£ # | *- * #% * #% * %:#" * *. % \ | | *: % % - *** 5 *...* 2% &#######. - t". ©t O-2- # /& ~& 24. 2% COMPENDIUM OF FORMS, Z4 WS AAWD Br-L - - - - - - 23222.2 >= –àI >. Ż222 G ASKELLS EDUCATIONAL SOCIAL LEGAL AND COMMERCIAL EMBRACING A COMPLETE Self-Teaching Course in P:manship and B00kkeeping, #. 2. AID TO ENGLI&# C()MPOSITION: TOG "#" THE *: 4 POLITICAL D/CTVOA/AR2, A HødoGRAPH/CAA D/CT/QAVAR2°, THE GO V. AWA/PAVT OF THE U. S., 7 HE ST:7;ES AAWD TERRA 7 OR/AL GOVERAw- AM2A77S, CO/-ORED CHARTS, ., ETC., ALSO A MANUAL OF AGAP/CULTURE, MEC: W/CS AAWD MIA’ZMG, AND A Complete Guide id:#diamentary Practice, THE who clause A. COMPLETE ENCYCLO'DIA OF REFERENCE IE I e g all tip 1 II il strate O. BY PROF, G, A, GASKELL, Principal of B y * p ryant & Stratton's College, Manchester, N. II., and Jersey City Business College, Jersey City, N.J. Author of Gaskell's Compendium of Penmanship. T.E. LETTSZT-E I: Es. T E-DITIONT- BALTIMORE, MD: A. C. THOMAS. AJWS OF SOCIAL ETI 20ETTE, AND BUS/MESS Ž4 WS AAWD COMMERCIAL 1884, 32/ Printers. away." Co . inderss Wue & "...nebern." Uono $27-TO THE PURCHASER OF THIS VOLUME.-4: This book is sold ExcLUsivKLY BY subsch IPTION. In no case will it be sold through the bookstores, and it can be obtained by book. sellers only by collusion with or through a dishonest agent. As a saFEGUARD, we have numbered each book consecutively as issued from our binders. This number is in the fancy heading found on page 104. Subscribers are CAUTIoNED against purchasing this book if this number is erased, as the book is either an old edition or a second hand volume, or has been obtained through a dishonest agent, who has bound himself not to sell the work other than by subscription. 4– -— -TO- THE YOUNG MEN AND YOUNGWOMEN UNITED STATEs, WHO WISH TO MASTER AT THEIR OWN HOMES THE MOST NECESSARY FORMS AND LAWS OF BUSINESS AND SOCIETY, THIS BOOK IS AFFECTIONATELY INSCRIBED BY $ 2 #wthov. | : 3: # : : # %'#% % & #. * * # PREFACE. s V. * * : Penmanship" has been so highly appreciated by the two hundred thousand who have purchased it, that the re- quest has been often made for some work that would offer equally good directions for an application of the fruits of the compendium to all the ordinary ex- periences of society and business. A brief reflection will suggest the magnitude of the attempt to meet this demand. As the work progressed, a great many subjects pre- sented themselves with claims to places, until the present volume was extended to the com- pass in which it now appears. A vast amount of research has been made by the author personally, and an able corps of assistants acting under his direction, who have brought to bear all the force of thoroughly trained and experienced minds, and have freely drawn from the thought of others, wherever the object was to be advanced by so doing. The delay in publication has been caused by the determination to allow none of the various parts to go out in an unfinished or inaccurate form. A Compendium of Penmanship is embraced in this volume, giving a history of Writing, a choice collection of Business, Ladies’, and Ornamental Penmanship, correct positions, movements, shadings, slope, size, spacing, ar- rangement, complete analysis of each letter, directions respecting materials, etc., all accu- rately illustrated. By this system one is en- abled to learn by home practice, without other help, to write a hand with ease and elegance, which will everywhere be regarded as of the highest order. * President Elliot, of Harvard College, has said that while other branches are important in a course of education, a knowledge and right use of English is the only one of them that is absolutely essential to culture among English-speaking people. Any one of the others, or more than one, may be eliminated, and still a person be refined; but correct Eng- lish is always an essential of true culture among those who speak it. His words have been earnestly approved by educators and all others who favor a higher appreciation of the most practical of all subjects—our every-day lan- guage. The directions here offered on this subject are the result of a careful comparison of the views expressed by educators in their national and State meetings, and of the methods approved by them. The aim is to afford a guide to a right and graceful use of English, while not ignoring the value of a scientific knowledge of it. This feature will be apparent in the parts pertaining to Orthography, Punct- uation, Capitalization, Composition, Figures of Rhetoric, Letter Writing, Correspondence of various kinds, etc. The extended analysis of Poetry and the choice selections are in har- mony with and a part of this aim, as are, also, the Proverbs and Literary Selections. It is difficult to place too much stress upon this im- |-- --> vi. PREFACE. portant branch, and it is confidently believed that it will be prized among all classes, and will inspire many, who have laid aside technical works, to a new interest in the subject, a right understanding of which is essential to refine- ment and a condition of the highest respect from the better classes. Twenty-four engravings illustrate Position, Gesture and Expression of the Passions in Elocution and Oratory. In this department are embraced practical suggestions and rules on Style, Qualities of Voice, Articulation, Force, Gestures, in fact, all that pertains to Culture of the Voice and Delivery. The student of Elocution and Oratory will obtain here much that is interesting and profitable, while all who desire to give an easy and forci- ble expression to their thoughts or their selec- tions will find this subject treated with suffi- cient fullness for all ordinary purposes. The minute analysis of letters given under Letter Writing, will secure an appreciation of the importance of care in preparing letters in general; while the forms given, and their ex- planation, in conjunction with the treatise on Penmanship, furnish the means for neatness, exactness and dispatch in business correspond- ence, as well as propriety, gentility and dignity in social notes, letters and invitations. Laws of Etiquette present rules for polite- ness of conduct in our varied relations, and the established usages in fashionable society. All who have suffered the discomfort of embar- rassment arising from not knowing what it is best to do, and how to do it, will be specially interested with this feature. A study of these laws and an application of them, with a reason- able degree of common sense, will secure that self-possession and grace of manner which put one at ease in any society, and make his presence everywhere agreeable and enter- taining. In the Home and Family Life, the conditions of happiness, the sacredness of love court- ship and marriage, the true relations of hus- band and wife, parent and child, the disposi- tions and education, are treated with a delicate and discriminating appreciation of the elements which make HOME. It is fervently hoped that the efforts will not prove vain that have here been made to add new charms to the most Sacred institution of society. The Self-Teaching Course in Bookkeeping has already been widely demanded. To all classes, but especially to business men, will this be invaluable. It embraces, by an easy method, all forms of double and single entry as used in partnership, jobbing, importing, stocks, and, indeed, in all forms of business. A long experience in actual business life and in teaching has suggested and enforced the im- portance of such a self-teaching course. The chapters on Success in Business and Commercial and Legal Forms will be of incal- culable benefit in all departments of business life. Here will be found on the one hand, spe- cific suggestions—the result of the author's ex- perience—on habits of business, manners, expenditures, resources, etc.; on the other, approved forms of notes, checks, drafts, bills of exchange, orders, due bills, bills of pur- chase and interest tables; also, Business Law on agreements, agents, accounts, affidavits, partners, brokers' assignments, carriers, cor- porations of all kinds, leases, mortgages, powers of attorney, and very many other subjects. The abstracts of the laws of the States on Collection of Debts, Attachments, Arrests in Civil Actions, Executions, Damages, Exemp- tions from Forced Sale, Contracts, Deeds, Liens, Rights of Married Women, etc., and the vocabulary of mercantile terms, with ab- breviations and characters used in business, contain thousands of facts and, in many in- stances, will furnish such information as will save a great deal of time and often expense. It is sincerely believed that no other book *= g--- -a-—9 PREFACE. vii. offered to the public contains so extended and exact a treatment of business relations and transactions as the present one. In recognition of the prevailing influence exerted by the Agricultural classes in our coun- try, the division of the work specially adapted to them has been accorded much, space and many details. The points made can not fail to interest and benefit the Agriculturist. The Home, Cellar, Barn, Ice-House, Out-Build- ings, Accounts with the different Departments of the Farm, Leases, Payments, Insurance, Landlord and Tenant, Rents, Repairs, Deeds, Mortgages, Liens, Laws of different States on Exemption of Home and Personal Property, the Game Laws of the States, Rules, Tables on Capacities of Bins, Cisterns, Cribs, Seed required to the Acre, and thousands of facts of profit are here presented. The mechanic will find invaluable hints and helps in the chapters on Liens, Deeds, Mort- gages, Bonds, Leases, Contracts, Board, Rent, Tables for Mechanics and Tables of Wages. The digest of Parliamentary Law has been prepared more to show how business, ques- tions, etc., should be treated, than to tell what business will arise, as many such digests seem to aim at. The object has been to give direc- tions how to find a way out of perplexities, rather than to state that they will exist. The Table.of Parliamentary Procedure, showing at one glance nearly three hundred decisions ac- cording to established usages, will be appreci- ated by all who have occasion to act as chair- man or presiding officer. The Forms of Petitions, Remonstrances, Res- olutions, Calls of Meetings, and the directions on the Conduct of Public Meetings, can not fail to be of general interest and profit among a “sovereign people.” The absence of method and precision in the proceedings of assemblies, as well as in their calls; in the re- ports of committees and the petitions to the governing powers, is sometimes a painful *=– *E= and another prepared. comment on the vaunted intelligence of our country. • It is impossible in a few words to give an adequate idea of the scope of the Tabular Work. In addition to those already noted under particular heads, the tables on the Cen- sus of 1880, are a complete tabulated Finan- cial, Political, Military, and Naval History of the United States, a history of the several States and Territories, their State and Munici- pal Debts, Areas, Governments, Schools, Col- leges, Churches, Railroads, etc., etc., so full of facts that they can be appreciated only by reference to them. The Illustrations have been the subject of constant attention. They have been elegantly engraved by the best artists expressly for this book. No expense has been spared by the publishers in their preparation; if one has not been adapted to its place it has been rejected The Typography, Binding and Material will meet the admiration of all critics of such work. The Headings, Initials, etc., have been pre- pared rather with reference to elegance and their adaptation to their places than to con- siderations of the outlay required for them. All business men will find here valuable aids to success in their vocations; and for all social relations the points in this department will be full, entertaining and instructive, affording directions to health, refinement, and happiness. The book embraces a great many more sub- jects than any similar work heretofore offered, and in all cases presents the latest researches in its various branches. A wide scope of infor- mation, arranged in the most concise manner consistent with ease and absolute clearness, and presented in the highest artistic dress, is here offered to the public with the convic- tion that the aim has been attained to prepare such a work that the judgment of the careful critic will be that none who desire the best will be without it. * %&@% £% :*AAAAAA% VA-XX*~~~~~~~<> ###2 TIIE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. Natural and Artificial Language, Elementary Sounds, Syllables, Spell- ing, Simple Rules, Words and Derivations, Prefixes, Suffixes, Improved Spelling, Capital Letters, Punctuation, English Gram- mar, Common Errors Corrected, Slang Expressions, Paragraphs, Figures of Rhetoric, Orthography and Syntax, Sentence Build- ing........ • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 27 CoMPosLTIoN, ELocuTION AND ORAToRY. Giving Practical Suggestions as to Style, Breathing, Qualities of Voice, Articulation, Key, Variation, Force, Rate, Delivery, Gesture and the Passions, Subjects for Essays, for Compositions, for Confer- ence, for Disputations, Discussions, Deliberative and Political, for Poems and Orations..................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 WRITING, PENMANSIIIP AND PEN FLOURIsIIING. Containing a History of Writing, Analysis of Small and Capital Let- ters, with Rules and Directions for Plain Business Penmanship, Off-Hand Flourishing, Teaching Penmanship, How to Organize and Conduct Writing Schools, Elegantly illustrated with twelve full-page Lithographic Plates, and numerous Woodcuts....... 57 STANDARD PHONOGRAPIIY. Giving its History, Business Uses of the Art, A Glance at the Art Giv- ing the best System and a Self-Teaching Course............... 93 BOOKKEEPING. A Self-Teaching Course, Easy Methods, including the most approved forms of Double and Single Entry, as used in Stock and Partner- ship, in Jobbing, Importing and other Business................ 103 DICTIONARIES. Nearly 20,000 Synonymous Words or Parallel Expressions, with cross references to words of contrary meaning, Dictionary of Pronunci- ation. Dictionary of Words of Similar Pronunciation, Spelled Differently, Dictionary of Abbreviations, Dictionary of Flowers, and their Language, Foreign Phrases, Words and Quotations, Post Office Rules, Biographical Dictionary, Political Dictionary..... 143 LETTER WRITING. Comprising Analysis of the Position, Arrangement, and various parts of Letters, including Heading, Conclusion, Signature, Usc and Abuse of Titles, Style and Expression, Paper and Envelopes. 386 LETTERS OF CORRESPONDENCE. Including Mercantile Letters, Letters of Credit, Letters of Applica- tion, Letters of Condolence, Advisory Letters, Letters of Favor, Letters of Recommendation, Domestic Letters, Letters of Love and Courtship, Notes Accompanying Gifts, etc................... .. 398 * * - *-* * * * * = * * * * * * - * • r. * * * * - - - - SQQZY-'A's' SocIAL CoRRESPONDENCE AND FORMS. Giving Forms of Wedding Cards and Invitations, Party, Ball, and other Invitations, Acceptances and Regrets, Wedding Anniversa- ries, Visiting Cards, etc. . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 434 SUCCESS IN IBUSINESS. Giving Rules of Business, the Right Vocation, Location, Integrity, Diligence, Good Judgment, Economy, Self-Help, Good Manners, Spirit of Work, Business Traits, Qualities and Habits......... 451 COMMERCIAL ForMs. History of Banking and Bank Clearance Houses, Forms of Notes, Checks, Drafts, Simple and Compound Interest Tables, Interest and Usury Laws of each State, and Statute of Limitations, Banking and Equation Tables, a Complete Glossary of Legal and Commer- cial Terms, Bills of Exchange, Due Bills, Orders, Receipts.... 455 LAws AND ForMs of BUSINESS. Business Law in General, The Law and Forms of Agreements and Contracts, Breach of Contract, Agency, Attorneys, Apprentices, Ar- bitration, Assignments, Attachments and Execution, Bounty, Bills of Sale, Bonds, Complaints, Demurrers, Composition with Credi- tors, Corporations, Chattel Mortgages, Common Carrier, Decds, Abstract of the Laws of the several States Governing Deeds, Guaranty, Fire, Marine and Life Insurance, Liabilities of Minors, Marriage, Dower, Married Women, with Abstract of State Laws, Mortgages, Law of Titles, Landlord and Tenant, Partnership, Trade Marks, The Right of Suffrage, Aliens, Right of Way, High- ways, Tender, Collection Laws, License Laws, Commercial Travel- ers, The Insolvent Laws of cach State, and Jurisdiction of Justice of the Peace, Exemptions from Forced Sale, and Collection of Débts, a Complete Abstract of the Laws of each State and of Canada, also a Complete Synopsis of the Game Laws of each State, Gov- crning the Protection of Game................................. 479 PARLIAMENTARY ETIquETTE RULES. A Compendium of Parliamentary Law, based upon the Rules and Practice of Congress. Organization and Conduct of Business for Assemblies, Forms of Constitutions and Resolutions, Petitions, ctc., with a Table of Rules relating to Motions, etc., giving answers at sight to nearly three hundred questions in Parliamcntary Practice.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559 TABLEs of REFERENCE. Contains Thousands of Facts, giving a Tabular, Political, Financial, Military and Naval History of the United States, History of each State, its Debt, Legislative Government, Number of Miles of Rail- road in 1882, Population, 18So; Distances, Sizes, Dates, Measures and Weight, Value of Foreign Coins, Complete Directory of the Turf, The Whole Civilized World at a Glance, Exports and Imports of various Countries, the whole forming a Standard Compendium of Reference... ................................................ 583 G-e- ~-5 – *le—a- X. CONTENTS. THE GovERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES. Wife, the Home and Family, the Mother, and the Education of - Gi ! • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * The President and Vice-President, State Department, the Treasury, 11 :S 745 the Army, the Navy, the Interior Department, the Post Office, De- SoCIAL ETIQUETTE. partment of Justice, Agriculture, the Legislative Department, the # * * * o * Governments and History of each of the states and Territories 644 Comprising the Laws of Social Ptiq" Etiquette of Introductions, * Salutations, Morning and Evening Calls, Shopping, Picnics, Visit- MECHANICAL AND Sc1ENTIFIc TABLES AND FACTs. ing, Parties, Balls, Ipinners, Funerals, Carriage and Horseback * * # * Riding, Church, Opera, Theater, Hotels, Weddings, Baptisms, *: : ££ £ Traveling, and Jewelry, Croquet, Archery, and Matinee Parties, , crS, I’lastercrS, and Other I rades, the Art of C ation, Washington Official Etiquette, etc.... Wages, Board, Rent, etc., and Weight of Iron, Brass, Copper, C of Conversation, VV ashington U111c1a quette, etc 752 Steel, Lead, etc., with Illustrations and Laws of the several States How To TRAVEL IN EUROPE. Governing Mechanics, and Builders' and other Liens........... 689 Passports, Baggage, Fecs, Hotels, Custom House Regulations, Credits, AGRICULTURE AND MINING. the Cable Code, Custom House Duties, Signals, the Principal Baths and Watering Places on the Continent................... 815 Agriculture, the Main-spring of all Industry, Hints on the Selection of a Farm, a Convenient House, Ventilation, Water Supply, Cisterns, ENGLIS11 AND AMERICAN LITERATURE. Cellar and Store Room, Barn and Out-Buildings, Rules for Farm- * * s * * * ing, Tables Giving Capacity of Bins, Corn Cribs, Cisterns, Quan- containing Choice Proverbs and Literary selections, proverbial Ex. tities of Seeds Required to the Acre, Dictionary of Agriculture, pressions commonly used traced to their origin. A Magazine of and thousands of facts of value to the Farmer, Mines, Mining and Quotations from the Poets of the Old and New World........ 822 Minerals, with numerous Illustrations......................... 697 FAMILIAR POEMs. TIIE IIoME AND FAMILY LIFE. Comprising a Choice Selection of familiar Poems, old and new, that Health, Happiness, Human Love, Courtship, Marriage, IIusband and have become imperishable household gems..................... 851 R:E RNA: #&# #2,\# * 'C N %. # S 2A **** Q ź *, *. | SY \\\ 2 NX-A' j'L' $ @N s # (#!' * ..…" •le-SIGGY, \")", * * * **** 3:W× # ©& ########## | £ -1- --> INDEX. X1. PAGE. Abbreviations Used in Writing...................... ............. 185 Abbreviations Used in Bookkeeping.... . . . . ...................... 104 Abstract of State Laws (See the Several States)................... Accent, Marks of.............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............... 34 Acceptance and Regret, Notes of.................................. 446 Accounts, the Science of.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... iod Personal ........ ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ ro7 Advisory Letters........... . . . . . . . . . . . 414 To a Young Man who has Quarreled with his Master....... 414 From a Father to a Son on his Negligence in his Affairs.... 414 The Son's Grateful Answer.................................. 415 To a Young Man about going into Business................. 415 Urging a Son to Relinquish a Profession.................... 415 - A Favorable Answer........................................ 415 An Elderly Gentleman to a Young Lady.................... 414 Affidavit, Form of................................................. 491 Agency and Attorney.............................................. 486 – Form of Power of Attorney-Fuller Form.................. 487 General Custom-House Power.............................. 4S7 Power to Receive a Debt—Power to Sell and Deliver Goods... 488 Power Given by Seller to Buyer........ ... ................. 4SS Power to Sell Shares of Stock............................... 488 Power to Subscribe for Stock................................ 488 Proxy or Power to Vote................. ................... 488 Proxy Revoking all other Proxies........................... 4SS Revocation of Power..................... ... ............... 489 Agreement and Contracts, the Law of.............................. 4So * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * - Damages for Breach of..... * * * * * * * * * is © in E * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 481 Form of an Agreement................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 482 – A General Agreement as Used in the Western States........ 482 - Agreement to Sell Shares of Stock........................... 4S2 Full and Minute Building Contract..................... .... 4S2 -- A Brief Building Contract............ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 484 - Contract for Warranty Deed.............. * * * * * * * * * * * * is a " + & 485 - Between a Trader and a Bookkeeper........................ 485. - For the Sale of a Horse..................................... 4S6 Agriculture, Its Importance......................... ............... 697 - Selecting a Site for a Home................................. 699 - A Convenient House, with Illustrations..................... 699 -- Ventilation and the Best Materials........................... 7oo - The Necessity of Good Water Supply....................... 700 - Cisterns, a Good Plan for, with Illustrations................ 700 -- Cellar, Store-Room and Ice Houses... ..................... 701 -- Barns and other Out-Buildings, with Illustration............ 701 – The Implements, Capital, Stock-Soil, Crops, Market, etc.... 702 - How to Make the Farm Pay......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 702 Domestic Animals, Their Diseases and Cure................ 703 - Tables of Reference for Farmers............................ 714 — Government Land Measure—Contents of Fields and Lots... 714 - Space and Quantities of Secd Required to the Acre (3)....... 714 - The Number of Rails, Riders, Posts and Stakes, Required in Fencing................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 714 - Rule for Finding Number of Acres in a Body of Land...... 714 | PAGE. Agriculture, Number of Loads of Manure and Number of Heaps in cach Load Required to an Acre................................ 714 Contents of Corn Cribs Containing Corn in the Ear......... 716 Wages Table, Giving Time in Hours and Days.............. 716 Capacities of Grain Bins.................................... 716 Comparative Yield of Various Vegetables... .............. 716 Butter and Cheese Exhibit—Rules for Measuring Hay...... 716 — The Quantity of Land Plowed per Day by Different Teams... 716 Nutritive Equivalents of Various Foods.................... 715 - The Weight of Grain, Seeds, etc, per Bushel........ ....... 715 Capacity of Circular and Square Cisterns.................... 715 ---Table to Compute the Weight of Live Cattle......... ... --- 715 Good Hay Compared with other Substances as Food for Stock 715 — Amount of Hay, or its Equivalent, Required by Various Animals.......................... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 715 Digestibility of Foods.—How to Foretell the Weather....... 717 Loss of Light by Use of Window Shades... ..... .......... 717 Force of the Wind-Effects of Heat on Various Bodies..... 717 Weight of Various Breeds of Poultry....................... 717 - Life Period and Fecundity of Birds.......................... 717 Relative Nutritive Qualities of Food........................ 717 Agricultural Terms, Dictionary of ........... ........ ........... 718 Alabama, Interest and Usury Laws of............................. 467 Law of Chattel Mortgages............ ... ........ . . . . . . . . . . 497 Deeds.... • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ** 502 — Rights of Married Women.... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 513 - Wills............ • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 530 Insolvency and Assignment................................. 542 Exemptions from Attachment................................ 544 Builders' and Mechanics' Liens............................. 690 For the Protection of Game.... ............................ 554 - A Tabulated History of the State........................... 59: Government and History.................................... 659 Collection Laws............................................. 538 License Laws............................................... 536 Commercial Travelers............................ ........... 535 Alien and Suffrage Laws of the United States........ ... ......... 526 Form of Declaration of Intention............................ 527 — Affidavit of Minor-To Prove Intention................. ... 527 Proof of Residence.-Oath of Allegiance................... 527 Alphabet, the English............................................. 27 The Spelling Reform Alphabet.............................. 32 American Exports, Progress of.................................... Gos Analysis of the Small Letters in Groups........................... 77 Of the Capital Letters....................................... 79 Anniversaries, Wedding................ .......................... 440 Annuity, Value of an.............................................. 5” Apology, Letters of........................................ . . . . . . 413 For a Broken Engagement—For a Business Engagement.... 413 Excuse for a Pupil-Excusing Delay in Payment of Rent... 413 Excuse Putting off an Invitation on Account of a Recent Bereavement................................................... 413 Application, Letters of-For a Clerkship.......................... 407 =[..." INDEX. e. * * ** -- * * * * - * * * * - * * * * * * * * * - * *- : * * * • * - * - * . PAGE. Application, Letters of—For Position as Bookkeeper.............. 407 - A Position as a Commercial Traveler............ ... ....... 40S — “ “ Coachman-Cook-Gardener................... 403 Man and Wife for Farm and Housework.................. 408 Position as Office Boy–Salesman and Collector............. 403 Inquiry as to Character and Answers...... ... ... ......... 409 - Application for a Character-Position as Teacher........... 409 *-ū-w * : To a Firm Seeking a Clerk.......... .......... 409 An Increase of Salary (2).................................. 403 Apprentices, the Law of.................................... ...... 489 Indenture of Apprenticeship-Consent of Minor............ 489 Consent of Father and Mother—Consent of Guardian....... 489 -- Gomplaint to a Magistrate–Discharge of an Apprentice.... 490 Arbitration, Law of................ ............................... 490 Form of Submission to...................................... 490 Arbitrator's Oath.......................... ................ 490 Arbitrators, Award of............................................. 490 Archery Parties, Etiquette of...................................... 795 Architecture, with Plans and Designs............ ................ 723 Arizona, Interest and Usury Laws................................. 467 Insolvency and Assignment................................. 542 - A Tabulated History of the Territory ...................... 591 Collection Laws............................................ 538 - License Laws............................................... 53% Commercial Traveler ...................................... 535 Chattel Mortgages—Deeds-Wills.......................... 549 - Rights of Married Women-Mechanics' Liens .... 549 Mining Laws.. ........... ... ............. 740 Government and History................................... 687 Arkansas, Interest and Usury Laws............................... 467 Law of Chattel Mortgages.................................. 497 532 513 530 - w-s * in * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Decds............ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * t is is - Rights of Married Women.................................. - Wills....................................................... Insolvency and Assignment............................ ... 542 Exemptions from Attachment.... 544 Builders' and Mechanics' Liens............................. 690 For the Protection of Game........................ ... ... 554 - A Tabulated History of the State................ .......... 591 Government and History................................... Góo Collection Laws............................................ 533 License 1-aws............................................ .. 536 Commercial Travelers...................................... 535 Art of Punctuation................................................ 33 Conversation............ ................................... 757 Assault, Limitation of Action...... 467 Assembly Rooms in the Old and New World...................... 610 Assignments, Law of............. ............... ................. 491 Of a Promissory Note, or any Similar Promise.............. 491 Ceneral Form with Power of Attorney...................... 491 - Of Wages with Power of Attorney......................... 491 Laws of the Several States...... .......................... 542 Attachment and Execution........ ..... .......................... 492 Attorney, Powers of (See Agency and Attorney)............ ..... Balls and Large Parties, Etiquette of......... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Suggestions for Invitations................................. The Duties of Hostess and Guests.......................... The Music, Supper, Ball Room.............................. - The Etiquette of the Ball Room............................ -- French Terms Used in Dancing............................ 792 Banking, The Science of........................................... Bank Clearance House, History of.... ... ........................ General Business and Commercial Forms................... Negotiable Paper.... ........ ............................ Inland Bills of Exchange.................................. -- Foreign Bills of Exchange................................. Indorsements-Promissory Notes........................... Checks, Forms of-Defenses, Negotiable Paper............ 459 Receipts-Due Bills-Orders, Credits....................... 457 Baptisms, the Etiquette at......................................... 810 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * + * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * r * * g is is . * * * * * * 459 456 --> * | - * * PAGE. Baths and Watering Places in Europe.... ........................ Szo Battles, Military, of the U.S......... ... .......................... 584 Naval, of the U. S......................................... 539 Bills Payable.... ................................................ 107 Bills Receivable..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......... 107 Bills of Exchange, Inland and Foreign............... ............ 456 Bill of Sale, the Law of........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .............. 492 Of Personal Property. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ 492 - With Warranties........................................... 493 Short Form.... ........... . Biographical Dictionary.... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................. 206 Bonds, the Law and Forms of................................. . 493 General Form of Bond...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............... 493 Condition to Convey Land.................................. 493 Bond with Suretics............ ............................ 493 Condition of Indemnity on Paying a Lost Note............. 493 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 403 Bookkeeping, the Science of........... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 103 Abbreviations Used in ........... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to: The Use of Capital Letters.. ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 105 -- Bills and Business Documents.............................. - Science of Accounts........................................ - The Accounts Used in Double Entry...................... -- The Difference Between Single and Double Entry.......... Transactions in Each........... .... . . . . . . . . . . . ........... - How to Prove Entries...................................... Rules for Detecting Errors on Trial Balance.'.............. Books as Evidence in Court.......................... . . . . . Bounty, the Law of. ............................................. Boxes, the Capacity of............................................. Breach of Etiquette when Calling................................. 761 Breakfast, Etiquette of............ ............................. 7So Breathing, the Art of, Used in Oratory.............. ............. 45 Bricks Required to Construct any Building........................ 694 -- Required in Constructing a Wall........................... 694 Builders, Abstract of State Laws Governing, etc................... 690 Builders, Facts for Reference..................................... 69. 105 IO6 Ioô IOS 109 I42 142 142 492 636 Builders' and Mechanics' Liens.................................... 689 Bulk, Proportions of Weight to.................................... 694 Abstract of State Laws.................................... 690 - Abstract of Territorial Laws............................... 549 Certificate for Work or Labor.............................. 690 - A Release and Discharge of a Mechanics' Lien. .......... 690 Builders' and Mechanics' Ready Reckoning Tables......... 694 - Thickness of Boiler Iron.................................... 692 - Amount of Pressure Allowed by U. S. Laws............... 692 Materials and Labor to Lath and Plaster.................... 692 -- Daily Savings at Compound Interest........................ 692 -- Permanent Loads on Bridges.................. ... ........... 692 Computation of Salary and Wages for any Given Time.... 692 Lumber Measurement at Sight.............................. 693 Logs Reduced to Inch Board Measure...................... 693 Table of Wages, Rent, Board, etc........ ................. 693 -- Table for Computing Price of any Commodity Sold by the Ton............................................................ 69t --The Number of Bricks Required to Construct any Building... 694 - The Number of Bricks Required to a Wall.............. ... 694 Proportion of Weight to Bulk.............................. 694 Business and Commercial Forms.................................. 455 Business Law in General.... ..................................... 479 -- The General Rules of....................................... 451 - Legal Forms Used in Business.............................. 479 - Agreements and Contracts......................... ........ 4So - Agency and Attorney...................................... 486 -- Apprentices............................................... . 489 - Arbitration................................................. 490 -- Assignments.. ... • • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 491 -- Attachment and Execution................................. 492 - Bills of Sale-Bounty.............. ................... .... 492 Bonds............ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 493 Chattel Mortgages........ ........ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 497 --> INDEX. X PAGE. Business Law in General, Common Carriers....................... 499 Complaints............... • - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - * * * * * * * * * * * * 494 --- Composition with Creditors-Corporations.................. 495 *-** Deeds.................................. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 501 Demurrers................ • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 495 Dower... a s s a r s a • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 5 IO Insurance.......... .... .................................. 506 Liabilities of Minors-Marriage ........................ .. 509 -- Rights of Married Women.................................. 512 Mortgages............................................... .. 515 Landlord and Tenant....................................... 518 - Abstract of Titles........................................... 517 - Partnership........................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521 Patents.................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523 - Trade Marks............................................... 524 Copyrights ................................................. 525 - Wills ...................................................... 529 Insolvent and Assignment Laws............................ 542 - Exemption Laws............ ........................... 544 Territorial Laws Governing Business....................... 549 - Right of Way-Highways...................................527 Tender ..................................................... 528 Coroner..................................................... 534 License Laws-Cominercial Traveler ....................... 535 - Collection Laws ... ........................................ 538 Business Letters, Suggestions when Writing Them... ............ 398 —- Principal Characteristics of.......... ... . . . . . . . ............. 393 Containing Money.... ...................... 393 Exclusion of Friendship and Privacy from................. 399 — When Ordering Goods-Arrangement of Correspondence... 399 Indexing the Contents of-Change of Firm................ 400 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Guaranty...... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 505 * i i i * PAGE. California, Law Governing Chattel Mortgages................ . . . . 497 Deeds..................................................... .. 5* -- Rights of Married Women....................... . . . . . . . . . . . 513 - Wills.................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539 Insolvency and Assignment................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542 Exemption from Attachment................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544 Builders' and Mechanics' Liens ............................ 690 For the Protection of Game................................. 554 - A Tabulated History of the State........................... 591 Government and History.................................... Góo Collection Laws............................................ 538 - License Laws............................................... 536 Commercial Traveler........................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535 Capacity of Boxes................................................. 636 Capital, Debts, etc., of Nations.................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 611 Capital Letters, How Formed.......................... . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Explained and Analyzed........................ . . . . . . . . . ... 79 Rules for Use of........................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Cards, Described and When Used ................................. 448 Of Ceremony........................... ....... ........... 443 For Visiting, with models (8)............ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450 For Invitation, with models (5)............................. 448 For Reception, with models (3)............................. 443 For Betrothal, with model....... ........... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449 IFor Presentation, with model.... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449 For Professional and Official Business........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450 For Business.... • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 450 Cards, Use of when Calling.................... ................... 76*. Cards, Etiquette of Games with................... . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * 765 Carve, How to.... • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 786 For Wooden Wedding, with model......................... 448. For Memorial, with model.. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 449 * Cathedrals, Pyramids, Monuments, etc............... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6io Cattle, Horned and Neat............................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 795 Cereal and Farm Products of the U. S.................... . . . . . . . . . 597. Ceremony and Compliment, Notes of....... .............. . . . . . . . . 434. - Application for Fire Insurance Agency..................... 402 - An Official Letter.......................................... 404 Commission Merchant Soliciting Consignments............ 403 — Dismissing a Teacher-Death of a Partner.................. 4oo - Embarrassment of a Firm (2)................................ 401 - A Farmer Applying for Hands ............................ 4oz Inquiry for Lost Baggage and Answer.............. ....... 402 – Inquiry into Responsibility-Answer to the Same........... 404 Noticing Error in Invoice-An Answer to the Same........ 404 -- Notice of Draft......... * * * * Printed Blank to Accompany Invoice... - Opening Announcement for Circular Letter................ 403 — A Merchant to the President of a College................... 403 – A Tenant to a Landlord Requiring Time to Pay Rent....... 402 Answer to Same.................. • * * * * * * * * * - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 402 Request for Price List-Reply, Inclosing Same ............ 4or - Letter Ordering Goods...................................... 4oz Form of an Order to Clothiers.............................. 403 – A Letter Offering Business Correspondence................ 403 Requesting Settlement of an Account....................... 404 – Apologizing for the Delay in the Payment of an Account... 404 Recommending a Successor in Business..................... 402 Sending Subscriptions for a Paper: ......................... 402 — Shipment of Apples to a Commission House... ............. 404 Reporting Sales of Same.................................... 404 Form of Account Sales-Answer to the Same............... 404 — Soliciting Foreign Correspondence ......................... 4oo - Merchant's Reply.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403 – With Order to a Publisher.................................. 4o: —- Form of an Order to a Grocer............................... 4ot —— Form of an Order to a Dry-Goods Merchant................ 401 Business Life, Success in............ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45" Business Maxims and Rules........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45} Cable Code............ . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 818 Calls, Morning and Evening, Etiquette of......................... 760 New Year's, Etiquette of.................................... 767 Calling, The Use of Cards when .................................. 762 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 4OI * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 402 California, Interest and Usury Laws........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467 - +-IG-- D . - * Change of Firm, Notice of............................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4°. Chattel Mortgages, The Law of............................ . . . . . . . 497. Full Abstract of the Laws of each State................ . . . 497. Mortgage of Personal Property........................ . . . . . 497 Mortgage with Power to Sell.................... . . . . . . . . . . . 497. Checks, Bank, Form of............................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459. Children, Etiquette with.............................. ............ 813 Choice Poetical Selections................... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 851 * Circular for Writing School........ ................ ........... 89 Circular, Letter, Form of................................ . . . . . . . . . . 493 Coal Production of the United States.............................. 62 Collection Laws of the States and Territories...................... 538 Colleges and Universities in the United States...................... Go? Colorado—Interest and Usury Laws . 467 Laws Governing Chattel Mortgages........................ 497 Decds... .... ... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592 - Rights of Married Women................................. 513. *=ma". Wills * * * * * * * is a * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 530 Insolvency and Assignment................................. 542 Builders’ and Mechanics' Liens............................. 690 For the Protection of Game................................ • 554. -- A Tabulated History of the State........................ . . 59t Government and History. .................................. c6, Collection Laws............................................ 53° - License Laws.... ....... .................................. 53° Commercial Travelers............ Mining Laws.......... * * * * > * • -- . . . . . . . . . . . t s > * 535 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 740 * Commanders of the Army, The Chief............ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 584 Commerce of the World........ ................................... 592. Commerce with Foreign Countries, Exports and Imports.......... 592 Commercial and Business Forms................................... 455 Commercial and Legal Terms, A Glossary of...................... 468 Commercial Travelers, License Laws of........................... 535 Exemptions from Attachment .............................. 544. --epr: . | | | xiv. INDEX. PAGE. | PAGE. Commission Merchant Soliciting Consignments.................... 403 Compendium of Reference, Longest Rivers and Highest Mountains Common Carriers, The Law of.................................... 499 -- The Responsibility of , ...... • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499 Express Company's Contract......... • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500 Railroad Company's Contract............................... 5or -- Steamboat Company's Contract....... ................ .... 501 Compendium of Reference................... * * * * * * * * * * * * ......... 582 -- A Tabulated Financial History of the U. S................. The Public Debt from Washington to Date................. -- The Expenditures for all Purposes from 1789 to 18So........ - The Receipts from all Sources from 1789 to 1SSo ........... 582 The Gross Exports and Imports from 1789 to 18So........... 5S2 - A Tabulated Political History of the U. S. ... ............. 583 Giving Name and Party of cach Presidential Candidate..... 583 The Blectoral and Popular Vote for Each ......... ...... 583 The Names of States in which a Vacancy Occurred......... 583 - The Name and Party of each Vice-Presidential Candidate. 583 -- The Elcctoral and Popular Vote for Each.... .............. -- A Tabulated Military IIistory of the U. S................... Battles of the War of the Revolution........................ Commanders, Number Engaged, and Loss on both Sides.... Battles of the War of 1812, Number Engaged and Losses... Battles of the Mexican War, with Losses, etc................ Battles of the Civil War, Number Engaged, etc............. Commanders of the Army from Washington to Sheridan.... Length and Cost of American Wars................... * * * * * * Indian Wars and Massacres.... ........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - The Federal Army During the Civil War.................... - Prisoners Received at Andersonville, Ga..................... Number of Troops Called into the Service from the Northern States during the Civil War.... .......... * * * * Itemized Statement of the Cost of the Civil War. . . . . * * * * * * * - Losses of the Government for every Administration from 1789 to ISSo................................ W. Expenditure in the District of Columbia from 1790 to 1876.... — A Tabulated Naval History of the United States.......... * * - The Navy of the Revolution and Engagements............. Naval Battles of the War of 1812........................... Naval Engagements of the Mexican War................... Naval Engagements of the Civil War....................... — British and American Vessels Destroyed in 1812........ * * * * —- Federal Vessels Captured and Destroyed by the Confederate Cruisers........ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Vessels Captured and Destroyed from Violating the Block- l ade................ ... * ~ * * * . 589 History of the several States and Territories, showing Popu- | lation 18So-1870; When Admitted to the Union; Public Debt, Jan. 1, 18So-Arca; Where, When, and by Whom First Settled; | Electoral Votes; Salaries, and Terms of Office of Governor and Members of the Senate and Assembly; Number of Senators and Representatives Comprising State Legislatures; Limit of | Session and Miles of R. R/in each State. . . .................. Table showing Pyramids, Cathedrals, Minsters, Monuments, and Arches of all Ages, giving Name, Place, Country, Height, | 582 582 5S2 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * " * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 591 Purpose, When Built, and by Whom........ . ................. 610 Table Giving Rate of Mortality; Weight and Stature of Man and Woman; Capacity of Boxes, etc...................... 636 The Principal Countries of the World, showing their Popu lation; Area in English Square Miles; Standing Army on a | Peace Footing; Number of Vessels in the Navy; Miles of Railroad in Operation; The National Debt of Each; Capital; Prevailing Religion and Government; Commerce of the U.S., with Each; The Commerce of the World, 1S76................. 592 *— Distances and Standard of Time of the Principal Cities o the World................ .......... * * * * * * * * . . . . .............. 63% The Principal Cities of the World and their Population. 593 | Population of the scveral States, 18So........ ........... 618-590 The Legislatures of the World................ ... .. 596 The Principal Cities of the United States, with Population of 1870 and 1SSo......... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 593 --> of the World................................................... 633 The Presidents and their Cabinets from the Foundation of the Government................ * * * * * * * * * r * * • - - - - - - - - - - - - -- . . . . 594 Principal Cereal Farm Products of the U. S................. 597 Leading Exports and Imports of the U. S., for 1882......... 597 The Great Productions; Cotton Manufactures; Silk Pro- duction and Area and Value of Farms in the U.S............. 59S Manufactures and Occupation of the People; and the To- bacco Production of the U. S.......... ...................... 599 American IRailroads......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ........ 6oo - Public Lands and Where they Lie....................... 601-619 - Shipping of the U. S. ....................................... 601 Population of Great Britain and Ireland, from 1801 to 1881... 601 Quick Passages of Ocean Steamers.......................... 601 Failures in the U.S., 1878 to 1883................... . ........ Go2 National Wealth of the U. S...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Go? Public Schools, Colleges and Press. . 604 - Illiteracy in the U. S............. - Vital Statistics of Foreign Cities........................ ... Harvest Dates of the World........ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * - Rates of Wages in Europe and the U. S.................... Nativities of Foreign Born Population..................... Table Giving Monetary Value of Foreign Coins ... ....... Progress of American Exports; Internal Revenue Receipts; Amount of Specie; Gold and Silver Production................ 608 Debts, Revenues, Expenditures and Commerce of Nations; Paper Money in the United States; Pay Table of the Leading Civil Officers of the United States.............................. 609 Debts, Capital and Earnings of Nations.......... ........ 611 Municipal Debts of States and Cities........................ 612 - State, County and Municipal Debts.......................... 613 The Money of the World.................................... 614 Food Supply of the World.................................. 615. The Occupations of-the United States....................... 616 Manufactures of the World................................. 617 Production of Pig Iron in the World........................ 620 Coal Production of the United States................. ... ... 621 Cotton and Tobacco Production of the U. S............... . 622 - Religious Creeds of the World.............................. 624 Religious Denominations in the U. S............. ... . . . . . . . . 625 Standard Railroad Time...... • ‘. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 626 The Telegraphs of the World. ... .......................... 627 The Railroads of the World................................. 628 The Railroads of the United States.......................... 629 The World's Rulers.......... ‘. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 630 Complaints, The Law and Forms of............. On Account Stated—Answer to Same... In Criminal Action............ .. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 494 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 494 • * * * * * * * - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 494 Compliment and Ceremony, Notes of........ is s > * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 434 Composition and Declamation..... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 39 Subjects for Essays........... • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * - - - - - - 49 Subjects for Conference............ ........................ 51 -- Subjects for Colloquies............... • - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 52 Subjects for Forensic Disputations........... .............. 53 Subjects for Poems and Dissertations. ..... • - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 55 Concerts and Theatricals, Private ................................. 794 Condolence, Letters of........ ........ . . ......................... 416 Jefferson to Adams on the Death of Mrs. Adams............ 416 On the Loss of Property by Fire............................ 416 On Business Embarrassment....................... ........ 416 To a Friend on the Death of a Wife......................... 416 To a Friend on the Death of a Husband.... . . ............ 417 From a Young Lady to her Mother who is Ill............. . 417 To a Friend on a Sudden Reverse of Fortune. ....... " " " - * * 417 To a Friend on the Death of his Sister...................... 417 ---To a Mother on the Death of a Babe....... • * * * . . . . 417 To a Sister on the Death of a Child................... * * * * * * * 417 Lafayette to Jefferson Announcing the Death of. Madame Lafayette....................................................... 417 is * * * * * * * * =E- INDEX. PAGE. Conduct Public Meetings, How to. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * 559 Conducting Business, Rules of... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 454 Confederate Cruisers, Vessels Captured by them................... 589 Confederate Vessels Captured and Destroyed.............. ........ 589 Conference, Subjects for.............. Congratulatory Letters... ......................................... 421 A Formal Letter of Congratulation - A Father to his Son, on the Marriage of the Latter.......... 421 - A Friend upon Obtaining a Business Situation.............. 422 - A Friend upon Restoration to Health............. .......... 422 On the Marriage of a Friend................ ............... 422 - A Gentleman Elected to Congress........................... 422 - A Friend upon his Marriage................................ 422 - A Friend upon the Birth of a Son............ .............. 421 Reply to Letter of Congratulation.... ...................... 422 Anniversary of a Silver Wedding...... .................... 422 Jefferson to Washington.... . . . . . . . . . . . . ..................... 421 Sir Walter Scott to Robert Southey....... .................. 422 Congressional Apportionment.... . . . . . . . . . . . ...................... 596 Connecticut Interest and Usury Laws.............................. 467 Laws Governing Chattel Mortgages......................... 497 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 51 Deeds............ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 502 - Rights of Married Women.................................. 513 - Wills. ........... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............... 530 Insolvency and Assignment............................. ... 542 Exemptions from Attachment............................... 544 Builders' and Mechanics' Liens............................. 69? For the Protection of Game ................................ 554 - A Tabulated History of the State............................ 591 Government and History......................... ........... 662 Collection Laws............................................. 538 License Laws............................................... 536 - Commercial Travelers....................................... 535 Contracts. (See Agreements and Contracts)....................... 4So Conversation, Errors to be Avoided in..... ........... ............ 758 Conversation, The Art of........................................... 757 Conversaziones, Etiquette of....................................... 793 Coptic Writing Used in Christian Greek Literature................ 57 Copyrights, The Law of–Act of Congress, June 18, 1874.......... 525 — Agreement between Author and Publisher.................. 525 Form of an Assignment of Copyright...................... 525 Coroner, Law and Forms of the................................... 534 Verdict of Jury-Certificate of Death ....................... 534 Subpoena-Summons of Jury................................ 534 Corporations, The Law and Forms of................... ......... 495 Articles of Incorporation................................... 496 - Acknowledgement of Same.................................. 496 Petition in Insolvency....................................... 496 Cost of the Civil War, Statement of John Sherman................ 583 Cotton, Wool, and Flax Consumption in the World............. .. 623 -- Manufactures of the U. S................................... 598 Production of the U. S...................................... 625 Countries of the World, The History of the Principal............. 592 Country Partics, the Etiquette of.................................. 795 Courtship and Marriage............................................ 746 Credit, Letters of................................................... 406 Various Forms of (6)........................................ 406 Creditors, Composition with....................................... 495 Croquet Parties, Etiquette of....................................... 795 Custom House Duties of the U. S.................................. 819 Dakota Territory, Interest and Usury Laws........................ 467 Laws Governing Chattel Mortgages........................ 549 — Dceds—Rights of Married Women-Wills.................. 550 - Insolvency and Assignment..................... ........... 542 Exemptions from Attachment............................... 544 Builders' and Mechanics' Liens............................. 550 For the Protection of Game.............................. .. 554 - A Tabulated History of the Territory....................... 591 Government and History.................................... 687 Collection Laws............................................ 538 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 422 *- XV. PAGE. Dakota, License Laws............................................. 536 Commercial Travelers............................. . . . . . . . . .. 535 Debts, Revenues, etc., of Nations............................. 609-6" -- State, County and Municipal................................. 613 Of Principal Cities of the U. S.............................. 612 Declamation and Composition...................................... 39 Deeds, The Laws Governing....................................... 5ot Abstract of the Laws of the Various States................. 502 Quit Claim Dced.-Warranty Deed.......................... 504 Delaware, Interest and Usury Laws............................... 467 -- Laws Governing Chattel Mortgages........................ 497 Decds.... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 502 -- Rights of Married Women..................... ----..... ... 513 - Wills.............................................. ------.... 530 Insolvency and Assignment................................. 542 Exemptions from Attachment............................... 544 Builders' and Mcchanics' Liens............................. 690 For the Protection of Game................... ............. 557 - A Tabulated. History of the State............................ 59t Government and History.................... . . . . . . . . ........ 663 Collection Laws............................... ............. 538 - License Laws............................................ ... 536 Commercial Travelers........................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537 Delivery, Used in Oratory........................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 45 Demotic Writing, when Used...................................... 57 Demurrers, Form of................................................ 495 Dictionary of Abbreviations....................................... 135 Dictionary of Biography......................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 Dictionary of Foreign Phrases, Words and Quotations............ 193 Dictionary of the Language of Flowers........................... 19S Dictionary of Mining Terms....................................... 743 Dictionary of Agricultural Terms.................................. 718 Dictionary of Political Terms...................................... 377 Dictionary of Poetical Quotations.................................. 833 Dictionary of Synonyms............................................ 143 Dictionary of Turf Expressions ................................... 639 Dictionary of Pronunciation....................................... 163 Dictionary of Words of Similar Pronunciation, etc................ 173 Dinner Parties, Etiquette of................. ...................... 775 The Invitations.—The Dress.—Punctuality and Hour for.... 775 -- Reception of Guests. Duties of Host and Hostess.......... 776 — Arrangements of Guests at the Table.-Proceeding to....... 776 Table Manners-Arrangement of the Table—“Menu"...... 778 How to Carve....... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 786 Breach of Table Etiquette.................................. 776 Discount, Rules of.... * * * * * * * * is is © . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * IoS-463 District of Columbia, Interest and Usury Laws............... ..... 467 - Laws Governing Chattel Mortgages........................ 497 Deeds................ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 502 - Rights of Married Women.................................. 513 Insolvency and Assignment................................. 542 Exemption from Attachment................................ 545 Builders' and Mechanics' Liens............................. 690 -- For the Protection of Game...... • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557 - A Tabulated History of the District......................... 591 Collection I-aws............................................. 539 -- License Laws.......................... .................... 536 Commercial Travelers....................... ............... 535 Distances from Washington, Air Linc.... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 634 From New York, by Water. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 634 From London, England, by Water................... ... ... 634 Domestic Animals-Their Discases and Cure....................... 703 Domestic Bills of Exchange........................................ 455 Domestic Letters of Friendship and Relationship.................. 423 J. Q. Adams to his Father................................... 423 - A Husband Absent on Business, to his Wife ............... 426 An Absent Wife to her IIusband........................... 424 - A Mother to a Daughter Consenting to an Engagement..... 424 From a Young Lady to her Mother, Absent from Home.... 424 - From a Mother to her Daughter at School, and Answer..... 424 D --> xvi. YPAGE. Domestic. Letters—From a Lady in the Country to a Friend in the City.......................................: ................... 425 From a Young Lady at School to her Mother, and Answer... 425 From a Little Girl Wanting to Come Home and Answer.... 425 - Announcing the Vacation............. . . . . . . 425 From a Daughter Acknowledging a Present................ 425 To a Daughter on her Birthday....... ........... ... . . . . . . . . 426 -- To a Lady on Hearing of her Marriage...................... 426 |Pomestic Pets.................................... •. . . . . . . . . . . . . 713 Power, the Law and Forms of..................................... 510 Form of Assignment........................................ 510 Form of Release... ........................................ 510 - Husband and Wife.......................................... 5io * * * * * * * * is 4 × 4 is a = * Dress.... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * B = r * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ~ * 756 Morning Dress—for the Street. • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * •4 s 756 Evening Dress-Ball Dress-Harmony of Colors............ 756 Priving, the Etiquette of........................................... 773 Parnings and Capital of Nations................................... 611 Educational Statistics of the U. S................ ................. 604 Elocution and Oratory............ • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Style in Oratory—The Breathing-Whispering.............. 45 - Articulation-Tone-Delivery............................... 46 - Key-Modulation-Variations............................... 46 Suggestions to Students..................................... 48 Subjects for Reading and Oratory........................... 49 England, Kings and Queens of......................... ....... ... 630 English Grammar, Rules of....................................... 35 English Language, How Expressed................................ 27 -- Alphabet, How Written.................................... 28 Envelopes, How to Address....................................... 395 ---- Mourning, Width of Mourning Border...................... 391 Errors of Grammar Corrected...................................... 35 -- Too Many Words—Too Few Words........................ 35 - Improper Use of Words..................................... 35 Errors of Common Grammar Corrected, Improper Arrangement of Words........................ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 36 Essays, Subjects for................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Etiquette, Social and Family............................ . . . . . . . . . . . 752 For Baptism.... ........................................... 810 - Breach of Etiquette when Calling........................... 76o — The Ball and I.arge Party........ . -- With Children.............................................. 812 -- In Church-Church and Fancy Fairs.............. ......... 793 Croquet and Archery Parties........ ....... ............... 795 - Of Cards when Calling............ .....................448-762 - Of Conversation..... ................. ..................... 757 — Of the Conversaziones-Of Evening Parties................ 793 — Of Dinner, Breakfast, and Luncheon Parties... ............ 775 - At Funerals.... ............................................ SoS - of Games with Cards....................................... 765 - At Parlor Lectures.......................................... 796 - Of Introduction................................. ........... 763 Jewelry for Gentlemen........ ............................. 768 - Of Morning and Evening Calls.......................... .. 760 -- Of Matince Parties.......................................... 759 - Miscellaneous Laws........................................ 813 New Year's Calls........................................ ... 767 - Official, at Washington..................................... Srt – At the Opera and Theater-In Public Places......... ..... 797 — Of Picnics and Country Parties............................. 795 - Private Concerts and Theatricals ........................... 794 — Of Riding and Driving..................................... 773 - Of Salutation............................................... 764 – When Shopping-At the Studio and Picture Gallery........ 7 - On the Street......................................... . . . . . . 7 - Of the Tea Party.................... -- When Traveling............................................ Soó - When Visiting.............................................. Soo - At Weddings............................................... 802 Maxims of Washington..................................... 814 .......................... 799 =l. INDEX. . PAGE. Europe. How to Travel in.......................................... 815 - Passports.................................................... 815 Baggage, Fees and Hotels............ .................... 816 Custom House Regulations................................. 818 Moneys and Credits-Cable Code ........ ................... 818 Custom House Duties....................................... 819 Baths and Watering Places................................. Szo Evening Calls, Hints in Making................................... 760 Parties, the Etiquette of......................... ........... 793 Fxecution and Attachment......................................... 492 Exemption Laws of the Several States and Canada................. 544 Abstract of State Laws. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................. 544 Exchange, Inland and Foreign Bills of............................ 455 Fxpense Account...... .................. . . . . . . ................ ... 108 Exports, Progress of American..... ... ............................ GoS Failures in the United States 1878-1883..........................602-603 Family and Social Life............................................ 745 Happiness a Reality in Life............ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 745 Good Health and Happiness........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......... 745 The Necessity of Society............ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 745 The Necessity and Sweetness of Home...................... 746 The Degrees and Qualities of Human Love.................. 746 — Marriage, Happiness and Woe may Come of it............. 747 Husband and Wife, their Mutual Relations ............... 747 - The Family................ The Mother, The Angel Spirit of Home..................... 749 Family Virtues—The Education of Girls.................... 750 Farm Products of the U. S......................................... 597 Farms, Area and Value of, in the U. S............................ 593 Favor, Letters of........ ........................................ . 418 Requesting the Loan of a Book and Answers .............. 418 Requesting the Loan of Money and Answers................ 418 Figures Used when Writing....................................... 77 Figures of Rhetoric .............................................. 37 Figures of Orthography............................................ 33 Figures of Syntax.................................................. 33 Finger Movement in Writing...................................... 66 Financial History of the U. S........... .......................... 582 Financial Exhibit of the World.................................... 592 Financial Exhibit of each State.................................... 59t Fire Insurance.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 507 Who May Insure, Short Time Rates........................ 508 Notice of Loss by Fire...... Fixtures, the Law of............................................... 519 Florida, Interest and Usury Laws.................................. 467 Laws Governing Chattel Mortgages........... .......... 497 - Deeds....................................................... 502 - Rights of Married Women.................................. 513 .* Wiils.. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * a * * * * * * * * r * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * s e 748 ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50S s a s is a s a " a s " a t < * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 530 Insolvency and Assignment.............. ................. 542 Exemptions from Attachment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545 - Builders' and Mechanics' Liens........................:..... 690 For the Protection of Game................................. 557 -- A Tabulated IIistory of the State........................... 591 Government and History.................................... 663 -- Collection Laws............................................ 539 License Laws............................................... 536 Commercial Travelers....................................... 535 Flowers, The Language and Sentiment of......................... 19S Food Supply of the World...................... Force, The, Uscd in Oratory.......................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Foreign Words, Phrases and Quotations, The Dictionary of....... 193 Foreign Coins, Their U. S. Value......... Forcign Exchange................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......... 455 Foreign Moneys and their English Equivalents................... Go? French Dynasties and Sovereigns.................................. 631 Funerals, the Etiquette of...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... SoS Game Laws of the Various States............................. ... 55; Games with Cards, Etiquette of.................................... 765 Georgia, Interest and Usury Laws.... . . . . . ........................ 467 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 794 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 615 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 607 ~—SR. 4– --9 INDEX. xvii. Georgia, Laws Governing Chattel Mortgages.................. ... 497 - Deeds............ . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592 —- Rights of Married Women.............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513 -- Wills............... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 530 Insolvency and Assignment............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542 Exemptions from Attachment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545 Builders' and Mechanics' Liens.. .......................... 690 For the Protection of Game................................ 557 -— A Tabulated History of the State............ . . . . . . . . . . . .. 591 Government and History.................................... 66: Collection Laws.. ........... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539 - License Laws. ............... . Commercial Travelers...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535 Germany and Her Rulers.......................................... 632 Gifts, Notes Accompanying.... . . . . . . . . . --- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419 Girls, The Education of..... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 750 Glossary of Legal and Commercial Terms......................... 463 Gold and Silver Coinage in the United States....................... 635 Gold and Silver Production in U.S..... ........................... Goš Government of the United States.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ........ 614 President and Vice-President............................... 645 Department of State.... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 536 * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 646 {{ of Justice....................................... 654 ** of Agriculture........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655 Public Printer........................ ............... ...... 656 Congressional Library...................................... 656 Legislative Department........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............... 657 Governments of the States and Territories......................... 659 Grammar, Rules of English..... - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 35 Great Britain and Ireland, Population of........................... Gor Guaranty, the Law of..................... ......................... 505 To be Indorsed on a Note-Of a Note on Separate Paper... 505 Another Form of Guaranty......... Requiring no Notice of Acceptance.......... ............. 506 Assent of the Guarantee for an Extension of Time......... 506 To Cover only One Transaction-A General Form of....... 506 Harvest Dates of the World......?................................ 605 Health and Happiness.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • - - - . . . . . . . . . . . . . 745 Highest Mountains of the World... .............................. 633 Highways, The Law of....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 527 Application for New Road..................... ............ 528 — Order to Lay Out Same..................................... 523 Application to Alter a Road................................ 52S Hieroglyphic Writing, Its Early Invention......................... 57 History of the U.S.-Financial.................................... 5S2 —- Political........ Military............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 584 iss- * { of the Treasury................................. 648 * $ & of War ........................................ 649 *-f 4 & of the Navy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 650 m* d 6 of the Interior.................................. 652 * * @ of the Post Office............................... 653 ... • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 583 Naval.......... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 589 of Each State.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 591 Of the World............................................... 592 Holidays, Legal, in the United States.............................. 635 Homestead Laws of the United States.............................. 548 IIomesteads Exempt from Attachment. . . . . . . . . . . . ................. 544 IIomestead, How to Select a........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 699 Human Love, the Secret of True Happiness.... .................. 746 Husband and Wife, The.... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * • . . . . . . .51 I-747 Ice, Strength of............ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635 Idaho, Interest and Usury Laws........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467 Insolvency and Assignment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $42 Exemptions from Attachments......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 545 — For the Protection of Game.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 557 — A Tabulated History of the Territory..................... .. 59: Collection Laws. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539 License Laws ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 536 Commercial Travelers........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , 535 + PAGE. Idaho, Chattel Mortgages-Deeds.................................. 550 —- Rights of Married Women..................... ....... . . . . . 550 -- Wills-Mechanics' Lions.......................... . . . . ...... 551 -- Government and History.................. ................ 687 Illinois, Interest and Usury Laws.................................. 467 Laws Governing Chattel Mortgages........................ 497 Deeds... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 502 s iss Rights of Married Women............ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 513 ** Wills........ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 530 -- Insolvency and Assignment...............- ................ 543 Exemptions from Attachment................ -- . . . . . ....... 545 Builders' and Mechanics' Liens............................. 690 For the Protection of Game................................ 557 - A Tabulated History of the State........................... 591 Government and History...........' ....... . . . . . . . . . . . .... 664 Collection Laws... ........................................ 539 I-icense Laws............................................... 536 Commercial Travelers...................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 535 Illiteracy in Various Countries..................................... Goð In the United States........................................ CoS Indiana, Interest and Usury Laws....... .......................... 467 -- Laws Governing Chattel Mortgages.... ................... 497 Deeds.... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 502 *m. Rights of Married Women * e s a s a e o so to it s o a s a s a • * * * * * * * * * * * * 513 Wills..... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * • * * * * $3. Insolvency and Assignment................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543 Exemption from Attachment................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545 Builders' and Mechanics' Liens............................. 691 For the Protection of Game... ............................. 557 - A Tabulated History of the State........................... 590 Government and History............ ...................... 666 Collection Laws............................................ 539 License Laws .............................................. 536 Commercial Travelers....................................... 535 India Inks, How to Prepare........................................ 63 Indorsements, Forms of, on Negotiable Paper..................... 456 Inks, How to Prepare.............................................. 63 Inland Bills of Exchange............................ ... ......... 455 Insolvent Laws of the Various States........................ .... 542 The Repeal of the U. S. Bankrupt Law.................... 512 Discharge in Insolvency-Assignments of Property......... 542 Involuntary Assignments—Attachments, When Issued...... 542 Limit of Jurisdiction of Justices of the Peace......... . . . . . .. 542 Interest and Discount................ ............................ 463 Interest Table, Simple and Compound............................. 465 Equation and Banking...................................... 465 How Money Grows at........ • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464 Interestand Usury Rates of the Different States.................... 467 Internal Revenue Receipts......................................... 60S Insurance, General Laws of.................,.. . . . . . . . . . .. 506 Marine, Who May Insure—What May Be Insured.......... 506 - Fire Insurance-Who May Insure................... ..... 507 Notice of Loss-Short Time Rates.......................... 508 - Life Insurance-Who May Insure........................... 508 Expectation of Life, Assignment of Policy................. 508 Introduction, Etiquette of.......................................... 763 Introduction, Letters of-Short Form of Introduction.............. 411 Common Form in Use-Introducing a Son of a Partner...... 412 Introducing a Firm-(2). ................................... 412 Introducing a Young Man Traveling on Business.......... 412 Introducing a Captain, Asking Preference................... 412 Introducing a Gentleman to a Lady of Fashion............. 412 - A Gentleman Seeking a Clerkship.......................... 412 A Literary Lady to a Publisher. .......................... 412 Invitation, Notes of.......................... .................... 442 Iowa, Interest and Usury Law..................................... 467 Laws Governing Chattel Mortgages........................ 497 * * * * * * * * * Deeds.... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 502 timúmòs Rights of Married Women.... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 513 *-* Wills.. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * e s m • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 530 ~-ep, PAGE. ... 543 545 Iowa, Insolvency and Assignments ............................. Exemptions from Attachment... ......................... Builders’ and Mechanics' Liens................... 690 • For the Protection of Game................................. 557 - A Tabulated History of the State........................... 591 Government and History .. .......... 666 Collection Laws................... . . . . . . . . 539 License Laws............................................... 536 Iron Production of the World..................................... 620 Jefferson, Thomas, Advice to His Daughter....................... 28 Jewelry for Gentlemen............. 768 Judgments, Limitation of........... 467 Ransas, Interestand Usury Laws.................................. 467 Laws Governing Chattel Mortgages.............. . ....... 497 - Deeds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502 Rights of Married Women ................................ 513 Wills ...................................................... 530 Insolvency and Assignment................................. 543 Pxemptions from Attachment............................. . 545 Builders' and Mechanics' Liens.......................... .. 690 - Laws for the Protection of Game............................ 557 Tabulated History of the State ... Government and IIistory.................................... 667 Collection Laws............... ............................. 539 T License Laws............................................... 536 Commercial Travelers....................................... 535 *ey. The Used in Oratory................................... ..... 46 Kentucky, Interest and Usury Laws ............................... 467 Laws Governing Chattel Mortgages........................ 497 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503 - Rights of Married Women........... ...................... 513 -- Wi ... 530 Insolvency and Assignment ................................ 543 -- Exemptions from Attachment............................ . 545 Builders and Mechanics' Liens............................. 690 For the Protection of Game................................. 557 - A Tabulated History of the State....................... 591 -- Government and History.................................... 667 Collection Laws..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539 license Laws................................ ........ .... 536 -- Commercial Travelers...................................... 535 Lakes, The Largest in the World.................................. 633 Landlord and Tenant, The Law of................................. 518 -- Landlord's Rights in Leased Property...................... 518 Tenant's Rights in Leased Property................ ....... 518 -- Fixtures and Vested Rights-Short Form of Lease......... 519 - Lease with Covenants.................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519 Lease for Farm and Buildings Thereon................... . 520 -- Landlord’s Agreement-Tenant’s Agreement............... 520 Notice to Quit-Tenant's Notice of Leaving................ 520 -- Notice to Quit on Non-payment of Rent............ ..... . 520 Notice to Quit or Pay Double Rent.......................... 521 Language, Natural and Artificial.................................. 27 Language of Flowers and their Sentiment......................... 198 Laws of Social Etiquette........................................... 752 Laws and Forms, Business........................................ 479 Leases, Different Forms of........ .......... ... ................ 519 Legal and Commercial Terms, Glossary of......................... 468 Legal Holidays in the United States............................... 635 Legibility, one of the Essentials in Writing........................ 64 Legislatures of the World, The.................................... 596 Letters, Small and Capital (Penmanship) ............... .......... 72 —- Extended Stem-Extended Loop............................ 78 - The Capitals Explained and Analyzed................... .. • 79 The Five Principles Explained.... ........... ............ 71 Letters, Advisory, Their Use............. .............. ......... 414 - Of Apology................ ... ............................. 413 -- Of Application for Situation............................. .. 407 -- Of Business................................................ 398 - Of Credit................................................... 406 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * r * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 591 Deeds.... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * IIs * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * -- i. INDEX, PAGE. Letters, Domestic and Familiar.................................... 423 Of Condolence and Sympathy............................... 416 - Of Congratulation........................................... 421 - Of Favor . . . ................... .......................... 418 Accompanying Gifts........................................ 419 -- Of Introduction..... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * - - - - - - - - - - - - - 41 I - Of Love and Courtship .................................... 429 Of Recommendation........................................ 410 Letter Writing, The Art of—The Style Necessary................. 386 Purity of Expression—A Photograph of Character......... 387 The Various Parts of a Letter.............................. 388 The Position and Arrangement............................. 388 - The Complimentary Address, with Models ................. 38S -- The Body of the Letter............ .................. ..... 389 The Conclusion, with Models—The Signature, with Models. 390 The Materials to Use....................................... 391 Answers, The Importance of Promptness.................. • 391 Suggestions to the Writer-The Use and Abuse of Titles... 392 ---Titles Used in England....... . . . . . .393 -- Titles Used in the United States............................ 394 The Envelope, with Models............ . . . . . . . . . .395 - The Superscription, with Models—The Folding........... 394 Postage Stamps............. • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * . . . . . . . . .397 Letter Writing, Miscellaneous Facts and Suggestions.............. 397 Liabilities of Minors............................................... 509 License Laws of the Several States............... ................ 536 {{ “ of Canada........................................... 537 Liens, Builders' and Mechanics’............................ ...... 689 -- Abstract of State Laws....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 690 Life Insurance-Who may Insure.................................. 508 Table of Expectation of Life........ ....................... 509 -- Assignment of a Policy........................... ......... SoS Life, Success in Business..... • *- : - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . . . . . . . 451 Light and Shade in Writing......................................66-72 Limitations of Action, Table of.............................. .... 467 On Open Accounts-Sealed Instruments.................... 467 On Judgments-On Contracts—for Slander.................. 467 Location, Choice of, in Business................. l, . . 453 Longest Rivers of the World........... ... . . . . .. 633 Losses and Gains Explained................ 