of its space to that of discussing and recommending the Ger. Eng. Lang. also serve as a good moral literary family paper, and lay special stress on the value of kindness to men and animals. Being more or less of a missionary periodical edited in a religious spirit might in case of necessity call for aid in this noble work. Such a Journal would get much free advertisement both directly and indi- rectly. A three column 16 page monthly I think would pay well. The Journal might be increased in size and price as the Interest did increase. Those to whom a copy of this scheme is sent are requested to have it firmly bound for better preser- vation or give it to some one who will bind it in cloth. This scheme is not printed for sale but those that I have been able. to print are distributed gratis. I wish the papers and men reveiwing this scheme would do me the kindness of sending me a marked copy containing such review. I would like to in- crease in knowledge and insight on this subject of an improved and universal English. 1 If Germanik English could first be employed and developed as an international speech, it would soon be so enriched and perfected that if at any time in the future we should think it worthy to become the national language, it could easily be introduced into our schools. 1 犨 ​1 .* ! General Outlook,..... Transparency, Regularity and Purity,, Objects of Germanik English, Artificial Languages,. . . . . Invigorating Language Elements, . Wide Political Influences,.. Wisdom Against Prejudice, Recapitulation,.. ! INDEX. PART I Defects in Our Language, Minor Defects,.. English and Vowel Euphony, Pe · ## PART II, • La The Ten Great Rules,. Minor Points,.. Questions on Grammar, Specimens, Graiter Lov, Developed Style, Apendix,. LNK XV, Developed Style,]. Graundlo dono Feranen Staita (D. S.) Qnmerkunga [Simple Style,]. Auszuga from Nuspaipra, PART III. Grammar of Germanik English. • Kenmaikinga. Wisenshqftlikɔ, Dichtung,... Recommendations,. A Germanik English Journal,. In Whose Interest?... 42 · • • · • · ► :. • .. · • } PAGE 5 .7 9 13 15 17 .17 ..21 223 26 27 :...31 ..34 46 .47 49 54 55 ..55 ..56 .57 ..58 .59 323 .59 ..61 ..62 ! } GERMANIK-ENGLISH PART I Language Outlook. The follow little work is an attempt to show the possibilitty and advantage to our English speaking people and to the world of making spelling phonetic, or nearly so, and especially that of showing the necessity and profit of purfying, so as to obtain the greatest number of words that are self-explanatory to children and to laborers. Such purifications of our vocabulary also make it easier for our scientific men to remember a greater number of self-explaining technical terms, a purified and self-developed language is more in harmony with the laws of mind. Understanding and memory are strengthened by the following aids, viz, when ideas proceed from the Simple to the Complex, from the Known to the Unknown and from the Concrete to the Abstract etc. Memory is much helped by repitition, by contrast, and by vividness. All these accumulative mental aids come in with good grace into a self-developed language, while borrow- ing from unrelated tongues makes a larger portion of the voca bulary not understood by the common people and school chil- dren. Hence such a langnage becomes a chech to a high and diversified information among all classes. To illustrate. If we say ichthyology comparatively few men in the nation will under- stand and remember it, but if we agree to speak and write a word constructed on the very same principle adopted by the wise Greeks and say fishlore; (Ger. fischlehre; Sk. fiskeläre; Greek ichthyologia, from "ichthus" fish and "logia" learning, knowledge), all will understand and remember it with ease, be- cause the selfvleoped word is from the known to the unknown; from the sime to the complex; from the conte to the ab- sract, from th particular to the general etc.We furthermore take advantage of a term which has already been learned and are therefore not obliged to memorize an unfamiliar root. Fishlore is more picturesque more vivid and is contrasted and compared with our former knowledge of things. Two ideas in connection are easier to remember than one isolated fact. All these truths combine to strengthen the conviction that borrowing where we can help ourselves from known native ma- 1 6 terial, is radically wrong, injurious and unpatriotic. Believing as I do, that our mixed vocabulary is an unnecessary disadva- tage to all schools, high and low, I have been studying for the last twenty five years how we could add another labor and idea saving institution among the great English and German speak- ing people which would be beneficial to all and injurious to no one. I have spent a share of my time in comparing and experimenting on the improvement of our tongue, and if my motive had not been to promote reform, I could not have held out. Improvement is certainly needed. As we are either obliged to simplify our language, as other great nations have done and are doing, or fall behind in popular knowledge, it occurs to me that the best plan would be to make so thorough work of it that our tongue might become a worthy international language, which, it will become, if we can obtain the social and deplomat- ic support of all the other Germanic nations. How this support is most likely to be obtained will be explained further on. this scheme is not a good one how can it be impoved? If • 1 + : All could have learned and remembered more if we had en- joyed a homogenous self-explanatory speech as Greek, German Anglo Saxon as well as the Russian, Chinese and Japanese, all of which peoples are fast coming to the front in knowledge. The great "Defects in our Language" will be more particularly pointed out in Part II. In presenting this proposed reform, I have taken as a basis only those truths universally admitted by scholars of all uations; asfor instance-(1)That phonetic spell- ing is desirable--(2) That a homogenous self-explanatory lan- guage like the Greek and German is more intelligible to the peo- ple than heterogeneous ones like English and French--(3) That a simple and regular grammar is preferable to a complex and irregular one-(4) That English has much too few vowels for euphony. This scheme being founded only on such truths as common sense and scholars have long approved, and having followed only such methods as are supported by long prevailng analogies in our own and cognate tongues, I do not think we can be very far from a true course. Minor defects can be remedied after introduction. Usage itself impoves and enriches language. • I hope my American, English and German brothern will have patience with me and give me their most favorable construction. Our language has some excellences; but I think I can do more good by pointing out its defects and strengthening its weak points. It is only the foreign and unrelated material that I wish to eliminate, but not what really belongs to us, the German- ic element. The French and Latin words were forced upon our forefathers after the conquest of England A. D.1066 Many for- > 2 · 1 < 7 ܚܐ · eign words have since that been introduced into our speech to parade classical learning. This mixture of vocabulary is there- fore, to a great extent, an outgowth of oppression and pedantry. In view of the fact that I leave untouched our own proper in- heritance and only militate against French, Latin and Greek which are mostly unnecessry intruders, I think will lessen the prejudice against this effort very much Transparency, Regulaity, and Purity in a people's language, are valuable qualities. How profitable to children, laborers, to scholars, and to taxpayers! It seems to me that it would be a source of pride and joy to the people of this country and England to feel for all time that we had a language so self- explanatory and so easy to teach and remember on the greatest variety of subjects worthy of being known that no nation would ever have an advantage over us in the school-room. It is estimated that our unphonetic spelling requires three years of extra study. Major C. A. Story of Chicago has placed the loss of time at from five to seven years. Others have esti- mated the extra cost to equal $10 per child of school age each year, and having over ten million school children, this makes an annual loss to the United States alone of over $100, 000, 000 saying nothing about the great amount of useful knowledge ex- cluded forever by our unsystematic orthography, Borrowing, from unrelated tongues, is probably our greatest weakness, as the majority of men are not able to master the meaning of foreign roots and compounds as well as our peculiar othography. A discussion of impovements to be introduced at some time in the future, it seems to me must produce good results only. Such discussions are taking place among our intellectual Ger- manic cousins and among Russians and Japanese. The school children of all lands hold up their little hands and cry; "Give us words that we can understand and remember, if you please"! • 3 · .. By reason of our borrowing, a dictionary becomes a constant necessity to every school child and even to grown up persons. A great deal of time is lost in searching dictionaries and memo- rizing diffinitions. We train memory instead of understanding. Again people all through life see words they do not understand which they would have understood and enjoyed if we had de- veloped needed words from our own material. In Germany and Skandinavia a spelling book or dictionary are not used in the com- mon schools, noue are needed, for the spelling is very nearly pho- netic and the vocabulary is self-explanatory. What time is not thus saved for other more useful studies? If we do not try to relieve our posterity from the oppression of an expensive for- 8 eign vocabulary, we are neither kind or wise, Those who are too busy to present these questions to the public themselves, might confer a great blessing upon American school children by help- ing those who have will and time for such work. To give our people Latin, French and Greek terms that do not spring from the well understood words learned from father and mother dur- ing chidhood, is like giving a hungry man stones iutead of bread, Lore and ken were very powerful Saxon pords with our forefathers. Why could we not say Godken for Theology, fishlore for ichthyology, and birdlore for ornithology? The Greeks called fish, ichthus and lore or ken, logia, bird ornithus and God, Theos. How familliar ichthyologia (fishlore), ornithyologia (birdlore) and Theologia (Godken or Godlore) must have sounded to the Greek man woman and child. To our people it is a mystery and an unnecessary cruelty. Why could we not say as our Germanic cousins eyehealer for oculist; earhealer for aurist; woundhealer for surgeon; breastbone for sternum; armbone for humerus; handroot for carpus; seedblade for cotyledon; autgrowers for exogens; ingrowers for endogens plantlore for botany: starlore for astronomy, etc. School facilities are fast becoming the same in all countries as the less advanced are copying after the more advanced people. Manufacturing is being developed in all countries and the popu lation is becoming denser and the soil older everywhere, The conditions of life are slowly becoming more and more alike in all lands. How are we then going to stand in the future with the most time-wasting language? This is a serious question! I do not think it is safe to trust too much to our abilities only. These abilities ought to enable us to do better with the same advantages. Shall we allow other nations to have such immense eductional advantage over us, when it simply requires our own exertions to overcome it? If we fall behind mentally we shall soon fall be- hind financially and socially. The more intelligent a people is the more easily can they compete with other nations in arts, in science and in war. The greater the proportion of readily understood words there are in a given language the more easily can the people in and out of the school-room reach the highest intelligence, other things being equal, and which they are slowly becoming. If the press and rich men are only able to think of their own present power, pleasure and position and thereby forget the welfare of their country, we may infer that a dry-rot has taken hold of the heart, which will lead to ignorance, self- ishness, dishonesty and insubordination among all classes. Freubel said nobly "Let us live for our children. "" - 9 Objects of Germanik English. The First Object is to become an Immediate Help between the speakers of the Germanic languages as between the different countries. Our Saxon English words being the same or very much like corresponding words in German Dutch and the three Skandinavian countries, it is evedent that if we further elimin- ate French, Latin and Greek terms and substitute Germanic words for these also, that the union speech must become readi- ly understood by our whole Germamic race, We are aware from expérience that if men know the circumstances under which they meet and have each a knowledge of half the other words then they can make themselves understood very well. More then half of the common words would be understood from the very beginning, hence an American or Englishmen can by speaking Germanik Englsh abroad make himself understood in Germanic countries as well as in his commercial relations at home. To the German it will sound as broken German and to our people as broken English. To our Germanic cousins the ad- vantage will be equally great. Thus an immedeate advantage may be enjoyed, while at the same time laying the foundation for the most transparent and simple language. The able Amer- ican Philosophical Society of Philadelphia says "Even with the advantage of a well-developed internaional terminology, it is a good deal to ask of students of science that he should spend the time to acquire a reading knowledge of the six tongues. In many cases it is impossible for lack of time. But time could always be spared to learn one language, if that were enough, particula- ly if this one were exceptionaly sinple and easy in its grammar. Again, the commercial and traveling world demands one tongue only, in additon of course to that which its members learn in infancy, a tongue facile to acquire and adaptable to their peculiar wants. The time is not far off when one system of weights, measures and coinage, one divission of time one plan of electrical measurement, one code of international law, one mode of quarantine and sanitation, one costume, will pre- vail througnout the civilized world, and along with this unifica- tion of action must and will come a unification of speech. It is not only desirable, it is certain to arrive, and as beings of intelli- gent self-conciousness, looking before as well as after, it becomes us to employ our faculties to direct the course of events so that this one universal language be not left to blind chance, but be framed and adopted of deliberate choice and with the wisest consideration. + "" ** THE SECOND OBJECT is to become the language of Diplomacy Hor J ¦ 10 良 ​F + : ; • in place of French. A systematic Germanic English would be easier to learn than the extremely irregular French. In such mixed languages as Volapuk or Pasilingua the greatest part of the world is also unrepresented, and the language produced is so different from any existing speech as to possess no immediate advantage. Tongues without a home. A language without a past will have no future. It seems therefore that the many nations thus excluded from representation in the alleged arti- ficial mixed compromise world's languages, would have less prejudice against adopting an improved living speech, with a strong home base, as such language, would be understood by a greater variety of men and women than an artifical language could expect to be understood by them. The Germanik Eng- lish is just as regular and simple, more transparent and eupho- neous than any of the artifical languages, easy to learn and leaves other nations just as free to cultivate their own tongues for home use. It is no more than just that those who go out into the world as pioneers in this great work should have an advantage in the start. If no people are paid by extra advan- tage and pride for their efforts we cannot expect a sufficient number of men and sufficient amount of money will be devoted to this cause for the mere purpose of universality in which all will share alike with equal facility. Those who learn the lan- guage after it is well under way must expect to have to learn more words than those who spent part of their time and money in promoting the object which the first did not. The English speaking people are therefore entitled to the greatest advant- age and our Germanic cousins to the next greatest advantage for their support, without which support the language cannot become an international tongue in its full sense. By developing a language as proposed in this plan we will not get so far away from our present English that it cannot be eaisly relearned. Ministers; Lawyers and Physicians can easily keep it up for generations until the new literature becomes extensive enough. The present language might be used in courts longer than else- where. The daily and weekly press could change on short notice as it would not take long to learn to write well in the New Germnic English. For a time there would be two languages, as is now the case in Ireland, Scotland, Wales, Germany, Aust- ria, Russia and the United states. The world likes to wait till every thing is ready and prepared for it without cost. The English speaking people supported by their Germanic cousins can better than any other people prepare this medium of enter- communication and thus they and their supporters be repaid by extra advantages. If our language could be purified so as + · 011 ed to become a transparent Germanik English and be adopted by the English speaking people, then the outside support which would certainly be given to it would make it so strong as to enable it to overpower national prejudices and force itself into the world as an international language. This force would be a blessing to the whole world for all could then concentrate their attention upon one and the same language besides their own. Two languages could be learned better than where half a dozen tongues must be studied and all of them are complex irregular and unsystematic. THE THIRD OBJECT of Germanik English is to teach it as an extra branch in our universities and colleges one hour each week for a time. This, I think, would be a wise plan. It would give the language an "experimental period" by that class of our people best quallified to detect errors and improve our speech. Such experimentation would bring no inconvenience upon the country, and only after due examinations and further improvement would the Government need to assist in its final adoption. The press