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Second Edition, post 8vo, pp. xxxii.-748, with Map, cloth, price 21s. THE INDIAN EMPIRE : - ITS PEOPLE, HISTORY, AND PRODUCTS. By the HoN. SIR W. W. HUNTER, K.C.S.I., C.S.I., C.I.E., LL.D., Member of the Viceroy’s Ilegislative Council, Director-General of Statistics to the Government of India. Being a Revised Edition, brought up to date, and incorporating the general results of the Census of 1881. “It forms a volume of more than 700 pages, and is a marvellous combination of literary condensation and research. It gives a complete account of the Indian Empire, its history, peoples, and products, and forms the worthy outcome of seventeen years of labour with exceptional opportunities for rendering that labour fruitful. Nothing could be more lucid than Sir William Hunter's expositions of the economic and political condition of India, at the present time, or more interesting than his scholarly history of the India of the past.”—The Times. - TR jENER'S ORIENTAL SERIES. THE FOLLOWING WORKS HAVE ALREADY APPEARED — - Third Edition, post 8vo, cloth, pp. xvi.-428, price I6s. ESSAYS ON THE SACRED LANGUAGE, WRITINGS, AND RELIGION OF THE PARSIS. By MARTIN HAUG, PH.D., Late of the Universities of Tübingen, Göttingen, and Bonn ; Superintendent of Sanskrit Studies, and Professor of Sanskrit in the Poona College. EDITED AND ENLARGED BY DR. E. W. WEST. To which is added a Biographical Memoir of the late Dr. HAUG by Prof. E. P. EVANs. . I. History of the Researches into the Sacred Writings and Religion of the Parsis, from the Earliest Times down to the Present. II. Languages of the Parsi Scriptures. III. The Zend-Avesta, or the Scripture of the Parsis. IV. The Zoroastrian Religion, as to its Origin and Development. “‘Essays on the Sacred Language, Writings, and Religion of the Parsis,” by the late Dr. Martin Haug, edited by Dr. E. W. West. The author intended, on his return from India, to expand the materials contained in this work into a comprehensive account of the Zoroastrian religion, but the design was frustrated by his untimely death. We have, however, in a concise and readable form, a history of the researches into the sacred writings and religion of the Parsis from the earliest times down to the present—a dissertation on the languages of the Parsi Scriptures, a translation of the Zend-Avesta, or the Scripture of the Parsis, and a dissertation on the Zoroas- trian religion, with especial reference to its origin and development.”—Times. - Post 8vo, cloth, pp. viii.-176, price 7s.6d. TExTs FROM THE BUDDHIST CAN on COMMONLY KNOWN AS “DHAMMAPADA.” With Accompanying Narratives. Translated from the Chinese by S. BEAL, B.A., Professor of Chinese, University College, London. The Dhammapada, as hitherto known by the Pali Text Edition, as edited by Fausböll, by Max Müller's English, and Albrecht Weber's German translations, consists only of twenty-six chapters or sections, whilst the Chinese version, or rather recension, as now translated by Mr. Beal, con- sists of thirty-nine sections. The students of Pali who possess Fausböll's text, or either of the above-named translations, will therefore needs want Mr. Beal's English rendering of the Chinese version; the thirteen above- named additional sections not being accessible to them in any other form ; for, even if they understand Chinese, the Chinese original would be un obtainable by them. “Mr. Beal's rendering of the Chinese translation is a most valuable aid to the critical study of the work. ... It contains authentic texts gathered from ancient canonical, books, and generally connected with some incident in the history of Buddha. "Their great interest, however, consists in the light which they throw upon everyday life in India at the remote period at which they were written, and upon the method of teaching adopted by the founder of the religion. The method employed was principally parable, and the simplicity of the tales and the excellence of the morals inculcated, as well as the Strange hold which they have retained upon the minds of millions of people, make them a very remarkable study.”—Times. “Mr. Beal, by º it accessible in an English dress, has added to the great ser- vices he has already rendered to the comparative study of religious history.”—Academy. “Valuable as exhibiting the doctrine of the Buddhists in its purest, least adul- terated form, it brings the modern reader face to face with that simple creed and rule of conduct which won its way over the minds of myriads, and which is now nominally professed by 145 millions, who have overlaid its austere simplicity with innumerable ceremonies, forgotten its maxims, perverted its teaching, and so inverted its leading principle that a religion whose founder denied a God, now worships that founder as a god himself.”—Scotsman. ~, TR&BNER'S ORIENTAL SERIES. Second Edition, post 8vo, cloth, pp. xxiv.–36o, price Ios. 6d. THE HISTORY OF INDIAN LITERATURE. BY ALBRECHT WIFBB.R. Translated from the Second German Edition by JoHN MANN, M.A., and THEODOR ZACHARIAE, Ph.D., with the sanction of the Author. Dr. BUHLER, Inspector of Schools in India, writes:—“When I was Pro- fessor of Oriental Languages in Elphinstone College, I frequently felt the want of such a work to which I could refer the students." Professor Cowell, of Cambridge, writes:—“It will be especially useful to the students in our Indian colleges and universities. I used to long for such a book when I was teaching in Calcutta. Hindu students are intensely interested in the history of Sanskrit literature, and this volume will supply them with all they want on the subject.” Professor WHITNEY, Yale College, Newhaven, Conn., U.S.A., writes:— “I, was one of the class to whom the work was originally given in the form of academic lectures. At their first appearance they were by far the most learned and able treatment of their subject; and with their recent additions they still maintain decidedly the same rank.” - “Is perhaps the most comprehensive and lucid survey of Sanskrit literature extant. The essays contained in the volume were originally delivered as academic lectures, and at the time of their first publication were acknowledged to be by far the most learned and able treatment of the subject. . They have now been brought up to date by the addition of all the most important results of récent research.”