108 Louisiana, Interest and Usury Laws . . . . . . . 467 -- Laws Governing Chattel Mbrtgages........................ 497 Deeds..................... • - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . . . . . 503 *=m Rights of Married Women.... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 513 – Wills * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * • ‘. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530 Insolvency and Assignment................... ............. 543 Exemptions from Attachment .... ......................... 545 Builders' and Mechanics' Liens.......... .................. 691 For the Protection of Game... ............................. 557 A Tabulated History of the State........ ....... .......... 591 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * m * * * * * Government and History.................................... 668 Collection Laws............................................ 539 License Laws............................................ ... • 537 Commercial Travelers . .................... ............. 535 Love and Courtship, Letters of.................... .. • . . . . . . . . . . 429 Declaration from a Widower and Answers................. 430 From a Young Lady to her Mother............... ......... 433 - A Mother's Lctter to her Son's Betrothed................... 433 An Ardent Lover to a Lady-A Favorable Reply............ 431 - A Declaration of Love—A Favorable Answer.............. 430 Reply Stating the Lady's Engagement to Another.......... 430 Unfavorable Reply on the Ground of Poverty............... 431 -— A Gentleman to a Lady who has Rejected his Suit.......... 431 An Absent Lover Complaining of a Scarcity of Letters..... 432 — A Lady to a Gentleman Accusing Him of Coldness......... 432 A Gentleman to a Lady Confessing a Change of Sentiment, and Requesting Release from Engagement.................... 432 The Young Lady's Reply.......... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * • . . . . . 432 A Lady to a Gentleman Desiring Release from an Engage- ment.... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 432 =F- INDEX. X1X, PAGE. - PAGE. Love and Courtship, Letter from a Gentleman to the Father of the Maxims of George Washington.................................... 814 Lady he Loves Requesting Permission to Pay his Addresses. .. 431 Maxims and Rules in Business................ . ... • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 454 — A Favorable and Unfavorable Reply to the Same ..... . . . 431 Meats, How to Choose............. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * '....... 7S2 - A Lover's Letter.................. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 431 Mechanics’ and Builders's Liens and Tables................ * * * * * * * 6S9 From a Gentleman, Proposing a Day for the Nuptials...... 432 Abstract of State Laws Governing Liens.................... 690 - A Favorable Answer—Another Answer.................... 432 Tables of Reference. (See Builders' and Mechanics' Liens) 692 Postponing the Wedding Day........ ... - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 432 Meetings, How to Conduct Public........ * * * * * * * * * * * . . . . . . . . . . . . .559 Invitation to Act as Bridesmaid-A Favorable Answer..... 433 Merchants, The Law of......................... .................. 479 Invitation to Act as Groomsman—A Favorable Answer..... 433 Messages, Telegraphic............ * * * * * * * * * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405 Lumber, How to Measure....................... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * . 693 Metric System of Weights and Measures.......................... 641 Luncheon, Etiquette of...... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ... 781 Its History and Extensive Adoption......................... 641 Magazine of Quotations.............. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 833 Description of the Five Principal Units..................... 641 Maine, Interest and Usury Laws...... is is s s is a ". © s is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467 -- Its Multiples and Sub-Multiples.............'• * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 641 Laws Governing Chattel Mortgages..................... ... 493 Name, Abbreviation, and Pronunciation.................... 642 Deeds............................ ... * * * * * * * * * * * * * . . . . . . . . . . . 503 Weights and Measures, The Standard and Metric System.... 642 - Rights of Married Women............... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 513 Long and Miscellaneous Measure................ ......... 642 - Wills ..... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539 -- Table of Equivalents between Standard and Metric System. 642 Insolvency and Assignment .............................. . . .543 Square Measure, Standard and Metric....................... 642 Exemptions from Attachment.......... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 545 -- Cubic or Solid Measure—Liquid or Wine Measure.......... 6.42 Builders’ and Mechanics' Liens............................. 691 Surveyors' Long and Square Measure............ . . . . . ... ... 642 * Laws for the Protection of Game.... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 557 - A Tabulated History of thc State........ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 591 Government and History.................................... 668 Collection Laws.............. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * • . . . . . . . 539 Commercial Travelers.................... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * • 535 Manual of Parliamentary Procedure............................... 562 Manufactures of the World.......... ..................... ... . 617 Of the United States........................................ 599 Marks of Accent................................................... 34 Marks Directing Attention........................................ • 34 Marine Insurance.......?.................................. ... Who may Insure-Insurance on Freight................. ... 506 Marriage, the Law of........ • • - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 509 Form for Person Officiating-Form of Certificate......... m . . . . * * @ is is a t + æ is b s . . . 509 * Power..................................................... * 510 IIusband and Wife........ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 511 Marriage and Courtship............................................ 747 Married Women, The Rights of.................................... 512 Rights under the Common Law............................. 512 Special Statute Laws of Each State.......................... 513 Maryland, Interest and Usury Laws....... * * * * * * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467 Laws Governing Chattel Mortgages........... ............ 498 Decds............ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * a s is s > * * • * * * * - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 503 - Rights of Married Women.................................. 513 - Wills.............. • . . . . . . . . . 539 Insolvency and Assignment...... • * * * * * * * * * * * * * - - - - - - - - - - - - - 543 Exemptions from Attachment............................... 546 Builders' and Mechanics' Liens ... .......... * * * * Laws for the Protection of Game........................... 557 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * - A Tabulated IIistory of thc State.... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 591 Government and History...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 669 Collection Laws.......... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 539 License Laws.... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Commercial Travelers....... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Massachusetts, Interest and Usury Laws................. . . . . . . . . . . . 537 - - - - - - - - - - - 535 * * * * * * * * * * * . 46 Laws Governing Chattel. Mortgages...... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * # -- Deeds.......... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * d is © - - - - * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 503 - Rights of Married Women...................... • * - - - - - - - - - - 5:3 - Wills............................................... ........ 530 Insolvency and Assignment...... • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * . . . . . .543 Exemptions from Attachment.............................. 546 - Builders' and Mechanics' Liens........... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 691 Laws for the Protection of Game...................... .... 557 -- A Tabulated History of the State........................... 591 - Collection Laws............................................. 540 - License Laws........... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * • * * * * * * * - - - - . . . . . . 537 Commercial Travelers................ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * • . . . 535 Government and History.............. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ... 670 Materials and Implements Used in Penmanship........... Matinees, Parties, Etiquette of.......................... . . . . . . . .. 5S - - - - - - - - - - 797 Troy Weights and Comparison................... . . . . ....... 643 -- Apothecaries' Weight and Scale of Comparison ........... 643 Avoirdupois Weight and Scale of Comparison.............. 643 Miscellaneous Weights and Tables of Comparison.......... 643 Reduction of French, English and American Money........ 643 Michigan, Interest and Usury Laws................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467 Laws Governing Chattel Mortgages........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498 -- Deeds.......... * * * • - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 503 - Rights of Married Women,................................. 513 - Wills......... ........................ Insolvency and Assignment...................... . . . . . . . . .. 543 Exemptions from Attachment.............................. , 546 -- Builders' and Mechanics' Liens............................. 69t - Laws for the Protection of Game.......................... .. 557 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 530 — A Tabulated History of the State............... * * * * * * * * * * * . 591 Government and History................................. ... 67' Collection Laws........... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 540 Liccnse Laws......... • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 537 Commercial Travelers.... . . ................. . . . . . . . . . . . . 535 Military History of the United States........ * * * * * * * * * ... .......... 584 Mines, Mining and Minerals....................................... 732 Minnesota, Interest and Usury Laws............................... 467 --Laws Governing Chattel Mortgages................. . . . . . . . . 498 -- Deeds............. ...................................... ... 503 - Rights of Married Women.................................. 514 - Wills..... * * * * * * * * * * * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530 Insolvency and Assignment................... ........... • 543 -- Exemptions from Attachment................ ..5....... 546 -- Builders’ and Mechanics' Liens....... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ... ..... 691 -- Laws for the Protection of Game........................... 557 -- A Tabulated History of the State........................... 591 Government and History............. ... Collection Laws.............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540 License Laws ............... . ........................... 537 -- Commercial Travelers........... * * * * Minors, Liabilities of.................................... ........... 509 Miscellancous Forms............................................ . . . 534 Form of Protest-Notice of Protest.......................... 534 Mississippi, Interest and Usury Laws............................... 467 Laws Governing Chattel Mortgages.................. * * * * * * * 49S Deeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................. . . . . . . . . . . 503 - Rights of Married Women..................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514 Wills................ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * . . . . . . . . . 539 Insolvency and Assignment........... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * • . . 513 Exemptions from Attachment................ * s = * * * * * * * * ... . 546 Builders' and Mechanics' Liens............................. 691 Laws for the Protection of Game. .................... • - - - - - 557 - A Tabulated History of the State.................... . . . . . . . . 591 Government and History...................... * * * * * * * * * * .... 673 Collection Laws....... ................. ................... 540 *"------- += XX. $ PAGE. Mississippi, License Laws......................................... • 537 - Commercial Travelers....................................... 535 Missouri, Interest and Usury Laws................................ 467 s Laws Governing Chattel Mortgages..... ................... 498 -- Deeds-Rights of Married Women—Wills.................. 503 Insolvency and Assignment................................. 543 Exemptions from Attachment........................ r x is r * * . 546 Builders’ and Mechanics' Liens. . . . . . . ..................... 69' Laws for the Protection of Game............ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557 - A Tabulated History of the State................... ...... 591 Government and History................... ................ 673 Collection Laws........................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540 --- License Laws.................... * * * * * * * * ... 537 -- Commercial Travelers....................................... 535 Money of the World............................................... 614 Montana Territory, Interest and Usury Laws...................... 467 Laws Governing Chattel Mortgages...... g is a s sp. s : * * * * * * * ... .. 551 Peeds.................................... .................. 55; - Rights of Married Women.................................. 551 Wills......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551 Insolvency and Assignment...................... .......... 533 Exemptions from Attachment....... ....................... 516 - Builders' and Mechanics' Liens............................. 551 -- A Tabulated History of the Territory........................ 591 - Government and History............... * * * * * r * * * * * * * * * * * * * > * 687 Collection Laws................ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 54o am mis License Laws.................. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 537 Commercial Travelers.................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535 Morning Calls, Etiquette of....................................... 760 Mortality, Rates of, Carlisle Tables......... ....... ............... 636 Mortgages, Laws of, in the United States.......................... 515 Mortgage Deed, with Power of Sale and Release of Dower and IIomestead..................................................... 516 A Promissory Note to be Secured by Mortgage.............. 516 Discharge of Mortgage-Assignment of a Mortgage....... 516 Release on Satisfaction of a Mortgage............... ...... 516 -- Sale by Mortgage under Power of Sale............. ... ..... 516 - Affidavit of Default, etc..................................... 516 Notice of Mortgagee's Sale—Affidavit of Sale.......... .... 516 Short Deed of Mortgage in Use in Indiana.................. 516 Mortgages, Chattel. (Sce Chattel Mortgages)........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497 Mountains, The Highest in the World ............................ 633 Movement, The Muscular and Combined in Writing............... 66 The Finger-The Whole Arm......... . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 66 -- Exercises for Practice......................... National Capital, Official Etiquette of the......................... . S11 Nativitics of the Foreign-Born Population........................ 606 Naturalization, Laws of, in the United States...................... 526 Natural Language, IIow Expressed............................... 27 Saval History of the United States................................ 5So Nebraska, Interest and Usury Laws................... Laws Governing Chattel Mortgages.............. Deeds............... ...................... ... ............. 503 - Rights of Married Women.... ........................... - Wills........ • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520 -- Insolvent and Assignment Laws..... . . . .543 Exemptions from Attachment......................... ...... 546 —- Builders' and Mechanics' Liens............................. 691 Laws for the Protection of Game........................... • 557 — A Tabulated History of the State............................ 591 —- Government and History....... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * .... 674 Collection Laws................................. ........... 540 License Laws...................................... ........ 537 Commercial Travelers...................................... • 535 Necessaries of Life, Prices of..................................... 606 Negotiable Paper, Forms of....................................... 455 Net Gain, The, in Bookkeeping................................... 108 Nevada, Interest and Usury Laws............................... . 467 * @ a 5 s : 503 - Rights of Married Women.................................. 514 s s a t < * * * * * * * * * 72 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Decds........... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *E= -—9 INDEX. PAGE. Nevada, Wills..................................................... 531 Insolvency and Assignments................................. 543 Exemptions from Attachment.... ........... 546 Builders' and Mechanics' Liens...................... ... .... 691 For the Protection of Game ................................ 55; - A Tabulated History of the State........... * * * * * * * * * * * * . . . . . 591 Collection Laws............................................, 540 License Laws. ........ .................................... 537 Commercial Travelers....................... ......... . . . . . . 535 Government and History.................................... 675 New Brunswick, Canada, Interest and Usury Laws................ 467 Laws Governing Chattel Mortgages........................ 499 Peeds........ ........................... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 504 - Rights of Married Women.................. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 515 Ixemptions from Attachment............................... 548 Builders' and Mechanics' Liens...................... * * * * * * * 692 Laws for the Protection of Game...... * * * * * * * * * * * . . . . . . . . . . 553 License Laws........................ ....... * * * * * * * * * . . . . . 535 Commercial Travelers.................................... ... 536 New Hampshire, Interest and Usury Laws........................ 467 Laws Governing Chattel Mortgages........................ 493 Peeds........... ..... .......... ....................... 503 - Rights of Married Women.................................. 514 Insolvency and Assignment. ........................ ...... 543 Bxemptions from Attachment.............................. . 546 Builders’ and Mechanics' Liens........ .. .................. 69; Laws for the Protection of Game........................... 558 A Tabulated IIistory of the State........................... 591 Government and History.................................... 675 Collection Laws............................. ............... 540 Hicense Laws.............................................. . 537 Commercial Travelers................................... . . . 535 New Jersey, Interest and Usury Laws.............................. 467 Laws Governing Chattel Mortgages........... ............. 498 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 503 - Rights of Married Women....................... * * * * * * * * * * • 514 is a si < * * * * * * * * * * * * *mīnī Deeds * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * - Wills................................................ . . . . 531 Insolvency and Assignment................................. 543 Bxcmptions from Attachment............................... 546 —- Builders’ and Mechanics’ I.iens...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 691 Laws for the Protection of Game............................ 55S — A Tabulated History of the State..... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 591 Government and IIistory.................... . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Collection Laws.......................... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * . . . . 540 License Laws............................................... 537 Commercial Travelers.................... - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ... • 535 New Mexico Territory, Interest and Usury Laws.......... ....... 467 - Laws Governing Chattel Mortgages—Deeds................ 551 - Rights of Married Women—Wills......................... . 552 Insolvency and Assignment............. ................... 543 Exemptions from Attachment.................... • - . . . . . . . . . .547 —- Builders’ and Mechanics' Liens.......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552 Laws for the Protection of Game........................... 55S — A Tabulated History of the Territory.......... • . . . . . . . . . . . 591 -- Government and History ................................... 687 Collection Laws............................................ 540 License Laws................. ............... ....... . . . . . 537 Commercial Travelers........... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535 Mining Laws.................................... ......... 740 New Year's Calls, The Etiquette of................................ 7 New York, Interest and Usury Laws.............................. 467 Laws Governing Chattel Mortgages........................ 498 - Decds................ ....................... . . . . . . . . ...... 503 - Rights of Married Women... ................ • . . . . . . . . . . . . 514 - Wills.................................. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * • 531 Insolvency and Assignment............ . . . . ............... 543 Exemptions from Attachment............................. ... 546 Buildcrs’ and Mechanics' Liens.......... ... . . . . . . . . ......... 691 - Laws for the Protection of Gam" ......... .................. 558 ~-sp. INDEX. PAGE. New York, A Tabulated History of the State ........ s is is s. s is is is a * * * * 591 Government and IIistory........... ....... * * * * * * * * * * * ... ... 677 Collection Laws............................................ 540 License Laws s is s a s is a s a s a s = * * * * * * * * * * * * * 537 Commercial Travelers...................................... 535 Northampton, Tables of Mortality....................... * ... .. 635 North Carolina, Interest and Usury Laws ... ..................... . 467 Laws Governing Chattel Mortgages........ ... ........... . 498 - Deeds........ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503 - Rights of Married Women......... . . . . . . . 514 - Wills............ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 531 Insolvency and Assignment....... ... 543 Dxcmptions from Attachment............................... 547 Duilders' and Mechanics' Liens............. a. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * . 691 Laws for the Protection of Game................ * * * * * * * * * * * 558 - A Tabulated IIistory of the State............. ... 591 Government and History.................................... 67S Collection Laws......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540 License Laws........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537 Commercial Travelers...................................... 535 Notes of Acceptance and Regret................................... 446 Acceptance of a Dinner Invitation-Regrets (3)............. 446 Acceptance to a Birthday Fete-Regret to the Same...... ... 447 Acceptance to a Picnic Party (Familiar Style)............... 417 Acceptance to an Evening Party-Regret.................. • 447 Acceptance and Declination, Invitation to a Croquet Party. 447 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Acceptance and Regret, Invitation to a Fancy Ball.......... 447 Prince Leopold to Mayor of Cincinnati...................... 447 Notes Accompanying Gifts......................... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 419 A Birthday Gift—Answer to Same....... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 419 — A Book Sent by the Author—Answer to the Same.......... 419 — A Betrothal Gift of a Ring—Answer to the Same........... 419 — A Bouquct of Flowers to a Lady-Answer to the Same..... 419 — A Gift on the Seventieth Birthday—Answer to the Same. ... 419 - Acknowledging the Dedication of a Book................... 420 - Accompanying a Present...................: ................ 420 A Basket of Fruit to an Invalid............................. 419 Notes of Ceremony and Compliment........ ... ................... 434 Paper and Envelopes used in................................ 437 Models of Envelope-Paper............ . . ........... . . . . . 437 st At Home Cards............. ... .. 433 d 6 Reception Cards-Ceremony, cte................. 439 Notes of Invitation............ * * * * * * * * * . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442 Invitation to Dinner—A Party—A Picnic-A IIop.......... 443 To a Drive-A Children's Party............................ 445 - A Croquet Party.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................ 443 ‘A College Commencement-Junior Class Day............... 445 Superscription ............ . . . . . . . to * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 445 Wedding Anniversaries..................................... 440 Notes, Promissory, Form of....... . . . . . . . . . . 457 ... ... Goi ... ........ 599–616 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * r * * * Ocean Steamers, Quick Passages of.................. Occupations of the People in the United States...... Off-Hand Flourishing...................... ....................... St Matcrials for Flourishing................ ... ................. St The Pen and Holder—The Position of the Hand....... ..... 84 Official Etiquette at the National Capital ....... ................... 811 Ohio, Interest and Usury Laws. ... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ... . 467 Laws Governing Chattel Mortgages....... . ................ 493 * * * * * * * * * -- Deeds........... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * • - - - - - - - - - - 503 —— Rights of Married Women...... - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 514 -- Wills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 531 : Insolvency and Assignments.................. ............. 543 Exemptions from Attachment............................... 547 Builders and Mechanics' l-icns.......... .................. 691 For the Protection of Game............................ . 55S — A Tabulated History of the State.............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591 Government and History............ ................ . . . . . . 679 --- Collection Laws............ . . . . . . . . . . . . .... • - - - - - - - - - - - 540 -- License Laws........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537 Commercial Travelers........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 535 PAGE. Ontario, Canada, Interest and Usury Laws........................ 467 Laws Governing Chattel Mortgages............ . . . . . . . . . . . . 499 -- Deeds........ ... • 504 -- Rights of Married Women.................. * * * * * * * * to a rh & s a * * 515 Exemptions from Attachment............................... 513 -- Builders' and Mechanics' Liens................. ........... 692 For the Protection of Game ................................ 553 -- License Laws.... • . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537 Commercial Travelers....................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 536 Opera, Etiquette at thc.............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 797 * * * * * * is a s > * * * * * * * * * * * a * * * * * * * * * * * * s. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Oratory and Elocution............ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * m = * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 45 •= *= Dircctions for the Student * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 48 Orations, Subjects for............ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54 Oregon, Interest and Usury I-aws.................................. 467 Laws Governing Chattel Mortgages........................ 493 Deeds......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 594 —- Rights of Married Women.................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 514 - Wills.......................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531 Insolvency and Assignment.................. . . . . . . . . . . . .... 513 Exemptions from Attachment................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .547 Builders' and Mechanics' Liens............................. 691 For the Protection of Game........................ ...... ... 553 A Tabulated History of the State. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591 Government and History.................................. ... 679 Collection Laws.......................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54. - License Laws............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537 Commercial Travelers................., ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535 Orthography, Rules of.......................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Orthography, Figures of........................................... 38 Oval and its Curves, The........................................... 66 Paper Money in the United States................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Paper Used in Practicing Penmanship............................. 63 Used in Business Correspondence............ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39t The Different Kinds and Sizes...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391 Mourning Paper, when Used.............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391 Paper, Negotiable, Forms of.......... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * . . . . 455 Defenses which may Defeat Negotiable..................... 459 Paragraphs, The Use of...... .......... 36 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Parallel Expressions or Synonyms....................... . . . . . . . . . . 143 Parliamentary Law, Rules of........................ .............. 563 Organization................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503 — Quorum-Decisions—Duties of Officers..................... 56+ Presentation of Business....................... ............ 564 Action on Motion..... ................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565 Motions; Their Nature and How Made..................... 566 — Amendments-Precedence of Questions..................... 567 - Method of Proceedings....................... On Speaking-The Vote—Reconsideration......... * * * * * * * * 572 Committees—Suspension of Rules........................... 574 IIints to Presiding Officers (Extended Directions)........... 576 Public Meetings, How to Call and Conduct Them.... ..... 559 Resolutions and Petitions............................ ... ... 57 Parliamentary Law, Table of 300 Rulings on Motions...... * * * * * * * * 562 Partnership, The Law of............. is * * * * * * . . . . . . . . . . . . 521 Articles of Co-Partnership.................................. 521 Various Covenants and Clauses which may be Introduced. 522 Notice of the Retirement of a Partner................. . . . . . . 522 Notice of the Death of a Partner...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5* Advertisement Notices.................................. ... 5* Parts of Speech, The.................. ..................... ....... 35 Passions, The, Used in Oratory (15 Illustrations)................... 42 Description of thc Illustrations.... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 56 Passports, How to Obtain................. ......................... *s Patents, 1-aw of.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5°3 United States Patent Fees-Foreign Patent Fees........... 523 Petition for a Patent (2)........................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524 Form of Oath-Form of Caveat ....................... ... 524 Pay Roll of the Civil Officers of the Government.................. 609 Penmanship, Illustrated .................... ................... 53 Off-Hand Flourishing...................................... 84 * * * * * * * * * * * * =- += xxii. Penmanship, Correct Position..................................... 64 - Incorrect Position.... .................... ................. 65 - The Principles of Penmanship.............................. 66 Description of Plates................... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 92 Teaching.................................. Pennsylvania, Interest and Usury Laws........................... Chattel Mortgages...... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * .... 493 Decds......... * * * * * * * * * * * * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 594 — Rights of Married Women.......... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 514 531 543 547 691 558 591 6So <- * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 85 467 – Wills. ... • * * * - - - - - - - - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Insolvency and Assignment................................ * Exemptions from Attachments................ Mechanics' Liens.............. * * * * * * r * * * * * * * * * * Game Laws............... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * — A Tabulated History of the State....... Government and History........................ Collection Laws............................................ 541 License Laws........... ................. ................. 537 Commercial Travelers...................................... 535 Pens, The Best........................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Pen Wipers, IIow to Make......... * * * * * * * * is is a r s 5 s is is as a " is in a s ... .... 63 Periodical Press, Progress of in America.......................... 604 Personal Property Exempt from Attachments............... ..... 544 Petitions and Resolutions.......................................... 578 Instructions to Delegates...... ... . . . . . . . . . . . ................. 578 Phonetic Spelling................................ ................... 31 Phonography .................... - - - - - - - 93 Phrases, Words and Quotations, Foreign.......................... Picnics, the Etiquette of................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 796 Pig Iron, Production of, in the World.............................. 62o Poctical Selections.............. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......... 85: Political History of the United States.............................. Dictionary........ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Population of the Several States............................ 590-591-61S Of the Countries of the World............ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * — Of the Principal Cities of the U. S.......................... — Of the Principal Cities of the World..................... to it is Of Great Britain and Ireland......... ... * * * * * * * * * * r * * * * * * * * * Position, IIow to Sit when Writing............. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ... .. 65 How to Hold the Pen....................................... 65 — The Correct and Incorrect................. ............ ... • 64 In Elocution and Oratory........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Of the Hand in Off-Hand Flourishing...................... 84 Postage and Post Office Rules......... Poultry, How to Care for.... ..................................... 712 Prefixes Applied to English Words................................ 29 Presidents of the United States and Their Cabinets................ Principles—The Five Used in Writing................ Procedure, Manual of Parliamentary............................. Productions of the U. S.................... s is a r * * * * * * * * Promissory Notes ................. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Pronunciation, Dictionary of........... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Words Similar, etc.................. Prose Composition........................ Protection of Game, State Laws for..................... Protest, Form of—Form of Notice of.............. Proverbs, Choice Sclection of........ ............................ 822 Proverbs Traced to their Origin................................... 831 Public Places, The Etiquette of.................................... 797 Etiquette in Church-The Studio–of Shopping ...... • - - - - 7 Etiquette of Places of Amusement........... .............. 790 Public Schools in the U. S......................................... Public Lands, Where They Lie........ ........................... Public Meetings, How to Conduct................................. Punctuation, The Rules of...... • - - - - - - - - 33 Pyramids, Cathedrals, Monuments, etc............................ 610 Qualitics of Voice in Oratory.... ..'..... 46 Quotations, A Dictionary of Foreign............................ ... 193 From thc Poets.... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 851 Magazine of Poetical....................................... 833 * * * * * ~ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * to a s is a s p * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * . . . . . . . 39 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | r INDEX. PAGE. Railroads of the United States.... ................................ 629 Capital, Cost of, etc......................................... Goo Of the World.................................... .......... 62S Rapidity in Writing, How Obtained............................... 65 Rates of Mortality Carlisle Tables................................. 636 Rate Used in Oratory............ .............. * * * * * * * . . . . . . . . . 47 Ready Reckoning Tables............................... . . . . . . . . . . . 694 Real Estate, Sales of, and Law of Titles........................... 517 Real Estate, Transactions in.............. is * * * * * * * * * 107 Recommendation, Letters of....................... • * - - - - - - - - - - - - , 410 General Recommendation . . . . . . . . . 410 — Of a Bookkeeper-Clerk-Cook............. • * * * . . . . . . . . . . . . 410 Gardener-Porter-Salesman ............. • * * * * * * * * * * * * . . . . . 4IO Teacher. . . . . - - - - - - - - 4 IO Reference, Tables of.......... •. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 5S2 Regrets and Acceptance, Notes of...... * * * * * * * * * • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446 Religious Creeds in the World.............. It is a 624 Denominations in the U. S....... 625 Resolutions and Petitions............ 578 Resources and Liabilitics.......................... . . . . . . . . . .... 108 Revenues, Debts, etc., of Nations.... 609 Revenue Receipts, Internal........................................ 608 Rhetoric, Figures Used in......................................... 37 Ithode Island, Interest and Usury Laws........... . 467 Law of Chattel Mortgages............ 498 Decds................ . . . . . . • * * * * * * * * * . . . . . . . . ** . . . . . . . . . . . . . .504 — Rights of Married Women................... ... 514 - Wills........ . . . . . . .................... 531 Insolvency and Assignshent................................. 543 Exemptions from Attachments........ • - - - - - - - - - - - - - . . . . . . . . .547 - Builders’ and Mechanics' Liens............................ 691 For the Protection of Game. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553 — A Tabulated History of the State..................... 591 Collection Laws................................. 541 License Laws...................................... .. . 537 Commercial Travelers... ..................... 535 Government and History.................................... 681 Riding and Driving, Etiquette of.................. ............. • 773 Right of Way to Side Walk and Road....... 527 Rivers, The Longest in the World................................. 633 Rulers of the World.................... 630 Rules for Spelling.............. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 2S Of the Spelling Reform Association............... • . . . . . . . . .32 - The Home Journal-Chicago Tribune....................... 32 For the Use of Capital Letters................ ... .......... 33 For Punctuation............................ * * * * * * • * * * * - - - - - 33 - Of Sentence Building............................... ... ... .. 38 For Conducting Business................... s = * * * * * * * * Russian Dynastics.... .......................... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Salutation, Etiquette of................................ ... ........ 764 Scotland, Sovereigns of............................................ Sentence Building, Rules of ................... ... . . . . . . . . . . ... 33 Sheep, The Best Breeds.... .................................... ... 708 How to Cure Disease in............ ........ ... ............ 703 How to Cross .............. 703 Shipping of the United States........ ............................. 601 Short Hand, or Standard Phonography................ .... • . . . . . - 93 Signals of Steamships.......................... .................. Szo Silk Production of the U. S........................................ 593 Silver and Gold Coinage in the United States............ 635 Silver and Gold Production in the U. S. ................. GOS Slander, The Law of Limitations.................... . . . . . ... ...... 467 Slang Expressions and Profanity.................................. 36 Slope of Letters in Writing........................................ 72 Small Letters, How Formed........................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Social and Family Etiquette....................................... 752 Social and Family Life. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 745 Society, The Necessity of................ ................. . * * * * * * '745 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * South Carolina-Interest and Usury Laws.......................... 467 Laws Governing Chattel Mortgages................ ........ 498 *H INDEX. PAGE. South Carolina, Deeds ..... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 594 Rights of Married Women................... .............. 514 . . . . . . . . . . . 531 Insolvency and Assignment............ • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543 Exemptions from Attachment ............................. 547 Builders' and Mechanics' Liens............................. 691 For the Protection of Game............................ ... .. 55S A Tabulated IIistory of the State......... • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591 - Government and IIistory.................................... ost Collection Laws...................................... • . . . . . 541 - License Laws............ * is a s s m at # * * * * * * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537 Commercial Travelers............................ ... ..... 535 Spacing in Writing.................... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * • . . . . . . . . . . 7 Specie in the United States... .................................... Gos Spelling, Simple Rules for.......... s is is a s is is is is ti i < * * * * * * * * * * ......... 23 Improved or Phonetic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................ 31 Incorrect, a Mark of Vulgarity... .......... * * * * * * * * * . . . . . . . 27 Spoken Language, Its Arrangement...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Standards of Time in the World................................... 63% Standard System of Weights and Measures....................... 641 Standard Railroad Time........................................... 626 States and Territories, IIistory of........... * * * * * * * * * • . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59t State and Territorial Governments................................. 659 Statute of Limitations................ ........... 467 Steamship Signals ....................... ........................ Szo Stock and Partnership Accounts........... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ... ........ ros Strect Etiquette.................. • -- “ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Students in Oratory, IIints to...... * * * * * * * * th is is a m = * * * . .............. 48 Students in Penmanship, Hints to.... ............ ...... ... .... 58 Style in Letter Writing................... * * * * * * * * * * * * * ........... 206 Wills....... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * r * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * In Penmanship. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 5S In Oratory................ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 47 Subjects for Compositions and Essays. ................ • . . . . . . . . . . 49 Success in Business Life..... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * is 4 m × < * * * * * * . . . . . 451 Choice of a Vocation ... .......................... . . . . . . . . . . 451 Qualifications Necessary to Success......................... 452 Choice of Location.................... ..................... 453 Rules for Conducting Business......................... .... 454 Business Maxims... .................. ... • -- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.54 Suffixes, The Signification of........................... • - - - - - - - - - - 39 Suffrage Laws of the United States...... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 526 Who may Vote—Who may Become Naturalized............ 526 Laws of the Several States.................................. 