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ANTHROPO
LOGICAL
SOCIETY
1865
pa de Vilar d
1. Want je deja

FAIRE
ET
TAIRE
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Publications of the
Anthropological Society of London.
LAKE HABITATIONS AND PRE-HISTORIC
REMAINS IN ITALY.
GASTALDI.
LAKE HABITATIONS
AND
PRE-HISTORIC REMAINS
IN THE
Turbaries and Marl-Beds
of
NORTHERN AND CENTRAL ITALY.
BY
BARTOLOMEO GASTALDI,
PROFESSOR OF MINERALOGY IN THE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
AT
TURIN.
TRANSLATED FROM THE ITALIAN AND EDITED BY
CHARLES HARCOURT CHAMBERS,
M.A., F.R.G.S., F.A.S.L.
LONDON:
PUBLISHED FOR THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL SOCIETY, BY
LONGMAN, GREEN, LONGMAN, AND ROBERTS,
PATERNOSTER ROW.
1865.
T. RICHARD3, 37, greaT QUEEN STREET.
gli
Musum
Vignand
2-28-29
PREFACE BY THE EDITOR.
I Do not think that any apology is needed for bringing
forward, in an English form, these memoirs of the dis-
covery in Italy of the remains of its early inhabitants,
analogous in character to those which have excited so
much interest to the north of the Alps.
The work must be taken simply as a sketch of what
has been done by Italians in that direction; since M.
Desor suggested the suspicion of the existence of such
monuments of high antiquity south of the Alps. It con-
sists in great part of reports sent to the author by other
men of science who were investigating these remains, and
consequently, mainly of facts. Cavaliere Gastaldi him-
self has introduced them by a short summary; and they
are followed by accounts, written by him, of the turbaries
in the southern valleys of the Alps, with the inquiry into
which he has been most concerned. He has also been
so kind as to write for this edition a précis of the further
discoveries of lake dwellings, made since his memoir was
published, which has induced me to alter, with his con-
sent, the title of the work to one more descriptive of its
contents, and at the same time more popular.
I may here mention the circumstances which led me
to edit the book. During a short stay at Turin, in the
-
vi
PREFACE BY THE EDITOR.
spring of 1862, I visited the palace of the Valentino,
now used as a college, in which is contained the collec-
tion of these antiquities then in process of formation.
I was so fortunate as to see it under the guidance of
the author, to whose energy it was chiefly due, and who
was the more interested in expounding it from learning
that I had, not long before, examined the Danish remains
of a very similar character, from Jutland, in the Museum
of Antiquities at Copenhagen; and, on parting, the
author was so kind as to give me his memoir, begging
that I would make any use of it I thought proper.
I
consequently translated it, and in process of time offered
it to the Anthropological Society, who decided to publish
it, with the concurrence of the author, in their series of
anthropological works.
d
The fact that this mode of inquiry, through the ex-
humation of buried remains, into the life of the tribes
who were external to-perhaps long prior to-the various
civilisations which, as it were, in a catena, have conveyed
to us the histories and traditions of the earlier world, is
a science which has had its origin in the last ten years,―
should make us extremely careful in ascribing value to
these remains at present. Facts, and an ever larger in-
duction, are of far greater value to us than theories.
If these facts, as they increase, seem to conflict, we
must take courage from the reflection of Alexander von
Humboldt, “that, in an age of such rapid and brilliant
progress as the present, it is a sure criterion of the
number and value of the discoveries to be hoped for in
any particular science, if, though studied with great
assiduity and sagacity, its facts still appear for the most.
part unconnected, with little mutual relation, or even in
some instances, in seeming contradiction to each other."
PREFACE BY THE EDITOR.
vii
In the present state, then, of this part of anthropological
science, a set of very careful observations, by competent
persons, accurately set forth, is of considerable value to
those who are carefully working out the problem of the
relations between the early tribes of civilised and uncivi-
lised man, and their migrations; and perhaps more in its
present form than if moulded into a more regular narrative,
and divided into sections and chapters, giving an artificial
completeness which, as Bacon says, maketh sciences "stand
at a stay," instead of being "added to and supplied
further."
With regard to the use of the words "marl" and "marl-
bed", although some exception is taken to the form of
these words in the Italian, namely, “marna” and “mar-
niera", by Sig. Strobel and Pigorini, who wish to adopt a
special word, "terra mare," I have thought it right to
keep the word adopted by the author, which is marna,
the English for which is our ordinary word marl.
The word marna appears to be of northern origin, or
perhaps is an independent form of Pliny's word, marga,
which he uses in speaking of red and white marls, “ quod
genus (terræ) vocant "margam" (Galli et Britanni), Nat.
Hist., xvii, 35. Pliny's form, marga, is the connecting link
which can be identified with the German mergel, our marl
(vide Zieman's Middle German Dict. in voc.); and
tracing the word further back we find, as its pedigree,
marag; Anglo-Sax., mearg, merg; Scand., mergr, medulla,
marrow, akin to the Sanscrit, mridu tener (tender) (vide
Graff's, Sprachschatz der alt hoch Deutschen sprache,
quoting numerous authorities of early date).
Hence, the meaning appears to be "soft, marrow-like
earth." The soft character of much, if not all, marl earth
is given by partly decomposed organic remains, which also
viii
PREFACE BY THE EDITOR.
gives it its value as manure, which property, as Pliny tells
us, was well known to the Greeks, and that it was early
used in England we know from Chaucer.
"Se ferd another clerk with astronomie ;
He walked in the feldes for to prie
Upon the sterres what ther shuld befalle,
Til he was in a marlepit yfalle."
Millere's Tale.
There seems, then, a perfect propriety in giving the
name marl-bed as the translation of marniera for the
locality in which these curious formations-the remains
of the past life of ancient tribes are found; and we
need not concern ourselves for the "logical people" of
whom Sig. Strobel speaks, who may be tempted to exa-
mine the common marls, the character of which is given
by myriads of fossil shells and animals.
I shall not here discuss any of the theories that may
be held regarding the nations who gave rise to these
deposits; what has occurred to me to say I have em-
bodied in one or two notes appended to the report of
Signori Strobel and Pigorini upon the marl-beds of
Emilia.
2, Chesham Place.
C. H. C.
INTRODUCTION TO THE EDITION OF 1862.
STRUCK by the importance which might be attained in
Italy, by researches directed to prove the antiquity of
the human race, the existence of habitations constructed
of wood, anteriorly to the Roman and Etruscan epochs,
upon piles in the waters of the lakes and marshes,—to
prove, in a word, that our country, like those farther to
the north, was inhabited by the races of the ages of stone
and bronze,—I hastened, towards the end of the year
1860, to write a short notice of the discoveries of objects
of high antiquity, which had been made up to that time,
in Northern and Central Italy.
I hastened, I say, to write that notice,* in order to
advise the students of our country of the interest which
such researches might have, and to animate them to de-
* Published among the Transactions of the Italian Society of
Natural Science at Milan, with the title of "Cenni su alcune Armi
di Pietra e di Bronzo trovate nell' Imolese nelle Marniere del Mo-
denese e del Parmigiano, e nelle Torbiere della Lombardia e del
Piemonte."-(Notes upon certain Arms of Stone and Bronze found
in the country near Imola, in the Marl-beds of Modena and Parma.
and in the Turbaries of Lombardy and Piedmont.)
INTRODUCTION TO THE EDITION OF 1862.
dicate themselves to it, with the advantage of the fine
season; and the haste which was imposed upon me, pre-
vented me from giving attention to illustrating my works
with figures representing the objects found.
Persuaded, nevertheless, of the little value which such
publications have when they want the graphic representa-
tions of the objects to which they refer, I have ever since
had the intention of reprinting those remarks, illustrating
them by plates; and it is that which I am now doing,
inserting in this reprint the fresh discoveries which have
taken place, and the information which has come to me
in the course of the year 1861. I give to this reprint
the title of Nuovi Cenni su gli Oggetti di Alta Antichita
trovati nelle Torbiere e nelle Marniere dell' Italia.
X
Part of the designs, which I now publish, were com-
municated some time back to M. Keller, President of the
Society of Antiquaries at Zurich, and were inserted by
him, together with an abridgment of my former remarks,
in his fourth memorial upon the lake habitations of
Switzerland. I am delighted here to be able to make
my acknowledgments to him for the honour which he has
done to my work; and for his having courteously fur-
nished me with the number containing those designs,
which I wanted, that I might unite them with this
reprint.
The discoveries made in the turbaries of Piedmont in
1861 are few, and so I shall have little to add to that
part of my work which relates to the pile dwellings of
Mercurago; but most valuable notices, on the other hand,
have been furnished to me, by several of my friends,
regarding objects found in other parts of Italy, and espe-
cially in the marl-beds of Emilia. These last have been,
in the past year, studied by Professor Strobel, with the
INTRODUCTION TO THE EDITION OF 1862.
xi
zeal and care of a passionate naturalist; so that if the
publication which I have now in hand, and which con-
tains all the observations made by him, meets with the
approbation of the studious, that approbation will be
principally due to him.
ENGRAVINGS CONTAINED IN THE WORK.
Fig. 1, p. 16.
Fig. 2, p. 17.
Fig. 3, p. 17.
Fig. 4, p. 19.
Fig. 5, p. 20.
Fig. 6, p. 27.
Fig. 7, p. 27.
Fig. 8, p. 28.
Fig. 9, p. 28.
Fig. 10, p. 29.
Fig. 11, p. 29.
Fig. 12, p. 30.
Fig. 13, p. 31.
Fig. 14, p. 32.
Fig. 15, p. 33.
Fig. 16, p. 36.
Fig. 17, p. 37.
Fig. 18, p. 38.
Fig. 19, p. 40.
Fig. 20, p. 41.
Fig. 21, p. 42.
Piece of stag's horn, with traces left by the instrument used
to cut it, from the marl-beds of the neighbourhood of
Parma.
Ditto.
Utensil of bone, from the marl-bed of Ponte Nuovo (Mo-
dena).
Plan of Conventino di Castione.
Perspective section of the marl-bed at Castione.
Earthenware cup with handle: marl-bed of Castione.
Cup, with appendage perforated by a small hole: marl-bed
of Campeggine.
Vase found at Poviglio.
Vase found in the marl-bed of Castellazzo di Fontanel-
lato.
Vase dug up at Enzola.
Vase of the same character and paste: origin unknown.
Internal view of cover of a vase found at Mercurago.
Vase found at Sesto Calende.
Handle of vase from one of the marl-beds.
Handle of a vase from one of the marl-beds.
Needles of bone, from the marl-bed of Campeggine.
Comb of bone, worked in patterns like the Celtic vases, from
the marl-bed of Vico-fertile.
Small wheels in bone, from Campeggine.
Hatchet of saussurite, found near Belforte, in the Ligurian
Apennine.
Paalstab, in the museum at Parma: derivation unknown.
Paalstab, from the marl earth of Castellazzo.
·
xiv
Fig. 22, p. 42. Lance-head of bronze, in the Museum of Antiquities at
Parma.
Fig. 23, p. 43. Lance-head of bronze, from the marl-bed of Bargone di
Salso.
Fig. 24, p. 44. Mould in potstone for founding arms in metal: marl-bed of
Castelnuovo.
Fig. 25, p. 45.
Fig. 26, p. 68.
Fig. 27, p. 96.
Fig. 28, p. 98.
Fig. 29, p. 101.
ENGRAVINGS CONTAINED IN THE WORK.
Fig. 30, p. 102.
Fig. 31, p. 103.
Fig. 32, p. 104.
Fig. 36, p. 111.
Fig. 37, p. 112.
Spindle-whirls of terra-cotta, of various forms.
Inferior canine tooth of a bear: marl-bed of Campeggine.
Hatchet of saussurite, from the Apennine, forty miles from
Piacenza.
Piece of a vase, supposed to be Celtic.
Illustration of the formation of morainic lakes and tur-
baries.
Fig. 33, p. 105.
Fig. 34, 35, p. 107.
Canoe found in the turbary of Mercurago.
Plan of a portion of the turbary of Mercurago.
Horizontal section of a portion of the turbary of Mercurago,
containing piles.
Piece of obsidian from Mexico.
Vases found in the turbary of Mercurago in 1861, both
retaining remains of the cords, tied round the handles,
made of twisted ozier.
Wheel of wood: turbary of Mercurago.
Wheel of wood of higher workmanship: turbury of Mer-
curago.
AT THE END OF THE VOLUME.
PLATE I.
Fig. 1. Utensil of bronze: marl-bed of Campeggine.
Fig. 2. Stone Disk (very hard porphoroido-breccia): ditto.
Fig. 3. Flint Arrow-head from the turbary of Bosisio (Lombardy).
Fig. 4. Handle in bone, ornamented, from the marl-bed of Castione.
Fig. 5. Bone-handled bronze Awl, from the marl-bed of Campeggine.
Fig. 6, 7. Bone Instruments: Campeggine.
PLATE II.
Fig. 1. Flint Knife, in the Museum of Turin.
Fig. 2. Stone Weapon, found with the skeletons discovered near Cumarola.
Fig. 3. Bone Arrow-head, from the marl-bed of Campeggine.
Fig. 4. Disk of terra-cotta: marl-bed of Ponte Nuovo, Modena.
Fig. 5. Flint Arrow-heads from the turbary of Mercurago.
Page 15, bottom line of note,
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Cerro de los Navajas.
OBJECTS OF HIGH ANTIQUITY DISCOVERED
IN ITALY.
For some years past several different geologists have occupied
themselves in investigating new facts, and discovering new
elements of discussion which may lead them to the resolution
of the question, whether the first men lived at the same time
with any of the great animals, of which the most recent fossil
fauna is composed-with the Ursus spelaus, for instance,
the Elephas primigenius, etc. The investigations necessary
for the resolution of this question, take the study of the remains
which are left to us of members of the human race who
lived in epochs of which no memory is preserved either in
history or tradition, out of the peculiar domain of archæology,
and bring it within the sphere of geology.
Consequently most interesting in the double aspect of
archæology and geology is the discovery recently made near
Abbeville and Amiens, of manufactured flints, mixed up with
bones of the Elephas primigenius, and of the Rhinoceros
tichorhinus; and such discoveries as those, which in this case
were made, must be not only of high interest, but completely
conclusive, if, as appears to be the case, we may exclude every
suspicion that these remains of extinct animals could have
been already fossil when the waters handling them afresh
stratified them in company with the rough products of the
industry of the primitive races.*
ཝཱ་
* Later observations, published by the distinguished naturalist, M. Lartet,
prove by evidence, that in the south-west of France the human race lived at
the same time with the Rhinoceros tichorhinus, the Ursus spelæus, the Hyœna
spelæa: see Nouvelles Recherches sur la coexistence de l'Homme, et des grands
Mammifères fossiles réputés caractéristiques de la dernière période géologique.
Now, these species of animals being no longer extant,-in other words, being
B
2
OBJECTS OF HIGH ANTIQUITY
These manufactured flints, namely, arrow-heads, lances,
hatchets, saws, chips, etc., are certainly the most ancient ob-
jects of archæology that we are acquainted with, and mark, if
not the appearance of man on the earth, the first results
attained to by him in seeking to satisfy his wants.
In some localities of Switzerland, of Germany, of France,
of Denmark, and I will say also of Italy, are found exclusively
chips of fire-giving flint, and pieces of bone and horn cut into
the form of arms and instruments, accompanied by coarse
badly baked utensils of earth; in others are found promis-
cuously arms and utensils of stone and bronze: a metal, the
use of which preceded by a long time, as is well known, that
of iron; and, lastly, in others are found, mixed with those of
stone and bronze, objects of iron.
The use of manufactured stone, that of bronze, and finally
that of iron, marking three very distinct steps by which the
intellectual unfolding of the human race leapt to the point at
which we find ourselves, have induced some archæologists to
subdivide the epoch of man into three ages, to which they
have given the names of the age of stone, the age of bronze, and
the age of iron. When man learnt how to construct arms
and utensils of bronze he certainly did not think of throwing
away those which were in his possession of stone, at least
for a long time; and probably even after the discovery of iron
he could not forget the advantage for many purposes that objects
of stone had over objects of bronze; and therefore it is natural
that in certain places we should find them mixed together.
The Age of Stone.-In Italy probably belong to the age of
stone the many arms of flint, among which was one also of
bone, found by Sig. G. Cerchiari upon the hills, which the
offshoots of the Apennine form near Imola, and especially in
some parts of the parish of Goccianello. Those arms have
been described and very well engraved by my friend Doctor
fossil species, it follows that the antiquity of the human race mounts not
only beyond the age which we prescribe to it in general, but rises still further
to the last great geological epoch; and that epoch having been one of cold,
it should not appear extraordinary to us that there should have coexisted
with man species of animals formed to live in regions less than temperate.
DISCOVERED IN ITALY.
со
G. F. Scarabelli, a distinguished geologist, in one of his papers
published in the Annali delle Scienze Naturali di Bologna in
1850. They consist of about thirty lance- and arrow-heads
and of two axes (couteau-hache). Of the lance- and arrow-
heads some are barely rough cast, the others are of finished
execution, a circumstance which, added to another fact of one
of such lance-heads being found near a heap of chips of
various kinds of flint-stone, and to the greater part of the
arms being manufactured from flints found in the neighbour-
hood, makes one believe that they were made in the country
and the very locality where they were found. After the pub-
lication of the paper cited above were discovered in the same
places small balls of baked clay, with a hole in the middle,
little millstones of a garnet-bearing mica-schist, coming in all
probability from the valley of Aosta, and some instruments
and arms, namely
1. A small hammer of diorite of very fine grain, of a
blackish blue colour, through which shoot very thin crystals
of white felspar. This hammer is sharp on one side and
flat on the other; towards the latter end it is perforated
by a round hole, of diameter nearly constant (twenty-one mil-
limeters on one side, nineteen on the other), and of wonderful
regularity.
2. A cuneiform hatchet of the same stone.
3. A cuneiform hatchet of a stone, probably felspar, very
hard and of a beautiful green.
4. Two cuneiform axes of black jasper (Lydian quartz).
These arms, although of the hardest rock, are worked with
great fineness.
*Vide Bull. de la Soc. Géol. de France, 1860.
S
Arms of the same epoch have lately been discovered by
Baron Anca in some caverns of Sicily, and consist of arrows,
axes, knives, etc. of volcanic rocks, found mixed confusedly
with bones of the stag and hog.* Before him Sig. Forel had
found on our coast in similar open caverns, near Mentone, a
good number of worked flints in the form of arrow-heads,
axes, and disks flattened and sharpened, mixed up with bones
B 2
4
OBJECTS OF HIGH ANTIQUITY
and teeth of the stag, roe, sheep, antelope? ox, horse, hog,
bear? wolf, cat, rabbit, with shells, crustaceans, and heaps
of fragments of charcoal.* Arrow-heads and chips of flint
were also found by my friend Professor Capellini, on the
promontories of the Gulf of Spezia. In expectation of the
publication of more important discoveries made by the Mar-
quis Carlo Strozzi in Tuscany, I shall here insert, having the
permission of my friend Sig. de Mortillet, a letter on the subject
by Professor Meneghini, which he received in April 1860:
"The human bones found in the Cave of the Saints at
Monte Argentario have not formed any part of a solid deposit,
nor have they been found in the condition of the ordinary
accumulations of fossil bones of the caverns. They were
scattered superficially in the midst of heaps, which the waters
have carried there from a short distance; the arms found with
them are points of arrows of the usual form and size. The silex
is fire-giving (piromaca) light in colour, and does not seem to
be of the country. The other bones found together with the
human ones are those of the ox, the wild boar, and the rabbit,
nor do they present any character by which they are distin-
guished from the common existing species."
"In another cave in the neighbourhood of Monte Tignoso, near
Livorno (Leghorn), Marquis Carlo Strozzi has also found many
human bones, and many portions of cranium. The crania are of
great dimensions, the parietal bones being rather thin, and in
all the teeth are deeply worn, as if from the effect of long and
active mastication, it may be of alimentary materials compara-
tively hard.† This wearing of the teeth not being in proportion
with the age. Similar deep wearing away of the teeth has
been observed in other human remains found in various parts
of the Maremma, in all probability similar remains of buried
corpses; and it was even noted likewise that the incisor
* Forel, Notice sur les instruments en silex et les ossements trouvés dans les
cavernes de Menton.
This is the character of the teeth in the crania found in the mounds in
Orkney, called Picts' houses; it is also found in skulls in various parts of
North and South America.-EDITOR.
DISCOVERED IN ITALY.
5
100
teeth both above and below presented the same deep wear-
ing away, which, instead of being oblique, as is usually the
case with our race, is perfectly horizontal, a circumstance
which has also been noted in the Egyptian mummies.* Toge-
ther with all the said bones of the Monte Tignoso, the Mar-
quis Strozzi found besides arrow-heads like those mentioned
above, heads of lances cut into the shape of olive leaves, and
a little hatchet of diorite.”
V
"The fragments of terra cotta, some of them of rude form,
have been found within the strata of stone and shells (Pan-
china), which are most superficial, but not of those which
actually form it, except in some rare place, as at the mouth of
the Fossa Calda, near Campiglia. The same strata of solid Pan-
china containing, together with remains of human industry,
numerous spoils of marine animals of species still actually
living, are certainly superficial, but raised in some measure
above the level of the sea, and irregularly inclined and discon-
nected."
In 1852 Signor Gabriele Rosa of Iseo, in an article pub-
lished in the journal Il Crepuscolo, printed in Milan, gave an
account of the book by M. Boucher de Perthes, Les Anti-·
quités celtiques et antédiluviennes, and ended with the an-
nouncement that in September 1851, the engineer, Pietro
Filippini, in the cuttings made for the construction of the
railway from the gate Torre-lunga and the suburb of Santa
Eufemia, near Brescia, about two meters below the vegetable
soil, found in a stratum of gravel the appearance of a mor-
tuary trench, and in it pieces of charcoal and shards of earthen
vases very friable, and fragments of a knife of flint.
We may here remark that arrows of flint and hatchets of
different kinds of stone have on several occasions, and at
different times, been found in other parts of Lombardy, as
well as in the Modenese territory and in Piedmont. These
various discoveries made in several regions of northern and
central Italy, as well as that of which I have spoken above,
made by Signor Anca on the coast of Sicily, gave me reason
* Also among the Chinese, Tartars, Esquimaux, and Peruvians.-EDITOR.
6
OBJECTS OF HIGH ANTIQUITY
to suppose that objects of the same kind might be found
in other southern provinces of the kingdom. With such an
idea I begged the engineer, Signor de Bosis of Ancona, already
known by various writings on geology and the industrial pro-
ducts of the Marches, to be so good as to make some re-
searches directed to this end, and my request could not have
been more promptly responded to, for a few days after I received
from him a present of seven arrow-heads of flint, which he
had collected from country people, "who keep them," Signor
de Bosis wrote to me, "to preserve their houses from light-
ning, believing that the lightning comes down to strike with a
similar stone," a superstition which I have found also in Pied-
mont among the labourers employed in extracting the turf.
The arrow-heads sent to me by Signor de Bosis are in colour
white and rose-coloured (it is worth while to mention), of a
variety of piromaca (fire flint), which presents some analogy
with the piromaca of which are made the arrow-heads found
in Tuscany. Those found in Lombardy, in Modena, and in
Piedmont are of milky grey, or blackish brown flint.
I have said above that it appears probable to me that the
objects above mentioned belong to the age of stone, because
they have been found in considerable quantity, and without
any admixture of metal; I shall now indicate much more im-
portant discoveries of arms and utensils of the Age of Bronze.
The Age of Bronze.-In a valley called Cumarola, part of
the property of Sig. de Gatti, at scarce the distance of a mile
from Modena, in the autumn of 1856, were brought to light,
in making railway cuttings, about forty human skeletons,
buried about three meters below the surface, in the bare
earth; these were disposed in two parallel rows, all with their
heads turned towards the south, and by their side were arms
of bronze and stone. An article by the celebrated Pro-
fessor, Sig. Cavedoni, printed in the Messaggiere di Modena,
published this discovery, and I shall make use of the words
* Archæological account regarding the discoveries of an antique polian-
drium, or sepulchral tumulus, of about forty warriors, with their arms."
-Messaggiere di Modena, 24th December, 1856, No. 1486.
DISCOVERED IN ITALY.
7
of the Professor to give an exact description of the particulars
observed, and of the objects found:-
"Each one of them (the skeletons) had, on the right side,
a lance-head of copper, turned upwards, and on the left side.
an arrow-head of flint-stone; and besides, some of them had
on the right side a cuneiform lance-head of bronze,-some a
similar head of the hardest green serpentine, and some over
their head a hammer of blackish serpentine, not very hard,
and ending on the opposite side in the form of a hatchet; one
of them was distinguished by having, on the right side, a
lance-head of considerable size and elaborate workmanship,
and above its head a pipe of iron,* which, having been broken,
appeared full of some substance reduced to minute grains, like
semolina."
.
The author then gives the following description of the
objects indicated:-
“1. Lance-head of copper (perhaps with a slight admixture
of tin), with a very fine blade, with a rib in the middle;
length 0·13 m., breadth 0.07 m., at the base, and these fur-
nished with a prolongation, 0.025 m. in length, with a hole
in the middle, the better to fasten it to the end of a staff of
wood, of which some traces remain, and which appears to have
been of considerable size, and fined down to fit the spearhead
at its base.
"2. Lance-point of flint-stone, irregularly cut; length 0.06 m.,
breadth 0.02 m. with a socket 0·02 m. long.
"3. Cuneiform spearhead of bronze, 0·10 m. long, 0·04 m.
broad towards the edge, and 0.02 m. towards the other ex-
tremity.
"4. Cuneiform spearhead of green serpentine, of the hardest
kind, like the last, but a little shorter.
.
"5. Hammer of blackish serpentine, covered with small
whitish spots, with a circular head, and ending at the other
side in form of a hatchet, with an obtuse edge, with a hole in
* I have learnt from Sig. di Gatti that it is not certain that this tube is
of iron, and on the contrary it is highly improbable that it was; for of all
the arms and instruments by which the skeletons were accompanied, not
one was found of this metal, but all were undoubtedly of bronze or stone.
00
OBJECTS OF HIGH ANTIQUITY
it, larger at one side than the other, in which was inserted a
short handle of coarse wood, a little longer than the middle
finger, of which some trace remains in the earth; the length
of this is 0.08 m., breadth 0.05 m., across the middle of the
cutting side 0.04 m.
"The skeletons, which were accompanied by the various
arms above described, are sufficiently well preserved, and had
all their teeth white and entire; certain others of these
skeletons must have been exhumed when, about the year
1773, the Via Nuova Giardini was opened, since it cuts
across one of the two rows of skeletons now discovered, and
probably it was at that time that two arms, like those men-
tioned above, were found, which are preserved in the museum
of the Royal University."
My friend, Professor Döderlein, director of that museum,
has been so good as to communicate to me the two arms
whence we have been enabled to obtain models. One of them
has the form of a crescent moon, from the concave side of
which a large and thin appendage proceeds, which must
have served to graft the arm into the handle. It is made
of green serpentine, darkened by small laminae of dial-
lage, which may be easily scratched, while it will itself with
some difficulty scratch glass, not without, however, receiving
scratches in return. The other has the form of a hatchet
(couteau hache), and is of a felspathic substance (sausurite or
petro selce), of a greenish tint with blackish spots, makes
lines easily on glass, resists lime, is so transparent as to
show flaws (scheggiosa), will melt in a retort, giving a glass
of dark green, almost black. (An axe of nephrite, coming
from New Zealand, and existing in the mineralogical col-
lection of the school of practical engineering, can easily be
scratched with a file.)
I shall now draw attention to one observation, which it has
occurred to me to make relatively to the human race who lived
in remote times in the Modenese territory,-an observation
which may in time appear of little or no importance, but
which may, perhaps, still lead the way to new and conclusive
discoveries.
DISCOVERED IN ITALY.
Finding myself this summer (1860) in Modena,* and hav-
ing noticed in the fine museum of anatomy two skulls (coming,
if I recollect right, from some cuttings made near Reggio), one
of which is, from the inscription it bore, supposed to be of the
race of the Zingari, I communicated to Signor de Gatti my regret
that the skulls of the forty warriors, discovered at Cumarola,
had not been preserved, that we might have seen whether they,
peradventure, might not have belonged to the same race.
Some time after, in last September, Signor di Gatti, moved
by the generous desire of making some discovery which might
prove useful to science, gave his attention to an excavation
in continuation of that in which the skeletons, so often men-
tioned, were found, and discovered a new one; and with
extreme courtesy, which I am bound here to publish, not
only made a point of being present at the work, so that he
might communicate the observations which it occurred to
him to make, but forwarded to me all the objects reco-
vered, comprising the skull which, unluckily wanting its
facial and its occipital part, leaves it doubtful to what race it
has belonged.† I have observed, nevertheless, that this skull,
though that of an individual of from twenty-five to thirty
* I ought to say that on this occasion I, for the first time, made acquaint-
ance with the works of Ramazzini, Venturi, Brignoli, Cavedoni, etc., and I
owe it to the extreme courtesy of Signor Domenico Luppi, the archivist of
the corporation of Modena.
† Signor di Gatti, in announcing to me the discovery made by him, wrote
to me as follows: "I gave orders that the ground should be excavated with the
greatest diligence until the usual indications should be recognised; as it proved
after not much labour, the kind of earth was recognised which indicates the
interment of a corpse, and then began to be laid bare little bones, we sup-
pose of the feet. I diligently observed whether the bones had, at some
former time, been moved; but I saw that this had not happened, from the
regularity with which they were placed. The length of the skeleton appear-
ing to me out of the common, I measured the length, and found it 1.91 m. ;
the bones of the skeleton continued to be taken out with the hand, and at
the distance of 0.57 m. from the skull, towards the feet, we found a quantity
of greenish earth; this green earth having been removed with every pre-
caution, there was presented an object, in length 0.08 m., in breadth
0.065 m., which those standing by adjudged to be a decoration, which must
have been placed on the breast of the corpse. From the investigations
made we may gather that this decoration was composed of tissue, and had
10
OBJECTS OF HIGH ANTIQUITY
years of age, has the frontal (fronto-frontale) suture very
apparent,* it happened then that reading the "Statement of
the Natural History of the extensive Estates of the Signori
Brignoli and Rezzi," I saw that the authors mention two
skulls (the very same which I have alluded to as in the Ana-
tomical Museum at Modena), found about four meters deep,
at Caudelbosco, near Reggio. "One of these skulls," say the
authors, "appears to have belonged to a Zingaro (Cinganus),
the other certainly belonged to an individual of the Caucasian
race; but this last, which is that of an adult (of the age of
from thirty to thirty-five years), presents the peculiarity
of having throughout apparent the frontal (fronto-frontale)
suture, and we know that they join, so that ordinarily, after the
seventh year, one cannot perceive them, though there are
sufficiently rare instances in which this property may have
been observed by some anatomists."
-
Here, then, we have two skulls; one found near Reggio, the
other at Cumarola, near Modena, both found at about four
meters depth,--one, of the Caucasian race, the other of un-
certain race, both presenting the unusual peculiarity of show-
ing, in a marked manner, the frontal suture. It seems to me
that, in the coincidence of these two facts, there is something
more than accident.†
Marl Beds.—In the provinces of Parma, of Reggio, and of
the form of an oblong radius (raggio oblungo), with little tubular bodies
(threads of copper) imprisoned in the tissue; and in the middle of the open-
ing there was another small object still longer. We tried in every way to
preserve the decoration I have described entire, but it was impossible; the
tissue which kept it together was destroyed, and the earth on which it rested,
under the influence of the air, became reduced into minute fragments. I have,
however, carefully collected the tubes and the object which was in the centre.
Proceeding with our discoveries, we found on the right side the usual lance
of metal (bronze), and lower still, an object also of metal, in form of a wedge.
At the time you spoke to me of the skeletons found in 1856, at Cumarola, I
felt that it was a matter of regret that the skulls were not preserved; I
however procured that the bones I then discovered should be collected with
the greatest diligence, and carried them all to Modena, to place them at
your disposal."
* Saggio di Storia Naturale, etc.
+ Having gone expressly to Modena in the course of December (1860),
have been enabled to ascertain that the two skulls, preserved in the Anato-
mical Museum of that city, are in fact those which the Signori Brignoli and
DISCOVERED IN ITALY.
11
Modena, there are to be found, in some situations, considerable
deposits of an earth of nature and colour most various, being
very rich in animal substance. These earths are much appre-
ciated, and are utilised to improve and manure the meadows;
in the country they are known by the name of marne (marl);
Venturi has called them cemetery earths (terre cimiteriale).
In the marl-beds are found earthenware, utensils, coins, etc.,
of the Roman epoch; arms, utensils, earthenware, of a more
ancient epoch; and finally, human bones, and those of the
horse, the ox, the stag, the pig,-all often mixed with ashes,
charcoal, carbonised cereals, etc.
Here I shall transcribe the analysis of one of these earths,
due to Professor Merosi, and published by Venturi in his
Storia di Scandiano.
Four hundred grains of cemetery earth, very loose, i. e.,
sandy, and containing alum, have given-
Water absorbed
Loose rock and gravel, part flinty, part calcareous
Vegetable fibre, not decomposed
Fine flinty sand
Carbonate of lime
Carbonate of magnesia
Matter, chiefly animal, destructible by heat
Silex
-
Human bone, not decomposed
The remaining material, minutely divided and filtered, has given-
-
Alumina
Oxide of iron
Soluble material, principally phosphate or sulphate of
potash, and vegeto-animal extract
Sulphate of lime
Phosphate of lime
15
30
9
196
23
12
4
18
29
31
4
8
3
17
Total... 399
Rezzi speak of in their Statement of Natural History; and I was shown, by
the celebrated Cavaliere Gaddi, Director of that Museum, a third cranium
of an adult with the frontal suture. This skull was discovered in 1858 by
the Professor Signor Cesare Costa, in excavating a well in the heart of Mo-
dena, and lay in a Roman sarcophagus, with a lid closed and leaded.
Many instances similar to the above are known. Welcker states that the
proportion of German skulls in which the frontal suture is present, is at least
one in ten; Thurnam states, that the proportion in the English and Irish is
about as frequent; each alleges that in French skulls, from the Paris catacombs,
it is one in eleven.-Thurnam in Mem. Anth. Soc. London, vol. i, p. 155.-Ed.
12
OBJECTS OF HIGH ANTIQUITY
.
Venturi, as I have said, calls such deposits cemetery earths,
and divides them into three categories. In the first he com-
prises the most ancient earths, those which he supposes to
have been either burial places, in which were interred the
warriors of the Boii (a Celtic nation) who perished in battle,
or else remains of the funeral piles and sacrifices of the same
epoch in the second he comprises those which are rich in the
sepulchral remains of the Roman epoch: and finally, in the
third, the heaps resulting from the ruins of old fabrics de-
stroyed by time or burning. Cavedoni, in an article on a
sword of bronze, found in the marl bed of Marano, and by
him believed to be Roman,* gives his adhesion to one of the
opinions thrown out by Venturi, and considers such marl as
the remains of piles and sacrifices, noticing, very appositely,
on the subject, that " as the material composing the marl-bed
(that observed by him) consists of strata distinctly accumulated
one over another successively,—certainly not formed at once,
and disorderly, since each one of those layers is wont to be
covered by a row of stones and fragments of brick, of terra-
cotta, and of natural earth,-one cannot consider such marl-
beds as 'heaps of corpses dead in battle, and burnt pillage of
the Galli Boii,' as Venturi supposes.
""
Following indications kindly given me by Professor Döder-
lein, I visited the marl-bed of Casin-Albo, and that of Ponte
Nuovo, near Sassuolo.
At the marl-bed of Casin-Albo I saw a deposit generally
formed of horizontal beds of a brownish clay, containing many
fragments of Roman earthenware, and in particular of sepul-
chral tiles, accompanied by human bones and those of quad-
rupeds, as well as rounded flints of considerable size; the
stratification is at many points not very apparent, in others
it is more so, and indicated by thin layers of rounded flints;
in other places the clay contains much carbon, and becomes
black; finally, in other places are found marsh shells and land
shells. The marl-bed is about three meters deep.
Observations were also made on one near the last, at Ponte
* Di un' antica spada Romana rinvenuta nella così detta marna di Marano.
-Indicatore Modenese, anno 2, No. 18.
DISCOVERED IN ITALY.
13
Nuovo. There, however, we did not meet with coarse Roman
carthenware as at Casin-Albo, but fragments of earthen vases,
black or reddish, imbedding small grains of quartz. Here,
too, the deposit is an alternation of rounded flints, blackish
clay, bones, carbon, and rubbish of pottery, the whole broken
up into minute portions.
If I might be allowed to draw some conclusion from the
little that I saw, I should say that neither Venturi nor Cavedoni
have noted an important fact; they have not observed, namely,
that in the majority of the marl-beds the objects discovered
have been displaced and rehandled by water, and are no longer
in the site which they occupied at the time of interment.
It appears to me that the discovery made in 1856, at
Cumarola, of the forty warriors buried in the same spot, may
up to a certain point put us on the way to reach the inter-
pretation of the origin of the marl deposits. I shall premise
that all the marl-beds of the territories of Reggio, Parma, and
Modena, of which mention is made by Venturi and Cavedoni,
are situated in proximity to torrents (an observation which was
made to me by Professor Döderlein).
It is known that the regions in which we meet with these
deposits have, in past ages, been subject to devastating inun-
dations, caused on the one hand by the overflowing of the Po,
and on the other by the bursting from their banks of the tor-
rents which, descending from the Apennine, discharge their
streams into the Valle Padana. Finally, we know that some
of these marl-beds are stratified.
That being granted, if we here imagine that kind of burial-
place discovered at Cumarola in 1856, and another similar one
situated at a lower level; in other words, if we imagine a
superficial stratum of ashes, carbon, and broken bones-in a
word, a stratum, a bed of what has been left at the meetings
or funeral feasts of the aboriginal races, cut up, washed, and
re-arranged by the waters inundating the surrounding country,
we shall easily understand that there would result from it a
deposit very analogous to the circumstances of the marl heaps,
a deposit, that is to say, stratified, consisting of sand, clay,
and flints, and containing ashes, bones, objects of human
.
14
OBJECTS OF HIGH ANTIQUITY
industry, etc.; that if in more recent times other inundations
should have come successively, so as to deposit new strata, con-
taining, it may be, earthenware and other utensils of the Roman
or post Roman age, the deposit which would result from it
would be a marl-bed of the most complicated and perfect kind.
If from the little, I repeat, which I have seen, and which I
have been able to gather from the writers who before me have
spoken about these most curious earths, I may be allowed to
draw general deductions, it is my opinion that the majority
of the marl-beds are remains of the burial-grounds of the
Romans, and remains of the cemeteries, funeral piles, and
better, of the feasting places (kjökkenmödding), meeting
places, or stations of the ages of bronze, for the most part
remodelled by water.
I have said that the marl-beds are remains of Roman bury-
ing-places, and the fragments of the well-known tiles with which
the Romans used to cover their sepulchral houses, the lamps,
the tear bottles, the coins, and other utensils of that epoch
which are very frequently met with in some marl-beds, make it
unnecessary to prove it.
I have said also they are probably remains of cemeteries and
pyres of the epoch of bronze, and that, because not unfre-
quently there are found in them, mixed with ashes, carbon and
human bones:-
1. Arms and instruments of stone and especially darts
of flint, accompanied by arms of bronze, that is to say, swords,
lance-heads, cuneiform hatchets, axes with a lateral reflexion
(paal-stab).
2. Vases roughly worked, badly baked, black or dark
red in colour, made of clay embedding granules of quartz,* as
well as certain balls of terra cotta pierced with a hole, called
* In the marl-beds of Modena the earthenware, and principally the pre-
Roman, comes out always in fragments, but having seen in the Storia di
Scandiano of Venturi that in the Museum at Parma there existed some
entire vases from the marl-beds of the neighbourhood, I visited that museum
in the course of December 1860, and thanks to the extreme courtesy of the
director, Cav. Lopez, I found there a series of vases (of some of which I
shall presently give the form), which, in workmanship, material, or figure,
DISCOVERED IN ITALY.
15
by Cavedoni fusajuole (spindle-whirls).* (Cavedoni, “ Di un'
antica spada Romana rinvenuta nella cosi detta Marna di
Marano"-Indicatore Modenese, an. 2, No. 18) which are also
found, as I have said, in this country, near Imola :
All objects identical with those which in Switzerland, Ger-
many, Denmark, and in other countries, are characteristic of
the pre-Roman age, and particularly of that of bronze.
I have said that it is also probable that the marl-beds
are remains of feasting places, meeting places or stations;
not only on account of the large number of bones of the
ox, stag, pig, etc., which are found in them, but particularly
because a large proportion of these bones, those, namely, which
are large and hollow, appear as if always broken at one end, in
almost exactly the same way in which the aborigines of other
countries are wont, both in Greenland and Lapland, to break
the hollow bones with the view of extracting the marrow.†
Here I may give what M. Morlot writes on the subject in
his Studii Geologico-Archeologici (Lausanne, 1860). Speaking
of the objects found in the kjökkenmödding: "One circum-
stance to point out is, that all the solid bones, without hollow
parts, of quadrupeds, are entire; while those which are hollow
we find, with scarcely an exception, broken, often showing the
mark of the blow by which they have been opened. The
population was evidently greedy of marrow, which it took
wherever it could find it, either to eat or to employ it with the
brain in the preparation of skins, as the North American
savages do at the present day."
Enumerating afterwards the objects found in the middle of
the palisades (the lake habitations) of the Swiss lakes, he
subjoins "The pile system of Mooseedorf has furnished an
:-
in a word, by that union of characteristics which in natural history is known
by the term facies, are assimilated to those of the bronze age, found in the
turbaries of Mercurago and San Martino, of which we shall speak hereafter.
* It is singular that the name fusajuole (spindle whirls) given to these
balls by Cavedoni, corresponds so exactly with pesons de fuseau (spindle
weights), by which they are spoken of by Troyon.—Habitations lacustres des
temps anciens et modernes, by Frédéric Troyon, Lausanne, 1860.
+ This remark was made to me about the Jutland heaps in 1857, by Pro-
fessor Thomson of Copenhagen, vide Anthrop. Review, vol. ii, p. 60, 1864.—Ed.
£
16
OBJECTS OF HIGH ANTIQUITY
abundance of broken bones of animals: we see that here, as in
the north, man has opened all the hollow bones to extract the
marrow."
Professor Döderlein for many years has observed that the
long bones found in the marl-beds present traces of blows
of hatchets, a fact which was confirmed to me by the exa-
mination of a considerable quantity of bones forwarded to
me by the same Professor Döderlein, and by Signor Leopoldo
Grassi, archpriest of the parish of Sassuolo, a passionate col-
lector of the natural curiosities of his country.