— Times. Post 8vo, cloth, pp. xii.-198, accompanied by Two Language Maps, price 7s. 6d. ta A SKETCH OF . THE MODERN LANGUAGES OF THE EAST INDIES. EY ROBERT N. CUST. The Author has attempted to fill up a vacuum, the inconvenience of which pressed itself on his notice. Much had been written about the languages of the East Indies, but the extent of our present knowledge had not even been brought to a focus. It occurred to him that it might be of use to others to publish in an arranged form the notes which he had collected for his own edification. “Supplies a deficiency which has long been felt.”—Times. “The book before us is then a valuable contribution to philological science. It passes under review a vast number of languages, and it gives, or professes to give, in every case the sum and substance of the opinions and judgments of the best-informed writers.”—Satwrday Review. Second Corrected Edition, post 8vo, pp. xii–116. cloth, price 5s. THE BIRTH OF THE WAR-GOD, A Poem. By KALIDASA. Translated from the Sanskrit into English Verse by RALPH. T. H. GRIFFITH, M.A. “A very spirited rendering of the Kumārasambhava, which was first published twenty-six years ago, and which we are glad to see made once more accessible.”— Times. “Mr. Griffith's very spirited rendering is well known to most who are at all interested in Indian literature, or enjoy the tenderness of feeling and rich creative imagination of its author.”—Indian Antiquary. ; - “We are very glad to welcome a second edition of Professor Griffith's admirable translation. Few translations deserve a second edition better.”—Athenaeum. TR jB.NER'S ORIENTAL SERIES. Post 8vo, pp. 432, cloth, price 16s. A CLASSICAL DICTIONARY OF HINDU MYTHOLOGY AND RELIGION, GEOGRAPHY, HISTORY, AND & LITERATURE. By JOHN DOWSON, M.R. A.S., Late Professor of Hindustani, Staff College. “This not only forms an indispensable book of reference to students of Indian literature, but is also of great general interest, as it gives in a concise and easily accessible form all that need be known about the personages of Hindu mythology whose names are so familiar, but of whom so little is known outside the limited circle of savants.”—Times. - “It is no slight gain when such subjects are treated fairly and fully in a moderate space; and we need only add that the few wants which we may hope to see supplied in new editions detract but little from the general excellence of Mr. Dowson's work.” —Saturday Iteview. Post 8vo, with View of Mecca, pp. cxii.-172, cloth, price 9s. SELECTIONS FROM THE KORAN. By EDWARD WILLIAM LANE, Translator of “The Thousand and One Nights;” &c., &c. A New Edition, Revised and Enlarged, with an Introduction by STANLEY LANE POOLE. “. . . Has been long esteemed in this country as the compilation of one of the greatest Arabic scholars of the time, the late Mr. Lane, the well-known translator of the ‘Arabian Nights.' . . . The present editor has enhanced the Value of his relative's work by divesting the text of a great deal of extraneous matter introduced . by way of comment, and prefixing an introduction.”—Times. - “Mr. Poole is both a generous and a learned biographer. . . . Mr. Poole tells us the facts . . . so far as it is possible for industry and criticism to ascertain them, and for literary skill to present them in a condensed and readable form.”—English- on 2n, Calcutta. * - ** ----------- ~ * * * ~~~~~~ -º-º-º-º-º-º-º-º- - - - ºr-...----. . . . ~ *-* - Post 8vo, pp. vi.-368, cloth, price I4s. w MODERN INDIA AND THE INDIANS, BEING A SERIES OF IMPRESSIONS, NOTES, AND ESSAYS. by MONIER WILLIAMS, D.C.L., Hon. I.L.D. of the University of Calcutta, Hon. Member of the Bombay Asiatic Society, Boden Professor of Sanskrit in the University of Oxford. Third Edition, revised and augmented by considerable Additions, with Illustrations and a Map. “In this volume we have the thoughtful impressions of a thoughtful man on some of the most important questions connected with our Indian Empire. . . . An en- lightened observant man, travelling among an enlightened observant people, Professor Monier Williams has brought before the public in a pleasant form more of the manners and customs of the Queen's Indian subjects than we ever remember to have seen in any one work. He not only deserves the thanks of every Englishman for this able contribution to the study of Modern India—a subject with which we should be specially familiar—but he deserves the thanks of every Indian, Parsee or Hindu, Buddhist and Moslem, for his clear exposition of their manners, their creeds, and their necessities.”— Times. Post 8vo, pp. xliv.–376, cloth, price I4s. METRICAL TRANSLATIONS FROM SANSKRIT WRITERS. With an Introduction, many Prose Versions, and Parallel Passages from - Classical Authors. By J. MUIR, C.I.E., D.C.L., LL.D., Ph.D. “. . . An agreeable introduction to Hindu poetry.”—Times. “. . . A volume which may be taken as a fair illustration alike of the religious and moral sentiments and of the legendary lore of the best Sanskrit writers.”— Eulitburgh Daily Review. TRöBNER'S ORIENTAL SERIES. Second Edition, post 8vo, pp. xxvi.-244, cloth, price Ios. 6d. T H E G U L I S T A N ; OR, ROSE GARDEN OF SHEKH MUSHLIU'D-DIN SADI OF SEIIRAZ. Translated for the First Time into Prose and Verse, with an Introductory Preface, and a Life of the Author, from the Atish Kadah, . By EDWARD B. EASTWICK, C.B., M.A., F.R.S., M. R.A.S. “It is a very fair rendering of the original.”—Times. “The new edition has long been desired, and will be welcomed by all who take any interest in Oriental poetry. The Gulistan is a typical Persian verse-book of the highest order. Mr. Eastwick's rhymed translation ... has long established itself in a secure position as the best version of Sadi's finest work.”—Academy. “It is both faithfully and gracefully executed.”