526 Sympathy, Letters of....................................... * * * * * * * 416 Synonyms, Dictionary of.............. * * * * * * * * • - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 143 Syntax, Figures of.............................. ................... 33 Tables of Reference. (See Compendium of Reference)............ 5S2 Tea Party, The Etiquette of........................................ 794 - Telegraph Lines of the World........... ......................... 627 Telegraphic Messages, Brevity in.................................. 405 Tenants, The Rights of......................--- ...... ... ......... 518 Tender, The Law of..................................e........ 528 Tennessee, Interest and Usury Laws.............. ......... ... . . . 467 -- Laws Governing Chattel Mortgages............. ........... 498 - Deeds . . . . . . . . . . . .504 — Rights of Married Women......... • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 514 – Wills ..... • * * * * * - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .. 53t Insolvency and Assignment.................... ............ 543 Exemptions from Attachment .............................. 547 Builders' and Mechanics' Liens.................. . . . . . . . . ... 69. For the Protection of Game............................... 558 — A Tabulated History of the State..... ..................... 591 Government and IIistory.................................... 682 Collection Laws.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................... 541 License Laws....... * * * * * * * * * * * * * • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537 Commercial Travelers........... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 535 Terms, Legal and Commercial, A Glossary of...... ... ........... 468 Territorial Laws Governing Rights of Real and Personal Property 549 Territorial and State Governments................................. 659 Texas, Interest and Usury Laws................................... 467 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * is is a s s is is a s is a is $ 3. it g it is © *|G-- =l- XX111. PAGE. Texas, Laws Governing Chattel Mortgages........................ 493 Deeds...... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 504 - Rights of Married Women................................. 514 Wills..................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531 Insolvency and Assignment................................. 543 Exemptions from Attachment............................... 547 Builders' and Mechanics' Liens............ ................. (9: For the Protection of Game................................. 553 - A Tabulated History of the State...: ....................... 591 Government and History.................................... 683 Collection Laws.............................. License Laws ................. Commercial Travelers ........ ............................. 535 Theological Seminaries in the United States....................... 604 Thermometers--The Three Kinds in Use Compared... ............ 635 Time, Standards of, in the World.................................. 634 Titles, the Law of............... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517 Titles, The Use and Abuse of........................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392 Abbreviations Used in....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... 185-39} Tobacco Production in the United States.............. ........ 599 622 Ton, To Compute Price of any Commodity.................. ..... 694 Trade Marks, the Law of........................ * * is a s > * * * * * * * * * * * • 524 Traveling, Etiquette when......................... . . . . . . .......... Soó Trotting, Fastest Recorded Time.................................. 639 Turf, Fastest Time Made-A Dictionary of Turf Expressions.... 639 Underscoring or Emphasized Words.... - - - - - - - 34 Uniformity in Writing...................... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * • 71 Universities and Colleges in the United States.................... Co4 Usury, Penalties for.................................... . . . . . . . . . . . 469 Utah, Interest and Usury Laws........ ....... ... . . . . . 467 Insolvency and Assignment....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543 Exemptions from Attachment.......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .547 For the Protection of Game........................ . . . . . . . . . 558 — A Tabulated History of the Territory........... . . . . . . . . . . .. 591 Collection Laws ............ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ... 54 I License Laws...... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 537 Commercial Travelers..................... . . . . . . . . is * * * * * * * * * 536 Chattel Mortgages...................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 54 I a * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 537 ... • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * s to is a g a s & E is is is a it is a to a Deeds........ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 552 — Rights of Married Women.................... . . . . . . . . . • . . . . 552 - Wills.................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552 -- Mechanics' Liens...... .................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552 Government and History..................... ... . . . . . . . . ... 687 Value of an Annuity................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512 Variations of the Voice as Used in Oratory........................ 46 Velocity of Various Bodies........................................ 636 Vermont, Interest and Usury Laws................................ 467 Laws Governing Chattel Mortgages........................ 49S Deeds.... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 504 - Rights of Married Women................................. 5'4 - Wills.... ... .......... ................................... .. 531 Insolvency and Assignments................................ 543 Exemptions from Attachments.............................. 547 Builders' and Mechanics' Liens......................... .... 692 -- For the Protection of Game...... ........................... 558 - A Tabulated History of the State................. ......... 591 Collection Laws....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54." License Laws............................... ... .. 537 Commercial Travelers............ ........... ............... 53° Government and History ... ... * * * * * * * * * ................... * Visiting, Etiquette of...................... Virginia, Interest and Usury Laws......................... ....... 467 Laws Governing Chattel Mortgages............ ............ 493 Peeds....................................................... 504 Rights of Married Women.... is is . . . . is is is a * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 514 Wills....................................................... 53" Insolvency and Assignment................................. 543 Exemptions from Attachment............................... 547 Builders' and Mechanics' Liens............................. 692 For the Protection of Game.................................. 55S . . . . . . . . < * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Soo --->|r. xxiv. INDEX. PAGE. PAGE. Virginia, A Tabulated History of the State........................ 591 Wills, The Law of................................................. 529 Government and History.................... * * * * * * * * * * * .... GSt Abstract of State Laws.......... • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530 Collection Laws............................................. 54: Short Form of Will......................................... 531 - License Laws............................................... 537 Fuller Form of Will.... . . ................................ 231 | Commercial Travelers...................... ... .............. 536 Real and Personal Estate................................... 533 Vital Statistics of Foreign Cities.................................. 605 Codicil to a Will........................... ........... . . . . . 533 | Vocation, Choice of a............................................. 45: Form in which the Testator Devises all his Property to Voice, the Qualities of, used in Oratory........................... 46 Trustecs for Certain Purposes—Executor's Bond ... .......... 533 Wages, Paid in Europe and the United States .................... 606 || Wisconsin, Interest and Usury Laws. ... ......................... 467 | Washington Territory, Interest and Usury Laws. ................ 467 Laws Governing Chattel Mortgages......................... 498 Insolvency and Assignment............................... ... 543 Deeds........................... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * . 504 Dxemptions from Attachment. ............................. 547 | Rights of Married Women.............................. ... .. 515 For the Protection of Game........ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * .... 553 -Wills................ . . . . . . . . . ... ..... - A Tabulated History of the Territory....................... 591 Collection Laws............................................. 541 • | - Chattel Mortgages.......................................... 552 Builders' and Mechanics' Liens ........................... 692 Peeds............................................ .......... 552 For the Protection of Game. .......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 55S - Rights of Married Women......................... . . . ..... 553 — A Tabulated IIistory of the State........................... 591 - Wills...................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553 Government and IIistory........... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... GS6 Mechanics’ Piens........................................... 553 Collection Laws..................... - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . . . . . . . . .541 Government and History.................................... 687 License Laws...... • - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . . . . . . 537 | Washington's Maxims, George .......................... ........ S14 Commercial Travelers..................................... ... 536 | Washington, Official Etiquette at.................................. 811 Woman's Chances of Marriage.................................... 636 Watering Places in Europe.................................... ... Szo Women, the Rights of Married.................................... 512 Wealth, National, of the United States............... * * * * * * * * . ... 603 Woods, Their Weight and Relative Values.. ..................... 636 Wedding Anniversaries.............................. ..... . . . . 440 Words and Derivations............................................ 29 Names Given for cach Anniversary. ..... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * • 440 Words, Proper Arrangement of.................................... 35 Models used in Invitations (5)............................... 440 World’s Rulers, The ....... : . . . . . . . . ... ........................ 630 Weddings, Etiquette of... ........... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ... ..... So2 | Written Language-IIow Formed.............................. • .. 27 -- The Engagement........................................... Soa Writing, The Ancient System of................................... 57 The Mutual Relations of Each........................... ... So? | Writing, Letter, Its Importance............................... .... 386 The Season for Weddings................................... So:3 A Photograph of Character........ Wedding Presents.................. ‘..... .... * * So; Writing, The History of................ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 531 Insolvency and Assignment............................. •. .. 543 Exemptions from Attachment............................... 548 ‘........................ 387 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 57 The Bridesmaids and Groomsmen—The Ceremony.......... Sot Writing Schools, How to Organize and Conduct................... SS The Breakfast—The Tour—The Reception.................. Sos Schools, Programme for-Circular for........ ... ... S9 Weight, Proportions of, to Bulk..... ... .......................... 69; The Writing Class—The School Room—Proper Advertising. S9 Weight and Stature of Man and Woman..................... .... 636 Collecting Tuitions-An Editorial Notice................... S9 Weights and Measures, Mctric and Standard Systems......... . ... 641 The Form of Poster............................. • • • - - - - - - - - - 90 West Virginia, Interest and Usury Laws.......................... 467 Wyoming, Intercst and Usury Laws .............................. 467 Laws Governing Chattel Mortgages............ . . . ........ 49S Insolvency and Assignment.................. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 543 Deeds...... ... ................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5°t Bxemptions from Attachment............................... 54S — Rights of Married Women............ ..................... 5's For the Protection of Game......... ....................... 558 Wills.... . . ............... ........................ 531 ! - A Tabulated IIistory of the Territory.......................,591 Insolvency and Assignment................................. 543 Collection Laws ... ........ .. Exemptions from Attachment............................... 547 License Laws........ . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ... .. 537 Builders' and Mechanics' Liens............................. 692 Commercial Travelers....................................... 536 For the Protection of Game................... ............ 55S Chattel Mortgages.......................................... 553 - A Tabulated History of the State........................... 591 Deeds...... " * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 553 Government and IIistory.............................. ... ... 685 - Rights of Married Women.................................. 553 Collection Laws...................................... . . . . . . . 541 — Wills..... License Laws............................................... 537 Commercial Travelers....................................... 536 20-f * * ---e. ! * s ? 24. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 541 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 553 Mechanics' Liens............................................ 553 Government and History.................................... 638 9—- -—” INDEX TO AUTHORS AND POETICAL SELECTIONS. XXV. Index to Authors and Poetical Selections. * PAGE. ADDISON, JOSEPHI, (b. 1672; d. 1719)... S33 £. e Campaign. On Italy. ALEXANDER, C. F. (b. 1823)........... 866 The Burial of Moses. ALDRICH, THOMAS BAILEY (b. 1836). 909 * Baby Bell. ANONYMOUS. The Old Fair Story................ 867 If We Knew.... . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 906 Midsummer's Dream..... ......... S65 Somebody’s Darling... . . . . ........ S6S Swell’s Soliloquy.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90+ Kissing’s No Sin........... * * * * * * * * 91S GO Feel What I II:lve Felt * 905 Curfew Must Not IRing To-night... S9, A Burden Loosed. . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * S75 BAILEY, PHILIPJAMES................ $34 Festus. BEAUMONT & FLETCHER..... * * * * * * * 835 The Maid's Tragedy. Noble Kinsmen. - The False One. Triumph of Honor. BEAUMONT, FRANCIS (b. 1586; d. 1616).S35 To Ben Jonson. BERKELEY, BISIIOP (b. 1684; d. 1753). 835 America, BLAIR, ROBERT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... S35 The Grave. BROWN, TOM ...................... .... S33 Dr. Fell. - BRYAN: '#' CULLEN (b. 1794; • I * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * The #. Ficid. Autumn Woods. 833 Thanatopsis..... is E. e s is 4 - * * * * * * * * $33, 851 The Death of the Flowers......S33, 852 BUCKINGHAM, DUKE OF............ 835 Essay. BUNGAY, GEO. W...... * * * * * * * * is a The Creeds of the Bells. BUTLER, SAMUEL (b. 16oo; d. 16So).... 833 IIudibras. BURLEIGH, WILLIAM IIENRY...... S81 Summer Woods. BURNS, ROBERT (b. 1759; d. 1796)...... S33 IIonest t'overty. A Fond Kiss. The Cotter's Saturday Night. Man was Made to Mourn. Bannockburn. Tam O’ Shanter. Epistle to a Friend. j'. Anderson, My Jo.............. 913 BYRON, GEORGE GORDON, LORD, (b. PAGE. CAMPBELL, THOMAS (b. 1777; d. 1844). 835 Pleasures of Hope. Lochiel's Warning. Ye Mariners of England. J3attle of the Baltic. Hallowed Ground. CANNING, GEORGE (b. 1770; d. 1827).. S35 The Needy Knife Grinder. The Rover, New Morality. CARLETON, WILL M..... ... ........ 835 Betsey and I are Out............... S7S How Betsey and I Made Up........ S79 CIIAUCER, GEOFFREY (b. 132S, d. 1400) S92 The Canterbury Pilgrims. is COLERIDGE, HARTLEY....... * * * * * * * * 883 November. COLERIDGE, SAMUEL TAYLOR (b. 1772; d. 1834)..... ... ............. 835 Ancient Mariner, Christabel. Wallenstein. Day Dream. CONGREVE, WILLIAM (b. 1670; d. 1729) 836 e Mourning Bride. The Old Bachelor. COOK. ELIZA (b. 1817).................. . QI - '#######: ... 9.7 COOPER, JAMES F. (b. 1789; d. 1851).... S64 My Brigantine. CORNWALL, BARRY (b. 1787; d. 1874). 905 The Poet's Song to His {{#. 4 so COWLEY, ABRAIIAM (b. 1618; d. 1667). S36 Friendship. Davidsis. COWPER, WILLIAM (b. 7731; d. 1Soo).. S35 The T:1S Tirocinium. Progress of Error. Andrew Sclkirk. Needless Alarm. The Rustic Bridge................. S77 CRASHAVV, RICHARD (b. 1613; d. 1650). 836 The Miracle in Cana. Wishes. CRAW FORD, JULIA (Mrs.).............. S94 VVc Parted in Silence. DANA, RICHARD IIENRY (b. 1787; d. ''': • * * * : *.*.*.*.*, * * * * * . . . . . . 914 The Husband and Wife's Grave. DEROE, DANIEL.... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 836 The Free Born Englishman. DEKK' #QMAs (b. 1570; d. 1641)... 836 { :l V, Patient Grissell. DENHAM, SIR JOHN ................ ... S36 Cooper's Hill. DICKENS, CHARLES, (b. 1812; d. 1870). 87o The Ivy Green. - DOWLING, BARTHOLOMEW......... 876 IIonest Man's Fortune. GARRICK, DAVID. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * 837 - Prologue. GAY, JOHN (b. 1688; d. 1732)....... ...... 836 FINCHI, F. M.... . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * S95 The Blue and the Gray. FLETCHER, JOHN '' 1576; d. 1625)..... 836 Beggar's Opera. GOLDSMITH, OLIVER (b. 1728; d. 1774). S37 The Travellcr. Deserted Village. Home.... 913 GRAY, THOMAS (b. 1716; d. 1771)..... ... 836 # £, - rogress of l’oesy. £ Pocm. Elegy in a Country Church-yard.836,918 HALLECK, FITZ GREENE (b. 1790; d. S IS 7 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Marco Bozzaris. On Burns. Joseph Rodman Drake............. 871 HARRING's SIR JOHN (b. 1534; d. 83S I 2 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Epigrams. IIARTE, F. BRET (b. 1839)............... 893 The Heathen Chince.............. S93 ... 893 .... S7o S9; 869 im. ... • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * IIAY, JOHN (b. 1840)................. Little Brecches. Jim Bludso........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IIAYNE, PAUL HAMILTON .......... By the Autumn Sea. HEMANS, FELICIA (Mrs.) (b. 1794; d. 1835). . . . . . . . • * :: * * : * * * * * * # The £anding of the Pilgrim Fathers SS HERBERT, GEORGE (b. 1591; d. 1674... 837 irtue. Maln. The Sizc. Jacula Prudentum. IIERRICK, ROBERT (b. 1591; d. 1674)... 838 Sorrows Succeed. Love Mle Long. Seek and Find. IIEYWOOD, THOMAS (d. about 1640)... 838 The ificrarchie. HILL, AARON .... ... ... . . . . . . . ........ S37 Written on a Window. - HOLLAND, JOSIAHI G. (b. 1819; d. 1SSI) 871. The Cradle Song. HOLMES, OLIVERVENDELL (b. 1S19) 837 IIcight of the Ridiculous. Urania. To an Inscct. The Last Leaf...................... 975 B' # # ...... ....... 833 Fontenoy. Contentment. . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * 907 Childe ifaroid. * DRYDEN, JOHN (b. 1631; d. 1700)....... 836 | HOOD, THOMAS (b. 1798; d. 1845)....... 837 The Giaour........ . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 834 Absalom and Achitophel. Miss Kilmansegg. The Corsair." w Cymon and Iphigenia. Ladv's Dream. Lara. Metamorphoses. I}ridge of Sighs. Death of Sheridan. All for Love, The Nameless Dead.......... • • . . . . 904 The Dream. Conquest of Granada. HUNT, JAMES IIENRY LEIGII (b. 1784; ''' EMERSON, RALPH WALDO (b. 1803; d. 1850)........................... $33 Maid of Athens * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 863 • I 2 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 3 Abou išn Adhem * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 863 Roll On, Thou Deep and Dark Blue Thc Problem. Story of Rimini. Ocean........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9" The Snow Storm................... 906 Fairics' Song.... . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * ... 917 3-e- --> xxvi. INDEX To AUTHORS AND POETICAL SELECTIONS. PAGE. JOIINSON, SAMUEL (b. 1709; d. 1784)... S3S Hutnan Wishes. Oliver Goldsmith. Goldsmith’s Traveller. JONES, SIR WILLIAM (b. 1746; d. 1794). S38 * 'Hafiz. From the Persian. JONSON, BEN (b. 1574; d. 1637).......... S38 To Shakespere. Those Eyes--...................... S76 The Noble Nature................. 917 KEATS, JOHN (b. 1795; d. 1S21).......... S3S Endvinion. On Chapman's Homer. KINNEY, COATES (b. 1826)..............Soo Itain on the Roof. KNOX, W. (b. 1789; d. 1S25).............. .916 O Why Should the Spirit of Mortal be Proud P LAWRENCE, J * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * • * * * * * * * * * -912 Look Aloft. LONGFELLOW, H. W. (b. 1Soy; d. 1SS2)..838 Maidenhood. The DaV is Done. Evangeline. The Golden Legend. The Builders. Retribution. Hyperion. Resignation. God’s Acre.......... * * * * * * * * * * * * ... .855 The Rainy Day......................855 The Village Blacksmith ... ........ 852 The Launching of the Ship.........S54 LOVELACE, RICHARD (b. 1618; d. 1658) 839 To Althea. To Lucasta. LOWELL, JAMES RUSSELL (b. 1819).. 839. Vision of Sir Launfal. Irene. The Crisis. The Capture. Bigelow Papers. Yussouf* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 864 LYTTON, E. BULWER (b. 1805; d. 1873). S39 IRichelieu. There is no Death................ ... 910 LYTTON, ROBERT B. (b. 1831).......... 912 The Chess Board. MACKAY, CHARLES (b. 1814)......... . 840 Eternal Justice Cleon and I..................... • * * 91 I The Inquiry................ * * * * * * * 895 MARLOWE, CHRISTOPHER (b. 1564; d. 1593 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Passionate. Shepherd. Jew of Malta. MARVELL, ANDREW (b. 1620; d. 1678). 840 The Loyal Scot. MASSINGER, PHILIP.......... ......... Sto Sir Giles Overreach. Roman Actor. MILLER, JO AQUIN......... ... ......... $72 To Love, Forget and Die. MILLER, Mtrs. E. P............. ........ 892 All is not Gold that Glitters. MILNES, R. MONCKTON (b. 1809)...... Sto The Men of Old. MILTON, JOHN (b. 1608; d. 1674)....... Paradise Lost. Paradise Regained. Arcades.. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 84o L'Allegro. Il Penseroso. Christ's Nativity. TO £ M. Ley. To the Lord. General Cromwell.... 874 . 839 On his Blindness..... ............. 913 MONTAGUE, LADY MARY VORT- LE * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * O Horace. Lady's Resolve. MONTGOMERY, JAS. # 1771; d. 1854).. 840 IBattle of Alexandria. What is Prayer? MONTROSE, MARQUIS OF............ S40 My Lear and Only Love. PAGE. MOORE, THOMAS (b. # d. 1852) ... . 839 Paradisc and the Peri. The Harp that Once. Farewell. I{cmember Thee. As Slow Our Ship.................. 860 Those Evening Bells.............. 864 Come Rest in This Bosom.... . . . . . 91S Spring. . ... ........ Sól MORRIS, GEORGE P. (b. 1So2; d. 1864)... S74 Woodman Spare that Trce. PALMER, WILLIAM PITT (b. 1805).... Sor The Smack in School. PAYNE, J. HOWARD (b. 1797; d. 1852). 908 Home, Sweet Home. PERCY, FLORENCE................... Rock Me to Sleep. , SS2 POE, EDGAR ALLAN (b. 1809; d. 1849). 840 he Raven. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . # Annabel Lce............ . . . . . . . . . ... S9. POLLOK, ROBERT...................... S41 Course of Time. POPE, ALEXANDER (b. 1688; d. 1744).. 841 Essay on Man. Criticism. Rape of the Lock. Satires. Eloisa to Abelard. Epitaph on Gay. PORTEOUS, BEILBY....... * * * * * * * * * * * * * Death. PRAED, WINTHIROPM. (b. 1So2; d. 1839) 841 School and School-fellows. Lines on George IV. PRIEST, N. A. W............... . . . . . . Over the River. PRIOR, MATTHEW (b. 1664; d. 1721).... 841 Henry and Emma. Epitaph on Himself. QUARLES, FRANCIS (b. 1592; d. 1644).. 841 Einblems. RABELAIS, FRANCIS.................. 841 Molteux's Life. READ, T. BUCHIANAN (b. 1822; d. 1872) 841 The Oath. - Drifting........ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 856 ROGERS, SAMUEL (b. 1763; d. 1855).... 841 Human Life. SCOTT, £ALTER (b. 1771; d. 1832)... 842 o O Lady #ythe Lake. Lay of the Last Minstrel. Marmion. Breathes There the Man........... 915 SHAKSPERIE, WILLIAM (b. 1564; d. 1616). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * 841 . . . . 91 O s 842 Tempest. Two Gentlemen of Verona. Measure for Measure. Comedy of Errors ............. 843 Much Ado about Nothing. Julius Caesar. 1ng alr. . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Othello............. * * * * * * * 844 Antony and Cleopatra............. Venus and Adonis. Sonnet XXX., XVIII., III., CVI. Midsummer Night's Dream. Merchant of Venice. As You Like It.................... 846 '# the Shrew. All’s Well that Ends Well. Twclfth Night, The Winter’s Talc. King Richard II. King Richard III. King Richard IV..... * * * * * * * * * * * * * 847 King IIenry VI. King Henry VIII. Troilus and Cressida. Titus Andronicus. Romeo and Juliet. Timon of Athens.................. 848 Love's Labor Lost. Macbeth. Anne Hathaway.................... 872 siteLLEy. £ BYSSHE (b. 1792; 845 | t PAGE. Queen Mab. The Cloud. Love's Philosophy................. 917 SHIRLEY, JAMES (b. 1596; d. 1666). ... 842 Ajax and Ulysses. Last Conqueror. SMITH, ALEXAN DER......... ......... 842 A Life Drama. SOUTHEY, ROBERT (b. 1774; d. 1843)... 842 Madoc in Wales. The Devil’s Walk. SPENCER, WM. R. (b. 1770; d. 1834)..... 91 Too'Late i Stayed." 34) 913 SPENSER, EDMUND (b. 1552; d. 1599).. S42 Facrie Queene. Hymn. STEDMAN, EDWARD C. (b. 1833)...... 873 The Doorstep. STODDARD, RICHARD IIENRY (b. "S25. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 911 Burial of Lincoln. STORY, WILLIAM W. (b. 1819).......... SSO The Violct. SUCKLING, SIR JOHN (b. 1609; d. 1641). 842 Against I'ruition. The Goblins. Brennoralt. SWIFT, JONATHAN (b. 1667; d. 1745)... 842 hapsody. TAYLOR, BENJAMIN F............. ... 90S The Isle of Long Ago. Monuments. TENNYSON, ALFRED (b. 1809).... .. The Princess. . 849 Locksley Hall. Ulysses. Lady Clara Verc de Verc. Lullaby........... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 868 The Bugle Song.............. ... ... 868 Enoch £: * * * * * * * * * 901 THAck' , WILLIAM M. (b. 1811; 8 • I At the Church Gate. THOMSON, JAMES (b. 17oo; d. 1748). ... 849 hc Seasons. TROWBRI, GE, J. T. (b. 1827).......... The Vagabonds. WATTS, ISAAC (b. 1674; d. 1748)........ 850 Horoe Lyricec. Hymn. WEBSITER, JOHN (b. about 1585; d. about 1654 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 850 The White Devil. WHITCHER, FRANCIS M. ....... ...... 890 Widow Bcdott to Elder Sniffles. WILLIS, NATHANIEL PARKER (b. 1So?; d. 1S67 Two Women. WITHER, GEORGE (b. 1588; d. 1667).... S50 Shepherd's Resolution. Shepherd’s Hunting. WHITTIE# JOHN GREENLEAF (b. ISO7). . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * Mantle of St. I}arbara Fritchie. * Maud Muller............. * * * * * * * * * 884 Mabel Martin....... ... ............ SS5 WOLFE CHARLES (b. ': d. 1823) ... 850 Burial of Sir John # oore.......... S66 WOODWORTHI, SAMUEL (b. 1785; d. 1842)........................... .. SS The Old Oaken Bucket. WORDSWORTH, WILLIAM (b. 1770; d. 1850) * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 849 My iíeart Leaps Up. The Sparrow’s Nest. Morning Exercise. Phantom of Delight. Resolution and Independence. Tintern Abbey. Laodamia. On thc Banks of Nith. Rob Roy's Grave. London. Intimations of Immortality. The Excursion. YOUNG, DR. EDWARD (b. 1634; d. 1765) 850 Night Thoughts. . 862 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 2 • I:22} . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * $ * * * * * * * * * –4. THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 27 &ASA **** £LAM h v-v-wrv.*.*.* * * * * #ANGUAGE”, said Sheridan, “is the # reat instrument by which all the 'N faculties of the mind are brought forward, molded and polished.” 'í W. Wa-> It is at once the most useful, | || - #A # powerful, £ durable : £ instrument wielded by man. e'ó #* *C*It materializes thought so as to | £ * £8 #. it tangible, permanent and transmissible, £ and it thus carries civilization into every nook 6' \p and corner of the world. It receives the in- £y tellect, heart and achievements of every gen- £ "'S eration, and bears forward the responsible bur- #9 den to be judged by every future generation. $ It was the opinion of a late Attorney General * * £%Š" of the United States that the people of this #. country pay at least twenty millions of dollars $8 a year for the abuse of the English language in the matters of contract and legislation alone, all of which might be avoided by a correct ap- plication and understanding of the English language. Language, then, is the medium for the communication of thought. It is of two kinds, natural and artificial. Natural language is the language of cries, laughter and tones, the expressions of countenance and gestures that convey intelligence from one living being to another. Although man is endowed with the faculty of natural lan- guage in a much greater degree than any other animal, yet he finds even this insufficient to express his numerous thoughts and emotions, and has, therefore, invented a method of communicating them, called artificial language. Artificial language has two forms in which it is repre- sented, spoken and written. Spoken language consists in the use of certain sounds of the human voice in such a col- location and arrangement as to make words and sentences. Written language consists in representing the elementary sounds of spoken language by certain characters called letters. 2:\' Dž N 'al-A-A*-*.*.*.*.*.*. ~x"rv, £r *.*.*.*.*.*.*.*.*.*.*. An elementary sound is one that cannot be divided so as to be represented by two or more letters: as, a, e, b, k. In the English language there are forty-one elementary sounds, and every spoken English word is entirely com- posed of some of these sounds. The elementary sounds of language are produced by different positions of the organs of speech in connection with the voice and the breath; these sounds are divided into three classes—the voice, or vocal, the sub-vocal and the aspirates. The vocal is produced by the vibrations of the breath in the larynx, hence is a pure tone; as, a, e, i, o, u; as in n-a-me, m-e-t. The sub-vocal is the voice partly suppressed by the organs of speech, thus making an undertone; as, b, d, l, r, as in b-at, l-ife. - The aspirates are mere whispers produced by the organs of speech and breath; as, f, k, p, t, as in p-ine, t-ake, faith. When spoken, a word is a sound or a combination of sounds. When written, a word is a character or combina- tion of characters, standing for its sound or sounds. These characters are called letters. The letters of a language constitute its alphabet. The English Alphabet contains twenty-six letters: A, a; B, b; C, c;D, d; E, e; F, f, G, g; H, h; I, i, J, j; K, k; L, l; M, m; N, n; O, o, P, p; Q, q; R, r; S, s; T, t, U, u; V, v, W, w; X, x; Y, y; Z, z. - The power of a letter is its sound, or oral element, repre- sented by the letter. Some letters stand for more than one sound; as, a in ale, awl, are, am. Some sounds have more than one letter to stand for them; as, her, sir, fur. The same sound is represented by e, i, u. Of the twenty-six letters, some are uttered freely, without interruption to the breath; as, a, e, i. In uttering others the breath is more or less interrupted by the tongue or lips; as, d, f, g. Hence the letters are divided into two classes, vowels and conso- nantS. *—- 28 THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. A Vowel is a letter that can be uttered freely. There are five vowels, a, e, i, o, u. A Consonant is a letter that can not be uttered freely, but is more or less interrupted by the tongue or lips. There are nineteen consonants: 5, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, £, q, r, s, t, v, x, z. Two of the letters—y and w—are con- sonants in some cases, and in others vowels. When they precede a vowel sounded in the same syllable they are con- sonants; as, wet, yet. In all other positions they are vowels, as in awe, eye. A union of two vowels in one syllable is called a Diph- thong; as, oil, cow. thong; as, oy in boy. Where only one vowel is sounded it is an Improper Diph- thong; as, ie in mien; ca in car. A Tripthong is a union of three vowels in one syllable; as, tezv In view. A Final Letter is one that ends a word; as, t in cat. A Silent Letter is one not sounded; as, w in wrong. Some words are uttered with but one impulse of the voice; as, go, light. Others require several impulses; as, go-ing, he-ro-fc. This gives rise to a division of words into syl- lables. SYLLABLES. A Syllable is a letter or a union of letters uttered with one impulse of the voice; as, a, ant. According to the number of their syllables, words are di- vided into four classes: Monosyllable, a word of one syllable; as, he. Dissyllable, a word of two syllables; as, he-ro. Tri- syllable, of three syllables; as, he-ro-ic; and Polysyllable, of more than three; as, he-ro-ic-al, he-ro-ic-al-ly. The following are the principles of syllabication: 1. A vowel is essential to every syllable; often two or three vowels are found in the same syllable, but only one is sounded, except in the diphthongs. 2. The principal sound in every syllable is produced by the vowel; a few exceptions to the principle may be found in an unaccented syllable, where the vowel is less distinct than the consonant sounds; as, in cable, and in center. 3. Every consonant in a word belongs to some vowel or diphthong, unless it is silent. 4. A consonant is antecedent to its vowel when it goes before it in the same syllable; as, p, r and v, in the word prevent. 5. A consonant is consequent to its vowel when it comes after it in the same syllable; as, n and t, in the word prevent. 6. A consonant antecedent to its vowel closes its appro- priate organs before the vowel sound is uttered; as, in be, b closes the lips before the sound of c is uttered. 7. A consonant subsequent to its vowel closes its appro- priate organs after the vowel sound is uttered; as, in em, m closes the lips after the short sound of e is uttered. 8. Words always have as many syllables as they contain vowels, or diphthongs that are sounded. 9. The letters in a word must be arranged into syllables, Where both vowels are sounded, it is called a Proper Diph. %. exactly as they are heard in correct pronunciation; as, or-thog-ra-phy. 10. Derivative words are generally divided between the primitive parts and terminations; as, hope-less. 11. Compound words should be divided into the simple words that compose them; as, fire-place. 12. At the end of a line a word may be separated by its syllables, but a syllable should never be broken. The art of combining letters correctly, to form words, is called spelling. - SPELLING. Thomas Jefferson, in one of his admirable letters to his daughter Martha, says: “Take care that you never spell a word wrong. Always, before you spell a word, consider how it is spelled, and if you do not remember it, turn to a dictionary. It produces great praise to a lady (or gentleman) to spell well.” During the month of February, 1880, on the floor of the Senate chamber, Senator Gordon, of Georgia, objected to the confirmation of one of President Hayes' nominees for a vacant marshalship in his State, simply from the fact that the applicant had misspelled two words in his letter of ap- plication, and the nomination was not confirmed. It is claimed by some, to excuse their own deficiency, that spelling, like poesy, is a natural gift. This is true only to the extent that some learn it more readily than others. It may be that some are so constituted that they can never become good spellers. But even this defect does not excuse them for sending a badly spelled letter. Let them, as Jef. ferson advises, consider how every word is spelled, and if they do not remember it with certainty, let them turn to a dictionary. It is better to consult the dictionary for every word, than run the risk of misspelling a single one. If we would become good spellers, we must read much and write much. There is no better exercise, not only in spelling, but also in capitals, punctuation and grammar, than copying extracts from correctly printed books. If there are words we especially wish to impress upon the memory, we should write them over and over, until their forms are as familiar as are the features of our intimate friends. Close and careful attention, however, in this as in every other process of education, is essential to success. The following rules will aid somewhat in the knowledge of correct spelling: Simple Rules for Spelling. Words ending in e drop that letter before the termination able, as in move, movable, unless ending in ce or ge, when it is retained, as in change, changeable, etc. Words of one syllable ending in a consonant with a single vowel before it double that consonant in derivatives; as, ship, shipping, etc. But if ending in a consonant with a double vowel before it, they do not double the consonant in derivatives; as, troop, trooper, etc. Words of more than one syllable ending in a consonant, preceded by a single vowel and accented on the last syllable, G- --> WORDS AND DERIVATIONS. 29 double that consonant in derivatives; as, commit, committed, but except chagrin, chagrined. All words of one syllable ending in l, with a single vowel before it, have ll at the close; as, mill, sell. All words of one syllable ending in l, with a double vowel before it, have only one l at the close; as, mail, sail. The words foretell, distill, instill, and fulfill retain the ll of their primitives. Derivatives of dull, skill, will, and full also retain the ll when the accent falls upon these words; as, dullness, skillful, willful, fullness. Words of more than one syllable ending in l, have only one l at the close; as, delightful, faithful; unless the accent falls on the last syllable, as in befall, etc. Words ending in l, double that letter in the termination ly. Participles ending in ing, from verbs ending in e, lose the final c, as, have, having, make, making, etc.; but verbs ending in ce retain both; as, see, seeing. The word dye, to color, however, must retain the e before ing. All adverbs ending in ly and nouns ending in ment retain the e final of the primitives; as, brave, bravely; refine, refine- ment, except words ending in dge; as, acknowledge, acknowl- edgment. Nouns ending in y, preceded by a vowel, form their plural by adding s, as, money, moneys; but if y is preceded by a consonant it is changed to ies in the plural; as, bounty, bounties. Compound words whose primitives end in y change y into i, as, beauty, beautiful. Words and Derivations. A word is a single part of speech, consisting eithér of one syllable or more than one. They are designated in two different ways: First, as simple or compound. Second, as primitive or derivative. A primitive word can be reduced to no fewer words than it has, without destroying or radi- cally changing its signification; as, fair, repent, 1113.11. * A derivative word is formed from a primi- tive, generally by the addition of prefixes, or suffixes, or of both; as, unfair, unmanly. A pre- fix is a letter or letters, syllable or syllables, joined to the beginning of a word; as, the syl- lable tum in un-fair. A suffix is a letter or let- ters, syllable or syllables, joined to the end of a word; as, er in hunt-er. The following is a list of the prefixes which are applied to whole English words, with their signification. Prefixes. a signifies on, in, at, to, or toward, as, abroad, abed. ab signifies from, as, aboriginal, from the first. ad ( adjoin, join to. 3C | accredit, credit to. af affix, fix to. ag agglomerate, gather to. al Signify to; as, 4 allure, entice to. 3II annumerate, number to. ap approximate, approach to. 3D" arrange, range to. at U attune, tune to. ante signifies before; as, antemeridian, before noon. anti signifies against; as, antimasonary, against masonry. be signifies upon, to make, or for; as, bespatter, belate, be- speak. bi signifies two; as, bifold, biform. circum signifies around, as, circumnavigate, to sail around. COI] conjoin, to join with: ... . COIn commingle, to mingle with. CO signify with, as, 4 coequal, equal with. col collect, to place with or together. COI" correlative, relating with. contra signify contradance, a dance opposite. counter 9 opposite; as, | counterview, a view opposite. di signify ditone, an interval of two tones. dis two; as, dissyllable, a word of two syllables. dis signifies not or un, as, dissimilar, not similar; disband, unband. © emigrate, to move out. €X !", out, as, ! export, to carry out of port. et effluent, flowing out. equi signifies equal, as, equidistant, at an equal distance. extra signifies beyond; as, extraordinary, beyond ordinary. hex signifies six, as, hexangular, six angled. hyper signifies over, as, hypercritical, over critical. in incomplete, indent, not complete, dentin. im signify J imprudent, not prudent. il { not or in, as, ir J illegal, illapse, not legal, sliding in. U irregular, not regular. juxta signifies next, as, juxtaposition, placed next. mal signifies bad, as, malpractice, bad practice. mis signifies wrong, as, misapply, to apply wrong. mono signifies one; as, monosyllable, one syllable. multi signifies many, as, multiform, having £ forms. non signifies not, as, nonessential, not essential. oct signifies eight, as, octangular, eight angled. omni signifies all, as, omnipotent, all powerful. out signifies to exceed, or beyond, as, outdo, to exceed in do- ing; outmatch, to match beyond. owi. signifies an egg, as, oviform, egg-shaped. per signifies by, as, perchance, by chance. peri signifies around, as, pericranium, the membrane around the skull. pleni signifies full; as, plenipotent, full of power. poly signifies many; as, polysyllable, many syllables. post signifies after, as, postfix, fix after. pre signifies before, as, prefix, fix before. preter signifies beyond; as, preternatural, beyond natural. pro signifies for, as, pronoun, for a noun. proto signifies first; as, protomartyr, the first martyr. quad signifies four, as, quadrangle, four angled. I'0 signifies again or back, as, reappear, to appear again; rebound, to bound back. rect signify right 4 rectangle, right angle. recti ) or straight, as, rectilinear, straight lined. retro signifies back, as, retroaction, back action. - Or k | -, * *—- —a–9 —A-> 3O WORDS AND DERIVATIONS. semi semicircle, half a circle. 13. age, denotes the condition or reward, as, demi signify half; as, 3 demitone, half a tone. pupilage, the condition of a pupil; hemi ignifies solid t ' '' sphere. brokerage, the reward of a broker. Stereo signines solid; as stereotype, solid type. * 14. en, Jy, ize, signify to make; as, blacken, to make black; sub signify under, subcommittee, under committee. brutify, to make one a brute: suf less, or after; as, suffix, to fix after. * y, li Il kei rute; super signify over, or ! superhuman, more than human. in morta ize, to ma G immortal. SLIT more than, as, surcharge, overcharge. 15. al, ac, ar, ary, ic, ile, ial, usually signify pertaining to; as, trans signifies across, again, or through, as, transatlantic, demoniac, consular, planetary, syllabic, across the Atlantic; transform, to form again; infantile, partial. transfix, to fix through. * * * * * * * * tri signifies three; as, triangled, three angled. 16. head, hood, signify character, or state; as, U!!! signifies not, as, unable, not able. Godhead, manhood. 17. ive, ous, imply tending to or having the quality of; Signification of the Suffixes. oppressive, tending to oppress; solicitous, having the quality to solicit. 1. ed., when it forms the termination of a verb, signifies did; | 18. ism, generally signifies doctrine or peculiar to; as, as, played, did play; but when it is the termination of Calvinism, the doctrine of Calvin. a participle, it signifies was, as, completed, was fin- ; 19. ish, implies somewhat or characteristic of, as, ished. brownish, somewhat brown; 2. ing, when it is the termination of a participle, signifies Swedish, characteristic of a Swede. continuing, as walking, continuing to walk. 20. less, denotes destitute of or without, as, 3. s, es, when they form the plural of a noun, means more hopeless, without hope. than one; as, books, more than one book. 21. y, implies plenty or abounding in ; as, 4. ance, ancy, ency, cy, ity, ty, tide, signify the state, condition, wealthy, abounding in wealth; act of, or the thing, endurance, the state of enduring; smoky, plenty of smoke. ability, the condition of being able; insolvency, the 22. ling, kin, cle, ock, ule, import little or young, as, state of being insolvent; safety, the condition of being duckling, a little duck; lambkin, a little lamb; parti. safe. cle, a small part; hillock, a little hill; globule, a little 5. ly signifies like, when joined to a noun; as, manly, like a globe. man; but when it is a suffix to an adjective, it signi- 23. full, signifies full of, as, fies in a manner; as, calmly, in a calm manner. sorrowful, full of sorrow. 6, able, ible, ble, signify capable of being, or that may be, as, 24, mess, signifies the quality of, the state of; as, returnable, that may be returned. whiteness, the quality of being white; 7. ant, ent, when they form nouns, signify the person or willingness, the state of being willing. *hing, as defendant, the person who defends; compo 25, oid, denotes resembling, as, ment, the thing composed; but when an adjective is spheroid, resembling a sphere. formed by the addition of these suffixes, they can 26. ory, implies having the quality of, as, generally be defined by 1119. * vibratory, having the quality of vibrating. 8. an, ast, ce, cer, tan, ist, ite, or, san, generally imply the 27, ric, dom, denote office; as, £erson who, as, * * bishopric, the office of a bishop; £ a person who lives in Europe: kingdom, the office of a king. £ 28. ship, signifies the condition; as, physici 'th p h * ti di ' stewardship, the condition of a steward; physician, the person who practices medicine; professorship, the condition of a professor. fatalist, a person who believes in fate; * L. * 29. tude, ude, signify the state of being, as, * actor, the person who acts; * * * * * * * * similitude, the state of being similar. partisan, the person who adheres to a party. * * * 'X, imply a female; as 30. ery, usually signifies an act, as, 9, ess, ress, is imply: .