Fig. 1.
In company with the bones are found in the marl-beds great
quantities of pieces of stags' horn, which almost always bear
traces of the labour of man; some of these pieces or second-
ary branches have been separated from the principal trunk by
means of a cutting instrument; however, the cut has rarely
effected the complete separation of the piece from the stem
or principal trunk, and almost always it has only penetrated
far enough to allow of the subsequent separation by breaking
the part uncut, whereas the pieces are rare that have the face
of separation clean; in some the splinter of fracture is want-
-
DISCOVERED IN ITALY.
17
ing, in others it is more evident. The branches of horn, of
considerable size, have generally been detached not with a cut,
but evidently with repeated blows of some trenchant instrument.
I owe it to the courtesy of Professor Döderlein to be able to
give an engraving of a piece of large horn, cut in this way.

Fig. 2.
This specimen comes from the marl-beds of the Modenese,
and belongs to the Mineralogical Museum of Modena.
Exam-

Gay B
Fig. 3.
ples not less interesting have been given me by Archpriest
Grassi, from which I give one (fig. 3); it is a piece of stag's
じ
​18
OBJECTS OF HIGH ANTIQUITY
horn, cut into the form of a tube, terminating at one end in
an expansion in the form of a disk, pierced with several holes,
the lines, hacks, and repetitions of which this instrument give
traces, demonstrate clearly the difficulty which the artificer
experienced in working on a material so hard and so imper-
vious to the instruments which he had at his disposal.
I think it unnecessary to add that the operations, whether
of cutting or hacking the bones or horns, have been per-
formed by means of instruments of hard stone; of which I
am convinced by not having succeeded in producing with
the instruments of bronze coming from the marl-beds hacks
like those which are seen in these bones or horns.
In the notes published in the past year, I ended the few
observations made by me on the marl-beds, by expressing the
wish that some one of the naturalists resident in Parma or
Modena would take up the study of those curious deposits.
Professor Strobel, of the University of Parma, has amply
responded to my call, giving himself up to the study with
all the activity and intelligence of which he had already
given proof in his other labours. With him was afterwards
associated a distinguished young man, Luigi Pigorini, student
at the Museum of Antiquities of Parma; and I consider myself
fortunate in being able to insert here their observations, as well
as those of Signor Gramizzi:-
REPORT OF SIGNOR
PELLEGRINO STROBEL
ON THE MARL-BED OF CONVENTINO DI CASTIONE, AUGUST 1861.
The Conventino, a kind of convent castle, rises from a little
hill, a quarter of a mile north from Borgo San Donnino, of
which commune it forms part; the summit of the hill stands
about three meters above the level of the surrounding plain of
the Po, and its base of two hectometers, or perhaps more in ex-
tent, has an elliptical form, with its larger diameter from S.S.W.
to N.N.E., as appears from the plan with which I am favoured
by the engineer Signor Eugenio Berté.
G
DISCOVERED IN ITALY.
19
The space of ground where, thirty years ago, the marl
earth (terra marna) was discovered, and from which they
have excavated it up to the present time, is situate to the east,
and at the base of the mound, and occupies an extent of about
thirty-seven ares;* it has the form of a lengthened quadrilateral,
very narrow at one of the two extremities, and in that place
Fig. 4. Ground Plan (scale) of Conventino di Castione.

20/1
a
+
a. Part in which, as they say, the marl earth is not found. b. Old Exca-
vation, now filled in and cultivated. c. Actual Excavation. s. A point at
which is found the marl earth, by boring with an auger, at about 2 meters
down. o. Trench.
where at the present time the marl earth is being taken out,
one continually sees part of the great system of piles (palla-
fitta), while the rest of it is covered and hidden by cultivation ;
the marl earth has 2.50m. of elevation (potenza) above the
head of the piles.
Here is as near as possible the order in which the beds are
deposited which form the mound of Conventino, beginning
with its summit, or from the bases of the building :-
* The “are” is, in the French and Italian metrical system, the square
décamètre (10 mètres) and unit of surface, and 119-6033 square yards, or
0.0247 acres.
It may, perhaps, be as well to add that the mètre, or unit of
length, 39.3708 inches, or 3.2809 feet; the hectomètre (100 mètres)
328.09 feet, or 109.3633 yards.
c 2
20
OBJECTS OF HIGH ANTIQUITY
1. Transported earth
2. Marl earth (terra marna)
-
3. Blackish earth, woody-calcareous
4. Greenish ashy earth, calcareous, somewhat less
than the preceding
F
2.00 m.
2.50
1.00
In the second stratum, i.e., in the marl earth, are found de-
posits of ashes, with charcoal and broken pieces of earthenware,
bones of oxen, teeth of the horse and the wild boar, horns of
the stag, a certain amount of the fossil Cardium and Unio, which
are more abundant in the third stratum. I was assured be-
sides that from the second stratum, and from the upper part
of it, were disinterred two skeletons entire, and lying on their
backs. Among the objects of human industry there are found
in that stratum pieces of earthenware of many sorts, the sides
of which are more or less thick, in colour either black or red-
dish; fragments of millstone of mica-schist, bearing garnet,
scoriæ, etc. The third stratum we may call that of the pali-
sade, because that is the object it contains, which is most inte-
Fig. 5. Perspective Section of Excavation of Marl Earth.
d
d

d d. Level at two meters below the base of the buildings. e. Bed of ashes,
shards of earthenware, etc. ƒ. Palisade (palafitta). The heads of the piles
are found at 2:55 meters from the leved d d, and at 4.56 meters below the
top of the hill.
resting and characteristic; the piles, as far as appears, of
elm and chestnut, are about two meters in length, and in
breadth 0.12m. to 0.15m., disposed one touching the other,
DISCOVERED IN ITALY.
21
.
and by a pressure or force exerted from W.S.W. inclined
to E.N.E., forming with the horizon an angle of 20°. One
of the diggers assured me that at the top of these piles
were found great planks, but at present there is not one to be
seen; instead of this some of the stakes are carbonised at
their ends. When they were vertical the superficies of the
palisade (palafitta) must have resembled a pavement of wood,
such as one sees in some northern countries, on which perhaps
rested a platform of planks. The palafitta has been found up
to the present time under the marl earth, wherever it has
been excavated, that is on an extent of thirty-seven ares, and
perhaps it will be found under the whole base of the mound,
except towards the north, where, as I have ascertained, the
marl earth is not to be found, while a trial with the auger
showed it to exist under the summit. From among the piles
were brought to light various specimens of the Unio, one of
which was so well preserved as to seem as if just abandoned by
the mollusc, the ligament and the mother-o'-pearl (madreperla)
were fresh; the last, however, at the contact with the air turned
the colour of lead. From the piles were extracted, besides
bones, roots, seeds, and acorns entire, a cake of terra cotta
with a hole in the middle (a sort of large spindle-whirl), and
fragments of earthenware. Other objects have in like manner
been found by Cavaliere Giuseppe Ugolotti-Manarini and
Signor Ugolotti Romualdo of Castione in these excavations,
without however any indication of what stratum they were
recovered from; they are horns of gigantic stags, of roe deer,
boars' tusks, a cup of blackish terra cotta, little spindle-whirls
(fusajole), a haft of worked bone, a branch of stag's horn
bored with a hole and polished, daggers and a knife, a hatchet
of bronze, etc.; a dagger of bronze found there has been stolen
from the proprietor.
REPORT OF SIGNOR
MASSIMILIANO GRAMIZZI
ON THE MARL-BED OF SALSO MAGGIORE.
The marl-bed in question is situated in the borough of Salso
Maggiore, four miles distant from Borgo San Donnino, to the
22
OBJECTS OF HIGH ANTIQUITY
M
right of the road which leads from Borgo to Salso. It is upon
a hill; I have not been able precisely to ascertain its extent,
the marl earth being found in different positions; the extent of
the excavation from which the majority of the earth is ex-
tracted is about 400 meters square, the depth to which it
reaches is 1.50m., which is visible in the place where at
present excavation is made. In some situations the marna
is found on the surface of the ground, in others under a sandy
stratum of 0·50m. in thickness. There are found at various
depths charcoal, bones of men, many bones of animals; indeed
of these there are so great quantities that the excavators, in
winter, collect them and burn them to warm themselves. Else-
where are excavated fragments of earthen vases, pins and
lance-points of bronze, and many coins, nearly all about the
size of our centessimi. At 300 meters distance from the marl-
bed runs the torrent Gerra. With regard to traditions, I have
found the following in a little work of a certain Professor
Ghiozzi Borghigiano, who, wishing to prove that Borgo San
Donnino had been built on the ruins of the ancient Fidentia,
thus expresses himself:-"To give weight to the opinions I
have expressed, I bring to the recollection of the courteous
reader, that on the hills of Bargone, situate in the quarter of
Valle, at some little distance to the right of the torrent Stirone,
and four miles from Borgo San Donnino, there is a place com-
monly called 'Terra Marna,'* on the road to Salso Maggiore,
which would imply a sediment of the sea; but this term seems
improperly applied, since it is proved that in such a place the
nations met to make their sacrifices in the most remote pagan
times, that is, the Etruscans, the Galli Anani and Galli Boi,
and afterwards the Romans who inhabited our plains; since
there are found in great plenty in this mound of earth, ren-
dered fertile by the slaughtered victims, and in the strata of
ashes, as it were saponaceous, which are in the midst of it,
all the instruments employed in sacrifice, such as axes (single
and double), short swords, knives, daggers, long skewers
made of wood and metal, clay vases in which they burnt
* For discussion of this word and its origin, see Preface by Editor.
G
DISCOVERED IN ITALY.
23
perfumes, besides various interesting objects in gold, laid
bare in such a manner that they have exported more than
4000 cubic quadretti of this earth, whence one may suppose
without being far wrong, that in that vicinity there was a
considerable population or city, which there, for many centu-
ries, gave worship and honour to the false divinities."
REPORT OF SIGNORS
STROBEL AND PIGORINI
ON THE MARL-BEDS OF EMILIA.
Now that scholastic occupations and the inclemency of the
season, make it, if not altogether impossible, at least suffi-
ciently difficult and laborious to continue our researches on the
“terra mare,”* we may take advantage of this pause to pass
in rapid review the objects of nature and art gathered in it,
and then to make a short résumé of the observations made
upon those earths. In this report, which has it in its power to
direct us according to its will, it was our intention only to set
forth the bare facts, leaving to others for the present the duty
* This is the name which our countrymen give to the azotized earths,
called by Venturi cemetery (cimiteriali), and by others, improperly, marl
earths (terra marne). The first of these terms, that of Venturi, is too special,
and does not embrace the various sorts of those deposits; and the second
conduces to error as generally, as well as among us,—by marl is intended
chalky clay (il calcare argilloso). Wherefore, not to perpetuate this source
of equivoque, and not to have in the future again the annoyance of inducing
certain logical people to search in our blue marls (marne azzurre) for the
objects of the mariere, we adopt the above vulgar word, which, if it has not
the advantage of expressing an idea, has not, at least, the disadvantage of
offering a false one. As regards the component parts of these earths, and
the use made of them in agriculture, we can only here refer to what has
been said on the subject in " Cenni su alcune armi di pietra e di bronzo,” etc.,
inserted in the Transactions of the Society of Natural Science at Milan, vol. iii,
p. 11, 1861.
I have given the origin of marna in the preface. It is clear that terra
mare is a word referring these deposits to marshiness, being connected with
marese, a fenny place, which, it is clear, has nothing to do with the origin of
the word; as marl means earth containing organic matter in various stages
of decay, I have chosen to apply it as the only reasonable translation of the
word marna or marniera, the latter undoubtedly meaning a marl-bed, and
being the word used by the author.-EDITOR.
•
24
OBJECTS OF HIGH ANTIQUITY
of drawing conclusions, physical or archæological. But we
confess that in setting forth these facts in a certain order, we
have not been able to resist the temptation of allowing our
minds to run to some conjectures-to advance some hypo-
theses. Pardon this boldness of ours, the effect of the natural
inclination of any one devoted to these studies. However, we
do not hold much to our deductions, and we shall ever be ready
to retract them, where further facts and more extended observ-
ations, diligent and minute, which perhaps in the future it
may be possible to institute, shall have persuaded us that we
are in error.
For greater distinctness we have divided our statement into
different heads; let us begin with what regards the
WORKS OF MAN,
a head which we may sub-divide into five paragraphs, which
treat respectively of the habitations, the vessels, the utensils,
the arms, and the things of uncertain use.
I. HABITATIONS.
Of the different sorts of habitations of the people of the
marl-beds, without doubt the most important are the pali-
sades (palafitte). Up to the present time they have only
been discovered at the Conventino of Castione, where, as
far as we know, no one has undertaken further works of
excavation, and from which place one of us, in the course
of the summer, transmitted a detailed report; we can only
refer to it, not having found anything to add to it, except the
expression of our longing for the continuation of these exca-
vations, so very interesting, and under a scientific superin-
tendance. From the aforesaid report it results that the people,
who are conventionally called Celts, were accustomed to use
in such constructions in our marshes, as well as in the lakes of
Piedmont and Switzerland, small piles, with the difference
that with us, to reduce them to that size, they did not split
up the trees lengthways twice or four times, as the trees
were sufficiently thin in themselves. Naturally in Switzerland
they brought into use the firs, beeches, oaks, and birches,
DISCOVERED IN ITALY.
25
which abound there; while here they had recourse to the
common elm and chestnut.
According to Strabo (B. IV), the houses of the Celts were
round, constructed of planks and hurdles (graticcie), and
covered with a roof of thatch (stoppia, stubble). In France
and England, according to Caumont,* they were also often
rectangular, and had a foundation of unmortared wall (mura a
secco),† often lower than the surrounding level, whether to
defend it from the inclemency of the weather, or perhaps not
to give to a not very solid wall too high and dangerous an
elevation. But, besides, in France, as we are informed by the
same author, certain inequalities of ground, some traces, little
visible, of rough foundations indicate, to the archeologist, the
site of the Celtic habitations.
And this is exactly what has been observed in some of our
marl-beds. Signór Giuseppe Sandri, proprietor of a marl-bed
at Madregolo, assures us that, making excavations in the past
year, he met, at a considerable depth, walls constructed of
clay. In the marl-bed of S. Polo are to be seen the vestiges
of an unmortared wall. From the marl-bed of Vico-fertile
was excavated (we give it on the authority of the towns-
people), only in the past year, a beam, at about a meter
in depth, which, perhaps, belonged to such a Celtic ha-
bitation.
II. VESSELS.
These are either of terra cotta or stone. The first, or the
earthenware vessels of which we shall discourse here, are com-
prised by us under the name of
POTTERY (Stoviglie).
We shall here only occupy ourselves with those vessels of
* Cours d'Antiquités Monumentales professé à Caen, tome i, première partie,
Ere Celtique, p. 157.
† This is the principle of the Norwegian houses of the commoner sort,-
pile of stones, without mortar, carefully built, often lowered into the surround-
ing land, on this a wooden house of logs or planks; also, in Siam, vide
Bowring,; also in Japan, vide Japanese drawings.-EDITOR.
‡
Loc. cit., p. 156.
26
OBJECTS OF HIGH ANTIQUITY
*
earth, which are kneaded of sandy earth with grains of
quartz, which have not been baked in an oven, and therefore
are little indurated, and present a fracture altogether pecu-
liar to themselves; such as we see extremely well figured
and coloured in the Celtic antiquities of Caumont, and are
distinguished by the archeologists by the name of Celtic.
And here we may lay it down, once for all, that in this ex-
position we shall not take account of the objects of art,
although found in excavating the marl earth, whenever we
are sure that they are the product of Roman industry, or of
later date.
Although the paste of this pottery, as we have said, pre-
sents an appearance peculiar to itself, yet we can distinguish
differences corresponding unquestionably to the various uses
they were to serve. The larger vases-intended, in all pro-
bability, for cooking, and to contain liquids and cereals, and
perhaps also the ashes of the dead-are roughly kneaded;
and here the grains of sand are larger and more visible; the
colour of the paste is blackish ash colour inside, and reddish
in the external coats; the sides have a considerable thickness
(0.018 m.),† the base still greater (0.025 m.), this, which is
smooth, presents a diameter of from 17 to 24 centimeters.
As is natural, they show no traces of varnish either externally
or internally; the colour of the superficies is a clear reddish
tint, which now tends to ash colour and now to yellow, which
may give presumption of the colour which we may conjecture
the original paste of these vases to have been no whole
one was found in our marl-beds, but a profusion of their
shards.
Other vases are made with greater care and precision, and
of finer paste, so that one at times has difficulty in recognising
the siliceous granules in them; the sides are thin, even very
thin (0.002 m.), and the use to which they were destined must
therefore have been somewhat different from that of the dishes
above alluded to, and their forms of plates (scodelle), cups (coppe),
* Ibid., p. 156.
+ The millimètre
==
0.03937 inches; the centimètre
་་་
0.39371 inches.
DISCOVERED IN ITALY.
27
basins (tazze), bottles (oricanni), indicate it. Their colour
inclines to blackish for the most part, and is sometimes ash-
coloured, or else yellowish, with innumerable black specks.

Fig. 6.
The tint of the paste is analogous to the tint of the super-
ficies, as we have described it. Of the thousands of shards
----
#LT...
Costa
--

Fig. 7.
of this kind of pottery, which enter into the composition of
the marl-beds, only sixteen vases, as far as we can learn, have
been taken out entire; two of these are represented above;
nine belong to the local Royal Museum of Antiquities, and
five are in our own possession.
Between these two extremes of coarse and fine vases, now
described, all intervening kinds are found, which, in colour of
the surface and the paste, belong to one class or the other as
they incline to each respectively. In the midst of the rubbish
of these intermediate kinds of pottery were found some pieces
made of a paste of red earth, of dark brick-colour, containing,
still, sandy grains, and which appears to have been baked in a
hotter fire.
28
OBJECTS OF HIGH ANTIQUITY
It is only the fine and bright earthenware, which pre-
sents the appearance of a varnish, which, however, does
not alter its colour, and appears to belong to the substance
itself of the vase; sometimes, however, it disappears after
washing.
Now, let us proceed to the analysis of the form of the
earthenware, as far as we can gather it from the few entire
vases, in part figured here, and from the larger shards; in
some a ridge (carcna, keel), more or less raised, and sharp
rims horizontally on the side, as in the vase found at Po-
viglio (fig. 8); and the vases, so rimmed, are rather shallow

Fig. 8.
in comparison with their diameter, for the most part small,
and with thin sides. They are pans, goblets, cups, and
saucers, some of which for elegance and good taste might-
better than the depraved porcelain of the present century—

Fig. 9.
serve as a. model to our potters. The bowl of other vases is
set round with a series of five or six pointed excrescences, one
DISCOVERED IN ITALY.
29
of which is perforated for the cord for hanging up the vase.
One of the unbroken vases belonging to this order (fig. 9)
comes from Castellazzo di Fontanellato; the other, the larger
of the entire ones (145 m. high, greatest diameter of bowl, 180),
fig. 10, was dug up at Enzola. A small vase (73 m. high, greatest

Fig. 10.
horizontal diameter 70), with sides not so thin, and likewise
adorned with pointed protuberances, but with none of them per-
forated, is represented below (fig. 11). Its form is that of a double
hexagonal pyramid, elongated and truncated at both ends, of
which one forms the base, the other the aperture, which is
roughly pentagonal, and so not in accordance with the six faces
which constitute the upper half of the sides. The excrescences

Fig. 11.
Its use
rise from the six solid angles of the bowl of the vase.
is unknown; probably it was a scent bottle, and perhaps had to
30
OBJECTS OF HIGH ANTIQUITY
.
do with burial. But the greater part of the earthenware we
are discussing has not so remarkable a form, having neither
protuberances nor rims, but presents the common conico-
truncated forms, or else globular or hemispherical.
The edges of these earthen vessels offer modifications which
we shall attempt to describe to the best of our power. We
have evasive edges, or rather some more some less inclined
or bent inwards and outwards: these we shall call lips:
these internally are sometimes convex, sometimes plane; the
plane ones again sometimes have a horizontal projection inside,
and sometimes are plane; sometimes beautified with designs,
engraved or raised (in relievo), always, however, rectilinear.
Sometimes the rim is formed by a small string-course (cordon-
cino); but for the most part the sides are the same all through,
which, being cut, form the margin, which is the most simple
of the edges.
K

Fig. 12. Mercurago. (Internal part of Cover of a Vase.)
Sometimes this margin bears consecutive impressions, care-
fully made by the fingers of the potter,-something like the
lacework on certain kinds of piecrust. Finally, such vases
have inside, a little beneath and running along the edge, a
string-course.
For the most part, the sides of the pottery being drawn in
form the base or bottom, which in some cases is plane, in others
is more or less convex. The convex bottom sometimes presents
outside a little rising in the middle, either simply convex, or
else with an obtuse point, which brings to one's mind the
Roman amphora. Another similar one is, on the contrary,
concave in the centre. In one of these cases in the bottom,
on the inside, a convexity corresponds to a concavity on the
DISCOVERED IN ITALY.
31
other. A true base or support has been met with only in a
few, and those, little vases; among those which have been repre-
sented, we do not see a single example. This support is only

Fig. 13. Sesto Calende.
formed by a simple little band, which, being placed round the
centre of the bottom of the vase, supports it, and prevents
its coming in contact with the plane on which it stands, like
our common little plates (scodelle).
But however, rough, as far as has appeared up to this point,
were the makers of this porcelain, there was in them, notwith-
standing, an inclination to vary their handiwork; this espe-
cially shows itself in the different forms and different embel-
lishments of the handles, as being the parts of the vases,
which, from their thickness, escape most easily being broken
into fragments The most simple form of handle would be
that formed by a plain horizontal or vertical projection sticking
out from the external wall. A semi-cylindrical protuberance,
perforated lengthways, constituted another sort of handle, if
indeed it merits that name, since it could only serve to hang
up the vase with a piece of string, and in no wise to hold it in
the hand. This perforated protuberance sometimes showed
its greater axis and the corresponding hole horizontal, and
ww
32
OBJECTS OF HIGH ANTIQUITY
springs, it may be, from the rim of the vase so as to form part
of it, it may be below it.* Sometimes it springs from the
bowl and presents the greater axis, and the little hole straight
up and down. Less rough are the handles of the larger and
more common earthenware vessels, used even to the pre-
sent day, which, either curved, cylindrical, or else plain, are
applied to the vase either with both extremities to the external
wall, or with one to this, and the other attached to the rim.
One variety of this type consists of those handles which,
similar to those described, run horizontally along the bowl of
the vase instead of from above to below, as in the preceding

Fig. 14.
But we
instances. Of the kinds of handles hitherto noticed, few in
truth display ability or good taste in the artificer.
cannot say the same of another type, which we may call ap-
pended (appendiculati) handles. These, though in other re-
spects like the common handles, bear on the upper part an
appendage which sometimes supports a transverse bar, at other
times grows into a half-moon shape.
The greatest development of the moon-shaped variety of
this type is observable in those handles in which the two
* Vide fig. 9, supra,
DISCOVERED IN ITALY.
33
branches of the half-moon are so prolonged as to resemble
the two branches of a stag's horn smoothed down (fig.
14), such as are also found in the marl beds; so that on
one of the branches of these horned appendages appear-
ing in the excavation, it might at first sight be easily mis-
taken for a horn. The appended handles vary considerably in
the form and length of the appendage and its dilatation.
Sometimes they resemble ears (orrechiute), like that repre-
sented below. (Fig. 15.) Sometimes they are lance-shaped