—Tablet. In Two Volumes, post 8vo, pp. viii.-408 and viii. —348, cloth, price 28s, MISCELLANEOUS ESSAYS RELATING TO INDIAN SUBJECTS. By BRIAN HOUGHTON HODGSON, Esq., F.18.S., Late of the Bengal Civil Service; Corresponding Member of the Institute; Chevalier of the Legion of Honour; late British Minister at the Court of Nepal, &c., &c. CONTENTS O / WOL. Z. *: . SECTION I.-On the Kocch, Bódé, and Dhimal Tribes.—Part I. Vocabulary.-- Part II. Grammar.—Part III. Their Origin, Location, Numbers, Creed, Customs, Character, and Condition, with a General Description of the Climate they dwell in. —Appendix. SECTION II.-On Himalayan Ethnology.—I. Comparative Vocabulary of the Lan- guages of the Broken Tribes of Népál.–II. Vocabulary of the Dialects of the Kiranti Language.—III. Grammatical Analysis of the Vāyu Language. The Väyu Grammar. —IV. Analysis of the Báhing Dialect of the Kiranti I anguage. The Báhing Gram- mar.—W. On the Väyu or Häyu Tribe of the Central Himaláya.—WI. On the Kiranti Tribe of the Central Himaláya. CONTENTS OF WOL. II. SECTION III.-On the Aborigines of North-Eastern India. Comparative Vocabulary of the Tibetan, Bódé, and Gårö Tongues. SECTION IV.-Aborigines of the North-Eastern Frontier. SECTION V.—Aborigines of the Eastern Frontier. SECTION VI.-The Indo-Chinese Borderers, and their connection with the Hima- layans and Tibetans. Comparative Vocabulary of Indo-Chinese Borderers in Arakan. Comparative Vocabulary of Indo-Chinese Borderers in Tenasserim. SECTION VII.—The Mongolian Affinities of the Caucasians.—Comparison and Ama- lysis of Caucasian and Mongolian Words. SECTION VIII.-Physical Type of Tibetans, SECTION IX. —The Aborigines of Central India.—Comparative Vocabulary of the Aboriginal Languages of Central India.-Aborigines of the Eastern Ghats.-Voeabu- lary of some of the Dialects of the Hill and Wandeling Tribes in the Northern Sircars. —Aborigines of the Nilgiris, with Remarks on their Affinities.—Supplement to the Nilgirian Vocabularies.—The Aborigines of Southern India and Ceylon. SECTION X.—Route of Nepalese Mission to Pekin, with Remarks on the Water- Shed and Plateau of Tibet. SECTION XI.-Route from Káthmāndū, the Capital of Nepāl, to Darjeeling in Sikim.—Memorandum relative to the Seven Cosis of Nepāl. SECTION XII.-Some Accounts of the Systems of Law and Police as recognised in the State of Nepāl. SECTION XIII.—The Native Method of making the Paper denominated Hindustan, Népálese. SECTION XIV.-Pre-eminence of the Vernaculars; or, the Anglicists Answered ; Being Letters on the Education of the People of India. “For the study of the less-known races of India Mr. Brian Hodgson's ‘Miscellane- ous Essays ' will be found very valuable both to the philologist and the ethnologist.” * TR & BNER'S ORIAEMTAL SERIES. Third Edition, Two Wols., post 8vo, pp. viii.-268 and viii.-326, cloth, price 21s. THE LIFE OR LEGEND OF GAUDAMA, THE BUDDHA OF THE BURMESE. With Annotations. The Ways to Neibban, and Notice on the Phongyies or Burmese Monks. By THE RIGHT REV. P. BIGANDET, Bishop of Ramatha, Vicar-Apostolic of Ava and Pegu. “The work is furnished with copious notes, which not only illustrate the subject- matter, but form a perfect encyclopædia of Buddhist lore.”—Times. “A work which will furnish European students of Buddhism with a most valuable help in the prosecution of their investigations.”—Edinburgh Daily Review. “Bishop Bigandet's invaluable work.”—Indian Antiquary. “Viewed in this light, its importance is sufficient to place students of the subject under a deep obligation to its author.”—Calcutta Review, “This work is one of the greatest authorities upon Buddhism.”—Dublin Review. ! Post 8vo, pp. xxiv.–420, cloth, price 18s. CHINESE IRUDDHISMI. A VOLUME OF SKETCHES, HISTORICAL AND CRITICAL. - By J. EDKINS, D.D. - Author of “China's Place in Philology,” “Religion in China,” &c., &c. “It contains a wast deal of important information on the subject, such as is only to be gained by long-continued study on the spot.”—Athenaeum. “Upon the whole, we know of no work comparable to it for the extent of its original research, and the simplicity with which this complicated system of philo- sophy, religion, literature, and #ji. set forth.”—British Qwarterly Review. “The whole volume is replete with learning. . . . It deserves most careful study from all interested in the history of the religions of the world, and expressly of those who are concerned in the propagation of Christianity. Dr. Edkins notices in terms of just condemnation the exaggerated praise bestowed upon Buddhism by recent English writers.”—Record. Post 8vo, pp. 496, cloth, price Ios. 6d. LINGUISTIC AND ORIENTAL ESSAYS. WRITTEN FROM THE YEAR 1846 To 1878. By ROBERT NEEDHAM CUST, Late Member of Her Majesty’s Indian Civil Service; Hon. Secretary to the Royal Asiatic Society; and Author of “The Modern Languages of the East Indies.” “We know none who has described Indian life, especially the life of the natives, with so much learning, sympathy, and literary talent.”—Academy. “They seem to us to be full of suggestive and original remarks.”—St. James's Gazette. “His book contains a vast amount of information. The result of thirty-five years of inquiry, reflection, and speculation, and that on subjects as full of fascination as of food for thought.”—Tablet. “Exhibit such a thorough acquaintance with the history and antiquities of India as to entitle him to speak as one having authority.”—Edinburgh Daily Review. “The author speaks with the authority of personal experience. . . . . It is this constant association with the country and the people which gives such a vividness to many of the pages.”—Athenæum. TR & BNER'S ORIENTAZ SERIES. Post 8vo, pp. civ.–348, cloth, price 18s. Blu DDHIST BIRTH STORIES; or, Jataka Tales. The Oldest Collection of Folk-lore Extant : BEING THE JATAKATT HAVANN AN A, For the first time Edited in the original Pāli. By V. FAUSBOLL; And Translated by T. W. RHYs DAVIDS. * Translation. Volume I. “These are tales supposed to have been told by the Buddha of what he had seen and heard in his previous births. They are probably the nearest representatives of the original Aryan stories from which sprang the folk-lore of Europe as well as India. The introduction contains a most interesting disquisition on the migrations of these fables, tracing their reappearance in the various groups of folk-lore legends. 