would have time to see and hear the lang- uage and express its oppiaion. After the Germanik English has been sufficiently experimented on and improved by schools and the press, so that the people here and in England will fi nally decide to introduce it, then we may be certain that an hour a week or more will be given to it in all the schools of the Germanic counrties, as they can never expect to obtain an inter- natonal language more like their own or easier for them to learn than by helping us to extend Germanik English. It seems to me that the question of a reformed English lan- guage is of so vast importance that it would not be out of order for some of our State legislatures or for Congress and Parliment to grant to Universities a small compensation for experiment- ing on language reform. Some Professor would have to learn the language and try it with a class and translate a sufficient number of books into the Germanik English to see how capable the language was and how easily the students could learn it. $200 a year to our Universities would be a small expense. Some legislature or congress could afford to do this for our schools need a better spelling and more self explaining vocabu- 'lary than our present language which I am sorry to say, is the 'poor child's enemy" Private individuals might pay Teachers and Professors to form classes. Why could not several of our numerous universities give a series of lectures on the best method of improving our language? Ithink it would be a good idea for the Government or even for rich private men or women to offer prizes for best essays on the "Improvement of our Language" 12 This would set the linguistic men in the country at thinking. Again it would be well if some literary department of some paper would insert in its columns a series of stories to be agreed on and furnished at first by the author until a large number of persons had learned the language. Either the simple or dev- eloped style might be adopted. Again it would be a good pat- riotic measure if some literary men would form an "Association for the Purification of the English Language" on the plan of the "Deutsche Sprachverein". This Association might issue monthly or quarterly papers, sell books and encourage teachers through- out the country to get up extra evening classes. If the work was connected with some extensive newspaper or publishing house, and if paying sublodges could be formed throughout the country, several men might make a good living and money by working for so noble a cause as the improvement of our langu- age, which would make it fully worthy of becoming the inter- national tongue. THE FOURTH AND LAST OBJECT of Germanik English is to become the most understanding-helping. memory-helping and purest language for English and Skandinavian countries, whose languages are very near that of the Anglo, Saxon and Saxon English, and which have too few speakers for the good of a diversified literature. There has been some thought in Skandina- via of uniting Danish, Norwegian and Swedish as I have pro- posed to unite English and German. The Dutch is so nearly like German that they will without much doubt in my mind finally drift into High German as other Low German diallects. have, done. German is already a great world's language and at their own door. An international speech ought to be made the speech of some great nation in order to have a home for it and be thereby better cultivated on the greatest variety of subjects. If internationality should be denied to an "improved system- ized English" we should still have benefited our own countries by giving them the clearest home and school language, which could further compete for the world's favor with any speech that might be set up against it. The more improvements we can put into our language, the clearer and easier will it be for our own country and the sooner will the language become inter- national though not universal. There are certian serious reasons against mixing unrelated languages, which will be explained lat- With unrelated word-mixing, we cannot economize our store of "prefixes dnd suffixes", as hemi, demi, semi into haf; sub and supter into under; e ex and ab into aut aus and off etc. Mixture of affixes must certainly destroy mutual suggestiveness. ter on. 13 Where we employ "profixes" from the Saxon, Greek, Latin and many other tongues, we will have so great a variety of for mative material that children and laboring people cannot feel the full force and meaning with that vividness which ought to obtain in language. As in spelling, there ought be one sound for one character and one character for one sound, so ought there to be in a true vocabulary but one prefix for one meaning and one meaning for one prefix-as, 'hemi-sphere' (half-ball; Ger. halb- kugel); 'semi-annual (half-yearly; Ger. halb-jährlich); 'pre-dict (fore-tall; Ger. vorhersagen); 'ante-chamber'(fore-chamber;Ger vorzimmer.) Prefixes go very far to explain the meaning of new and strange words, and if we confine ourselves to Germanic "prefixes and suffixes" that will also tend to exclude foreign base material. Thus, if we say mit for sym, we shall be inclined to say feel for the strange pathy, as mitfeel for sympathy; Ger. mitgefühl; Skan. medfölelse. Prefixes must be so few that they may be repeated daily and thus become thoroughly ingrafted into the mind. Where would a musician be with a thousand tangents? We have as many 'prefixes' of Germanic origin as we need and can mentally digest. Unrelated prefixes cannot be systematized to the best advantage, for we cannot proceed from the known to the unknown etc. Time and mind is wasted in memorizing an unnecessary large amount of linguistic building material. This has been more fully explained in my PLEA FOR AN AM. LANG. under the heading "12 Defects of English" A homogenous tongue explains itself under a hundred cir- cumstances No very mixed tongue can be very expressive. ARTIFICIAL LANGUAGES. There is a great dfference between improving an existing tongue and that of constructing a new artificial language. The German was very full of French and Latin words in 1770. Fred- rick the Great spoke French to his court and German to his com mon subjects. Scholars arose against this practice. The op- position to foreign words has been ratified by the whole nation and this has made the German" the most understanding-help- ing, memory-helping and expressive tongue in the world, the love and the pride of a great and good people of our own race and speech. This shows that language can be purified, if people only have the will. Prof. Whitney of Yale Collage, says in his Lectures on the "Study of Languages" page 147. "We must be careful not to mistake the nature of the obsticle which prevents the liberal increase of our vocabulary by means 14 * of combination of old material. It is wholly subjective, consis- ting in our preferences." In Russia the very points are presented for adoption that I have presented in this work, viz: purification of vocabulary and systemization of grammar. Mr. Schischow in his treaties on the Russian language, urges the expulsion of all words not of Slavonic or Russian origin, as it destroys the mutual suggesti- vness among words to mix unrelated tongues. Mr. Kopitar in his grammar page 311, urges the idea of making the several conjugations of verbs more systematic by taking one regular verb as the model for all. Japanese scholars were once considering the question of adopting English or German, but they found fault with the English spelling and the grammatical German genders. The Dutch and Skandiavian languages were very full of foreign words a century ago, but are now nearly delivered from that burden, The Russians have commenced to eliminate foreign material, though their language is very homogenous already. The Danes and Norwegians have simplified spelling, vocabulary and grammer conciously. For instance the distinct- ion between the singular and plural in verbs has been abolish ed upon the recommendation of linguists as "jeg har" (I have) plural "vi have" (we have) now the same form is employed with the plural "vi har" as well as "jeg har". The distinction between the neuter adjective and adverb is also abolished. On June 3rd. 1679 the French Academy decreed that the Present Participles should no longer be declined and the de- cree has been obeyed. But there is no historical warrant for the adoption of an artifical language. The act of simplifying and purifying home material is a well known process. No new or foreign principle is allowed in Germanik English, for we are so rich in forms and material that we do not need it. Think of the vast amount of material in Gothic German, Dutch, Anglo Saxon, Saxon English, Skandinavian and Icelandic. Let Latin nations unify Latin material and all will be well served for home use. As no nation did ever adopt a new artificial tongue there is something uncertain and even humiliating in this. Why should we beg of Komans to furnish us words when we have so rich a store-house of our own? The world with its vast interest cannot afford to run any risk. Before any change can be accomplished the leading minds and the Press must become convinced that the change is possible and that it will bring no disadvantage. The world must be convinced that the change is a necessity and that no better arrangements can be made. Necessity, force and self-interest must co-operate. But how can the world be convinced that the introduction of the new "" 15 artificial language can be accomplished? A few scientists may experiment in their little laboratory. The world cannot thus experiment, hence similar experience among a similar people is the only guiding star that the world has. The only testimony that can be given to this court is history and history knows nothing of the adoption of an artificial language, which is after all only a mixed product of the inventor, and not the property or pride of any race of men. INVIGORATING LANGUAGE ELEMENT. Germanik English is only a revival of Saxon or Germanik English, with a few similar Dutch, German and Skandinavian forms and words. A philosopher has said: "History is a people's intellectual soil and language is a people's intellectual atmos- phere". If this intellectual atmosphere is clear and bracing it must naturally produce clear and active minds. If the Ger- manic element, which is fortunately still the main strength of our language cannot be shown to have had a degrading tenden- cy on their several peoples, neither can a union of these similar elements be regarded as dangerous. Let us take a general out- look. The Norwegians are the most commercial people in the world according to population. Less than two million inhabi- tants have over seven thousand ships crossing the seas. There is the little brave country of Sweeden with her Bacons and Newtons in Science, with her Washington, Lincoln, Grant and Garfield in war and in the legislature. A people who have been free for the last 2,000 years. There are also the intelligent and artistic people of Denmark. Those people have spoken a Germanic language and they are a vigorous honest and thoughtful people with a comparatively large literature. There is Holland the next most commercial people according to popu- lation. She has dyked the ocean and compelled the sea to give them room. She also speaks a Germanic language. There is Prussia who, but a short period ago, was only a small principal- ity. She has trained heself into such efficient soldiers that her neighbors have been compelled to allow her to unite her own children and to let them live and grow. She has proportionally the smallest public debt. The German Empire stands the highest both politically and financially in Europe. She has filled the world with her renoun in the science of war and in the arts of peace, and she has given the world the most learned literature. She speaks a Gernanic language. There is Eng- land who sits like a Queen upon the ocean and over whose dominions the sun never sits. A country full of great soldiers, 16 writers lawyers and merchant princes. There is the United States the "Wonder of the Nineteenth Century" the most inven- tive and energetic people in the world. Their ordinary every day language is again three fourths Germanic. This shows that the Germatic element is not degrading. We are behind in language purity and we are according to statistics also that much behind in literacy. Ninty-seven per cent of the people over ten years old in Germany, Holland and Skandinavia can read and this is the highest point ever reached by any nation in literary. This however, is not the whole story. Not only can a greater proportion of their people read, but they understand more of what they read, on a greater variety of subjects as their languages are more self-explanitory. Our English speak- ing people are originally mainly of German and Skandinavia blood and though we are the most energetic, though we stand at the head of the world-wide charities, though we distribute more Bibles than all the rest of the world combined, though we have more ships and railroads than all the other nations, though we have the most extensive literature I am convinced, nevertheless, that the highest intelligence either among the lower or higher classes cannot be attained with our present mixed and inex- pressive vocabulary and grammar. Though we are a great people and possess the most glorious territory on earth, we can therefore not neglect so great educational advantage, nay we need it so much the more. The greater the country the more responsibilities and the more burdens it has. The effort of Rev. Barns of England to purify our vocabulary and the effort to purify spelling are good as far as they go, but we need something better for this vast empire. What are we going to do about it? Hiding these defects will not do us any good. It must be far more useful and patriotic to point out those blemishes in our tongue. The best we can do for one another now is a free exchange of thought. It would be well if both English and German linguists would express an oppinion. With our present borrowing our people will as certainly fall behind as there are mental laws at work, and we cannot help it with all our native energy, exept by a cheerful willingness to improve both vocabulary, grammar and spelling. People cannot afford to waste so much time in searching dictionaries(for particulars see Part II). He who sings us into satisfaction with our present impure foreign vocabulary I re- gard as a traitor to the welfare of the people of these great United States! 17. + WIDE POLITICAL INFLUENCES What general influence would a purified Germanik English be likely to have? I think in America the prominent result would be to extend the range of thought among working men, as their children could learn easier to read and they would understand far more of what they read. The next result, I think, would be to facil- itate the melting together into one mind and people the diverse elements in our composite population. It would promote true Americanizing, as the purified speech would be regarded with love for its greater kindness and goodness and it would be so easy to understand by all, that with a closer union of language, a closer union of feelings would result. In Europe, I think, the first effect would be to bind into closer ties of friendship Eng- land and Germany, as well as the smaller Germanic countries. Both those great nations need the support of one another against the ever increasing danger of Russia and Pauslavism. The third influence of an easily learned Germanik English would be that the world could know more of our tongue and deal more freely and heartily with our people. Through the medi- um of a simplified Germanik English, there would be a more intimate intermingling between the people of different countries. Only the United States & England combined with the assist- ance of our Germanic cousins, can bring those fine results into the world. In the beginning many a man and newspaper must give and work without pay to create a desire for such a speech. Are such results not worth working for?, nay, worth dying for? Is a pure, systematic, understanding-helping, memory- helping and well-sounding language not worth having to our people and schcol children? The foreign elements in our tongue is not of free choice, but came in with the Norman French Conquest of England. The common people have had little influ- ence on the formation of English. Land lords rather than teach- ers have brought in the foreign material We have now be come so accustomed to discordant elements that few see the im- mense disadvantage, or feel the great injustice to school chil- dren of building on strange and unfamillar root-words. WISDOM AGAINST PREJUDICE. Americans and Englishmen may at first sight think the proposed Germanik English has too much German in it, and the Germans may think the language is too English both in vocabulary, grammar and structure to become international. But as I have stated once before, if it should fail of becoming 18 } we international, we have still obtained a good home speech. Our Germanic cousins, I think, can be relied on without any doubt, to support this language as an international one, if the English speaking people want it, The Germans cannot expect to make their own difficult grammar international and they cannot hope to obtain an extra language, that will be more like their own or eaiser for them to learn than by helping the English people to extend Germanik English. Neither can do better than recur liberally to our ancient Germanic material so as to gain their support. If we do not combine with Germa- ny, Holland and Skandinavia, they will be obliged to combine with the Latin nations in Europe and South America on a Latin basis to obtain a systematic international language, so much desired by them. There is no danger that such caco- phonous and complex play on words as Volapuk, will be adopt- ed, but there is an other artificial language which is fast gaining ground namely Pasilingua sold by E. Steiger & Co. 25 Park Place N. Y. This language is more simple and more musical than Volapuk. An international language is highly desired both by the Germanic and Romanic people. Pasilingua is Latin both in grammar and vocabulary, and it is constructed so as to favor classical scholars. When we come to trade classi- cal scholars will bo few in number. Only a small part of the clerks, travelers, sailors, hotel-keepers, importers, manufacturers and readers will be classical scholars in any of the grand divisions of the earth. To this large class the language will be difficult to learn It looks very strange to me that the Ger- manic race which have been so long tyranized and oppressed by the Roman people and language should now go back and beg nearly all their words of the Latin nations to form an interna- tional speech, while nothing is so international as trade and