B
Fig. 15.
(lanceolate.) The design upon them, either made by scratches
or string, or by pressure, is always rectilinear. Out of the
large number discovered, the varieties of appended handles
may be reduced to a dozen series. Of the vases dug out
whole, there are not wanting those entirely without any
handle, or any projection which may serve for one; they are
small, even very small, so as scarcely to deserve the name
of vases. In the side of a similar one, and immediately under
its rim, have been pierced one or two holes, a simple and
expeditious way of enabling it to be suspended by a small
cord.
D
34
OBJECTS OF HIGH ANTIQUITY
Of the decorations of the pottery there is little to be said.
We may sometimes observe right lines scraped upon them;
sometimes we may find the impressions of the finger, on which
we have remarked already, disposed with a certain order and
design; and others which, made with some instrument while the
paste was still tender, imitate a bough with alternate leaves.
Finally, the ornaments consist occasionally of string-courses
more or less thick and raised, and in these we first discover
attempts at curved lines.
One single cover (coperchio) have we been able to obtain
in the terra mare; it is entire, plain, circular, with a simple
common handle in the middle; we found it at Vico-fertile.
We shall end this chapter on Earthen Vessels by noticing
the fact, inasmuch as it may be an interesting one, of our hav-
ing excavated from the upper part of some marlbeds, pieces of
earthenware, which, while they are composed of the character-
istic paste of the pottery of which we have been talking, bear
evident traces of having been executed on the lathe, while the
others were both composed and worked with the hands. We
perceive in all parts, but especially in the external walls, most
regular markings (solchi) in depth a millimeter or more, and
two or three millimeters apart. The colour of the paste is
more uniform than in the preceding vases; sometimes dark
grey, sometimes brown, sometimes a dark brick red; from the
compactness of the paste and the uniformity of the colour, we
might suppose that they had been baked in an oven. From
various shards of this kind of earthenware, it appears that the
vases of which they formed part had the brim inclining
inwards, which we do not observe in the other Celtic vases of
the marl-beds, with the vases worked on the wheel we con-
stantly find pieces of vessels in Pietra ollare (pot-stone),*
* The fact is singular and deserves mention, that in a district of our
highlands the way and secret of making a kind of pottery is jealously pre-
served; which reminds one in paste and baking of that of the Celts. This
little district is called Càsola di Ravarano, and in our country is specially
known as Casola of the pots (delle olle), because it is this place which pro-
vides it with this kind of vase. It is situated on the left side of the post
and military road which leads from Parma to Pontremoli. The earth of
DISCOVERED IN ITALY.
35
like saucepans; these naturally were worked upon the wheel;
they are pierced at the bottom, with a view to being stopped up
with metal plugs. The bottom inside, and sometimes outside
also, is covered with a varnish of a black tint, of a carbona-
ceous nature, which proves that they were exposed to the
action of fire; while the holes in the middle attest that the
vase did not serve to cook any substance, at least not
liquid.
this pot stuff contains, as far as is known, besides clay, grains of silex, chalk,
oxide of iron, and calcareous spar, carefully proportioned, cut up into minute
rhomboidal pieces, imperfectly calcined and mixed with the paste, with the
object of preventing its breaking into chinks when it is exposed to the fire.
The potters of Casola give to this calcareous substance the technical name
of tarso. Many Celtic potsherds of the marlpits, also, contain particles
of calcareous spar, which at first sight one is tempted to take for grains
of white quartz. They do not, however, contain it in the same degree as
the pottery under discussion. These, roughly composed in the way we have
mentioned, are next formed with the hand, and afterwards baked at a com-
mon fire, never in an oven, less badly, however, than the Celtic vases, owing
to which the tint of the superficies of the fracture in them is more uniform,
almost the same both inside and out. These pots come out a little porous,
and slightly refracted (leggermente refrattarie), and they can be exposed to
an intense heat (300° about of the pirometer), and may be fifty times exposed
to this heat; heated, however, till they become cherry-colour, they break up.
These properties of the vases of Casola have decided in a great measure
their uses their size and form varies according to the special use for which
they are intended. The ollas, properly so-called, have a truncated conical
paraboloid form, with little ears, or lateral semi-cylindrical protuberances,
perforated to admit the passage of small cords, or iron wires, with which to
hold them in the hand, or hang them up,-almost exactly as may be seen in
some kinds of Celtic vases. They serve principally in the country to hold the
milk while coagulating; in town, in houses and shops, as a sort of small oven,
in which they place live coals, either to warm themselves, or to make instru-
ments, or other objects, red hot. In chemists' laboratories they are employed
in chemical operations which need great heat; e. g., the calcining of mag-
nesia: the kind called testi, again, are formed in the shape of a truncated
cone; rather shallow, and with a sufficiently wide base, with four lateral ears
so as to hold them by means of four irons when they are burning hot; and
they serve as a reverberating furnace to put over bread and cakes in cook-
ing, they are made the breadth of a meter or more. Finally, there are made
little baking vessels, suitable for the laboratory of the chemist. We owe
the major part of these remarks to Sig. Berté, engineer, who, living in Ra-
varano, was able, from his acquaintance with the pottery of Casola, to fur-
nish a more genuine account than anyone else.
D 2
36
OBJECTS OF HIGH ANTIQUITY
III. UTENSILS.
These consist of stone, bronze, and stag's horn. We shall
begin the review with the utensils in
BONE,
as those which might be confounded with the remains of
various ages. They come principally from the marl beds of

1/2"
Fig. 16.
Campeggine and Castione, which, up to the present time,
have yielded the largest contingent of Celtic objects;* part
of them are made out of stag's horn, whether of the roe,
deer, or of the stag-the common one, so called; and for
this reason one meets in the marl-beds not unfrequently
* And for this we are indebted to the goodness of the brothers Signori
Giacomo and Carlo Cocconi, of Campeggine, and the Cavalieri Ugolotti
Manerini and Romualdo Ugolotti, of Castione.
DISCOVERED IN ITALY.
37
such horns, with traces of the instruments upon them, which
were used to cut them and reduce them to a round form. We
may here observe the imperfection of the instruments em-
ployed to this end when one compares the inequalities of the
surface, and the considerable number of cuts employed, with
the plainness and neatness of the few cuts which one finds on
the stag's horn employed for similar purposes in later times.
As I have already remarked, in speaking of the handles of the
pottery, we not seldom find branches of horn in "process
of smoothing, and some very smooth and shining,—perhaps
intended to smooth other objects, or only to bend them.
.
Certain pieces of stag's horn have a resemblance to coarse
saddle needles (aghi), fig. 16, slightly bent at the end, split
lengthways, and partially smoothed, but not polished, which in-
dicate an age of roughness, and were perhaps used to interlace
and adjust the nets. Of bone, also, are certain pegs (cavicchii),
which resemble the pins of a violin, pierced in the head,
which has the form of a circular disc, as well as an elliptical
disc,—like that just dug up from the marl-bed of Vico-fertile
(vide Plates), and found by Sig. P. Corbellini, who wished, very
politely, to make us a present of it. Of the same substance
as these pegs was found a small comb, in form like those
which our peasants hang now to the walls of their rooms,

HUDO
AAAA
AAAAA
AAAAA
AAAA
Fig. 17.
almost square (35 millimeters long to 30 wide, exclusive of
the handles). One of the longer sides bears the teeth, and
on the opposite side is the handle, formed of a bandlet cut
38
OBJECTS OF HIGH ANTIQUITY
out of the same piece of horn, crossing from one corner to
the other of this longer side of the comb, in a semicircle. It
is prettily ornamented, though simply, rectilinear designs being
engraved upon it, and was excavated from the marl-bed of
Fodico di Poviglio, on the property of Sig. Cavaliere Pietro
Martini, to whose courtesy we are indebted. For finish of work-
manship among articles in bone, the two little wheels (ruotelle),
fig. 18, occupy the first place, in their diameter 46 to 48 milli-
meters, which were found in the marl-bed of Campeggine, the

12
1/2
Fig. 18.
one formed of six radii and a single circle; the other, the
smaller, of four radii between the nave and the first circle, and
of eight between that and the second. In the smaller one, the
nave projects on one side to 19 millimeters. Isolated as are
these little wheels, it is impossible to divine their use. In
accuracy of workmanship come next to these the handles of
awls and other instruments in bronze, with engraved designs,
circular and rectilinear (vide Plates).
UTENSILS IN STONE.
At present the objects in stone, which have been exca-
vated from our marl-beds, are few and little varied. A
single cuneiform hatchet (accetta) of jasper (quarzo lidio), or
rather, touchstone (pietra del paragone), found in the marl-
bed of Campeggine. Small, and with a nearly straight edge,
DISCOVERED IN ITALY.
39
we may suppose that, attached to a handle, it may have
served as a chisel (scarpello). The other cuneiform hatchets
and the axes of stone collected in Emilia, which I have seen,
were either not extracted from the marl-beds, or else in
some cases their precise derivation was unknown; they bear
the vulgar name of lightning stones (pietra del fulmine), under
the belief that they are the solid point of that electric stream.
The pieces of millstone (macine) are less uncommon; a few
were composed of talco-schist and garnet-bearing micaceous
schist; the greater part, however, are of the rocks of our
hills, that is of macigno (portland-stone) of breccia, or else
serpentine. Some of these pieces seem to have been part of
large slabs, and perhaps instead of under millstones, are frag-
ments of hearthstones. We have had only one of those
spheroidal stones channeled out in a circle, which seemed to
have been used for slings, or else as weights either for nets
or else in weaving. This stone comes from the marl-bed of
Campeggine.
UTENSILS IN BRONZE.
These are wires (fili), pins (spilli), awls (lesine), chisels
(scarpelli), and knives (falci). We have not had the good
fortune to find any fish-hooks (ami) in the marl-beds we have
visited; though in your Memoir we are assured that such
fishing implements are found in other of these earths not
examined by us.
IV. ARMS.
In their enumeration we shall preserve the same order
observed for the utensils, and shall here begin the review with
the arms in
BONE.
The sharpened points of this substance appear to be the
heads of darts or javelins. From the kind of inequality of the
surface left from the cuts, the imperfection of the carving
implement is apparent, as well as the unskilfulness of the
artificer; the point of one especially is so rough that, not
wishing to wrong the maker, we shall be obliged to consider
40
OBJECTS OF HIGH ANTIQUITY
it as
an unfinished work.
arms in
We may take notice of some
STONE.
But of these there is none of which we can positively
say
that it was disinterred from the marl earth. The Royal
Local Museum of Antiquities, those of natural history in the
Universities of Parma and Bologna, and the cabinet of na-
tural history of the Lyceum of Piacenza, possess more than
two dozen axes in ophite (green porphyry); lydian quartz
(jasper); nephrite or kindred rock, sometimes like in form,
volume, and thickness, to that figured below, sometimes larger
00
12

Fig. 19.
towards the cutting side, which is less curved, or else they are
of a thickness proportionately greater. In the museum of
Piacenza, there is a pick-shaped hammer (mazuolo) of jade
(giada), like one found in the Imolese; and a second, appa-
rently of a kind of granite, makes part of the geological
cabinet of Bologna. In the Memoir often cited, mention is
DISCOVERED IN ITALY.
41
made of flint arrowheads found in the marl-beds; we have
not been able to discover any. There is one, also, in the
Royal Museum of Antiquities at Parma. The greater number
of arms found in the terra mare (marl earth) are in—
BRONZE.
The most singular arm is that kind of axe or hatchet
without any hole, and, in place of it, furnished with a lateral
longitudinal replication, which is known to archæologists
under the name of celt. Our axes of this kind belong to
every variety of those denominated specially paalstab, cou-
teau-hache. According to Penguilly l'Haridon,* the celts
are the characteristic of the bronze age. They appear an-
teriorly to the short swords (daghe), to the lance-points and
javelins, and appear not to have served as arms, but as cutting
and cleaving implements, responding to all the wants of the
people come from the east, and who formerly inhabited Eu-
rope. In the Local Museum of Antiquities, there are ten of
these axes; but it is to be deplored that, for the greater part,
no record has been kept of their place of discovery; two came
from the marl-bed of Noceto, and one from Collecchio. Below
is the figure of one of the first. The paalstab, excavated

the tang na nang
h that was to
Fig. 20.
from the marl earth of Castellazzo (fig. 21), which forms part of
the Giordani collection, has the cutting part much curved and
large; the lateral replications, on the other hand, are short
and elliptical. Over and above all the other blades of daggers
and javelins, as you may call them, we have had one from the
*Note sur l'emmanchement des haches de bronze.-Revue Archéologique,
Nov. 1861, p. 329.
42
OBJECTS OF HIGH ANTIQUITY
marl-bed of Castellazzo, presented by Sig. Conte Luigi San-
vitale. It has the form and length (134 mill.) of one you

Hip
1/2
Fig. 21.
have represented, but differs from it in the elongated elliptical
rather than circular hole, intended for the passage of the nail
used to fasten the blade to the handle, in which it was mor-
tised. In the Museum of Antiquities, eight similar blades of
bronze are preserved, all of uncertain derivation; one has a
single hole for the nail, another has two successive ones, dis-
posed longitudinally, sometimes both on the same horizontal line
(fig. 22). One of the blades, with two longitudinal holes, offers

Fig. 22.
DISCOVERED IN ITALY.
43
in the middle a rib or longitudinal keel, is much longer than
the others, and so approaches in resemblance the head of a
lance. One head, which is unquestionably that of a lance,
was found some time since, and made prize of by one of us, in
the marl-bed of Bargone di Salso, and we give its figure from

Fig. 23.
the collection of the Museum of Antiquities; its length is
16 centimeters, breadth 3.3 cent. at its greatest diameter; it
seems identical in form with those disinterred at Alise Sainte
Reine, which have been preserved from the Gallo-Roman
epoch. Two only of the arms in
*
IRON,
up to the present time, collected from the marl earth, ap-
pear to us to be anterior to the Roman epoch, and are -all
arrowhead of octahedronal shape (ottaedrica), with a trans-
verse section of a crushed rhomboidal shape (a sezione trans-
versale rombica schiacciata), and a sort of small knife at the
convex back, with a short appendage to insert in a handle;
the length of the blade reaches 19.2 centimeters, and the
greatest breadth is three centimeters. These arms come from
Castellazzo di Fontanellato.
In nearly all the marl-beds are found scoriæ (scorie), some-
times flinty, sometimes ferruginous, † not alone of stones which
show the sudden action of fire, which proves that the people
to which we owe these azotised (azotate) deposits knew the art
* Revue Archéologique.
+ Professor Galeazzo Truffi took upon himself very kindly the labour of
analysing some of these scoriæ; he found no copper whatever, but found iron,
establishing that they were composed of silica and iron in certain proportions
(di silicato ferroso-ferrico), so that he considered that they were the scoriæ of
mines or refining houses, or similar works.
4.4
OBJECTS OF HIGH ANTIQUITY
of founding in metals. And this is further put beyond doubt
by the fact that moulds (fig. 24) are found in steatite (a rock
of our Apennine) for the making, by fusion, of the arms in
bronze, as well as unformed pieces of this alloy.

1/2
Fig. 24.
V. OBJECTS OF UNCERTAIN USE.
SPINDLE-WHIRLS (Fusajuole).
There are very many of these objects, for the greater part
of terra cotta, more or less discoidal, or conical, or spheroidal,
pierced in the centre, to which the archæologists of France
and Germany, as well as our own, have given the name of
spindle-whirls (fusajuole). The paste of the spindle-whirls
is not, for the most part, equal to that of the earthenware;
instead of the grains of sand, we find powdered carbon
and ashes; the colour is ashy in the internal parts, and ash-
colour varying into yellow and red on the outside. Some few
spindle-whirls are black, and of a substance probably similar
to the thinner vases, and, like a great number of these, are
shining externally as if with varnish. They are very various
in form; and although eight different ones have been repre-
sented by you, from those which, in the course of the summer,
we sent from Campeggine, courteously presented by the
DISCOVERED IN ITALY.
45
brothers Cocconi, not one represents the other six, collected, in
the sequel, in the marl-beds. Some few bear ornamental

O O
Ol



O

Ο

O
Fig. 25.
marks scratched upon them, and are among those you have
had engraved (fig. 25).
Besides all the spindle-whirls of earth, there were dug up
46
OBJECTS OF HIGH ANTIQUITY
from the marl-beds of Castellazzo di Fontanellato three others,
which are cut out of different substances. One was made out
of a stag's horn, it is in the shape of a cone, and is very
highly polished; the second of steatite, of a greenish tint,
and spheroidal; the third, of a whitish limestone (calcare),
is disc-shaped, brought to a high degree of polish, and
certainly manifests an advanced epoch in art among the people
who used such implements. Among the objects in the Mu-
seum of Antiquities at Parma, which are of uncertain deriva-
tion, there are twenty spindle-whirls, some in limestone,
steatite, and even amber, but the greater part are of earth;
some are polished, some are ornamented with circles, con-
centric with the hole pierced in them, or in concentric lines
disposed in groups on the back of the spindle-whirl. We
find among these the transition from the more depressed dis-
coidal form, almost medallion (nummulite), to the acute conical.
Some one of those in terra cotta is said to have been collected
from the ruins of the Roman city of Velleia. The different
forms, finish, and substances of the spindle-whirls would lead
us to suppose that they must have served for various uses in
proportion to their diversity; perhaps the most beautiful and
carefully worked were amulets, or else buttons; the others,
weights, used either for nets or in weaving.
.
It is customary to separate from the spindle-whirls those
cakes or discs of terra cotta pierced in the centre, and com-
posed of the same substance as the greater number of the
former, but which are considerably larger and heavier; their
greatest diameter is 15 centimeters, their greatest thickness
56 millimeters, weight 2.230 kilograms.* It may be, perhaps,
that these articles served for different uses, for example, as
weights; for we have found one in the marl-bed of Fodico di
Poviglio in which flutings are discernible, which separate like
rays from the hole in the centre, and which appear to be the
impressions left by the friction of rope. The fact of having
dug up one from the bottom (punte) of the piles of the lake
* The kilogramme 321 oz. troy, or 2.2057 lbs.
DISCOVERED IN ITALY.
47
habitation of Castione, would lead one to suppose that they
served to keep nets steady. Some of these objects are plain
above and below, that is discoidal; others are convex above,
like buns (focaccie). It is well known that pieces of charcoal
are found embedded in the paste, and in one is found em-
bedded even a snail,-the Cyclostoma elegans,—which shows
how careless were the makers of such potteryware.
Besides all the earthenware and all the spindle-whirls which
we have spoken of, we meet in the marl-beds with other small
objects in earth, badly baked, in form sometimes disc-shaped,
without any hole; sometimes ball shaped (pallottola), of which
it is impossible to divine the use which they served.
ORGANIC REMAINS.-MAN.
In the foregoing report on the lake habitation of Castione
(p. 20), it was remarked, in speaking of those layers in the
bed of marl-earth, that there were in past years discovered
two human skeletons, lying on their backs; their bones, as is
generally the case, have been dispersed. However, fortune in
the sequel has decided that one should come into my hands; it
is a right radius (radio), 243 millimeters in length. From this
measurement we might argue that the person to whom it
belonged reached 1.67 meters in height, or thereabouts. From
various other marl-beds, however, we have human bones, but
excavated from the superficial or upper strata, and mixed with
objects of Roman industry or of a more recent epoch; so
that they do not offer the appearance of fossilization, to which
the radius in question has attained, which is comparatively
heavy (58.3 grammes*), hard, and ashy in colour. The dis-
covery of this human bone would lead us to consider as true the
assertion which was hazarded regarding the beds at Castione,
as well as in the particulars referred to above, of the proba-
bility that, by continuing the excavations in that marl-bed, we
might discover other skeletons of the inhabitants of the
* The gramme (unit of weight), 15-44 grains.
48
OBJECTS OF HIGH ANTIQUITY
palisade; and therefore, on this account, over and above that
of the palisade itself, it will be in the interest of science
and sufficiently important, that the excavations at Castione
should be undertaken, not as up to the present time, only
with an economic and agricultural view, but on scientific
principles, and under the superintendence of a person of in-
telligence; for this naturally is also wanting no little pecu-
niary means, which, as you know, is too often wanting.
MAMMALIA.
The bones which are met with in the marl earth, like those
of the lake habitations of Switzerland, are little fossilised, or
rather, have lost a very small portion of their organic sub-
stance. We find them generally broken, even reduced to
small fragments; those only of the extremities are, for the
most part, entire. We have not been able to find a single
skull complete, nor yet the isolated bones of the cranium,
excepting the pieces of a frontal bone (frontale) and of an
upper maxillary (mascellare superiore). Such a circumstance
sufficiently increases the difficulty of determining these re-
mains, and the more, that for the greater part of them we
are not concerned now to establish to what species, but to
what variety or race of a given species they belong; and this
difficulty is increased much more by another fact which has
been observed in the marl-beds, as well as the pile habita-
tions, namely, that of certain species there are no bones
discovered which are not worked or converted into instru-
ments, as they were preferred to softer bones of other kinds :
such worked bones are, of course, unserviceable for the rela-
tive measurements which are required for the determination
of race.
From the facts mentioned we may deduce,-
1st, That whatever the agency may have been which heaped
these bones together in the marl earth, they represent sometimes
the remnants of the feast, whether sacred or profane, for which
the animals were used, to which the bones appertained. But as
from these remnants of the feast men withdrew for the most part
DISCOVERED IN ITALY.
49
all that could serve for the objects of their arts; so sometimes
these heaps of bone are the collection of the refuse (scarti) of
industrial works, or rather of the remains of the same. We
see, then, why the greatest part of the bones are not entire or
intact, and this is why we find the bones of all sorts of
animals, domestic and wild, mixed together confusedly.
*
Secondly. That the populations for whom these mammalia
served either as food, or to supply their workmen, or as their
helpers in the chase, broke the crania to extract the brains.
What is more, as far as we have observed, they never forgot
to open the alveolar cavity of the inferior maxillary, espe-
cially in the dog, violently wrenching off the vertical branch
of the mandible from the horizontal to get at the pulpy
substance.
Finally. They no less spared the cylindrical bones, since
they broke these up to extract the marrow. Analogous facts
have been already observed, as you have mentioned in your
Memoir, by Morlot and others, in the bones of the lacustrine
habitations; and it also from this appears that the inhabitants
used the brain and marrow either gastronomically or techni-
cally,† as, at the present day, certain savage people of North
America.
The Swiss naturalists were more fortunate, as far as ap-
pears, than we have been, in so far as in the magazines of
bones of their pile villages, they found not rarely crania,
even though deprived of the facial bones; whence it would
seem that the people of our marl-beds, in the operation of
scooping out the brains of the animals, proceeded in a different
way from that in use among their Helvetic brethren, although
they agreed with them in tastes and general customs.
DOMESTIC MAMMALIA.
Among the remains of the most ancient lacustrine habita-
tions of Switzerland, as of the other deposits of the so-called
*This is true of the scapula, the plates (lamine) of which must have
served for the fabrication of utensils of large and plain superficies.
+ To dress skins.
E
50
OBJECTS OF HIGH ANTIQUITY
age of stone, the number of the bones of wild animals by far
exceeds that of the bones of domestic ones; but by degrees,
as we come to the strata of less remote epochs, the quantity
of bones of savage mammalia diminishes, until, when we
arrive at the deposits of our age, the bones of the domesticated
animals decidedly preponderate. From this we should infer
that in the first ages the mammiferous savage fauna consider-
ably exceeded the domestic; and in the later epochs, the first
diminished by little and little until, in the historic times, they
were obliged to cede the field to the domestic fauna. The
scarcity of the bones of the suckling domestic animals in the
remains of the most remote ages, and the consequent con-
jecture as to the limited number of such animals then living,
will receive obvious explanation in the sequel. In the first
beginnings of peoples and of their civilisation, the species can
be but very few, and still fewer the races, of mammifers sub-
dued and then domesticated; and their education would have
to strive with many obstacles both on the part of nature, the
instinct of the animals, and of external agents. Wishing,
besides, to make use of them for various wants, domestic,
industrial, and agricultural, seeing that the wild mammalia
were not adapted for this, they came to use these as food, and
to spare the others, even in advanced age.
On the other hand, it is well known that the scarcity of
the bones of wild animals, at least of certain species, in the
deposits of the less remote epochs, as well as in the marl
earth, may depend upon another circumstance already noted
by us. The bones of some animals of this kind, as of the
wild boar and the stag, being stronger and more keen at their
fractures than the others, and notably more so than those of
all kinds of domestic animals, came to be employed in prefer-
ence to them in utensils and arms. And for this reason,—
although as we have just said, the bones and the other remains
of wild mammals are scarce in the marl earths, while without
comparison the remains of domestic mammals are found in
abundance, we cannot from that sole fact allow ourselves to
be led to hold that these deposits have had their origin in
historic times. Some mammifers, as well wild as domesticated,
DISCOVERED IN ITALY.
51
.
seem to have come only accidentally into the hands of the
inhabitants of our marl-beds; for example, the bear, and
perhaps also the horse. In Switzerland, the bones of this
solid-hoofed beast are sufficiently rare among the remains of
the palisades, and especially of the more ancient, and we
cannot with truth say they are common with us.
*
We shall begin the review of the few species of domestic
mammalia with
THE DOG (Canis).
This faithful companion of man in every stage of civilisation
and in every climate, although usually it only serves as an
animal for the chase, as a watch, and for amusement, and does
not appear to have been otherwise employed by the inhabitants
of the marl-beds; still, from the absence of crania, and from
seeing their few cylindrical bones broken, we are induced to
suspect that their brains and marrow were applied to the
same domestic uses as those of other animals. Perhaps when
the dog was become old and useless they killed him, as is now
the custom among the Esquimaux; or perhaps, like the
Chinese, they ate him after he had died; however that may
be, the bones of the dog are rare in our excavations, as well
as in those of Switzerland. In the last mentioned country,
they have had the advantage over us of finding skulls, in a
good state of preservation, of this carnivorous animal; also,
in number proportionately greater than of any other mammal,
and belonging to adult individuals, and even old;† so that
* According to Rütimeyer, the remains of the more common species of
mammals present themselves in the excavations of the lake habitations of
Switzerland in the following quantitive distribution :-In the most ancient
and smallest palisades, follow one another in decreasing series, the stag and
wild boar, the ox, the goat, and the sheep. In the less ancient and more
extensive, instead, we find the ox, pig, stag, sheep, and goats. In the marl-
beds this last scale in the number of the said species of mammals is almost
exactly the same.
† By which the opinion hazarded above, that the dog did not belong to
the category of alimentary animals, will be confirmed, since these are eaten
young.
E 2
52
OBJECTS OF HIGH ANTIQUITY
M. Rütimeyer was able to compare them with the heads of
living dogs, establish their analogies, and determine their
race.*
The canine remains of the stone period belong exclusively
to one dog, which, in the form of its cranium and of its
face, stood between our hunting dog (bracco) and the setter
(cane da ferma),—the author calls it the dog of the turbaries
(canis familiaris palustris,-torfhund), and suspects that it
was the type of the species. The canine bones of the later
ages belong, on the other hand, to a much taller race, and
akin to the butchers' dog (cane da beccajo). From the exca-
vations of our marl-beds we have only three inferior jaw-
bones, and the lower piece of the shoulder. Comparing the
measurements of the first with those given by Rütimeyer
of his turbary dog,† we come to the conclusion that these
remains belong, if not to that same race, at least to one
very nearly allied to it,-certainly not to the larger kind
mentioned above; and there seems to have been only one.
race of the marl earth, as the three bones are exactly the
same.‡
PIG (Sus).
Of this species we have found abundant spoils,—teeth, pieces
of jawbones, of scapulæ, humeri, ulnæ, radii, metacarpal bones,
tibiæ, and astragali, in part bones with epiphyses, (cartila-
ginous protuberances contiguous to the bone), and milk-
* Fauna der Pfahlbauten in der Schweiz, Basel, 1861, in quarto (with wood-
cuts), and six tables lithographed.
† Length of the jawbone from the angle to the margin of the incisor
teeth,-
S
Marl-bed of Bargone.....
Casaroldo
Fodico
>"
"
...
··
mill. 117
125
anterior part
wanting.
"J
22
Pile habitations of Switzerland 110-120.
There is only a little difference in the distance between the first pre-
molar teeth and the canine, which is 4 mill, in the one from Bargone, and
7 mill. in that from Casaroldo.
DISCOVERED IN ITALY.
53
teeth; of the inferior mandible we meet with the horizontal
branch, with the beginning only of the vertical,-and be it
understood, with the sockets of the teeth opened inferiorly
(inferiormente scoperte). We hold that almost the whole of
these remains point to domesticated individuals; for the bones
have a fatty brightness as well as vitreous, and their surface
is rather polished than rough; the talon of the third molar
tooth is much retracted, almost wasted away, which are ex-
actly the characters held to indicate a state of domesticity
in the species.
Now, it would be advantageous to settle whether to either
of the two races, met with in the lacustrine habitations in
Switzerland, we can refer the remains of the pig of our
marl-beds. One of these is the common pig (majale-sus
scrofa domesticus), to which is given, as stock, the wild
boar (cignale-sus scrofa ferus), a race known to all; the
other was named by Rütimeyer the pig of the turbaries
(torfschwein—sus scrofa palustris). The wild stock of this
race, common in the age of stone, no longer exists; it has
been extinct from the earliest historic epoch. One meets
again with traces of a similar race, but in a domestic condition,
in some parts of Switzerland, that is, in the mountains of the
Grisons (Grigioni,—Oberland*); and this domestic pig suf-
ficiently small, with short legs, ears not hanging and small,
snout short and thick, bristles long and rare, of a uniform and
blackish colour or dull reddish brown. The Siamese, or Indian
pig, approaches very nearly to that of the Grisons and that of
the turbaries; but of this, too, there are only known those in
a state of domestication. All the three races mentioned, or
perhaps modifications of a single race, are distinguished from
the common pig by the following osteological characteristics :-
the molar teeth more robust, and the premolars more weak,
* "Nei Grigioni (Oberland)." By this, apparently, Messrs. Strobel and
Pigorini intend a particular part of the Grisons,-probably the line of snow
mountains skirting the Engadine on the west, though I am unable to find
that term applied to it.-EDITOR.
•
54
OBJECTS OF HIGH ANTIQUITY
the hinder molars and premolars approximated (ravvicinati),
and the dental system, consequently, more compact, the in-
cisor and canine part of it reduced by the shortening of the
premaxillary bone, and of the symphysis of the chin. The pig of
the turbaries will represent the wild form of the animal, the
other two the domesticated form, which, thanks to cultivation,
exceeds the other in volume.* It would seem that the pig of
the turbaries was rather herbivorous, while the common pig
(majale) is decidedly omnivorous, which one might argue from
the comparison of the superficies of their respective maxillaries.
It seems further, that, judging from the size of the orbits for
their eyes, the first was a nocturnal rather than a diurnal
animal, at least in a state of independence: the wild boar is
crepuscular. The pig of the turbaries was brought under the
rule of man towards the end of the stone period, before we
meet with signs of the domestication of the wild boar (cignale),
although both one and the other, as free animals, appear
contemporaneously on the scene of the pile dwellings of
Switzerland.
Another pig, nearly related to that of the turbaries, and
perhaps nothing but a rather smaller variety of it, appears,
as would seem, in the age of bronze, and lasted certainly to
the time of the Romans, and to the sixth century of our æra,
and so must have existed for some time with the domestic
typical pig of the turbaries. Some people hold it to be the
original stock of the Berkshire pig. Only from the porcine
remains of the marl-beds of Bargone di Salso, of Basilica
nuova, and of Collecchio, and from those dug from ground of
the same nature in the city of Parma, have we been able to
discern our pig (majale); rarely, also, from the spoils of the
pile habitations in Switzerland. The bones and teeth of pigs
from all the other marl-beds point to the pig of the turbaries,
as, with regard to the teeth and jaws, you may judge from
the following
* Rütimeyer, l. c., p. 189.
DISCOVERED IN ITALY.
55
LENGTH.
TABLE OF RELATIVE MEASUREMENTS.
PARTS MEASURED.
MEASURE IN MILLIMETERS.
LOWER MANDIBLE.
Series of molar teeth
Same without 1st premolar
Three molars together
Third molar alone
Molars 2, 1, premol. 4, 3
3 Posterior premolars, 4, 3, 2
Dist. between premol. 1st & 2nd
2nd and incisors
Greatest diameter of the socket
35
"
35
....
..
of the canines....
Dist. from the said socket to the
point of symphysis
Dist. across the external mar-
gins of sockets of the canines
Length of symphysis
UPPER MAXILLARY.
Length of three molars together
of 3rd molar alone
of molars 2 and 1, pre-
molars 4 and 3
>>
..
...
•••
………..
……………
Small va- Typical
rieties of Pig of the
Pig of the Turbaries.
Turbaries.
...
112 123-128 129
92–97 | 102-112 | 106
52-66 65-74 65
26-32
30-35
33-37
55-64
43-64
33-39
25-40
10-13
8-14
37-47
47-56
10-17
14-16
15-19
30-37
29-31
38-44
44-53 42-47 55-58
62-79 63-65
73-90
...
...
···
··
58
••
...
...
...
Pig of
Marl-bed.
60-67 65-77
26-34 30-40
56-60 59-63
58
37
14 (?)
50
Pig of the
Grisons.
63
29
60
69-72
31-32
62-66
Common
Pig.
Majale.
122-131 133
104-110 112
71-72
72
32
36
59-67
66
·37-40
40
13
56
16
41
53
75
70
32
63
The relative measurements of the pig of the turbaries and its
lesser variety, as well as those of the pig of the Grisons, are
copied from the above-mentioned valuable work of Rütimeyer ;
the measurements relating to the common pig are taken from
a skull in the Cabinet of Natural History of this university,
in which the third molar has not yet entirely grown, the pos-
terior part of the heel being still concealed in the socket. The
measurements of the pig of the marl-beds were taken from
part of a mandible of Vicofertili, and from another recon-
structed from Fodico di Poviglio, in which the teeth are sepa-
rately used; whence result the greater difference in this part
of the skeleton between the pig of the marl-bed and the
majale,—the first being adult, and the second, though larger,
still young, for the measurements of the upper maxillary
served the part of one found at Castellazzo di Fontanellato,
unfortunately of an individual still young; isolated maxillary
teeth of both the maxillaries, obtained from the marl-beds of
56
OBJECTS OF HIGH ANTIQUITY
Madregolo, Castione, and Colombarola di Fontanellato, helped
to complete these measurements, which must be confessed to
be imperfect. Very few incisor teeth-canine and premolar-
of the upper jaw, have as yet been met with in the marl
earth.
THE HORSE (Equus).
From the pile habitations of the age of stone, which in
Switzerland furnish so much material for the paleontolo-
gical study of the existing geological epoch, the bones of
the horse, as we have remarked, are almost entirely want-
ing. In the later age of bronze, this solid-hoofed beast
appears less rarely, but still accidentally; they are, perhaps,
the remains of some trophies or some prey taken from the
enemy; and it is natural that the horse should not be fre-
quently found there, since the habits of those lacustrine
people were certainly not propitious to their breeding. We
have also noticed that in the marl-beds the spoils of the horse
are not certainly rare, but still not very common, perhaps for
the reasons given above. The cranium, as usual, is wanting;
we have some inferior mandibles, isolated teeth of the upper
maxillary, neck vertebræ, radii, metacarpi, metatarsi: they
belong, like the horse-bones of the lake habitations, to the
living species,. Equus caballus. But as in those, so in the
marl earth, we find two races,-the one smaller and with finer
extremities, like those of the mule and ass, which we may call
the fine race; from the state of fossilisation of its bones we
might suppose it was more ancient than the other; and it is
not beside the question, perhaps, to remark that the species
of horse of the drift (diluvio) (Equus angustidens) had the
extremities very small, and with resemblance to the ass: the
other race, more commonly represented in the marl-beds, is
larger, more coarse, and its bones less fossilised; it is, conse-
quently, later than the first.*
* Here are the measurements of the few entire bones of both races:-
Small Race.-Metatarsal, long, 254 mill., from Pontenuovo. Large Race.
-Radius, long, 345 mill.; Metacarp. long, 218 mill., from Beneceto, Bar-
.
DISCOVERED IN ITALY.
57
.
We have not yet met with traces of the ass in the marl
carth, unless we refer to this species the piece of a lower man-
dible, as usual, with the sockets exposed, which belonged to
an individual of considerable age, and which was dug up from
the marl-bed of Castione.* In the Helvetian lacustrine ha-
bitations, the ass appears after the horse, and in still less
numbers.
-
THE OX (Bos).
Without comparison, the greatest number of bones of the
marl earth belong to this species. In Switzerland, even from
the age of stone, there existed two races, in size opposed to
one another,—as at the present day the little Breton cattle to
the larger ones of our country, and both lived together in
the same locality, not separated by geographical limits; and
this is exactly the same in our marl-beds. We shall begin the
discussion of them with the smaller race, as being that which,
as far as we know, is extinct among us;† while in the central
cantons of Switzerland there are still some traces of them (in
the braunvieh). Rütimeyer calls it the cow of the turbaries
(torfkuh). It is the most ancient domestic animal of the pile
habitations of Switzerland, since although the other race came
to be domesticated also in the age of stone, it was at a later
period than this. Besides the smaller height and length of
its body, it was singularly distinguished by its fine and active
extremities, with delicate phalanges (falangi), which doubtless
bore sufficiently small hoofs. In the form of its mandibles
and the fineness of its limbs, it came near the zebu (Indian
ox), and like that to the stag. We may see that they were
akin to the little Breton race of the highlands of Scotland
and Wales, which, at the time of the Roman invasion, com-
gone, Castellazzo. Measure of the greatest upper molar tooth:-height,
90 mill. ; length, 30 mill.; breadth, 28 mill.; locality uncertain.
* This branch of maxillary contained only the premolars and the first
molar only; their united length 105 mill.
+ The ox called Bardigiano of our mountains appears to have nothing in
common with these, except lowness of stature.
58
OBJECTS OF HIGH ANTIQUITY
posed the herds of those warlike people in Britain; the
short-horned oxen of Finland are also allied to them. The
wild stock of these kindred races, not to say varieties of the
same race, appears to have died out before the historic epoch;
its fossil remains are met with in the pliocene strata, modern
and new, of England and Scandinavia, also in the turbaries of
Ireland,—it is Bos brachyceros. The type of its domesticated
race, the cow of the turbaries, ceased to exist, at least in
Switzerland, about the sixth century of the new era. We
give below the measures of the various parts of the skeleton
of the small ox of the marl-beds, against which we have set
the measurements which Rütimeyer gives of the same ox in
Switzerland; the former will be the complement of the latter,
as we have been able to measure some bones, of which the
said author makes no mention, perhaps because he had not
pieces of them which would give the measurements. We
have also set the measurements, relating to the other ox, the
greater one of our marl-beds, against those of our common
oxen,* and also those of the great race living in Switzerland,
and have added as well the few measurements which the above-
named author has given of certain remains of an ox still less
than that of the turbaries. These were in part taken from
the border of the Lake of Constance, near Steckborn, a place
of uncertain archæological date, and in part dug up from a
mound (mammellone), which, in the sixth century after Christ,
as would appear, was raised with a view to performing
sacrifices, near Chavannes in the Vallais; and we have added
these last measures to show that the little race of oxen of the
marl earth would seem to have been the mean between that
of Steckborn and Chavannes and that of the pile habitations
of Switzerland. Finally, we have noted the measurements of
certain bones of stags, some fossil,-of the Swiss pile dwell-
ings, some living, which show the analogy mentioned above
between them and the Bos brachyceros of the marl-beds.
* For these measurements were employed two skulls; one of an ox, the
other of a cow, and some of their bones, which are preserved in the collec-
tion of Natural History of the University of Parma.
DISCOVERED IN ITALY.
59
Besides the parts measured of its skeleton, there have been
found pieces of ribs, of pelves, of lumbar vertebræ, of bones
containing epiphyses, and of the mandibles of calves. A
metatarsal bone, with exostosis, proves that such a morbid
state of that domestic mammal was not unknown even in
those remote times. The inferior mandibles, as we have
already remarked to have been the case in those of the pig
and the horse, are deprived of the ascending branch, which is
found separately; these are open from the side of the sockets,
precisely as was observed of the cow of the turbaries in the
lake habitations of Switzerland.
From a glance at the table of measurements, you may
suspect that the remains of the greater race of oxen, of the
ancestor, as far as we can see of our common bull, are—as
they are in fact-much less frequent than those of the lesser
ox. Rütimeyer gives, if we mistake not, to this, as stock, the
Bos primigenius, common in the drift (diluvio), together with
the elephant, rhinoceros, and hippopotamus; but from that
time in the age of stone, in Switzerland, not on an equally
wild footing with the above-mentioned pachyderms. Beside
the bones of it, the measurements of which we give, we have
found in the marl earth isolated maxillary teeth, carpal bones,
the trochlea of a femur 97 mill. wide, and the bones of a calf.
From these few remains it would appear that this race of
domestic oxen was not, in size, either greater or less than
that now existing.
PARTS MEASURED IN
MILLIMETERS.
Bony Stem of the Horn.
Circumference at base
Diam. of base, vertical
horizontal
JJ
35
Inferior Mandible.
Breadth of incisive mar.
Length of symphysis
Height of jawbone:
before 1st premolar
after the symphysis
•
Small var.
of the Cow
of the
Turbaries.
90-105
26-28
31-40
...
...
...
...
Small
Cow of the Ox of the
Turbaries. Marl-
Beds.
::
::
::
+4
120-155 140
34-43
43-55
150-194
41-60
36
50 42-64 53-65
: :
..
68
61
Large Ox
of the
Turbaries.
27-36
22-26
130-182
39-51
:
...
...
...
Our Bull.
*
Swiss
Ox,
larger
race.
35-40
30-32
162
46
56
75-77 79
74-84 70
42
29
60
OBJECTS OF HIGH ANTIQUITY
T
>>
Distance of first premolar from incisive margin
Molars, second, long
broad
>>
""
first, long
Premolars, second and third united, long.
Atlas:-body long
wings long.
PARTS MEASURED IN MILLIMETERS.
35
در
22
25
··
Scapula, glenoid cavity, smallest breadth (transversal)
greatest length (longitudinal)
Humerus :-breadth of trochlea
>>
Ulna-length from olecranon to the front..
upper margin
smallest breadth
height of the sigmoidal foss.
TABLE OF MEASUREMENTS.
Metacarpus :-greatest length
"
...
>>
Diameter of the upper tuberosity.
of the trochlea..
of the diaphysis
...
Small va-
riety of the
Cow of the
Turbaries.
•
...
………………
64
♦
...
178
.....
Cow of the
Turbaries.
……………
…………..
1
70-73
.....
………….
179-182
45-50
46-53
26-28
Small Ox of Large Ox of
the
the
Marl-beds. Turbaries.
104
20
13
19
34
35
140
35
50
58-72
90 ?
42
37-38
162-190
45-49
45-50
23-35
………….
..
Greater Ox
of the
Marl-beds.
50
65
77
Large Ox of
the
Turbaries.
......
U...
……………
214-220
68-69
68
40-41
Bull of Italy.
125-147
26-27
15-16
22-23
40-41
………….
43
61
..
120
55
40-41
Swiss
Ox, large
race.
135
28
13
26
55
436
16
....
83
125
56
42
225
70
70
40