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THE MIND OF MENCIUS; OR, POLITICAL ECONOMY FOUNDED UPON MORAL PHILOSOPHY. A SYSTEMATIC DIGEST of THE DoCTRINEs of THE CHINESE PHILOSOPHER MENCIUS. Translated from the Original Text and Classified, with Comments and Explanations, By the REv. ERNST FABER, Rhenish Mission Society. Translated from the German, with Additional Notes, By the REv. A. B. HUTCHINSON, C.M.S., Church Mission, Hong Kong. “Mr. Faber is already well known in the field of Chinese studies by his digest of the doctrines of Confucius. The value of this work will be perceived when it is remembered that at no time since relations commenced between China and the West has the former been so powerful—we had almost said aggressive—as now. For those who will give it eareful study, Mr. Faber's work is one of the most valuable of the excellent series to which it belongs.”—Nature. - A 2 TR J BAWER'S ORIENTAL SERIES. Post 8vo, pp. 336, cloth, price 16s. THE RELIGIONS OF INDIA. BY A. BARTH. 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BY CARL ABEL. “An entirely novel method of dealing with philosophical questions and impart a real human interest to the otherwise dry technicalities of the science.”—Standard. “Dr. Abel is an opponent from whom it is pleasant to differ, for he writes with enthusiasm and temper, and his mastery over the English language fits him to be a champion of unpopular doctrines.”—Athenaewon. Post 8vo, pp. ix.-281, cloth, price ros. 6d. THE SARVA-DARSANA - SAMGRAHA ; OR, REVIEW OF THE DIFFERENT SYSTEMS OF HINDU f . PHILOSOPHY. BY MADHAVA. A CHARYA. Translated by E. B. COWELL, M.A., Professor of Sanskrit in the University of Cambridge, and A. E. GOUGH, M.A., Professor of Philosophy in the Presidency College, Calcutta. This work is an interesting specimen of Hindu critical ability. 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OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY OF RELIGION TO THE SPREAD OF THE UNIVERSAL RELIGIONS. BY C. P. TIELE, Doctor of Theology, Professor of the History of Religions in the University of Leyden. s Translated from the Dutch by J. ESTLIN CARPENTER, M.A. “Few books of its size contain the result of so much wide thinking, able and labo- rious study, or enable the reader to gain a better bird's-eye view of the latest results of investigations into the religious history of nations. As Professor Tiele modestly says, “In this little book are outlines—pencil sketches, I might say—nothing more.” But there are some men whose sketches from a thumb-mail are of far more worth than an enormous canvas covered with the crude painting of others, and it is easy to see that these pages, full of information, these sentences, cut and perhaps also dry, short and clear, condense the fruits of long and thorough research.”—Scotsman. TR&BNER'S ORIENTAL SERIES. Post 8vo, pp. xii.-312, with Maps and Plan, cloth, price I4s. 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Containing a Brief Account of the Three Religions of the Chinese, with Observations on the Prospects of Christian Conversion amongst that People. “Dr. Edkins has been most careful in noting the varied and often complex phases of opinion, so as to give an account of considerable value of the subject.”—Scotsman. “As a missionary, it has been part of Dr. Edkins' duty to study the existing religions in China, and his long residence in the country has enabled him to acquire an intimate knowledge of them as they at present exist.”—Satwrday Review. “Dr. Edkins' valuable work, of which this is a second and revised edition, has, from the time that it was published, been the standard authority upon the subject of which it treats.”— Nonconformist. “Dr. Edkins . . . may now be fairly regarded as among the first authorities on , Chinese religion and language.”—British Quarterly Iteview. Post 8vo, pp. x.-274, cloth, price 9s. THE LIFE OF THE BUDDHA AND THE EARLY HISTORY OF HIS ORDER. 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(Eng.), Surgeon-Major H.M.'s Bengal Medical Service, Retired, &c. “Not too soon have Messrs. Trübner added to their valuable Oriental Series a history of the life and works of one of the most gifted and devoted of Oriental students, Alexander Csoma de Koros. It is forty-three years since his death, and though an account of his career was demanded soon after his decease, it has only now appeared in the important memoir of his compatriot, Dr. Duka.”—Bookseller. 7 R & BNER'S ORIENTAL SERIES. In Two Volumes, post 8vo, pp. xii.-318 and vi.-312, cloth, price 21s. MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS RELATING TO INDO-CHINA. Reprinted from “Dalrymple's Oriental Repertory,” “Asiatic Researches,” and the “Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal.” CONTENTS OF VOL. I. I.—Some Accounts of Quedah. By Michael Topping. II.—Report made to the Chief and Council of Balambangan, by Lieut. James Barton, of his several Surveys. III. —Substance of a Letter to the Court of Directors from Mr. John Jesse, dated July 20, 1775, at Borneo Proper. IV.-Formation of the Establishment of Poolo Peenang. V.—The Gold of Limong. By John Macdonald. VI.—On Three Natural Productions of Sumatra. By John Macdonald. VII.—On the Traces of the Hindu Language and Literature extant amongst th Malays. By William Marsden. - VIII.—Some Account of the Elastic Gum Vine of Prince-Wales Island. By James Howison. IX.--A Botanical Description of Urcedla Elastica, or Caoutchouc Wine of Sumatra and Pulo-Pinang. By William Roxburgh, M.D. - X.—An Account of the Inhabitants of the Poggy, or Nassau Islands, lying off Sumatra. By John Crisp. - XI.—Remarks on the Species of Pepper which are found on Prince-Wales Island. By William Hunter, M.D. - XII.