much more than four-fifths of foreign commerce is carried on by Germanic nations. The little country of Norway alone has as many ships as the United States, and there is Sweden, Den- mark, Holland, England, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Canada, Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, New Guinea, South Africa and other great English, German and Dutch possessions in Oceanica and Africa rapidly growing into powerful kingdoms speaking the Germanic languages and yet our words are not to be taken into account unless they have the stamp of Latin on them. Russia and Asia are entirely excluded in the pretended compromise languages. It looks to me as if Latin teachers had constructed this New Latin for their own pleasure. Let Latin people cling to Latin material and German people to Germanic matertal and no one will be wronged linguistically. English + 19 半 ​alone with all its defects stands a better chance of becoming internatonal than any artifical scheme, however well constructed, because the later has no beloved home as a basis. Where men and women simply use a language occationally for foreign trade and correspondence and that a tongue which is foreign to all will never take hold of the heart so as to be cultivated as it would be if it were the regular inheritance and daily possession of some great people in families, in schools, in churches and in the court-room. Improving our extensive language will shorten the time in which it will become the language of trade as well as of deplomacy and at the same time give us the best instru- ment of educating our vast future population. Learning a language so situated would be of greater value to foreign learners in gaining additional information in all departments of knowledge and more reliable in trade and travel. But in order that our language may be worthy of this exalted honor it must be improved in vocabulary, grammar and spelling, then I think the world will be willing to adopt it for deplomacy in stead of the irregular and mixed French. The talk about jealousy of other nations, I think is overestimated. Neither we nor the Germans have any jealousy against French being the language of deplomacy. What the world desires is an extensive language regular and easily learned, and the more men that couuld un- derstand it throughout the world the better. A simplified Eng- lish among our own population would have more educatonal power than the building of a thousand colleges, as only a small proportion of young men and women would attend them for a few terms, but a suggestive language would help all persons to more ideas in reading and speaking in city and country at every turn through life. I can see why the Romanic and Slavonic people would have a prejudice against our speech becoming international on account of difference in race and linguistic material. But for us to object to recur to our own historic Germanic material in the Anglo Saxon and a few allied German Dutch and Skandinavian forms and thereby prevent language purity at home and drive away the support that could make the language international, would not be wisdom but prajudice against our own race. Mixing five or six unrelated languages into one makes it strange and inexpressive to all. We cannot economize prefixes and suffixes as we should. We have not excluded Romanic and Slavonic words because they are Romanic or Slavonic, but because home words suggest new and obvious analogies at every turn. There is more danger in Germanik English to Germany, Holland and Skandinavia be- coming Anglizsed and Americanized than we should be German- CON 20 ized. The influence of a unified and simplified Germanik Eng- lish tongue, would undoubtedly be mutual. The Grecian philosopher and the Roman actor would become more united into a type of character greater than either separately, As the ordinary written language as proposed is four fiifths English, the greatest influence would be on our side, hence we need not fear a closer union of speech, if our cousins do not, The Germuic race is strong enough to produce a world-speech, One advantage of this is, that the greater part of the commerci- al world could easily learn it and thereby secure the introduction of a good, pure, systematic euphoneous, economical and self-ex- plaining language for all, which introduction may never be ac- complished unless some special facility is willingly granted to those who must fight the chief battles and do the most to spread such a language and who need it the most at home and abroad. Even if this should force the Latin nations to unite in the same way on French or Spanish as basis, there would still be fewer languages to learn and easy systematic ones at that. I believe four or five languages would serve the world better than one single speech, as every language expresses some shades of thought not expressed by others, and each could systematize their own beloved native inheritance and obtain better and pur- er tongues for home use, letting the most extensive and com- mercial union speech be the sole and only international one, If we systemize and unify maybe other great nations will do the same, I do not expect to make a sufficient language for this great empire of America or for the world but only to point out the best rout for the language to travel in the future and to call the attention of scholars to a profitable mine. What I have proposed will merely form the basis to a great superstructure. Intorduc- tion is more difficult than construction. Some one must make a beginning in the work of setting up an ideal twords which we may march with more or less rapidity. Language can no more fall into an artístic mould of itself than a garden or a park, hence a difinite and generally knowing ideal is much needed. Before we can improve language we must know what qualities we desire our langnage to have and what qualities in it are undesirable. Being a daughter of Westeren and Central Europe, we have had the advantage of the muscle and the intelegence of all those countries in developing these States. How much of our inventions and developements are due to each element and lan- guage in our composite population it is probably impossible to tell accurately. Yet I am inclined to think that we have had many advantages in the past century which we will not have 21. during the next hundred years, as for instance large immigration and cheap lands and a thin population, good wages and low rent and much spare time to go to school for children. We will be obliged to economize more than before. The school tax is, at least in this country, the heaviest tax. The greatest and most useful economy I can think of would be a simplification of our langu- age. If we neglect our language nothing can save us from a secondary position educationally among Germanic nations. The reason for this is evident. Though we have as good climate, as good muscles, food, health and memory as any other people, yet an arbitrary foreign vocabulary will rob common people of ideas all through life which might have been gained and enjoyed with self-development. No people using a mixed language in ancient or modern times has attained to the highest popular intelligence. We have the Greeks among the ancients and the Germans among the moderns. : We must remember that England has been busy with foreign conquest and the United States has been busy in developing this vast empire. School days have been shortened in order to get into business. Business has filled the mind both in and out of the school-robm. So abstract a question as language can hardly find a hearing yet. While there has been thousand of schol- ars in Germany and Skandinavia proposing language purifica- tion, there is among us very few men who have spent even a pass- ing thought on language improvment. So powerfully has mer- chantilism taken hold of the hearts of our people that we seem oven to be incapable of systemizing our "orthography" which Gladstone calls the laughing stock of the world' We think of im- mediate business to the exclusion of more remote benefits. Short- sighted policy! So far this merchantilism has worked compara- tively well, as we had a large extensive and undeveloped territory to conquor. The study of languages in preparing for the Min istry and some years spent in the teaching of it, have convinced me of the importance of what I have said concerning this question. RECAPITULATION IfI had incorporated less English, into this laguage, there would have been less hope of ever gaining the wilingness of Ameri- cans and Englishmen to gradually introduce it for home use, and if I had recurred less to Anglo Saxon and Germanic forms we should have had less purity aud mutual suggestiveness, and there would also have been less hope of being socially and de- 4.) 22 plomatically supported by our many Germanic cousins so as to inake the language more fully international and thus obtain the greatest possible advantage to ourselves and the world. There would further have been less immediate advantage in learning it for communication among Germanic nations, the world's most commercial peoples. If I had employed less vowels the speech would have beeù less euphoneous in speaking and singing. Although our language reigns almost supreme in North Am- erica, it is not so powerful in Europe. Russian is there spoken by over 70 million, German 58, French 38 and English 34. Eng- lish has one Great Power on one side of Europe, while German is the language of two Great Powers in the center, Germany and Austria. It is probable that Europe can do the most effec tive work for an international speech, as they are more numerous and have a greater need for a language of that kind. The aid which this country can give will not of itself be enough to make it inter- national in a high sense, hence I think it is evident that we need the support of our Germanic relatives. The only way in which we can secure this powerful support from numerous peoples having so similiar "base-words, prefixes and suffixes" and belonging to the same race that the union with them can be made in such a way as to obtain the highest measure of homogenity, practical purity and transpareancy of speech with the least violence to our history, and also obtain the greatest amount of "immediate in- telligibility" and highest degree of ease of learning and teaching. A union speech which would become powerful enough to become international in the widest sense and which might with honor and profit also become national. Purity and homogenity are of very great importance in language, as one word explains related ones. Speech becomes more specific, descriptive and accurate with homogenity; as-upgo, upwalk, upride, upsail for Lat. "ascend' Ger. aufgehen, aufwanderen, aufreiten, aufsegelen. No existing or artificial language can possibly be highly sugges- tive, if they do not develop from well known, oft recurring base words which economize understanding and memory. The easier a language is mastered by all men the more other diffi- culties can be overcome, the more can be learned and remember- ed all through life and the better will all understand one another. To cling to foreign material because we have used it for awhile and after it is shown to be of disadvantage to education and after it is being discarded by other great nations, seems to me to be unreasonable stuborness and Chinese immobility. Improvement in language is not like a change in law or religion. No party, interest, or class is injured. t 23 There is no dangerous consequences to fear, but all are bene- fited and our ancient material is preserved. The reform does not require for its accomplishment a very high degree of dis- interestedness, or purity of heart. It requires intelligence, public spirit and love. It is certainly a true aim of liter- ary culture to render its forms for expressing thought so trans- arent that they will be quite lost to view in the thought itself, hence language must be made transperent and pure. England and Germnay are likely to be for all times our best friends, as they are of our own blood and way of thinking. To unify speech is to unify feelings and friendship and at the same time obtain a good school langauge. PART II DEFECTS IN OUR LANGUAGE. If in order to illustrate the inexpressiveness of our scientific vocabulary, we take seven words out of the science of physi- ology, which is now being so much studied in our common schools, we shall find that our names are such that when told to a student for the first time, he cannot remember them till the next day, while the German boy and girl's memory are so much assisted, by the understanding of former base words well registered in the mind that he can easily remember the seven words till the end of his or her days. What is worth even more, those children and people will understand what those scientific words mean when seen or heard for the first time and unattended by explanation. The proportian of disadvan- tage against our American and English students are equally great throughout their whole physiology study and throughout all the other sciences, nay, even in popular knowledge. Compare the following seven words. GERMAN SKAND. GER. ENGLISH ENGLISH Scapula Humerus Radius Ulna Carpus schulterblatt skulderblad armbein armspindel elbogenbein armben armspindel albuben handwurzel haandrod mittelband midelhaand Metacarpus Philanges fingerglied fingerled John Stuart Mill says in his System of Logic Book IV Chap. VI. shoulderblade armbone armspindle elbowbone handroot midhand fingerlinks "Those languages have an immense advantage which from their compounds and derivatives from "native" roots, like the Le 24 German and not from those of a foreign or dead language, as is so much the case with English, French or Italian, and the best are those which form them according to fixed and alogies corres- ponding to the relations between the ideas to be expressed. ?? I am not alone in criticising my own language. So great a writer as the Frenchman De Villars who had thoroughly studied the German language and literture says: "The Germans have a language, the French have only a jargon." (Les Allemands ont une langue, les Francais n'ont qu'un jargon.") Prof. Hadley and Prof. Geo. P. Marsh of this country; Lessing, Grimm and Sanders among the Germans. H. C. Oersted, L. Daa and Rasmus Rask among the Skandinavians have given vigorous utterance against the evils of borrowing in their respective tongues. Among the Russian purifiers are Schischow and Kopitar. The Japanese have also discarded borrowing and taken to self developement. The reason for this wides-pread opposition to borrowing among thoughtful men is very evident. The language becomes more intelligable and har monious with self-developement, that is, we obtain with the latter method a better and cheaper language machine. The spirit moves more freely in a homogenous tongue. A man feels more at home with his own countrymen or his own family. I think it will be well to draw the attention to another concom- itant evil. The language becomes less eloquent', picturesque and poetical by borrowing. Eloquence in speech depends principally upon the ability to "convince and persuade." First the understanding must be cleared up and then the feelings must be aroused. A language which makes use of only such words and compounds that have been thoroughly registered in the mind from childhood are more easily understood and arouse the feelings more deeply. It is very difficult to measure the real persuasive power of different tongues, as so much depends on the, the hearers and previous cicumstances. There are however, scientific reason for deciding in favor of a homoge- nous tongue. The public speaking in Greek by Demosthenes and in German by Martin Luther had extraordinary great effect on those who heard the two most pure languages of ancient and modern days. We have done well in America and England in a material sense, because we have had the best countries for production and commerce, we are a vigorous people and have been freer from fear of attacking neighbors than other nations. Many extra advantages will in time of general peace disappear. With regard to the length of words, they are the same as in the present English or German. Many words have become hsorter than before, as, "fishlore' for ichthyology, and 'hindkore • : 25 for ornithology. There are also cases in which the new words have become longer than before in order to assist understanding and memory, as, 'flowercrownblade' (flaurkraunblaid or blum- kraunblaid; Ger. blummenblatt) for petal. It makes no diffier- ence to science what things are called provided the names are definite and easy to remember. Such language poor school children highly need and will have when people cau appreci ate the terrible loss of thought, time and temper caused by our exceedingly unkind 'spelling and vocabulary. For all rare scientific ideas it is cheaper to have long descrip tive words than to spend so much more time in memorizing arbitrary short ones Lip work is cheaper than brain work. Besides the longer discriptive words will suggest ideas to the people in those millions of cases where the words were not seen or heard before. The elevating and educating power of lan- guage is increased by long descriptive words which may be rarely seen. Such words carry their own dictionary within them- selvs, therefore are easy to remember. The base words are short, as they are taken from English so full of short words, hence good to build from, but rare ideas must have long descriptive words. We must either have long words or long memories, or short words and short understanding. Very brief words for rare terms are as unhealthy to the mind, in my opinion, as very concentrated food is to the stomach, hence more diluterl food for weak constitutions. The stomach needs filling as well as nurishment. In language we need mouth-filling and ear- filling words which give us more time to think of what has been said. The German, Greek and Anglo Saxon method of compounding is fuller and clearer to all men than of denoting too many things by fine endings, which can hardly be distinguished in rapid conversation. Excepting very frequent ideas which will soon be thoroughly ingrafted in the mind, as for instance plural number, possessive case, past tense etc., it is better to com- pound or use qualifying words: "as thankful for thankoso.” If men only spoke when absolutely necessary few would be their words. Besides longer words are generally so much clearer that less after explanation is needed. We must also remember that people need and desire exercise for their organs of speech. Nine tenths of conversation and writing is not for hurried business, but for pleasure and social sympathy. Vol- apuk and Spelin have said much on the value of brevity in speaking and in telegraphy. When a man becomes so over- whelmed with business that he cannot find time to speak as long words as in English