DISCOVERED IN ITALY.
61
Tibia: greatest length
Breadth of upper tuberosity
PARTS MEASURED IN MILLIMETERS.
of superficies of articulation with astragalus
Calcaneum total length
>>
Metatarsus: total length
Height of swelling (tubero) at the base..
Astragalus: total length
Diameter of inferior surface of articulation
AAA
در
··
Diameter of superficies of articulation :-
of upper
of lower
of the diaphysis
"
❤
··
TABLE OF MEASUREMENTS.
>>
Greater Phalanges (Falangi): diam. of sockets (glene).
of the trochlea
length
Smaller Phalanges (Falangine): length
Diameter of sockets.
of trochlea
Radius: greatest diameter of upper surface of articulation
Total length..
در
33
>>
"
Small va-
riety of the
Cow of the
Turbaries.
105-115
....
60
…………….
214
•
Fossil.
65
4.7
………………
57
325
Cow of the
Turbaries.
87
40
124-135
40-43
62-65
37-40
Stag.
•
.....
………….
52
26
Living.
48
35
··
4.4.
250
Small Ox of Large Ox of
the
the
Marl-beds. Turbaries.
32
80-83
36-43
108-110
32-33
59-60
35-36
190-216
38-48
43-50
20-26
31
30
60
34-37
25-27
18-24
68-69
258
.....
95
.....
....
··
33
36
70
45
35
27-30
74-75 ?
......
Bull of our
country.
..
244-270
53
59
30-34
77
300
Swiss
Ox of
large
race.
....
102
47
166
54
74
45
......
......
60
30
...
80
320



62
OBJECTS OF HIGH ANTIQUITY
THE GOAT (Capra.)
We have already remarked how, among the remains of the
domestic animals of the age of stone, those of the goat pre-
ponderate over those of sheep the more we are led into a
remote epoch; notwithstanding this, old legends allude to
sheep and not to goats, probably because the latter, owing to
its nature and habits being somewhat independent and in-
docile, never came under the influence and yoke of man so as
to merit a position among the animals truly domestic, in the
same way as the gentle sheep; the rearing of the latter is,
therefore, much more attended to, and its races are therefore
more varied and numerous. On the other hand, we find slight
difference between the living races of goats, and very slight
between the goat of the pile habitations and the marl-beds
and that actually bred in our country; the differences reduce.
themselves to those of stature alone. Similarly to the pig
and the ox proper of the marl-beds, the goat of those deposits
is less than the kind now living in those districts, which will in
part appear from a comparison of the following measures of some
of their bones with the well-known ones of the common goat,
Capra hircus, of which the goat of the marl-beds is a more pure
expression,—perhaps the type :-
Bony stem of Horn: length along greater curvature
Lower Maxillary (of an individual more than adult) : length
of series of molars
(The same of the goat of the Swiss lake habitations
Humerus: breadth of trochlea
Radius, total length
Least breadth of diaphysis
Tibia: total length.
Least breadth of diaphysis
Calcaneum, total length..
Astragalus, length
breadth.....
""
**
·
..
C
150 mill.
66
69-72,,)
26 ""
131-146
15-16
188
13-15
43
25 >>
18
35
"
ور
""
دو
""
""
Some pieces of bone, unserviceable for measurement, be-
long to vertebræ, metacarpus, ribs, and metatarsus, etc.;
there are not wanting inferior mandibles and bones of kids.
With regard to the mandibles, it is as well to remark, that
DISCOVERED IN ITALY.
63
they are all cleft asunder with the wonted skill, while in Switzer-
land they have been frequently found entire. With regard to
skulls, we shall not speak more, as it henceforward seems
utopian to hope to find any of mammalia, except small ones,
in the marl earth; in this, as we have said, the savants in
Switzerland have been more fortunate.
SHEEP (Oris).
As soon as man discovered the way of spinning and weaving
wool, the sheep supplanted, in the domestic and pastoral
economy, its elder sister, the goat. It is difficult, if not im-
possible, to distinguish the bones of the sheep from those of
the goat; the limbs of the latter are certainly more slender,
the points of attachment of the muscles are more marked, the
substance of the bones is drier; these are characters which
indicate the wilder goat, or rather, the less domestic of the
sheep,-characters, however, which are only relative. It is
an easier matter to discover the difference between the teeth
of one and the other, as we are taught by Rütimeyer, that when
the greatest molars are found fixed together in the jaw, those
of the goat are more serrated one with the other, and the
internal part of one covers the next to it, like a tile. The
difficulty of distinguishing the remains of sheep from those of
goats, is considerably augmented in those which are dug out
of the marl earth, as for the most part the teeth are isolated
and the bone in fragments, as is also the case in the pile
habitations of Switzerland. There, however, the inferior man-
dibles are frequently entire; nor are skulls uncommon though
they are not complete, exactly as we have had occasion to
remark regarding the bones of goats. And the difficulty in
question increases still more owing to the circumstance that
the sheep of the marl-beds, like those of the pile habitations
of Switzerland, was small, with extremities fine, active, and
long, by which it approaches very nearly, in stature and con-
struction of body, to its contemporaneous goat of the marl-beds;
but more, it had also horns like those of the goats. We find
these characters at the present day in the sheep of that part of
the Grisons (Grigioni), called the Oberland, where, as we have
64
OBJECTS OF HIGH ANTIQUITY
seen, are preserved traces of the pig of the neighbouring
Celtic pile habitations; also, in the Shetland islands and in
the Orkneys exists a small race, with thin legs, short tail, and
goats' horns. Among the Welsh mountains may be met with
small half-wild sheep, with horns like goats. Sheep with
goats' horns are also met with in the Island of Cyprus; but
among us there is no longer a breed which resembles that
described of the marl-beds and pile habitations, which Rüti-
meyer calls the sheep of the turbaries (torfschaf), (Ovis aries pa-
lustris), and which he suspects may be the type of the species.
In the diluvial caverns of Alais, in the south of France, has
been found the stem of a sheep's horn, which resembles those
in discussion, and belongs to the Ovis primava, and perhaps
this is the savage type of the other. From the animal re-
mains of the marl-beds, we may refer to the small sheep of the
turbaries some upper maxillary teeth, a piece of frontal bone
with the upper part of the orbit, and two bony stems of horn.
In the lacustrine habitations of Switzerland, the remains of
the greater common sheep, with horns curved backwards and
then turned forwards, appear in the epoch of transition; in
the marl earth we have been unable to find stems of such
horns.
WILD MAMMALIA.
We cannot hope to excavate from our marl-beds many re-
mains of savage animals. The use of arms in metal and the
progress of pastoral life had already widened the circle of
savagery. We may, certainly, in time recover the remains of
other species besides those of the smallest, the remains of
which are disinterred at the present time; but we shall never
reach the number of species represented in the pile ha-
bitations of Switzerland, some of which were in existence
in the age of stone. If, owing to this reason—of the later
epoch of our marl-beds in comparison with the pile habita-
tions-it appears improbable that we can ever find in those
earths the remains of the buffalo (Bos urus, L. primigenius,
Boj.), of the bison (Bos bison, L. urus, Boj.), and other species,
living at the same time in more remote epochs with the in-
-
DISCOVERED IN ITALY.
65
Reasons of topo-
habitants of the Swiss pile habitations.
graphical distribution would persuade us that we should find
with difficulty the remains of the wild goat, chamois, elk, and
ermine, which are, however, dug up from the remains of
the ancient habitations of the Swiss lakes, though they are
in those localities rather rare. We might, on the contrary,
presage, with some chance of hitting the mark, that, should
we extend our researches, we should bring to light evidence
of the existence of the following species in the age of the
formation of the marl-beds, the cat, the otter, the martin,
the pole-cat, the weasel, the civet-cat [?] (puzzola), the wolf,
the fox, the badger, the hedge-hog, the squirrel, the hare,
the beaver, and the fallow deer.
Every one knows that certain species, as for example
the common rat and the rat of the shambles (Mus decu-
manus), have come into and been acclimatised in our coun-
try in recent times; it is unnecessary, therefore, to say
that we shall not meet with their remains in the marl
earth; in the contrary case we should have the proof that
they inhabited these places at the time of the forma-
tion of the earth in question, afterwards disappeared from
them, were either destroyed or retired into countries more
propitious to them, and have since made their appearance
again.
The four species at present recognised, from the re-
mains of the marl earth, are the stag, roebuck, boar, and
bear.
* Gibbon, speaking of the Lombards, says, "That they altered and im-
proved the race of animals, especially horses and oxen, introducing wild
horses (Caballi sylvatici) and buffaloes. Tunc primum A.D. 596. Bubali in
Italiam delati Italiæ populis miracula fuere. (Paul Warnefrid, l. iv, c. ii.)
Gibbon seems to think if buffaloes, in fact, they have come from Africa or
India; but adds, "Yet I must not conceal the suspicion that Paul, by a
vulgar error, may have applied the name bubalus to the auerochs, or wild
bull of ancient Germany" (vol. viii, p. 151, n. 44). Probably this animal,
which Gibbon imagined was the aurochs, was the Bos frontosus afterwards
mentioned. Was this Cæsar's Urus?-EDITOR.
P
66
OBJECTS OF HIGH ANTIQUITY
THE STAG (Cervus Elaphus).
If from the length and strength of the horns and their
branches we were bound to argue the size of the stags who
bore them, it would be clear that these were of a stature above
the common ones actually living in Europe. Here are the
measurements of the larger horns, expressed in millimeters:-
Total length
Diameter of root
Diameter of the spreading of the crown (della
palmatura della corona)...
Length of principal branch
175
265-295
320
Length of a shaft (fuso) ...
At the sight of them, Signor Mortillet allowed himself to be
induced to accept them as of the Cervus megaceros, and to
declare them to be so to the Italian Society of Natural Science
in Milan, at their meeting of the 28th of July, in the present
year. We, following Rütimeyer, are unable to perceive in
the remains of the stag of the marl-beds anything except a
large variety of the common stag, Cervus Elaphus, which, with
the stature of a horse, is the mean between the Cervus mega-
ceros and the common living one, and has horns with stem
and branches, with a crown more or less palmated, exactly
like the horns of the stag of the palisades of Switzerland, and
the drift (diluvio) of Russia: and certainly the remains of
this same stag, C. Elaphus fossilis, Goldf., or the priscus, or
primigenius, or of the cited megaceros, are also found in our
drift, together with those of the buffalo and rhinoceros, Rhy-
noceros leptorhinus; but with the exception of the remains of
the first stag, they are not found in the marl earth. We have
remarked before that the bones of the stag were chosen for
the preparation of utensils and arms, and on that account it
does not excite surprise that so few should, up to the present
time, have been excavated from the marl-beds ;* and this fact
•
...
id.
id.
...
..5
id.
lower
4.
...
...
Metacarpus: greatest diameter across super-
ficies of superior articulation
Metatarsus,
Tibia,
...
...
...
* Measurement in millimeters of some parts of pieces of bone of stag:-
Living. Of the marl Lake Ha-
beds. bitations.
42
39
38
38
4.4.
50
...
***
...
...
33
30
37
...
...
...
600
78-90
-
DISCOVERED IN ITALY.
67
is also less surprising because, for the reasons given above,
the quantity of that game must have been already much
diminished at the time of the formation of the said earths;
we have been informed, on the other hand, that from the
remains of the Swiss lake-dwellings of the first age, the bones
and horns of this species compose the greatest quantity.
Rütimeyer observed, that while the skulls of stags in the pali-
sades were like the others, deprived of the facial bone, the
cranium had not been opened in the same way to empty out
the brain, but so as to present the bony cavity of the
brain split open in the middle; while in the skulls of pigs and
oxen they appear opened by the removal of the temporal
bones. This artifice seems to have been used for the reason
that the arch of the skull, owing to its considerable thickness
and strength, opposed much resistance to fracture; on the
other hand, the only piece of frontal bone found as yet in the
marl-beds, appears to come from a skull split in the usual
manner. For the history of the ruminant in question, the fact
is not without interest, that of the large variety of the marl-
beds and turbaries, remains are discovered in the deposits of
the Roman epoch.
THE ROEBUCK (Cervus capreolus).
Rütimeyer, of whom we have spoken above, has established
that, in the lacustrine habitations of Switzerland of the age of
stone, the remains of this beautiful stag show themselves; on
the other hand, they are wanting in the age of bronze, and
they appear again, only later, in the deposits and tumuli
which date from the sixth century after Christ. Wishing to
make use of this fact and apply it to the marl-beds, we should
be induced to declare them of the later Roman epoch, since
we shall see that they are certainly not of the stone age. How-
ever, such an induction would be erroneous, since reasons and
facts which we shall adduce in the sequel, lead one to hold
these earths not to belong to the modern time alluded to. The
bones of the roe-deer, up to the present time, excavated from
the marl earth, are few,—pieces of humerus and femur, radii,
tibiæ; nor are the horns many, though of every age,-stems
F 2
68
OBJECTS OF HIGH ANTIQUITY
with two and three branches; the largest horn of an adult
measures 250 millimeters in length to 45 of diameter at the
root. From these proportions, and those of the few bones,*
we may infer that the roe-deer of the marl-beds was different,
perhaps, both from the living species and from that of the
drift (diluvium) in being smaller. In the form of the horns
we find no distinction.
THE BOAR (Sus scrofa ferus).
Fe
Of this dreaded wild beast we have only one piece to de-
pend upon, with which we had been favoured by the engineer
Berté Eugenio, with the remark that it had been taken from
the marl earth of Castione. The state of preservation in
which it is persuades us that it is of recent date; and without
wishing to deny its derivation, we are compelled to hold that
it was excavated from the upper strata of the said quarry of
marl earth, which are alluvial, or else that it was only by
accident found within the inferior strata of ashes, carbon,
and azotised substances; in its greatest curvature it is 220
millimeters, having a greatest diameter of 25 millimeters.
From the fragments of remains dug out of the marl-bed of
Vico-fertile, there are also some of the bones and tusks of
pigs, and we may suppose that among them there are some
of the wild boar. The boar of the Swiss lake habitations,
common in the age of stone and that of bronze, as Rütimeyer
tells us, exceeded in size the greater living ones.
THE BEAR (Ursus arctos).
One canine tooth, which came from the marl-bed of Cam-
peggine, is the only trace which guides us in the marl earth in
regard to this wild beast. From this circumstance, and from
* Some measurements of bones of roe-deer of the marl-beds :-
Humerus: breadth of trochlea
Radius, total breadth
در
breadth of superior superficies of articulation
idem, inferior
least diameter of diaphysis
>>
Tibia, total length
...
1
•
...
::
...
29 mill.
145
29
26
17
140
>>
>>
"
35
ފ
C
DISCOVERED IN ITALY.
69
its being well preserved, we conclude that the animal to which
it belonged fell only by accident into the hands of the people

Fig. 26.
of our marsh habitations, who only kept its remains as trophies,
or charms, or relics, and not that the bear inhabited our
plains at that time; and we assert this in analogy with what
Rütimeyer has observed by the study of the remains of the
bear of the lacustrine habitations of Switzerland. The bear's
tooth remarked on above is 85 millimeters long, and 26 broad,
and we consider it to belong to the common bear, rather than
to the diluvial bear of the caverns, Ursus spelæus.
BIRDS.
A right tibia of a gallinaceous bird (pollo), 104 millimeters
in length, was disinterred from the marl-bed of Castelazzo di
Fontanellato; and a piece of a right humerus of the same bird
was found in earth of the same kind in making an excavation
within the walls of the city of Parma; also among the re-
70
OBJECTS OF HIGH ANTIQUITY
mains of the pile habitations of Morges in Switzerland, sup-
posed to be of the bronze age, was discovered a hen's bone;
but Rütimeyer recognises in it the remains of a recent epoch,
and denies that it can be of that age. As regards the relic
from the marl-bed of Castelazzo, we may asseverate that it
was taken out of ashes and carbon, which in part adhered to
it closely, and so we may hold it certain that it was extracted
from the stratum of the marl earth. With regard to the
other bone of the common fowl, it was found mixed with
bones of the small ox of the marl-beds, and of other mam-
malia, with shards of Celtic earthenware and charcoal. The
state of fossilisation of these remains of birds, above all of the
tibia, does not permit us to regard them as of recent date.
In time we may hope to find, also, in the marl earth, the
traces of marsh birds and reptiles, inasmuch as we have found
there the shells of freshwater molluscs, a list of which we
shall presently give; the first, also, have not been wanting in
giving their due contingent. Rütimeyer enumerates eighteen
species of birds belonging to the orders Rapaces, Passeres,
Paperine, Gallina, Pinnatæ, and Natatores, besides three species
of reptiles, and nine of fishes, the remains of which have
been dug up from the Celtic pile habitations of Switzerland.
MOLLUSCS.
Underneath is the list of the shells collected in the marl-
beds, in every respect like those of molluscs now living in this
country. Let us hasten to add, that some of them do not
actually live in the plain, but only on the hills or at their
feet, whence we may hold that their shells have been trans-
ported down by the torrents, and perhaps also were depo-
sited by them; while the aquatic shells, at least of the
acephali, were deposited by the Po, which bathed and inun-
dated periodically the habitations of those ancient and rude
peoples.
AQUATIC MOLLUSCS.
Unio pictorum; var. Requienii. Mich.
Alasmodonta compressa. Menke.
Anodon. (In pieces.)
ACEPHALI :—
Ch
DISCOVERED IN ITALY.
71
Gasteropoda
Paludina vivipara. L.
Limnæus stagnalis; L., var. minor.
در
در
25
achatina. Lam.
OF THE PLAIN :-
Zonites Draparnaudi. Beck.
Helix Carthusianella. Drap.
hispidi. L. var.
nemoralis. L.
LAND MOLLuscs.
""
OF THE FOOT OF THE HILLS :-
Helix nemoralis; L. var. etrusca. Ziegl.
lucorum. Müll.
Sp
Cyclostoma elegans. Müll.
OF THE HILLS:-
Zonites olivetorum. Müll. Var. Leopoldianus. Charp.
Helix obvoluta.
Müll.
VEGETABLE REMAINS.
Except a few roots, some indeterminable seeds of some sort
of Hypnum, and an acorn (ghianda), about which remark is
made in the special account of the pile habitations of Castione,
we have not been able, up to the present time, to find in
the marl-beds vegetable remains of any kind. However, we
have been assured by various persons worthy of credit, that
within this earth is found, pretty frequently, corn,* vetch,
and bean, carbonised and heaped together; and you yourself
mention this in your Memoir, from which we suspect that these
may be the remains of magazines of these cereals. One
person asserts, that there have been dug up in the marl-beds
pear and fruit stones completely carbonised.
To complete the very short and imperfect remarks upon the
vegetable species represented among the remains of the marl
earth, as far as present results go, we shall allude to the chest-
nut and elm, of which wood the piles, which have been alluded
to, are roughly hewn.
* Triticum turgidum, L.
72
OBJECTS OF HIGH ANTIQUITY
CONCLUDING REMARKS UPON THE ORGANIC REMAINS.
Now that we have completed the review of the few organic
remains of the marl-beds, it is convenient to examine what
sort of changes, in the natural productions in discussion, have
occurred on the theatre of these fertilising deposits from the
disappearance of the populations, to which we owe them, to
the present day. Owing to want of material, we are obliged
to confine ourselves to the Fauna alone.
We have not been able to perceive any alteration in form in
the shells of the molluscs; there is no difference whatever
between the shells found in the marl earth and those which
the molluscs of the same species secrete at the present day.
From having found the shells of molluscs which at the present
day inhabit the hills, while nearly all the marl-beds are situated
in the plain, it does not follow that we must deduce that these
soft animals then lived in the level ground, but, as we have
already maintained, that the spoils of the molluscs, as long
back as that time, were brought down by the waters of the
Apennine.
.
Of birds we have only collected the bones of a single
species; from their marked features, we might argue that the
fowls to which they belonged enjoyed an independence which
we are not accustomed to accord to them. It now only re-
mains for us to follow on the traces of the changes which have
happened in the fauna of the mammalia, whether by modifica-
tion of their forms, the change of the domestic races, or by
the alteration or disappearance of them or their stocks, or of
the wild species, and by the examination of these animals we
may expect some interesting results.
:
The pig, the ox, and the sheep of the turbaries and marl-
beds, among the domestic races; the stag, the roe, and the
boar among the wild species, have abandoned the scene of the
marl earth,—the wild animals only in historic times, and even
recently. We have already mentioned our opinion, that the
bear was only an accidental guest of the marsh habitations of
our plains; now he is so pushed back and straitened in his
native mountains that a similar incursion would be quite im-
possible.
1
J
DISCOVERED IN ITALY.
73
-
The dog has undergone some slight modification in form,
and, thanks to crossing of breeds, is subdivided into an in-
finity of races. The horse, the pig, and the common bull
continue prosperous, almost unaltered in form, but, except
the bull, increased in stature; while, on the other hand, the
stag and the boar, where they still live in Europe, are dimi-
nished in size. The horns of the stag and the tusks of the
boar are less than the analogous remains excavated from the
marl earth and the pile habitations of Switzerland. And this
modification in an opposite sense,-in one case progressive, in
the other, retrogressive, according as the animal is domestic
or wild,-we may observe generally in all the mammalia, save
a few exceptions, and is easily explained, by admitting an in-
crement in the conditions favourable to life and prosperity for
the domestic animals, and a decrement of the same circum-
stances for the wild ones,-a victory of pastoral and agricul-
tural life; and so of human civilisation.
-
The wild stocks of the pig of the marl-beds and of the two
bovine races, descended from the diluvial epoch, are actually
extinct, as far as appears from diligent zoological and geo-
logical research. We find continually the traces of the pig,
the ox, and the sheep of the marl-beds, but domesticated,
near the theatre of the pile habitations of Switzerland, in the
canton of the Grisons, as well as elsewhere in Europe, chiefly
in the north.
Of the domesticated species, the small ox was the first
brought under man in Europe; next the dog, the goat, and
goat-horned sheep,-all in the age of stone: next followed,
in the same age, the common bull, the small pig, and the
horse; the last to enter into the family of domestic mammalia
* The above wild pig disappeared, as we learn from Rütimeyer, from the
theatre of the lake habitations of Switzerland, with the introduction of the
arms in bronze, certainly of more use for hunting than those rude ones in
stone; and as further, bronze, and generally metal, lent itself better than
stone to the fabrication of implements and instruments, domestic, agricul-
tural, and industrial; so their introduction giving a strong impulse to pro-
gress, contributed also indirectly to the limitation and destruction of savage
animals in general.
74
OBJECTS OF HIGH ANTIQUITY
of Europe was the pig (majale), as appears probable, in the
age of bronze.*
We shall end this zoological epilogue by adducing other
facts observed on the subject by Rütimeyer, besides those
already mentioned, and at the same time setting out the de-
ductions which he draws, persuaded that we shall in this way
please you, and be advantageous to many persons; because it
will make them acquainted with a recent work of value, which,
owing to its being written in the German language, cannot be
consulted by many, because that tongue for the most part, and
very undeservedly, is little studied by us; especially from
motives little plausible, but still pardonable, the cessation of
which, we hope, is imminent, with the cessation, in our
country, of an administration which has made use of, and
even makes use of, the torch of national hatred,—a hatred
the most irrational, to prolong its hybrid existence.
Rütimeyer divides the time, since the foundation of the first
lacustrine habitations in Switzerland, into Three Ages.
FIRST AGE,
OF THE PRIMITIVE DOMESTIC RACES.
In this period, the wild animals used for food (alimentarii)
far surpass in numbers the domestic; the chase preponderates
over pastoral life. This epoch coincides with the age of stone
of the antiquarians.
SECOND AGE,
OF THE MULTIPLICATION OF THE DOMESTIC RACES.
This is not separated from the preceding by well-marked
* The common pig (majale) does not appear to have been domesticated in
the place of the Swiss lake dwellings, but to have been brought there tame.
A great race of dog, nearly related to the butcher's dog (cane da beccajo),
and a variety of the pig of the turbaries, still less than the type, both per-
haps, imported into Switzerland, mark there the beginning of the age of
bronze. The pig disappeared there towards the sixth century, perhaps for
want of recruiting from without; we have neither found in the marl-beds
the remains of one nor the other, but only of the bones of the pig of the
turbaries, or marl-beds, or pile habitations,-whichever you like to call it,-
which in measure stands between the type and variety in discussion, and
molar teeth, which in form are suitable to the same variety.
Cane da Beccajo, I believe, answers to our bulldog, and is the Canis
familiaris molossus of Linnæus.-EDITOR.
DISCOVERED IN ITALY.
75
limits, and it is less still from that which follows it; the
domestic races of the first epoch pass into this, and their
brains and marrow are equally made use of. Two races, how-
ever, disappear during this epoch, and in their place four
others present themselves on the scene; while, on the other
hand, two wild species die out, and on this account the number
of domestic animals used for food begins to preponderate
over that of the wild ones. The introduction of metal marks
this epoch; however, this age does not correspond with the
age of bronze, as it gradually confounds itself with the exist-
ing age.
THIRD AGE,
OF THE CULTIVATION, AND THE PERFECTING OF THE DOMESTIC RACES
(KULTUR RACEN).
Or rather, the existing age, characterised in Switzerland by
the appearance of a new race of oxen, Bos frontosus (fleckrich).
Wild animals become the food of luxury; on the other hand,
cattle increase, the races multiply and become adapted to
various climates, uses, and wants,-thanks to

crossing of breeds.
This age begins, probably, with history; to the two
ceding ones we must assign a somewhat long duration, not,
however, after the manner of the geologists.
The discovery of pile habitations and objects in stone and
bronze, of pre-historic character in Italy, the theatre of the
Roman life, promises, according to Rütimeyer, a not distant
elucidation in the matter, and we are rejoiced to be able, in
some degree, to assist such elucidations.
The domestic animals of the more ancient periods, such as
those true and pure primitive races, were in part in a state of
liberty, already the inhabitants of the same regions of Hel-
vetia, but they had come from other regions, probably from
the south; so that the domestic fauna of the first age, although
of the land, was not indigenous. The domestic races of the
second age would seem to have been imported, and to have
died out for want of being recruited. The ox which in Switzer-
land marks the second age, appears to have arrived from the
76
OBJECTS OF HIGH ANTIQUITY
north. These migrations of herds must place us, some day,
upon the traces of their leader and shepherd, man; and to be
able to follow the path of the latter, it is necessary to know
the fauna, present and past, of the different countries.
By the comparison of the fossils of the turfy lignite (lignite
torbosa-shieferkohle) of Dürnten, and the diluvial and glacial
deposits of the valley of the Rhine which rest upon it, with
the remains of the turf which conceals the lacustrine habita-
tions of Robenhausen, Rütimeyer deduces that at the time of
the formation of the lignite in that country, lived at the same
time the stag and urus, with the elephant and rhinoceros ;
afterwards, in the period of the depositing of the drift (the
upper part of it), with the preceding animals were associated
the mammoth, the wild boar, the rein-deer, the roe, the wolf,
the fox, the badger, the beaver, and the hare. This fauna.
was afterwards driven back, and in part expelled from the
valleys of Switzerland and from the country by the slow in-
crease of the glaciers, which, to the rein-deer and mam-
allowed a stinted existence. Afterwards, when