—On the Languages and Literature of the Indo-Chinese Nations. By J. Leyden, M.D. - * XIII.—Some Account of an Orang-Outang of remarkable height found on the Island of Sumatra. By Clarke Abel, M.D. XIV. —Observations on the Geological Appearances and General Features of Por- tions of the Malayan Peninsula. By Captain James Low. XV.—Short Sketch of the Geology of Pulo-Pinang and the Neighbouring Islands. Dy T. Ware. XVI.—Climate of Singapore. XVII. —Inscription on the Jetty at Singapore. XVIII.-Extract of a Letter from Colonel J. Low. XIX.—Inscription at Singapore. XX. —An Account of Several Inscriptions found in Province Wellesley. By Lieut.- Col. James LOW. tº Nº. on the Inscriptions from Singapore and Province Wellesley. By J. W. aldſay. - XXII.—On an Inscription from Keddah. By Lieut.-Col. Low, XXIII.-A Notice of the Alphabets of the Philippine Islands. - XXIV.--Smccinct Review of the Observations of the Tides in the Indian Archipelago. XXV.—Report on the Tin of the Province of Mergui. By Capt. G. B Tremenheere. xxvi.-Report on the Manganese of Mergui Province. By Capt. G. B. Tremenheere. XXVII.—Paragraphs to be added to Capt. G. B. Tremenheere's Report. XXVIII.--Second Report on the Tim of Mergui. By Capt. G. B. Tremenheere. XXIX.—Analysis of Iron Ores from Tavoy and Mergui, and of Limestone from Mergui. By Dr. A. Ure. - XXX. —Report of a Visit to the Pakchan River, and of some Tin Localities in the Southern Portion of the Tenasserim Provinces. By Capt. G. B. Tremenheere. XXXI.—Report on a Route from the Mouth of the Pakchan to Krau, and thence #. the Isthmus of Krau to the Gulf of Siam. By Capt. Al. Fraser and Capt. J. G. forlong. XXXII.—Report, &c., from Capt. G. B. Tremenheere on the Price of Mergui Tin Ore. XXXIII.—Remarks on the Different Species of Orang-utan. Iły E. Blyth. XXXIV.--Further Remarks. By E. Blyth. - TR&BNER'S ORIENTAL SERIES. MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS RELATING TO INDO-CHINA- continued. CONTENTS OF VOL. II. XXXV.-Catalogue of Mammalia inhabiting the Malayan Peninsula and Islands. By Theodore Cantor, M.D. , XXXVI.--On the Local and Relative Geology of Singapore. By J. R. Logan. XXXVII.—Catalogue of Reptiles inhabiting the Malayan Peninsula and Islands. By Theodore Cantor, M.D. * XXXVIII.-Some Account of the Botanical Collection brought from the Eastward, in 1841, by Dr. Cantor. By the late W. Griffith. XXXIX. —On the Flat-Horned Taurine Cattle of S.E. Asia. By E. Blyth. XL.—Note, by Major-General G. B. Tremenheere. General Index. Index of Vernacular Terms. Index of Zoological Genera and Sub-Genera occurring in Wol. II. “The papers treat of almost every aspect of Indo-China—its philology, economy, geography, geology—and constitute a very material and important contribution to our accessible information regarding that country and its people.”—Contemporary Review. Post 8vo, pp. xii.-72, cloth, price 5s. THE SA. T. A. K.A.S OF B H.A. R. T. R. IIH.A.R.I. Translated from the Sanskrit By the REv. B. HALE WORTHAM, MI.R.A.S., Rector of Eggesford, North Devon. “A very interesting addition to Trübner's Oriental Series.”—Saturday Review. “Many of the Maxims in the book have a Biblical ring and beauty of expression.” —St. James' Gazette. Post 8vo, pp. xii.-I80, cloth, price 6s. ANCIENT PROVERBS AND MAXIMS FROM BURMIESE SOURCES; OR, THE NITI LITERATURE OF BURMA. By JAMES GRAY, Author of “Elements of Pali Grammar,” “Translation of the - Dhammapada,” &c. - The Sanscrit-Pāli word Niti is equivalent to “conduct” in its abstract, and “guide” in its concrete signification. As applied to books, it is a general term for a treatise which includes maxims, pithy sayings, and didactic stories, intended as a guide to such matters of every-day life as form the character of an individual and influence him in his relations to his fellow-men. Treatises of this kind have been popular in all ages, and have served as a most effective medium of instruction. Post 8vo, pp. xxxii. and 330, cloth, price 7s. 6d. MIA S N A W I I IM A' N A WI: THE SPIRITUAL COUPLETS OF MAULANA JALALU-’D-DIN MUHAMMAD I RUMI. Translated and Abridged by E. H. WHINFIELD, M.A., Late of H.M. Bengal Civil Service. TR J BNER'S ORIENTAL SERIES. Post 8vo, pp. viii. and 346, cloth, price Ios. 6d. M. A. N. A. W. A. - D H A R MIA - C A S T R A : THE CODE OF MANU. ORIGINAL SANSKRIT TEXT, witH CRITICAL NOTES. By J. JOLLY, Ph.D., Professor of Sanskrit in the University of Wurzburg; late Tagore Professor - of Law in the University of Calcutta. The date assigned by Sir William Jones to this Code—the well-known Great Law IBook of the Hindus—is 1250–500 B.C., although the rules and precepts contained in it had probably existed as tradition for countless ages before. There has been no reliable edition of the Text for Students for many years past, and it is believed, therefore, that Prof. Jolly’s work will supply a want long felt. Post 8vo, pp. 215, cloth, price 7s. 6d. LEAVES FROM MY CHINESE SCRAP-BOOK. By FREDERIC HENRY BALFOUR. Author of “Waifs and Strays from the Far East,” “Taoist Texts," “Idiomatic Phrases in the Peking Colloquial,” &c. &c. Post 8vo, pp. xvi.-548, with Six Maps, cloth, price 21s. LINGUISTIC AND ORIENTAL ESSAYS. WRITTEN FROM THE YEAR 1847 TO 1887. Second Series. By ROBERT NEEDHAM CUST, LL.D., Barrister-at-Law ; Honorary Secretary of the Royal Asiatic Society; Late Member of Her Majesty’s Indian Civil Service. In Two Volumes, post 8vo, pp. x.-308 and vi.-3I4, cloth, price 25s. MISCELLANEOUS.. PAPERS RELATING TO INDO-CHINA, Edited by R. ROST, Ph.D., &c. &c., Librarian to the India. Office. SECOND SERIES. Reprinted for the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society from the Malayan “Miscellanies,” the “Transactions and Journal” of the Batavian Society, and the “Journals.” of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, and the Royal Geographical and Royal Asiatic Societies. 12ost 8vo, pp. xii.-512, price I6s. FOI. K-TAL ES OF KASH MIR. By the RLv. J. HINTON KNOWLES, F.R.G.S., M.R.A.S., &c. (C.M.S.) Missionary to the Kashmiris. TröBNER's or IENTAL SERIES. ..) In Two Volumes, post 8vo, pp. xii.