and German, he must be in so flourish- ing condition that he can afford to hire more men and build 26 more wires. Save in telegraphy and lose in memory! The Chinese language 18 made up of only short monosyllables, while all highly developed and expressive tongues have many long words. One word in such languages is equal to three or four short ones, as in French Le coucher du soleil is in German and English one word,as, sunset, History of the church is not so vigorous as churchhistory. Long words occaionally among short ones look as grand as a large house surrounded by little huts. Large words lend majesty and force to speech. And where one longer word is equal to three or four shorter ones it is just as ecconomical. Germanik English will be easy to report as it has systemati- zed the "prefixes and suffixes" and it is in short signs for these ideas and for longer compounds that shorthand has its strong- hold. At last we may add that borrowing is not so cosmopolitan in method of benefit as self development. Most nations devel- op from within, while only the Turks and ourselves are pro- fessional borrowers. The Turks have taken a little over half of their vocabulary from the Persian and Arabian. We have bor- rowed about 53 percent of our words. Borrowing makes the language less understood by non-Romanic people who do not now and many people have never drawn from the storehouse of Greek and Latin. Even the Romanic people would under- stand our language better if we developed from within as they must learn the common words any way to know what is said of the borrowed ones. A French or Italian A French or Italian merchant or sailor might not understand "ichthyology", but having learned the the meaning of "fish and lore" would understand "fishlore," etc. • MINOR DEFECTS, I think it is a defect in our language to have the same sign of "s" both for the plural noun and the possesive case. It often happens that it is difficult to say whether the possessive, simple plural or plural possessive is meant unless we see it printed and watch for the little apostrophy which cannot help us in conversation. Again we ought to have a distinction be- tween the present participle and a verbal noun, both end with ing, as loving girl and good hearing. These distinctions are found in Anglo Saxon and in all of the Germanic tongues ex- cepting, English and such distinction would make the ringing sound of ing less frequent (lovend girl, good hearing.) We sought also to have a distinction between the past tense and past participle. I loved and I have loved (lovn). This would give us more variety and euphony. We have such distinction now in a few verbs and the people easily master it, as I ge, I gave, I have given, have seen thrown. Let us extend this rale and say I have workn, lorn, comen etc. The sound to, too, tuo - Are too frequent to be artistic. I have changed the infinitive to and the numeral furo for which see Part III. Our extremely frequent use of the letter "s" is against euphony. I also thnk our language is defective in not having more diminutive and augmentative particles by which to in- crease and decrease the forcebleness of words in a convenient way. Prof. Marsh in his "Lectures on the English Language" often complains of the loss of this good quality found in the Anglo Saxon and possessed by many other languages. We have no general masculine and feminine suffixes or that indicate appro bation or disapprobation, reiteration, collections etc. For this reason we are obliged to memorize a vast amount of isolated primitive words, which can not become so thoroughly register- ed in the mind. We have no ideas, seemingly, of how to hus- band language, but the time is not far off when we must learn it or take back seats, for our present English is not a good school language. ENGLISH AND VOWEL EUPHONY. So There is one more defect in our language which is rather of an artistic than of an intellectual nature. If I was not anxious to have the language excell in all great qualities I would pass by this point. I have spoken it nearly every day from childhood, at home, at school, at the University, in the office and in the family, though all the pleasant memories cluster about English, yet I believe that if this were to blind men to wards great defects that no language could be improved and our posterity would suffer, Too great reverence for what exists is the principle cause why the Chinese are not willing to ex- change their troublesome ideographs for convenient European letters. My reason for saying that our language lacks euphony is this. We bave comparatively few open vowels and an "un- exampled" predominence of hard consonants. "Consonants are hard sounds interrupted in their passage by the organs of speech while vowels are open smoothly flowing sounds." From the nature of these lacts it follows that those languages which are full of vowels and especially final vowels are more musical in speaking and singing, than those in which the hard 28 consonants largely predominate. If this is true, English must necessarily be harsh. Yet this is a defect not very difficult to cure if we will. We have only to use vowels a little more for inflectional purposes and that would not necessitate the adoption of any new words as inflections are merely the turning pins of language. The same grammar might be used with the words of any tougue. Some of the artificial languages boast of having many final vowels. The Swedish is undoubtedly the most musical of the Germanic tongues. There all infinitives end on vowels, as, att kemma, att falla, (to come, to fall,) all regular verbs in the past tense,as, jag vandrade,vi spunno, vi funno. (I wandered, we spun, we found,) all adjectives after the deffi- nite article, as, de goda, de fina, (the good, the fine ones,) and many plurals and personal nouns take final vowels. Although the German is not rich in final vowels, yet they employ them far more thanthe English. The first person present and all regular verbs in the past tense, all adjectives after the deffinite articels have final pronounced vowels, as, ich singe, ich liebte, das gute das grosse. Most conjunctives and imperatives take final vowels. In all the Germanic tongues, excepting English, a great number of nouns form their plurals on vowels. In our language not one single grammatical rule requires a final vowel, but it nearly always employs the sissing and hard consonants. "S" for the plural and "d or t" for the past tense and no vowel after adjectives, infinitives or with any other forms. For this reason Prof. Hadley of Yale College, Prof. Marsh of Columbia College N. Y. and Prof. Blair of Edenburg Scotland have complained of the consonantal harshness of our language. Yet through custom, very few among us feel any incnovenience in speaking the language on this account. It seems to me, however, that as we can obtain more vowels by simply using them to form part of the plurals, past tense and the possessive case without otherwise changing words that we aught to do so in order to obtain a more musical language for speaking and singing at home and obtain a speech which we shall take pride in extending through the world. In Italian, Spanish and Japanese a majority of the words end on vowels. In French and Russian and in all other civilized langnages there are more vowels than in ours. That it is the opinion, among language experts that vowels are better for inflectional purposes than the hard conson- ants we may gather from the fact, that all the makers of the artificial languages have employed vowels largely for this pur- pose. It follows also from the many expressions given by American, English, German and Skandinavian scholars touching this subject. No great linguist has hit this point so directly as 29 Wilhelm von Humboldt. He says: "Es liegt in der phonetische Natur der Vokale, dass sie etwas, Feineres mehr Eindringendes und Innerliches, als die Kon- sonanten andeuten, und gleichsam körperloser und seelenvoller sind. Dadurch passen sie mehr zur grammatischen Andeutung WAZU die Leichtigkeit ihres Schalles, und ihre, Fähigkeit sich anzuschliessen hinzutritt." (Dr. H. Steinthal, Die sprachphilosophischen Wilhelm's von Humboldt p. 638.) Werke While Italian has too many vowels for strength and variety, English has too few for euphony. The best sounding words are those in which vowels and consonants are pretty evenly blended, hence vowels after consonants and consonants after vowels with inflections. Even with the number of vowels in Germanik English, we shall still have fewer of them than in Italian, Spanish or Japanese. In constructing the grammatical rules, I have ransacked Greek, Latin, Germanic, Romanic, Slavonic and the artificial gram- mers in order that the best forms might be suggeted to my mind. I have during twenty five years consulted Editors, Proffessors, Ministers Lawyers and Physicians among Americans English- men and Germans, and translated chapter after chapter of sever- al kinds of writing to try the inflections. I have changed them from time to time as consultation and experience seemed to re- quire. By having a double rule for forming the "plural number, possessive case and past tense", we thereby avoid collission among consonants and hiatus with vowels, and are thus enabled to blend consonants and vowels as euphony reqnires. If we take into account the history and connections of our forms their regularity, brevity, and euphony, I do not believe that better rules and letters, can be chosen for "plurals, posses- sive case and past tense", if a man were to meditate thereon his whole life time. I am more satisfied with those three rules than with anything else in the TEN GREAT RULES, or in that of any other part of the proposed grammar. In adopting a mainly Romanic language, as the international, I think I see danger to the very existence of Germanic material. After such a language were once introduced among the ruling classes, it might become the fashion to speak it constantly in the higher social circles, and its being very regular, economical euphoneous, the present Germanic tongues might gradually come to be dispised as A. S. and Ger, once were. Even in speak- * 30 Z 8. ing our own tongues, words would be taken into it from the much praised "International Language." It would tend to sup- press the Germanic element, as the Norman French in England or the Danish in Norway, or as the Gothic broke up the Latin, and many other instances in history. Human nature does not change very fast. We know how even the defective French and Latin have suppressed all others through the higher regard in which they were held. How much more would not this be the case with a regular, euphoneous and artistically constructed lan- guage, if once learned so well as to be spoken with ease and pleasure by all educated men and women? It would soon be taught in all 'graded schools' and it being euphoneous, and very easy to learn. would soon find its way among the working peo- ple. Papers would be published in it eager to extend their circle of readers. Teachers desiring to exercise their faculties and gain a little additional spending money, would largely form ev- ning classes to impart instruction in the lauded International Tongue.' Being a fine language, spoken thoughout the world by educated people and easy to acquire, men would soon come to be regard as ignorant', if they could not understand it with its vast literature. All would constantly have before their eyes a means whereby to compare the irregularities and other defects in their own poorly organized tongues, which might in time be regarded as low and vulgar. Now when papers and pamphlets have have become so cheap and extensively circulated, there is a greater facility for bringing out among the people a compre- hension and love of a good speech, than during Roman or Anglo Saxon times, and the higher classes asociate with the people more than they ever did before. All this, would endanger the very existence of Germanic Saxon inheritance, and we might be blot- ted out from the languages of the world by the predominence of Romanic material! I think it is safer to unite on German- ic material and if all Germanic nations ever should come to speak the same language, it would be in the family as it'once was in a time not very remote. The Roman people might unite inf the same way and then we should have fewer and more beautiful langueges for home sohoois. Both these unions would have good influence on the other by its examples and suceesses. The strongest union would naturally become the INTENATIONAL SPEECH. sut } १ PART III GRAMMAR OF GERMANIK ENGEISH ABREVIATION. Tdf. to distinguish from; Eng., A. S., Ger., D., Dan., Sw., Nw., Icl., Sk., Goth. and Am. stands for English, Anglo Saxon, German, Dutch, Danish, Swedish, Norweign, Skandinavian, Icelandic, Gothic and American; adj. adjective, v. verb, pron. pronoun, prep. preposition, adv. adverb, vw. vowel, con. consonant, prt. participle, pr. p, present participle, p. p. past participle, pr. t. present tense, p. t. past tense, pos. c. poss- essive case, nom. c. nominative case, obj. c. objective case, masc. masculine, fem. feminine, neut. neuter, gen. gender, dim. dimi- nutive, aug. augmentative, col. collevtive, com. common, gram. grammar, lang. language, pl. plural, sing. singular, act. active voice, pas. v. passive voice, fr. from, reg. regular, irreg. irregular, e. g. example given, chp. chapter. These abrevia- tions will be uniformly employed to save space in this part. VO. THE TEN GREAT RULES. RULE I To spell according to sound with old letters, let "ai" (Ger. e) always stand for the sound of the vws heard in the word "aim"; q (ab far Gera); a (an; Ger ä), o (aw, or; Ger soll); ǝ or ö (earn, Ger. ö); oi (oy, oil); ei (eye,I, Ger and D. ei); au (ow cow Ger. au:) u (oo in rule); u (but or pull). If we should desire a special letter for 'u' in but, hut, we might use 'v' for 'u' as the Romans did, thus bvt, hvt, or cut the sharp corners off 'u' with a knife, thus 'but, hut'. The short unmusical sound of 'u' in but and hut is not favored in Ger. Eng. still we pronounce it according to the present usage until further authority shall establish a norm. V will be used only in doubtful cases. 'U' is long at the end of a sylable, as 'tu' huno, hqrdu' (hqrdo); o (oh, old Ger. hoch): 1 (ee, he, Ger. and It. longi); or ü Ger.für: Fr. 'une, dur, Sk. syd); i (it, short); e (met, short) 'e' before 'r has the sound of a, Ger. ä as 'her (har); y (yard, Ger. D. and Sk. j).--Sh, ch, th, wh, ng, to always stand for the prevailing sound. The other letters are as before except 'z' (ts) which is pronoun- ced hard as in German in order to be better able to distinguish it eaisly from the softer sounds of 's' and 'sh'. The inverted c' for 'oh' is written like figure "2' and inverted 'm' for oo, (u) like 'u' and 'i' without a dot; inverted 'h' for (q, ü) is wri.ten like the head of 'y' with the upwards stroke on the right hand side as with q; q for ah is written as usual; e and I are simply invert- 31 I * 32 i ed e and i. Inverted letters are advocated by several spelling reformers both in America and Europe, and it is the only method by which we can spell phonetically with old letters only. If new letters should be desired, they can easily be made. "I think this mode of spelling is very phonetic and easy to print. For capitol invert J (f) and for capitol qcut of the lower left arm of H (4.) Any sounds easily spoken by the Ams. Eng. Ger. D. and Sks. can with practice be uttered by the rest of the world. In the beginning we prefer ü for ч, § 2. RULE 2, To form the PLURAL NUMBER and to increase vw euphony add s after vws and a (an ä) after cons. e. g. 1 daí, 2 daís; 1 hand, 2 handa; A. S., twa handa; Old Frisic hond pl honda, Ger. hand pl. hände, 1 hund, 2 hunde, Sk. hus (house) pl. huse; Latin regnum pl. regna; Greek petron (wing) pl petra; Slavonic grad (castle) pl. grada; zob (tooth) pl. zoba or gradje and sobje. § 3. RULE 3. To form the POSSESSIVE CASE add 'no' after vws. and 'o' after cons. e. g. 'boinɔ buk' (boy,s book) 'gərlə hat' (girl's hat) 'o' is a contraction of 'own. on, onership, Lat. domi- norum, and n is a euphonistic letter inserted to prevent hiatus; Greek 'neo' [of temple] 'angeo' [of chamber] 'logon' [of words ], gərlə [n], girls own, gerl on hat. § 4. RULE 4. To form the PAST TENSE add 'd' after vws. and 'o' (aw) after cons. e. g. 'ei plaud' plowed; 'ei lovo' (lovaw; ‘o' loved). The A.S. used 'o' with vs. to form the pl. of the p. t., as 'waron' (were); Sw. 'voro. In Icl. & Sw. the 'n' is worn off, as 'vi spunno, vi kommo, vi funno (we spun, we came, we found. In It. Sp. & Port. the vw. 'o' uniformly follows the p. p.,_as "united' and 'loved' are 'unito or unido, amato or amado'; Fr. 'ame' Ger. 'liebte'; Sk. 'lovede' [promised). Final vws. sounded. • § 5 RULE 5. To form the PRESENT PARTICIPLE add 'end', and to form the PAST PARTIICIPLE add 'n' or 'en', as in A. S., Ger., D. and Sk. E. g. 'lovend gerl' [loving girl]; ei hav lovn, givn, komen(A S. cumen: Ger. & D. gekommen; Sk. kommen; Icl. komin.) The 'ing' pr. p. is in AS 'end'; Ger. & D. 'end' ;Dan. & Nw. 'ende'; Sw. 'ende or ande': It., Sp., & Port- 'endo or ando; Fr. 'ent or ant'. With p. p. 'en' after 'm or n' only. 4 § 6 RULE 6. To form the VFRBAL NOUN add 'ing', and to form the INFINITIVF NOUN add 'qn' (ahn), from the A S. infinitive ending 'an' cuman. E. g. 'riding' (reading, Ger. 'lesung and 'ridqn' Ger. lesen. This ending 'qn' will frequently be good for making distinctions as in A S., Ger., D., & Sk. 'Riding' is more formal than 'ridqn' 333 • § 7 RULE 7. To form the PERSONAL AGENT add 'er, ler,'uer, Ir, ist, or au (one], and to form the IMPERSONAL AGENT add T or el, e. g. rider" -a person who reads; 'ridel the thing that reads or the thing that is being read, reading book, thrasher person that thrashes, thrashl' machine or thing that thrashes; 'shover and 'shovel-the person or thing that shoves; hander' and handl; 'ripl-reaping machine. L'is a fine liquid sound favored in many languages. It is a great defect in our tongue not to have a distinction between so broad catigories of thought as 'person and thing' agent. The personal sign 'er is the ordinary unemphatic sign for actor, as 'rider, one who reads, but if we wish to denote a higher class of professional acting we add ‘ir, as ‘hilir, one who 'heals, physician, and in other cases we add 'ist as plantlorist, botanist, Calvinist. 'An'[one] is also very convenient, as 'Kristan, Christian; Ger. Christen; Šk. Kristen; Amerikan' one belonging to Amerika. $ § 8. RULE 8. To form the MASCULINE GENDER add 1, [ee fr h] and to form the FEMININE GENDER add 'q' from 'hq' [she]; e. q. ‘frendy' [ he or male friend] 'frendq' [hq or female friend] Greek Philios' [inasc.] 'philia [fem.] theos and thea Ger. freundin' Sw. 