www
es these enormous deposits of snow and ice
gigantic ox (urus) reappeared in Switzerland, and
e and little ascended the valleys, accompanied by the bison
ud the elk, but no longer by the gigantic pachyderms, which
were their fellows in the preceding age. In this epoch, which
is that of the reappearance of vegetation, falls the arrival of man
in Helvetia. From that time forth there was not room for
great changes in the fauna of that country. Though the dis-
appearance of the rein-deer, and that of the bison and the urus,
happened in historic times, as did that of the elk, the beaver, and
the stag, we should not, perhaps, attribute this entirely to man.
It may be that the same causes contributed to it which
limit within climates-certainly, at present, more cold-the
chamois and the wild goat, not to mention plants entirely
independent of man, which organisms prospered on the
theatre, now certainly more mild, of the lacustrine habita-
tions; on the
the other hand, moreover, only agencies con-
nected with climate could have united, within the same
space, animals which at the present day are separated by
DISCOVERED IN ITALY.
77
half a meridian, the elephant and the rein-deer. Already
in Cæsar's time, who describes the urus and the elk of the
Hercynian forest, these ruminants were separated from the
elephant by a distance of 30° or 40° of latitude. We know,
too, that in the present geological epoch there are signs that
animals attempt, as is the case at present in the tropics, to
penetrate from the south towards the north. Among the re-
mains of the lake habitations of Switzerland we find the horns
of the fallow deer; and we know that in the historic age the
lion has appeared in Greece.
With man trod the Helvetic soil, now abandoned by the ice,
various species of domestic animals, some perhaps subdued on
the spot, others, and with greater probability, conducted with
them in a state of domestication. The lacustrine people of
the palisades do not seem, then, to have been the first inha-
bitants (dei primi abitatori) of Europe. These their water
villages are probably the most ancient storehouse of the life
of man in Switzerland, because those anterior to them, if any
such existed, were destroyed by the glaciers. But these are
not the first traces of man in Europe. In fact, elsewhere, at
Aurignac in France, human skeletons have been dug up con-
fused with bones of the mammoth and rhinoceros, and the
other precursor animals,-eye-witnesses and successors of the
glacial epoch,-bones which were broken like those which
have been dug from the pile dwellings and marl-beds, and
with the same object, and which have been gnawed by the
teeth of the tiger and the hyæna of the caverns; elsewhere, in
France, have been found remains of the elephant and rhino-
ceros, with monuments of the most ancient art of man.
-
Man, therefore, lived in Europe before the glacial epoch,
during the depositing of the drift. With these discoveries
the barrier is overpassed, which existed till now, hetween time
past and present,-between geology and history.
CONJECTURES ON THE ORIGIN, THE AGE, AND THE PEOPLE OF
THE MARL-beds.
Upon an acquaintance with the organic remans and the
pre-Roman monuments buried in our marl-beds, he question
78
OBJECTS OF HIGH ANTIQUITY
at once presents itself, by what, and what kind of agents they
were accumulated? for what object, and in what epoch? We
do not pretend so far as to answer these questions categori-
cally; we shall be contented with passing in review the various
opinions which we know to have been ventured upon this sub-
ject, with criticising them, and finally, advancing an hypo-
thesis in argument, as far as we may be able, after one half-
year only of research and study, sometimes at the mercy of
circumstances, sometimes of the will of other people.
Some of these conjectures have been combated by you in
the memoir which has been cited, as those of Venturi and
Cavedoni. Among the true marl earths we only include the
first category of the cemetery earths of Venturi, the more
ancient, those which he holds to be a sort of cemeteries where
the Galli Boi buried their warriors, dead in battle; or else the
remains of booty burned by them, or of piles and sacrifices of
the same age; those earths, in fine, where we find the Celtic
potshards, and we exclude the earths which contain Roman
burial places only, and fabrics destroyed by some fire, or
rather ruined.
-
Cavedoni, as you say, remarking upon the apparent strati-
fication (of part, at least) of the marl-beds, shuts out the pro-
bility that they could have been cemeteries of bodies buried
in haste (tumultuarie), or of prey alone, or even once or twice.
burnt on the spot.* Signor Mariotti,† speaking of the marl
earth of Marano, demonstrates-as too strange, not to say
specious-the supposition that a deposit of human corpses ex-
tended to the cast from Marano to Monticelli, and extended
many chilometers (about six) along the towns of Malandriano,
Coloreto, and S. Prospero, and perhaps also along the lower
towns, at least to the mouth of the Gambalone river in the Enza
-
;
*According to Ricci, Corografia dei Territorii di Modena, Reggio ecc., Mo-
dena, 1788, the booty was not burnt, but, according to the testimony of Cæsar,
heaped up only; these accumulations, sacred to the divinities, remained un-
touched, owing to religious respect for them; we think that he meant that
this booty was heaped up, perhaps sometimes burnt as well.
† Notizie intorno la canaletto di Mamiano e Monticelli raccolte da Gaetano
Mariotti. Ipolite.
DISCOVERED IN ITALY.
79
and we may add, that in the greater part of the marl-beds are
found scoriæ, sometimes abundant, which certainly were not
buried with the warriors, nor do they come from the burning
of their arms or harness, but were, as we show elsewhere, the
remains of a forge little disturbed, where are gathered also
the moulds for running the arms and instruments; we should
also reflect that the arms dug up are few, while the custom of
these people is known of burning or burying the warriors
with their arms. The extreme difficulty in meeting with hu-
man bones in the strata of the marl earth, also alluded to by
Mariotti, would be a further ground for doubting a like origin
with these earths, in which it is agreed human corpses have
been buried.*
Against the hypothesis of the cemeteries and the burning
of booty stands further the fact, that we find there a great
quantity of bones of animals broken to pieces, but not burnt;
and that we collect in incredible abundance the shards of vases
of all kinds, and not only of those which we can consider as
sacred. Finally; to burn prey and bury corpses, extensive
palisades are not planted, grain is not heaped up, nor mill-
stones arranged for grinding corn. And these same facts
speak in great part also against the other opinion of Venturi,
embraced by Cavedoni, that these marl earths are the remains
of funeral pyres and sacrifices of the Boi. A similar opinion
is, as you know, in like manner sustained by Ghiozzi in his
memoir on Giulia Fidenza,† where, speaking of the marl-bed of
Bargone di Salso, he says, "it is proved that the Etruscans
met there, the Galli Anani and Boi, and afterwards the Ro-
mans, to make their sacrifices." But in this marl-bed, also,
we found, as well as Gramizzi, pieces of earthenware by
thousands, of every kind, scoriæ, and millstones. We come
now to the hypothesis, several times mentioned in your me-
moir, which is this, "that the greater part of the marl-beds are
* That is, with Venturi's other cemetery earths mentioned above, from
which the first category is considered distinct and of different origin.-
EDITOR.
P
+ Memorie storiche sulla fondazione della città di Giulia Fidenza, edizione
seconda. Borgo S. Donnino, 1840.
80
OBJECTS OF HIGH ANTIQUITY
!
remains of Roman sepulchres and remains of cemeteries, of
pyres, and perhaps, also, of convivial meeting places of the
bronze age, rearranged by the action of waters."
We have already excluded from the marl earths those earths
which contain the Roman burying places; however, we shall
again, in the sequel, return to this discussion, as we ought to
give our reasons for excluding them. To the conjecture of
pyres and cemeteries, we have already given the objections
which have appeared to rise in opposition. With regard to
the idea of cemeteries, granted that the bodies of the people
of the marl-beds were buried, rather than burnt, which we do
not concede, for reasons which we shall soon give. There
appears to be a proof in support of our opposition in the fact
accepted by you, that at Cumarola was discovered the ceme-
tery of forty warriors, with arms of stone and bronze at their
side, a cemetery which you hold to be of the same epoch as,
though not of the very formation (giacitura, laying down)
of, the marl-beds,—that is, of the age of bronze. There is
no mention made by the discoverer either of ashes, or char-
coal, or shards, or scoriæ, or millstones, nor of bones of
animals, etc., objects which are all found in the marl-beds;
so that cemeteries which are granted to be such (in posto) do
not give rise, as Venturi supposes, to these azotised deposits.
No more can cemeteries turned topsy-turvy (sconvolti) by
water give place to their deposition, since we do not meet there
with the components of the marl earth. The people to whom
these deposits are due, do not seem to have had the custom of
burying the dead, but certainly of burning them; since in the
marl earth the bones of men are of very rare occurrence,
which belong to the age of the formation of those deposits.
On the contrary, the people to which the warriors of Cumarola
belonged, used to give their sepulture outside the enclosure
of the habitations; just as Rütimeyer holds the inhabitants of
the lake habitations of Helvetia used to do, and, according to
Bertrand,* certain tribes of Gaul. We therefore suppose that
these and the said warriors belonged to a single nation, the
* Revue Archéologique, Jan. 1861, p. 9.
DISCOVERED IN ITALY.
81
members of which lived upon both sides of the Alps,—that is,
in the beginning of the period of transition, and in our
opinion, anteriorly to the people of the marl-beds, which had,
in part, different habits from them. You hold, as has been
said, that these earths are the remains of banquets, and we
agree with you. You suppose that these earths have been
altered in position by water, and we fully admit it; but we do
not venture to say this for the greater part, for we have not
visited more than about a third of those which have come
under our cognisance.
The visible stratification, or, we should rather say, supra-
position of beds-sometimes curved and sometimes hori-
zontal—of ashes with carbon, alternating with deposits of
earths, as are observed especially at Casaroldo di Samboseto,
Conventino di Castione Collechio, Fodico di Poviglio, and
Vico-fertile, indicate that these deposits are in position, or
rather in the place where, in a long succession of centuries,
they were formed by the work of man, followed by physical
agencies. At Casaroldo, Castione, and Poviglio, the placid
overflowings of the Po have deposited in part the strata of
earth over the various beds of ashes and charcoal. We
e are
led to believe this by the shells of the acephalous molluscs in
contact with these substances, as these molluscs always live in
the waters of the Po. In the places named, Collecchio, Vico-
fertile, and elsewhere, the inundations you mention of the
torrents from the Apennines, perhaps, added the snail molluscs
of the hills and the little tertiary fossil-shells. It is possible,
then, that these, transported by the torrents into the Po, may
have been brought back over these deposits by its waves when
that river, as is probable in such remote times, covered our
whole plains, and it is here that almost all the marl-beds lie
which have been observed; we do not know one situated on a
hill, only at the foot of the hills one has been found.* As to the
* The number of marl-beds visited by us amounts to twenty, there remain
still to be seen about forty, of which we have knowledge; those more to the
west, known to us, are those of Besenzone, Castione, and Salso, in the cir-
cuit of Borgo, S. Donnino; and those most to the east are those of Castel-
vetro and Nonantola, in the Modenese. We understand there are also some
G
82
OBJECTS OF HIGH ANTIQUITY
marl earth of Castione, the palisades, extending under its
position, prevent one from having any doubt that the earth is
in situ.
From these heaps then in position, the rain-waters—those
of rivulets and brooks, the currents of rivers, the waves of the
Po more or less gently, sometimes, however, with impetus and
precipitously-have carried down, to a greater or less distance,
parts of the earths with their contents, or have only eaten
into them and turned them over. In both these last cases,
however, we cannot find the beds of ashes and charcoal, since
the waves will have dispersed them; the shards, moreover,
are without corners and pebble-shaped, which is also asserted
concerning the marl-bed of Marano, considered to be trans-
ported by the above-named Sig. Mariotti.* Here is his
criterion for distinguishing the marl earth in position, or vir-
gin, from the washings, whether they lie bordering upon the
same earth or ridges (lembi), or whether they be constituted
apart from them in separate deposits or alluvial beds (alluvioni);
such as are the marl-beds of Basilicanuova, Marano, Beneceto,
Gajone, Madregolo.
.
The first, the virgin earths, as they have been called, include
beds of ashes and charcoal: the marl earth is usually more
clear, more bright, calcareous, azotised, and fertilising,—it is
marl earth of the first quality. In the second, whether it be
in ridges or alluvial beds, ashes and charcoal cannot be dis-
cerned, they are spread abroad and dispersed, and are there-
fore wanting; for example, at Gajone. The colour of the marl
earth tends to brown; it is argillaceous and more heavy, less
fertilising; it is of inferior quality; it is also rotten, and does
not repay the expenses of excavation and transport.
As to the first origin of the marl earths, it is clear that the
in the Ferrarese. The marl-beds nearest the Po, and therefore most liable to
inundation, are those of Poviglio, Brescello, Casaroldo, and Besenzone; near
the hills, those of Castelvetro, Pontenuovo, Torrecchiara, Collecchio, and
Salso.
* In the alluvial marl-bed of Marano, according to Mariotti, bones are not
found. It would appear, according to Mariotti, that this marl-bed has been
an island of the Parma.
DISCOVERED IN ITALY.
83
C
banquets, as you assert, are a considerable part; but there
seems to us to appear in the scoriæ, the millstones, the heaps
of grain, the palisades, the potsherds, already cited, together
with the arms and utensils of all sorts which are found in these
earths, something more than a mere meeting place to banquet.
It seems to us, if we do not err, that there is something of
settlement and duration. Man did not meet there only to
arrange and devour the feast; but to employ himself besides
in domestic avocations, in preparing implements and arms, to
sew garments and make nets,-in a word, to inhabit them;
besides to exercise the practices of their religious worship, and
perhaps, also, to burn their dead, and all these after the
fashion of barbarians, such as the people of the marl-beds
must have been. These people, according to the place and
time, were fishermen, hunters, shepherds, and even agricul-
turalists. For fishermen was required a safe residence, and de-
fence against the periodical overflowings of the waters;
against the assaults of wild beasts and enemies, was wanting a
pile dwelling. The hunter and the shepherd have no other want
than of a high and dry station, where to plant their movable
tent, to which the nomad herdsman returned, when with his
flock he appeared again upon the pastures which surrounded
it, and when he abandoned anew, in turn, other stations and
other pastures, either known already or new ones.
The agri-
culturist was settled upon the land he cultivated, and had a
more solid habitation of clay or dry wall, and strongly made.
Among the remains of the marl beds we find not only the
pile dwelling and dry wall, which attest the different conditions
of the people in discussion, but we find also the hooks which in-
dicate the fisherman, the horns of stags, the tusks of the
boars, the teeth of the bears which the hunter pursued, and
the bones of domestic animals, which distinguish the shep-
herd; finally, the scythes, and the magazines of cereals, which
show that they were also agriculturalists.
SE
While our plain was increasing by little and little from the
level by fluviatile deposits, the marl earths rose up also by the
hand of man, or rather, for the most part both by that and
by the action of the waters, only that the accumulation of the
G 2
84
OBJECTS OF HIGH ANTIQUITY
deposits of man went on less slowly; whence arose the forms
of mounds (rialzi mammellonari) of marl earth in position.
And on these hillocks the man of the present builds his habita-
tions, his villas, or else convents and castles, as if he wished
to approve in this way the convenience of the selection of
place made by his rude ancestors, who from their mounds defied
the elements and the wild beasts, spied out the enemy, and
made ready either for attack or defence; and if man at the
present time holds his domicile there, what wonder that our
Roman fathers should have taken up their abode there also, their
first inhabitants being driven out or subjugated. This is why
we find so many Roman memorials in the marl earth in position,
but either only in the upper strata of the mould or alluvial de-
posit, or, as is sometimes the case, in the marl earth itself, but
placed in it posteriorly; as for instance, the buried corpse.
The same reason accounts for our finding on the surface so
many objects of the middle ages. In the alluvial marl-beds
we find remains of every epoch mixed together, as you have
observed in your memoir;* and since it appears, up to the
present time, that the Roman and later remains do not form
an essential part, but only an accidental one, of the marl-beds,
we pass them over in silence; and although the corpses and
other organic remains of the Roman or a later epoch may
generate, where they are buried, bands of earth a little
azotised and fertilising, still as they do not enter into the
conception which we have formed of the marl-beds, we exclude
them.
The origin and position, or rather the mode in which they
were formed and deposited being established, it is fitting to
inquire whence came the nation which has left these relics, and
at what age it peopled this country? We shall first try to
make it out taking for our sole guide the remains of their
* Sig. Mariotti, remarking on the Roman objects found in the marl-bed
at Marano, such as pans, spoons, hafts, and hilts of poignards, in bronze,
coins, tiles, says, that he collected them chiefly in the upper strata. Holding
this marl-bed to be alluvial, we shall, by such a fact, be led to the supposition
that it was transported and deposited before the Roman colonisation, and
afterwards increased during that age.
DISCOVERED IN ITALY.
85
domestic animals and the monuments of their industry; in the
sequence we shall interrogate history.
We have seen how they possessed, in common with the
people of the pile dwellings of Switzerland, certain races of
dogs, of sheep, of oxen, and pigs; it would seem from this
that they might have come from thence; but in fact this
should prove just as much that the people of Helvetia had
already trod the soil of Italy, as that they, transcending the
Alps, had entered from thence, although the fact that the
goat-horned sheep, the ox, and the pig of the turbaries, no
longer exist in the country of the marl-beds, while some traces
of them now remain in Switzerland, would support the first
assertion. However, we have in this, at least, evidence to
lead us to hold that the inhabitants of the palisades of Hel-
vetia and those of ours were of a single stock (stirpe),* as you
and Keller have already admitted.
.
You have yourself already noted that in the marl-beds we
meet with pieces of millstone of garnet-bearing talco-schist;
and we, too, collect them, together with pieces of millstone of
mica-schist, also garnet-bearing, both stones which, to our
knowledge, are not found on our Apennine, and still less
likely to come from our torrents in the plain.† You have
reported already in that mica-schist a perfect resemblance
with the same rock in position in the most ancient copper-
mine of S. Marcel, in the valley of Aosta, without exactly
limiting to this locality the fabrication of these millstones of
* Not, however, of the same nation. We have already noticed some dif-
ferences both in the mode of emptying the brain and the teeth pulp of the
mammals, and in the mode of paying the last honours to the dead.
+ Even if these rocks existed in the mountain, the people of the marl-beds
would, nevertheless, have had them with difficulty, since, as we have said,
they remained in the plain and low hills. In the mountains there is no
trace of them, and it would seem improbable, not to say impossible, that the
waters should have carried down all monuments of them; to which conclu-
sion we are naturally brought if, with Sig. Mariotti, we were to admit that
our mountains were inhabited by the people of the marl-beds (before the
drying up of the plain in the valley of the Parma). They knew, certainly,
how to find steatite and limestone in the beds of the torrents for spindle-
whirls, and to procure from the low hills (colle) other stones for the con-
struction of millstones.
86
OBJECTS OF HIGH ANTIQUITY
mica-schist and the production of copper, objects which are
wanting in the region of the marl-beds. It seems that we
may admit, in consequence, that they come either from there
or from the other valleys of the Western Alps, where these
minerals are found in position. As to the copper, certainly
the people of the marl-beds may have obtained it in a com-
mercial way, but as to the millstones in schist, this would not
appear likely; for as there were in position other stones which
could be substituted for it with advantage, this would not have
been any good to them; and, in fact, we see that the pieces of
millstone in schist, excavated from the marl earth, are few in
comparison with those in macigno, and other stones which take
a polish, in breccia and serpentine,-rocks which are met with
at the foot of the Apennines. From all this we should infer
that the millstones in schist, which are met with in the marl-
beds, were brought from the Alps, either in the west or north-
west, and since then, according to the researches of Keller
and yourself, as well in the turbaries of the lakes which drain
both sides of the Alps, as well as elsewhere, we discover traces
of the same race, we conclude that the people of the marl-beds
came from them.
10
.
In the marl earth are found very few arms and very few
utensils, and other objects in stone; on the other hand, many
more are collected in metal. In the different pile dwellings
of Switzerland, on the contrary, we find only arms and imple-
ments in stone (mixed, be it understood, with those in bone
and wood, common to either time). The remains of the tur-
baries of Italy belong, as you affirm, to the age of bronze;
and, as we have already admitted, that the people of the marl-
beds of Emilia, and that of the pile habitations and turbaries,
already mentioned, were of the same stock (stirpe), so we
recognise in the succession of those epochs the indication of
the life which they led in their migrations. Beyond the Alps
they dwelt in the age of stone, here only in that of metal; so
* The vases with handles preponderate over those without; the first, ac-
cording to Troyon, Rev. Archéol., 1860, p. 37, are not found among the re-
mains of the age of stone.
DISCOVERED IN ITALY.
87
it was thence they extended themselves to our plains. In this
way, the time of their immigration is approximately reached,
which happened in the age of metal, and therefore not many
centuries before the new era. Here it made a prolonged stay,
perfecting itself-in contact with the Etruscan, Ligurian, and
Roman elements-in industry and agriculture. One glance at
the figures, which you have had executed, of the various im-
plements collected in the marl-beds, is enough to convince
one of this. The person who carved the ruder objects de-
picted in bone and stone, could not have executed, with so
much good taste, the comb and small wheels in bone given
above, nor the greater part of the finer objects in bronze;
nor, finally, the spindle-whirls in calcareous stone, brought to
such a perfection of polish and regularity, that one is led to
suspect the use of the lathe.
If next we try to come at the epoch of the irruption of the
people of the marl-beds, solely by examining the races of their
domestic animals, whose remains considerably preponderate
over those of the savage mammalia, we shall gather that such
advent could not have fallen except in the epoch of bronze, in
the middle of the multiplication of the domestic animals, and
in the beginning of the new era; not before the bronze age,
for before that time the common pig (majale) was not brought
under subjection, nor was the common domestic cock accli-
matised; not long after the beginning of the existing era, be-
cause before then disappeared the small races of the pig and
the ox, that of the sheep with goat's horns, and the dog of
the turbaries. To such conclusions, at least, are we led,
judging analogically from the remains of the lake habitations
of Switzerland; and as we must admit that this people did
not with difficulty invade our country in a spasmodic way, but
dwelt there long enough to accumulate the marl earths, we
gather, in the chronological extremes indicated, the limits of
their existence as inhabitants of our valleys, from the age of
metal to our era. From that time, the people of the marl-
beds were either destroyed or subjugated by the Romans,
or else were fused with them, and, changing their customs,
changed also the construction of their houses, either aban-
88
OBJECTS OF HIGH ANTIQUITY
doning the pile dwellings or converting them into strong
houses.
.
Before seeking enlightenment from history regarding this
people, we ought without its help to do away a doubt regard-
ing the epoch of their appearance,—a doubt which arises in
reading your memoir. You mention, that near Imola were
collected, from underground, arms in bone and stone, in part
made on the spot, spindle-whirls and millstones, of the before-
mentioned garnet-bearing mica-schist, and this without any
mixture of objects in metal; whence it follows that these arms
and implements belong to the most ancient age of stone. The
mica-schist would lead one to hold that the manufactures of
these objects had descended into the valley of the Po in the
same direction whence came the people of the marl-beds, and
the spindle-whirls and the millstones would lead us to suppose
that they both belonged to the same race. And since those
remains at Imola are of the age of stone, we are led, hence,
to infer that the originals of the people in discourse descended
from the Alps, exactly at that epoch; and so that the inhabit-
ants of our pile dwellings came here in the same epoch, while
we make their appearance only reach back to the age of bronze.
We cannot deny that the manufacturers of the rude arms in
flint, of Imola, came from the Western Alps; but we are not
inclined further to admit that they were one people with the
inhabitants of the marl-beds; for the former appear to have
had different customs from the latter, and perhaps the same as
those of the warriors of Cumarola,-a reason why they did
not leave marl-beds as evidence of their stay in Italy. But
suppose we admit that both belonged to the same stock
(stirpe); the fact that those of Imola did not know metal, and
had in part different customs from the people of the marl-beds,
would make us incline to hold that they composed an early
colony which crossed the Alps at an epoch anterior to that in
which another nation of the same race—a second and greater
colony-departed to people the southern plain of Upper Italy.
Now, we may open the book of ancient history, and read in
its pages the fortunes of the people of the marl-beds.
Titus Livius relates that, in the reign of Tarquinius Priscus,
DISCOVERED IN ITALY.
89
about six centuries before Christ, the Galli made a descent
upon Italy, invited by the pleasantness of the climate and the
deliciousness of the wine. They came in at four several
epochs, and in four different bands, the last but one of which
was that which comprehended the Galli Boii. Micali supposes
that these came down by the Mount St. Bernard,* and says,
that, rejoiced to breathe an air less raw, they moved on directly
across the Ticino, and finding the country between the Alps
and the Po already occupied by their countrymen, they crossed
that river, near its confluence with the Adige, and entered
suddenly into the region nearest to the Apennine;† a con-
siderable part of that territory towards the Po was always
covered with vast marshes, so the Annani made their nest
here first; the Boii extended from the Faro to the Idice or to
the Sillaro; and in the last place the Fingones occupied all
the succeeding tract as far as the river Utente (or Utis),
now Montone, in the neighbourhood of the Adriatic. The
Senones, coming after them, took possession of the terri-
tory between Ravenna and Ancona. From this it may be
* According to Contzen, they made their descent by the Simplon; which-
ever way it was, they came from the north-west of the Alps, where exactly we
find in position the garnet-bearing schists, of which are composed different
millstones of the marl earths.
+ Pliny, on the authority of Cornelius Nepos, asserts that the town of
Melpo, in Lombardy, was destroyed by the Insubres, Boii, and Senones united,
in that day on which Camillus destroyed the city of Veii in Etruria. Lopez
draws from this the conclusion that in the year 358 of Rome (396 B.C.) the
Galli Boii, precisely those who inhabited this part of the country, were still
beyond the Po.
According to Livy, it was peopled by the Etruscans and Umbrians, who
were the people invaded by the Gauls. In our opinion, however, the Etrus-
cans and Umbrians either never reached our territory or kept to the moun-
tains, at that time less inhospitable than our plains, since there is no record
of their abode here; and we confess that we do not understand how a people
could occupy a country, inhabit there, and not leave any relic of them-
selves. Before the monuments of the Boii, we find no token of human civili-
sation in our flat country, and therefore less any trace of that first epoch of
absence of civilisation, by the northern savants called the age of stone,—the
physical reason we are about to mention; on the other hand, in our Apen-
nine, there are not wanting evidences of this most ancient epoch, as axes,
knives, with hatchets (couteau-hache), chisels, and hammers in stone.
90
OBJECTS OF HIGH ANTIQUITY
seen that the country where we find the marl-earths is pre-
cisely that occupied by the Galli Boii.* Micali goes on to say
that the Galli, ignorant of agriculture, lived at that time
through the vast forests and marshes (then certainly upon
piles, after their custom) in the wretched condition of a hunt-
ing and pastoral people. They learnt, but much later, of the
Italians to cultivate the earth, to divide it, and to possess
separately houses and fields, and understood the advantage of
uniting the scattered population in durable abodes.
On coming to blows with the Romans, they received the
tremendous defeat at Talamone by the valour of the con-
suls, Cornelius and Æmilius.† After this destruction of forty
thousand Galli, the victors crossed over the Apuan Alps (le
Alpi Apuane‡) into the country of the Boii, or rather into our
plain country, and deprived them of about half the territory.
In the sequel, the Romans having conceived the idea of com-
pletely subduing the Galli Cisalpini, two consular armies
entered into the open country of the Boii, and overcame these
people; unless, on this occasion, a part of them preferred to
abandon Italy and go to the north of Noricum and Pannonia,
or among the Taurisci, § and live there near the Danube, where
they were afterwards destroyed by the Dacians and the Romans
under Augustus.
From the different opinions with regard to the epoch of the
decadence, and the total disappearance of the Boii of our
country, we adopt those of Livy and Micali, who make them
arrive 600 years, || or thereabouts, before the new era; and
* Pliny, describing the eighth region of Italy, which had for its limits the
Po, the Apennine, and Rimini, places there the Boii, and on the authority
of Cato makes their tribes number a hundred and twelve.
+ This refers to the victory of the consul P. Cornelius, Cn. F. Scipio, 191
B.C.; his colleague was not an Æmilius, but M'. Acilius Glabrio, a plebeian.
Vide Livy, b. xxxv, 24, 37.-EDITOR.
† That part of the Apennines called Apuani Mugelli, from some way
north of Spezia, called in Roman times, probably from its extreme loveliness,
Portus Veneris, to near Pistoja, then Pistoria.-EDItor.
§ A people in Noricum, so called.-EDITOR.
|| Niebuhr considered that Livy's account of the time at which the Galli
first came into Italy, about 600 years B.C., in the time of Tarquinius Priscus,
was without sufficient warrant. He, however, says, that the legend on
DISCOVERED IN ITALY.
91
they do not exclude the possibility that their remains dis-
comfited (in 183 B.C.) remained in part a long time, in the
inhospitable parts of the country, and those shunned by the
agricultural and civilised people; such as were at that time
the Romans,—their persecutors. There, whether in wild forest
or in lagoons difficult of access, concealed from the eye of their
enemies, they continued, undoubtedly, in the exercise of the
religious worship of the Druids, and the customs of the Celtic
peoples, until they gave way to the irresistible influence of civi-
lisation or to the destroying sword. And we are induced to
admit the said chronological limits of the stay of the Boii in our
plains,* when we observe the considerable quantity and mea-
surement of the marl earth in position, the origin of which
we cannot but ascribe to this nation, and the heaping up of
which would require several centuries. If the Galli were not
the inhabitants of our marl-beds, I may further add, we find
evidences, which we describe in our memoir, which show that
they had, in common with that nation, their faith, their usages,
their arms and their implements.
With this we bring to an end our discourse, such as it is.
=
which he founded it was "a home-sprung Gallic one, however he became
acquainted with it, and, as such, is worth recording." The geographical
part of it, he and Arnold, following him, believe to be correct, but they both
think the time of their residence in Umbria, before crossing the Apennines,
must have been considerably shorter than 200 years; and the latter speaks
of the improbability of their remaining north of the Apennines, which was
contrary to the impulsive character of such barbarians; but there is nothing
in the arguments they advance which would prove it impossible that certain
tribes, in comparatively small numbers, made settlements in the marshy
places and forests, leaving the high lands still to the Etruscans and Um-
brians, who would have to be attacked in force to enable these people to
cross towards Rome. The fact, by Niebuhr accepted, that those who came
last went furthest, would seem to prove settled appropriation of the land in
the first coming, as it was the fact of the land being occupied that sent on
the new hordes to more southern and western conquests. Vide Nieb. Rome,
ii, 517; Arnold, i, 518.-EDITOR.
* Kohen, Schweigh, Contzen, following Strabo, are of the opinion that the
Boii, after their defeats experienced in the years 563 to 571 A.U.c. (191 to 183
B.C.), were entirely expelled from Italy. Admitting this assertion, on the
one hand, and that of Lopez, on the other, it would seem to establish
that the Boii were not in our country more than 213 years, from 396 to 183
before our era.
!
92
OBJECTS OF HIGH ANTIQUITY
1
You must accept it with kindness, in consideration of our love
for science and our goodwill.*
PELLEGRINO STROBEL.
LUIGI PIGORINI.
Parma, Jan. 1862.
The excellent results in regard to the study of the ancient
races which have been obtained in Switzerland, Germany, and
* It may be well here to allude to Niebuhr's idea, that the Etruscans had
their origin in the Rhætian Alps, some remains of their language still lin-
gering in the Tyrol. They, according to him, extended southwards into Tus-
cany, separating and driving back the Umbri, or Umbrici, and the Ligurians,
the two most ancient races, whose special habitation was the very Valle
Padana in question in this memoir. It is clear that the Etruscans founded
towns very early, and indeed their remains would have undoubted evidence
of their origin about them. The Umbrians were an Italian nation of great
antiquity, who at one time lived considerably further to the north than in
later times, when they were driven by the Gauls to the mountainous country
south of Rimini, on the left bank of the Tiber. They had also some scat-
tered towns on the coast, says Niebuhr, i, 144, and near the Po, preserved
by the lagoons, and partly by paying tribute to the Gauls. It is probable
that as their towns are mentioned that their remains could not be con-
founded with the Celtic pile dwellings, which were, in all probability, the
earliest settlements of their Celtic conquerors.
The Ligurians, a very ancient people akin to the Iberians, were the in-
habitants of Piedmont before the Gauls made their appearance there; "the
whole of Piedmont, to its present extent," says Niebuhr (i, 164), was
inhabited by the Ligurians; Pavia, under the name of Ticinum, was founded
by a Ligurian tribe, the Lævians." (Pliny, ii, 21.) They dwelt as far as
the Pyrenees, and were driven to the south coast of France by the Celts,
and became mixed with them; whence Strabo speaks of the Celto-Ligurians
there. Niebuhr says,
"Which of the tribes, among the Lower Alps, were
Ligurians, and whether the Vocontians were so, I have no means of deter-
mining; but from these traces it seems to me extremely probable that this
people was dwelling of yore from the Pyrenees to the Tiber, with the Ce-
vennes, and the Helvetian Alps for its northern boundary. Of their place
in the family of nations we are ignorant; we only know that they were
neither Iberians nor Celts. Dionysius says, their extraction is unknown"
(i, 10). Cato seems to have made inquiries amongst them, but to have heard
nothing beyond stories, which were evidently groundless, and clumsily
fabricated, whence he stigmatised them as illiterate, lying, and deceitful;
and probably they were, having to eke out life with such hard toil, and being
unable even to till their stony ground with the plough. The rest of Cato's
odious picture is by no means confirmed by other ancient writers," p. 165.
Further on Niebuhr says, "A difficulty, indeed, seems to arise from our
finding that Polybius remarks that the Venetians differed but little in
"C
DISCOVERED IN ITALY.
93
Denmark, from the division of the human race into the age of
stone, the age of bronze, and the age of iron, should, in my
opinion, make us introduce the same divisions also among
ourselves, who are newly come to this kind of observation and
research; the more so, as with the advance of discoveries we
see ever increasing the points of similarity in the productions
of our ancient races, and of those who inhabited countries
more to the north.
I have premised this that I might repeat, now that the
report of Sig. Strobel and Pigorini has given us much addi-
tional information regarding the marl-beds, that the greater
part of the objects discovered in these curious deposits belong
to the age of bronze.
In fact the number of objects in iron, found in the marl-
beds, are most limited in number; and we observe that the
nails of such metal, of which the authors speak (in p. 35),
close up open holes in vases of potstone (pietra ollare) worked
upon the lathe, in view of which we should be obliged to sup-
pose that the lathe was known to the ancient people of the
marl-beds, because it must have been used in the construction
of the earthenware and some of the utensils in bone. We
note that the lance-heads in iron, of which the same authors
speak, are probably of the middle age; there is no doubt
regarding a knife and some scoriæ; but we must not forget
that all the marl-beds at present scientifically examined, are de-
posits which have been disturbed and rearranged (rimaneggiati),
and that consequently in some of them are found objects of
the Roman and of later epochs. Very large, on the contrary,
is the quantity of arms, instruments, utensils, and ornaments
customs and dress from the Celts, though he tells us their language was not
Celtic, he does say it was Illyrian." This allusion to the identity of customs
in the Venetii with the Gauls is more singular as they at once sought Ro-
man protection from the Gauls, and were in many respects very different
from them and the Ligurians; their country was very limited. However, it
is important to consider whether there may not have been a greater simi-
larity and manners in the very early tribes north and south of the Alps,
even when not allied by their origin, than the memoir would seem to allow.
-EDITOR.
94
OBJECTS OF HIGH ANTIQUITY
in bronze, which are brought to light in the marl-beds, and, as
we shall see in the sequel, in the turbaries.
If we rarely meet, in our public collections of antiquities,
with objects in stone, because our archæologists, up to the
present time, have occupied themselves almost exclusively
with classical antiquities, all are more or less richly furnished
with pre-Roman utensils and instruments in bronze. Our
own museum contains a fine collection of paalstabs and celts,
and other objects in bronze, but unhappily, as is usually the
case, wanting any indication of their derivation; we may,
however suppose that they have in part come from the valley
of the Riparia.
All these circumstances would authorise us to believe that
the age distinguished by the name of bronze had a long dura-
tion in Italy, and that our country, especially the hydro-
graphical (idrografico) basin of the Po,† was in that age
numerously peopled. In stating such a proposition, we bear
in mind that the marl-beds occupy, at the foot of the Apen-
nine, a zone of considerable size, which extends, almost with-
out interruption, from Piacenza to near Bologna. We should
not be surprised, should ulterior discoveries and studies oblige
us to attribute to that age the instruments of stone found in
the environs of Imola and Ancona; the more so, because
hammers, hatchets, and lanceheads in stone, like those of
Imola and Ancona, were found beside the skeletons of Cuma-
rola associated with arms in bronze; so that, strictly speaking,
we should only be able, in Italy, to refer to the age of stone
the arms found in the neighbourhood of Spezia, in the caves
near Leghorn, Mentone, and in Sicily. If the people of the
marl-beds had possessed or been able to use iron, they would,
probably, have fabricated chisels and knives, like those in
AR
* I owe it to the courtesy of Cav. Orcasti to have been able to give in
Table VI, p. 14, the figure of a knife of flint, which exists in our museum,
among the objects of antiquity which have come from Egypt, and which is
the only instrument in stone in that collection.
+ I learn from Sig. Demortillet and M. Desor, that on the shores of the Lago
di Garda there have been lately found, near Peschiera, many utensils and
instruments in bronze.
DISCOVERED IN ITALY.
95
bronze, and they would certainly have used it for points of
awls; but all these utensils are of bronze.
I have no need to mention here what a rich harvest we may
hope for from the marl-beds, especially should there be under-
taken regular excavations in the pile systems, the only de-
posits in position now known to us.
It is probable that the remains of the stations of the an-
cient races which, more or less altered and reformed, com-
pose the marl-beds, are of later date than the piles; we, in
fact, see that at Conventino di Castione the marl earth rests
upon the top of the piles (fig. 5, p. 20). Besides, if the people
who gave origin to the marl-beds lived upon the piles planted
in the marshes of the Po and on the banks of the said marshes,
we should find, it seems to me, in the marl-beds a greater
quantity of the spoils of aquatic animals, molluscs, fish, birds,
etc.
We have, then, three orders of stations,-the caverns, the
pile dwellings, and the marl-beds.
It is not beside the question to record further, that the
arrowheads of flint with which I was favoured by the engineer
Do Bosis, were found at Monte Oro, near Castelfidardo, and
on the hills of Barcaglione.
1000
.
As for the arrowheads, the hatchets, and the hammers, de-
scribed by Scarabelli, they were found on the hills of the
Imolese; and as for the two arrowheads in flint, which we
owe to the courtesy of archpriest Grassi, they came from the
hills in the neighbourhood of Sassuolo.
These circumstances show that there were stations also on
the hills, forming the outliers of the Apennine. The figure
(fig. 27) below represents, in profile, a hatchet, probably of
saussurite, found some years since upon the Apennine, forty
miles from Piacenza (the notice and profile were courteously
given to me by Count Pallastrelli); and further on I shall
speak of a similar one found in the Ligurian Apennine.
At points lower down, when the population was more
crowded, their products, their refuse, their remains, acumu-
lated in greater quantity, and consequently these remains and
their refuse washed and exposed by the rains, rearranged and
96
OBJECTS OF HIGH ANTIQUITY
transported by the water of the torrents formed, perhaps, the
marl-beds.