-336 and x.-352, cloth, price 21s. MEDIAEWAL RESEARCHES FROM EASTERN ASIATIC - SOURCES. FRAGMENTS TOWARDS THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY of CENTRAL AND WESTERN ASIA FROM THE THIRTEENTH TO THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. By E. BRETSCHNEIDER, M.D., Formerly Physician of the Russian Legation at Pekin. In Two Volumes, post 8vo, pp. 1.-408 and 431, cloth, price 36s. A.I, B E R U N I'S IN DIA : - AN ACCOUNT OF ITS RELIGION, PHILOSOPHY, LITERATURE, GEOGRAPHY, CHRONOLOGY, ASTRONOMY, CUSTOMS, LAW, AND ASTROLOGY (ABOUT A. D. Io91). - TRANSLATED INTO ENGLISH. With Notes and Indices by Prof. EDWARD SACHAU, - University of Berlin. *** The Arabic Original, with an Index of the Sanskrit Words, Edited by Professor SACHAU, is in the press. Post 8vo, pp. xxxvii.-218, cloth, price Ios. THE LIFE OF HIUEN TSIANG. BY THE SHAMIANS HWUI LI AND YEN-TSUNG. With a Preface containing an account of the Works of I-TsING. BY SAMUEL BEAL, B. A. (Trin. Coll., Camb.); Professor of Chinese, University College, London; - Rector of Wark, Northumberland, &c. Author of “Buddhist Records of the Western World,” “The Romantic Legend of Sakya Budda,” &c. When the Pilgrim Hiuen Tsiang returned from his travels in India, he took up his abode in the Temple of “Great Benevolence; ” this convent had been constructed by the Emperor in honour of the Empress, Wen-te-hau. After Hiuen Tsiang's death, his disciple, Hwui Li, composed a work which gave an account of his illustrious Master's travels; this work when he com- pleted he buried, and refused to discover its place of concealment. But previous to his death he revealed its whereabouts to Yen-tsung, by whom it was finally revised and published. This is “The Life of Hiuen Tsiang.” It is a valuable sequel to the Si-yu-ki, correcting and illustrating it in many particulars. IN PREPARATION.— Post, 8vo. A SKETCH OF THE MODERN LANGUAGES OF OCEANIA. By R. N. CUST, LL.D. Author of “Molern Languages of the East,” “Modern Languages of - Africa,” &c. LONDON : TRÚBNER & CO., 57 AND 59 LUDGATE HILL. Soo-1 1/3/89. TRü BNER'S ORIENTAL SERIES. T EI E M O D E R N L A N G U. A. G E S O F A F RIC A. WORKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR. 1. SKETCH, OF THE MODERN LANGUAGES OF THE EAST INDIES. Post 8vo. pp. xii. 198, cloth. Price 12s. Trübner's Oriental Series, 1878. 2. LINGUISTIC AND ORIENTAL ESSAYS. Post 8vo. pp. xii. 484, cloth. Price 18s. Trübner's Oriental Series, 1879. 3. SKETCHES OF ANGLO-INDIAN LIFE. Crown 8vo. pp. x. 346, cloth, with Maps. Price 7s. 6d. Trübner & Co., 1880. A SKETCH OF THE MODERN LANGUAGES OF AFRICA, %ccompanied by a 3Language-ſăap. BY R O B E R T N E E D H A M gust, BARRISTER-AT-LAW, AND LATE OF HER MAJESTY'S INDIAN CIVIL SERVICE. WOL. I. “I speak of Africa and golden joys.” Shakespeare, Ancient Pistol. L ON D O N : TRijB NER & CO., LUD GATE HILL. 1883. [All rights reserved.] 24%a Caº N. l HERTFORD : STEPHEN AUSTIN AND sons, PRINTERs. \ Hic est quem non capit Africa, Mauro Perfusa Oceano, Niloque admota tepenti; Rursus ad AEthiopum populos, aliosque elephantos. Juvenal x. Giace alta Cartágo: appena i segni Dell' alte sue ruine il lido serba: Muiono le città: muiono i regni: Copre i fasti, e le pompe, arena ed erba: E l'uom d'esser mortal par che si sdegna O ! Nostra mente cupida e superba ! i º Tasso, Gierusalemme. Alli o mui grande reino está de Congo, Per nòs já convertido à fé di Christo, Per onde o Zaire passa claro e lungo, Rio pelos antiguos nunca visto. Camoens, Os Lusiadas. TO A/S MAJESTY J. E. O AE O / D / / . ATV/VG OF 7"HE BEA, GZA/VS TAZAF MUWIFICENT PA TRON AND PROMOTER OAP A FR/CAAV D/SCO VERY Whig #olume A Y GRAC/O US AE2EA&M/SS/OAV MS DAED/CATA.D. P. R. E. F. A. C. E. How shall I render thanks to all who have helped me in this enterprize and without whose sympathetic help and cordial co-operation I could have done nothing P This book is especially the idea of one person, and the work of many. The only person, whose opinion on any particular does not transpire, is the Compiler, who is merely a funnel, down which the accumulated research and stored knowledge of scores of forgotten, unknown, and unvalued Scholars and Christian Labourers have been poured into a vessel, from which all may drink. Some of my personal friends and helpers, like Steere, Krapf, Schlenker, Cooley, Reichardt, and Moffat, opere in medio, have passed away, leaving their notes in my portfolio, their books on my shelves, and their kindness in my memory. Some I have never seen in the flesh, nor am likely to see, but I seem to know their train of thought, and enjoy a greater degree of intimacy in correspondence, than exists with others whom I meet daily. Some great names of departed Scholars have lived again for me, and I seem xii AA’A2AA C/E. to argue with them, and in my dreams and meditations to discuss points with them, always deferring to their judg- ment. Such are Barth, Bleek, Norris, Logan, Prichard, Clarke, and Rebman. Even old figures long since buried and forgotten, Ludolf, Brusciottus, Cannecattim, W. J. Müller, and Lichtenstein, seem to start up and en- courage me to give a new chance of life to their forgotten names. Old Scholars, like Schön, Latham, Koelle, S. Crowther, and F. Newman, have helped with their advice. Young Scholars have pressed forward to take up par- ticular portions of the subject, and have been encouraged to publish their experiences. I return hearty thanks to all. The main assistance has been in the supply of books, answers to inquiries, or indications of sources of informa- tion. Among many others I would mention the following: ENGLAND : Dr. Rost, Librarian of the India Office Library, Mr. Vaux, Secretary of the Royal Asiatic Society, Mr. Rye, Librarian of the Royal Geographical Society, Messrs. Trübner, and Williams and Norgate, Oriental Publishers, the Church Missionary Society, the British and Foreign Bible Society, the Society for Pro- moting Christian Knowledge, the Wesleyan Missionary Society, Dr. Underhill and Miss Saker of the Baptist Missionary Society, Dr. George Smith of the Free Church of