'venina or frändina ‘q' [ab]is probably the best known and finest feminine sign there is in all European langua- ges. Fredrick, fem. Fredricka; Julius, Julia; Oliver, Oliva or Olivia; Rusian 'Zar' fem. Zarina; Sp. ‘hermano' [brother] her- mana [sister] It. figlio [son] figlia [daughter], Slavonic gosped' [lord]'gespa' [lady], Latin ille' [he] illa [hq she] Slavonic on, [he] 'ona [she]. We could not take in for fem. as that is a preposition more logically employed for other pur- poses, besides p. p. ends on 'n' and some other rules. As 'qis a vw it is finer sounding and distributes the letters better. We can also use 'I and q to indicate male and female actors, as tichi' [male teacher], 'tichq' [female teacher], 'lehrerin lehr- er-in; in the last word we have two personal signs. Ride and ridq. $ 9. RULE 9. To VERBALIZE any part of speech add 'u' from an abreviation of our own word 'du' [do]; Ger. 'thue as 'fy' is abreviated from 'facio'; e, g. kltru clarify, that is clear do, or clear make; Sk. klargjöre, fr. 'klar clear and 'gjöre, do, make; Ger. 'klarmachen, klariren? raru rardo, rarify; 'shǝnu, beautify; longu' lengthen; lesu lessen; 'shortu' shorten; As 'n or en' is used universally to form the p. p. it is not quite artistic to use it also for verbalizing, though we have occationally em- ployed 'n, in this way as a temporary compromise form. form. U is. called by some orthepists the natural vw.♦ Where 'u' is employed. 34 A. * to verbalize a word, the 'v' and 'n' have the same form, as, klaru, to clarify; 'klaru, clarification, We can also say 'klaruing and klaruqn or klaruel'. L is a sign of the impersonal actor or the thing acted upon or the product of the act. Context will show which of these ideas is ment, It is impossable for people to remember signs for every shade of thought, hence much must be left to context or seperate quallifying words. • § 10. RULE 10. GERMANIC OF SAXON ENGLISH to be taken as the foundation of this lang, and employed in building all com- pounds where practicable, as 'plantlər, qrmbon, & eihṛler, etc. A S. Sk. or Ger. words to be taken as substitutes for Latin, Fr. Greek and other unrelated material that cannot be replaced by direct Saxon compounds. A S. & Ger. also employed for the purpose of obtaining more distinctions, as well as for the sake of making it 'immedeately inteligible, homogenous and self-ex- planatory. An easily acquired "Immedite Mutual Intelligibil- ity" among the leading commercial nations who can take pride in it is of incalculable advantage. Only by interesting related peo- ple in its adoption can it gain a sufficient support to become in- ternational in a full sense. By drawing on the common material of a great race more of the proposed lang., can be understood from the beginning and it will make the most homogeous school lang. English structure and sytax to remain nearly unchanged. MINOR POINTS § 11.-In building the pl. and p. t. on words ending with 'er or 'el', the short 'e' is dropped in order to decrease the number of sylables, as 'rider' pl. ridra (not ridera); 'gather' p. t. gathro, instead of 'gathero' and 'shovla' for 'shovela" § 12. We extend the usefulness of the pr. p. as in AS. D. Ger. & Sk. by employing it as a 'descriptive noun' e. g. the 'lov-, endi' the 'loving one' in general, male or female. When we want to particularize so as to show wheher the loving one' is a masc, or fem.,we simply add the regular masc. neut. and fem. signs, ‘!' 'qʻor ‘it' to the pr. p. and say 'lovnd!', loving man; 'lov- endq'; the loving woman; 'lovendit'; the loving thing, it being the thing or neut, sign, means that which is loving or lovely in the abstract. Ger. der liebende, die liebende, das liebende: Sk. 'den' elskende or ‘det' elskende, We do not show distinctions of gender through the article as that makes the language very complex, but where we cannot otherwise know the gender and where we wish to indicate it, we have merely add to the easily ac- quired masc. fem, & neut. suffixes, 'q & it', from ;hi, he; hq, she In A S. 'she' is 'heo',Frisic 'hu'; Sk. hun' or 'hon'; neut. pron. .35 'it'. E. g: the 'komendi'; what is coming regardless of gender; 'komendr, coming man; 'komendq', coming woman; 'komendit' the thing coming or what is coming it the abstract. We also add the pl. signs to these forms and say-the lovendis; Ger. 'die liebenden'; the lovenda, loveudis, lovendqs, lovendita'. The Ger. & Sk. having only one form for the pl., can not show gen- der. Die Liebenden is the same for masc. & fem. Yet the de- scriptive power of the participles in AS. Ger. & Sk. is grand. • + § 13.--We can employ the p. p. in the same discriptive way as the pr. p. to indicate in a convenient manner what has hap pened to a person or thing' as the 'fqlni' (what has fallen in general,) if we want to indicate whether the fallen one is male, female, or a thing, we again add the three gender signs ' q and it' as, the fqlny (the fallen man) the fqlnų (the fallen woman,) the fqlnit (the fallen thing or what has fallen in the abstract;) Ger. der gefallene, 'die' gefallene, 'das' gefallene, (es, it;) Sk. 'den' faldne, (masc. and fem.) 'det faldne. We can again add the pl. sign. § 14. The descriptive power of the adj. becomes equally grand and praticularizing and consequently it reveals more truth and is therefore so much more perfect as an imstrument of imparting and receiving knowledge. It is probably true that we can in most cases use separate qualifying words, but unless there are some urgent reasons for inserting extra qualifying words they will generally be neglected and more general state- ments will be given, simply 'friend' will be used insdead of female friend, (Ger. freundin Sw. venina',) the fallen in general but if the descriptive forms are so arranged that it will be as easy to particularize as to give general statements, we may be sure praticuliarzing will be made, more accurate knowledge will be gained and in a long life the little mental gains and savings inust result in more knowledge among those people that have such language. If a language is full of signs for dim. ang. masc. fem, neut. col. and pos. c. we may be certain that those distinctions will be less slighted than if separate words are ro- quired. If all people slighted these distinctions no nation would have any advantage in the acquisition of accurate knowl- edge or mental dicipline. Moreover, we must remember that these affixes help us to increase our vocabulary without borrow- ing, and hence they economize memory, words become more picturesque and self explanatory. The several affixes are so few and so often repeated that they soon become part of the mind. The "Feini" the 'fine' in general the 'fint, finq, finit'; Ger. Der Feine, Die Feine, Das Feine. The gud, gudq, gudit. Ger. Das Schöne; Sk. Det Sköne; Gr. To kalon; The "Shenit". Op pad gone ma - 36 :: 15. § The last three paragraphs are not absolutely neces- sary for we can say the lovend man, the lovend women and the lovend thing' but after we have once learned the very simple use of the masc., fem. and neuter suffixes, I am confident that people will regard it as more artistic, as well as more ient. I shall therefore until rejected generally by linguists, use these forms more or less. conven- § 16.A very convenient way of indicating "Sex and Age" of at least the more inferior animals is the following. using t and et' as signs for the dim. after the sex suffixes I and qas, lion' (com. gen.) 'lion' (masc.) lionq' (fem.) 'linit (masc. dim.) lionqt (fem, dim.) lionet' (com. gen. dim.) 'dog dog dogq dogit dogqi doget. $ 17.The ARTICLES are as in Eng., except 'an' (a an or one) has always the same form whether used as article or numeral as in A. S. Ger. D. & Sk. This makes it simpler and with nouns and adj. it also becomes easier to add case and gender signs. The definite artical 'the' is used in the simple style as in English without any change for case or number. C In the developed style the indefinite nom. 'au' pos. ano; (of a or an) obj. ‘am (to an.) The definite article is in nom. sing 'the' pos. theno' (of the) 'thim' (to the thim, tdfr them) pl. pom. ‘dɔnɔ' (of the pl. ) ‘dɔm' (to the pl.). D has been chosen for the pl., as it is employed by all our Germanic cousins and 'o' is chosen as it is a fine sounding vw. and more different from the, or thi' than the Ger, 'di' would have made it for variety, clearness and euphony. If we should desire to indicate gender through the article as in German, we might add the gen. signs ' qit' as, 'thi man, thq manq, thit haus' pl. 'this mana, thqs manqs, thita hausa', but as the meaning of the noun must be learned anyway, I can see no mental advantage in this complexity. Another evil of declining articles and adjs. for gender in the same way as nouns is that there will be a heaping together of the vws. as we see in Pasilingua and too many 'eges and ks' as in Volapuk. Care must be taken not to use the same vw. for two purposes. A language that is intended simply for trade where men have figures and samples as guides might be much simpler than a peoples school language. It is different with simple pl. and case relation as that does not depend on memory but on the understanding, and these are relations shown more or less in both Germanic and Romanic tongues, as Ger. 'der, pl. 'die, Fr. 'le, pl. 'les' Sk. 'den or det' pl. de; Ger. Eng. 'the, pl. 'dɔ. An objective sign for the article gives us more freedom of position, as 'the and thim (he and him; ‘dɔ dom' as 'they, them; 37 + 'the hand' 'də handa' thim' hand 'dɔm' handa". M is the Germanic objective sign. § 18-PERSONAL PRONOUNS are as follows-ei, mei, mt; yu, yur, yum, ht, hɩnɔ, him; hq(she), hqnə[ her), hqm(her, obj.); it ito (its), itm; tr(hi or hq, com. gen.), ro(his or her), m(him or her; Ger. ihm); pl. wi, aur, us; yt, yino, yim; thai, thair, them, masc, fem, and neut. We ought to be able to distinguish be tween the masc. fem. and neut. through pron. in the pl. as well as in the sing. This is the case in Slavonic. If it should be de- sired, we can add the pl., pos. c., and fem. signs in the samIO way as to any other words, as 'yu masc. and yuq fem. We might also show gender in the first person, but it is in the third person where such distinction would be of value. His', they masc. and 'hqs' they fem. pl. of 'hq' she; 'ita' they neut. Thai would still be needed to indicate com. gen. and be the pl. of 'tr' (he or she). Pos. c. so' (their masc) 'hqso' (their fem.) itano (their neut.). If such plural forms should be used it is better in so frequent words to have short forms even if we should be obliged to adopt arbitrary contractions, hence instead. of the regular plural forms of 'hisem, hqsem and itam' it is better to say 'hem' (contraction of he and them), 'lem' (c. of lady and them), tem' (c. of it and them) 'Sich' is a reflexive pronoun universally used by all our Germanic cousins, as hi hert sich' (he hurt himself. 'Mqn' is an indeffinite pron. very convenient and universally used by our cousins. 'Mqn sai, (they say), Fr. 'on dit' Ger. 'man sagt; Sk. 'man siger or säger. 'Em or m' is an extra objective sign used when we desire to allow the predicate or object to pre- cede the subject, as, James struck John' (Johnem James struck or Johnem struck James.) When the subject, predicate and object stand in their reg. order no extra sign is needed, but it would often be of value both in prose and poetry to have a simple and clear devise by which we might gain more free- dom of position and 'em or m' is the most objective Germanic sign we can find. The vw. 'o' is sometimes used as a vocative sign, as, 'oJohn, ohaus'. The pron 'in' [he or she] can be used to great advantage to show the RECIPIENT of an act, to whom or for whom something is done, as, 'paier' [payer] and 'paim, [payee] 'droer and droim, 'sender and sendim, [sendee] 'seler, and 'selim' [vendee] 'ticher' and 'tṛchim' [pupil] streiker and streikim. § 19.--NUMERALS are systematized from the first ten Eng. names for number with the help of 'tin' [teen] 'ti', hunder, [contraction for convenience], 'thausn [1,000] 'heiyon' [million, 38 fr. high and yonder] 'overyon' [billion] 'augyon' Itrillion, fr. 'aug' 'eye' tdfr. 'I' A. S. eage; Ger. 'auge' and yonder, what is beyond the reach of the eye; all pure Saxon words]. E. g. an 1, two 2, [pronunce the w as in A. S. twa] thr 3, for 4, feiv 5, siks 6, sevn 7, ait 8, nein 9, ten 10, antin 11, twotin 12, thritin 13, fortin 14, and etc. twoti 20, twoti an 21 twoti thr and etc. thriti 30, thriti an 31, and etc. Forti, feivti, siksti, sevnti, aitti, neinti, hunder, thausn, heiyon, everyou, augyon. Feiv thausn siks hunder and thriti ait, [5,638]. Only seven- teen words need to be memorised by the world. § 20-ORDINALS. As 'th' is difficult to all people, we have recured to the fine sounding A. S. suffix 'tq' [ta] which is nearly the same as that employed by other Germanic langs. as, sixth A. S. 'sixta'; 'fifth' A. S. 'fifta', Ger. fünfte; Dan., Nw. 'femte' Sw. 'femta'; Greek, 'pemtos; Latin. 'quinta and sexta (pronoun- ciation of the fem. form.) We ad 'tq' as ta (tä) is to much like the very frequent pl'a' and 'e' is so short with us as not to be clear enough for inflectional purposes. E. g'an' (one) 'antq' (1st) twotq thritq' (3d) 'fortq feivtq, antintq (11th feivtintq twotitg (20th) ‘twoti antq; (21st) hunderty (100th) thausntq' heiyontq' etc. Ferst will also be used as before. C *. $ 21.FRACTIONAL NUMBERS are formed from the ordinals, as in Eng. e. g. 'for feivtqs' (four fifths) 'an fortq' (one fourth) 'ait tentqs (eight tenths). We say also twotqli (secondly thritqli [thirdly] and etc. 'twofold, tenfold, & etc. anteim', [once] twoteim (twice) 'tentcim' and tenteimli, tenfoldli tenfoldik' 'aner' 'twoer' [oner, twoer] 'feivel' 'bei twos' 'bei tena, [by tens] 'twomonthli' [every two months] 'twoteim monthli [twice a month]. We can also say 'anik [single] twoik or twofoldik [double] thriik [thrible] forik' [quadruple] 'ansom' [lonely] 'twosong or twoet, (duet). We can also form pl. pos. c., p. t. and abstracts from any of the numerals and combine them with other words to hit the shade of ideas we may desire, as 'two' (2) pl. 'twos' pos. c. 'twonɔ' p. t. twɔd, p. p. 'twon', abstract 'twoikeit, duality; 'twones, twoness; 'thrianikeit; Trinity. Ger. 'Dreieinigkeit; Sk. treenighed; "Thrçanikeitlor" doctrine of the Trinity; 'tenmanarul; decemvirate, ten men's rule; Inflections and compounds can easily save us largely from borrowing. § 22 ORDER OF LETTERS. Vws. and cons. are placed ac- cording to their nature by themslves. Those of like nature together that children can easily compare them. The most open clearest vws, and cons, come first. The sound of the vw. 39 is the name of the vw., thus 'o, is called 'aw' not 'oh'; 'a' as in 'an' Ger. & Sk. 'ä' not 'ah'; 'o' is always pronounced 'oh' etc. All cons. are pronounced by the same auxilliary vw. : in order that the true difference may easier be heard, b bee bi; f fee fṛ; g gi ORDER.—ai q a o e oi ei au mi (or q) u (v) i e. pbtdkg fvrImus sh (sh) z (ts) j ch th whh w y ng(ang). § 23-NEW ROMAN NUMERALS. As the old Roman numerial is very time-wasting, arbitrary and foreign, it would be well to use other capitals systematically for more varied and dignified ennumeration of lessons, divissions, chps. etc.; than Arabic fig- ures only would be. We have, therefore, adopted the ten first cons. to be employed in the same way as the ten Arabic figures. As the order of the letters must be learned by all for other purposes, there will be no extra waste of time under this system and equally ornimental. E. g., P1, B 2, T3, D4, K 5, G 6, F7, V 8, Ŕ 9, L 0,-PP 11, BR 29, TL 30, DK (pr. Di-K1, 45). PBT Pibiti or say 'an hunder and twoti thrr' The first meth- od will be more convenient and varied for lessons and chapters. MDCCCLXVII is PVGF. The Greeks used letters for numbr § 24.-MONTHS AND DAYS are conveniently named from the first cons. according to their order, thus-Pimonth, January; BỊ month, February etc.; Pidai' Sunday: 'Bidai' Monday; etc. Only the alphabet and two words, 'month' and 'day need to be memorized by the world. Men could always tell the num- ber of a month from its name. The old names for months and days may be retained, yet it is a good idea to systematize every thing, we easily and conveniently can with our own material. W § 25-PROPER NAMES remain as they are in their original langs., as such names may be regarded as private property, but biblical, geographical, and historical names which may be con- sidered as international. had better be spelled in Ger-Eng. ac- cording to sound as nearly as we can. This will not prevent a people at home from writing it differently. We do this now in spelling 'Copenhagen' while the people of Danmark write it Kjöbenhavn'. We say 'Germany' but the Germans themselves call their beloved land 'Doichlqnd'. It would not be economic- al to be obliged to learn the mode of spelling in many tongues. We therefore write 'Roshambo' for 'Rochambeau'; 'Doichlqnd' for 'Deutschland'. Adjs. proceed regularly from the n., Hol- lander from Holland, not Dutchman. Sailoner, from Ceylon, not Ciglese; Cheinar, not Chinese. Only the regular personal end- ings 'er Ir an ist' are allowed, thus Londoner, Nu Yorker, Berliner, Lutheran, Kalvinist etc. Sex signs 'q' also follow -Hollandi, Hollandq, and Hollandit; something Holland-like; ↑ 40 Ger. 'etwas Holländisches'; 'es it'. I, ik or ish' are the stand- ard adj, formers, but where a word ends with two vws., i is omitted and 'k, only added, as Indiak, not Indiaik; ‘Indian' re- fers to the person and 'Indiak' to the adj. Rushan', Rushak' 8 26-IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES are only five in number. We have excepted from the regular rules five adjs. and eight vs., for the reason that auxillary adjs, and vs. are so very fre. quent that they ought to be very short, besides the irreg. adjs. and vs. are so much alike in all the Germanic tongues that it is a great help to 'mutual intelligibility' to let them remain nearly as they are. These few exceptions will be enough to show the future learner in what exceptions consist, when studying other tongues. E. g. 1 'gud or wel, beter, best 2 il or bad, weas, worst'; 8 litl, les, list; 4 auch, mox, most; (quantity) 5 maní, mor, mest (number, needed distinction; Sk. mere, flere) The regular adj, is as follows long, longgr, fongest. The 'q' is prefered for the comparative to the short 'e because it is a finer sound and because it gives us a visible and audible distruction between the comparative adj. and the personal agent as 'stediqr,' more steady, stedier, one who steadies. This q is partially used for the comparative in A. S. Icl, and Sw. as kolder, koldest, Icl, ‘kaldare' kaldast Dearer, dearest; Sw. kärare kärast. Where 'e' is an integral part of a word 'e' might be dropped as 'fqthr' 'sistr. We would then have four distinctions as-worker (er personal;) feinqr (qr comp.) stediel (el neut.) bruthr ('r integral.) We can also com- pare the pr. p., as, 'lovendqr' (more loving). To compare by little extra weakening woads, is neither so Germanic, classical forcible nor convenient as to employ euphoneous inflections. f € 'Lovendest' (most loving). The p. p. lovn' becomes 'lovnest Ger. 