Fig. 27.
I will not hazard, at present, other conjectures, since our
researches upon these deposits date from too short a period;
and although they have been undertaken with the highest care
and learning by the authors of the preceding report, still
much remains to be done to clear up their formation, and to
know better and appreciate the objects of industry which they
contain, and the age to which they belong.
We must still remark on some discoveries made in the marl-
beds, or neighbouring regions. I have received in the course
of the year, from Professor Döderlein, two skulls of men, well
preserved, come from the marl-bed of Torre della Maina; they
will be described by Professor Nicolucci. I have received
from archpriest Grassi, of Sassuolo, a plate of terra cotta,
pierced by ten holes, which appears to have served as a grid-
iron; it was found in the marl-bed of Massini, a dagger with
handle, and a little knife-axe (coltello ascia, couteau-hache) of
bronze, as well as a mould of potstone, which seems to have
served for founding daggers, such as those alluded to, these
last objects came from the marl-bed of Castelnuovo (Reggio).
DISCOVERED IN ITALY.
97
Finally, Professor Capellini announces to me that he has
found among the objects left by the late lamented Professor
Alessandrini, an arrowhead in flint, discovered in the environs
of Castel Bolognese.
In finishing here the part of this work dedicated to the
marl-beds, I must relieve my conscience by saying that, look-
ing at the importance of the observations so kindly commu-
nicated to me by Signori Strobel and Pigorini, I entreated
them to allow me to associate their names with mine on the
title-page of this work, but in vain.
SARDINIA.* Those curious perforated discs in terra cotta, of
very various form, which Cavedoni calls spindle-whirls (fusa-
juole), are found not only in the country about Imola, Bologna,
Modena, in Parma, Piedmont, and Lombardy, but also in the
neighbourhood of Cagliari, in the middle of heaps of marine
shells, which are met with at some meters above the sea-level.
In these heaps besides, as elsewhere, in one of those construc-
tions called Noraghe have been discovered fragments of earthen-
ware of the same nature as those found in the marl-beds; and,
as we shall see in the sequel, also in the turbaries,† nor, as far a
sappears, are paalstaves and axe-knives, etc., scarce in Sardinia.
A hatchet of Lydian quartz and three spindle-whirls come
from that island, and were courteously presented to me by
Sig. Cav. Promis, librarian to his majesty.
PIEDMONT. By reason of the fineness of its workmanship,
I should refer to the age of bronze the hatchet of saussurite
given at page 40, fig. 19; it was found in the Ligurian Apen-
nine, in a ravine, of the territory of Belforte, district of
Ovada. I owe it to the kindness of Sig. Briata.
Some vases also appear to belong to the age of bronze, which
* The fact of the occupation of Corsica and Sardinia by the Ligurians, a
people of whom Niebuhr says "that they, as well as the Venetians, were un-
connected with the history of Italy, and though they dwelt to the south of
the Alps, they did so as a branch of nations widely diffused beyond the bor-
ders of Italy, while in very early times they seem to have touched in the
plain of the Po," would seem to lead us to them as the people who left many
of these relics.-EDITOR.
+ See La Marmora, Voyage en Sardaigne, troisième partie, tom. i, p. 375 to
380.
H
98
OBJECTS OF HIGH ANTIQUITY
were found at no great depth, in ploughing up forest land in
a district called the Pennino,-a hill formed by a moraine,
which extends from the heights of Mercurago to Borgo Ticino.
These vases, or pipkins, are formed of that same black or
reddish paste containing grains of quartz, which are found in
the marl-beds, and contain generally carbonised bones, and
sometimes objects in bronze; two of these, a bracelet and a
fibula, I have received as a present from Professor Moro, of
Arona, who had himself found them in one of these pipkins.
I have learnt, also, that some labourers, some years since,
found in one group eighteen similar vases, and each vase was
resting on, and covered by, a flat plate of stone. Although
of more finished workmanship and more recherché form it is
probable that certain vases also belong to the same age, or
perhaps to the earliest part of the succeeding one (of iron),*
kindly presented to me by Priest Ambrogio Radice, rector
(prevosto) of Sesto Calende; these were found in the sur-
rounding regions of S. Anna and of the Groppetti.
I shall here notice a curious vase, in my opinion Celtic,

Fig. 28.
* These vases are identical with those figured by Giani (Battaglia del
Ticino fra Scipione e Annibale), fig. 16, 17, and 18, tab. iv; and fig. 4, tab. vii.
DISCOVERED IN ITALY.
99
discovered in the territory of Bra, in the district of Alba, and
of which, unfortunately, only a few fragments were preserved.
Its form must have been spheroidal; the substance of its
wide base, rising in the centre, forming a pyramidal cone,
which enters the internal part of the vase, leaving without a
corresponding hollow. The bottom of the vase is occupied by
a mass of black clay, which, united to resinous substances
with which it is impregnated, must have been exposed to the
action of heat, because by its fusion it has been softened so as
exactly to take the form of the bottom; a part, also, of the
resinous substances, having made its way through the fissures
of the vase, still remains, smeared on the outside of it.
I received this vase from my friend, Ettore Craveri, together
'with other earthenware, with glass tear-bottles, and a set of
little discs of amber,* pierced in the centre; these and other
earthenware vessels and tear-bottles belonging certainly to the
Roman epoch. I am inclined to believe that the amber discs.
were placed in the vase above described; and it leads me to
recollect that I have found, in a similar manner, many of these
discs, in part, already altered by heat,-in part, already in a
half-fused state; and having experimented with regard to the
dark resinous substance adhering to the inside and outside of
the vase, it presented the true characteristics of amber. This
vase has externally a curious system of ornaments scratched,
or rather pricked, upon it, which are not different in character
from those used by the Celts.
MORAINIC TURBARIES.
One of the natural beauties of the fertile country which
extends from the left bank of the Po to the foot of the
*This mention of the use of amber reminds me that amber is found in
great quantities among the early remains in Jutland, and seems to have
been used as an ornament. Strings of pieces of amber, apparently used as
necklaces, as even to the present day, by the Bückeborg peasants in Prussia,
having been found; in one case, as I was informed by Professor Thomsen,
what appeared to be the stock of a travelling merchant, was found in a
morass. It is possible that those mentioned the text in were destroyed at the
death of the owner, or partially so by fire; however, it may only have been
melted to make a kind of pitch, to be used in some ordinary operation of life.
-EDITOR.
H 2
100
OBJECTS OF HIGH ANTIQUITY
Alps, is its lakes. We may say that all these lakes, beginning
with those of Avigliana and Trana to that of Garda, are
morainic lakes; that is, contained in amphitheatres surrounded
by ancient moraines. The number of these lakes is consider-
able; some of them are very small, others cover a very con-
siderable extent of ground. When, however, one has given a
little study to the regions in which these lakes, as it were,
form groups, as in the neighbourhood of Avigliana, those of
Ivrea, Arona, Como, one acquires the certainty that, in an age
not so very far removed from our time, the number of little
lakes and extensions of those which still exist was much
greater than at present, and that the small lakes have disap-
peared; while those tracts of basin, over which the waters of the
lakes, still extensive, once lay, are in general become turbaries.
It is in this way that in Piedmont, for example, all the tur-
baries of any importance, now cultivated, are morainic turba-
ries. They are found at two different levels, and may be
divided into turbaries of the first order, and turbaries of the
second order.
When the bottom of the amphitheatre, circumscribed by
the moraine, is occupied by a great lake (lake of Orta, Mag-
giore, or Garda), there are found turbaries whose level is a
little above such lake; when the bottom of the amphitheatre
is not occupied by a great lake (amphitheatres of Rivoli and
Ivrea), but is traversed by a torrent, turbaries are found raised
only a few meters above the level of the torrent.
These are
the turbaries which I shall call turbaries of the first order.
They are for the most part very extensive; for example, that
of Angera, which is an ancient branch of the Lago Maggiore,
and that of Avigliana, which is in continuation of the lake
which bears that name.
The turbaries which I shall call of the second order are
found in basins rather restricted in size, and placed at a much
higher level, on the top,-that is, of the moraine itself. Such
are the turbaries of Alice, Meugliano, and San Martino near
Ivrea; and those of Mercurago, Oleggio Castello, and Borgo
Ticino near Arona.
It is generally in the turbaries that, in Lombardy and Pied-
DISCOVERED IN ITALY.
101
(13
mont, are discovered ancient objects of industry, and especially
of the age of bronze.

*K
6
B
.
a
Fig. 29. a. Turbary of the 1st order. b. Turbary of the 2nd order. C.
Lake occupying the lowest part of the amphitheatre. When there is no lake, the
bottom is traversed by the torrent d. A. Erratic part of moraine. B. Diluvium.
In the year 1856, two brothers, Signori Villa, of Milan,
published a short notice, illustrated with two good figures of
two hatchets (paalstab) of bronze, and sundry flints cut into
arrowheads, found in the turbary of Bosisio, at a depth of
about three meters.
The Signori Villa give as their opinion, that these worked-up
flints are
"of the nature of those which are found in the majolica
marble, lying over the red mountain limestone (calcaria rossa
ammontifera) of the mountains between the Lago Maggiore
and that of Garda." This opinion is not, however, shared
by any of the geologists of Lombardy that I have had occasion
to consult on the question; and certainly the fragmentary
state in which the flint (selce piromaca) exists in the specimens
with which I have been favoured by the engineer De Mortillet,
leave grave doubts on my mind whether, with such a variety,
it would be possible to obtain arrowheads. Professor Döder-
lein has, however, assured me that, at Enego, in the valley of
Astico (in the territory of Vicenza), some years back, flints
were extracted from the majolica and worked up for guns.
Objects in bronze were elsewhere discovered in the turbaries
of Brenna, lying near skeletons, which unfortunately, being
suddenly transported and buried in a neighbouring cemetery,
were withdrawn from possibility of examination. And finally,
Sig. de Mortillet tells me that he has seen at Verona, in the
possession of Sig. Martinati, a hatchet of bronze, coming from
the turbaries of the Venetian territory.
102
OBJECTS OF HIGH ANTIQUITY
Turbaries of Borgo Ticino and Mercurago, near Arona. The
most striking discoveries have been made in the turbary of
Mercurago, a little place, half an hour's walk from Arona.
There Professor Moro, besides arms and implements in stone
and bronze, and-in addition to utensils, tools, and vases in
stone--wood and terra-cotta, discovered a pile system in posi-
tion, and such conditions as would persuade one that, in the
little lake of Mercurago, before the turf was formed, lacustrine
dwellings existed of the same kind as those, the remains of
which are found in nearly all the Swiss lakes.*
Having made some visits to the turbary of Mercurago, and
having besides in my possession the objects found, I am able
to give here a minute account of them. There had been
found at various times, in the course of years, in digging
out the turf, arrowheads of flint, and the head of a javelin of
bronze, as well as many fragments of pottery made of blackish
clay, embedding grains of quartz; and finally, a wooden
anchor, more than a meter in length, which terminated at one
end in two hooks, and at the other, was perforated to receive
the rope. In this year (1860), at a little distance from the
place where the anchor was found, first a canoe, formed of the
trunk of a tree, hollowed out, 1.90 m. in length, about a meter

<.0T 30
L
1. 90
Fig. 30.
in breadth, and 0.30 m. in depth. In spite of the care which,
in consequence of the warm recommendations of Professor
Moro, was taken in extracting and preserving it entire, this
canoe was not slow in breaking up, separating-owing to the
long maceration of its sides, and dividing into longitudinal
strips as it dried. When I saw it, you could still trace on its
* See, for these, the memorials of M. Keller in the acts of the Society of
Antiquaries at Zurich, and that recently published by M. Morlot, “Études
Géologico-Archéologiques," in the Bulletin de la Société Vaudoise des Sciences
Naturelles, and the Habitations Lacustres of Sig. Troyon, already quoted.
DISCOVERED IN ITALY.
103
bottom the marks of the instruments used to excavate it.
Not far from the canoe was also found a drill of bronze, and a
disc of terra-cotta, with a hole in the middle, like the spindle-
whirls found in the marl-beds of the Modenese, and near
Imola.
The form of the turbary of Mercurago is oblong, and all
the objects, of which I have made mention, were found in a
narrow space at the northern extremity, about forty meters
from the edge, and in a position in which the water (when the
turbary was a lake) could have had, at most, two or three
meters of depth. In this same place, in opening a ditch, was
discovered a series of piles, in diameter from 0·15 m. to 0.25 m.,
fixed vertically in the grey mud which forms the bottom under
the turf.
Having been courteously informed by Professor Moro of
this discovery, I repaired with him to Mercurago, when the
intelligent director of the works of the turbary, Sig. Maffei,
had extracted, with much care, one of these piles, and we
were able to persuade ourselves that the instrument used in
sharpening it must have had its cutting part in a curved shape,
as the traces it has left are sensibly concave.
The length of the piles is from 1.60 m. to 2 m.; they are
planted deeply in the mud, and are elevated a meter of their

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Fig. 31.
height in the mass of the turf, which further covers them with
a meter of substance. At the present time, the superficies of
104
OBJECTS OF HIGH ANTIQUITY
the excavation is square, its sides measuring about nine meters.
On this superficies were found twenty-two piles, planted ver-
tically, and bound together by some cross pieces. At the
bottom of the stratum of turf, and in the plane of separation
between the turf and the mud, was found among the piles a
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Fig. 32.
fragments of pottery to fill a large basket; three earthen
vases in good preservation, a large needle (spillone) of bronze,
a lamina (scaglia), some arrowheads, and many small laminæ
and fragments of flints, hazel-nuts (nocciuole), cornels (corniole),
etc.
All these objects, and the conditions under which they were
found, demonstrate that on this system of piles, planted in the
lake at a little distance from the shore, was constructed a
habitation in which lived, before the turf began to be formed,
a human family; and the fact of finding, together with worked
flints and red clay, earthenware with grains of quartz em-
bedded, a needle of bronze, shows, besides, that that family lived
in the time of transition from that of stone to that of bronze.
.
The arrowheads are generally of highly finished work-
manship; the lamina of flint, on which I have remarked, is
0·122 m. in length and 0·017 m. in breadth; longitudinally
it is curved in the shape of a bow, and has the lower super-
ficies formed of a single face and smooth, and the upper, of
two oblique planes which cut longitudinally a third face; the
two oblique planes, of which the upper superficies is composed,
coming to meet the plane forming the inferior superficies,
which results in very sharp lateral angles, and in other words,
two edges; one of the edges has been reduced to the form of
DISCOVERED IN ITALY.
105
a rude saw by means of a series of blows of a small hammer,
which, by detaching equal flakes, produced a kind of ser-
rating. What is remarkable in this lamina (which we may
consider as a rude knife-saw) is that in its general form it is
exactly analogous to certain laminæ of obsidian, which the
cabinet of mineralogy of the School of Practical Engineering
received from Mexico, together with some specimens of the
same rock, having the form of an olive very much elongated,

Fig. 33.
and which present wide longitudinal furrows. The form of
the lamina would suggest that they were split from similar
masses by a smart stroke of a hammer upon one extremity.
The absolute identity of form between the laminæ of obsidian
from Mexico and that of fire-giving flint (piromaca) found in
the turbary of Mercurago, would make us presume that this
last was split, with the same process, from an oblong mass of
flint.*
However, as I proved to myself, notwithstanding my habi-
tual experience in breaking stones with a hammer, that I
could not succeed in splitting, from these masses of obsidian,
fragments presenting any resemblance with the laminæ or
splinters in question. I read with much pleasure in the letter,
full of talent, published lately by Sig. Delanoüe (De l'Ancien-
neté de l'Espèce Humaine), an account of the true process used by
* See Troyon, op. cit., p. 462, and Table v, fig. 22. My friend, Sig. Craveri,
who lived for sixteen years in Mexico, having examined these masses of
obsidian with the lengthened olive-shape, assured me that these are really
the remains of the masses from which the natives have split off the splinters,
which used to serve them for the manufacture of cutting instruments; and
added, that a large quantity of such masses of splinters of obsidian are
found at Cerro di las Navajas (the hill of the knives), near the cordillera of
Pachuca.
106
OBJECTS OF HIGH ANTIQUITY
:
I
the Mexicans to obtain their knives of obsidian.* Signor Dela-
noüe, speaking of the hatchets of stone which, by hundreds,
are found in the ancient alluvial deposits of Amiens, informs us
that the workmen of the place succeed in counterfeiting them;
and adds, "The true ones bear the traces of long and thin
(minces) undulating rays, such as our workmen cannot produce
by the hammer. The manner of making them (that is, the
one used by the aborigines in making their hatchets) would be
analogous to that which the Spaniards found in use in Mexico
for the manufacture of knives or razors in stone. The Aztecs
detached pieces of obsidian, not by a blow, but by a particular
sort of pressure.† These knife-razors are exactly like those
long narrow knives of flint of the caverns, which our ordinary
processes could not certainly reproduce at the present day."
These and many other analogies of form and construction,
which are noted between the instruments and utensils of the
ancient races which peopled our lakes and marshes in the age
of stone and bronze, and those of South America and the
islands of the Pacific, show that wherever they may be and in
all times, man, pressed by the same wants, has used nearly the
same means to succeed in satisfying them.
Generally, the earthenware vessels are of very rude work-
manship, and made without the help of the wheel. The
two vases given below (figs. 34, 35), were found still fur-
nished with the cord which, tied to the two handles, served
* The Apaches, and various other wild tribes of Northern Mexico, using
arrows still in the present day exclusively in the chase. Some of these
arrows are of obsidian, but the greater part are of flint; not because obsi-
dian is rare in those regions, for it is very abundant all through the republic,
but because the flint is preferred, as far as appears, for its greater power of
resistance.
This process (pressure) is in use to the present day among the Indians
of Mexico in making their arrows. Sig. Craveri, to whom I have referred
above, has told me, that when they wish to make an arrow, or other instru-
ment, of a splinter of obsidian, they take the piece in the left hand, and hold
grasped in the other a small goat's horn; they set the piece of stone upon
the horn, and dexterously pressing it against the point of it while they give
the horn a gentle movement from right to left and up and down, they dis-
engage from it frequent chips, and in this way obtain the desired form.
Compare Tylor's Anahuac for a more minute description.-Editor.
DISCOVERED IN ITALY.
107
to hold them suspended; it is formed simply of twisted
oziers.

Fig. 34.

Fig. 35.
The vases found at Mercurago, if they are compared with "
those of the bronze age, which I have received from Switzer-
land, turned out in the comparison much more rude, not only
in the workmanship, but also in the paste of which they are
composed; the walls are much thicker, and so in proportion
the vases heavier. There are found, however, some vases with
ornaments, but very simple, executed by scratching or pricking
while the paste was still soft, and consisting in triangular
figures drawn with lines parallel to the two sides.
Those which were presented to me by Sig. Radice approach
108
OBJECTS OF HIGH ANTIQUITY
in form, kind of workmanship, and thinness of their sides,
those which I possess from Switzerland; these, also, have
ornaments etched on them, consisting of lines sometimes run-
ning horizontally parallel, but more or less distant from one
another round the vase, sometimes in series of short oblique
lines, from which association arise geometrical figures (like
those remarked as on the fragments found at Mercurago), or
rude imitations of branches furnished with leaves.
This kind of ornament gives to the vases found at Sesto
Calende a certain degree of likeness to some of those found
in the tombs discovered, and illustrated with such loving care
by the Marchese G. Gozzadine.*
Among the Roman earthenware of various form and work-
manship which I have had occasion to examine, few are to be
found with ornaments in etching (scalfitura); however, there
is an instance in the excavations made at Turin in opening the
Cernaja road, and particularly in laying the foundations of the
embankment of the railway, Victor Emanuel; these were
found near the ruins of the old walls, the remains of a vast
cemetery. The tombs consisted, for the most part, of large
amphoræ, terminating inferiorly in a point, and above in a
narrow neck, and having their bowls sometimes oblong,
sometimes spheroidal. In these amphora were found lamps,
flasks, statuettes; various vases in red earth, some of them of
high finish, and with ornaments stamped or worked on them;
glasses of various form and colour; imperial medals; objects
in bronze, in iron, in ivory, circular and square; plates
of a metallic alloy, very hard and very highly polished; bones
in fragments, etc., etc. Since the dimensions of these objects
would not have permitted them to pass down the narrow necks
of the amphoræ, they must have been cut transversely below
the neck, where the bowl becomes larger, and the objects
* Di un sepolcreto etrusco scoperto presso Bologna. The author has already
remarked the analogy which exists between some of the vases, the figures of
which he has given, and some of them illustrated by Giani (op. cit.), which
came also from the environs of Sesto Calende. I am most grateful to Sig.
Cav. O. Fabretti, for having made me acquainted with, and communicating
to me, the elegant work of Gozzadini.
DISCOVERED IN ITALY.
109
being placed in the lower division, it was covered with the
upper, and the mouth corked up with a disc of terra-cotta or
a plate of bronze. Among all these amphora,—from all the
various kinds of pottery, which as was clearly seen were in
fact new,-one small vase was found of terra-cotta, whose
black spots showed that it had been exposed to the flames.
The smaller vases presented a rough ornament in etching,
the lines sometimes cutting each other alternately, sometimes
not, obliquely to the axis of the vase.
Although I here feel the necessity of declaring myself
absolutely uninitiated in fact in archæology, still, I think I
may say that the Etruscan cemetery described by Gozzadini,
to which I have alluded above, is of posterior date to the
cemetery discovered in 1856 at Cumarola, near Modena, and
later also than the age in which were manufactured the objects
which, at the present day, we discover in some of the marl-
beds.
It is true that the arms found with the skeletons at Cuma-
rola can hardly be compared with the utensils discovered in
the Etruscan cemetery of Villanova, near Bologna, because
from that there were only taken arms in very small number;
but however this may be, one feels that in an epoch in which
men knew how to unite with bronze iron and enamel (smalto),
in an age in which they made porcelain in such a masterly
way, they would no longer have worked at stone-arms, nor
constructed those rough vases the fragments of which are
found in many of the marl-beds.
If, therefore, it appears evident that the tombs described by
the Marchese Gozzadini are later than the date of burial of the
skeletons discovered at Cumarola; by analogous reasoning they
are later, also, than the ancient lacustrine habitations of Mercu-
rago. It is no less true that there exist, between all these remains
of remote epochs, some points of contact. In fact, ornaments
similar to those which are seen upon fragments of pottery
found at Mercurago, are reproduced, as we have already said,
upon vases coming from the neighbourhood of Sesto Calende,
reproduced also on some of those from the Etruscan burial-
ground of Villanova, near Bologna. If, then, we examine the
-
C
110
OBJECTS OF HIGH ANTIQUITY
beautiful plates published by Gozzadini, we shall perceive that,
abstracting the work of highest finish, the spindle-whirls, given
by him in Table VII, have almost exactly the same form as
those found at Imola, in the Modenese, at Sesto Calende, and
generally in the palisades of the lake of Mercurago, or of the
Swiss lakes. We shall perceive, further, that some of the
needles and knives are in form identical with those found at
Nidau, Estavayer, and Chevroux, in Switzerland; that all the
ornaments of the pottery, without distinction, are executed
by etching; and we could adduce many other points of con-
nexion, if this work were not, for good reasons, intended to
give notes rather than dissertations.
The javelin head (bronze) found in the turbary of Mercurago
and those found at Cumarola, near Modena, have a different
form; but all present the peculiarity of being very thin, and
having on the lower side a part jutting out, like a small tail,
which was intended to enter and be grafted into a cleft made
in the extremity of the handle, and further strengthened by
one or two rivets; the thinness of the blades and the mode
of insertion show how little solid and formidable these arms
were. I have seen in some of our collections other lanceheads
in bronze; but probably they were of a more recent epoch, as
they are already furnished with a fit sheath for the insertion
of the handle. The same mode of insertion, that is, by means
of a prolongation of the lamina, fastened to the handle with
rivets, is observable in the bronze sword discovered in the
marl-bed of Marano, and described by Cavedoni, and in some
lanceheads coming from Sardinia (Royal Armory).
Lately, discovery was made at Mercurago of a utensil
or machine of wood, of very curious workmanship. It has
the form of a wheel, not however exactly circular; in the
middle it has a hole, into which enters a piece of tubing, after
the fashion of a nave; and between the nave and the peri-
phery are two empty spaces in the form of crescents. Three
pieces of wood (probably walnut-wood) together compose this
machine; and to keep them united, they are clamped together
by two strengtheners about the middle (a metà legno), bent
in the shape of a swallow-tail; the strengthener does not run
DISCOVERED IN ITALY.
111
in a right line, that is, parallel to the diameter of the wheel,
but is bent nearly parallel to the periphery, so that to make it
enter the space, it would be necessary to make it pliable; the

1/12.
Fig. 36.
strengthening piece is of larch-wood, and carbonised on its
lower side.
Professor Moro being aware, from experience, that the
objects in wood found in the turbaries cannot be preserved,
because on drying up they completely lose their form, sent
the utensil in question to me incased, and wrapped up in mould
and hay saturated with water, so that it arrived at Turin in
the soft (pastoso) state in which it was found, and Sig. Comba
was enabled to take a model of it in plaster, which fully cor-
responds with the original, which, as is usually the case,
became reduced to minute fragments.
At first, I remained in doubt whether the utensil described
could have served as a wheel; afterwards all doubt was re-
moved by a new utensil or instrument analogous to it, but of
much more accurate workmanship, coming in the course of the
present year from the same great bed; it is a wheel of elegant
form, in which, as in the preceding one, there is not the
slighest trace of any metal. While Sig. Comba was in the
act of taking its copy in plaster, he observed that where
the fibre of the wood came at the part where the machine,
112
OBJECTS OF HIGH ANTIQUITY
when in action, touched the ground, grains of sand were em-
bedded in the mass of the wood; and on examining the cor-