# **** witchery, the art of a witch; lioness, a female lion; - . * * cookery, the art of a cook. instructress, a female instructor; 1. some, implies full of, as administratrix, a female who administrates, 31. , imp 3 ***** * ignifies th h hen it f h quarrelsome, full of quarreling. 1o. er signi : * £ : ' W " I £ : 32. ward, implies to or towa rd, as, compara £ : of an adjective; as, speaker, the westward, toward the west. person w ' speaks. b With •: --- 3:43 * * 33. ity, ty, signify the condition of being; as, t II. ate, when it forms a ver with a primitive, signifies to perplexity, the condition of being perplexed. make, as, predestinate. * * * * * NOTE.--There some exceptions to the foregoing definitions, and I2. 1071, ment, tre, signify state or act, as, therefore the £ must £ £ci in £ £ to the £ location, the act of locating. of words. * - 4. f 4 - *=– --—” 3' 5%: --------- * . . f. J.". ". . .”. x - 8.4% a sy. ... *-* - ". . $# # £ 2” -é }-ee-d >>'' : : $: | #MPROVED SPELLING.' |Will':S •-->-_2:SS' # s:# PELLING is the naming of the let- |ters which make up a written word. If our alphabet were perfect and § our letters rightly named, the naming of the written letters would also be an utterance of the sounds which make up the spoken word. The name of s is ess, in which # e is used to introduce the hissing % sound of the s, when we name the letters of the word so, we utter the sounds of it. It is the same with no, lo, and with me, be comes pretty near it. It is hard, however, to find a half dozen words in the English language which are well spelt; take cat, for ex- ample, see a tee has no likeness to the sound of cat. Many words have silent letters; in though tigh have no sound; in guard tt has no sound. Each sound is represented in many different ways, and almost any word may be spelt in many different spellings which can be j defended by giving other words in which the sounds are represented by the letters used. Thus, President Barnard, of Columbia College, points out twenty-two ways of spelling “The Home Journal.” He, however, really gives only a few speci- mens of the justifiable spellings. Mr. Ellis shows 596,580 m.odes of spelling scissors. “No Englishman can tell with certainty how to pronounce any word which he has only seen Written, and has not heard spoken.” “No Eng- lishman can tell with certainty how to spell a word which he has onlyheard spoken, and never Seen written.” It is necessary, therefore, to learn each word by itself, before we can be good spellers. A large part of the school time # &:2=s* | # • GA = 3r's *''}}< } IMPROVED SPELLING. 3 I of our children is in fact occupied in committing to memory the irregular and superfluous letters with which our words are written. Mr. J. H. Gladstone, of London, has made a careful inquiry into this matter, by compar- ing the school life of English children with that of children in Italy, Germany, and other coun- tries where the language is simply spelt. He finds that an Italian child spends 945 hours in reading and spelling, against 2,320 of the English; and that an Italian child of about nine years of age will read and spell as cor- rectly as most English children when they leave school at thirteen, though the Italian child begins two years later than the Eng- lish. The facts are not very different in German, Swedish, and Welsh schools. These facts are well known to our teachers, who have long wished to escape the useless drudgery of trying to teach our spelling. In 1875 the American Philological Association, at the urgent request of many teachers, took up the amendment of our spelling. In 1876, an in- ternational convention was held for the same purpose, and a Spelling Reform Association organized. In England, the same year, the National Union of Elementary Teachers, rep- resenting some Io,Ooo teachers in England and Wales, passed, almost unanimously, a resolu- tion in favor of a royal commission to inquire into the subject of English spelling with a view of reforming and simplifying it. A memorial to Congress in favor of a similar commission has been signed by teachers and associations in this country, still more numerously. The American Educational Association, the National Institute of Instruction, the State Teachers' Associations of New York, Pennsyl- vania, Ohio, New Jersey, Missouri, Virginia, Massachusetts, Iowa, and Wisconsin, have passed resolutions in favor of reform. . In order to relieve children it is necessary to have a simple and regular alphabet in which each letter shall always have the same sound. --> *le—- 32 IMPROVED SPELLING. Such an alphabet has been suggested by a commit- tee of the Philological Association, and adopted by the Spelling Reform Association. ALPIIABET OF THE SPELLING REFORM AssocIATION. Shert. Waucla. Leng. I i, it. E e=1, he, poliç. E c, met. G. a-c, potato, they, fare. A. a, at. ă, fire, (in America). Cld, ask, (se Dictionarics). à, foir. 6 e, not, what. ö, nér, wall. O o, wholly, (in New England). O, no, höly. U u, but. t}, būrn. UI u full. ii, rule, fool, muv. "Diffhanga-I i=qi, find, faind. Clu qu, haus=house. GI ei, oil. U 11 or U ti=yu or iu, ünit, yunit; müaic, miuaic. Surd. Censonants. Sonant. P p, pet. B b, bet. T t, tep. D d, did. CH ch, church. J, Q j, q, jet, gem. C, IC c, k,G, cake, cwit (quit). G g, get. F f, fit, filesofer. V. V. Vat. TH, th, thin, pithy. TH th, The, the. S, Q s, Q, so, Qent. Z, a Z, a, zone, ia. SFI Sh, shb. # zh, füzhun. WH wh, which, (in England). w, we. * H h, hë. (in England) Ll, lo. Rr, rat. Yy, ye. Mm, mi. N n, no. NG mg, JJ p, king, ipk. Silabic:—l, nobl, nobla, m, spa2m, spaama; n, tokn, tokna. Bj the fonctic alfabet a child ma bi, tet the art ov reding, net flücntli but wel, both in fonetic and in erdineri bulks, in thre munths—di, of n in twenti qura ov thuro instrucShun;—d task hwich ia rarliacomplisht in thrü yüra ov teil bithü old alfabet. HIwet fathur or techur wil not £ hal and urnestli wurk for this grat ' tu educashun,—this pauurful mashien for the difüzhun ©V I) OlC(T. '%ltura orthegrafi wil be unavoidabliefensiv tu thoa hu qr furst cold upon tu üa it; but eni sensibl and censistent nü sis. tem wil rapidli win the harti prefurenç ev this masev ritura. .. The same, omitting the transition letters a, q, c, and the dupli- cate letter k, and using full forms for the diphthongs i and tl). Bai the fonetic affabct a chdiid ma bê'tot the art ev reding, not fliucntli but wel, both in fonetic and in ordineri bucs, in thrb munths—di, efn in twenti qurz ov thuro instrucshun;—d tdSc hwich iz rarliacomplisht in thrb yierz ev toil bai the old alfabct. Hwot fathur or techur wil net gladli hal and urnestli wure for this grat buntu ediucashun,—this pauurful mashin fer the difiu- Zhun ov nolci. An olturd orthegrafi wil be unavoidabliofensivtu thozhu dr furst cold upon tu yuz it; but eni sensibl and censistent niu sistem wil rapidli win the harti prefurens ov the masov raiturz. Some reformers think it best to try to introduce this alphabet in the schools and wait quietly for a new generation to grow up, taking care not to worry the generation who have learned the old spelling. But it is hardly possible to push the reform in one direction without some one trying other directions. The dropping of silent letters especially appeals to the economical side of our nature. The mere dropping of one consonant from double consonants when only one is sounded, saves 1.6 per cent.; dropping of silent e, 4 per cent. more; a clear sweep of silent letters saves 17 per cent. A newspaper may gain one column in every six. The Spelling Reform Association has given the following five rules for dropping. The Five Rules. I. Use c for ca, when equivalent to short e. 2. Omit silent c after a diphthong or a short vowel, unles preceded by o or g. 3. Use f for ph. 4. Omit one letter of a doubl consonant, unles both ar pronounct. 5. Use t insted of cd when it represents the sound. On the 2nd of September, 1879, the Chicago Tribune appeared in amended spelling throughout, and on the 17th the Home journal, of New York, began to be printed according to the following rules, which are nearly like those of the Tribune. Home Journal's Rules. 1. Drop tie at the end of words like dialogue, cata- logue, where the preceding vowel is short. Thus spell demagog, pedagog, epilog, synagog, etc. Change tongue for tung. When the preceding vowel is long, as in prorogue, vogue, disembogue, rogue, re- tain final letters as at present. 2.-Drop final e in such words as definite, infinite, favorite, where the preceding vowel is short. Thus spell opposit, preterit, hypocrit, requisit, etc. When the preceding vowel is long, as in polite, finite, invite, unite, etc., retain present form unchanged. 3-Drop final te in words like quartette, coquette, cigarette. Thus spell cigaret, roset, epaulet, vedet, gazet, etc. 4: Drop final me in words like programme. Thus spell program, oriflam, gram, etc. 5-Change ph for fin words like phantom, tele- graph, phase. Thus spell alfabet, paragraf, filosofy, fonetic, fotograf, etc. P. S.—No change in proper names. The Utica Herald, the Toledo Blade, the Burlington Hazvkeye, and many other papers and periodicals, use amend- ed spelling. These reformers say that their readers on the whole approve the amended spell- ing. The Home 5 ournal has issued a broadside of testimonials to that effect from IOO leading authors and scholars, including 25 presidents of leading col- leges and a similar broadside has ap- peared in the Chicago Tribune. ©- |-- ---> = – CAPITAL LETTERS. A very common fault in letters as well as every other kind of composition is the improper use or omission of cap- ital letters. In some cases we find too many capitals, es- pecially in the letters of those who like to display their skill in penmanship, but oftener we find nearly all capitals dis- carded. Persons liable to such mistakes should study atten- tively the rules given below on the subject and then care- fully apply them. Most words commence with small letters. Capitals must be used when required by the following rules, and only then:— Rules For the Use of Capitals. The first word of cvery sentence and the first word of every line of poetry should begin with a capital letter. All proper names should begin with capital letters. Words derived from proper names begin with a capital. Every word that denotes the Deity should begin with a capital. Pronouns relating to the Deity should generally commence with a capital. The months of the year and the days of the week begin with capitals. The words North, South, East, West, and their compounds and abbreviations, as Northwest, commence with capitals when they de- note a section of country. The pronoun I and the interjection O are always capitals. Every direct quotation should begin with a capital letter. All titles of persons begin with capitals. All the principal words in the titles of books should begin with capi- tal letters. The several chapters or other divisions of any book begin with cap- itals. Common nouns personified begin with capital letters. - • Any word particularly important may begin with a capital letter. All words denoting religious denominations begin with capital letters. In all kinds of advertisements nearly all the leading words usually begin with capitals. * In accounts each article mentioned should begin with a capital. PUNCTUATION. Punctuation, though a valuable art and easily acquired, is neglected by many letter-writers, much to the detriment of their letters and the vexation of their correspondents. A knowledge of punctuation is indispensable to the clear expression of thought in writing Sometimes serious and ludicrous mistakes occur on account of the omission or misuse of a point; as an illustration, “Woman, without her, man would be a savage,” “Woman, without her man, would be a savage.” () In the art of punctuation there is a much wider scope given for the exercise of taste and discretion in the writer than in penmanship or spelling, yet there are broad, general rules, which, if disregarded, will stamp the writer as unedu- cated and illiterate. Clearness, accuracy and strength in composition all require that these common rules meet their due share of the writer's attention, and without them con- fusion will be the result of the clearest thinking. To be valuable at all, punctuation must be used carefully and cor- rectly. Its importance may be illustrated by the following example: -— *-m- | 3- -: CAPITAL LETTERS AND PUNCTUATION. 33 The party consisted of Mr. Brown a clergyman his son a lawyer Mr. Scott a Londoner his wife and a little child. It is impossible here to tell how many persons were in the party, or how they were related. Insert a few commas, and note the effect: The party consisted of Mr Brown, a clergyman, his son, a lawyer, Mr. Scott, a Londoner, his wife and a little child. * This makes the party consist of eight persons. Now sub- stitute semicolons for some of the commas: The party consisted of Mr. Brown, a clergyman; his son, a lawyer; Mr. Scott, a Londoner; his wife and a little child. The party is here reduced to five persons. Various other changes can be made in the same way. Punctuation Points, The Period . The Exclamation |The Hyphen * The Colon : The Parentheses () The Apostrophe * The Semicolon ;|The Brackets []]The Quotation Marks” The Comma , The Dash -The Ellipsis . . . . . . The Interrogation ? |The Caret A Rules for Punctuation. The Period () must be placed after every complete declar- ative and imperative sentence; after every abbreviated word; before decimals; between pounds, shillings and pence; after letters used to represent numbers; as, Dare to do right. Prof. Benj. Franklin. £5.6s. 4d. Chap. VII. . 16. p ExCEPTION. An abbreviation pronounced as written is not followed by a period; as, IBen Butler. This is not really an abbreviation, but a nickname. The Colon (:) marks greater than a semicolon and less than a period; is used before a quotation, enumeration, or observation that is introduced by “as follows,” “the follow- ing,” or any equivalent expression; after a clause which is complete in itself, but is followed, without a conjunction, by some remark, inference or explanation; as, “He spoke as follows: ‘Mr. President.’” “The train leaves at 10:30 A. M.” “Yes: I know it is so.” The Semicolon (;) marks a longer and more distinct pause than the comma, and is used between the members of com- pound sentences, unless the connection is exceedingly close; between the great divisions of sentences when minor divis- ions are separated by commas; before an enumeration of particulars when the names of the objects merely are given without any formal introductory words; before as when it introduces an example; as, “Everything has its time to flourish; everything grows old; every- thing passes away.” “I bought two books: Orator's Manual and Somebody's Ned.” The Comma (). This point marks the shortest pause, and is used whenever occurs a distinct natural division of a sentence; to set off transposed or interposed words, phrases and clauses; between similar or repeated words or phases, to mark the ellipsis of a verb; to set off a short quotation in- formally introduced; to prevent ambiguity, and to give prominence to emphatic and contrasted parts; as, “Truth, truth, and nothing but the truth, will satisfy the - --- 34 RULES FOR PUNCTUATION. candid inquirer.” “Charles, come here, sir.” “I remain, yours respectfully, William Fulton.” The Interrogation (?) must be placed after every question; aS, : : “What have you in your hand *" “Who is this?” The Exclamation (!) is used after every expression or sen- tence that denotes strong emotion; as, “O blissfut days.” “Ah me/ how soon we are forgotten.” The Parentheses () are used to inclose a word or sen- tence by way of comment or explanations, which is in- dependent of, and not of necessary connection with, the rest of the sentence; as, “The Saxons (for they descended from the ancient Sacae) retained for centuries the energy and morality of their ancestors. The Brackets [ ] are used to inclose a reference, or to rec- tify a mistake; as, “She is weary with [of] life.” The Dash (–) is used to denote a sudden stop or turn in a sentence, or an omission of the middle members in a regular series where a word or a part of a word is omitted; used be- fore an expression repeated for special emphasis; frequently employed to avoid too many paragraphs; as, “Glory—what is it.” “You are a f—l.” “January, 18-.” “Mr. -.” “But was it such-It was.” The Caret (A) is used to show that something omitted is interlined above, and should be read in that place; as, p #1te “Disapointment and trials often blessings in disguise.” /\ /\ The Hyphen (-) is used to connect compound words; after a complete syllable at the end of the line; to connect the parts of a divided word; in dividing a word to show its pronuncia- tion; as, Father-in-law, re-establish, red-hot. The Apostrophe (') is used to mark the possessive case and also the omission of a letter or letters in a word; as, John's,” “”Tis,” for it is; “lov'd,” for loved; “I’ll,” for I will. The Quotation Marks (“”) are used to enclose words quoted from an author or speaker, or represented in narrative as employed in dialogue; as, 3-4- (An excellent poet'says: “The proper study of mankind is man.” The Ellipsis (. . . . ) is used to represent the omission of words, syllables and letters, and is sometimes represented by a dash; as, the k—g, for the king; by stars, thus, * * * *; and again, by periods; thus, . . . . . ; and also by hyphens; thus, - - - - The Marks of Reference (+++ $1 T) are used to call atten- tion to notes of explanation at the bottom of the page. Where notes are numerous and these are all exhausted, they can be used double. Figures and letters are sometimes used for reference. Marks of ACCent. Accent is stress of voice laid on a certain syllable. When a word is uttered, the syllable that receives the stress is said to be accented. These marks are used by writers to denote the proper pronunciation of words. The Acute (ā) is represented by a mark over a letter, or syl- lable, to show that it must be pronounced with the rising in- flection; as, Européan. The Grave (a) must be pronounced with a falling inflection; as, “Will you walk or ride?” The Circumflex (ii) represents the union of the accute and grave accents in the same syllable; as, Montreal. The Macron (ii) placed above a letter represents a full, long vowel sound; as, Höme. A Brewe (à) is placed over a vowel to indicate its short sound; as, St. Hélena. The Diaeresis (ii) is placed over the latter of two vowels to show that they are to be pronounced in separate syllables; as, coöperate. The Cedilla (Q), or cerilla, placed under the letter c shows that it has the sound of s; it is used principally in words de- rived from the French language; thus, garçon, in which the Q is to be pronounced like s. The Tilde (ii) placed over the letter n in Spanish words to give it the sound of ny; as, señor, milion. Other Marks. The Index (#3"), or hand, points out a passage to which special attention is directed; as, [+/"All orders will be promptly and carefully attended to.” The Asterism, or Stars (**), or N. B., are sometimes used for the same purpose as the index. The Brace ! is used to connect a number of words with one common term; as, Masculine Committee # £ c" §eminine," s CutCr. A Paragraph ("T) denotes the beginning of a new subject, or a sentence not connected with the foregoing. It is also used to mark the parts of a composition which in writing or printing should be separated. A Section ($) is used for sub-dividing a chapter into smaller parts. - Leaders (......) are used in contents and indexes of books and in similar matter to lead the eye to the end of the line, for the completion of the sense; as, Rules for punctuation.... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ... ... .60 Emphasized Words, or Underscoring. When a writer desires to give more prominence or emphasis to cer- tain words or sentences, he should designate the same by underscoring or drawing lines beneath the words that are to be emphasized. One line indicates Italics, two lines sMALL CAPITALs, three lines LARGE CAPITALS, four lines ITALIC CAPITALS. Thus, the following sentence, underscored: “I never would lay down my arms, never! never!! never!!!” appears in print thus: “I never would lay down my arms, never / NEvER!!NEVER.1!!” | * *—- E -->ENGLISH GRAMMAR= - English grammar is the science or art which teaches how to speak and write the English language correctly. The English language contains nearly 100,000 words, although few writers or speakers use as many as 15,000, while ordinary persons of fair intelligence not above 3,000 or 5,000, and so on. Prof. Holden, of the National Observatory, counted 24,ooo words used by Shakespere, 17,000 by Milton, and a little over 7,000 in the English Bible exclusive of proper names. To express our thoughts we use nine classes of words, called Parts of Speech; thus, Noun, Pronoun, Article, Adjective, Verb, Adverb, Preposition, Conjunction, and Interjection. Every word in the English language belongs to one of these nine classes. The NoUN is the name of an object, place or thing; as, city, book, house, knife. Nouns are of two classes, common and proper. A proper noun is the name of an individual object; as, Šohn, Peru, England, jackson, and should always be capitalized. Names given to whole classes are common nouns; as, nation, society, herd, tree, etc. The PRoNouN is a word used in the place of a noun; as, “ He loves.” “She writes.” “It snows.” The ARTICLEs are the words the and an or a, used before other words to limit their meaning. The ADJEcTIvE is a word used to qualify or limit the meaning of a noun; as, “Sweet apples.” “Roman nose.” The VERB is a word or words used to affirm an action or state; as, “He sleeps.” “She writes.” “It snows.” The ADvTERB is a word used to modify a verb, adjective or other adverb; as, “He sleeps soundly.” “She writes beau- tifully.” “Imposters are to be found everywhere. The PREPosition is a word used to show the relation be- tween a following noun or pronoun and some other word; as, “He sailed for Europe.” “Grant marched to Jackson.” “Look above this earth.” A CoNJUNCTION is a word used to connect words, sen- tences, or parts of a sentence; as, “Authors and artists.” “But if it rains I will remain.” An INTERJECTION is used to express some strong or sud- den emotion of the mind; as, Ah! Alas! Bravo! Whist/etc. Although the details of grammar and grammatical rule are not embraced in the plan of this work, the compiler has thought it proper to present some observations with regard to those principles which are most frequently disregarded or forgotten by careless writers, and call attention to the faults liable to be made by one unacquainted with a knowledge of the correct use of language. A full consideration of the subject of grammar requires a volume in itself. It is, there- fore, necessary that the writershould know at least as much of grammar as will enable him to distinguish the different parts of speech into which language may be resolved; and must be acquainted with the various kinds of sentences, their usual construction, and the mode in which they may be analyzed into their component parts. All this can be ob- "--— > tained in any of the various text-books on grammar, which may be procured at any book store. Common Errors Corrected. All the errors in the use of language can be embraced under four heads: Too many words; too few words; im- proper word or expression; improper arrangement of words. Too Many Words. No needless words should be used; as, “My father pre- sented me with a new knife.” Omit with. 1. A pronoun should not be added to its antecedent when the ante- cedent alone would express the meaning better; as, “John he went.” Omit he. * 2. When two negatives are equivalent to an affirmative, only one of them should be used; as, “I will never do so no more.” Change no to 47%. W. 3. Double comparatives and superlatives should be avoided; “A farmer's life is the most happiest.” Omit most. 4. The article is commonly omitted-(1) When a word is used merely as a title; (2) When a word is spoken of merely as a word or name; (3) When we refer to the kind generally, or to only a part indefinitely. 5. When connected descriptive words refer to the same person or thing, the article can generally be used only before the first of the two words. Example: “The earth is a sphere, a globe, or a ball.” 6. Do not make transitive verbs intransitive, by inserting a needless proposition; as, “Pharaoah and his host pursued after them. Omit after. 7. Do not let the same word, sound or expression recur too frequently, nor in close proximity to itself. Example: “I believe that he is the man that I saw.” Substitute whom for that. T00 Few Words. No necessary word should be omitted: “No one can be more wretched than I.” Supply am. “How do you like up here?” This is an error common in New England; supply to live, or some other words. 1. The article the is frequently needed to show that all of a class are meant; and when connected descriptive words refer to different persons . or things, an article is generally needed before each of the words. “Men who are indolent generally complain of hard times.” 2. In comparison, other, else, or similar word, must sometimes be in- serted to prevent the leading term from being compared with itself. “That tree overtops all the trees in the forest.” Supply other. 3. Parts emphatically distinguished, or to be kept distinct in thought, should be expressed with equal fullness. “Neither my house nor orchard was injured.” Supply my. 4. It is generally improper to omit the subject-nominative, unless the verb is in the imperative mood, or closely connected with another verb relating to the same subject; as, “He was a man had no influence.” Supply who. 5. A participial noun generally requires an article before it, or else the omission of both the article and the preposition. “Great benefit may be derived from the reading of books.” Omit of. Improper Use of Words. In the use of words, great care should be taken to select the most appropriate; as, “We set up late.” Change to sat. NorE—The sun sets, and a current r lay set in a certain direction; but a hen rather sits than sets on eggs, and a garment sits or fits well, though it may have a good set. “Can you learn me to write.” Change to teach. “He knowed better.” Supply knew. “I have got the book.” Suppress got. “I done this work.” Change to did. “He said nothing farther.” Change to further. “Do like I did.” Change to as. “Them that seek wisdom shall find it.” Change to they. 1. The pronoun them should not be used for the adjective these. *Give me them books.” =#- ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 35 | * 36 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 2. Adverbs should be used to qualify verbs, adjectives and other ad- verbs; and adjectives to qualify nouns or pronouns: “Apples are more flenty than peaches.” “You behaved very bad.” Change to badly. 3. The comparative degree is used when but two objects are compared; and the superlative, when three or more are compared. “The eldest of her two sons is going to school.” 4. The leading term of a comparison should not be compared with it- self, nor included in that to which it does not belong: “Lake Superior is the largest of any lake in the world.” Omit of any. 5. Avoid all improper modes of expressing comparison or the plural number; as, “I think the pansy is the beautifullest of flowers.” Most beautiful. “We saw three deers in the field.” Substitute deer. 6. Words should not be compared, or made plural, when the sense does not allow or require it; as, “It is the most universal opinion.” Substi- tute general. 7. A should be used before consonant sounds, and an before vowel sounds: “An united people.” (A.) “He is a honest man.” (An.) 8. A or an denotes an indefinite one of several; the denotes the only one, the class, or a particular one of several. “That noble animal a horse!” The. 9. A compound word, or a complex term, takes the possessive sign but once, generally at the end, or next to the name of what is owned. Example-“I will meet you at Smith's, the apothecary.” 10. A pair or series of nouns, not implying common possession or cm- phatically distinguished, take each the possessive sign; as, “john's and JVilliam's boots fit them well.” 11. To avoid harshness or inelegance, possession is sometimes better expressed by of, and sometimes even the possessive s may be omitted; as, “He thinks his own opinions better than any one else's opinions.” Than those of any one else. 12. Who is applied to persons, which to all other objects, and that to cither. “Those which are rich should assist the poor.” Say who. 13. It is improper to mix different kinds of pronouns in the same con- struction; as, “Know thyself and do your duty.” 14. It is generally improper to use different forms of the verbs in the same construction; as, “Does he not behave well, and gets his lessons vell ?” - 15. What is forced upon the speaker, or what will simply happen to him, is better expressed by shall or should, than by will or would. “I was afraid I would lose my money.” Substitute should. 16. The past tense, and not the perfect participle, should be used to predicate without an auxiliary, a past act or state. “I done so "-did. 17. The perfect tense, and not the past tense, should be used after be, 4ave, and their variations. 18. Avoid all needless passive forms, and generally the passive form of intransitive verbs; as, “My friend is arrived.” Say has. 19. The "erbs of a sentence should correspond in tense, and also be consistent with other words; as, “Ye will not come unto me that ye might have life.” 20. Present facts and unchangeable truths must be expressed in the present tense: “What did you say was the capital of Illinois ?”—is. 21. Avoid the needless use of the compound participles, instead of the simple participles; and never use a compound participle as a part of a finite verb, unless it is absolutely necessary to use it; as, “Dram-shops are now being closed on Sundays.” Omit being. 22. Avoid the ambiguous or clumsy use of participles in place of infin- tives, clauses, or ordinary nouns. As, “My being sick was the cause of my being absent.” Say, “My sickness was the cause of my absence.” Improper Arrangement of Words. All the parts of a sentence should be so arranged as to make it correct, clear and elegant. NotE.—Any violent break or separation in the natural order of words is generally improper, except when it is needed for great rhetorical effect. s Poetry allows great liberty in the arrangement of words; but any in- version that perverts or obscures the Incaning, or that is more uncouth than poetical, should be avoided. 1. Nouns and pronouns should be so used as not to leave the case or relation ambiguous. “If the lad should leave his father, he would die.” Substitute a noun for he, or change the order of the words. 2. Politeness usually requires that the speaker shall mention the ad- dressed person first, and himself last; as, “Mother said that I and you must stay at home.” Say_yott and 1. ExCEPTION.—When a fault is to be confessed, or when responsibility is to be assumed, it is generally more appropriate for the speaker to mention himself first. 3. Adjectives, adverbs and adjuncts must generally be placed as near as possible to the parts which they are designed to modify. NoTE.—The bad position of adjectives and adjuncts is improved by bringing them, nearer to what they qualify; and adverbs should gener- ally be placed before the adjectives or adverbs which they modify, after verbs in the simple form, and between the auxiliary and the rest of the verb in the compound form. . . * Sometimes there is a gradation of adjectives before a noun. When this is the case, the adjectives should be so arranged that each may prop- erly qualify all the remainder of the phrase which follows it; as, “An old man,” “A respectable old man,” “Three respectable old men.” 4. It is generally improper to place an adverb between to and the rest of the infinitive. Incorrect, “He knew not which to most admire.” 5. When a part of a sentence refers to each of two or more other parts, it should be suitable to each. “Cedar is not so hard, but more durable, than oak.” Say “Cedar is not so hard as oak, but more durable.” Slang Expressions. Avoid, as utterly hateful, the use of slang terms. Young people are apt to pick them up in the street and elsewhere, and use them unconsciously. In such cases they indicate simply a want of taste. In a gentleman, slang expressions are too suggestive of low company and intercourse with the worst associates; and in a lady such expressions are too offensive to be tolerated at all in good society. It has become of late unfortunately prevalent, and we have known even la- dies pride themselves on the saucy chique with which they adopt certain cant phrases of the day. Such habits lower the tone of society and the standard of thought. Equally to be censured as a violation of etiquette, and more so in a moral point of view, is the use of profanity. It is a sure mark, not only of low breeding, but of a narrow, degraded, if not a positively vicious, mind. Tillotson says:- “Though some men pour out oaths as if they were natural, yet no man was ever born of a swearing constitution. But it is a custom, a low and paltry custom, picked up by low and paltry spirits who have no sense of honor, no regard to decency, but are forced to substitute some rhapsody of non- sense to supply the vacancy of good sense. Hence the silli- ness of the practice can only be equaled by the silliness of those who adopt it.” Paragraphs. Letters, as well as other compositions, should be divided into paragraphs if they speak of different and disconnected things. Care should be taken not to make too many par- agraphs. All paragraphs after the first should begin at the same distance from the edge. This distance varies some- what according to the width of the paper. On a large lettel sheet the paragraph should begin about an inch to the right of the marginal line, that is, the line of writing. On note- paper, they should begin about three-fourths of an inch to the right of this line. A blank margin should always be left on the left hand side of each page—not on the right. The width of this margin should vary with the width of the page, and should be perfectly even. The hyphen (-) should be used when lack of space prevents the completion of a word. G-- –– *==— f ~. | FIGURES OF FIGURES OF RHETORIC. A departure from the use of words in their literal signifi- cance is called a figure of rhetoric, or a rhetorical figure. By the judicious use of rhetorical figures the beauty, strength, purity and brevity of a language may be increased or extended. These figures are as follows: A Simile is an express comparison, referring only to the quality. ExAMPLE.-“Curses, like chickens, always come home to roost.” A Metaphor is a figure in which the words are used in their original signification, but the idea which they convey is transferred from the subject to which it properly belongs to some other which it resembles. ExAMPLE.—“Thy word is a lamp to my feet.” An Allegory is a figure of writing in which one thing is expressed and another understood. The analogy is intended to be so obvious that the reader cannot miss the applica- tion, but he is left to draw the proper conclusion for his own UISC. ExAMPLEs.—“The Eightieth Psalin of David;” “Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress.” In Hyperbole, the writer, under the influence of strong excitement, sometimes uses extravagant expressions which he does not intend shall be taken literally; it should be sparingly used lest it degenerate into bombast. ExAMPLE.-“A rescued land * Sent up a shout of victory from the field, That rocked her ancient mountains.” Prosopopoeia, or Personification, represents as persons, or as rational or living beings, objects that are not such in reality. ExAMPLE.—“There Honor comes a pilgrim gray.” NoTE:—When the grammatical properties of a word are # by personification or metonyiny, the figure is sometimes called # epsis,' as, “The ship, with her snowy sails.” “Philip went down to the city of Samaria and preached Christ unto them.” Metonymy is the name of one object applied to a different one, from some other relation than resemblance. ExAMPLE.—"They have Moses and the prophets;" i. e., their writings. “We drank but one bottle; ” i. e., the contents of but one bottle. NotE.—The most common instances of this figure are those in which the cause is put for the effect, the effect for the cause, the container for the thing contained, or the sign for the thing signified. A Synecdoche is the name of a part applied to the whole, or that of the whole applied to a part. Synecdoche is simply the application of a word to more or less of the same thing, than the word strictly denotes. ExAMPLEs.—“The world considers him a great statesman;" i. e., the people. “Give us our daily bread,” i.e., our food. An Antithesis is founded on the contrast or opposition of two objects. ExAMPLE.-.” Though deep, yet clear; though gentle, yet not dull; Strong without rage, without o'erflowing full.” The Parallel is a figure used to show the resemblance between two characters or writings to show their conformity | "---_ *=" S-s: * RHETORIC. 37 in essential points; as, the parallel between the Old and New Testaments. Irony sneeringly means the reverse of what the words liter- ally denote. It is usually mockery uttered for the sake of ridicule or sarcasm. Its use is very effective, giving a vivid impression, seldom leaving an opponent an opportunity to reply. Several remarkable examples are found in the book cf Job. Paralipsis pretends to conceal or omit what is really sug- gested and enforced. ExAMPLE.—"I will not call him a villain, because it would be unpar- liamentary. I will not call him a fool, because he happens to be Chan- cellor of the Exchequer.” Climax consists in the gradual rise of one expression of thought above another, until our idea is raised to the highest pitch. When reversed it is called anti-climax. ExAMPLE.-" Boisterous in # in action # and bold, He buys, he sells, he steals, he kills for gold.” “Then virtue became silent, heart-sick, pined away, and died.” Allusion is that figure by which some word or phrase in a sentence calls to mind, as if accidentally, another similar or analogous subject. It is one of the most serviceable figures in the language. ExAMPLE.- “I was surrounded with difficulties, and possessed no clue by which I could effect my escape.” Exclamation is a form of speech used to express strong emotions of the mind; as, surprise, admiration, joy, grief, etc. ExAMPLE.—“Oh, time! time!, it is fit thou shouldst thus strike thy murderer to the heart! How art thou fled forever! A month! Oh, for a single week! I ask not for years, though an age were too little for the much I have to do!” Repetition seizes some emphatical word or phrase, and to mark its importance makes it occur frequently in the same Sentence. “He sang Darius, great and good, By too severe a fate, Fallen, fallent fallen, fallen, Fallen from his high estate and weltering in his blood.” Interrogation is a rhetorical figure by which the speaker intends to express an opinion by asking a question which he does not intend shall be actually answered. ExAMPLE.-“How long, Catiline, will you abuse our patience? Do you not perceive that your designs are discovered?” etc. “Can storied urn or animated bust, Back to its mansion call the fleeting breath? Can Honor's voice provoke the silent dust, Or Flattery soothe the dull, cold ear of Death?” Alliteration is the repetition of the same letter at the be- ginning of two or more words immediately succeeding each other. ExAMPLE.—“The lordly lion leaves his lonely lair.” “Round rugged rocks, rude, ragged rascals ran.” Euphemism is a softened mode of speech for what would be disagreeable or offensive if told in the plainest language. Cushi did not say to David, “Absalom is killed;” but, “..May all the enemies of the king be as that young man is.” 38 * - FIGURES OF RHETORIC. Apostrophe, like the exclamation, is the sudden turning-off from the regular course of a subject to address some person or thing, real or imaginary, living or dead. ExAMPLES.—“O, thou Parnassus, whom I now survey, Not in the frenzy of a dreamer's eye, Not in the fabled landscape of a lay, But soaring, snow-clad, through thy native sky In the wild pomp of mountain inajesty! What marvel that I thus essay to sing? The humblest of thy pilgrims passing by, Would gladly woo thine echoes with his # Though from thy £s no more one musc shall wave her wing.” “O, my son Absalom, my son, my son!” Vision is a figure of speech by which the speaker uses the present tense of the verb, and describes the action or event as actually now in sight. ExAMPLES.-"Methought I heard a voice Cry, sleep no more! Macbeth doth murder sleep.” “Thy blood is cold; thou hast no speculation In those eyes which thou dost stare with. Hence! horrible shadow; unreal mockery, hence!” “Soldiers! from the tops of yonder pyramids, forty centuries look down upon you.” Onomatopoeia consists in the formation of words in such a manner as by their sound will suggest the sense; as, buzz, hiss, roar, cuckoo, whip-poor-will, crash. “A needless Alexandrine ends the song, That, like a wounded snake, drags its slow length along.” ** On the car Drops the light drip of the suspended oar.” FIGURES OF ORTHOGRAPHY, A figure in orthography is the deviation from the ordi- nary spelling or pronunciation of words. The principal figures of orthography are: Aphaeresis is the shortening of a word by taking a letter or syllable from the beginning; as, 'gainst for against. A shortened word is sometimes made a part of an adjoining word; as, “There's rest beyond the grave.” Syncope is the shortening of a word by taking a letter or syllable from the middle; as, o'er for over. Apocope is the shortening of a word by taking a letter or syllable from the end; as, th for the. Prosthesis is the lengthening of a word by prefixing a syl- lable; as, beloved for loved. Paragoge is the lengthening of a word by addition of a * syllable; as, johnny for john. NorB.-Elision is the omission of letters. Ellipsis, the omission of words... Diaresis is the pronouncing the final ed of the word; as, loved (one syllable) to loved (two syllables). Synaeresis is the contraction of two syllables into one by rapidly pronouncing two or more vowels that properly belong to separate syllables; as, ae in Israel. Tmesis is the inserting of a word between the parts of a compound; as, “On which side soever,” for “On whichsoever side.” FIGURES OF SYNTAX. A FIGURE in syntax is the deviation of the ordinary con- struction of words. The principal figures are: Ellipsis is the omission of some parts not absolutely essen- tial to express the meaning, but necessary to complete the grammatical construction; as, “The first and (the) last.” Aposiopesis is the leaving of something unsaid; as, “Whom I-but first 'tis best the billows to restrain.” Zeugma is the referring of a word to two different ones which, in strict syntax, can agree with only one of them; as, “In him who is, or him who finds a friend.”—Pop E. Pleonasm is the use of a greater number of words than are necessary to express the meaning; as, “My banks they are furnished with bees.” Enallage is the use of one part of speech, or of one form of a word, for another. (This figure should not be used when it can be avoided.) “Thinks I to myself, I'll stop.” Inversion or Hyperbaton is the inverting or transposition of words, placing that first which should be last.” An Archaism is a word or expression imitative of ancient style or usage: “Unpleasing sight, I ween.” Mimicry is the imitation of another person's improper use of language. This figure includes all imitations of brogues and dialects. NotE.-The last two figures belong to both figures of orthography and figures of syntax. RULES OF SENTENCE-BUILDING. By sentence-building is meant construction. The chief things to be aimed at in this are grammatical accuracy and clearness. Unity, strength, and harmony, so essential in essays and orations, are in letters of minor importance. Persons are often unable, in the necessary rapidity of cor- respondence, to use, prune and dress their sentences as in other kinds of composition; hence, they cannot be held to a strict compliance with all the rules of rhetoric, but nothing will excuse a violation of the ordinary rules of grammar. Every sentence should be clear. Avoid ambiguity and ob- scurity; have a clear conception of what you want to say. “Clear thinking makes clear writing.” The principal words of a sentence should be placed where they will make the most impression. Care should be taken not to follow a strong assertion or argument by a weaker one. Avoid separating the preposition from the noun which it governs. Place all modifying adjuncts as near as possible to the words which they limit. Short sentences are easier to write or read than long ones hence more suitable for correspondence. Express every distinct thought or fact in a distinct sen. tence, and be very sparing in the use of ands and buts. *Ig- | l -—” * COMPOSITION AND DECLAMATION. 39 A-AA-AA-AA-AA-AA-AA-AA-AA-A* -ā-ā-ā-kā-ā-ā-A. A 4-A-AA-AA-AA *...*.*.*.*.* = - - - - - - - - - - - - -A-AA-AA - & = * ********* *************". ****". "*** **************" ****** - - - - - - - - - - * - ... * * | |* * * I' ū Q £ £1 - | * || | | | | | Q. # | * " || # * * | * * * | * * * * * | * * * || || * * * || || * * * * * * * * * * * * * # * * | f * * * * * Q || *: * || # Q || * (*) * * * * * #." # * || * : * * * * * * @ ||3|G # * | ". *ść=> -> * * *...*.*.*.*.*.*.*.*.*.*.*.*.*.*.*.*.*.*.*& ă. * * * * *.*.*.*.*.*.*.*.*.*.*. *...*.*.*.*.*.*.*.*.*.*.*.*.*.*.*, * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 4.4.4.4.4.4.4.4.4.4.4.4.4. *** * *******". ******* "****" = " * * * * * * * ****** * * r" " ". *** "I £ CCURACY in the arrangement the connection between the parts be properly maintained. \ of one's thoughts and a ready An Essay is a composition generally on some abstract sub- and correct expression of them ject, devoted rather to an investigation of causes, effects, in written language is an at- etc., than to an examination of visible and material pecu- tainment exceedingly desirable. liarities; brief descriptions and narrations may be introduced This is called Composition, which with advantage. is divided into two great di- An Argumentative Discourse is a composition in which visions, Prose and Poetry. the writer lays down a proposition, and attempts to persuade Prose is that form of composi- others that it is true. When on religious subjects they are tion in which a natural ex- generally called sermons; when on other subjects, speeches pression, and a natural order are employed or orations. Among the ancients orations were divided into without reference to the recurrence of certain six regular divisions; viz., The Exordium, or introduction, sounds, or in which the speaker exact ar- strove to make his hear- rangements ers attentive and disposed of syllables. Prose com- position is to receive his arguments. The Division or plan the speaker intended to pur- |- :*-*. sub-divided sue in treating the sub- into five leading di- ject. The Statement, in visions; viz., Letters, De- scriptions, Narrations, Es- says, and Argumentative Discourses. Letter Writing is the most important of prose which the subject and the facts connected with it were laid open. The Reasoning in which the arguments were set forth #. in writing—the reasoning composition. There ex- POSITION, FIG.1 POSITION, FIG.2. of opponents was refuted. ists a necessity for all per- Right foot advanced, the left The change from the first to the second position is made The Appeal to the feel- Sons to write letters : '': £ £ ings—one of the most upon the ordinary topics £"s: is deeply £: : £, : #: in important divisions of of business or friendship. the discourses. The Per- This subject is more fully # oration, in which the explained and forms given on another page. speaker summed up all that had been said, and brought Description consists in noting down the characteristics or his discourse to a close. Peculiarities of any particular object that meets the eye; viz., This arrangement and division is used largely by speakers Material Objects, Natural Scenery and Persons; to write a at the present day, though there are many excellent dis- description it is necessary for the writer to be familiar with courses in which several of these parts are altogether what he is attempting to describe. Narrations consist in wanting. * giving a detailed account of incidents which have taken When a subject has been selected, no matter to which of place, or which the writer imagines to have taken place; as, these divisions it belongs, the first thing to be done is to in Fiction, History, Biography, Travels, and Voyages. In proceed to its analysis; by this is meant the drawing out *ration it is necessary that the sentences be clear, and of the various heads under which it is intended to treat it; 4O DOMPOSITION AND DECLA MATION. as, suppose Commerce be the subject, its proper analysis would be-1, Definition; 2, Origin; 3. History; 4, Discov- eries; 5, Advantages; or an essay on Friendship. The analysis would be—I, Definition; 2, Origin; 3, Antiquity;4, Instances 5, Necessity; 6, Effects. An attention to the subject of composition should be commenced early in life. Exercises of a simple character prepare the mind for higher exertion, and readiness and facility in the lower departments of writing enable the stu- dent to apply himself without reluctance to those mightier efforts by which the progress of intellectual culture is most rapidly advanced. Hundreds of scholars graduate from our common schools, and from some of our best private in- stitutions, with no well-defined ideas of the construction of our language. The intelligent reader must admit that it is only this practical application of grammar that renders that art useful, and prepares the scholar to express thoughts in his own language. # orthography, writing, grammar, punctuation, diction, con- Its advantages are, experience in struction, and the acqui- sition of a good style. The taste for composi- tion is both natural and acquired. Every child that can think or express what it thinks, can ac- quire it in a greater or less degree. In these two mental operations, thought and the expression of thought, lie the germs of composition. These germs may be warmed into life, expanded so as to send forth leaves and branches, blossom, and bear fruit, and yield a rich and abundant harvest in FIG. 5-Cline the field of literature and sound learning. Too much stress cannot be laid on the necessity of our youth being to # -X3:4. weakened. Fft. early taught to write their thoughts, and to declaim in public. Style. The student who aims to be a good speaker or writer, besides correctness, must pay attention to the style or manner of expressing his ideas. Style, then, is the par- ticular manner in which a writer or speaker expresses his thoughts by words. No two writers are likely to express the same idea in precisely the same manner, hence we have different kinds of style; they are the Simple, the Florid, the Nervous, the Concise, the Diffuse. The Simple Style is that in which the thoughts are expressed in a natural manner, without any attempt at effect. The Florid, or flowery style, is characterized by excess of ornament. The Wervous Style is that in which forcible sentences are employed, and which makes a strong impression on the reader or hearer. The Concise Style the writer expresses his ideas in very few words. The Diffuse Style is that of a writer who enlarges on his CESTURES. FIG. 3.-Right hand Supine. The hand should be well opened; when partly closed the gesture is G. 4.-The Index Finger. Employed in Indicatio hed Hand. Used in Extreme Emp! # . FIG. 6.-Hand Clasped. Appropriate in Supplication and Earnest Entreaty. The author's style should possess the following certain properties: Purity, Propriety, Precision, Clearness, Strength, and Har- thoughts, and uses many words to express them. mony “T attain V. The following directions are given by Dr. Blair for ing a good style: “The first direction is, study clear ideas of the subject on which you are to write or speak. What we conceive clearl y and feel strongly, we naturally express with clearness and strength. “Secondly, to the acquisition of a good style, frequency of composing is indispensably necessary. But it is not every kind of composition that will improve style. By a careless and hasty habit of writing, a bad style will be acquired. In the beginning, therefore, we ought to write slowly and with much care. Facility and speed are the fruit of experience. “Thirdly, acquaintance with the style of the best authors is peculiarly requisite. Hence, a just taste will beformed, and a copious fund of words supplied on every subject. . No exercise, perhaps, will be found more useful for acquiring a proper style, than translatin g some passage from an eminent author in our own words and then comparing what we have written with the style of the author. Such an exercise will show us our defects, will teach us to correct them, and, from the variety of expression which it will exhibit, will conduct us to that which ă 3.3% is most beautiful. “Fourthly, caution must be used against servile imitation of any author whatever. Desire of im- itating, hampers genius, and generally produces stiffness of expression. They who copy an author closely, commonly copy his faults as well as his beauties. It is much better to have something of our own, though of moderate beauty, than to shine in borrowed ornaments which will at last betray the poverty of our genius. Precision, etc. Vehement Declaration, Desperate Resolve. “Fifthly, always adapt your style to the subject, and like- wise to the capacity of your hearers or readers. When we are to write or speak, we should previously fix in our minds a clear idea of the end aimed at; keep this steadily in view, and adapt our style to it. “Lastly, let not attention to style engross you so much as to prevent a higher degree of attention to the thoughts. He is a contemptible writer, who looks not beyond the dress of language; who lays not the chief stress upon his matter, and employs not such ornaments of style as are manly, not foppish.” GRIEF, CAUTION, 13 INVOCATION. - | *. %l'9% ADMIRATION. RESOLUTION. cursing. DISDALN, REGRET, %#% "*. - | ELOCUTION AND ORATORY. HE subject of elocution is con- fessedly an all important one to the American people. Our re- publican institutions are of such a character as to call for and en- courage a practice of impromptu, as well as finished and studied, oratory. Such, indeed, is the im- perative demand for the services of elocu- tionists of every class, that excellence in the art is a sure road to civil and political preferment. The general inaptitude to ex- Nearly every young man has thoughts and feelings to express. To aid in molding into available shape, and clothe in fitting language his thoughts, that they may prove at once interesting and entertaining, the following suggestions or outline of the requisites necessary for the production of a good reader and ready speaker may be opportune. The prime qualification for an orator is a pure and culti- vated voice; therefore a right knowledge of the right use of the breathing apparatus, together with the proper manner of lisciplining and using the voice, is the first subject the stu- dent should notice. { tempo- rail Coll.S. address- esofour citizens is con- clusive pro of that there is a lamentable deficiency somewhere in their early or late training. That some are gifted be- yond others in the matter of oratory cannot be de- nied; and that the great majority of our people v. need nothing but proper : £" training in the season of •. FIG. 7.—This gesture is FIG. 8.-This used in concession, sub- mission and humility. esture is Breathing. In breathing, stand in a perfectly erect but easy posture, with the weight of the body resting on one foot, the feet at the proper angle and distance from each other. In Ef. fusive breathing draw in slowly a full breath, and send it forth very slowly in a prolonged sound of the breathing h or a-h in a whisper. In Expulsive breathing, draw in some. what quicker than in Ef. fusive breathing, a full FIG. 9.—This gesture is used in spe- cific reference, emphatic designation; the hand inverted # used in reproach, scorn, contempt, etc. their youth to fit them the better to enter this department of public life is equally undeniable. Elocution in our schools should rank in consideration with the more important branches of geography, grammar, and arithmetic. The scholars should be continually prac- ticed in declamation, and drilled in the principles of elocution. If these same youth be accustomed from their early scholas- tic life to address audiences, even of their own school com- panions, much will be accomplished toward preparing them for public speaking. breath, and emit it with a lively, explosive force, the sound of the h but little prolonged. Explosive or Abrupt breathing, draw in a full breath faster than in Expulsive, and emit it very quickly in the brief sound of the h. Whispering. For students accustomed to articulate poorly, practice in Whispering is one of the best remedies; for in speaking we may be understood if we do not articulate distinctly, but in 9—- 46 ELOCUTION AND ORATORY. whispering it is impossible. In Effusive whispering let the breath pass from the mouth in as gentle a manner as pos- sible, so that at first a person at the distance of about ten feet would understand. In Expulsive whispering let the breath pass from the mouth with more force than in the Effusive, so that a person could understand at the distance of twenty feet. In Explosive whispering let the breath pass from the mouth in as abrupt and explosive a manner as possible. Qualities of Woice. The Qualities of Voice mostly used in reading and speaking, and which should receive the highest degree of culture, are the Pure Tone, the Orotund, the Aspirated, and the Guttural. The Pure Tone is a clear, smooth, sonorous flow of sound, adapted to express emotions of joy, love, and tranquil- ity. The Orotund is a full, deep, round, pure tone of voice, adapted to the declamatory style generally, and used espe- cially to express sublime, impassioned, and pathetic emotions. The Aspirated Tone is a forcible breathing or whispering utterance, and is used to express fear, anger, terror, revenge, and remorse. The Guttural Tone is a deep aspirated tone of voice, used to express aversion, hatred, loathing, and con- tempt. Articulation. Articulation is the distinct utterance of all the oral ele- ments in syllables and words, according to the most approved custom of pronouncing them. With faithful practice, giving to each syllable and letter its proper sound, the student will find little difficulty in articulation. Remember that in good articulation very much depends upon opening the mouth sufficiently, so that nothing can impede a round, full tone of voice. A daily practice cannot be too strictly enjoined, be- cause there is nothing that indicates Vocal Culture more plainly than good articulation. Modulation. Modulation includes the consideration of Key, Variation, Force, and Rate. Key, Or pitch, is the prevailing tone of reading or speaking, and for convenience and practice is commonly divided into Low, Middle, and High Key. The Low Key should generally be used in expressing deep solemnity, awe, amazement, horror, despair, melancholy, and deep grief. The Middle Key should generally be used in common conversation, in the delivery of a literary or scientific essay, a doctrinal sermon, a plain, practi- cal oration on any subject limited to purposes of mere utility, and demanding the action of reason and judgment. The High Key should generally be used in expressing brisk, gay, and joyous emotions; also the extremes of pain, grief, and fear, which, from their preternaturally exciting power, cause the peculiar, shrill, convulsive cries and shrieks which express these passions. The MonoToNE, though perhaps not coming under the head of Key, will be far better understood if treated here than elsewhere. The Monotone is speaking without change of Key, that is, preserving a fullness of tone without ascent or descent on the scale. This tone is adopted by actors when repeating passages aside. Generally the Monotone requires a full tone-of voice, with slow and prolonged utterance. It is the ONLY tone that can properly present the super-natural and ghostly. This is the best tone by far to practice in the cultivation of the voice. Wariations. Variations are the different movements of the voice, or var. iations from the key in the delivery of a sentence. These are the Sweeps, the Bend, the Slides, and the Closes. The most important are the Emphatic Sweeps. The movement of the voice which a development of the Emphatic Sweeps requires, is a sweep upward from the key to the word emphasized, and coming down upon the word with increased force is car- ried below the key and again back to it. The upper move- ment is called the Upper Sweep; the lower movement, the Lower Sweep. Accentual Sweeps take the same movement as the Emphatic, though very much diminished in extent, and are generally developed upon one syllable or word. The Bend is a slight turn of the voice upward at a pause of imperfect sense. Its use in reading and speaking will be found of the greatest utility, as it gives life and animation to the subject. Especially in opening an address use the Bend as much as possible, as it aids materially in gaining the good-will and sympathy of the audience. The Slides are divided into the Upward, the Downward, the Waving, and the Double Slide. The Upward Slide is a gradual rise of the voice upward through a series of tones, ceasing at the highest. The Downward Slide is the reverse of the upward, carrying the voice downward through a series of tones, ceasing at the lowest. The Waving Slide has the precise movement of the Emphatic Sweeps. The Double Slide is used in the delivery of all questions where the dis- junctive conjunction or is present; the or forming the point at which the one ends and the other begins. The voice takes the movement of the Upward Slide to or, and the Downward Slide from it to the close. The Closes are divided into the Partial(), and the Perfect (>). The Partial close is a fall of voice at the end of one of the parts of a sentence to the key, or to a point near the key, preparatory to the Perfect Close. The Perfect Close is a fall of the voice at the end of a sentence to a point generally be. low the key. Force. Reading with greater or less Force is simply reading with more or less volume of voice upon the same key. There are many reasons why we should be judicious in the use of Force. First, if too little Force be used, the rear portion of the audi- ence will not hear distinctly. Second, if too much Force be used the speaking will be too loud for those nearest the rostrum. Third, the continued use of an unusual degree of Force destroys the flexibility of the voice, and leaves no room for an increase of volume when the nature of the sen- tence absolutely demands greater force. g-- ji -: re- ELOCUTION AND ORATORY. 47 STREss, according to Dr. Rush, is but the rendering of *orce perceptible or impressive in single sounds. There are properly three kinds,—the Radical, the Median, and the In- creasing. The Radical is generally explosive, and falls on the first part of a sound. The Median is also generally ex- plosive, and swells out toward the middle of a sound, and vanishes toward the close. The Increasing, effusive at first, increases till the last moment of the sound, and ends with the explosive. Rate. Pate must necessarily vary with the nature of the thought and the emotion. The tendency of American orators is to undue rapidity. The Rate should not be so slow that the audience may anticipate what we are about to say ; and it should not be so fast that the articulation is rendered indis- tinct. Generally, Slow Rate should be practiced, because in speaking thus an orator has the air of self-possession, can articulate distinctly, and has in reserve the power to increase the Rate where the nature of the sentence may absolutely de- mand it. * Delivery. All sentences are comprehended in three classes,—the Declarative, the Interrogative, and the Exclamatory. De- clarative sentences state or declare something of time past, present, or future, affirmatively or negatively, as true or false, possible and impossible, etc. Interrogative sentences are such as contain questions. Exclamatory sentences are such as are employed to express emotion or passion. The Delivery sentences are delivered with the Bend at in- termediate pauses, where life, cheerfulness, or joy is required; and the Partial Close when sorrow or great emphasis is re- quired. Interrogative sentences are either Definite, Indefin- ite, or Indirect. The Definite are such as begin with verbs, and may be answered by yes or no, and are delivered with the Rising Slide, ending only with the last word. The /ndefinite are such as begin with the adverbs and relative pronouns, and cannot be answered by yes and no. They are delivered with the Upper Emphatic Sweep to the emphatic Word, and the Downward Slide from it to the close. The Andirect are interrogative in a declarative form, and are delivered with the Waving Slide; that is, the Upper Sweep to the emphatic word and the Lower Sweep from it. Exclamatory sentences are Declarative, Interrogative, and Spontaneous, and are delivered like the declarative and interrogative sentences from which they are derived; except that they require in addition the peculiar effects of the emo- tions and passions. The expressions, Sce there! Behold! etc., are called Spontaneous, because they are generally uttered without deliberation. Gesture. Gesture should be used only when it will aid in expressing language more forcibly; and to be appropriate and impressive must always be natural. No speaker should be so prolific or eccentric in gesture that his audience will notice any peculi- arities of gesture, but will remember only that they were - graceful and appropriate. The student will find the following rules of value :- 1. The gesture employed most frequently is the movement used in handing a book or other article to a friend; and the delivery of an oration is simply the presentation of ideas to an audience. PosLT1oN of T11E HAND.—The hand open, the first finger straight, the others slightly curved, and generally the palms of the hands open toward the audience, so that they may be seen by the audience. 2. The Argumentative gesture may, and should be, used most frequently in debate and argumentative declamation. Position of THE HANDS.-First finger straight, the others closed, or nearly so. This gesture is very useful in earnest debate, as it was often remarked of Clay that the argument seemed to drop from the ends of his fingers. These gestures are of great value in any discourse. 3. The Fist, sometimes called the “sledge-hammer” ges- ture, should be used in the expression of the most earnest, powerful, moving sentiments, where strong arguments are to be brought out with telling effect. This gesture was a favorite one with Daniel Webster; and in those memorable debates with Haynes in the United States Senate, he is said to have riveted his arguments with the force of a giant when at every appropriate place he brought down his “sledge- hammer” gesture. Save in debate and argumentative orations, gesture should seldom be used, except when referring to some object in nature. I. When referring to the earth covered with snow, to withering famine, to desolation in whatever respect, or when referring to death or hell, always have the palm of the hand downward, and the arm raised but slightly from the body. II. When referring to the earth robed in green, to the trees and flowers in bloom, to life or to abundance, always have the palm of the hand up- ward, and often raised as high as the head. In all cases be careful to complete the gesture where it is intended at the instant of uttering the syllable or word; for if it comes in before or lags behind the word, it will certainly detract from the effect * Style. The student should never attempt to deliver any selection until he first ascertains to what style it belongs. If it be— 1. Argumentative, he must deliver it as if debating, there. fore earnest; 2. Descriptive, he must deliver it as if actually describing some scene; 3. Persuasive, he must use those looks, tones, and gestures appropriately used in persuasion Passions. The student should always have his mind so wrought up to the proper pitch in which the Passion should be rendered, that he may with ease be able to deliver it correctly. Great actors, before appearing in the character they are to per- sonify, through force of will work their minds up to the degree of passion required, and thus appear perfectly lifelike. -, * G-E ~-S (> -— 4.-- -- ***--> -->=m 48 ELOCUTION AND ORATORY. Elocutionists, also, in exhibiting some vehement passion to a class, have brought their mind up to such a pitch of frenzy as to be several hours in overcoming its effects. Students should always, before attempting to express one of the passions, carefully examine in what Tone, Key, Force, and Rate it should be delivered. Finding these, adapt the voice and expression to it, and then deliver it. DIRECTIONS FOR STUDENTS. 1. PosLTION of THE BoDY.—The first, and certainly one of the most important directions to students, is, that he should stand erect and firm, and in such a posture that the chest may be fully expanded, and easy play given to the organs of respiration and utterance. 2. THE WEIGHT of THE BoDY.—The weight of the body should be thrown upon one foot leaving the other free to be thrown backward or forward; or the weight of the body changed to rest upon it, and thus continuing to change as often as fatigue or the action in speaking may require. When the weight is thus resting upon one foot, the feet should be nearly, but never quite, at right angles to each other. 3. Position of THE HEAD.—The head should be held in an erect and natural position, as this, in delivery, chiefly contributes to the expression. For, when inclined to one side, it expresses languor; when drooped, humility; when turned upward, pride; and when stiff and rigid, it indicates a lack of ease and self possession. 4. THE EYEs.—As the eyes are the light of the body, so in delivery, they are the life of expression. They should occasionally glance toward the gesture, as that gives prom- inence, and attention to it; when we wish to refuse or con- demn, the eyes should be turned from the object, otherwise the eyes should be toward the audience, and assume an ex- pression of earnestness. 5. Moving UPoN THE STAGE.-Moving upon the stage (while practicing) even to excess is advisable; because the grace of an orator is conspicuous in the ease with which he moves and changes his position. The student should, however, (except in cultivation) be judicious in this practice; as too frequent movements upon the rostrum will indicate that he is disconcerted. 6. DRINKING WHILE SPEAKING.—The thirst, which is experienced by many speakers, is simply a lack of self pos- session; and, as soon as the speaker is entirely at ease, the thirst will disappear. But the more he drinks the more thirsty he will become, and the more difficult it will be for him to control his voice. 7. Vocal ExERCISE.-Exercising the vocal organs a few moments vigorously about two hours before speaking in public, is an excellent practice to secure a good tone, but care should be taken that this practice be not prolonged so as to weary the organs, else they may not recover their nat- ural elasticity before speaking. 8. “ToBAcco INJURIous To THE Voice.—The use of tobacco, in any form, has a deleterious effect upon the speaking and breathing organs; it enfeebles the nervous system and tends to make the voice dry, husky and inflexible. Public speakers who are votaries of the weed, if they cannot give it up entirely, ought, by all means to refrain from the use of it for several hours previous to speaking or engaging in any public vocal exercise.”-Kidd. Every student should carefully analyze that epitome of instruction “HAMLET's INSTRUCTION TO THE PLAYERs.” He will be delighted to notice that the great artist has pre- sented in a single page a concise summary of invaluable suggestions. * HAMLET's INSTRUCTION To THE PLAYERs. Speak the specch, I pray you, as I pronounced it to you: trippingly on the tongue; but if you mouth it, as many of our players do, I had as lief the town-crier spake my lines. Nor do not saw the air too much with your hand thus, but use all Arently; for in the very torrent, tempest, and (as I may say), whirlwind of your passion, you must acquire and beget a temperance, that may give it smoothness. O, it offends me to the soul, to hear a robustious, periwig-pated fellow tear a passion to tatters, to very rags, to split the ears of the groundlings; who, for the most part, are cap. able of nothing but inexplicable dumb shows and noise. Pray you, avoid it. Be not too fame, neither, but let your own discretion be your tutor. Suit the action to the word, the word to the action: with this special observance: that you o'erstep not the modesty of nature; for anything so over-done is from the purpose of playing; whose cnd, both at the first and now, was, and is, to hold, as 'twere, the mirror up to "tattire, to show virtue her own feature; scorn her own image; and the very age and body of the time his form and pressure. Now this, overdone or come tardy off, though it make the unskilful laugh, cannot but make the judicious grieve; the censure of which one, must, in your allowance, o'erweigh a whole theatre of others. O, there be players, that I have seen play, and heard others praise, and that highly (not to speak it profanely,) that, neither having the accent of Christians, nor the gift of Christian, pagan, or mart, have so strutted and bellowed, that I have thought some of nature's Journeymen had made men and not made them well: they imitated humanity so abominably. 4 -: -->] SUBJECTS FOR COMPOSITIONS AND ESSAYS. 49 1. Mythology. 2. Rural happiness. 3. Our native land. 4. Description of a storm. 5. Scene at a summer's noon. 6. A winter landscape. 7. A market day. 8. An evening walk. 9. The entrance of Christ into Jerusalem. 10. Ruins of Rome. $f Greece. 11. Twilight. 12. A winter evening. 13. Moonlight at sea. 14. Spring, 15. Summer. 16. Autumn. 17. Winter. 18. The equator. 19. The tropics. 20. Mid-summer. 21. Rural scenery. 22. Review of the seasons. 23. Solitude. 24. The love of order. 25. Evils of obstinacy. 26. Firmness. 27. Delicacy of feeling. 28. Delicacy of taste. 29. Novels. 30. Tales of fiction. 31. Contemplation. 32. Correspondence between true politeness and religion. 33. Sympathy. 34. The advantages of a good education. 35. The effects of learning on the countenance. 36. Power of habit. 37. The art of pleasing. 33. Comparison of history and biography. 39. The passions. 40. The difference between beauty and fashion. 41. Enterprise. 42. Exertion. 43. Importance of a good character. 44. Criticism. 45. Iteligious cducation. 46. Monumental inscriptions. 47. On forming connexions. 48. Qualifications for the enjoyment of friend. ship. 49. Duties of hospitality. If c” | t *.*.* :* * A: COMFOSITIONS: & 3 * *: + f- sé # SS- 42) SS: * * # ''': "Ss. * £a. 7. Q * { } * Çift SS: * D * '..." y ..)" # £ $7.3% * * C------- ------ _*- s: ... *-*====< *Thus," : * ..a * *... ". . . &.x'.8 ~ NS: & £SS -- *. *...*.* # $# ...--> 53. Family quarrels, their causes, and mode of preventing them. 54. Early attachments. 55. Tastc for the cultivation of flowers. 56. Government of temper. 57. Comedy. 58. Tragedy. 59. Uses of adversity. Go. Poetical taste. 61. Manners. 62. Modesty of merit. 63. Method. 64. Parental indulgence. 65. Parental severity. 66. Profligacy. 67. The study of the Latin language. 6S. The study of the French language. 69. Ingenuity. 70. Eloquence. 71. Fancy. 72. Imagination. 73. Classical learning. 74. Taste for simple pleasure. 75. Skepticism. 76. Amusements. 77. Efficacy of moral instruction. 78. A cultivated mind necessary for the enjoy- ment of retirement. 79. Want of personal beauty as affecting virtue and happiness. 80. Happiness of domestic life. 81. Evils of public life. 82. Modesty a sign of merit. S3. Equanimity the best support under afflic- tion. 84. Ill effects of ridicule. 85. Necessity of temperance to the health of . the mind. 86. Moral effects of painting and sculpture. 87. The choice of a profession. SS. Selfishness. * 89. Literary genius. 90. Necessity of attention to things as well as to books. 91. Fear of growing old. 92. The butterfly and its changes. 93. Freedom. 94. The rose. 95. The lily. 96. Remorse. 97. The voice. 9S. Grace. 102. Youth and Manhood. 103. The sacred Scriptures. 104. The press. 105. The pulpit. 106. The human frame. 107. Traveling. IoS. Language. 109. Liberty. 11o. Infidelity. 111. Atheism. 112. Independence. 113. The existence of God. 114. Light. 115. Darkness. 116. Heat. 117. Cold. 11S. The rainbow. 119. The wife. 120. The husband. 121. Influence of Christianity. 122. Stability of character. 123. Instability of character. 124. Peevishness. 125. Art of pleasing. 126. Local associations. 127. Influence of female character. 128. Discretion. 129. New England. 130. Paternal influence. 131. Maternal influence. 132. Intemperance. 133. Fashionable follies. 134. Emigration. 135. Intellectual dissipation. 136. Intellectual discipline. 137. The warrior. 138. The statesman. 139. The legislator. 140. The judge. 141. A field of battle. 142. A naval cngagement. 143. Immortality. 144. Decision of character. 145. Romance. 146. Flattery. 147. Industry. 148. Temperance. 149. Resentment. 150. Lying. 151. Piety. 152. Anger. 153. Poetry. 50. Moral principles. 99. Gesture. 154. Envy. 51. Moral duties. 1oo. Woman. 155. Virtue. 52. Civility. 101. Man. 156, Justice. -: - G---- 4 - *|*—- -—9 5O SUBJECTS FOR coMPOSITIONS AND ESSAYS. a 157. Adversity. 227. Heroism. 270. They say, best men are molded out of 158. Pride. 228. Despair. faults. g 159. Compassion. 229. Government 271. what We have we prize not to the worth 160. Avarice. 230. Dramatic entertainments. While we enjoy it; but being lacked and 161. Slander. 231. Fables and allegories. lost, 162. Mercy. 232. Figurative language. Why then we rack the value; then we find 163. Wealth. 233. Commerce. The£rtue that possession would not show 164. Prudence. 234. Chivalry. While it was ours. 165. Gratitude. 235. Philosophy. 272. All delights are vain; but that most vain 166. Affectation. 236. Natural history. Which, with pain purchased, doth inherit 167. Loquacity. 37. Astronomy. * pain. 168. Wisdom. 238. The invention of the mariners compass. 273. Light, seeking light, doth light of light 169. Luxury. 239. Thc invention of the telescope. beguile. 170. Health. 240. The application of steam. * 274. Too much to know is to know nought but 171. Pleasure. 241. The invention of the steam engine. fame. - 172. Gaming. 242. The mathematics. 275. Where is any author in the world 173. Religion. 243. Astrology. Teaches such beauty as a woman's eye? 174. Study. 244. Modern discoveries. 276. The hind that would be mated by the lion 175. Experience. 245. Architecture. Must die for love. 176. Peace and war. 246. The law. 277. Our remedies oft in ourselves do lie 177. Want and plenty. 247. The learned professions. Which we ascribc to heaven. 178. Ignorance and learning. 248. Curiosity. 278. The web of our life is of mingled yarn, 179. Happiness and misery. 249. Nature. Good and ill together: our virtues would be 180. Virtue and vice. 250. Art. Proud, if our faults whipped them not; 181. Parsimony and prodigality. 251. The influence and importance of the female and our 182. Hope and fear. character. Crimes would despair if they were not 183. Reward and punishment. 252. Is the expectation of reward or the fear of Cherished by our virtues. 184. Beauty and deformity. punishment the greater incentive to 279. Let's take the instant by the forward top; 185. Affection and hatred. cxertion? * For we are old, and on our quickest decrees 1S6. Arrogance and humility. 253. The value of time, and the uses to which The inaudible and noiseless foot of time 187. Order and confusion. it should be applied. Steals ere we can effect them. 1SS. Carclessness and caution. 254. The character of the Roman Emperor 2so. They lose the world that do buy it with 189. Contentment and dissatisfaction." Nero,—of Caligula,—of Augustus-of much care. 190. Emulation and sloth. J ulius Caesar,—of Numa Pomp ''. 281. I can easier teach twenty what were 191. Cleanliness. 255. The duties we owc to our parents, and the Good to be done, than be one of the twenty 192. Religious intolerance. consequence of a neglect of them. * to 193. Charity. 256. How blessings brighten as they take their Follow mine own teaching. 194. Contentment. flight. * 282. All things that are, 195. Courage. - 257. How dear arc all the ties that bind our Are with more spirit chased than enjoyed. 196. Hope. race in gentleness together. 283. Love is blind, and lovers cannot see 197. Perseverance. 258. The advantages of early rising; and the The petty follies that themselves commit. 198. Conscience. arguments which may be adduced to 284. The world is still deceived with ornament. 199. Death. prove it a duty. 285. The man that hath no music in himself, 200. Life. 259. Misery is wed to guilt. Nor is not moved with concord of sweet 201. Sickness. 26o. A soul without reflection, like a pile sounds, 202. liealth. Without inhabitant, to ruin runs. Is fit for treason, stratagems, and spoils. 203. Good humor. 261. Still where rosy pleasure leads 286. The nightingale, if she would sing by 204. Omniscience of God. See a kindred grief pursue, day, 205. Omnipresence of God. Behind the steps that misery treads When every goose is cackling, would be 205. Truth. Approaching comforts view. thought 207. Sincerity. 262. 'Tis Providence alone secures, No better a musician than the wren. 208. Procrastination. In every change, both mine and yours. How many things by season seasoned are 209. Trust in God. 263. Know then this truth, enough for man to To their right praise and true perfection. 210. Pleasures resulting from proper use of our know, - 2S7. This our life exempt from public haunt, facultics. Virtue alone is happiness below. Finds tongues in trces, books in the run- 211. Modesty. 264. Prayer ardent opens heaven. ning brooks, 212. Application. Whatcver is, is right. Sermons in stones, and good in everything. 213. Discrction. 265. Knowledge and plenty vie with each other. 288. Oftentimes, to win us to our harm, 214. Christianity. 266. When beggars die there arc no comets The instruments of darkness tellus truths, 215. Suspicion. Seen; Win us with trifles, to betray us 216. Fortitude. The heavens themsclves blaze forth the In deepest consequence. 217. Forgiveness. death of princes. 289. I dare do ail that may become a man, 218. The scasons. 267. Friendship is constant in all other things Who dares do more is none. 219. Filial affection. Save in the office and affairs of love. 290. If it were done, when 't is done, then 220. Harmony of nature. 26S. Man, proud man, ’t were well 221. Adversity. Drest in a little brief authority, It were done quickly. 222. Distribution of time. Most ignorant of what he's most assured. 291. Memory, the warder of the brain. 223. Sources of knowledge. 269. No might nor greatness in mortality 292. Nought's had, all's spent 224. Conjugal affection. Can censure 'scape; back-wounding cal- Where our desire is got without content. 225. Filial piety. umny 293. Things without remedy 226. Generosity. The whitest virtue strikes. Should be without regard. +f:== ---> *=- -—9 SUBJECTS FOR CONFERENCE. 5 I 294. When our actions do not, Our fears do make us traitors. 295. Angels are bright still, though the bright- est fell. 296. The grief that does not speak Whispers the o'erfraught heart, and bids By thinking on the frosty Caucasus? Or cloy the hungry edge of appetite, By bare imagination of a feast? Or wallow naked in December's snow, 312. By thinking on fantastic summer's heat? Oh, no! the apprehension of the good, Are in the poorest things superfluous: Allow not nature more than nature needs, Man's life is cheap as beast's. Give thy thoughts no tongue, Nor any unproportioned thought his act. 313. The friends thou hast and their adoption it break. Gives but the greater feeling to the worse. tried, 297. Courage mounteth with occasion. Fell sorrow's tooth doth never rankle more Grapple them to thy soul with hooks of 298. When fortune means to men most good, Than when it bites, but lanceth not the sore. steel. She looks upon them with a threatening 306. 299. He that stands upon a slippery place Makes nice of no vile hold to stay him up. 3oo. Often times excusing of a fault Doth make the fault the worse by the ex- Cuse, As patches, set upon a little breach Discredit more in hiding of the fault Than did the fault before it was so patched. 301. How oft the sight of means to do ill deeds Makes deeds ill done. 302. That which in mean men we entitle patience, fair ls pale, cold cowardice in noble breasts. 303. Woe doth the heavier sit know, eyes, give; abuse. If all the year were playing holidays, 3.14. eye. To sport would be as tedious as to work. 307. The better part of valor is discretion. 308. See what a ready tongue suspicion hath! He that but fears the thing he would not Hath, by instinct, knowledge from other's That yvhat he feared, is chanced. 309. Nought so vile, that on the earth doth live, But to the earth some special good doth 318. Nor aught so good, but strained from that Revolts from true birth, stumbling on Beware Of entrance to a quarrel; but, being in, Bear it, that the opposer inay beware of thee. 315. Give every man thy ear, but few thy voice. 316. The apparel oft proclaims the man. 317. Neither a borrower nor a lender be; For loan oft loseth both itself and friend, And borrowing dulls the edge of hus bandry. To thine own self be true; And it must follow, as the night the day, Thou canst not then be false to any man. 319. Trifles, light as air, Are to the jealous confirmation strong As proofs of holy writ. Where it perceives it is but faintly borne. Virtue itself turns vice, being misapplied, 320. He that is robbed, not wanting what is 304. Gnarling sorrow hath less power to bite And vice sometimes's by action dignified. stolen, The man that mocks at it and sets it light. 310. Striving to better, oft we mar what's well. Let him not know it and he's not robbed 305. O who can hold a fire in his hand 311. O reason not the need; our basest beggars at all. Ś: # # == Ex-G-: *r-rex'====="G-#">G===r-resce:=="## ########### *: ######### *# * # *#". * On the mineral, animal, and vegetable kingdoms, as furnishing sub- jects of interesting inquiry. * On reflection, reading, and observation, as affording a knowledge of human nature. •- 3. On the present character of the inhabitants of New England, as re- W subjects FoR CONFERENCE." £: $2 £(SN' $222&# £325:#&2%:S * £ - ##########3 * * *, *. #% AU # ** * 14. On the characteristics of man and government, as found in the sav- age, pastoral, agricultural, and commercial state. 15. On patronage, emulation, and personal necessity, as promotive of literary exertion. 16. On the effect of agriculture and manufactures on the morals of the sulting from the civil, literary, and religious institutions of our community. forefathers. 17. On the influence of Greek, Latin, English, and French literature on 4. The stability of the General Government of the United States as taste. affected by a national literature, common dangers, facility of mutual intercourse, and a general diffusion of knowledge. 5. The obligations of a country to her warriors, her statesmen, her art- ists, and her authors. 6. Public amusements, splendid religious ceremonies, warlike prepara- tions, and a display of rigid police, as means of despotic power. 13. On novels formed on fashionable, humble, and sea life. 19. Natural, civil, ecclesiastical, and literary history, considered in rela- tion to the tendency of each to improve and elevate the intellectual faculties. 20. Miss Edgeworth, Hannah More, and Mrs. Hemans. 21. The letters of Lady Mary Wortley, Montague, Horace Walpole, and 7. The comparative virtue of the enlightened and ignorant classes. Cowper. 8. On the value to the nation of the abstract sciences, the physical 22. Personal merit and powerful friends, as promoting advancement in sciences, and literature. life. 9. The associations excited by visiting Italy, Greece, Egypt, and Palestine, considered with reference to their ancient history. 10. On the fine arts, as affecting the morals, refinement, patriotism, and religion of a country. **. On architecture, painting, poetry, and music, as tending to produce and perpetuate religious impressions. **. On the comparative operation, in obstructing the progress of truth, of the spirit of controversy, the reverence of antiquity, the passion of novelty, and the acquiesence in authority. *3. On the character of Hume, Robertson, Gibbon, and Mitford, as histo- F1111S. 23. The influence of Young's and Cowper's poems. 24. The commercial spirit of modern times, considered in its influence on the political, moral, and literary character of a nation. 25. Sterne, Rabelais, and Cervantes. 26. The difference of feeling in the young and the old, with regard to in- novation. * 27. War, commerce, and missionary enterprise, as means of civilizing barbarous countries. 28. The political reformer, the schoolmaster, and the missionary. 29. The country gentleman and the plebeian. 30. Ancient and modern honors to the dead. • I r f S- Q- 52 - SUBJECTS FOR COLLOQUIES, OR COLLOQUIAL DISCUSSIONS. 31. Common sense, genius, and learning,-their characteristics, compar- ative valuc, and success. 32. The prospects of a scholar, a politician, and an independent gentle- man in the United States. 33. Contemporary and subscquent narratives of historical events. 34. Franklin, Davy, and Fulton. The comparative value of their dis- coveries and improvements. 35. The comparative influence of natural scenery, the institutions of society, and individual genius on taste. 36. Heraclitus, Democritus, Epicurus, and Diogenes. 37. The ages of Queen Elizabeth, Charles the Second, Queen Anne, and the present age, considered in a literary point of view. 38. Egypt as described by Herodotus, Greece under Pericles, the Augus- tan age of Rome, Spain under Isabella, Italy in the fifteenth and sixtcenth centuries, and France under Louis the Fourteenth. 39. Reading, writing, observation of men and manners, and the study of nature, as means of intellectual development. 40. Popular elections, a free press, and general education. 41. The Roman ceremonies, the system of the Druids, the religion of the Hindoos, and the superstitions of the American Indians. 42. The literature and morals of a country, as affected by the efforts of individual minds, the prevailing religious faith, the established form of government, and the employment most general among the people. 43. Actions, words, manners, and expression of countenance as indicative of character. 44. The poets of England, Spain, France, and Italy. l 45. The military character of Napoleon, Washington, Wellington, Fred. crick the Great, and Charles thc Twelfth. 46. The ages of Augustus, Lorenzo de Medicis, Louis the Fourteenth, and Queen Anne. 47. The religious institutions of Egypt, Greece, and Rome. 48. Politics, war, literature, and science, as a field for the exercise of talents. 49. Astronomy, anatomy, the instinct of animals, and the moral and in- tellcctual nature of man as affording proof of an intelligent Creator. 50. History, biography, and fiction. 51. The evils of a life of solitude, of fashion, of business, and of public office. 52. On classical learning, the study of mathematics, and the science of the liuman mind as contributing to intellectual culture. 53. On the operation of climate on the moral, intellectual, and military charact.cr. 54. On the power of the oriental, gothic, and classical superstitions, to affect the imagination and the feelings. 55. On pastoral, epic, and dramatic poetry. 56. On the rank and value of the mental endowments of Shakspeare, Scott, Locke, Newton, and the Earl of Chatham. 57. Roman, Grecian, and Egyptian remains. 58. On the influence of spring, summer, autumn, and winter, upon the thoughts, feelings, and imagination. 59. Britain, France, Italy, and Greece, as interesting to an American traveler. 60. On the pleasures of the antiquary, the traveler, the literary recluse, and the man of business. 61. On the beneficial cffects of mechanics, chemistry, astronomy, and agri- culture. 62. On the influence of peace upon the condition of the agriculturist, the manufacturer, the merchant, and the professional man. 63. On the views of life taken by Democritus, Heraclitus, Diogenes, and Zeno. 64. On the tendency of poetry, history, and ethical science, to promote improvement in virtue. * 65. On the influence on personal happiness of natural temper, cultivated taste, external condition, and social intercourse. 66. On novelty, sublimity, beauty, and harmony, as sources of gratifica- tion. * 67. Ancient ethics, considered as pictures of manners, as proofs of genius, or as sources of entertainment. 68. The union which a harmony of motive produces between men of different pursuits, and that which results merely from a similarity of action. 69. The respective claims of poetry, painting, architecture, and sculpture as means of refinement of taste. - 70. Personal memoirs and formal histories, as illustrations of national progress. 71. An old and a new country, as fields for enterprise. 