'geliebteste'; Sk. laveste'. If we desire to indicate masc., fem. or neut. gender, we simply add the three sex signs ' q it' 'lovendt, lovendq, lovondit (Ger. der liebende, die liebende das liebende). In the comparative pr. p. for masc., fem. neut., lovendqrt, lovendqrq, lovendqrit.; p. p. lovn, lovut lovnq, lovnit'; Ger. der, die, das geliebte; comp. and superlative with gender-lovnqrt, lovnqrq, and lovnesti lovnestq, lovnestit; Ger. 'der geliebteste, die geliebteste, das geliebteste'. 'Est is al- ready well distinguished and by having a separate compara- tive form, we can even compare ns., thus-'manqr' more of a man 'manqqr' more of a woman or, more woman.like; 'hausqr' more of a house; 'manest', most of a man etc. The more shades of thought that can conveniently be shown the, better is such lang. for recieving and imparting full and exact ideas. In this respect the Ger. is very particularizing, while Eng. is very neglecting. 41 A lang. full of suffixes for col., aug., dim., masc., fem., neut., reiteratives, and obj. with an immense ability of mobilizing words and affixes, is likely to neglect fewer thoughts; reveal more. § 27-IRREGULAR VERBS. (See preface to § 26). The eight irreg. vs. are; 'worth' (becoming, will or shall in the sense of becoming, 'will is reserved to indicate volition and 'shall to indicate obligation, duty and command; A. S. 'weorthan p. t. 'wurdon'p p. worden; Ger. 'werden, wurde, 'geworden' Dan. Nw. 'vorde'; Św. 'värda' worth) 1 worde, wurdo, worden, 2 hav, had, hadn; 3 am, qrt, is, qr; wqs, wer, bin; 4 will, wilst, wilt, wud, wudn; 5 shal, shud, shudn; 6 kan, kud, kudn; 7 mai, meit, meitn; 8 du, did, don. 'S' for 3rd. pers. sing. is abolished. or E. g. The tri 'worth fql, not the try 'wil, fall, as the tree can have ro will. Der. baum wirdt' fallen, not, der baum 'will' falle. The trṛ 'wurdo (would) fql. If we should desire to use personal endings to the vs. for occational immitation and poetry we might add i-est-eth-em-et-en, as-I' spiki, thau skikest, hṛ hq or it spiketh, w spikem, yu spiket, thai spiken. All persons are distinguished. P. t. spiko (spoke), I spikoi, thau spikost etc. We might even as in Latin abolish the pron. for the sake of occational immitation or to obtain measure rhyme in poetry, as spikoi tu him (I spoke to him), spiketh tu the ticher, (hi or she spoke to the teacher(, and if we wanted to use the objective sign, we might even in an extreme case do away with the prep.,to and the, article and say 'spiketh tṛcherm (he or she speak to the teacher), and if wI want to show whether masc., fem. or neut., we might add the sex signs to the v. spikethi, spikethq, spikethit' tichrema (he, she or it speaks to the teachers). This degree of complexity is against the modern language feeling; but I have inserted it to show how easy it is to make a complex language, and also to show what can be done with our language. We can employ simplicity and occationally be complex. ܕ § 28-ACCENT is placed on the last syllable, where we wish to make a vowel termination clear, tichi', male teacher; tichqʻ female teacher; etc. with the other suffix vowels. In other cases the accent is on, the accent placed on the syllable next to the last. In case we wish to emphasize the quallifying part of a word we can place accent accordingly and in all cases there would be a guiding rule. To have the accent at the beginning of words, as too often the method in our lang., gives us a hurried and blurring prononciation. All Continental nations place accent generally at the end of words and where it was commonly placed by our A. S. forefathers. The accentuation of every word is now a special act of memory. ་ ✓ 42 § 29-PRONOUNCIATION is according to the sound of the let- ters as explained in § 1, and accent according to § 28. Be care- ful with the pl., pos.c., p.t., masc., fem. and the final verbalizing sign ‘u'. 'Handa' not handq, but handa, 'a' as in 'an, at'; Ger. & Sk. ä. 'Gerlo' gerloh' not gerlaw: 'lovo', lovaw, not lovoh Q&o must be well distinguished. Tichitichq' teachah; 'shortu #hortoo, shorten; long Ger. & It. 'u' at. In the middle of words u has the same sound as in Eng. 'pull, bvt', It is reccommend- ed, however, to decrease the sound of 'u' in 'but, nun for the more universal and finer u heard in 'pull, full, rule. rude, For the purpose of increasing "mutual inteligibility" it is some- times better to change the spelling as, 'muther, bruther and blud (Ger. mutter, bruder, blut), fql, bql' Ger. D. and Sk. fal, bal, (pr. fql, bql). Fol and bol are not so widely recog- nizable in a world's language. At other times it is better to change the pronounciation than the spelling, not 'kum but kom' (Ger. and D. kommen; Sk, komme). This will also make many words eaiser recognized by our own people, as 'month' munth etc. The key-words in § 1 must be strictly followed. Where more than one sound is given to the vw. as with our troublesome 'u' the English pronounciation is adopted until a usage and probably more letters can be agreed on. Only Eng. and German sounds are allowed in this language. * § 30.--PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES. The Saxon or Germanic prefixes and suffixes now found in our language. are used as before. The grammatical affixes have already been explained, the following additional ones have been revived and adopted A. S. Ger. D. and Sk. It is sometimes well to have a double set of prefixes in order to enable us to vary the meaning and increase mutual intelligibility, as ing and ung (oong) aut and aus' (out) ‘of, up and auf'; 'qb and ent' (off away from); 'on and qn' (on, at, it, bei) 'over and or'. The prefixes 'o' is sometimes used to conveniently designate the opposite 'ov-, without using special new words and to very the expression, as, 'ogud' (ill) 'ohei' (deep) 'obruther' (sister) 'ofqther' (mother). This affix will not be used except in forming new words, not provided for in Saxon, English or German. 'Ho' is an aug. prefix meaning 'hei' and great as hoprist; 'ur (oor) first, ancient original, ‘um, (cirum, about) 'er, is a general differentatior of great use, as feind, (find) 'erfeind (invent), 'el, it and em' are mere defferentiators, 'elstuf, (element), 'ge, an aug. and col. much used, as 'gehunger' (famine); 'fer' is a general differenta- ator A. S. and Sk. ‘for, Ger and D. 'ver. We have changed ‘for, to fer' in order to have it clearly distinguished from 'for' (pre. ante) and from 'for' (pro. Ger. füx), thus forstand' to stand for, 43 to represent, forstand' to stand before, to manage and ferstand, to understand, 'forget' to forget. 'Mit' with mit is easier to speak to all people and is more in harmony with our ancient material; A. S. 'mid or mith; Ger, and D. mit; Goth. mith; Sk. med; Sqm (com, sym, co, col, cor, etc. A. S. sam; Ger. zu- sammen; Sk. sammen or sam, together); zer, assunder; hin, there thither; wqn mis, ill, wrong, weg, away, off, from; 'oker, awkward, bad, ill, a sign of displeasure, as 'okerchild' bastard, 'oker, false, as okerlor, Ger. afterlehre, false doctorine or teaching; il, [ill, bad, poor] is also used, as 'spikil and spikeril, bad speaker]. The prefix or is a pure aug., as ‘orman very larg, over the ordinary size, giant 'ortry' giant try. We also use the suffix 'om' cotracted fr. 'overmqsi, overmeasure, as 'hausɔm very large house. The dims. are chen' lein, let, et,. The aug. and dim. particles in Italian are of great force and beauty These particles are few in number and easy to learn. Bqr, able, ible, 'pasbqr, (passable) 'ridbqr' (reabable); 'stqnd, (state, rank, condition) 'mqsi' (according to) 'lomqsi, (according to law); 'zoig' where, with, tool, 'fqrmzoig' (farm impliments), 'hqft, (full of, having) 'stonhqft 'wesn, essence affair concern, as 'skulwesn (school affair) 'qrd, aug., as 'drinkqrd, spendqrd' (drunkard, swenthrift); 'ling' [one who], wastling, worldling; by Ger. sein indicate state or condition 'gladby [the being glad]; Ger. 'frosein; ferbidnbr' Ger. verbotensein. 'It or are used to indicate the abstract of something in general way, as ,shenit or shənə, Ger. schones'. Something beautiful about or belonging to the beautiful 'sheno. The fine vw. pos. sign comes in with good grace here, and is much like the Ger. 'es' neut. and pos. sign. The abstracts are much as in English. 'Heit and keit, and the D. 'heid'. It is difficult to lay down definite rules for the use of all abstract suffixes, hence we must leave many of them to be learned from examples. But heit, keit, and hud are always employed in the following cases. Keit forms the abstract of all derivative adjs. ending on ‘ik, as 'rulik, reg. 'rulikeit, regularity, and also the abstract on all words ending on 'i, as lovli, lovlikeit; loveliness. Hud or heit after all abstracts formed from the p. p., as fergetn, fergetnhud, (oblivion, Ger. Vergessenheit). These endings are also employ- ed in other cases, which we can not fix by short rules. U, is generally concerned with action, as 'erklṛru, 'explain, or ex- planation. 'N and v, are alike in this suffix, as, a work and to work. The n and v standing in so different relations, might with advantage have the same form oftner than they have. As this is a union between English and High German it is well to leave both as recognizable as possible with regularity. · 44 and euphony and this will also be of great immedeate advantage Ing. 'ship and hud' are used with English words and 'ung' 'shqft and heit German ones. Umlaut is not favored, as it is difficult to bring it under one rule. We desire to form pl. and p, t. regularly. 881-PASSIVE FORMS. For the pr. and p. t, we have adopted the passive form which has been employed by the Skandi- navian branch of the Germanic race. It is the most convenient and simplest passive employed in ancient or modern languages. A direct Passive form is of great convenience and beauty, and used by many living people besides our northern cousins. The Irish has a fine passive form. All the artificial plans that I have studied have provided for a direct passive. This shows a wide spread oppinion in its favor by language experts. The advantage of this form is that we are allowed to vary the expression and make our statements with fewer circumlocutory words. I THE RULE. To form the passive add "is," and to form the past tense passive add "os". E. g. Whit 'selis' wel. (Wheat sells well, ´(Passive with us already, is being sold well.) Whit selos well (Wheat sold well, Wheat was sold well.) To 'love Dan. Nw. 'at elske'; Sw. 'att elska'; Lat. 'amare.' am loved; Ger. ich werde geliebt; Dan. Nw. jeg elskes'; Sw. jeg 'eleskas'; Lat. 'amor Ger. Eng. ei lovis'. Instead of es' or 'as we have taken our own anxilliary v. is which makes the form more self explaining and yet preserves the principle, thus, 'ei lov' passive, 'ei lovis' (am loved. Sk. elskes' or 'elskas' then 'lovis Latin ‘amaris' Then lovo,') passive, thau ʻlovos,. Sk. du elskedes (was loved); Lat. amabaris'. When we consider that we are obliged in order to express a present act, to employ the 'past participle with an anxilliary verb thrown in, our circunlocutory passive appears clumsy indeed. Why should we not be able to say in just as few words that "I am loved” (ei lovis,' jeg elskes, amor) as that "I love"? Thousands of sentences will be clearer and have one little weakening word less. E. g. Liona 'feindis in Afrika (Lions are found in Africa.) The stiler takos, (The thief was taken) This passive does not displace the indirect one but is interchangable with it. I feel no hesitation in recommending this beautiful home passive form. $.32.-SIMPLICITY OF GRAMMAR is to be desired only in so far that it should not burden people with forms which bring out no new ideas or makes the words shorter or fewer. • - 45 As usless lumber, may be regarded verbal endings and the declention of adjs. The pron, shows person and the n. shows number and Sex. Without verbal endings and declention of adjs., there will be less constant repitition of the same inflectional letter. There will be more variety and musicalness, other points being equal. Too many vws. is as much a defect as too many consonants, though not quite so harsh. The conjuntive optative ideas are more clearly shown by seperate words as in English and the Romanic languages generally. The infinitive and imperative need no special form. But in case we should desire them for accational immitation and to fix measure and rhyme in poetry, we have provided such forms. < comes RULE. "To form the inflected imperative, add "ai;" con- junctive ";" optative "a;" infinitive "qn" (A. S. 'an') E. G. komai, komi," kome,' 'komqn' (A. S. 'cuman.) The impera tive and conjunctive, would be the most useful of these, especially the first. As long as we use the infinitive sign to, more signs are hardly needed. The forms above given as near the Ger. and A. S. as we can bring them without incroaching on other forms. The 'e' in Eng. is to short to be used for inflectional purposes, otherwise we might have taken ‘e' for the conjunctive. The dative case is a useless stumbling block in every language in which it is found, hence I have entirely ignored that case. I believe we have already as many forms as a hard working world will care to learn and apply. Regularity will strangthen the linguistic feeling and preserve long. We find that it is the oftenest repeated words and rules that have best withstood the tooth of time. For instance 'man' and 'haud' were nearly the same a thousand years ago as they are to-day. Language has very slowly become more regular and simple. As long as we have no dative or obj. forms, no oblative or instrumental, no verbal endings, no inflection of adjs., no aroist, no reciprocal, optative or conjtnctive forms, we must call this language simple, if we do not want Chinese baldness entirely, § 33 Where the 'Vocabulary of the Ger. Eng. has not provided proper terms, English words to be used until appro- preate words can be constructed. He who has learned the gram. and reading leasons and understands Eng. and Ger. can himself construct words in harmony with this scheme. The scientific vocabulary must be the work of a subsequent rich society. The common words must first be agreed on and then it will only be a question of time, of scientific knowledge and ingenuity to develope all the technical terms from our own 46 languages that was ever developed from Greek and Latin. Then there will be a greater sympathy and a better understand- ing between scholars and people and ALL can learn more. The greatest difficulty will be to get a movement to start on some particular plan. Whatever plan might Whatever plan might be presented would need some improvement either through addition, elimniation or substitution. I would therefore suggest that the Germanik English be taken as a starting point. In order to make it known to the country I would earnestly pray the Press to mention this book from time to time and give a brief statement of the Ten Great Rules" and insert specimens of the language. If reform is carried through at all, it will be due to the Press more than to anything else. It will be & newspaper mans language, for editors as a class are broader in their views than any other men, as they constantly speak to a great variety of men and nationalities and upon such a wide range of subjects that it naturally makes them less narrow. Now if a reform could be agreed upon within the next twenty- five years it would certainly not hurt the Press to insert specimens of the reformed speech as the People and Press could increase in comprehension of it. To learn a reformed language is not so difficult as men at first immagine. The language learned in three full days work. No less a linguist than Leibniz adviced borrowing from related tongues as D. A. S. Sk. and Icl. to enrich the German. All foreign words cannot be eliminated but we can go as far in this respect as the "Ger. Lang. Association" and by adding a regular euphoneous gram., we can make our tongue a good world speech. P § 34-QUESTIONS.-Can you state how the pl. is formed? Pos. c.? P. t.? Pr. p.? Verbal n.? Infinitive n.? Masc. fem. and neut.? Aug. and dim.? How to verbalize? Numerals? Months and days? How can people help to create an oppinion? What is the advantage of a reg. and self-explanatory lang? How far should we carry simplicity and complexity? Is there not a golden mean as shown in the "Developed Style" toward the end of this book? What practical benefit in learning Germanic English? What mental benefits can you name? (A Russian Sabath School Story.) This story would be an interesting one to speak at school exibitions. Let the teacher give an outline of the story and also explain to the audience the method of forming the pl., pos. c., p. t., pr. and p. p. then introduce his or her Ger Eng, speaker. 