Viö
·
Su
་་་
Fig. 37.
responding pieces of the first wheel, the same fact was repeated,
—that is, the presence of grains of sand embedded super-
ficially in the mass of the wood. It seems thus sufficiently
demonstrated that these two objects are wheels, and served
to such use.
In the turbary of Borgo Ticino (a turbary of the first order),
the position of which is nearly on the level of the Lago Mag-
giore, are found vases of earth, just like those discovered in
the turbary of Mercurago. There were found also a great
number of earthen vases, arrowheads in flint, and objects in
bronze, in the neighbouring turbary of Gagnago; but all have
been broken, sold, or dispersed. On the bank of this basin, I
have also seen fixed in the turf piles identical with those of
Mercurago, but which present the peculiarity of bearing traces
on their upper extremities of having suffered the action of
fire; I may add, that charcoal and ashes, and particularly
boughs and trunks of trees, with traces of fire on them, are
frequently met with in the neighbourhood of Arona and Ivrea.
The trunks of trees, which are found in abundance in these
turbaries, belong for the most part to the tribes of pine, oak,
DISCOVERED IN ITALY.
113
alder, birch, willow, and walnut, etc., and appear generally to
have lived on the spot. Twenty years since the turbary of
Gagnago was a pasture-ground; five to six meters of turf
have been extracted, and now the basin has become again
what it was anciently, a lake.
In the neighbouring turbary of Conturbia have been dis-
covered objects of a more recent epoch, among which I shall
mention some piles, fixed nearly in the centre of the turbary,
and I have been informed by the agent that one of these piles
was furnished at the bottom with an iron point. I have been
able to procure one, deprived however of its iron point; and
I saw that it had been sharpened with the same sort of instru-
ment which we should use for the purpose.
The turbaries of Mercurago, Gagnago, and Conturbia, are
turbaries of the second order; the same is the case with that
of Revislate, leaving which to go to Borgo Ticino, one meets
half way an enormous erratic mass, called in the country
Pietra Grezzana, this measures one way fifteen meters, another
ten, and rises four or five meters from the ground.
Turbaries of San Martino and Torre Bairo near Ivrea.—
The results obtained from the researches initiated in the tur-
bary of Mercurago by Professor Moro, encouraged me to visit
those of San Martino, situated near Ivrea, a visit which I
undertook with so much the greater pleasure, inasmuch as
having been in correspondence for many years with the excel-
lent Doctor Gatta, administrator of our society, who is pro-
prietor of this turbary, I not only had him as companion in
my inspection, but obtained from him all the information and
all the means which could make more easy for me the obser-
vations which I had conceived the idea of making.
The turbary of San Martino is situated on the back of the
moraine, at the spot where-ceasing at the priests' bridge to
be lateral, to run, that is, in a right line-it begins to bend
into the shape of a bow and become frontal; the basin which
it includes is nearly oval, its largest diameter measuring nearly
two chilometers, and the smaller, one chilometer.
Surrounded by meadows and fields intersected with clumps
of trees of high growth, this basin, on the north bank of
I
114
OBJECTS OF HIGH ANTIQUITY
which, in the midst of chestnuts and walnuts,-rises the
town of San Giovanni, has a gay and picturesque aspect, a
quality which one seldom meets with in turfy places.
For some years the labours of extraction have been ably
directed by Sig. Barbano, and I have learnt from him that, up
to the present time, in that turbary no traces of regular pile
systems have been found which would lead us to suppose that
lacustrine habitations existed in the ancient lake San Martino.
There have, however, in these last years been found two
earthen vases and a manufactured flint; one of these vases
was courteously presented to me by Doctor Gatta; the other
and the flint had been already given away to Sig. A. Sismonda.
That which I possess, made without the assistance of the
wheel, is of very rough workmanship, but still there is evi-
dence of a desire to ornament it; for at a distance of some
centimeters below the brim, it has a circle of stamps roughly
made with a splinter of wood-stone, or other hard body. Its
form is nearly cylindrical, having only a slight lessening towards
the base; the paste, like in all respects to that of those vases
found at Mercurago and at many places in Switzerland, is a
black clay, with small grains of quartz in it. I have just re-
ceived from Sig. Barbano a curious spindle-whirl found in
the course of the year in the same turbary. The fact of
having found a manufactured flint, and the utensils of earth
of which I have made mention, proves that in the bank and in
the vicinity of the lake which once occupied the turfy basin of
San Martino, a Celtic tribe had their residence; and it gives
one reason to believe that we shall end by finding in the same
basin the remains of lacustrine habitations. Nay more, the
discovery of such remains appears to me to be likely—for not
having at present excavated more than a first and superficial
stratum of turf, and there remaining to be extracted a second,
in some places more than a meter in depth-it would be in
this lower stratum that we must meet with heads of the piles,
if any exist. In this, and in other less turbaries round it,
there have further been discovered fish-baskets (nasse) of
csiers; in one of these turbaries, situated in the district of
Torre Bairo, pieces of earthenware were discovered, which
DISCOVERED IN ITALY.
115
seem to have been manufactured with the wheel; and, finally,
in another was found a small millstone. And here we must
remark that, in giving a value to the different objects of
human industry met with in these turbaries, it is well to pro-
ceed with caution,* if it be true that in their vicinity they
were frequented by populations who lived long before the
common era, which appears sufficiently demonstrated from the
vases and manufactured flint found in the turbary of San Mar-
tino. It is still undoubted that these same regions were very
populous in the Roman epoch, which may be deduced from
the number of tombs in terra-cotta which one meets with in
ploughing up the forest land,—tombs which ordinarily contain
pottery of the most varied form.
To make possible and easy the extraction of the turf in the
basin of San Martino, it was necessary to open, with consider-
able but necessary expense, a deep canal to drain it, which
cutting into nearly its whole length, permits one to study its
soil. Generally speaking, this is formed of a whitish clay,
which, when massed, appears regularly stratified, and which
elsewhere allows of subdivision into very thin beds, which
present the impress of herbaceous plants.
In some places, one finds resting on this clay a considerable
stratum of a blackish substance, rich in combustible material,
which on drying becomes hard, breaks most irregularly into
small pieces, and is reduced, finally, into minute fragments.
If this same substance is manipulated, that is, formed into a
paste and made into small bricks, it gains a great deal of
cohesion, and becomes an excellent combustible; best if in
making the paste there is mixed with it a certain quantity of
turfy fibre. The substance of which we speak, or to speak
more correctly, the blackish mire, extends in some places fifty
centimeters, and is a meter or more in thickness, and on this
rests the real turf in greater or less thickness. In other places
all, or nearly all, the turfy mass is formed of a stratum of
* In a turbary, or moregna, situated near the lake of Viverone, was found,
some years back, a sword of bronze, now in the possession of Sig. Count
Mella, of Vercelli.
I 2
116
OBJECTS OF HIGH ANTIQUITY
mud, of a dirty brown colour, tending to blackish, which on
drying swells, subdivides, opens into very thin laminæ, like a
badly bound book whose back is too small for the number of
its leaves.
The stratified clay, and the beds of mud of different kinds
which cover it, show clearly that the turfy basin was formerly
exclusively aqueous, or in other words, that it was a lake.
Finally, the subsoil is composed of erratic deposit, with masses
of considerable volume and flintstones.
-
.
Starting from the centre and walking towards the south-
east side of the basin, it is apparent that the turf diminishes
in thickness as we approach the edge of the turbary, and
there the spade in cutting the clods is often stopped by en-
countering great trunks of trees, which may be seen at dif-
ferent depths projecting from the walls, produced by cutting
into the turfy mass. Some of these trees are of considerable
dimensions, thirty, forty, fifty centimeters in diameter, and
the roots are often found with the trunks; so that there is no
doubt that they lived on the spot. They are usually pine,
oak, nut-trees, and alder, etc. It happens very often that we
meet with several together, laid one on top of the other in a
pile, they lie in very different positions; but, taking them all
together, it appears that they tend preferentially to turn their
tops towards the centre of the basin, which does not prevent
some lying somewhat parallel to the direction of the bank.
Generally they are covered with a meter of turf; but the
thickness of this diminishes, as we have said, as we approach
the edge, and at the same time the number of trunks in-
creases.
These observations are made on a surface of considerable
extent, and compel us to argue that a whole forest was laid
low on the banks of the basin before it was occupied by the
turf. At the first glance, also, we see that the turf which
covers this ancient forest is subdivided, as in the centre of the
basin, into small strata of different colour and texture, which
all bend themselves, like a bow, over each trunk, so that as
we run the eye over a cutting or wall, which runs through a
good piece of the turbary, we see that the turfy strata, instead
DISCOVERED IN ITALY.
117
of running parallel to the plain which forms the bed of the
turbary, present a series of undulations corresponding to as
many trunks or groups of trunks.
.
If I have properly given a value to the facts above noted, it
would appear to result from them that at first there was in
the middle of the basin a pool, in the bottom of which was
deposited the mud of which I have spoken, and that little by
little, in the sequel, the lake and marsh vegetation becoming
developed crept in part into the watery mass; and that close
to the pool grew a forest of trees which, falling from age or
overthrown by some hurricane, were in time covered by the
turfy vegetation which grew from the centre towards the edge
of the basin. It is known that turfy vegetation has in the
highest degree the property of extending itself, and invading
the places surrounding that in which it is at first fixed, and
particularly of taking possession of old trunks.
In all the other small turbaries, which lie to the west of
that of San Martino, the same fact is observable, that is to
say, that towards the edge trunks of trees exist in great quan-
tities, buried beneath from one to two meters of turf; and not
to forget the question with which we are occupied, I may add
that many of these trunks bear the evidence of having suffered
burning; but the greatest number of such trunks which I have
seen in the most restricted space is in the turbary of Signor
Antoniono, situated in the district of Torre Bairo, in the
region Palude lunga. There are whole trees, for the most
part pine and oak, and they are (as I was informed by the
proprietor of the turbary, who has, with much discernment,
interpreted the facts which have been presented to him) un-
touched, with the bark,—that is, with their branches, leaves,
and fruit (mast and acorns).
J
Signor Antoniono pointed out to me that, when one comes
upon a group of trunks laid one upon another, one observes
generally that those below are contused at the point at which
they are ridden by the others, and that these at the same
point are broken. The quantity of these trunks is such that,
from the single cutting followed by him for two years,
there have been extracted one hundred and ninety metrical
118
OBJECTS OF HIGH ANTIQUITY
F
quintals* of wood; of these trunks, some were found in a
good state of presei vation, and 15, 16, and 17 meters in
length, so that Sig. Antoniono was able to make with them
the pillars to support the roof of a cottage of considerable
size, that he has had made near the turbary.
In this work I have tried especially to indicate the dis-
coveries recently made in central and northern Italy, of arms
and instruments in stone and bronze; and those relating to
the existence of ancient habitations in the basins of our
morainic lakes for the most part become turbaries, and in the
marshes of the Po, now transformed into cultivated and fertile
fields.
-
The unexpected, as it was powerful, assistance which I have
received in these studies from Signori Strobel and Pigorini,
makes me hope that other naturalists will dedicate themselves
to it, choosing for their investigations regions hitherto un-
explored in Italy,-investigations which do not present serious
difficulties or demand great efforts, but which, nevertheless,
may be expected to give results, the importance of which it is
impossible to calculate.
Two years ago, I was in fact ignorant that in Switzerland
had been discovered remains of lacustrine habitations of the
age of stone, of bronze, and of iron. Professor Desor, who
had come into Italy to study our lakes from an archæological
point of view, initiated me into the research after Celtic anti-
quities, and in the month of May 1860, wished me to accom-
pany him in a tour which we made to Arona, with the object
of discovering remains of pile dwellings along the banks of
that part of the Verbanot which, below Angera and Arona,
extends as far as Sesto Calende, where the Ticino recovers its
The indications with which I was favoured by Pro-
.
course.
* A quintal is a weight of one hundred pounds, supposed to be derived
from the Latin centum (Ash, Dict.); what a "metrical quintal" is I am not
aware, but it is probably analogous to so many "tons measurement" in
shipper's language.-EDITOR.
† Verbano. This is, I believe, a local name for the lower part of the Lago
Maggiore, which, I have observed, is extremely shallow to near Belgirate, if
not above it.-EDITOR.
DISCOVERED IN ITALY.
119
fessor Moro, and those which we collected from some fishermen,
led us to expect to succeed in our intention; but the waters
at that season always large, dissipated our hopes.
Fortune willed that what we looked for in the lake should
be discovered in the neighbouring turbary of Mercurago, and
again, a year later, in the marl-bed of Castione, under con-
ditions much more favourable for study. These discoveries
are due to Signori Moro and Strobel. The objects found in
the turbary of Mercurago were kindly given to me by Prof.
Moro; these, although still few in number, are of high interest,
and are destined-together with those which I have had pre-
sented to me by Sig. Gatti of Modena, by Sig. Grassi, arch-
priest of Sassuolo, by Sig. Radice, rector of Sesto Calende,
and Doctor Gatta of Ivrea-to form the nucleus of a Celtic
collection. It is on this account that I do not consider them
as mine, but rather as belonging to the public. And turning
to those persons who shall wish to occupy themselves, or who
shall find themselves in a position to make some discoveries of
the same kind, as those to which this memoir refers, I shall
end it in the words which M. Vouga addresses to his fellow
countrymen, in an article published by him on the "Lacustrine
Habitations of Switzerland" :-
"The antiquities of a country are its public property; they
are historical acts which no individual has any right to mono-
polise to ornament his chimney-piece, or give as toys to his
children. I should like further to believe that the public-
those members of it whose attention may be attracted to this
article-will only make use of the information it contains in
its own interest, namely, by depositing in public collections
the objects they may be able to discover."
A collection of objects, obtained from the marl-beds, is
being formed at Parma, under the care of Signori Strobel and
Pigorini; and I only hope that they may meet, in the pro-
prietors of the marl-beds, with the same generosity and love
of science which I found in the proprietors and directors of
works of our turbaries.
NOTE.-Signor Collomb, starting from the fact that, at St.
Acheul, near Amiens, the manufactured flints are met with in
120
OBJECTS OF HIGH ANTIQUITY
a bed of rolled flints under a deposit of gravel and sand, the
whole being covered with lhem, or vegetable-bearing earth;
and making use, further, of all the elements of comparison,
and discussions ministering to them arising out of his pro-
found acquaintance with the diluvio-erratic earths, synchronises
the stratum of flints of St. Acheul with those which, in the
valley of the Rhine, lie under the moraines, and thence draws
the consequence, that the origin of man mounts to beyond
the glacial period (De l'homme fossile dans ses rapports avec
l'ancienne extension des glaciers.-Lettre de M. Ed. Collomb à
M. Ed. Desor). Although, as it appears to me, there are not
serious reasons which oppose themselves to our making the
existence of the human race mount back to that epoch; still,
I cannot help considering (and in this I fear being too pre-
sumptuous), as still liable to discussion, the premises from
which Sig. Collomb deduces the consequence I have noted, as
it appears to me that the synchronism admitted by him is not
fully ascertained.
I consequently adopt the idea expressed by Sig. Desor, in
the work in which he attempts to combat the opinions of
Collomb (Des Phases de la Periode Diluvienne, et de l'Appa-
rition de l'Homme sur la terre. Par E. Desor).
In Italy, the most ancient traces of man are, perhaps, those
which have been discovered in the caverns; but there is no
proof that the strata in which these traces, remains, or relics
of man are found, are either anterior, contemporaneous, or
posterior to the grand extensions of the Alpine glaciers.
Certainly, as far as my knowledge extends, traces of men have
not yet been met with in our submorainic diluvium.
I would wish here to state all the discoveries at present
made, which militate in favour of the opinion given out by
Sig. Collomb.
In the stratum in which is excavated the left bank of the
Po, near Carignano, was discovered some years since, a
molar of the Elephas primigenius. Lately, Cav. Curioni, of
Milan, communicated to me a magnificent molar of the same
species, together with a cranium of the urus which came to
light near Chignolo (Pavia), owing to a flood of the Po. It
DISCOVERED IN ITALY.
121
is noted elsewhere that, in the environs of Arena, the skulls
of Urus and Cervus megaceros were found, which adorn the
museums of Pavia, Turin, Parma, etc. All these deposits and
strata must belong to the same horizon; and it is probable
that this horizon may be pre-glacial, or in other words, diluvial.
It is probable that in these strata we may end by finding,
some day, some human remains; but all these probabilities are
not yet facts.
I shall here note, that the stations of Mercurago, S. Martino,
etc., lie upon the moraines, and are, therefore, far later than
them; but these stations belong (certainly that of Mercurago,
and probably also that of S. Martino) to the first times of the
age of bronze, and prove nothing against the existence of man
before the extension of the glaciers.
I have mentioned these stations, because if it is ever put
beyond doubt that man existed before the extension of the
glaciers, we shall be forced to admit that the age of stone
alone lasted thousands-rather tens of thousands-of years,
since the glaciers must have needed a no less time to
descend to the plain, and construct those gigantic moraines
which, to the mouths of the valleys, are met with over the
whole perimeter of the Alps, and on the backs of which we
now find the stations of the beginning of the age of bronze.
ADDITIONAL NOTES:
BEING
A PRÉCIS OF DISCOVERIES IN THE LAKES AND TURBARIES
OF PIEDMONT, LOMBARDY, AND VENETIA IN THE
YEARS 1863 AND 1864.
BY CAV. BARTOLOMEO GASTALDI.
THE settlements (stations, Fr.) of the lakes of Lombardy and
Venetia are the most important discoveries made in the last two
years (1863-64) in Italy, and, as well as those already made in
the turbaries of Piedmont, are due to the initiation of M. Desor,
of Neuchâtel. In the months of April and May, 1863, this
Swiss savant, accompanied by his fisher Benz, Sig. Stoppani,
and M. Mortillet, verified-in the lake of Varese, in that of
Como above the bridge of Lecco, and in that of Pusiano—
the existence of several lacustrine settlements: some frag-
ments of pottery, of a characteristic paste, sufficed to enable
M. Desor to class those pile dwellings among those of the
bronze age.*
On the announcement of these discoveries, the Italian
Society of the Natural Sciences at Milan, with a view to
the encouragement of science, made a grant of five hundred
francs for making palæontological researches, and especially
for the study of the lacustrine dwellings. The direction
of the works was confided to Sig. Stoppani, and no one
could have acquitted himself with more zeal and talent. We
shall extract from his Report to give an idea of the results
obtained.† Keeping solely to the lake of Varese, Sig.
* Stoppani, Prima ricerca di Abitazioni Lacustri nei Laghi di Lombardia,
Atti della Societa Italiana di Scienze Naturali, vol. v, p. 154.
† Ibid., p. 423.
DISCOVERED IN ITALY.
123
Stoppani added new discoveries to those which he had made
in the spring, and he was able to make himself sure of the
existence of five settlements, or pile habitations; a sixth was
afterwards discovered by the Abbé Ranchet. These settlements
received the following names :—
Settlement of Isolino.—This is a field of pebbles spread out
over the mud, forming the bottom of the lake, and arranged
in a circle. The pebbles occupy a space of about four thousand
square meters; and from the middle of the pebbles may be
seen protruding the heads of the piles, which there is often
difficulty in distinguishing. There have been found three
splinters of silex, fragments of vases, a great quantity of
knives of flint, like those of Mexico, a lance-point, also, in
flint; a great quantity of bones worked into piercers and
chisels; many teeth, and especially of the stag, the goat,
the ox, and the boar, etc.; and finally, a fish-hook in bronze;
the flint which has been used generally is blackish, probably
extracted from the cretaceous marls in the neighbourhood
of the lake; the reddish flints are more rare, and must have
been brought from a distance, that is to say, from the Jura
limestone.
Settlement of Cazzago, which does not deserve a special
account.
Settlement of Bodio.-This is the richest, and it is here that
the most remarkable discoveries have been made; the general
form of the settlement is circular. There, as well as at Mo-
lino, many fragments of vases, teeth, two axes of rock of the
nature of serpentine, a great quantity of arrowheads of very
delicate workmanship, distinguished especially for the fineness
and length of their barbs, some spindle-whirls, and some in-
struments in bronze.
Settlement of Keller.-This is an exact reproduction of that
of Bodio, with the exception of the bronzes.
There was,
however, found here a fish-hook of this metal; the arrows
are abundant there, and show the same workmanship; a little
axe of serpentine has been found there, and several pieces of
the same rock cut into wedges.
Settlement of Desor.-The accidents of this settlement are
124
OBJECTS OF HIGH ANTIQUITY
truly remarkable. One would say that there had existed there
a manufactory of earthenware, as everything which is not a
vase appears excluded. It is from here that the only orna-
mented vases have been obtained, which have been discovered
in the lake of Varese. The ornaments, as usual, consist of a
series of straight lines disposed cheveronwise, or in little circles
or semicircles, traced concentrically.
.
Settlement of Bardello.-This station, discovered by the
Abbé Ranchet, presents a remarkable arrangement in the
placing of the piles; there have been found there large cylin-
drical bones, split up, a mandible of the ox, manufactured
bones, vases, etc.
Sig. Stoppani had scarcely terminated his explorations in
the lake of Varese, when new investigations were initiated by
Capt. A. Angeluni, director of the museum of artillery in the
arsenal of Turin.* He also obtained happy results, especially
as he found instruments in stone, as axes, arrowheads, etc.;
among these last there were some made in the form of a heart,
of really exquisite workmanship.† The palæo-ethnographical
collection, contained in the museum of artillery, has been
created by Sig. Angeluni. Either Sig. Stoppani or Sig. An-
geluni found in the station of Bodio, and, as would appear,
upon its very site, a considerable quantity of coin of the
Roman epoch, the greater part of it silver, and belonging to
the consular families.
We owe also to Sig. Stoppani the discovery in the lake of
Garda‡ of five pile systems, two of which are at St. Felia,
and three at the Isle of Lechi; but the discoveries were not to
stop at the frontiers of Lombardy. Thanks to the activity of
Dr. Lioy of Vicenza, we now know that certain regions beyond
* A. Angeluni, Le Stazioni Lacunali del Lago di Varese; Como, tip. Giorgielli.
+ In the palæo-ethnographic collection of Valentino at Turin, there are,
also, arrowheads of the same form and of an equally finished workmanship,
coming from Monroe, in Pennsylvania. The collection of the Valentino is
indebted for these arrowheads, as well as a collection of other arms in stone
coming from the same region, to the liberality of M. A. Morlot.
↑ Sulle antiche abitazione lacustri del Lago di Garda; note, by A. Stoppani,
Atti della Soc. Ital. di Scienze Naturali, vol. vi, p. 181, 1864.
DISCOVERED IN ITALY.
125
the Adige are not less interesting a study, and not less rich in
objects of high antiquity than those already known in Pied-
mont and Lombardy. The discoveries which he has made in
the turbaries and caverns of Venetia are of a high importance.
.
Signor Lioy especially directed his investigations towards a
marshy tract which borders the lake of Fimon, but which at
some former time formed a part of the lake itself.* In a place
named Pascolone he laid open a pile system, and having made
an excavation, he first traversed 0.36 m. of turfy earth, and
afterwards an argillaceous alluvial bed with shells of 0·40 m.
in thickness, he then reached a bed of 0.30 m., entirely formed,
of industrial, kitchen and table remains,-such things as ashes,
chaff, split bones, crustaceans, tortoiseshell (Emys lutaria),
nuts, acorns, etc. This bed contained no trace of metals, but
there were an abundance of splinters of flint, among which
was found an axe, and a hammer of stone,† large and small
potteryware, some of which are ornamented, and a spindle-
whirl. Under this bed he found the ancient bottom of the
lake, rich in uniones, paludinæ, anodons, etc. The piles are
planted in this bottom, and fastened together by transverse
pieces, semicarbonised. Not far from the system of piles was
found a great trunk of oak, hollowed out, and cut into the
form of a canoe, one extremity of which terminates in a point.
In his communication to the Society of Natural Sciences,
which we have cited, Sig. Lioy mentions several other places
where arrowheads and knives of flint have been discovered;
these are Val di Barco, Val di Lonte, Monte Castello, Monte
Grumi, Monte degli Schiavi, Padua, the neighbourhood of
Treviso and San Vito da Tagliamento.
Sig. Lioy further explored certain caverns. In that of Colle
di Mura, under stalagmites and a reddish breccia (bréché) which
* Di una Stazione lacustre scoperta nel Lago di Fimon. Communicazione
del Socio Paolo Lioy, Atti della Soc. Ital. di Scienze Naturali, vol. vii, p. 167,
(1864)
+ This hammer, which was exhibited, and which we saw at the extraor-
dinary meeting of the Society of Natural Sciences at Biella, appeared to be
of porphyry, of a kind which ought to be known in the country. For fur-
ther particulars, see "Le Abitazione Lacustri della Eta della pietra nel
Vicentino di Paolo Lioy, con Tavoli." Venezia, Antonelli, 1865.
126
OBJECTS OF HIGH ANTIQUITY
covered its bottom, he found, amidst cinders and charcoal,
two arrowheads and other instruments, in silex; an earthen
spindle-whirl, and a bone cut into a piercer, like those found
by Lartet and Christy in the grottos of Eyzies, Laugerie, and
Aurignac. In the cavern of Chiampo, at the same depth and
in the same position, he found worked flints among the bones
of a great bear.
.
From the north-east regions let us pass to those situated in
a more southerly direction, where the study of high antiquity has
made many proselytes. In 1863, Dr. T. Nicolucci communicated
to the Academy of Naples a memoir, in which he has described
some instruments and arms of stone,* axes, knives, arrow-
heads, etc., discovered in southern Italy, at Sora, Castelluccio,
San Vicenzo in Val Roveto, Altamura, Ponte Corvo, Colle
San Magno, Palezzolo, San Pietro in Curulis, Alvito, Monte
San Giovanni, Civita Antica, Campoli, Luca, and Baljorano.
The description of these arms of stone was a pretext simply
to Sig. Nicolucci for a treatise upon the question of the ancient
races, a subject into which, thanks to his talents and the study
which he has given to it, he was able to import new ideas and
facts. In 1864, he returned to this subject, by the publication
of a fresh memoir.†
.
-
From the southern provinces we arrive at Tuscany, where,
in addition to the discoveries made some years since at Cape
Argentaro by the Marquis Strozzi, have been added those
which Professor Cocchi has made public, in his letter addressed
to M. Lartet.‡
We shall now pass over a long zone of country, either
sterile or unexplored by the inquirers into high antiquity, and
passing Genoa, we reach upon the western Riviera. Finale
Marina, where we may signalise a cavern, which Messieurs
* "Di alcune armi ed utensili in pietra rinvenuti nelle provincie meridionali
dell' Italia, e delle popolazioni ni tempi antestorici della peninsola Italiana."
Memoria del Socio ordinario. G. Nicolucci, Napoli, 1863 estratta del vol. i
degli Atti della R. Accademia.
† La stirpe Ligure in Italia ni tempi antichi e ni moderni, per G. Nicolucci,
Napoli, 1864; estratto del vol. ii degli Atti della R. Accademia.
‡ Sulla supposta antichita della Societa Umana nella Italia centrale. Firenze,
1864.
DISCOVERED IN ITALY.
127
Issel and Perez visited in 1864, and in which they dis-
covered human bones, marine shells, bones of ruminants
manufactured, and fragments of pottery.* It has been ob-
served that the human bones found in this cavern are calcined,
and deeply hacked into with cutting instruments; and M.
Issel inquires whether these hackings and the calcining do not
afford indications of cannibalism among the ancient inhabit-
ants of this part of Liguria.
We know that between Finale Marina and Nice there is a
series of caverns where bones are found, as well as cinders
and charcoal, and worked silex. Sig. Perez, whom we have.
cited above, discovered at Nice, in some wells which he had
occasion to have executed at his château, a series of axes in
variolite, spilite, spindle-whirls, and bones cut into piercers;
axes of stone are, besides, common in the valley of Esteron,
in the environs of Torretta, Giletta, Tadone, Pierre-a-feu, etc.
If we next traverse the maritime Alps, and descend into the
hydrographical basin of the Po, we must notice the recent
discovery of stone axes upon the hills, which go by the name
of Langhe, lying on the right of the Tanaro; in the turbary of
Avigliana, in which, up to the present time, nothing had been
found, has been discovered a paalstab of bronze; and in Turin
itself, at some meters depth, the blade of a dagger of bronze.
Sig. Moro, in the turbary of Mercurago, and Sig. Telmoni, in
one of those in the environs of Borgo Ticino, have discovered
axes and arrowheads of stone, utensils in bronze, and worked
wood. We must, however, signalise specially a fine canoe,
formed of a hollowed-out pine-trunk, which they extracted
from the bottom of a turbary in the neighbourhood of Ivrea,
and which Dr. Gatta has been so kind as to give to the collec-
tion of the Valentino.
Descending the Po, and turning to the right bank of the
river, we must notice several axes, two hammers, an arrow-✨
head, and some spindle-whirls, in stone, as well as a paalstab
of bronze, recently discovered on the Apennine of Piacenza,
* Issel, una Caverna ossifera di Finale. Atti della Soc. Ital. di Sci. Natu-
rali, vol. vii, p. 173.
•
128
OBJECTS OF HIGH ANTIQUITY
at Pessola, Bardi, Corviglio, Pellegrino, Gravago, Solignano,
Campello, Vargi, etc.*
We shall terminate this rapid review at Parma. The en-
virons of this town, as well as of Reggio and some parts of
the Modenese, are an inexhaustible mine; and by all accounts,
they are the part the best explored, best studied, and best
described.
The most remarkable fact which these localities present is
the existence of pile systems, under those deposits known
as “marnieras,” marl-beds or marl earths. Several of these
marsh habitations have been discovered and described in
1863 and 1864; those of the Modenese by Canestrini, those
of Reggio by Chierici, those of Parma and Pavullo, of Mo-
dena, by Pigorini. Among these pile systems, some are dis-
posed in the form of a raft; and in the last few days (March
1865), Sig. Pigorini has discovered one at Fontanellato made
of faggots, retained in position by a considerable number of
piles.
We shall conclude by citing certain descriptive or synthe-
tical works, published recently by Signori De Mortillet, Dal
Pozzo and Garbiglietti. Such are, rapidly sketched, the dis-
coveries either made or reported in Italy in the last few years.
They have a real importance; and we may hope that if the
Italians continue conscientiously to explore the soil of their
country, they may contribute essentially to the progress of
the study of high antiquity.
* Pallastrelli, La Citta d' Umbria nell Apennino Piacentino, Piacenza, 1864.
THE END.
PLATE I.

Fig. 3.
Fig. 4.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 6.
Fig 7.
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UNIT
OF
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PLATE II.

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Fig. 3.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 1.



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Fig. 4.




$
UNI
OF
MICH
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
Abbeville discoveries, 1
Ages of lacustrine habit-
ations, 74, 118
Amber, 99
Amiens discoveries, 1
Analyses of earths, 11
Anani, 22, 89
Appended handles, 32
Apuan Alps, 90
Arrowheads, 6, 104
Ashes and carbon, 81
Aürochs, 65
Awls, 39
Badger, 65
Bardillo, 124
Beaver, 65
Birds, 69
Boar, wild, 51, 68
Bodio, 123
Boii, 12, 22, 89
Bone implements, 36
Bones, carved, 16
Bones, broken to extract
marrow, 49
Borgo Ticino, 102
Bos, 57
Bos bison, 64
Bos brachyceros, 58
Bos frontosus, 65, 75
Bos primigenius, 58
Bos urus, 64
Brescia, 5
Bronze age, 6
Bronze utensils, 39
Bubalus, 65
Buffalo, 65
Bulldog, 52, 72
Butcher's dog, 52, 72
Canis, 51
Canoe, 102
Capra, 62
Cardium, 20
Castione, 36
Cat, 65
Cazzago, 123
Celt, 40
Cervus capreolus, 68
Cervus Elaphus, 66
Cervus megaceros, 66, 121
Chisel, 39
Civet-cat, 65
Comb, 37
Keller, 123
Conventino di Castione, Kjökkenmöddings, 14
Knives, 39
18
Cornels, 104
Couteau-haches, 41, 96
Cumarola, 6
Cyclostoma elegans, 47
Lacustrine habitations,
74
Lanceheads, 7
Lignite, turfy, 76
Lightning, protection
from, 6
Domestic Mammalia, 49 Lightning stones, 39
Lydian quartz, 3, 97
Desor, 123
Dog, 51
Ears, 33
Earthenware, 20, 28
Elephas primigenius, 1,
120
Equus, 56
Etching, 108
Etrurians, 22, 89
Frontal suture, 10
Fusajuole, 15, 44
Fallow-deer, 65
Fingones, 89
Fish-hooks, 39
Flints, manufactured, 2 Needles, 37, 104
Fox, 65
Nephrite, 40
Norwegian houses, 25
Galli, 89
Goat, 51, 62
Grigioni, 53
Habitations, 24
Hazelnuts, 104
Hammers, 3, 40
Handles for pots, 31
Hare, 65
Hatchets, 3, 38
Hedgehog, 65
Horns, stags', 16, 17
Horse, 56
Paalstab, 41, 94
Palisades, 20, 24
Panchina, 5
Paste of Celtic vases, 25
Pess, 37
Piedmont, 97
Human remains, 4, 6, 8, Pietra ollare, 34, 93
9, 47
Piles, 103
Pins, 39
Hunting dog, 52
Hyæna spelæa, 1
Hypnum, 71
Majale, 74
Marl-beds, 12, 13, 77
Martin, 65
Mercurago, 102
Mica-schist, 3, 85
Insubres, 89
Isolino, 123
Ivrea, turbaries of, 113
Mollusca, 70
Monte Tignoso caves, 4
Morainic turbaries, 99
Jade, 40
Jasper, 38, 40
Oberland, 53
Obsidian, 105, 106
Ollas, 35
Ophite, 40
Otter, 65
Ovis, 63, 64
Ox, 51, 57
Piromaca, 6
Polecat, 65
Pottery, 25
Rat, 65
Rhinoceros leptorhinus,
66
Rhinoceros tichorhinus, 1
Roebuck, 65, 67
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
113
Sardinia, 97
Saussurite, 95, 97
Schiefer Kohle, 76
Scoriæ, 43
Secret of pottery, 34
Senones, 89
Serpentine, 7
Setter, 52
Sheep, 51, 63
Salso Maggiore, 21
San Martino, turbary of, Squirrel, 65
Stag, 51, 65, 66
Stone age, the, 2, 118
Sus scrofa, 53, 68
Suture, frontal, 10
Siamese, 53
Sicilian caves, 3
Skull, 9
Angeluni, 124
Antoniono, 117, 118
Arnold, 91
Barbano, 114
Berté, 18, 35,68
Bertrand, 80
Bosis, De, 6
Bowring, 25
Brignoli, 9, 10
Cæsar, 76
Canestrini, 128
Capellini, 3
Cato, 92
Spindle-whirls, 15, 44, 97 | Unio, 20, 21
Ursus arctos, 68
Ursus spelœus, 1
Urus, 76, 121
Utensils, 36
Filippini, 5
Forel, 3
Gaddi, 11
Teeth, incisor, 5
Terra-cotta, 5
Terra mare, 23
Triticum turgidum, 71
Turbaries, dog of, 52, 99,
101
Umbrians, 89
'INDEX OF AUTHORS.
Gastaldi, 122
Gatta, 114, 119, 127
Gatti, 6, 7, 9, 119
Ghiozzi, 79
Gibbon, 65
Gramizzi, 21, 79
Grassi, 16, 47, 95
Issel, 127
Keller, 85
Kohen, 91
Lartet, 1, 127
L'Haridon, Penguilly, 41
Cavedoni, 6, 9, 12, 13, Linnæus, 74
78, 79
Cerchiari, 2
Chierici, 128
Cocchi, 126
Cocconi, Sig. Giacomo
and Carlo, 36
Collomb, 119
Corbellini, 36
Contzen, 89, 91
Costa, 11
Curioni, 120
Livius, Titus, 88, 125
Lopez, 14, 91
Luppi, 9
Manerini, 36
Mariotti, 78, 82, 84
Martini, 38
Mella, 115
Meneghini, 4
Merosi, 11
Micali, 87, 90
Morlot, 15, 124
Moro, 119, 127
Mortillet, 4, 66
De Bosis, 95
De Mortillet, 94
Desor, 94, 118, 120, 122
Dionysius, 92
Nepos, 89
Doderlein, 12, 13, 16, 17, Nicolucci, 96, 126
96
Niebuhr, 90, 91, 92
Orcasti, 94
Vases, 29, 98
Vegetable remains, 71
Pallistrelli, 95, 128
Paul Warnefrid, 65
Weasel, 65
Wheels, 38, 111
Wild animals, 50
Wires, 39
Zebu, 57
Perez, 127
Perthes, 5
Pigorini, 18, 23, 53, 92,
93, 118, 119, 128
Pliny, 89, 92
Ramazzini, 9
Ranchet, 124
Rezzi, 10
Ricci, 78
Rosa, 5
Rütimeyer, 51, 52, 55, 57,
58, 59, 66, 74, 76, 80
Sandri, 25
Scarabelli, 3, 95
Schweighauser, 91
Sismondi, 114
Stoppani, 123
Strabo, 25, 91
Strobel, 18, 23, 53, 92, 93,
118, 119
Strozzi, 3, 45, 126
Thomsen, 15
Thurnam, 11
Troyon, 15, 86
Truffi, 43
Ugolotti-Manarini, 21
Ugolotti-Romualdo, 21,
36
Venturi, 9, 12, 13, 14, 23,
78, 79
Vouga, 119
Welcker, 11
Anthropological Society of London,
4, ST. MARTIN'S PLACE, TRAFALGAR SQUARE.