72. The superiority of conscience to human laws. 73. Ancient and modern notions of liberty. 74. The scientific traveler and the missionary. 75. A profound philosophy and a wide observation of men, as elements of a statesman. 76. The pastoral and the hunter's life. 77. The war spiritin republics and in monarchies. 78. Modern explorations in Africa and America. 79. The influence of devotion to the person of the sovereign in monarchies, and to that of a popular favorite in republics. So. Explorations by sea and by land. 81. The study of grammar, logic, and the mathematics, as contributing to the development of the intellectual powers. 82. Personal beauty, elevation of rank, and the possession of riches, as passports in society. 83. The animal, the mineral, and the vegetable kingdoms, as fields of scientific discovery. S4. The pulpit, the press, and the school-room as efficient agents on the morals of a people. 85. The horse, the cow, and the sheep, as contributing to the comfort and convenience of mankind. 86. The expectation of reward and the fear of punishment, as affecting a moral agent. - 87. The pursuits of agriculture, the profession of arms, the business of trade, and the labors of the mechanic, as affecting the taste and morals of a people. 88 Color, form, and size, as elements of physical beauty. 89. Quickness of perception, retentiveness of memory, and plodding per- severance as contributing to mental advancement. 90. The six follies of science. The quadrature of the circle; the multipli- cation of the cube; perpetual motion; the philosopher's stone; magic; and judicial astrology. 91. Skepticism and credulity compared as obstacles to improvement. 92. Poetry and history considered as sources of amusement. Subjects for Colloquies, or Colloquial Discussions. 1. Attachment to party as a ground of action, for an upright politician. 2. On the defects and advantages of history, as affording a knowledge of the motives and actions of individuals, and of the character of human nature. 3. On the good and bad effects of emulation. 4. On the moral influence of the Christian Sabbath. 5. On the influence of fashion on the judgment of right and wrong. 6. On the influence of the multiplicity of books, on the interests of litera- ture and science. 7. Deference to great names in philosophy, and to high rank in the social state. 8. The enthusiast and the matter of fact man. 9. On the advantages and disadvantages resulting to a scholar, from frequent intercourse with mixed society. 10. On the effects of literary reviews, as at present conducted. 11. On the comparative prevalence and strength of the principles of loyal- ty and independence in man. 12. On the character of ancient and modern patriotism. 13. Of establishing a University in the country or in a city. 14. Foreign travelers in the United States. 15. On the different views, which literary men take of the world at their first entrance upon it. 16. The difference of manners in Rome and in modern civilized States. 17. On active profession, as injuring or assisting the efforts of a literary II]3 Il. 18. The comparative influence of governments and of individuals, in ef- fecting great public improvements. ~le-- —"— *—9 SUBJECTS FOR FORENSIC DISPUTATIONS. 53 |r --—"—- 19. The literary influence of a reading public. 20. The views taken of a nation, by itself and others. 21. The moral effects of public, and of domestic amusements. 22. The effects of controversy on partizans, and on the public. 23. The influence of the Roman Gladiatorial shows, and of the Greek games on the character of the people. 24. The comparative effects of literature and of science, on the progress of civilization. 25. The effect which acquaintance with foreign languages has upon the originality of a nation's literature. 26. The comparative influence of individuals and learned societies in forming the literary character of a nation. 27. The influence of the multiplication of books upon literature. 28. The study of nature, and of man, as affording a proper field for the poet. s 29. The standard of taste. 30. The novels of Fielding, Richardson, and the author of Waverly. 31. The comparative importance of the expedition to ascertain the Northwest passage, and the source of the Niger. 32. Intellectual, moral, and physical education. 33. The prospects of Christianity in India. 34. The satires of Horace and Juvenal. 35. How far the right should be controlled by the expedient. 36. On the comparative value of contemporane us and posthumous fame. 37. On the evils of anarchy, and of an arbitrary government 38. Diligent observation of facts and philosophical use of them. 39. On superstition and skepticism. 40. The self-devotion of the Christian martyr and the Roman patriot. 41. Poets and novelists of the poor. 42. Strafford and Sir Henry Vane the Younger. 43. The idea of the beautiful, as developed in Grecian literature and art. 44. The influence of the association of ideas on our practical operations. 45. The moral and intellectual influence of the principle of emulation, on systems of education. #6. Tntertaining mysteries, novels of real life, and romantic or super- natural fictions, as affording similar species of delight. 47. The Sacred and Profane poets. 48. Milton and Isaiah. 49. Johnson and St. Paul. 50. Moore and David. 5t. Addison and St. John. 52. Byron and Ezekiel. 53. Hume and Moses. Subjects for Forensic Disputations. T. Whether the increased facilities of intercourse between Europe and the United States be favorable to this country. *. Whether more evil or good is to be expected from the disposition manifested, at the present day, to try existing institutions by first principles. 3. Whether voting by ballot should be introduced into all elective and legislative proceedings. s 4. Whether forms of government exert any important influence on the growth and character of national literature. 5. Whether any attempt should be made to preserve severity of manners in a modern republic. 6. Ought Congress to pass an international copy right law? 7. Is there reason to think that the public mind will ever be more settled than at present, about the character of Mary, Queen of Scots? 8. Whether more good than evil has resulted to the world, from the life and religion of Mahomet. 9. Whether popular superstitions, or enlightened opinions, be most fav- orable to the growth of poetical literature. * Whether the literature of America be injured by that of modern for- eign countries. * Whether a want of reverence be justly chargeable on our age and country. - * Whether the diversities of individual character be owing more to physical, than to moral causes. 13. Whether the advancement of civil liberty be more indebted to intel- lectual culture, than to physical suffering. 14. Whether the fine or the useful arts afford the better field for the dis- play of originality. 15. Whether prosperity and increase of wealth have a favorable influence upon the manners and morals of a people. 16. Whether modern facilities of testing literary efforts by popular opin- ion be unfavorable to the production of great works. 17. Whether the choice of a representative should be restricted to the in- habitants of the town or district represented. 18. Whether the sum of human happiness on earth be greater, by a suc- cession of generations, than it would have been by one continued race, the number of inhabitants being the same. 19. Whether, in a public seminary, the course of study established by rule should be the same for all. 20. Do savage nations possess a full right to the soil? 21. Whether a State has a right to recede from the Union. 22. Whether, in times of political discussion, it is the duty of every citizen to declare his opinion, and attach himself to some party. 23. Whether there were greater facilities in ancient times for an individ- ual acquiring influence than there are now. 24. Whether the inequalities of our social condition be favorable to the progress of knowledge. 25. Is it expedient to make colonies of convicts? 26. Is the cause of despotism strengthened by the extermination of the Poles? 27. Whether the inequalities of genius in different countries be owing to moral causes. 28. Whether inflicting capital punishments publicly has any tendency to diminish crime. 29. Whether the personal dependence, incident to a minute division of labor in the arts and sciences, be dangerous to our free institutions. 30. Whether the influences which tend to perpetuate, be stronger than those which tend to dissolve, the union of the United States. 31. Whether we should abstain from publishing the truth, from a fear lest the world be not prepared to receive it. 32. Whether the popularity of a literary work is to be received as an evi- dence of its real merits. 33. Is there any objection to a man's proposing himself for public office and using means to obtain it? - 34. Does proselytism favor the cause of truth? 35. Whether privateering be incident to the right of war. 36. Whether a written constitution be efficacious in securing civil liberty. 37. Whether the progress of knowledge lessens the estimation of the fine arts. 38. Whether the exclusion of foreign articles, to encourage domestic manufactures, be conducive to public wealth. 39. Whether the world be advancing in moral improvement. 40. Whether the progress of civilization diminishes the love of martial glory. 41. Whether personal interest in a subject of investigation be favorable to the discovery of truth. 42. Whether the power of eloquence be diminished by the progress of literature and science. 43. Whether the prevalence of despotism in Asia be occasioned princi- pally by physical causes. 44. Whether the present circumstances of Europe furnish reason to ex- pect an essential amelioration of human affairs. 45. Do facts, or fiction, contribute most to mental enjoyment? 46. Whether writers of fiction be morally responsible for unchaste and profane language in their productions. 47. The policy of requiring property qualifications for office. 4S. Ought capital punishments to be inflicted in time of peace? 49. Does the system of modern warfare indicate any advancement in civilization? # 50. Is the existence of two great political parties in our country desirable? 51. Has her union with England been detrimental to Ireland? <&#-############e 54 SUBJECTS FOR DELIBERATIVE, POLITICAL, &C. Subjects for Deliberative, Political, Critical, Philosophical, and Literary Discussions, Disquisitions, Inquiries, &c. 1. On the right of legislative bodies to provide by law for the support of religion. (Deliberative Discussion.) 2. The character of a philosophical historian. (Philosophical Disquisi- tion.) 3. The effect of prevailing philosophical yiews on the style of elegant literature. (Disquisition.) 4. On the alleged degeneracy of animals and vegetables in America. (Philosophical Discussion.) 5. Whether works of imagination should be designed to produce a spe- cific moral cffect (Literary Discussion.) 6. The English styles that have attracted the most imitators. (Literary Disquisition.) 7. “Mahomet Ali " (Political Disquisition.) 8. Whether national literature is to be regarded more as a cause or a consequence of national refinement. (Deliberative Discussion.) 9. Originality in literature, as affected by sound criticism. (Literary Disquisition.) 10. The influence of superstition on science and literature. (Philosoph- ical Disquisition.) 11. On the materiality of light. (Philosophical Disputation.) (Deliberative Discussion.) 13. On the causes of the variety of complexion and figure in the human species. (Philosophical Disputation.) 14. On the policy of encouraging manufacturing establishments in the United States. (Deliberative Discussion.) 15. The merits of geological systems. (Disquisition.) 16. The comparative interest and importance of Grecian and Roman his- tory. (Litcrary Discussion.) 17. The causes of the present pecuniary distresses of the commercial world. (Disquisition.) 18. The effects of the crusades. (Literary Inquiry.) 19. Changes in English style, since the time of Milton. (Literary Dis- cussion.) 20. Comparative advantages of politics and literature as professions in this country. (Deliberative Discussion.) 21. The influence of the dramatic writers on the age of Elizabeth and Charles the Second. (Literary Discussion.) 22. The restoration of Greece to political independence. (Deliberative Discussion.) 23. The literary influence of the early English prose writers. (Literary Disquisition.) 24. Of presenting literature and science in popular forms. (Literary Discussion.) 25. Manual and intellectual labor. (Philosophical Discussion.) 26. Will the present proposed parliamentary reform endanger the mo- narchical and aristocratical portion of the British constitution? (Dcliberative Discussion.) 27. Importance of independent criticism to the growth of national litera- ture. (Literary Disquisition.) 28. Causes of ill health in literary men. (Philosophical Disquisition.) 29. The influence of superstition on science and literature. (Philosoph- ical Discussion.) 30. English biography and French memoirs. (Literary Discussion.) 31. Are political improvements best effected by rulers, or the people? (Deliberative Discussion.) 32. The influence of ancient art on ancient literature. (Literary Disqui- sition.) 33. The poet of an early age, and of a civilized one. (Literary Discus- - sion.) 34. Comparative utility of the moral and physical sciences, in the pres- ent age. (Philosophical Discussion.) 35. On what does the security of our institutions depend? (Political Disquisition.) 36. The expediency of intervention by one nation in the civil and public contests of others. (Deliberative Discussion.) 37. The evils and benefits of large books. (Literary Discussion.) 12. Is the preservation of the balance of power a justifiable cause of war? 38. Skepticism and love of truth, as indications of mental character and vigor. (Philosophical Discussion.) 39. Tendency of free institutions to bring first principles into question. (Deliberative Discussion.) 40. The influence of Lord Bacon's writings on the progress of knowledge. (Philosophical Discussion.) 41. An author's writing many books, or resting his fame on a few. (Literary Discussion.) 42. Universal suffrage. (Political Disquisition.) 43. The resources and encouragements of elegant literature in the Old and New World. (Literary Discussion.) 44. The comparative power of moral and physical causes in forming the American character. (Philosophical Discussion.) 45. Are short terms of political office desirable? (Deliberative Discus. sion.) 46. Modern imitation of the ancient Greek tragedy. (Literary Disquisi- tion.) 47. The real or supposed decline of science, at the present day. (Phil- osophical Disquisition.) 48. English novels in the reigns of George the Second and George the Third. (Literary Discussion.) 49. The expediency of making authorship a profession. (Philosophical Discussion.) w so. Whether patriotism was inculcated to excess in the ancient repub. lics. (Deliberative Discussion.) 51. The life and services of Linnaeus. (Philosophical Disquisition.) 52. The observance of poetical justice in fictitious writings. (Literary Disquisition.) 53. Greek and Roman comedies. (Critical Disquisition.) 54. Education as aiming to develop all the faculties equally, or to foster individual peculiarities of taste and intellect. (Philosophical Dis- cussion.) 55. Utility of chemical knowledge to professional men. (Philosophical Disquisition.) is 56. The expediency of religious establishments under any form of civil government. (Deliberative Discussion.) 57. On the practicability of reaching the North Pole, and the advantages which would attend such an expedition. (Philosophical Disputa- tion.) 58. Should the right of suffrage in any case depend upon different princi- ples, as it respects different classes or individuals in the same country? (Deliberative Discussion.) 59. On the probability of prolonging the term of human life, by the aid of physical or moral causes. (Philosophical Discussion.) 60. Upon the Huttonian and Wernerian theories of the earth. (Philoso- phical Disputation.) 61 On the use of heathen mythology in modern poetry. (Literary Dis- cussion.) 62. On the tendency of a legal provision for the support of the poor, to diminish human misery. (Deliberative Discussion.) 63. The moral tendency of the natural sciences. (Philosophical Discus sion.) 64. The merits of the histories of Hume and Lingard. (Literary Dis cussion.) 65. Liberal principles, as affecting the strength of a government. (De- liberative Discussion.) 66. Political patronage in Republics. (Political Disquisition.) 67. The poet of an early, and of a civilized age. (Literary Discussion; see No. 32.) 6S. Are mental resources and moral energy most developed in unprinci- pled men? (Philosophical Discussion). 69. Whether heathas an independent existence. (Philosophical Disputa- tion.) 7o. On the probable disposition and mutual relation of the fixed stars. 71. On the alleged improvement in the art of composition since the age of Queen Anne. ~ 72. On the expediency of a national university. (Deliberative Discus- sion.) 73. Whether the climate of any country has undergone any permanent change. (Philosophical Disputation.) G- ~ = * 74. Whether extensiveness of territory be favorable to the preservation of a republican form of government, 75. What reasons are there for not expecting another great epic poem? (Literary Inquiry.) 76. The probability of the study of the dead languages always being essential to a liberal education. 77. Why are men pleased with imitation, and disgusted with mimicry? 78. What grounds are there distinct from revelation, to believe in theim. mortality of the soul? 79. On the comparative utility of the moral and physical sciences in the United States. 80. The views entertained of the duties and objects of public offices by the incumbents. 81. The use of a diversity of languages. * The amount and character ofcrime in an age of barbarism, and an age of laws. 83. An inquiry into the cause of the growth of the power of ancient Rome. The favoring circumstances,—character of the people,—local situation,-early institutions of the republic,-condition of other States. x- 84. The use of ballads and popular songs in a rude and in a civilized age. 85. The assistance derived from friends, party, and wealth, in a democ- racy; and from ancestry, court favor, and title, in a despotism. 86. The favorite of nature, and the creature of art 87. The connection of religious celebrations with public festivities, as seen both in Pagan and Christian countries. * Comparison of Horace's reasons for abandoning irreligion (see Book 1st, Ode 2Sth, Parcus Decrum), with those that might affect a mod- ern skeptic. 89. Comparison of Hume with Sallust in the delineation of character. 90. Sketches of the character, as given by the historian, with Shak- speare's (or the dramatist's) inode of acquainting us with men. 91. Spoken and written language, as deceptive or inefficient modes of communication. (AVote. We are often disappointed in reading what we much admired in hearing.) 92. The advantages and disadvantages of negative character. (Note. “Deficiency of character is oftencr taken for positive perfection; want of ardor is exalted into self-command and superior prudence. The cold and indifferent never offend by zealous interference, and never get into difficulties.”) 93. The causes which have checked progress, or improvement in moral and physical science, or in arts and governinent. 94. The triumphs of the soldier and the philosopher, as of Alexander and Aristotle, Bonaparte and Cuvier. 95. Elevation of rank, as affecting turpitude of character. 96. The influence of successive generations, instead of one permanent race on human improvement. 97. The English language as it is spoken, and as it is written. 93. Of what classes of pleasure and gratification are those unfortunate beings susceptible, who are destitute of the senses of sight and hearing, as well as the faculty of speech? 99. Is the loss of sight, or of speech, the greater deprivation? *. Of making changes in the political constitution of free States, easy. (Deliberative Discussion.) *91. The history of Astronomy. (Disquisition.) * The grounds for thinking that the malaria will eventually depopulate Rome. (Philosophical Disputation.) *3. The effects on American literature, of a community of language with England. (Literary Discussion.) * The comparative advantages of Western Africa and Hayti for col- onizing free blacks. (Deliberative Discussion.) * *5. A history of English Literature, in which scme notice may be taken of the origin and progress of the language, the influx of different terms; the peculiar styles which from age to age have been pre- dominant; the writers who have contributed to vary, and those who have assisted in fixing its present form, structure, and charac. ter; the influence of the introduction of scientific terms,—the Latin and Greek style, the French style; the Saxon peculiarities,—an enumeration of the writers who may be considered as of standard authority,+the poets and historians,—the essayists, -the moral, metaphysical, religious, philological, philosophical, and scientific writers,—the copiousness, precision, force, and elegance of the language; the prospects of its alteration, extinction, or universal prevalence,—the character, style, beauties, defects, and influence of the writings of the respective distinguished authors of each age, - the subjects which they treated, and the interest felt by the civil- ized world in general on these subjects respectively. [These hints will probably furnish subjects for many dissertations, disquisitions, ctc., connected with the history of English Literature.] Subjects for Poems in English, Latin, Greek, &c. 1. Numina Veterum, or the Ancient Divinities. 2. Nature, the source of poetic inspiration. . On the discovery of Herculaneum. (Greek.) On the pleasures and pains of the student. On the pursuit of fame. . Ode to fancy. . Eloquence. . Anticipation. 9. A vision of ambition. 10. The missionary. 11. Ad spem. (Latin.) To hope. 12. Novelty. 13. Ad pacem. (Latin.) 14. Contemplation. 15. On fanne. 16. On rank and titles. 17. On civil liberty. 1S. Refinement. i # Subjects for Dissertations. 1. On the diversity of talents among mankind. 2. On the dependence of the mental operations on the condition of the corporeal frame. 3. On the causes of the superiority of character in modern Europe. 4. On the causes, which, independently of their merit, have contributed to elevate the ancient classics. 5. Milton and IIomer contrasted and compared. 6. On the literature of the Romans, as affected by their government, re- ligion, and state of society. 7. The influence of the fine arts upon religion. 8. The interest attached to places where distinguished person- have dwelt, or which poets have commemorated. 9. The importance of a popular history, in which the actions of men shall he represented according to the principles of the Christian religion. 10. The peculiar facilities, in modern times, for effecting great purposes in government and in religion. 11. A comparison of the domestic life of the ancient Greeks and Romans and that of our own countrymen. 12. On the influence of Christianity in producing the moral and intellec- tual revival of Europc, after the dark ages. 13. On the utility of the study of political economy, considered in relation to Our Own Country. 14. On the necessity of public and private patronage, to the advancement of literature in our own country 15. The geological age of the world. 16. Agitation, as a means of effecting reform. 17. The conflict of duties. 18. On the benefit accruing to an individual from a knowledge of the physical sciences. 19. On Christianity, as affecting our domestic habits. 20. Severity of manners in a republic. 21. Heaven lies about us in our infancy. 22. The influence of fashion on our moral judgments. 23. The power of the law in free States. 24. The character of Chief Justice Marshall. 25. Distinctions of rank in the United States. 26. The encouragement to young men to educate themselves, exclusively or chiefly for high political offices. 27. Originality of thought supposed to be necessarily lessened as the world grows older. f +- -- "---_m" -*- SUBJECTS FOR DISSERTATIONS. 55 *=-– == Qay -*. o f\l --9 56 DESCRIPTION OF THE POSITIONS IN ELOCUTION AND ORATORY. 28. Modes of publishing, circulating, and perpetuating literary works in 49. On imagination and sensibility, as affected by the age of the indi- different ages and countries. vidual. 29. Lafayette. 50. Of making changes in an author's works to adapt them to modern 30. The irresponsibleness of anonymous writings. t:1StěS. 31. The respect due from conquerors to works of art. 51. On the reciprocal influence of literature and morals. 32. The effect of maritime enterprises on the intellectual character of a 52. On simplicity and ornament in writing. nation. 53. Characteristic defects of modern English poetry. 33. The field opened for men of enterprise in the West. 54. The effects of seclusion and of society upon the literary character. 34. Respect for public monuments, whether triumphal or for the dead. 55. Public opinion, as a standard of right. 35. Character and writings of Sir James Mackintosh. 56. The moral power of sympathy. 36. Literary character of the first settlers. 57. The different views which literary men take of the world, at their 37. The infirmities of men of genius. l first entrance upon it. 38. The prospects of genuine liberty in Europe. 5s. The view which a great mind takes of its own productions. 39. The benefits to be derived from the institution of Lyceums. 59. The principal charges preferred against the present age, by philoso- 40. The benefit accruing to an individual from a knowledge of the exact phers and philanthropists. sciences. (See No. 18.) Go. Chaucer and his age. 41. Prospects of young men in the different learned professions. 61. Visits to remarkable places. 42. The character of Socrates. 62. The contributions of oratory to literature. 43. Long Life. 63. The influence of the multiplication of books upon literature. 44. On the charge of ingratitude made against republics. 61. The effect of belief in immortality upon literature. 45. The effect of the universal diffusion of knowledge on the well-being 65. The restraints imposed in modern times on the warlike spirit. of society. 66. The lyric poetry of Scotland. 46. The domestic life of the Romans. 67. The fate of reformers. 47. The domestic life of the Greeks. 68. The dread of the prevalence of skepticism. 4S. The domestic life of the ancient Egyptians. 69. Ages of action and of reflection. A. ||f|| I'm --s-M', *& £-čeň- DESCRIPTION OF THE ILLUSTRATIONS REPRESENTING THE POSITIONS IN EL00UTION AND ORATORY..—£ and 43. ===NS: Pre-e- il'll Fig. 11.-GRIEF.—The right foot slightly advanced; the left arm side; the hand nearly open, the palm down; the head slightly thrown dropped close to the side; right arm advanced a little to the front, both back; the eyes upturned. hands open, the palm of the right hand the palm downward; the head Fig. 19.-CURSING.—The feet slightly separated, the right foot very leaning forward; the eye, directed downward, with lids drooping. little in advance; the right arm extended straight from the body, in the Fig. 12.-DISLIKE.—The right foot slightly advanced; the left knce direction of the thing or person addressed; the hand almost open, fin. slightly bent; the right arm almost falling straight, but a little advanced gers slightly contracted; the left arm stiffly at the side, some distance to the center of the figure; the left hand extends from the side; the hands from the person, palm of opcn hand to the front; shoulders well back; open, the palms downward; the head a little drooped forward; the face head erect; lips wearing a fierce expression; eyes glancing malignantly. turned toward the right shoulder. Fig. 20.-REsolution.-The heels well together; the form straight; Fig. 13.-INvocation.—Heels well together; form erect; arms fully the left arm nearly perpendicular with the body, and about nine inches extended; the right hand to a level with the face; the left arm so that the from it; the right arm, as far as the elbow, close to the body, from the hand is below the waist; the head turned sideways as though admiring elbow rather extended out; the palms of both hands turned down; the the elevated objects looked at. head held firmly, but not boastingly erect. Fig. 14.-PATRIOTISM.—The right foot a slight space in advance; the Fig. 21.-ADMIRATION.—The right foot very slightly advanced; the form elevated to full height; the right arm extended, the hand just raised left knee bent a little so as to bring the figure into an easy, agreeable to a level with the eyes; the left arm extended, so that the wrist is on a posture; the form quite erect; the shoulders well back; the right arm level with the waist; the hand open, the palm horizontal with the body. stretched out on a level with the breast; the hand open, and the index Fig. 15.-CAUTION.--The right foot about an inch in advance; the legs finger pointed at the object spoken of (orto); the left arm close to the hip close together; the form at case; the right arm bent so that the back of but from the hip slightly extended from the body; the hand expanded the open fingers touches the lips; the left arm at the side, but slightly ex- and palm down. tended, partly forward, partly sideways; the hand open, the palm Fig. 22.-REGRET.-The right foot forward; the legs well together; downward. the right arm nearly perpendicular with the body; the hand about one Fig. 16.-CourAGE.—The left foot a little in advance; the figure some- foot from the thigh; nearly open; the left arm close to the body to the what thrown back, so that the breast is well advanced; the arms fully elbow; the head turned a little backward, over the right shoulder, and extended; hands open; the right hand on a level with forehead; the left very slightly inclined forward; the eyes gazing on the distance. on a level with lower part of thigh; the right palm partly turned upward, Fig. 23.—DISDAIN.—The weight of the body resting on the right foot, the left partly down. the left foot merely touching the toe to the ground; the right arm ex- Fig. 17.—HATE.-The right foot advanced, so that its heel just pre- tended at full length, straight from the shoulder; the hand open, palm cedes the left foot; the body slightly bent back; the face turned to the down; the left arm a little from the side; the hand extended, the palm sky, the gaze directed upward, with a fierce expression; the eyes full of down; the body proudly erect; the face turned to the right; the eyes fol- baleful light; the rightarm held straight up; the fingers very little curved; lowing the pointing of the extended right hand. the left arm cxtended from the person; the hand open, palm up. Fig. 24.-APPEAL.-Right foot a little in advance; left knee very Fig. 18.—ADoRATION.—The right foot moderately advanced; the atti- slightly bent; shoulders thrown back somewhat; face a little upturned; tude gracefully easy; the right arm bent at the elbow, the thumb being eyes lifted heavenward; right arm extended; hand open, and a little on a level with the shoulder; the hand open, the palm outward; the left above the level of the forehead; left arm cxtended almost horizontally, so arm hanging down perpendicular with, and a short distance from, the as to bring the wrist just below the belt; the hand open, palm upward. ~|G Up" HISTORY OF WRITING. 57 : RITING is the art of ex- & pressing ideas by visible *W* signs or characters in- k's scribed on some ma- l, terial. It is either ideo- %’ graphic or phonetic. Ideographic writing may be either pictorial, repre- senting objects by imitating their forms, or symbolic, by indicating their nature or proportions. Pho- netic writing may be syllabic or alpha- betic. In the former each character represents a syllable; in the latter, a * single letter. The various ancient systems of writing had Probably at least three different sources, the Egyptian, the Assyrian, and the Chinese sys- tems, all of which were originally hieroglyphic. The Egyptians practiced four distinct styles of writing: hieroglyphic, hieratic, demotic or *chorial, and Coptic. The invention of the old and full HIERO- GLYPHIC writing is placed much earlier than 3,000 years before Christ. It was originally in common use, and after shorter methods of Writing had been devised, it continued in use exceptionally down to Christian times for "portant state documents, inscriptions, and religious compositions. The wants of a reading and writing nation (probably long before 2,000 years before Christ) led early to the employment of linear hieroglyphics in long documents, which subse- quently developed into a cursive hand called THE HIERATIC. The great body of Egyptian literature has reached us through this char- acter. THE DEMOTIC indicates a rise of the vulgar tongue into literary use, which took place about the beginning of the 7th century B.C. Hieroglyphic and hieratic papyri and inscrip- tions were in it transcribed in the vulgar idiom till the 2nd century A. D. . COPTIC, a mixture of Egyptian and Greek signs, is the exclusive character of the Chris- tian Egyptian literature, and marks the last development or final decay of the Egyptian language, which became almost extinct during the last century, and made way for Arabic. Of the three original systems the Egyptian, as given above, is by far the most important : for from its hieratic symbols was probably derived the Phoenician alphabet, the parent of almost all the graphic systems of the world. The Phoenicians adopted only the phonetic symbols, and thus originated the first purely alphabetic system of writing. In Britain there are no traces of writing in any shape before the Roman conquest, when Latin letters were introduced. Since then many changes have taken place. It was here, in the time of Alfred, that the running-hand first appeared. This was followed by the mixed Saxon and the elegant Saxon. The latter style was brought into notice in the -p 58 WRITING. Ioth century, and lasted for nearly two hun- dred and fifty years. Some of the finest penmen and best authors on the subject have since been Englishmen. The United States at the present time has the largest proportion of population who can read and write of any nation; and more atten- tion is given to penmanship as a branch of popular education. We have developed a system of our own, the main credit for which belongs to our writing-teachers and commer- cial college men, who have made it a special study, and devoted much labor during their lives toward perfecting a superior national style. Americans may well take pride, not only in their progress in other things, but in the fact that no other country in the world has so many fine penmen and good rapid writers as their own. The English, Dutch, Germans, Italians, and Spanish, have each contributed largely to chirographic skill by the publica- tion of many very useful and highly artistic works on penmanship, which have served a good purpose in America, as elsewhere in giving others new ideas upon which to im- prove. Of late years, particularly in our own coun- try and in England, there has been an almost general demand for a simpler, more compact, and freer style than that hitherto taught ; and our best commercial teachers are now seeking to modify the forms that have become Ameri- canized and render them still more American; to impart such a style as will occupy less space, have more freedom in its execution, and an- swer more fully in other respects the purposes of business in this day of despatch. The “good hand ” of a few years ago will not meet the wants of to-day; and so import- ant is an elegant, easy handwriting considered , by business men in our larger cities, that the aspirant for a position in a counting-room or office cannot hope for success therein without it. “Apply in your own handwriting ” is the line which strikes the poor writer most forcibly when answering advertisements for a “posi- tion.” While there are at best chances for but few to secure such clerical employment as most desire, there are none whatever for those who cannot write well. During the next ten years we may expect to see still greater im- provement in the handwriting of the masses. It is a desirable accomplishment for all, repay- ing many-fold for the time and study spent in securing it. T0 STUDENTS, |O all desirous of acquiring a plain and neat handwriting, the mate- rial for instruction and practice herein given will, we are very sure, prove of the greatest > @ value. No one who takes this £f book as his or her guide, follow- , ing the directions and practicing the copies and exercises as directed, can fail to improve rapidly; while those having a taste for penmanship will soon acquire a really first-class style, be able to write easily with fair rapidity, and, if desired, to teach the system to others. The learner must bear in mind that nothing of consequence in education is accomplished without study and labor. The accompanying hints and rules must be thoroughly read over, frequently referred to, and constantly applied to practice. Materials and Implements. Nothing can be truer of the penman than that, like every other workman, “he is known by his tools.” His materials and implements must be suited to his work. — - ––. - Q- - -9 | - T T 2. - - - - - - - - - - - / */ 2× - - 2 * | - 2 */ // ~ - - 2 A / -*. * // 2 × Z- / / Ż ". - o - - - - / - . - -/ - "- 4. Z_ _* 2 A Z */ / / ~~~~ - - - / // - - 2. / / / 2 / ××, 2. 2 --> * / / f / / / / / / / / A. 2 * A.9 @% 2 / * // / 2 * 2 × 2 × 2 × . 2 × . 2-2-2-2-2-2 ° 2. Z Z 2 z-z-z- 2 2 2-2-2 2-2 -2 ° -z-z-z / / / / / / / / , , / / / / / / / / ?/./. V/~/ - - - - // > ^% Ż Ž. ** % */ 2/4/ 22 // */// /> *22, - 2. // *A* 2 ~~~ Ży 2 Z. Ž 2. 2 Z/// / / Z - Z. Z o /, ~% - / . / / f */ / , , / / 2 2. ^ / 2.2/ 22/ A Z 2 //~ & 2 y z z/ / ××22//~22 ) 2 / 2. A 2. A - - - - 22 / ~ 2 × 2 × / * > - - //, / 2 « » 2.2× 2. c 2×2 / 2 2 × 2 × 2 2-2-2 × . Ż 2 / 2. © - // - 2 Ż Ž * ^ */ " . /* - / / / / 22.2/2-2 - 22 & 2. Ż 2 // / y r * . Ż - // .2/, // V "f cy - - - - - - f —a—9 MATERIALS AND IMPLEMENTS. 63 Paper. Ruled foolscap is the best paper for use in practicing, and for teachers to recommend to their scholars in writing-schools and business colleges. It should be firm, and sufficiently thick to prevent shades from showing through the page. In letter-writing, of course either note or letter size would be in better taste. Pens. Still more important than the paper is the little implement which is to make all these lines, guided by your hand and brain. It must have a fine, true, well-tempered point ; it must be elastic, and, besides these qualities, it should be durable. A pen that wears out at one sitting is a poor one to buy, even if excel- annoying than to be compelled to stop writing on account of a poor pen and replace it with a better one. To the penman it is particularly vexatious. No fine-pointed steel pen will bear more than a day or two of constant service. Change whenever the pen seems to be worn at the points. Inks. The chief qualities we expect in an ink are, that it be of good color that does not fade, and that it flow freely from the pen. The ink must flow readily or the writing will lack free- dom and correctness. Fluid inks, like Maynard & Noyes', Arnold's, Davids', and others, are favorites with book- keepers and others who desire a lasting color. These do not rot the paper like violet and Some other fancy inks, and will last as long as the sheet itself, remaining for an age as distinct and deep in color as when first written with. Maynard & Noyes', or Davids', four parts – lent in other respects. Few things are more mixed with one part of Arnold's, make a much better ink than either alone. A small piece of gum arabic put into the bottle will give it more body and lustre. But, whatever ink you get, see that it is not of that uncertain sort that gives one shade on one part and quite a different one on another. Writing done with such ink is likely to have more variety in color than is desirable or necessary. Preparing India Inks. * For lettering in German Text, Old English, Church Text; in engrossing resolutions, me- morials, filling up diplomas, and for pen drawings of all kinds, India ink is used. It comes both in bottles as a fluid already pre- pared, and in sticks, with which the penman may make his own. The latter is by far the better ink. It is made ready for use from the stick as follows: 4 Procure a sloping tray of porcelain or slate. At the end of the slope there should be a well, to contain and give depth to the ink. Put into the tray rain-water sufficient to make the desired quantity of ink, and then grind the stick of ink into the water upon the sloping bottom, until it becomes of the desired degree of blackness, when it is ready for use. Thus carefully prepared it makes a very black and handsome line. The fine shading in off-hand flourishing is frequently done with India ink. Pen Wipers Of paper or chamois skin should always be at hand, and the pen carefully wiped before and after writing. Either of these makes a good pen-wiper, because they leave no lint either on or between the pen points. *=--— CORRECT POSITIONS. % LECIBILITY. We place these essentials in the order of their importance. Without legibility we might as well have nothing at all. The principal cause of illegibility is writing rapidly, without proper at- tention to position, movement and form. An illegible writer should commence at the beginning; he should learn the proper position at the desk or table, of the hand and pen, and acquire as soon as possible the regular and graceful movement which comes from prac- tice on such elementary exercises as are given on another page. We would advise all to begin at once to acquire the muscular or combined movement explained further on, and to confine themselves to that until an easy and legible style is acquired. For rapid and constant work this movement is comparatively tireless, and the style which comes of it has strength, uniformity, smoothness, and, in most cases, beauty Of course LEGIBILITY will be a promi- ment element to such as practice systemati- cally. THE CORRECT AND IN CORRECT POSITION. 65 INCORRECT POSITION • Turning the Hand Over on one Side, and Resting on the Hand, instead of the Nails of the Fingers. '...}." #ROFESSIONAL pen- Q men and others desiring to master all styles of the art, will employ in addition to the muscular ' ". the movements neces- 5'- sary for the more artistic .* and "exact” forms, as used in card-writing, engrossing, ledger- headings, etc. RAPIDITY. Next to Legibility we would place Rapidity, since, in this day, whatever is done must be perform- ed with despatch. The old-fash- ioned round-hand was as legible as print, and beautiful, but it could not be writ- ten either rapidly or easily. Therefore it soon went into disuse except among profes- sional engrossers, by whom it is still employed to SOme extent. To secure rapidity two things are necessary, a correct, natural position, and a free movement. POSITION. How to Sit.—The body should be erect and self-supported. It is well, in most cases, in ordinary practice, to sit with the right side to the table, as shown in the cut on the following page. Some, however, prefer the left position. There is really but little prefer- ence. For book-keepers at the desk the “front” position is the best. Pen-Holding.—As shown very exactly in the cut on page 64, the pen should be held between the thumb and the second finger, the first finger being on the holder just above the pen. The --> -—” 66 ź MOVEMENT. arm should rest lightly upon the edge of the desk or table, about two inches below the elbow, on the fleshy part of the forearm. The wrist should not touch desk or paper; but the third and fourth fingers folded under the hand constitute a perfect movable rest, which secures great steadiness of the hand, and therefore accuracy in the letters. MOVEMENT. There are three movements used by penmen in writing, the Muscular, the Finger, and the Whole-Arm. The Muscular or Combined give this the first place be- Movement.—We [-] * ment unfixed by any rest of the arm. The arm is carried above the paper, the movement coming from the shoulder, the hand resting, as first stated, upon the last two fingers, as it should always. In making large flourished capitals this movement will be found the best. BEAUTY. An old writing-teacher has well said: “It is not by sleight of hand, nor by some par- ticular movement which requires great skill, nor by a swing of the arm or a twist of the wrist, that the ability to execute a good prac- tical hand-writing is acquired. It is no one – great thing, but many little cause it is the best. Sit at the table, take the pen as above stated,—resting the arm near the elbow and the hand on the third and fourth fingers, which are folded un- derneath. Move the arm, hand and fingers all togeth- er, as one, the motion com- ing from the forearm near the elbow. This movement is unsurpassed for corres- pondence and all other things, that demand our at- tention, and constitute the difference between the very good and the very bad hand-writing—little things, such as the manner in which we dot an i or cross a t.” Under this head we may properly include the Prin- ciples, Uniform it y, and Light and Shade. THE PRINCIPLES. kinds of rapid writing; it C is being used very exten- sively by the best business writers both in America and England. It is combined more or less with the finger, the latter in loops and other long up-and-down strokes, to great advantage. But the finger movement comes of itself; the student should strive to keep it out rather than to use more of it. The Finger Movement. — The finger move- ment is a movement of the fingers separately, and is not favored by the best penmen except in copy-hand, card-marking, etc., where great precision is required. The Whole-Arm Movement.—This is a move- A GOOD POSITION. The Oval.—The first four principles, the simple and compound curves, are obtained from the oval. This cut illus- THE OVAL AND ITS CURVES. trates the division of the oval into the curves employed in writing. • Teachers will do well to use this diagram when illustrating the principles on the black- board. . *r |- - *- --~~ * - / - */ 2 * - A --> 2. 2 // 2 × // - ... ~~~~ - -2. - 2 × * , 2/ ) 2) / , 2 / . - - - - 2. - - ~ - 2- 2 - - - | - * 2 // (2 2/ (a. ~ / / / 622, . 2 - 2 2. 2 × 2 × . ... - - - - - - - - * / × 2 × . . . . . . . . . 