47. SPECIMENS GRAITER Lov. § 35-Som ytra ago an Russiak, qdlman (nobleman) wqs reisend (traveling) on serik (special) bisnes in the inri (interior) ov Russia huno (whose) wuda qr ful ov wulfa (wolves.) It wqs the begining ov winter but the frost had setn in erli. Hino (his) farl (carriage) rolo (rolled) up to an gesthaus (inn) and hi ferlqngo (demanded) an nuhich (relay). ov borsa, to overfür (convey) him tu the nekst stopplais (station,) wher hy bestino sich (determined) to spend the neit. The gestkiper erbetno (entreated) him not to forth- go (proceed) for hi said ther was gefqr (danger) in reising (traveling) so lait, as the wulfa wer aut. But the qdlman thinko the man onli wisho to ktp him as an gest, so as to fermor (increase) hino [his] rekning [bill account] aganst him, hy said therfor it was zu [too] erli for wulfa to bi aut and ordro [ordered] the horsa to bi hichn on. H then dreivo of mit hinɔ weif and doter inseid the farl mit him. On the boks ov the farl was an leifonim [serf] hu had bọn bərthn [born, fr. berth birth] tu him on the qdlmano gut [estate ] and tu hum hi wqs much tuteien [attached] and hu lovo hino master as hy lovo huo on leif. · Thai rolo over the hqrdun (hardened) snɔ, and ther suno nai tokn ov gefqr (danger). The mun shedo ito [its] bleich [pale] licht [light], and bringo tu bringo tu glqnsun [burnished ] silver the rod on which thai wer goend. At length the lith gǝrl said tu bine fqther. What wqs the fremd (strange) haulend laut (sound) that ei just hiro?! naithing but the wind seiend (sighing) thru the forest tris, ausro the fqther. But sun, hq [she] said agen, "lisn fqther, tis not leik the wind, ei think." The fqther lisno and fqr, fqr awai in the qbstqnd (distance), beheind him, thru the klir frosti luft (air), hi hiro lqrm [noise] which hy zu wel nod' [knew] the mining ov. Hi then pulo daun the windo and spiko tu ho diner [servant] and said. "The wulfa qr after us ei fir; maik haist, tel the man to dreiv faster, and get yur shutlet [ pistol] redi. The dreivdiner [postillion] dreivo faster. But the saim mərnful laut thai had hṛrn qnntro sich [approached] nirer and nirer. Twqs gqns [entirely] kiir, an pakov wulfa had smeln them aut. The qdlman prüvo (tried) to stil the qnkstful (anxious) fir ov hino weif and doter. At last the hauling ov the pak wqs doitli (distinctly) hirn, so ht hị said tu hino diner, "When the wulfa kom up to us, pik thau aut an, and ei wil pik aut another, and wheil the rest fersling [devour] them wṛ shal get ahed, As hi pulo daun the windo ▸ 48 hi sid (saw) the pak in ful krei beheind the gros (large) dog- wulf at thair hed. Two shota wer feirn and two wulfa fglo. The othra (others) augblikli (instantly) ongrabo (attacked) them and freslingo them, and midwheil (meanwhile) the farl (carrage) rolo on and wino (gained) teim and graund. But the smqk (taste) ov blud maiko them mor wütend (furious) and thai wqs sun up tu the farl agen. Agen two shota wqs feirn, and two wulfa mer fqlo, and wqs ferslingn. But the farl wqs sneli (rapidly) overtaikn and the posthaus wqs yet fqr awai in the qbstqnd (distance). Then the qdlman ordro the dreivdiner (postillion) to lus (loose) an ov the forhorsa (leaders ) that thai meit win a lítl mor teim and graund. This wqs don the qrm (poor) hors stürto (plunged) sich rqsend (frantically) intu the forest, and the wulfa after him and ht wqs sneli zertarn (torn to pieces). Then another hors wqs sendn of. and sharo the saim shiksql (fate) as the ferst hors. The farl qrbeito (ladored) on as fast as it kud, mit the overbrend (remaining) horsa, but the posthaus was yet entfqr (distant). At length the diner said tu hino master, ei hav dṛnen (saved) yu ever sins ei wqs an cheild, ei lov yu as ei du mei `on leif. Naithing kan ret (save) yu nau but an thing Let mi ret yu! Ei betn (pray) yu onli to luk after mei weif and cheilda. The qldman ganststreito [remonstrated], but fergebens [in vain]. When the wulfa komo up agen, the troful [faithful] diner thred sich among them. The hardbrithend horsa hoplaufo [galloped] on mit the farl and the gait ov the posthaus just sliso [closed] in after them, as the firful pak wqs on the point ov making the last deiik [fatal] ongrab attack]. But the reisenda [ traveling people] wer sicher [safe]. The nekst morning, thai god [went] aut and sid [saw] the plais wher the troful [faithful) diner [servant] had bin puln daun bei the wulfa. Hino bona onli wer ther! On that steli [spot) the qdlman uprikto (erected) an thinkmqrk (monument) on which wqs skreibn in gros (large) goldn stqba (letters], thus GRAITER LOV HATH NAI MAN THAN THIS, THAT Hå LAI DAUN HAN LEIF FOR HÅNƆ FRENDA. Kreist deid for us! I desire to call the attention of the reader tothe euphony regularitv, homogenity, and expressiveness of the foregoing language. Remember the soundds of the vowels,-ai in aim, q ah, a an, o on, e earn, oi, oy; ei, eye, au, how; u, mwn; ɔ, oh; ee; or ч, Ger. für; u, ful; v, bvt; Horsa, garlo and lovo has as fine endings, as Dakota,. Minnesota, Florada, 2 Mexico, Colerado, Chicago, 3 Whitelaw, Caryinaw, Forepaw: 49 Lilalu 4 Sarah, Sarq, falah; 5 Obigt, Obeegee; 6 Zulu, Latololqli. Handa, mano, werko (aw.) The gerla werkó (The girls workt.) APPENDIX TO GRAMMAR. THE DEVELOPED STYLE. § 36-I can say that I have always tried to make the language as simple as possible, as both the English and Ro- manic as well as many Assiatic people are accustomed to simple grammar. The danger is that if a too complex grammar is adopted that the producing and distributing classes which have not much time for the study of fine points in language, will slight the several forms and in the end make a very bald speech of it, as the Gothic people did with the Latin. Prof. Blair says the common people could not remember the fine Latin termi- nations for cases and verbal endings, hence, instead of Roma, Romae, Romam, they said 'Roma, da Roma, al Roma. It was the same with the Norman French in England. They could not master the A. S. inflections, and hence many inflections were destroyed. I think therefore that Volapük, Pasilingua and Spelin are so complex that the busy working world will not be able to keep the forms alive. I have read those languages with much interest and have gained many very valuable sug- gestions and hints from each of them. Yet it was not any of those languages that induced me to develope a different plan. I received the idea that English was to mixed from G. P. Marsh's Lectures on the English Language; from J. S. Mill and from Lessing, Sanders and Grimm and that our spelling could be improved from Isaac Pitman's Phonography, and that grammar ought to be regular I gathered from the difficulty of learning the exceptions to the rules in German and Latin and in noticing while teaching languages that students were inclined to employ nouns and verbs according to prevailing analogies. I commenced my study of presenting a regular and self explaingng worlds language in 1864. I did not know till 1882 that there any other persons were engaged in the same line of study. Since studying these new artificial languages, I have gained more insight into the value of utilizing vowels for inflections, and of having an extensive list of prefixes and suffixes, many compounds and as few arbitary base words as possible to make language more suggestive and less burdensome on memory. The value of brevity I think has been much overestimated by some linguists. The more I study the artificial plans and converse with scholars and business men the more convinced I become, that national language must have a strong home base, an inter- which a 50 : mixture of unrelated tongues can not have. This language need not displace any living specch. DEVELOPED STYLE. I have often thought that it would be a good idea to have a plural form for the deffinite article 'the'. Both the Romanic and Germanic nations excepting ourselves have that. It would prevent the frequent repitition of 'the' and give us a warning as to whether a singular or plural noun was coming. 'Do has been selected for the plural as it is very much like the form in Ger. D. and Sk. and the adoption of this word will not hurt but favor mutual intelligibility as an international speech. 'Die' or 'de' is too much like the singular form of "the" for variety and euphony, hence we prefer Do E. G. the hand sing but dɔ handa, pl. ‘dɔ hausa' (Obj. 'thim' and 'dom', ad hṛ and hím, they and them) It would also be well to have a distinc- tion between 'his' when reflexive and 'his' demonstrative as in Sweedish and Danish. 'John gave his brother his book." (Which book? John's or brothers.) For the reflexive 'his' we have 'sein'; A. S 'sin', Goth 'sins'; Sw. and Dan. 'sin', Ger. 'sein', if it is John's book 'sein' (his,) if brother's book hino [his.] These distinctions will not make the words any longer. To better distinguish between the personal ending 'er and the comparative of adjectives, we allow the latter to. take 'qr', as is often the case in Icl. and Sweedish and some- times in Anglo Saxon, as 'stedi' 'stediqr' [more steady] 'steadier [one who steadies].'stediel' [the thing that steadies. Prof. March, of this country, and Prof. Blair, of Edinburg, Scotland, have complained that we have too great a repitition of little words, as compared with the classic tongues, They claim aud I think with justice that the recurrence of so many little words weakens the forceableness of composition. We can lessen the recurrence of the little words very much by using more frequently the inflected passive, as 'Godo haus' instead of 'haus oy God' or 'haus Godo'. Herbert Spencer in his "Phylosophy of Style" has given scientific reasons why the qualifying word should come first, that it is better to say 'black horse' than 'horse black,. The first 18 Germanic, the later Romanic. The little words can also be much decreased by combining preposition with other words and by compound- ing generally. A long word accationally looks as majestic as a large ship among small boats. Instead of saying of the' we can say 'theno' and of God 'Godo' 'o' or 'no' added to a word adds 'of' as, 'full of, 'fulo' 'out of, 'auto' Ger. 'auser', 'out of. The birds of America, Dɔ börda Amerikano, [Ger, Högel Amerikas.) I think it would be a great improvement in • ( 51 our language if we could revive the old Saxon anxillary verb 'weorthan (worth being, becoming,) We use it in a 'few sentences now, as, 'woe worth the day', woe worth the man'. 'Will' ought to indicate volition only and 'shall' reserved to, indicate command, 'duty, 'necessity' and 'obligation'. We say "the man will become sick" (Der mann 'will' krank werden.) It would be better to say "the man "worth' become sick". Past tense, 'wurdo' (would) and past participle 'worden'. The adoption of this anxillary verb will not hurt but favor intelli- gibility among the Germanic people, which is the immediate advantage of this study. As far as the improvement of our.. present national speech is concerned it can hardly be improved much for a long time. But while we are using this language for a while as a merchantile help, and studying it as a "pleasure and a charity we are gradually creating an oppinion in favor of reform, A Passive Forma seems to be desired by by all language makers. I have therefore adopted the passive form found among our Germanik people. (See gram. § 32.) An objective form of the two articles 'an and the, is very easy to learn. Before a noun in the nominative say 'an' and before a a noun in the objective case say 'am and thim (tdf. them) pl. dom'. It is just as easy to know when to sav the and thim as he and him or I and me. This will give us more freedom of possition and make the language more artistic and disciplinary. In a language which has no ob- jective form for nouns, need this objective form for articles all the more for variety definiteness and freedom of position, if we are not going to be satisfied with Chinese baldness. We love ornament in every thing else but in our grammar. For a world's language very many forms would make it more difficult to learn. As long as we have no 'infinitive, subjunc- tive', 'reflexive,' 'aroist,' or 'reciprocative' forms or verbal end- ings and no dative, vocative, nor oblative forms we can by no means call the language complex. People broke up Latin be- cause too complex (Prof. Blair.) It has been remarked by several linguists that a developed grammar is a good mental gymnastic as people are called on to constantly make distinc- tions here and there. This is the standard recoméndation for the study of Greek and Latin. I do not believe it is wise statesmenship to deny the people the cheap national mental exercise which will result from a few more forms that all can easily learn. The objective form of 'him' the people already know, hence 'thim is only an extension of what is already understood in ‘him', 'me" 'us' and 'them' and which objectivs we are well satisfied with. These forms do not change the · · M 52 +4 original words but only adds to them. Just as a direct passive will help to decrease the number of weakening little words, and add variety and beauty to language. E G. 'somit' (something) thisit' (this thing; Ger. disses; 'it', 'es') qlit' (all things; · Ger. alles); isomi (some person) 'qli' or 'qla (all persons) (Ger. D. Sk. A. S. 'alle') 'graiti (grait person) 'graita' (pl. great persons). The plural sign added after adjectives inde- cate person and 'it' indicates thing. I think it is a good policy to systematize all the very frequent relations as much as we can to decrease mere memorizing. Memory is now ex- ercised more than judgement, though the latter is of the most importance. Men often fail through want of judgement, but seldom through the want of memory. In order to increase variety in the structure of sentences, we allow the predicate to precede the subject whenever something has already been said in a sentence, as 'Come here, said he instead of 'Come here, he said· We do this often now but we want to make a general rule of it. The value of a more complex garmmar has been pointed out by Am., Eng., Ger. and Sk. linguists, as making sentences more definite as being more desciplinary. The greater number of grammatical forms, in German, Dutch and Skandnavian are given as reasons why those people stand so high in philological studies. Prof. Marsh says in his Intro- duction to his "Letcures on the Eng. Lang.' "The German boy comes out of the nursery scaresly a worse grammarian and a far better etymologist than the ancient Roman and is already imbued with a philological culture which the English- man and the Frenchman can only acquire by years of painful study." Prof Marsh which is a great authority in language, often suggests the idea that the stndy of Germen and Anglo Saxon might be increased in our higher schools with advantage both as mental discipline and as a source of information even at a small decrease of Greek and Latin. The spoken French is nearly as grammarless as English though verbs seem to be highly developed on paper which much confuse French school children. All linguists know that in the study of langauge the Germans have done so much that philology migth now be called a German science, but there is one man whom I think has not been done justice to in philological reference probably on account of belonging to a small nation and having written in a circumscribed language. "" RASMUS CHRISTIAN RASK, born in Bredenkilde, Denmark, Nov. 22, 1787 and died at Copenhagen Nov. 14, 1832, was probably the greatest linguistic genius that ever adorned his science. After graduating at the University he went to ;. 53 Sweden and Iceland to study the fountain of the Skandinavian tongues. In 1818 and 1819 he went to Finland and St. Petersberg and was occupied with the study of Finish, Russian Armenian, Parsian and Arabic. From St. Petersburg he went to Persia and India and Ceylon occupied with the study of Sancrit and Oriental languages. He gave the Skandinavians the first grammar of the Icelandic, the Englishmen the first grammar of Anglo Saxon, the Germans the first Grammar of Frisic. He first called the attention of Europe to the Sanscrit Bunsen says he was the forerunner of the great discoveries of Grimm, Bopp and Burnouf. He published Danish, Spanish and Finish grammars. He published works on Egyptian and Hebrew chronology. Works on the Thracian and Zend languages and always comparing one language with another to trace relationships. He is said to have understood eighty languages. When we consider how little collateral help he had at that time and how he moved in ancient and complex languages, he becomes a marvel. When When we consider his poverty and early death (46 years) we may well exclaim with a German philologist, "Rask arose. like a commet in the heavens and suddenly disapeared. ri A... "" i ܆ • * · ፡ In presenting the language in the Developed Style" I shall translate from the best known book I know of in all lands, namely the Holy Bible. This will furnish the readers with a key when needed. I have followed the English Bible as literally as possible. I do not suppose the translation is without mistakes, but it will nevertheless illustrate the language. It will be a greater pleasure to the teacher to teach a more artistic language and as the language can in time only be intro- duced by the government through her schools under any plan, a few more forms will not make one weeks more study in the school room. To those that learn the language as a gram- matical exercise, more forms is better, as well as to those that learn it for the purpose of making themselves understood by the Germans, Dutch or Skandinavians abroad or at home. The The Developed Style can be introduced later on if desired. The simple style only will be used, except for illustration. The students will please remember. the, anxillary verb 'worth (become) and 'wurdo (became) the plural article 'do' 'and the passive form 'is' and 'os (See gram. § 32). also theno' (of the) ‘anɔ' (of a) 'am' thim hq" (she) 'hqno (her) 'hqm' (her objective) 'itm' (it obj.) ‘sein' (his reflexive.) • ! 54 Lxx XV, (PK.) Then drod nựr untu him ql də (the pl.) tolra and sinra for to hyr him. 2. And do Farists and Shriftweiss mermero ssiend, This i nemeth sinra, and steth mit them. 8. And hi spiko this gleiknes untu them, ssiend. 4. What man ov yum havend am hunder shipa, if hỵferlus ano them, doth not tv dom neinti and nein in thim wildernes and go after that which is ferlusn (tdf loosen) until hy feind itm? 5. And when he hath feindn itm, hy laieth itm on sein (his reflexive ) sholdra froidend. 6. And when hy kometh hom, keleth hy tugether sein frenda and neibora, saiend untu them, froid yum mit my; for ei hav feindu mei shịp which wqs ferlusn. 7. Ei sai untu yum, that leikweis worth [will] froid by in hevn over am siner that berueth, mor than, over neinti and nein gereita that nỊd nái [tdf know] beruing. 8. ether what manq havend ten silverstuka, if hq ferlus am afuk, doth not tind am licht, and syk flitik until hq feind A 9. And when hq hath feindn itm, sqmkqleth hq sein frendqs (female friends) and sein neiborqs, saiend. Froid yum mit my; for ei hav feindn thim stük which ei had ferlusn. 10. Leikweis, sai ei untu yum. Ther is froid in thim beibṛ thenɔ singla Godɔ ɔver am siner that berueth. 11. And bị said. An gewis (certain man, gewisq certain women) had two sona. 12. And the yungqr (qr, er, for comparatives) ov hem (hem plural masc; lem, them fem., a contraction of lady and them; tem, them nuter, them, com. gen. These forms need not be used much yet, if ever. In Russian such distinctions are constantly used by the people) said tu sein father. Father giv my thim teil gudso that fqleth tu mị. And hi teilud uutu him sein living. 13. And not mani dais after, gathro the yonggr son qlit sqm, and taiko sein reisi intu am fqr of land and ther waisto sein guds mit overdidik living. 14. And when hi had spendu qlit, areiso ther an meiti gehunger in that lqnd; and hy begino to by in wqnt. 15. And hị god and fügo sich tu am blirger thato land; and hy sendo him intu sein filda to fid swein. 16. And hi wud fain hav filn sein beli mit dom huska that dɔ sweina did it; and naini givo untu him 17. And when hị komo tu sichself said hy, Hau mani heirn THE 1 "" " + 55 dinra meine fqthr hav bred enuf and to spar, and i fergo ¿ mit hunger. Fot. 8 !! • # 18. Ei wil areis and go tu mei father and sai untu him, Father, ei hav sinen befor hevn, and befor th C 19. And am uai mor worthi to kqlis (be called, direct passive) thei son: maik my as ano thei heirn dinra. 