Scotland Missionary Society, the Established Church of Scotland Missionary Society, the United Scotch Presby- terian Missionary Society, the Universities Mission to A/?A2AA CAE. xiii East Africa, Sir Bartle Frere and Sir Henry Barkley, Governors of the Cape Colony, Miss Lloyd, Sister-in- Law of Dr. Bleek, Sir J. Kirk, and Consul O’Neill. FRANCE: M. D’Abbadie, M. Halévy, M. Hovelacque, Gen. Faidherbe, and M. Duveyrier. GERMANY : Prof. Lepsius, Dr. Fredk. Müller, Prof. Reinisch, Herr Krause, Prof. Trumpp, Dr. T. Hahn, Revd. J. F. Schön, Revd. Dr. Zahn of Bremen, Revd. J. C. Christaller, Prof. Schuchardt, Dr. Bastian, Dr. Nachtigall, Dr. Schweinfurth, Dr. Buchner. ITALY: Signor Vedova, Secretary of the Italian Geo- graphical Society, Signor Di Gregorio, Abbé Beltráme. SPAIN : Señor Don Garcia Ayuso. SwitzERLAND : Pasteur Berthoud. UNITED STATEs: Prof. Whitney, Dr. J. O. Means, Mr. Sanders, Revd. J. R. Wilson, and Revd. S. D. Ferguson. I return particular thanks to Herr E. G. Ravenstein for the Language-map. Those who thrust aside and con- demn my Book should think twice before they condemn the Map, every entry of which is vouched by Authority, and based upon the latest information. The Map by itself is worth the price of the Book. But Herr Ravenstein has done more for me than draw my Map : he has been my Geographical Adviser, with whom hard questions have been discussed, and difficulties hammercd out. Two years ago he prepared a ſinguistic xiv ARAEAE4 CAE. and Tribal Map for exhibition by me at the Venice Geographical Congress. It was honoured with a Certi- ficate of Merit, and I was informed that, had the Map been engraved, and thus become public property, it would have received a Gold Medal. Since then every portion of the Map has been revised, and an entirely new one drawn to comprise all the names, which our united read- ing had collected, and which, under the strict conditions laid down, were entitled to admission. If entries are sometimes made, which to the eye of a severe Geo- grapher may seem errors, they are mine, as compelled by Linguistic considerations I have occasionally differed from my adviser, and had my own way. In a few years the progress of discovery, and the evidence of new facts, will place this revised Map out of date also. The Book is dedicated by special permission to King Leopold II. of Belgium, who for his services in the cause of Equatorial Discovery, both on the East and Western Coast, well deserves the proud title of “Africanus.” CONTENTS OF WOL. I. CHAPTER. I. INTRODUCTION . CEIAPTER II. PROGRESS OF KNowLEDGE . CHAPTER III. ExTINCT AND DEAD TANGUAGES: FOREIGN LANGUAGES: MIXED LANGUAGES IN COURSE OF FORMATION . CHAPTER IV. CLASSIFICATION OF LANGUAGES CHAPTER v. MATERIALS AVAILABLE . CHAPTER WI. WRITTEN CHARACTERs . PAG W. 23 39 50 61 74 xvi COAV7'EAV7S. CHAPTER WII. SCHEME OF THE WORK . CHAPTER VIII. SEMITIC FAMILY . CHAPTER IX. PIAMITIC GROUP . CHAPTER X. NUBA-FULAH GROUP CHAPTER XI. NEGRO GROUP PA tº k 78 8 | 94 141 162 LEPS | U.S. schöN. E MULLER BLEEK. LAT HAM. J. L.W. LSON. F.W. NEWMAN. KRAPF. BARTH, CHRISTALLER. STANLEY MOFFAT NACHTIGALL. GROUT RAVENSTEIN. NORRIS LIVINGSTONE HANOTEAU FA |D HERBE REEMAN RE |N|SCH BA ||{| E. DUVEYRIER. ARCH D EACON JOHNSON OF UPPER NIGER. ARCH DEACON D. CROWTHER SCHWEINFURTH. OF LOWER NIGE. R. THE MODERN LANGUAGES OF AFRICA. CEIAPTER I. A W 7"A’ O /) U C 7" / O AW. . IF an apology was necessary for my venturing to in- trude upon the Public with a volume upon the “Modern Languages of the East Indies,” with regard to which I had some knowledge, the result of a residence of a quarter of a century in India, what can I say in justifi- cation of a volume upon the “Modern Languages of Africa,” concerning which I know absolutely nothing P In all humility I attempt now, as I did then, to fill a vacuum, which had forced itself on my notice. It came about somewhat in this way. I was Honorary Secretary of the Royal Asiatic Society, Member of the Council of the Royal Geographical Society, of the Committee of the Church Missionary Society, and of the British and Foreign Bible Society, of the Translation Committee of the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, and the subject of Africa, its tribes, and Languages, was always coming up. I naturally looked about for some book which would tell me generally about these Languages, and no doubt the “Universal Ethnology” of F. Müller of Vienna did tell me a great deal, but the African Chapters were scattered through a volume, devoted to the whole World, and the WOL. I. l 2 A/O/DE/CAV ZAAVGUAGES OF AFR/CA. Af purport of the Treatise was Ethnological rather than Lin- guistic. Moreover, I soon became aware that in Modern Books of Travel disclosures were being yearly made of hitherto unknown Languages, and under my eyes in England books were being published which had escaped the learned World on the Continent. In England, and the United States of North America, there seemed no one ready to take up the subject. How entirely Africa had been forgotten must strike any reader of M. Müller’s “Lectures on the Science of Language,” and Whitney’s “Language and the Study of Language.” Both these books are of the highest value, and under- take to treat of the whole subject of Language, and yet the scores of Languages and Dialects of Africa were for- gotten, though they represent most remarkable and unique phenomena. The area was so vast, that no instance has occurred of a Scholar being acquainted with more than three or four of the African Languages, and even then he had not a general, or second-hand, knowledge of those which were spoken by tribes at a distance. The absence of all indigenous literature, the non-existence of any local educated Public, rendered the prospect desperate, and yet it was evident that much could be done, and much ought to be done, and that a gathering together of all the scattered Materials to one focus would probably lead to an advance along the line. This anticipation has already been realized. When in 1878 I had published my book on the “Modern Languages of the East Indies,” I at once turned my thoughts to Africa. I placed myself in communication with many of the great, though isolated, Scholars, and became aware of the existence of works under prepara- tion, works ready for the press, and Materials ready to be worked up. The expressions of sympathy, the stimulus of a disinterested adviser, the suggestion of means to print and publish, have led to the appearance, during the last five years, of at least a score of volumes, or Essays on AV7'RO/DUCTION. 