HIS SOCIETY is formed with the object of promoting
the study of Anthropology in a strictly scientific manner.
It proposes to study Man in all his leading aspects,
physical, mental, and historical; to investigate the laws
of his origin and progress; to ascertain his place in
nature and his relations to the inferior forms of life; and
to attain these objects by patient investigation, careful induction, and
the encouragement of all researches tending to establish a de facto
science of man. No Society existing in this country has proposed to
itself these aims, and the establishment of this Society, therefore, is an
effort to meet an obvious want of the times.
This it is proposed to do :
First. By holding Meetings for the reading of papers and the
discussion of various anthropological questions.
Second. By the publication of reports of papers and abstracts of
discussions in the form of a Quarterly Journal; and also by the
publication of the principal memoirs read before the Society, in
the form of Transactions.
Third. By the appointment of Officers, or Local Secretaries, in dif
ferent parts of the world, to collect systematic information. It will
be the object of the Society to indicate the class of facts required,
and thus tend to give a systematic development to Anthropology.
Fourth. By the establishment of a carefully collected and reliable
Museum, and a good reference Library.
Fifth. By the publication of a series of works on Anthropology which
will tend to promote the objects of the Society. These works will
generally be translations; but original works will also be admis-
sible.
Translations of the following works are now ready. The following
work was issued for 1863.
Dr. THEODOR WAITZ. Anthropology of Primitive Peoples.
from the German by J. Frederick Collingwood, Esq.,
V.P. A.S.L., with Corrections and Additions by the Author.
First Part. Edited
F.R.S.L., F.G.S.,
Price 16s.
The following works were issued in 1864.
BROCA, Dr. Paul. On the Phenomena of Hybridity in the Genus Homo. Edited
from the French by C. Carter Blake, Esq., F.G.S., F. and Assistant Secretary
A.S.L. Price 5s.
POUCHET, Georges. On the Plurality of the Human Race. Edited from the French
(Second Edition), by H. J. C. Beavan, Esq., F.R.G.S., F.A.S.L. Price 7s. 6d.
CARL VOGT. Lectures on Man: his Place in Creation and in the History of the
Earth. Edited by Dr. James Hunt, F.S.A., F.R.S.L., Pres. A.S.L. Price 16s.
The following are issued in 1865.
BLUMENBACH, J. F., The Life and Anthropological Treatises of; with the Inaugural
Dissertation of Dr. JOHN HUNTER. By T. Bendyshe, Esq., M.A., V.P.A.S.L.,
Fellow of King's College, Cambridge. Price 16s.
GASTALDI, Cavaliere Bartolomeo. Lake Habitations and Prehistoric Remains in
Northern and Central Italy. Translated from the Italian by Charles Harcourt
Chambers, M.A., F.A.S.L.~ Price 7s. 6d.
2
The publication of the following works is contemplated:-
RETZIUS, PROFESSOR. The Anthropological Works of. Edited by A. Higgins
Esq., Hon. For. Sec. A.S.L.
GRATIOLET. Mémoire sur les Plis Cérébraux de l'Homme et des Primates.
4to, Paris, 1855. Edited by Dr. Daniel H. Tuke.
DR. THEODOR WAITZ, Professor of Philosophy in the
Anthropologie der Naturvölker. 1861. Second part.
Collingwood, Esq., F.G.S., F.R.S.L., V.P. A.S.L.
A. DE QUATREFAGES. Unité de l'Espèce Humaine.
University of Marburg.
Edited by J. Frederick
Edited by G. F. Rolph,
Esq., F.A.S.L. 8vo. Paris, 1861.
The Anthropological Papers_contained in the Comptes Rendus des Séances de
l'Académie des Sciences. Edited by George E. Roberts, Esq., F.G.S., F.A.S.L.
VON BAER, KARL ERNST, The Anthropological Works of.
GOSSE. Mémoire sur les Déformations Artificielles du Crâne. 8vo. Paris, 1855.
BORY DE ST. VINCENT. Essai zoologique sur le genre humain. 2 vols. Paris,
3rd ed., 1836. Edited by S. E. Bouverie-Pusey, Esq., F.A.S.L., F.E.S.
CRULL. Dissertatio anthropologico-medica de Cranio, ejusque ad faciem ratione.
8vo. Gröningen, 1810.
LUCAS, DR. PROSPER. Traité sur l'hérédité. 2 vols.
An Encyclopædia of Anthropological Science. Edited by T. Bendyshe, Esq.,
M.A., V.P. A.S.L., and other Contributors.
GOBINEAU. De l'Inégalité des Races Humaines.
Sixth. By the appointment, from time to time, of various Committees
authorised to report to the Society on particular topics which may
be referred to them; the results of such investigations being in
all cases communicated to the Society.
OFFICERS AND COUNCIL FOR 1865.
President.
James Hunt, Esq., Ph.D., F.S.A., F.R.S.L., Foreign Associate of the Anthropological
Society of Paris, etc.
Vice-Presidents.
Captain Richard F. Burton, H.M. Consul at Santos, etc.
Dr. Berthold Seemann, F.L.S.
T. Bendyshe, Esq., M.A., Fellow of King's College, Cambridge.
Honorary Secretaries.
W. Bollaert, Esq., Corr. Mem. Univ. Chile, and Ethnological Socs. London & New York.
Hugh J. C. Beavan, Esq., F.R.G.S.
Honorary Foreign Secretary.
Treasurer.
Alfred Higgins, Esq., Foreign Associate of the Anthropological Society of Paris.
Richard Stephen Charnock, Esq., Ph.D., F.S.A., F.R.G.S., Foreign Associate of the
Anthropological Society of Paris.
COUNCIL.
S. E. Bouverie-Pusey, Esq., F.E.S.
Charles Harcourt Chambers, Esq., M.A.
S. Edwin Collingwood, Esq., F.Z.S.
George D. Gibb, Esq., M.A., M.D., LL.D., F.G.S., &c.
Viscount Milton, F.R.G.S.
George North, Esq.
Luke Owen Pike, Esq., M.A.
W. Winwood Reade, Esq., F.R.G.S., Corr. Mem. Geographical Society of Paris.
James Reddie, Esq.
George E. Roberts, Esq., F.G.S., Foreign Associate of the Anthropological Society
of Paris.
George Frederick Rolph, Esq.
C. Robert des Ruffières, Esq., F.G.S., F.E.S.
William Travers, Esq., F.R.C.S.
W. S. W. Vaux, Esq. M.A., F.S.A., F. and Hon. Sec. R.S.L., President of the
Numismatic Society of London.
Curator, Librarian, and Assistant Secretary.
C. Carter Blake, Esq., F.G.S., Foreign Associate of the Anthropol. Society of Paris, etc.
3
The Subscription is Two Guineas per annum, which will entitle
every Fellow to admission to the Meetings, one copy of the Quarterly
Journal, the Memoirs of the Society, and a Volume (or Volumes)
of the Translations printed by the Society. Life Members, Twenty
Guineas.
Further particulars will be forwarded on application to the Honorary
Secretaries.
The following papers have been laid before the Society in the Session
1864-5.
C. CARTER BLAKE, Esq., F.G.S. Report on the Anthropological Papers read at the
Bath Meeting of the British Association.
*CAPTAIN BURTON, V.P.A.S.L. Notes on Certain Facts connected with the Dahomans.
* W. T. PRITCHARD, Esq., F.R.G.S., F.A.S.L., On Viti and its Inhabitants.
*W. BOLLAERT, Esq., On the Astronomy of the Red Man of the New World.
* DR. BARNARD DAVIS, F.S.A. The Neanderthal Skull; its peculiar formation considered
anatomically.
SAMUEL LAING, Esq., F.G.S., On the Prehistoric Remains of Caithness.
*GEORGE E. ROBERTS, Esq., F.G.S., Hon. Sec. A.S.L., On the Discovery of large
Kistvaens in the Mückle Heog, in the island of Unst, Shetland, containing Urns of
Chloritic Schist; with notes upon the Human Remains by C. CARTER BLAKE, Esq.,
F.G.S.
GEORGE E. ROBERTS, Esq., F.G.S., Hon. Sec. A.S.L., On Prehistoric Hut Circles.
DR. HENRY BIRD, On Remains from the British Tumuli at Cheltenham.
*E. SELLON, Esq. On the Linga Puja, or Phallic Worship of India.
*W. T. PRITCHARD, ESQ., F.R.G.S., F.A.S.L., Notes on Certain Anthropological Matters
connected with the South Sea Islanders.
EDWARD LUND, Esq., F.R.C.S.E. (communicated by DR. F. ROYSTON FAIRBANK,
F.A.S.L.), On the Discovery of Syphilis in a Monkey (Macacus Sinicus).
*G. D. GIBB, Esq., M.D., LL.D., F.G.S., On the Essential Points of Difference between
the Larynx of the Negro and that of the White Man.
*T. B. PEACOCK, Esq., M.D., F.R.C.P., On the Weight of the Brain and Capacity of the
Cranial Cavity of a Negro.
T. B. PEACOCK, Esq., M.D., F.R.C.P. On a Skull exhumed in Bedfordshire.
*T. BENDYSHE, Esq., M.A., V.P.A.S.L., On the History of Anthropology.
K. R. H. MACKENZIE, Esq., F.S.A. Notes on Fetish Worship in Egypt.
DR. JOHN SHORTT. An Account of some rude Tribes, the supposed Aborigines of
Southern India.
DR. JOHN SHORTT. On the Leaf-wearing Tribes of India.
M. ARMINIUS VAMBERY (translated by DR. BERTHOLD SEEMAN, V.P.A.S.L.), On the
Hadgis and Dervishes of Central Asia.
J. HUTCHINSON, Esq., On some Human Remains from Cowley.
W. T. PRITCHARD, ESQ., F.R.G.S., F.A.S.L., On the Physical and Psychological Charac-
ters of the Viti Islanders.
JOHN ANDERSON, Esq. (communicated by GEO. E. ROBERTS, Esq., F.G.S., Hon. Sec.
A.S.L.) On Further Remains from Keiss, near Wick; with a Note on the Human
Skull, by C. CARTER BLAKE, Esq., F.G.S.
*T. BENDYSHE, Esq., M.A., V.P.A.S.L., On the Anthropology of Linnæus.
W. WINWOOD READE, Esq., F.R.G.S., F.A.S.L., On Missionary Effort amongst Savages.
H. BURNARD OWEN, Esq., F.R.S.L., F.R.G.S., On Missionary Sucesses and Negro
Converts.
The Right Rev. THE LORD BISHOP OF NATAL, On Missionary Efforts amongst Savages.
B. SEEMANN, Ph.D., F.L.S., On the Desirability of further Exploration of Western
Esquimaux Land
C
4
PUBLICATIONS OF THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
Now Ready, in 1 vol., 8vo., pp. 400, price 16s., cloth,
itz's
Wai
Introduction to Anthropology.
Edited, from the FIRST VOLUME of Anthropologie der Naturvölker, by
J. FREDERICK COLLINGWOOD, F.R.S.L., F.G.S., F.A.S.L., Foreign Associate
of the Anthropological Society of Paris, Vice-President of the Anthropological
Society of London.
Extract of a Letter from the Author to the Editor.
"I have received your translation of the first volume of my 'Anthropologie der
Naturvölker,' and hasten to return you my heartfelt thanks for the great care and
assiduity which you have bestowed on the task. I am fully cognisant of the
great difficulties you have to contend with, especially as my style, as alluded to
in your preface, possesses many peculiarities, so that even German men of
science consider the reading of my books rather hard work. All these difficulties
you have surmounted with the greatest skill, so as to render my work, as it
appears to me, into very pleasing, readable English."
OPINIONS OF
"A more felicitous selection could not,
we conceive, by any possibility have been
made than the very one which has re-
sulted in the publication of the book
lying before us. For within the com-
pass of the first volume of Dr. Waitz's
Anthropologie der Naturvölker is com-
pacted together the most comprehen-
sive and exhaustive survey of the new
science yet contributed, we believe, in
any tongue to European literature. To
the English public generally, however,
it is a book almost unknown, saving and
excepting alone by reputation. Al-
though merely a translation from the
German, therefore, the work is virtually,
if not an original work, a perfectly new
work to the mass of readers in this
country. So far as this same rapidly
executed work of translation can be
compared and collated with the original,
it appears to be a version singularly
faithful and accurate.... The book, as it
now appears, is a work of especial value,
and also one of very peculiar interest.
It thoroughly fulfils its design of afford-
ing the reader of it, within a single
volume, the very best epitome any.
where to be found of what is the actual
'present state' of anthropological sci-
ence in Christendom. Dr. Waitz takes
a far wider range within his ken than
Prichard and Nott and Gliddon com.
bined."-The Sun, Dec. 14, 1863.
"The volume in every page exhibits
great research; it abounds with inter-
esting speculation, all tending the right
way, and the information it presents is
happily conveyed in a popular manner."
-Morning Advertiser, Nov. 16, 1863.
THE PRESS.
"So comprehensive is the view taken
by the author of all that pertains to
man, that a mere enumeration even of the
leading topics of the work is beyond
our space, and we must content our-
selves with recommending its perusal to
such of our readers as are interested in
the subject, with the assurance that it
will well repay the trouble."-Weekly
Dispatch, Nov. 29, 1863.
"This handsomely printed volume
discusses at great length and with
much ability the question as to the races
of man.... At the hands of Dr. Waitz it
has met with calm consideration, and in
its English dress will prove both inter-
esting and instructive. It displays
great research, and contains a large ex-
tent of highly interesting matter."-
Liverpool Albion, Nov. 9, 1863.
"From such a bill of fare, our readers
will be able to judge that the work is
one of value and interest. ... It is of
the nature of a review, arriving at a
comprehensive and proportional esti-
mate, rather than at minute accuracy
of detail, such as may be sought else-
where in each department."-Medical
Times, Dec. 26, 1863.
"Crammed as full of hard facts as
wellnigh 400 pages of large 8vo. can
contain; all these facts attested by foot-
note authorities marshalled knee-deep
at the bottom of every page; with a list
of contents so copious as to eclipse
everything of the kind in any recent
scientific volume, and yet followed by
an index more minute and ample; this
work is a magazine of the infant science
of Man; a model of German industry,
5
We have perused this translated
volume with alternate wonder and
amazement at its strange assemblage
of facts, its curious classifications, its
marvellous revelations of human pecu-
liarities; and we do not hesitate to say
that more food for speculation, a more
cosmopolitan and comprehensive glance
over all the developments of savage and
civilised man has been collected here,
than could have been dreamed of by those
who may not have given it a perusal."
Dorset County Chronicle, Nov. 18, 1863.
PUBLICATIONS OF THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
erudition, and philosophical devotion; you will learn all that science has yet to
and a credit to the Society which has reveal."—Anthropological Review, No.3.
sent forth, in a shape so serviceable, "The Anthropological Society de-
what might otherwise have proved a serve great praise for the energy and
tantalising mass of learned collectanea. activity they display in prosecuting
their object.... We find in this volume
a fair statement and discussion of the
questions bearing on the unity of man
as a species, and his natural condition
He gives a very clear account of the
different views held on these questions,
and a full collection of the facts, or
supposed facts, by which they are sup-
ported. The chief fault of the book is,
indeed, this very fulness and fairness in
collecting all that can be said on both
sides of a question.... We must regard
the work as a valuable addition to the
books on this subject already in our
language, and as likely, by the thought
and inquiry it must suggest, to promote
the great end of the Society-a truer and
higher knowledge of man, his origin,
nature, and destiny."-The Scotsman,
Dec. 7, 1863.
• ..
"Dr. Waitz would appear to have
collected together all the authorities
and contradictory statements of former
writers. The present work will be
hailed with pleasure by all who are in-
terested in the study of anthropology,
and will, it is hoped, induce a more
universal acquaintance with the sci-
ence."-Observer, Nov. 8, 1863.
"We need hardly say, that it is quite
out of our power to give any detailed
account of this volume. It is itself a
volume of details. Its nature, charac-
ter, and value, may be gleaned from
the criticism bestowed upon it by the
Anthropological Society, and by the
fact of its being their first offering to
their members. There can be no doubt
that it is the best epitome of matters
anthropological now contained in our
language; and will be of great service
to the student as a book of reference."
British Medical Journal, December
26, 1863.
"The Anthropological Society of
London have done well in publishing
a translation of Dr. Waitz's Anthropo-
logie der Naturvölker, of which this
volume is the first instalment. Dr.
Waitz's work is by far the most com-
plete that exists on the subject of
which it treats. It is the fullest col-
lection of facts, interwoven with, and
made to bear upon, all the theories
(and their name is legion) which have
been advanced in explanation of the
endless diversities and resemblances
that exist among mankind. Dr. Waitz
himself is wedded to no particular
theory, and in this volume, at least,
advances none, but he points out with
great clearness the effects that may be
fairly attributed to the various in-
fluences, external and internal, physical
and psychical, which affect the human
form and national character."-The
Press, Dec. 5, 1863.
"The difficulties which a reader
experiences who studies Waitz's original
German version-difficulties attendant
on the involution of his style, and the
frequent mistiness of his forms of
expression - vanish in the English
edition, which also differs from its
German prototype, inasmuch as the
embarrassing references which Waitz
intercalated in his text are prudently
cast down by Mr. Collingwood to the
foot of the page.. The student will
but have to read it through, in order to
feel himself endowed with an enormous
power of acquired facts, which, if he
duly assimilates, will enable him to
wield a tremendous weapon in contro-
versy against the unskilled anthropo-
logist."-Reader, November 7, 1863,
London: LONGMAN, GREEN, and Co., Paternoster Row.
"This volume will help to put the
science of anthropology in a proper
light before the scientific men of this
country. Whatever faults we may have
to find with this work, we feel sure that
its publication marks an epoch in the
study of anthropology in this country.
The anthropologist can now say to the
inquirer, Read and study Waitz, and
•
6
PUBLICATIONS OF THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
Now ready, in 1 vol. 8vo, pp. 134, price 5s., cloth.
On
n the Phenomena of Hybridity in the Genus
HOMO. By Dr. PAUL
By Dr. PAUL BROCA, Secrétaire Général à la Société
d'Anthropologie de Paris. Edited by C. CARTER BLAKE, F.G.S., F.A.S.L.
OPINIONS OF THE PRESS.
·Observer, April 10, 1864.
"Although the author of the essay | tions in almost every part of the world."
can scarcely be supposed to have satis-
fied himself-much less to have satis-
fied his scientific readers-that he has
arrived at any certain and well-ground-
ed conclusion, he deserves the credit of
having written with some research and
acumen. It is evident that the writer
of the book has a strong bias to the
polygenist theory of the origin of man-
kind, but although we do not agree with
him in his principal deductions and
statements, we willingly allow his work
to be an able monograph on a highly-
interesting and curious subject, and one
that will well repay perusal."-Medical
Times, March 1864.
"It is wonderful what solid and valu-
able information has been here com-
pacted together within less than one
hundred pages octavo. Another work
of very considerable value has thus
been added to the list of publications
now commenced, with a prospect, let us
hope, of fast multiplying into a sub-
stantial library, under the auspices and,
more than that, under the careful su-
pervision and at the direct instance of
the Society of our London Anthropolo-
gists."-Sun, April 7th, 1864.
-
"The whole subject is too obscure to
warrant us in advocating either the one
view or the other; but we can recom-
mend those who wish to make them-
selves acquainted with the present state
of our information on the question to
study the able treatise before us."-
Scotsman, June 25, 1864.
"It may be stated that the present
volume is the only one which completely
investigates the subject of human hy-
bridity........The volume is an addition
to scientific lore; we have no doubt that
the members of our various learned
societies will appreciate its worth, and
experience the same pleasure in reading
the translation which Mr. Blake states
he received when he first perused the
original. It is dedicated as a testimony
of respect and friendship to Richard
Owen, F.R.S." - Morning Advertiser,
May 2, 1864.
"While we find fault with the con-
clusions at which M. Broca arrives, we
cannot deny that he has given to the
student of Anthropology a very valuable
collection of information on an almost
unexplored subject. We have only to
guard ourselves from being led away by
the specious fallacies of his reasoning,
and we shall find before us a wide field
of thought and a subject of enquiry al-
most inexhaustible. We need only add
that the English edition has been pre-
pared with great care, and reflects ex-
treme credit upon its indefatigable
editor."-Tablet, June 4, 1864.
"This is a work on a very abstruse
and much-debated question, and the
author has brought to bear upon its
elucidation a vast amount of scientific
research, being the results of observa-
London: LONGMAN, GREEN, and Co., Paternoster Row.
PUBLICATIONS OF THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
Now ready, pp. 420, price 16s.,
B¹
lumenbach (J. F.), Lives and Anthropological
TREATISES of, including the De Generis Humani Varietate Nativa,
and the Dissertatio Inauguralis of Dr. John Hunter. Translated and Edited by
T. BENDYSHE, Esq., M.A., V.P.A.S.L., Fellow of King's College, Cambridge.
London: LONGMAN and Co., Paternoster Row.
2
7
PUBLICATIONS OF THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
Now ready, in 1 vol. 8vo, pp. 172, price 7s. 6d. cloth,
Th
by
'he Plurality of the Human Race:
GEORGES POUCHET, M.D., Licentiate of Nat. Science, Corr. Mem.
Anthrop. Soc. of London. Translated and Edited from the Second Edition, by
HUGH J. C. BEAVAN, Esq., F.R.G.S., F.A.S.L., of the Middle Temple,
Barrister-at-Law.
OPINIONS OF THE PRESS.
"This book, which has already had
considerable success in France, has
been translated for the publishing com-
mittee of the Anthropological Society
of London, and the task confided to
Mr. Beavan has been accomplished with
care and intelligence. It is probably
the first work of the kind which has
ever been given to the English literary
world in a convenient and popular form,
and, though it contains many peculiar
thoughts and principles widely differing
from the opinions of the general public,
it will certainly be read with great in-
terest. There is much clearness and
even brilliancy in M. Pouchet's style,
though the expressions are often very
peculiar, but all will admit that it is a
well-considered book, and full of im-
portant matter."-Observer, Oct. 1, 1864.
"This slender volume, which professes
to teach a great many wonderful things,
is one of the publications of the An-
thropological Society. It is the work of
a French savant, Dr. Pouchet, who, like
all Frenchmen, is brilliant, antithe-
tical, confident, and superficial. We
have neither space nor time to enter
here into the controversy which this
book provokes, but merely to notice the
manner in which it has been translated
and edited by Mr. Beavan. Without
having the original by us for the pur-
poses of comparison, we can see that
the translation is cleverly done, and
that the epigrammatic terseness of the
French literary style is admirably pre-
served in the translation. The editing
consists of a sufficient supply of explan-
atory foot-notes, a proof that the work
has been done in a careful scholarly
manner, and not with that haste and
slovenliness which disfigure too many
of our translations from the French.
To those who take an interest in anthro-
pological investigations Mr. Beavan's
Pouchet will be a handy-book' of
considerable value."-United Service,
Gazette, Nov. 19, 1864.
"Ranging himself in the ranks of be-
lievers in original diversity of race, M.
Pouchet here reviews the evidence for
and against this theory, and states in
his Recapitulation that 'Since we have
found that man is comparable in all
points to animals, we ought to seek for
him and for them a common origin,
and the difficulty of admitting an initial
miracle has led us to the idea of evolu-
tion.'... The work is published for the
Anthropological Society, and to students
of that science it will be welcome and
useful." - Weekly Dispatch, Oct. 23,
1864.
"The work, from its largeness of il-
lustration, cannot but interest those
who may nevertheless protest against
the writer's conclusions as vigorously
as his editor feels obliged to do."-
Globe, Oct. 31, 1864.
#
"This work is published by 'The An-
thropological Society,' and is one of
those remarkable treatises which give
rise to so much discussion in the pre-
sent times, inasmuch as it treats of the
subject of the development of the hu-
man family from more than one source
with considerable cleverness, although
not with arguments sufficiently forcible
or unanswerable to convince those, who
are resolved to adhere to the simplicity
of the Mosaic definition. That there
are many infidel notions expressed in
M. Georges Pouchet's original text, the
translator does not hesitate to assert.
Indeed, he is frequently at the pains to
demolish their fallacy, and expose many
other faults of the author, discrimi-
nating with considerable tact between
what is deserving of consideration and
what is manifestly insidious and falla-
cious. The treatise is not a book for
the multitude, but rather for the learned
and scientific, and may be pronounced
to be clever and dexterous rather than
sound and convincing.”—Bell's Messen-
ger, Oct. 8, 1864.
London: LONGMAN, GREEN, and Co., Paternoster Row.
-
8
PUBLICATIONS OF THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
Now ready, in 1 vol., 8vo, pp. 498, with 127 Woodcuts, price 16s., cloth.
Lectures on Man
ectures on Man; his Place in Creation, and
IN THE HISTORY OF THE EARTH. By DR. CARL VOGT,
Professor of Natural History in the University of Geneva, Foreign Associate
of the Anthropological Society of Paris. Edited by JAMES HUNT, Ph.D.,
F.S.A., F.R.S.L., F.A.S.L., Honorary Foreign Secretary of the Royal Society
of Literature of Great Britain, Foreign Associate of the Anthropological Society
of Paris, Corresponding Member of the Medical Association of Hesse-Darmstadt
and the Upper Hesse Society for Natural and Medical Science, and President
of the Anthropological Society of London.
OPINIONS OF THE PRESS.
"The Council of the Anthropological work is put forth in an English dress
Society of London have at length done with the entire body of opinions avowed
something towards realising the cha- by the writer. Nor is it put forward as,
racter which they had, as a body laying in the strict sense, a text-book upon its
claim to literary and philosophical posi- | own subject. It is sufficient to regard
tion, failed to establish by their first it as a collection of valuable and in-
publications. The translation by their teresting facts, treated, on the whole,
President, Dr. James Hunt, of Dr. Carl | with a mastery of detail and a com-
Vogt's Lectures on Man, has been exe- prehensiveness of grasp which cannot
cuted with an amount of accuracy and but contrast favourably with any work
clearness which not only shows an exact of a similar nature that has hitherto
acquaintance with the language of the appeared in
this country. It is
original, but a thorough knowledge of little the bold writer cares for the
the scientific problems treated of there- denunciations which he anticipates
in. There is a degree of smoothness for his unpopular doctrines. As it is
and even of elegance in the translator's not often that we meet with one who
style which makes it read throughout makes so little of received opinions, and
almost like an original composition. It who invites criticism in so outspoken a
is no small adjunct to the reputation of spirit, we may congratulate ourselves
a foreign writer to have his labours in- that we are at last in possession of all
troduced to the notice of the English that can be said on one side of this
public in so faithful and attractive a important subject." The Saturday
shape. Although popular in their style Review, February 11th, 1865.
of treatment, these lectures have done
much to confirm for their author the
high scientific prestige which his nu-
merous works of a more technical kind
had previously secured for him both in
his own country and in Switzerland,
where his strongly expressed political
opinions had led him to find a home and
a centre of scientific teaching in the freer
atmosphere of the Republic. Dr. Carl
Vogt has long enjoyed in Germany a
distinguished reputation as a naturalist,
and as an independent, indeed a daring,
thinker; and the position he takes up
in the present volume is probably too
far in advance of the prevalent state of
opinion here to secure for his specula-
tions more than a partial and hesitating
acceptance at the hands of English
readers in general. It is not intended
to identify the Society by whom the
"The present work supplies us with
another volume on anthropology, which
will doubtless enlist the attention not
only of scientific men, but of the general
reading public. This department of
scientific knowledge does, and is for
many reasons likely to receive more than
an ordinary share of popular attention—
a certain section of the community being
attracted by the special interest accruing
to several of the questions of which it
takes cognizance; whilst with a still
larger section the feeling is rather one
of repulsion and indignant alarm, excited
by the teachings of some of the most
able exponents of the facts and theories
of the science-demanding as they do a
considerable modification with regard
to some of the most widely spread and
deeply rooted of the beliefs cherished
by civilised man.
["However
9
PUBLICATIONS OF THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
OPINIONS OF THE PRESS (continued.)
"However rare it is for the discussions been published, the author being a man
of scientific men to excite such an amount of considerable continental repute, an
of popular interest as has been evinced original thinker, a skilful anatomist, and
concerning the subjects treated of by an able and logical reasoner. Whether
Dr. Vogt in these lectures, the fact must the opinions he enunciates will find
be evident to all, and the appearance of much favour in this country remains to
these lectures in an English dress will be proved; but at all events they pre-
help to supply a still existing want in sent so many features deserving the
our literature."-The Reader, Feb. 11th, utmost consideration, and set out so
1865.
many new points worthy of recognition,
"This treatise is the most recent pub- that they cannot fail to be examined
lication of the Anthropological Society, and tested with the utmost patience."
and to our mind the best which has yet Bell's Weekly Messenger, Jan. 21, 1865.
London: LONGMAN, GREEN, and Co., Paternoster Row.
PUBLICATIONS OF THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
Just Published, Price £1: 1.
MEMOIRS
READ BEFORE THE
ANTHROPOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON,
COMPRISING THE FOLLOWING:-
I. On the Negro's Place in Nature. By JAMES HUNT, Ph.D., F.S.A.,
F.R.S.L., F.A.S.L., President of the Anthropological Society of London.
II. On the Weight of the Brain in the Negro. By THOMAS B. PEACOCK,
M.D., F.R.C.P., F.A.S.L.
III. Observations on the Past and Present Populations of the New World.
By W. BOLLAERT, Esq., F.A.S.L., Hon. Sec. A.S.L.
IV. On the Two Principal Forms of Ancient British and Gaulish Skulls.
By J. THURNAM, Esq., M.D., F.S.A., F.A.S.L. With four Lithographic
Plates and Woodcuts.
V. Introduction to the Palæography of America. By W. BOLLAERT, Esq.,
F.A.S.L., Hon. Sec. A.S.L.
VI. Viti and Its Inhabitants. By W. T. PRITCHARD, Esq., F.R.G.S., F.A.S.L.
VII. On the Astronomy of the Red Man of the New World. By W. Bollaert,
Esq., F.A.S.L., Hon. Sec. A.S.L.
VIII. The Neanderthal Skull: its peculiar formation considered anatomically.
By J. BARNARD DAVIS, M.D., F.S.A., F.A.S.L.
IX. On the Discovery of large Kistvaens in the Mückle Heog, in the Island of
Unst, Shetland, containing Urns of Chloritic Schist. By GEORGE E.
ROBERTS, ESQ., F.G.S., Hon. Sec. A.S.L. With Notes upon the Human
Remains. By C. CARTER BLAKE, Esq., F.G.S., F.A.S.L. With two Plates.
X. Notes on some facts connected with the Dahomans. By CAPT. RICHARD
F. BURTON, V.P.A.S.L.
XI. On Certain Anthropological Matters connected with the South Sea
Islanders. By W. T. PRITCHARD, Esq., F.R.G.S., F.A.S.L.
XII. On the Linga Puja, or Phallic Worship of India. By E. SELLON, Esq.
XIII. The History of Anthropology. By T. BENDYSHE, Esq., M.A., V.P.A.Š.L.
XIV. The Anthropology of Linnæus. By T. BENDYSHE, Esq., M.A., V.P.A.S.L.
On the Two Principal Forms of Ancient British and Gaulish Skulls.
By J. THURNAM, Esq., M.D., F.S.A., F.A.S.L. (Part II.)
On the Weight of the Brain in the Negro. By THOMAS B. PEACOCK,
M.D., F.R.C.P., F.A.S.L. (Appendix)
London: TRÜBNER and Co., 60, Paternoster Row, and all Booksellers.
10
PUBLICATIONS OF THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
Just published, price 7s. 6d.
Lake Habitations and Prehistoric Remains
in the TURBARIES and MARL-BEDS of NORTHERN and CENTRAL
ITALY. By BARTOLOMEO GASTALDI, Professor of Mineralogy in the
School of Engineering of Turin. Translated from the Italian and Edited by
CHARLES HARCOURT CHAMBERS, M.A., F.R.G.S., F.A.S.L.
London: LONGMAN, GREEN, and Co., Paternoster Row.
ANTHROPOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.
M
useum and Library.-Special Subscription
FUND. The following Gentlemen have Subscribed towards the
establishment of a Special Fund to be devoted especially to the Society's
Museum and Library.
1
0
J. W. Conrad Cox, Esq., B.A. £10 O
A. Ramsay, Esq, jun.
Capt. R. F. Burton, V.P.A.S.L. 5 0
Samuel Laing, Esq., F.G.S.... 10 0
S. E. Bouverie-Pusey, Esq.... 50
H. Johnson, Esq.
0
10 0
....
...
……….
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0
| Arthur Trevelyan, Esq., J.P.
P. O. Whitehead, Esq.
0
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0
0
0
0
J. Moore, Esq.
1 1
J. Peiser, Esq.
5
0
Rev. E. Spooner, D.D.(annually) 1 1
W. Chamberlin, Esq.
1 1
Rev. P. H. Newnham, M.A....
W. Pinkerton, Esq., F.S.A.
J. Hillier Blount, Esq., M.D.
H. G. Atkinson, Esq., F.G.S.
A List is now open at the Society's Apartments.
0.
0
0
0
1
0 0
2 2 0
1 14 0
5 0 0
………….
1
0 0
....
S.E.Collingwood, Esq.,F.Z.S. 6 0 0
0 10 0
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J. Reddie, Esq. (annually)...
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M. Paris, Esq. (annually)...
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1
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T. Bendyshe, Esq., M.A. 1
C. Stenning, Esq.
1
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...
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C. CARTER BLAKE, Curator and Librarian.
Price 6d. 1863.
Int
ntroductory Address on the Study of Anthro-
POLOGY, delivered before the Anthropological Society of London, February
24th, 1863. By JAMES HUNT, Ph.D., F.S.A., F.R.S.L., Foreign Associate of the
Anthropological Society of Paris, President of the Anthropological Society of
London.
London: TRÜBNER and Co., 60, Paternoster Row.
Price 6d. 1864.
Α'
nnual Address to the Anthropological Society
OF LONDON, Jan. 5th, 1864. By JAMES HUNT, Ph.D., F.S.A.,
F.R.S.L., Foreign Associate of the Anthropological Society of Paris, President of
the Anthropological Society of London.
London: TRÜBNER and. Co., 60, Paternoster Row.
Price 6d. 1865.
Dedicated to the British Association for the advancement of Science.
nnual Address delivered before the Anthro-
POLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON, January 3rd, 1865. By JAMES
HUNT, Ph.D., F.S.A., F.R.S.L., Foreign Associate of the Anthropological Society
of Paris, President of the Anthropological Society of London.
A
London: TRÜBNER and Co., Paternoster Row.
Price 1s., pp. 60,
On
n the Negro's Place in Nature. Read before
the Anthropological Society of London, November 17th, 1863. By JAMES
HUNT, Ph.D., F.S.A., F.R.S.L., Foreign Associate of the Anthropological Society
of Paris, President of the Anthropological Society of London.
London: TRÜBNER and Co., 60, Paternoster Row.

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