20. And họ areiso and komo tu sein father. But when họ wqs yet and grait wai of std sein fqther him and had mitfl and runo and fqlo on hino nek and kiso him 7 I : GRAUNDLO DONO FERANEN STAITA. [Constitution of the United States.) FORREDI [Preamble.] Wt the Folk dono Feranen Staita, in order to form am mər fulkomen Feraning, aufrikt reitferdikeit insicher inlqndik roikeit forst for thim gemein ferteiding, beforder thim qlgemein welfar, and tusicher dom blesinga frthudo tu usselfa and aur afterkomra, du qnord aud aufrikt this Graundlo for dom Feranen Staita Amerikano. ** 3 W { ERTAIKL P. [Article I.] QBSNIT P. [Section I.] Q logivli makta hyrin bewiliku shal laiis in am Sqmrqt donɔ Foranen Staita which shal bestand and Eldtrhaus and Qbordnihaus [Senate and House of Representatives.) *** QNMERKUNGA. [Comments.] Stqbing [spelling] shud by as ordsetik [systematic] as dubqr [practical]. Au [one] tokn [sign] for the soft and hqrd "th" and aŭ tɔkn for the "o" and "a" 'on' and 'law' is “a enut for riding and skreibing. Au' and 'ei' 'qr' so wel festsetn [established] in the world bei the Germanik folk [people] that wy had beter qutaik [adopt] them. It is ov mor wigtikeit [importance] that stqbing shud by ordsetik than kurts [brief], "Ai,' 'ei', 'au' and oi" yr twolauta [diphthongs] and shud therfor have two stqba [letters] and 'qʻand i' erin [remind us oy 'i' and 'a'. Bei umwending [inverting ] "m, ei, and e [m, o, fand o] w get along mit au (one) stab wher w other- : 56 Wiii. weis wud nid two. Bei leting "wh, th, ch, sh and ng” stand for ther ralik (regular) old lauta (sounds), the stqbing bekom OBDSETIK which is the haupt (chief) point, and so much ov the old stqbing is ferwqrn (preserved) as is wishworthi [desireable) Nuspaipra al hav the old stqba. If we wer tu hav an serik [special stab for ich shaid ov laut (sound) wi wud nid, anstimend accordingly) tu Ellis, two hunder (200) stqba. The not everi laut kan bi autsin (provided) for, yet wi kan hav stqbing sonirli fulstandik [complete] that the stqb brauka Eused for the laut shal kom nirer the reit laut than ani other in the stqblist [alphabet.] In Ger.-Eng., w often want to férander [change the ausprqki (pronounciation) tu maik it heter ferstanda and mor wellautik. AUSZUGA FROM NUSPAIPRA. ++ 15 ** (Extracts from Newspapers.) On Dimonth (April) twotitq (20th) New York had an los bei feir aufsteigend [amounting] tu over thrṛ heiyona [three million) dolara. The Nu York Midni [Central] Railwai Geselshqft (Company) and E. K. Fairbank wer the heviest lmsra [losers)-New York Sun, ·*. • The loforslag (bill)ferlusend (forfeiting] the Duluth & Winnepeg Land Bewilikung [grant) is misend (missing.] It is belivii to have bin taikn from Mr. Crossfieldo desk bei finda ov the forslag.-Minneapolis Tribune. • The Belgiumi gestir government) hav bestimen (con- cluden) tu giv fildher (general) Boulanger an twota (second] kendu [notice] that hy wil not bi alauen to benuts [avail] himself of the tufleit [refuge] hy has taikn in Belgium tu sqmswar (conspire) aganst the gestir ov Frans, an frendli land.-New York Herald. • ;. the Nothing kan by lernen in bezṛung [regard] tu eilboti roberi [express robbery] at Brainerd. Minn. The beqmtis [officials] qr ser [very] stilsweigend [reticent] on the umsai [subject.] Fershidi [different] aufdekra [detec- tives] qr werkend on the sqki [case.]-St. Paul Globe. Ei si not a stop béfər mit, As ei tred the dais ov the yir. But the pasa is in Godo kiping. The tukom [future] hino gnqdi [mercy] shal klir, But what luk dqrk in the qbstqnd [distance, ] Mai breitu [brighten] as it dro nir.-Irish Standard. • 57 If ther is an gewonheit [habit] mar than another that shud bi ausbildn (cultvated), bei him hu wud geling [succeed] in leif, it is abov ql punktlikeit. If ther is an gewonheit that shud by fermeida (avoided), it is that ov brend "behind teim, -Chicago Inter Ocean. ·99 Mani thausn persoun stqrt from Kansas stąd (city) for Oklahoma--The taun of Purcel, Ind Ter., is overunen mit gamblera kerdmana, thifa and thuga-An feit twin ordis (police) and fimana (cattlemen) auslauf (results) in deth ta for mana.--Chicago Times. For-Keiserq (Ex-Empress) Fredrick and hqno (her) doter qr at Hamburg. The Keiser wqs nemen (received) mit be- geisterung (enthusiasm) at Oldenburg and the stąd ferzṛrn (decorated) and beloiktn [illuminated] in hino eri [honor] ¿ -Illinois Staats Zeitung. Perry Wine, an welkenen [well-known] bürger [cltizen], wqs felend an tri nir hino bilding. It braiko akros the stump and zestero [demolished] the haus and kilo hino weif and thr cheilda, Welt Bote, K The stimship "Queen" has qnkomen [arrived] tu Queenstown. Hq sid (saw) nothing ov the "Danmqrk"or hqno reisenda (passengers).-Skandinaven KENMAIKINGA. Advertisements. Kenmaiking in this spqlti (column) is for ch inrükung [insertion], AN HUN [cent] FCH WORD. J. K. LONG. Bezql the heiest preis for laidiso and linmanano (gentlemen's) kastn of klothing. Silk kleidunga (dresses) $5 to $25. TECH MA (Pupils) not instqnd (able) to beiwon (attend) the ofenlik (public) skula or wqntend to maik up graid work, wil feind an forsich (private) skul forsich (private) skul at 234 West Franklin St. KENDU (NOTICE)-Tu the sharholdra ov the Minneapolis Railwai Endik (Terminal) Geselshqft (Company): The yirli miting the sharholdra ov the abov namen geselshqft wil by holdn at the qmtstubi (office) ov the geselshqft, at 58 ! BANG rum 1, Zql (No) 40 Washington thrugang [avonue] south in the stąd [city] ov Minneapolis, Stait ov Minnesota, on Bidai [Monday] the sikstq [6th] dai ov Kṭmonth [May] at 2 o'kl in the afternun 1889. M. P. HAWKINS, Shreibir. [Secretary.] J WISENSHQFTLIKO. [Scientific-Wissenschaftliches. ] [Old words in old spelling.] Here are an few augla (idous) which striko my mind as I was mitteilend (imparting) underriktung (instruction) in reknlər and earthkundi [geography] somo years ago, and which was more fully upclearo in my book on "Plea for Am, Lang." ausgivn [published] 1888. § P.-Let the dayyearum [almanac] be teiln [divided] in threeteen montha and each month have twoty-eight days, and add an leapwoki to December every sixtq year to fill out the overblik [surplus] time. Begin this new time rekening on an year that qnfqng [commences] mit Sunday. No time- fersterung [disturbance] will forecome [accur] and Sundays will always have the same data; 1. 8, 15, 22, etc. A ser bekwem [convenient] inriktung [arrangement] for business. We could tell the date from the day. § B.-Let the day be teiln into ten houra, each hour into hunder minita and each minit into hunder minleina. § T.-Let the earthkreisl (circle of the earth] be teiln into thousand grqda, each grqd into 100 minita. Let brodgrąd (latitude) be recknen (reckened) from N. to S. pole and long- grqd (longitude) form east to west fully around the eartho umfqng (earth's circumference) and let the Fransi (French) kilometer be braukn (used) and there will be an shen (beautiful) gestim (harmony). Nai (no) A. M. P. M. or N. S. E. or W. § D.-Kauf (buy) thinga bei tena, hundra and thousanda. DICHTUNG. (Poetry.) (From "THE AFRICAN MISSIONARY NEWS.") ENGLISH. To William O,White, In the midst of the fight, With armor bright, Walking in the light, And bound to go right. And keeping in sight, The glorious bight, Of our calling bright, And all invite, From the region of night With us to unite, To fight the good fight, And defend the right, And win the crown, And in heaven sit down, GERMANIK ENGLISH. Tu Williata O, White, In the midst ov the feit, Mit rüstung breit, Wokend in the leit, And beindn to go reit, And kipend in seit, The herliki heit, Ov aur kqling breit. And ql inlqd, From the gegend ov neit, Mit us to feran, To feit the gud feit, And ferteid the reit, And win the kraun, And in hevn sit daun, ELIAS MOLEE, ESQ. '59 RECOMMENDATIONS. From His Excellency, U. S. Minister to the Court of Denmark, Prof. R. B. Auderson. United States Legation, Copenhagen, Denmark, • July 5th, 1885. F Dear Friend: Your plan of a "Simplified American or Germanic-English," received. It seems to me that your plan is a progressive one and that you are moving in the right direction. Let, as you şay the Saxon or Germanic-English be made the groundwork, eliminate borrowed words where you can replace them by relat- ed Germanic ones, develope from within, spell according to sonnd, make the grammar regular, or nearly so, and there is your language already. It does not seem to me that such a speech would be hard to construct, and, when once completed, it would forever be easy to master. We are, no doubt, laboring with cruel and soulless complexities. A homogeneous, self- explaining and regular language would be a great blessing to the Germanic Race as well as to the whole world. الا ** Inter 60 From Reverend Father Chas, Kocberl, Dayton,s Bluff, St. Paul, Minn., Nov. 14th, 1887. Mr. Elias Molee's plan of purifying and improving the English language by making it phonetie, regular and self- explaining I think is a very good one He has invented nothing now of his own, but only collected and put into order the best ideas found in our related Germanie tongues. In this way he has succeeded in reconstructing the English language so that it is understood almost at first sight by any one understanding English or German. I think he is en gaged in a noble cause, worthy of the friendship of Church and Press. CHAS. KOEBERL, Catholic Priest { - From an English Physician and Author. School of Culture, 47 N. Ashland Ave. Chicago, Feb. 16th, 1888. Every earnest teacher and student of the English language has been burdened, vaxed and tried by its crooked grammati- cal forms, changing in endless ways, without either wit or wisdom. An attempt to make our grammar uniform, and therefore easily learned, and to place the Germanic languages on a common bases, will result in a discussion of the whole subject of language by the people, and and it will lead them to see what are the living roots of these families of speech, and when they realize the vital vigor that remains in the Saxon and other Germanic roots, they will be willing to let these bear fruit of their own. [This is what Mr. Elias Molee pro- poses in his book.] They will not attempt to graft in the ill- fitting and ill-sounding words from Greek and Latin, words which always stand in our books as intruders, always as stum- bling-blocks to the child or the man. The tendency of mod- ern civilization is to unity of thought and konwledge, and it must also be toward unity of language. This subject cannot escape being drawn into the range of discussion in which all of our modern peoples engage, and these discussions must result in extensive changes for the better. DR. SIVARTHA, 61 11 Trên tay một BY PETER HENDRICKSON. (For fifteen years Professor of Modern Languages in Beloit College.) The leading purpose of the author is mental economy. This is to be reached through three main channels. [1] By simple and correct spelling: [2] by a gradual purification of our vocabulary, aiming to enrich our store of words from own Anglo-Saxon and allied sources, making the words self- developing and self-explaining: aud [3] by the largest practical regularity of grammar. our In these changes, however, one thing should not be lost sight of, namely, that no change can be considered praticable and no reform commendable, which secures any advantage, no matter how desirable, at the expense of symmetry, euphony and force; and this, I think, the author has no where lost sight of, though he has probably in some directions gone farther than most readers will consent to follow. Chicago Evening Journal.-"The adoption of an inter- national language is becoming absolutely necessary for business transactions, scientific research, missionary purposes and diplomatic communications. A GERMANIK ENGLISH JOURNAL. In order to have a permanent means of exchanging oppinions and discuss the best methods of improving language, it would be a fortunate move for some man or a society of men to establish a Monthly Journal of convenient size and price. Now if this man or society of men could furnish such a Journal with a lot and a stone or brick house of two or three stories in hight in the outer edge of the business part of one of our great cities, the family and editor of this little monthly "GERMANIK ENGLISH JOURNAL" might occupy the upper story and rent the lower two stories. In case the the Journal did not receive advertisers and subscribers enough to pay expenses and living, the deficit could be taken out of the rent of the lower stories. In this way the Journal would be placed on an independent financial bases In case the Journal was prosperous it might pay out of the rent, subscription, advertisements, sale of books and job work enough to compensate both shareholders and workmen. Such a Journal would do more good than any one college or church could do for the country and education. Who will 62 found a permanent Language Reform Journal? What better could a few rich men do for posterity? From 10 to $20,000 would probably be enough for lot, building and machinery. Even $1,000 could start such a monthly, In working for the good of the people through language, it should make no difference to the friends of this measure whether the people at first appreciate such work or not. Children do not always see the benefit of their parents exertions for their future welfare, while they are young and thoughtless. They will see it later in life. A true friend will even endure, neglect and disregard from those he benefits. There are so many influencial Americans that with the powerful support which they would naturally receive from German, Dutch and Skandinavian papers and people in this movement, a greater interest can be awaken in language re- form in this country than we now have an idea of. If we only had a "Language Reform Association" with a Lot and building free from mortgage and a live a live monthly paper visiting schools and teachers as well as educated parents throughout the United States and the Germanic countries in Europe, interest could be aroused and support would likely exceed our expectations, for there is reason in language re- form; therein are found utility, justice, convenience and beauty. "A word should be constructed so that a person who knowsthe thing may receive all the assistance which the name can give in remembering what he knows, while he, who knows it not, may receive as much knowledge respecting it as the case admits of by merely being told its name."--JOHN STUART MILL. "I have not, in translating the Bible, taken dialect of the German, but the best forms thereof, which I any special could find."-MARTIN LUTHER. NOTICE. I have a few more "PLEAS FOR AN AMERICAN LANGUAGE" left, 303 pages. Price $1,00 which I will mail to scholars writing to me for 50 cents.-ELIAS MOLEE. IN WHOSE INTEREST?. The large eyes of an American and Englishmen are so ac customed of looking at the English language as a universal one as the richest, the most expressive, the most simple, the most regular and probably the most perfect language on earth that any attempt to deviate from the regular old grammar and 63 ↑ dictionary to meet even cur cwn cousins part of the way, wil probably be met with the remark. "Are you going to give us a secondary position and crowd foward German and Dutch ideas of language?" The Americans and English have played so prominent part in the history of the world that if they do not secure the whole cake, are liable to think there is lack of justice. Nevertheless, I think that there is a good foundation for the hope of more homogenity in language. I base this hope on the well-known characteristics possessed both by Americans and Englishmen, namely, that of liberality magnanimity, love of fair play and neighborliness, In an international speech we therefore expect to give as well as take, and as far as the national national tongue is concerned we only exchange more homogenous Germanic words for more remote Latin, French and Greek ones. Words already clearly borrowed and foreign. We frequently hear the expression that English will rule the world. The same oppinion is entertained by leading men and scholars scholars in Germany. This oppinion was expressed by Fredrich the Great. Schiller says: "Unsere Sprache wird die Welt beherrschen". The same oppinion is lately expressed by Dr Paul Pietsch, Professor of the University of Greifswald. It seems to me that if those German scholars had substituted "Europe" for "world" that they would have been nearly right. While English may with safety be considered a world's language, it is probably not very far from the reality to say that the German language backed by two Great Powers in the center of Europe [Germany and Austria] and with several smaller nations closely related, and all highly civilized, must necessarily come to play the most important part in Europe itself, though not in the world at large. Now as the English speakers are the most numerous and powerful and richest, a good medium of international com- munication would be of greater value to them than to any other people. Hence, I have left the English Syntax un- changed. The English and American mode of thinking and arranging words is preserved, and that is of greater im- portance than grammatical inflexions or many new words in the vocabulary. In modifying our vocabulary, we have this consolation that it can never become more foreign, mixed, and unintellegable to school children and laboring men than it is at the present time. 64 Anglo Saxon, German, Dutch and Skandinavian words have not been inserted through race, pride or prejudice. I do not think that England or America have less love for France, Mexico and South America our nearest neighbors, than for Germany, Austria, Holland and Skandinavian, but in making up an improved vocabulary there are urgent business reasons for voting in favor of the greatst measure of homogenity. This will accord to us the strongest home base and under existing circumstances give us the greatest number of self- explaining words, and the highest degree of "Immediate Mutual Intellegibility." The German words inserted is not so much for the benefit of Germans as for that of Americans and Englislimen, while traveling. The common Saxon English being already much. like German, Dutch and Skandinavian it is evident that if we substitute either self-compounding Saxon English words or German ones, that the whole language must be readily under- stood by the greatest number of this leading Race. If this Race could and would pool languages it could monopolize com- merce and deplomacy, and obtain a good transparent euphoneous and regular language for themselves and the world! This would not only be a wise BUSINESS MOVE, but the greatest of Charities.-Understanding and Remem- bering made Easy, and EDUCATION CHEAP. Other Races can combine in the same way to obtain homogenous, regular and self-explaining languages, if they will. If we combine other races will maturally do the same and there would be fewer and more perfect tongues, and this through American, English and German influences. I waive all copywright to this pamphlet in order that as many as desire can republish it in any form they may choose in full or by extracts, just as if it had been their own work. ELIAS MOLEE. NLP SAURIINANDE * UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 3 9015 01483 2755 THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN GRADUATE LIBRARY DATE DUE STATE ROSESSI OFFICE BA ¿ į