3 Languages in different parts of the Field. Old Scholars have at my suggestion taken down from their shelves old manuscripts, which they had abandoned all hope of publishing, but which are now in or passing through the press. Other old Scholars have returned to their old love, and again appeared before the Public; young Scholars have been encouraged to put their collections into a form fit for publication, and a class of Negro Scholars on the Niger have been called into existence. The British Museum has been compelled to give up unpublished manuscripts, or forgotten books, from its shelves, to be translated and published. My first effort was to get together all that was in ex- istence, or, at least, to get notice of them, and the first despatch came from the Cape of Good Hope. Sir Bartle Frere sent me for the Library of the Royal Asiatic Society a good supply of African books of the Languages spoken south of the Equator. The Church Missionary Society placed at my disposal, and at my request has presented to the Royal Asiatic Society, copies of the numerous and excellent Grammatical works prepared by their Missionaries. In the Libraries of the Royal Geo- graphical Society, the India Office, and the Anthropo- logical Institute, I found many important books, which I have not met elsewhere. Messrs. Trübner, Quaritch, Williams and Norgate, and Dulau, supplied books from their stores, for I had to purchase many rare books as my only chance of seeing them. The Baptist Missionary Society, the Wesleyan Missionary Society, the Free and Established Church of Scotland Missionary Societies, the German Missionary Societies of Basle, Berlin, Barmen, and Bremen were all placed under contribution, for I began gradually to know what books were wanted. Friends in France, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Germany, Austria, Russia, Switzerland, Africa, and North America, were able to send me on loan, or as a present, a rare copy of some particular book, to indicate the existence of some pre- 4. MODERAV ZAAVGUAGES OF AAA’/CA. viously unknown book, and in one instance a manuscript transcript was specially made for me of a book repre- sented by a single copy. The same kind friend in Boston, U.S., unable to get me a copy of an exhausted edition of a Grammar of the Grebo Language, came by chance on the plates of the book, and had ten copies struck off for my benefit, sending me half a dozen, which I gladly distributed among the Libraries of Berlin, Vienna, Paris, and London, for it so happened that another kind friend had in the interim sent me a copy of the exhausted edition from Cape Palmas, in Liberia. From Nachtigall, Buchner, and Schweinfurth, I have received notices of Vocabularies, which will form parts of books not yet published. The sale of the library of Chabas, the Egyptologist, was most opportune, and sup- plied a great many books, to which Maisonneuve, of Paris, once set upon the track, was able to add others. Scarcely a week has elapsed without the arrival of some delightful parcel from a sympathizer, perhaps an entire stranger; a Jesuit Priest, expelled from France, and tabernacled in North Wales en route to the Zambési, has been good enough to send me a Kabail Dictionary, prepared for his Mission, and not sold to the Public, and a young lady from West Africa has sent me the unique Grammatical Works, in two Languages, printed by her late father, which I had sought for in vain in England. A friend at IBoston, in North America, at my instigation, induced a friend of his at Benguella, in West Africa, to send me a Grammatical Note of a totally unknown Language. This was encouraging : Missionaries, who are not al- ways Scholars, and Scholars, who are generally not fond of Missions, Protestants and Roman Catholics, English- men and Foreigners, have all assisted me in consequence of the peculiar official position which I occupied, and a very considerable correspondence has ensued in all the chief Languages of Western Europe, and I arrived at the singular conclusion, that of all the nations of Western AV7'A’O/DUC 77OAZ. 5 Europe, the Dutch alone had not contributed a single line to the illustration of an African Language; while on the other hand, to the Dutch Language alone has it been conceded to stamp out entirely the indigenous Language of the people, and substitute a debased dialect of itself. In the letters received, and in the separate works pub- lished, constant allusion was made to Essays which had appeared in some of the learned Series of Western Europe, in Appendices to Books of Travel, or even to the text of such books. Hence the necessity arose of the exami- nation of the Serials of the English, North American, French, Italian, Portuguese, and German Societies deal- ing with Language, Geography, and Anthropology. This was no slight task, but it gave a rich return, and would not have been possible except to one, who resided in London, and had access to such learned Societies, and who could count on never failing courtesy on the part of the Secretaries and Librarians. To this followed the perusal of scores of volumes of Travel in the same variety of Languages. Copious notes had in all cases to be taken, and Translations made of long passages from a foreign into the English Language. Nor can I omit from notice the printed Reports in the Serials of Missionary Societies, and the letters from Mis- sionaries in the Field in reply to my queries. Here I tapped a fount, which might not be accessible to the Scholar, who was not also devoted to, and interested in all the Missions in Africa. For several years every month