42- * - - // -~~~* - - 2. Ž2 - * 2.2× *z - ~~~~~ - CIA. P. J. S. "I (, , , - _2 - . . . . . . . . . | // 2 * Z 2 × / / / / / W. "/C/ - -> ū - - ** sNs s - - - - - - s| * | \ SNNs * * f = r **k, * --> THE FIVE PRINCIPLES, 7I 2. - 2 | Z ~ 2./2 × 2. - - - • ~ 2. */ The First Principle is the convex curve of the oval, so called because it presents the convex or rounding surface to the eye. It is usually made upward. The Second Principle is the concave curve, the reverse of the convex, presenting to the eye the concave or hollowing surface. Usually made upward. The Third Principle is a compound curve, a union of the convex, which starts at the base and goes upward, with the concave curve. | It will be noticed in the above that the down- strokes, although very short and light, are per- fectly straight in all letters except two, the d and e. These down-strokes or oblique straight lines are usually made to slope at an angle of about fifty degrees. The upward lines, or up- strokes, as penmen call them, are all curves. Hence we may give this as a general rule: Up-strokes should be curves, down-strokes, straight lines. To the first there are no ex- ceptions; but to the latter we must except all letters like the a, d, g, g, etc., in which the small o is used, and the e and s. The analysis of the word mind into its prin- ciples would be, as written above:- 7// t // d I 5.1515–25-4515-41252. We include the connecting lines as well as the THE RELATIVE LENGTH OF THE SMALL LETTERS IN BUSINESS HAND. The Fourth Principle starts with the concave and finishes with the convex curve. When made downward, as it frequently is, it com- mences, of course, with the convex. The Fifth Principle is the oblique (slanting) straight line. We place it last among the principles because it is the most difficult. There is no line so hard to make with accuracy as a perfect straight line. This principle forms the down-strokes of nearly all the small letters, governing the slope almost entirely. | - 2. Ż & 2 × 2 × . / letters themselves. Standing alone the letters would differ somewhat in their analysis. UNIFORMITY. This includes Capitals, Small Letters, Slope, and Spacing. Capitals.—Capital letters should generally occupy three spaces; that is, they should be three times the length up and down of the small letters like m, n, a, etc. All the letters of a kind should correspond in size. For in- stance, all the I’s and all the 5 's should be of the same width and length, but it is not re- quired that the different letters should all cor- respond; the I is usually made wider than the 5, and although it occupies the same space above the line, it does not extend below it like the 9. All the letters of a kind—all the M’s ©-e- 72 UNIFORMITY. and all the S's—should be as nearly of a size, and, as a rule, as nearly alike as possible. The Small Letters.—Penmen divide the small letters into three classes: the Minimum, the Extended Loop, and the Extended Stem. The Minimum.–The minimum letter is of the smallest class, and the others are measured by it. It fills the first space. This class in- cludes a, c, e, i, m, n, o, r, s, w, v, w, and ar. All of these letters should correspond in length, though they differ in width. The Extended Loop letters are such as ex- tend above or below the line, and are made with a loop. Such letters as the b, f, g, h, k, l, y, and 2, are of this class. They should generally correspond with the length, above or below the line, of the capitals, and therefore occupy three spaces. In connection with whole arm capitals, and sometimes in ladies' hand, they occupy four spaces. The Extended Stem.—There are only four letters belonging to this class. They are the d, p, q, and t. They should extend above or below the line of writing, as the case may be, twice the length of the minimum letters, with the exception of p and 7, the former in busi- ness writing extends two spaces above and one below the line; the latter one space and a half below. - Slope.—One thing to be avoided by all who write is irregular slope; the letters should all be on the same slant. No matter how beautifully formed the letters may be, if the slope is not the same throughout the entire manuscript, it is not pleasing to the eye. We should much rather see badly formed letters sloping at a uniform angle, than the most ele- gant writing with an irregular slant. Penmen prefer a slope of about fifty degrees. The penman in teaching the slope of letters uses a design like the following, which he draws upon the blackboard. Every complete circle has, of course, 360 degrees; half a circle, one-half that number; one-quarter of a circle, 90 degrees. In this portion of the circle con- taining 90 degrees, the penman and artist get the slant. Starting at the base with zero, or no slant, the slope increases as it approaches the perpen- dicular. As shown in the engraving, the regu- lar slant of down-strokes and letters taken altogether (main slant), is 52 degrees, to be very exact; that of up- strokes (connecting slant) of small letters, 30. Spacing.—The spaces between letters and between words should be as uniform in man- uscript as in print. The rule is to leave just space enough between the words to write the small m, between letters just enough to avoid crowding. LIGHT AND SHADE. In order to be better understood we will divide this subject into three parts: Capitals, Small Letters, and Figures. Of all the elements of beauty, Light and MOVEMENT EXERCISES (whole-ARM AND MUSCULAR) For PRACTICE IN FORM AND SHADING- Shade are made most effective by the skillful penman. Capitals. – Capital letters are usually shaded only upon one curve; but when large capitals | * * { * PIATE / - - * 2 r. ~~~~ * / . 2. 7 / -2'- *2. * *2222* – Zarzzza, Zezzer. Z) / / / / 2.2 z - 2 - / - Ż A. z A z` * - |- - Z ~~~~ * 2. Ż / / / 2 . . . Z. . - - - z Z ~ / - - - - - - 2 / - . ~~ 2-A- - zz // 2× . . , - - / / ^. - 2 2. A / ~~~~ - - Ż - / . - A 2. Z - Z. ^ ~~~~ z - z. z. z. z. z . . . . . / 2 × . - /Z - Z. . Z.Z. .~ 2. - Z. /22. 2. ~%* - - - - - - - - Ż - - - Z ~ - Ży ~ 2 / . ~~~ - - - - -- , - ~ - ^ - 2. - ZZ - / * C-, - - 2. */ / / / / / - / - |- . - - 2-2222*2% * /22/2 - 2.2× 2.2.2 × . - z. z. z/ / / / / - - 2 .Ż - - - - - -—9 ANALYSIS OF THE SMALL LETTERS. 77 | are made in which, bold curves are used, the two downward strokes in the ovals are some- times shaded. Generally this shade occurs on the long or main stroke. In ladies’ writing it is frequently placed on the smaller curves. Small Letters. — The minimum letters are usually made without shade, though some of || them in certain combinations are sometimes shaded. Tand d are generally made with shade heaviest at the top, tapering gradually to the base. The shade of p is the reverse of t, com- mencing near the ruled line and extending Always keep the shade from loops, no loop letter should be shaded on the loop below the ruled line, but above it, if at all. When two letters of a kind that are usually shaded come together in the same word, only one receives a shade. This is particularly the case in ex- tended letters, like ll, pp, t, etc., except in headings and elsewhere, where every down- stroke throughout is shaded uniformly. Figures.—Most book-keepers and business men prefer to shade each letter lightly and uniformly. Legibility in this case is of para- below, widening to the end of the stroke. F TH : # Beginning with the Simp HE five elementary lines or prin- ciples given on a previous page, comprise the basis of all writing. The student should become so per- fectly familiar with them as to be able to use them correctly in his practice, and to readily recognize them in letters and other com- binations. By taking letters to pieces, putting them together again, and comparing them with the various forms as given herein, he will soon know how letters should be made, and will be ready for intel- ligent practice on combinations. In the following description and analysis we give but one alphabet, what are termed the standard letters, leaving the others in the copies, of which we give a great variety, for the learner to analyze himself. He will find therein work for his head as well as his hands. We place the letters in groups according to their similarity in form, commencing with the simplest, the contracted or minimum. These | * ESMALL LETT d **: "-- *: * --~~ £: mount importance. # £ & {} *: * $ lest, the Minimum or Short. letters occupy one space in height, except s and r, which fill one and one-fourth spaces. The “ruled line” is the line upon which the letter rests or is supposed to rest. Upward concave curve one space high, downward straight to ruled line, upward concave. No shade. Analy- sis.—Principles, 2, 5, 2. The same as # repeated. No 2Z shade. Analysis.—Principles, 2, 5, - 2, 5, 2. w Upward concave, downward 2 straight, upward concave, down- ward straight, upward concave, concave. No shade. Analysis.- 2, 5, 2, 5, 2, 2. Upward concave, downward con- vex, upward concave. No shade. Analysis.—Principles, 2, 1, 2. horizontal Principles, Upward concave, downward straight (short), upward concave, downward convex (short), upward *-mm- | |- --> Q-a- 78 ANALYSIS OF THE SMALL LETTERS. concave. No shade. Analysis.—Principles, 2, 5, 2, 5, 2. Upward concave, turn and down- ward straight, upward concave. No shade. Analysis.-Principles, 2,1,5, 2. Upward concave, downward com- pound, upward concave. No shade. Analysis.—Principles, 2, 4, 2. Up w a r d convex, downward 27" straight, upward convex, downward straight, upward concave. No shade. Analysis.-Principles, I, 5, I, 5, 2. Upward convex, downward 2227 straight, upward convex, down- ward straight, upward convex, downward straight, upward concave. No shade. Analysis.-Principles, I, 5, I, 5, I, 5, 2. Up ward convex, downward AZZ" straight, downward convex, upward concave. No shade. Analysis.- Principles, I, 5, I, 2. Up ward convex, downward _Z" straight, upward concave, horizontal concave. No shade. Analysis.- Principles, I, 5, 2, 2. This is the analysis as given in the leading systems, though we may add that the straight line is so modified by turns, both at the top and bottom, as to give it the appearance of a compound stroke. It will be seen that con- siderable license is taken by writing-teachers in making these letters conform in every case to systematic rules. Upward convex, downward convex, upward concave, horizontal concave. Analysis.—Principles, I, I, 2, 2 Upward convex, downward con- DZZZ vex, upward concave, downward straight, up w a r d concave. One shade. Analysis.—Principles, I, I, 2, 5, 2. The Extended Stem Letters. The extended stem letters are t, d, g, and p. The former occupy two spaces, q, two and a half, and p four. straight, up ward concave. One ź. shade, heaviest at top, tapering gradually to ruled line. Analysis. – Prin- ciples, 2, 5, 2. s Upward c on cave, downward This is called the terminating t. Upward con cave, downward straight, up ward convex. One Analysis.-Principles, 2, 5, 1. *mummar- ź- shade. Upward convex, downward con- vex, upward concave, downward straight, upward concave. One Analysis.-Principles, 1, 1, 2, 5, 2. 2%" shade. Upward concave, downward straight, upward convex, down- ward straight, upward concave. One shade. Analysis.—Prin- ciples, 2, 5, 1, 5, 2. Upward convex, downward . 2 convex, upward concave, down- ward straight, upward compound One shade. Analysis. — Princi- ples, I, 1, 2,5, 4. Af * Extended Loop Letters. Upward concave, downward straight, upward concave. No shade. Analysis.—Principles, 2, . Upward concave, downward straight, upward concave, hori- zontal concave. No shade. Analy- sis. Principles, 2, 5, 2, 2. Upward concave, downward Straight, upward convex, down- ward straight, upward concave. Mo shade. Analysis.-Principles, 2, 5, 1, 5, 2. % |- --> i *=-- - T- THE CAPITALS EXPLAINED AND ANALYZED. 79 The long s is sometimes used Upward concave, downward straight, upward convex, down- when two s's come together. ward concave, downward straight, Upward concave, downward upward concave One shade. Analysis.— compound, upward convex. No Principles, 2, 5, 1, 2, 5, 2. shade. Analysis.—Principles, 2, 3, 1. Upward concave, downward Upward convex, downward con- straight, upward convex. No shade. cave, downward concave, upward Analysis.-Principles, 2, 5, I. convex. This is the only loop let- ter, with the exception of the long s Upward convex, downward | : * * scept # S, * * in which the straight line is not used. No * straight, upward concave, down- shade ward straight rard Analysis.—Principles, 1, 2, 2, I. W3. ght, upwar convex. In the other alphabet and exercises in the One shade. Analysis.—Principles, I, 5, 2, 5, I. copies there are many points of difference, 9 * } J } both in form and shading. The foregoing is Upward convex, downward con- the most common alphabet, an excellent one vex, upward concave, downward | for writing-teachers to use in conducting classes, straight, upward convex. One shade. and it would be well not to deviate from it Analysis-Principles, I, 1, 2, 5, I. when the instruction is limited to a few lessons. Upward concave, downward This plan of analyzing letters must be pur- straight, upward concave, up- sued in every successful writing-school. The ward concave. One shade. subject should be thoroughly studied up, and Analysis-Principles, 2, 5, 2,2. constantly brought before the class. #. =::=& # THE CAPITALS EXPLAINED AND ANALYZED & ----'-- < § N another page will be found the The capitals comprising the following are com- } ovals, stems, and other elements mon to all the standard systems. | used in the capitals. These should r be practiced both with the whole 2. The capital A begins with a arm and the muscular movements, capital stem made downward from as there indicated. The exercises - the top, and shaded on lower curve \,) on the continuous oval, light and near the base; the next line, connecting at the shaded, are the very best known for top, is brought down to the ruled line; the l developing perfect control of the small closing curve is made last. This is the pen in these movements. Be sure standard A in all the leading school systems, to give all the movement exercises particular but the great objection to it is that it requires attention as long as you continue your practice. three separate movements of the hand; first in We commend to those wishing to acquire a making the stem, then the next down stroke, plain business hand, the capital alphabet as and, again, the small curve,—the pen being given in Plate I; to ladies, Plate III. These | raised each time. The letters as given in the alphabets are very plain and easily executed, plates require generally fewer movements. --> Ž - "22 - ^ - Z. - - Ž . . . . . . . . . . Z__ Ž - . . . . . || . . - - Z - Z. 2 2. 2. 2 - 22 2. - Z. 2 - Z |- *- 2 / / - * ~. / 2 - / 2. - _2^ Ż. - / A ~ / 2 - ~~ - - - . . . - Z. / . . . . . . . . . z_ 2. 2 / . - « . » ~. - / - - ./~. 2, 4 ~ / ZZ 2. Z ~. ~ a | 2 - % - Ż- Z | D. Ž / - / , , , ~. Z- - ~ *- - 2. Z - ZZ- 2. - / . - // - /Z., Z...., ^ ~. Z. |- // . - - Z_ *~ * * * / . 2. × 2 × -—9 THE CAPITALS EXPLAINED AND ANALYZED. 83 Same as the other except in Convex and concave curves looped commencing line. One shade. (inverted looped oval), shaded on long Analysis.-Principles, I, 2, 4, I, stroke and closed at base like L. One 4, 3, 2. Upward concave from base-line; ź downward compound shaded on lower half; closes with an upward compound curve. One shade. Analysis.— Principles, 2, 4, 3. mencing line. One shade. Analysis, 2. —Principles, I, 2, 4, 3. First part same as A, curves form acute angles at top and bot- tom, curves being close together. Closes with direct oval (same as capital O), with shade on last stroke. Two shades. Analy- sis.—Principles, 4, I, I, I, I, 2, I. - Same as the other with last 2% curve omitted. One shade. Anal- ysis.— Principles, 4, I, I, I, I, 2. First two strokes of the M. One o/ shade. Analysis. — Principles, 4, I , I , 3. w t The O is given as an important exer- Ó cise for practice at all times during the student's course. The curves which form it make up also all the other capitals. The strokes in the O are made without change of direction; hence they are what are termed simple curves, convex and concave. One shade. Analysis.—Principles, I, 2, I. Same as the other except in com- Capital stem shaded on lower half, (2 combining with upward convex, which passes over the top and unites with a concave curve, One shade. Analysis.—Prin- ciples, 4, 1, 2. - Capital stem and looped oval. One 42 shade. Analysis.—Principles, 4, I, I, 2, I, 2. shade. @ Analysis.-Principles, I, 2, 1, 2, 3. Commences like first P, closes like K. One shade. Analysis.—Princi- ples, 4, 1, 2, 3, 2. Commences like second P and closes like K. One shade. Analysis. -Principles, 4, I, I, 2, 1, 2, 3, 2. Like L., except in laststroke. One shade. Analysis.-Principles, 2, 4, I. Same as second F without the 2% short finishing mark. One shade. Analysis.-Principles, I, 2, 3, 4, I. Tsame as first F, without - 2% the short finishing stroke. One shade. Analysis.—Prin- ciples, 4, T, I, 2, 3, 1. U begins with an inverted looped oval; long stroke to ruled line, where it joins an upward concave curve. This unites again with a con- vex forming an acute angle; the closing strokes are simple hair-lines. One shade. Analysis.— Principles, 1, 2, 1, 3, 2, I, 2. Begins same as U, the final curve 2. is a compound line. One shade. Anal- ysis.-Principles, 1, 2, 1, 3, 4. Begins similar to V, unites with long light curves angularly at bot- tom. One shade. Analysis.—Prin- ciples, I, 2, 1, 2, 2, I, I. First half same as W. The final % curves are those of the direct oval. One shade. Analysis.—Principles, I, 2, I, 2, I, 2, I, 2. * Same as U except in terminating strokes. One shade. Analysis.— Principles, 1, 2, I, 3, 2, 4, I. -- OFF-HAND FLO URISHING. First part exactly like that of W and X. Unites in the form of a loop with curves forming another loop sloping at the same angle as the shaded down-stroke. One shade. Analysis.— Principles. 1, 2, 1, 2, 2, 1. This character is made smaller than the letters. It begins with a modified capital stem which joins another com- pound curve going upward, looping and cross- ing the main-stroke in a simple hair-line. One shade. Analysis.-Principles, 4, 3, 1, 2. 0FF-HAND FLOURISHING. £RO other department of penmanship #5 is more generally appreciated by all lovers of artistic work, than that of Off-hand Flourishing. It is, even at this day, so rare an ac- complishment, as to be looked upon by the masses as an almost wonderful display of skill, as it undoubtedly is in its perfection; : and if combined with a good, plain handwriting, not a flourished one, as it always should be, it may be made a source of great profit to the writing-teacher. The most successful teachers of penmanship are those who are good in both plain writing and flourishing; not because it is necessary, or, indeed, even desirable, in most cases for pupils in schools to practice the latter unless they propose following penmanship as a pro- fession, but for the reason that it gives the teacher a reputation. Off-hand penmanship is done so easily and rapidly, and is so very graceful and beautiful, that it is an easy thing for the penman to advertise himself into favor- able notice by the exercise of this accomplish- ment; his bits of flourishing and writing become prized in the community, they are carefully preserved and shown to friends, and consequently he becomes quite widely known through this work alone. Materials for Flourishing. Good unruled cap or letter paper of fair thickness, or Bristol board, which is best for specimens designed for framing, should be used. The ink must be such as is black and lasting. Colored inks are only fit for boys who could be pleased with nothing else. THE PEN should be fine-pointed, elastic, and durable, no different from that used for writing. THE HOLDER should be about one-fourth shorter than those for other penmanship; chip off the end with a knife. ź Position of THE Hand in flourishing. The reversed position of the hand gives the greatest command in executing rapidly broad and strong curves; therefore it is adopted alto- gether for that purpose. In flourishing, the arm is raised so as to swing from the shoulder, : TEACHING PENMANSHIP. 85 the hand resting, as shown in the cut, only upon the nail of the little finger. The first and second fingers should be on the under, and the thumb on the upper part of the holder. It will be noticed that the pen is in position only for horizontal strokes. Keep the pen square on the paper, touching each nib equally, and make every stroke hori- zontally from left to right, shifting the paper to suit the direction of the curves you propose making. A good off-hand penman keeps the working sheet separate from the others, and moves it --> -->-E) TEACHING PENMANSHIP. ->- about, but does not change the position of the pen or the direction of the curves. He begins always at the left, and goes to the right. Learners should be satisfied with a small beginning. None can hope to execute the first day, or the first week, a very beautiful piece; but we believe that all can learn, if they exercise patience and practice faithfully, so the exercises given in the plates herewith may all be mas- tered. They are all simple, – not half so difficult as they may seem. ©Y2). 4. < # sive use of copy-books in schools, there is still a wide field (and one that will bear much cultivation), for good teachers of writing in both city and country. There is scarcely a village or school dis- # trict where a good class could not be readily organized by a competent teacher. Since the days of Spencer, Bugbee and Wil- liams, there have been many itinerant penmen— some of them really excellent teachers, and oth- ers mere adventurers, taking up the business as a make-shift, with no knowledge of the theory of penmanship, the principles, movements and correct positions,—their only recommendation * *5252525BEasasasasasasasasas assaess being a little better hand-writing than those they sought to instruct. To teach writing properly, one must have given the subject close attention. The deserving have been eminently suc- cessful, and have done a noble and a last- ing work in imparting a correct and handsome style. -.... ......:- - - SPENCER. Spencer, the originator of the Spencerian system, was, without doubt, the most success- ful itinerant of his time. Wherever he went he was sure of a large and enthusiastic school. His manner of advertising was peculiar, all his “bills” and “posters” being done by himself in his own hand, and placed in con- spicuous positions in stores and other places P. R. SPENCER. of resort on winter evenings. Spencer was an earnest, faithful teacher, a true friend, and a chirographic genius. Thoroughly in love with the art he taught, he never failed to impress upon his pupils its importance and its beauties; and long before the publication of anything “Spencerian,” he had become famous. His arrival in a village was heralded as the event of the year. In northeastern Ohio, where most of his teaching was done, we see evidences to-day of his success, in the good penmanship penman, was fully as famous in his section as Spencer was in Ohio. Bugbee taught through- out New Hampshire, and some in Vermont. His most successful classes—those that gave him most reputation—were at Hanover, N.H., the seat of Dartmouth College, as all know, one of the oldest and best of our colleges, ranking with Yale and Harvard. Here among the students he was a great favorite, and al- though he left no published works, we can judge something of his skill by the opinions of those who were under his tuition. Among these are 1, some of the former of many of the peo->4 ple. Nowhere else in this country—certain- ly among no farming population as this was then, and is princi- pally yet – will be found so many excel- lent writers as in the counties where Spen- cer taught. Many of his best pupils of those days—among the living—are now engaged in teaching writing in business colleges; but a new generation is coming governors of New Hampshire and oth- er States, members of State and the National legislatures, lawyers, editors and clergy- men, who have become widely known. , One of the Dart- mouth boys in Bug- bee's time, the editor of the leading papers of New Hampshire, the Daily Mirror and American, and Mirror and Farmer, pub- lished at Manches- forward to occupy the + positions now offering therein, and as successful instructors in other fields. . # It is a somewhat remarkable fact that of his large family of boys and girls, all became in youth, and grew up to manhood and woman- hood, superior writers. This also shows the advantages of proper teaching—that penmen, unlike poets, are not born such, but made. Spencer died in 1864. BUGBEE. Bugbee, the most celebrated New England P. R. SPENCER. Y > ter, in an editorial review of a work by the writer of this, speaks of Bugbee as follows: “Thirty-five years ago Bugbee, of Nashua, N. H., was the most elegant penman in this country; and, though he lacked system some what, letters, birds, beasts, and creeping things flowed from his pen as easily as water runs down hill.” It is a matter for regret that a penman so highly skilled as the former seems to have been, should have left behind him no scraps of his handiwork available to us. £ { : PLATELX. - WHOLE ARM CAPITALS PLATE X. 2 * : *> #: ~ f ( * 5... c-, *.x * ** JOHN D. WILLIAMS. 87 WILLIAMS. This superior teacher was widely known; probably a very considerable number who read this knew him personally. He was at one time “general superintendent of Or- namental Penman-st_ and subsequently taught large and successful classes in that vicinity. Afterward he was connected with some of the leading business schools; and, lastly, with Packard's, in New York. It was here, while associated with Mr. Packard, that he, in con- +, nection with the latter, ship for the Bryant & Stratton chain of col- leges,” and was un- doubtedly one of the finest penmen the . world ever produced. “John D.,” as his friends always called him, was in boyhood a tailor's apprentice, and a very “shiftless, useless fellow,” his employer used to say, who wasted his chalk in drawing eagles, flourishing swans, and caricatur- published his “Gems of Penmanship.” He prepared also “Wil- liams & Packard's Guide.” Although Mr. Williams' style of writ- ing was essentially the same as that of other teachers of the better class, he was much opposed to the exact style some follow, of submitting every stroke to geometrical measurement. As a result, his penmanship was more free and nat- a ural than that of most ing the tailors. Mr. -8 Duff, a writing-teacher < who had opened a commercial school in Pittsburgh, dropped into the tailor's one day, and, happening to see the lad and some of his chalk-marks, was surprised at the fellow's skill; and, as his employer was thoroughly convinced he would never make a tailor, Mr. Duff told him that he could attend his school and learn to write. This was just the chance the boy had long wanted, and he made good use of his opportunity. He became a teacher in Duff's, * JOHN D. WILLIAMS. * ... " pen men who con- fine themselves exclusively to copy-writing and “specimen work.” Mr. Williams was one of the first to adopt a simpler form of analysis, reducing the principles to the simple and com- pound curves and the straight line, a great improvement on the copy-book systems. He was born in the city of Pittsburg in 1829, and died at Albany, N. Y., in January, 1871. We are indebted to D.T. Ames, Esq., of New York, publisher of the Penman's Art journal, 205 Broadway, for the excellent portraits of Spencer and W#: * * HOW TO CONDUCT WRITING SCHOOLS. # % w-r-" * . RST, in starting out, the penman will be careful to take with him recommen- dations from prominent persons who are acquaint- # ed with him, and who can & certify to his good char- acter and qualifications for the work; these, with specimens of his penmanship well framed, and circulars for advertisements, will ordinarily be sufficient. & # The School-R00m. Before beginning to advertise the school, the room should be secured. It should be properly furnished for such a class, with desks and a black-board. The use of a school-room usually costs the teacher but a trifle, if any- thing. Free tickets to the course should be given to those responsible for the room, and who have granted the teacher permission to use it. Advertising. The next step is to properly advertise the school; and the best way to do this is, - First, to have a circular left at every house in the village and neighborhood in which you propose to teach. . Second, to call upon the editor of the lead- ing newspaper, insert a short advertisement, and ask him if he will kindly call attention to the opening of the school. Give him one of your circulars, by which he may see that you are well spoken of as a penman, and a person of good character. Third, the poster, brief and to the point, may be put up in a few of the most public places. Eight or ten of them in a small vil- lage would be enough. Fourth, should the young teacher be a good “caller,” he might visit each family in the neighborhood, exhibiting specimens of his writing, and those showing the improvement of his scholars in other places. But he should never circulate, or ask them to sign, a sub- scription paper; he should merely say in effect: “Here is my work, and the improvement of my pupils. I should very much like to have your family attend, and am sure it would be profitable to them. I don't ask any tuitions in advance, but want all to see what we are doing, and that it is worth the money.” HOW TO CONDUCT WRITING SCHOOLS. - - 89 Fifth, by visiting the schools in the place, exhibiting speci-L Form of Circular. mens to the teachers, getting to the scholars, and to give out circulars. Present each teacher you would consider it a favor Collecting Tuitions. Begin making collections the last half of the term, and by obtain all dues. Good teach- ers who follow this plan seldom The editor's notice, suppos- recommendations, and other- mation respecting yourself, permission from them to speak ) WRITING S{SHI(()()][, with a free ticket to the school, M R t J A M E S W. H A M M O N D, and say to him (and her) that Of Austinburg, Ohio, will give the first of a series of QS * GT) * if they would attend. $vocCue £cooowo 4/1/1, £ow"cowohip, INTERMEDIATE SCHOOL BUILDING, the close you will be able to Monday Evening, January I, 1880, And continuing every evening, cxcept Sunday, till completed. * No money received in advance. I wish all possible to sec my plan and lose much by delinquent Terms $2. avail £ of a course of lessons. Therefore, I £' collect p atrOnS tuitions only at the last of the term. * * STATIONERY (Ink, Pens, Penholders, Paper, etc.) of the very best quality furnished Advertisement for Local Newspaper. pupils at the lowest possible prices, or students may bring their own. Should be pald for in advance. WRITING SCH00L.—# COMMENDATIONS. * D -i ill in IT. On “Mr. J.W. Hammond has been a resident of this town for several years. He is a young Will open his WRITI N G GL AS S man of excellent character...and a very fine penman. He proposes to £ the coming s' in the intermedi- and I take much pleasure in recommending him to all wishing good instruction in the Yery ate school building, Monday evening next, at useful art of Writing.”-REV. DANIEL IlBNDRICKS, Pastor M. E. Church, Austinburg, Ohio. exactly 7 o'clock. See specimens at the post- * I consider Mr. J. W. Hammond an excellent penman. The specimens he has sent me office. o tuitions will be received in advance, for examination fully prove his £ to give his classes the very best instruction.”—SILAs S. TERMS $2, for the course, payable during PACKARD, President of Packard's College, New York. the last week of the term. It's “Mr. Hammond has just closed a large and successful writing school herc, and it is the opinion of those who attendcd that it was the best we have ever had. His work is thorough, and he is in all respects an honorable young man."—WILLIAM BLACKWOOD, Editor of the *Union Democrat," Akron, Ohio. ing you had shown him your Bring a Lamp (with a Shade, if convenient). wise given him proper info- | COMEEARLY-DO NOT MISS THE FIRSTLESSON, ~. -Q------- AT THE Ú BEGINNING JAMES W. HAMMOND. wRITING’school—Mr. J. W. Hammond, of Austin- burg, Ohio, a penman of much skill, opens a writing class here next Monday evening, at 7 o'clock. Mr. H. follows a new plan: He will not accept tuitions in advance as he prefers to have his patrons become some what acquaint- ed with his work and his manner of teaching. He aims to give the very best instruction possible, and has succeeded in securing large classes, and the favorable opinions of the best people where he has been. We hope to see his school crowd- ed. A good hand-writing is a valuable accomplishment, worth thousands of dollars to any young man or woman. The following, which is printed just as it recently appeared in an Illinois newspaper, would very likely read some- £"Specimens are on exhibition at the Post-office. thing like this: -v- %- -N -v- Editorial Notice. < | gives a hint that may be acted upon by others to their advantage; and besides, we presume the editors thus favored would not feel that the teacher was getting a good “local” for nothing: “MANY THANKs.—This office desires to return many thanks to Prof. A. S. Simpson for one of the finest speci- mens of penmanship we have ever had the pleasure of seeing. It was gotten up expressly for THE DEMocrat, and the work upon it is incontrovertible evidence that the professor is a thorough master of the art of his choice. The card will be framed in a few days, when all wishing to see it can have the opportunity by calling at this office.” G-e- * -] 90 - HOW TO CONDUCT WRITING SCHOOLS. #: 3. Form of Poster. ~~8% WRITING SCHOOL R00RAMME for a 12-Lesson Course. E-G-4- •o-> # Each Lesson to last two hours, with inter- mission of fifteen minutes. \s First Lesson. ALL audience to order and state the , object of the writing •-OF== | | | See Snall Bills Giving Full Farticulars JAMES W. HAMMOND'S WRITING SCHOOL, SOON TO BEGIN HERE school. Pupils take seats and assume their positions for writing. Draw on the black- board a simple oval outline, and divide it, as in cut on a pre- vious page, into four curves, show- ing the simple convex and concave; and how, by combining the two, we get both forms of the compound curve or wave-line. Thus we have the four principles. Number them and add the fifth, the straight line, and explain why you place it last among the principles. Distribute copies. [These should be prepared beforehand, and should consist of an easy movement exercise, similar } IMAY EE SEEN to ' -In the smaller villages, where posters are a novelty, they will be found an excellent means of calling attention to the school. The above is given as a good one, because it can be used throughout the season in all the places visited. Specimens of his Penmanship AT THE POST-OFFICE. ' to Copy I, Plate 1.] Call attention to the fact that all the connecting up- strokes of small letters are curves, and the down-strokes mostly straight lines. Explain the proper position at the table or desk, and of the hand and pen in writing. Each pupil hands to teacher a specimen of his and her penmanship as follows: “Specimen of my hand- * writing during the first lesson at £—s-—#7-##22 AMr. 's writing-school,” with *- -> $ * name signed to each. Urge them "N: to do their best in writing this, so that they may know exactly, at the close of the term, how much they have improved. More practice on movement exercises, on the principles, and simple words. Inter- mission. Erase all writing from the black-board and draw the five principles. Ask pupils to point out to you the difference between the first and second, and second and third, and to tell you where the principles are obtained. After fixing the attention wholly upon the principles, write below them the word mine, and assist the class in analyzing the word, giving the principles of each letter throughout. Write beneath the word the figures which represent its principles. Give out second copy. More practice by the class. Explain new copy and tell the class what it is proposed to do at the G} short words. . For first lesson use =T. ** f -t PLATEX7. PLATE XII. - - C \ s\ * ss- -s's -- s s \*\ | s sss . # * * * THE BEST SYSTEM OF SHORTHAND WRITING. t## *SS : In 13 Itill r111111111111t", 11t!!!"It!!!!"1*111111111111tl!!!t!"triiritutit, l:"11": | *... SED } *- SE) ######## * * * * II "Tilllllllllirillilillini Millfilliliili IIIllililillil"TWT |||}||1|| Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C. £###$ use of what may be proper- ly denominated shorthand writing was, about 65 B.C., by TIRo, a freedman of CI- CERO. Many of the letters re- quired more than one stroke, and, being so cumbrous, necessi- tated for speedy writing a great many contractions. Its stock of contractions was subsequently in- creased by PHILARGYRUs, M.ECENAs, and ANNAEUS SENECA, until the num- mber exceeded 5,000; to which 'Cyprus, THE MARTYR, added others for theological matters. As these contractions were, to a great ex- tent, not alphabetical, and made by many and ir- regular devices, they were necessarily a great tax on the memory; and the system was not at all adapted to general use. For alphabet and specimen of this Tironian Shorthand, see GRAHAM's HISTORY OF SHORT- IIAND, p. 16. The earliest modern attempt to system- ize writing-abbreviation was by RATCLIFF, whose book was published after his death, in 1588. But his “New Art of Short and Swift Writing” was “without characters”—being simply abbreviated longhand writing. The various attempts at sys- tems of this sort have had little success, because immethodical. (Common longhand, methodically con- tracted, as in GRAHAM's book on “Brief Long- hand,” greatly lessens the labor of writing for pri- vate use, and for correspondence with those knowing *=--— M- * -- the system, but, of course, it cannot answer for ver- batim reporting). To TIMOTHY BRIGHT is due the great credit of publishing, in 1588, the first of mod- ern shorthand systems. But not even the alphabet survives. JoHN WILLIS, in 1602, issued a system, the alphabet of which, as of all succeeding systems, will be found in GRAHAM’s HISTORY OF SHORTHAND. . Reviewing there those alphabets, and occasional specimens of writing in the systems, the shorthand writer of modern times can but doubtingly wonder how it was possible to report word for word by sys- tems using so many letters of more than one stroke, and various devices that now seem slow. From an early period in the modern development of short- hand writing, simplicity of signs for the letters was sought ; but the system-makers were slow in dig- covering all the available shorthand material. Some few limited themselves to lines in the direction of, or resembling somewhat, longhand letters; most confined themselves to light lines, without any dis- tinction of length; most of them used half circles for their curve-letters, allowing but two directions of the half circle—upright and horizontal; and, at first, a few threw away on joined vowel-signs a con- siderable portion of their scant supply of disting- uishable simple signs. Hence, they resorted to complex signs for some of their letters. In 1747, to the great honor of AULAY MACAULAY, be it spok- en, he published a system, in which he showed how to greatly extend the letter-forming material, by using, as practically distinguishable, three different lengths of signs, and also by introducing curves in a slanting direction. ByRoM, about the same time, was teaching his system (first published in 1767) in which he wrought out as best he could, the ~-> °-a- | 94 SHORT COURSE IN STANDARD PHONOGRAPHY-THE BEST SHORTHAND. problem of simple signs for the letters; but while wasting the circle as a mark of distinction only, and providing several letters with double and triple signs, he left some of the recognized elements, as dh, zh, and ng, without any letters; and confused under one sign other elements, as s, z—f, v-t, th: In 1786, was published SAMUEL TAYLOR's system, the most popular of the old shorthand systems, which was, in some respects, an improvement on BY- RoM's, in simplicity of alphabet. In 1823, HARDING's slight improvement on TAYLOR, had the germ of an important shorthand principle—the pairing of signs to represent paired sounds, as Nf, Nv. This distinction of light and heavy is of very great val- ue; because it is capable of doubling the letter- forming material; and rendered it far easier to solve the problem of simple signs for the shorthand alphabet. And having studied this system, MR. ISAAC PITMAN, of England, in conjunction with a fellow-teacher, MR. S. A. GooD, applied this prin- ciple in a system put forth, in 1837, under the title of “Stenographic Sound-Hand.” An improvement of the system was issued, in July, 1840, under the name Phonography, that is, writing according to sound. And this the system permitted, because it had furnished a sign for each well-recognized sound of the English language. This feature was speedily accepted as an important element of shorthand; and with its simpler alphabet, and its economic use of other elements which had been slowly evolving, Phonography became very popular, quite supersed- ing all the other stenographies. Many students and practitioners of the new system were animated with the conviction, that their system was well cal- culated to become universal, and that, in a few dec- ades, the millions of the English-speaking races would be writing, for nearly all purposes, the graceful and speedy stringlets of Phonography. Magazines in England and the United States de- voted to the Art were speedily established, and suggestions for its “final perfections” were dis- cussed, and, as far as approved by practice, intro- duced into the system. Finally, in 1852, the Ninth Form, or so-called “Edition,” of the system had been reached. Shortly after, the phonographic public, already tired of “ceaseless changes,” were threatened, by IsAAC PITMAN, with others, and some of them (as the changing of the vowel scale) quite against the de- | cided convictions of those best versed in the sci- ence; and there was prospect that the phono- graphic ranks, instead of moving victoriously onward, a united body, would be broken up into many conflicting and inconsequential schools. It was then, in 1855, that MR. ANDREw J. GRAHAM (now of 744 Broadway, New York) came forward with the hope of preventing such a calamity. He had had several years of practical reporting expe- rience; and both as a reporter and teacher he lanew and appreciated the merits of the Art so far as it had been carried, and he understood also that it yet had notable and serious deficiencies. For the most nimble and best-trained fingers it was too great a task to keep pace with the faster public speakers or the voluble witness under cross- examination. Its elementary (or corresponding). style was tediously slow. He saw that many im- provements were possible. He disapproved, how- ever, of ill-considered changes or improvements, and he proposed to apply practical reportorial ex- perience, with philosophically-guided invention, to the final perfection of the Art, in order to consti- tute a system which, by its merits, must be accepted as a STANDARD. He commenced, with this view, his labors. He removed the cumbrousness of the old elementary (or corresponding) style,—succeeding to such a degree that the Standard elementary style is shown by comparisons to be equal to the report- ing style of the Old Phonography, at the same time, -for the great advantage of all reporting students, —by his various improvements, he developed a re- porting style which is one-half shorter and swifter than the previous one. This brings the reporting ability within the reach of thousands who, other- wise, could never attain it; and the specially swift- fingered may, with this style, report with less labor, and with more certainty, both in taking and reading. MR. GRAHAM sought to make the elementary style both very legible and speedy enough for moderate reporting requirements,—and to make it also har- monious with the advanced style. He adopted it as a sound maxim, that any system, to become a standard, and universal, must answer well for pri- vate writing, and also (by additional facilities not in conflict with the elementary) meet most fully the needs of the reporter. In 1856, MR. GRAHAM published a brief exhibit of some of his improvements in the Art, stating there- *=r. *I'- -i. 4 f | | *- out, cue, rude, sweet, wit, wheat, walk, wood, white, Yale, yell, youth, yon, * * — , “ ( / ( - thaw, hawk, doll, toe, love, eco, pull, eye, hide, lots, oll, * * * * * * % S-1 .( .. Ng No Ns. 's as ..] - , , y - > .6- unite, seal, steal, pass, passes, past, pastor, pastors, wet, weighed, week, woke, Yale, yawn, wore, wheel, wins. we may. 8. Signs to express Groups of Consonants are formed by a few general principles of modifications of the primary consonant- <-- ~~ * * A. * * > \ (* >e ’N \e . . run, . Pens, punster, lines, passions, operative", fashions, decision, ..! t T condonestion, mb or mp, impose, ambition, anchored, hunger, letter, -T- v N - SS S. . (T *...* older, mother, modern, paid, get, plate, prayed, wield, went, S- * § Nö * (< 6- y * drifts, pained, patient, ancient, late, loud, need, night, midst, students, •? Entered, according to act of Congress, in the year 1861, by ANDREw 3. GRAHAMs in the Clerk's Office of the District Court stated. of the United States ter the Southern District of New York. * • * * signs; thus: s plea, f saddle, S- civil, N pray, * spray, Q_^ sinner, v N inscribe, 3- unscrew, \s pun, W strives, LORD's PRAYER. As a specimen of connected writing in the ele- mentary style, there is presented here the Lord's Prayer, as in Matthew, vi, 9–13. The dot-lines note the £|line of writing. To the slight- ** **** ly experienced writer, this would be perfectly legible without any vowels. Certain frequent words are written imperfectly, that is with word-signs, like our i.e. for id est; as, ch for which, m above the line for in : b on the f ( ( =\{ .4 -\-, -". * à'íCX:St. :) & I"-\k-s: N-) ~ (. . . line for be ; above, for by; through, for to be: k, above the line for kingdom; on the line, for come: r, on the line, for are; through the line for our. The Outline—next given—is for brevity and clearness of explanation printed in a pronouncing style, as pronounciation (rather than than the irreg- ular common spelling) is what the phonographer needs to write. Call the letters by their assigned names; as Chay, not Cee-Aitch; Way, not Dow- ble-U; Yay, not Wy; Ilh, not Tee-Aitch; Dhee (as thee), not “soft”. Tee-Aitch; Ish, not Es-Aitch; Ing, not En-Gee. 6 * -i. -> * =– 0UTLINE OF STANDARD PHONOGRAPHY—WRITING BY SOUND–THE BEST SHORTHAND. (Entered, according to act of Congress, in the year 1862, by ANDREw J. GRABAM, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Southern District of New York.] KEY TO THE PRONUNCIATION.—ale, at or āt, Ask, art, ah; aer=air; eve, ell or éll, her, ire, it or it; Öld, none, on, or or, or, ol=all, piir, Up or tip, tu=too, ful=full, kud=could, tuk=took; thin, dhen=then; shall, vizh'on=vision. AccENT ('); prez-ent, prezent'. SYLLABLE MARK (..). ORTIIoGRAPIIIC or Cox(Mox. SPELLING, MARR. (); /Edinburgh=Edinburg, phthisic=tiz'ik, though=dhö. $1. Simpel Kon’sonant-Sins N. N. | | / / - - '_ \_ ( ( ) ) o -/-/ / > and dhar Namz. Pó Bö Tö Dö Chi Ji Ki Gi Ef Vö Ith Dhö Es Zö Iss Ish Zhay Li Ar > *"> N--> --> ~\ C > r ** * 2^ * Ra Em En Ing wa w8 Wu Ya Ya Yü IIa IIa. 2. Kombinashons N_ T >7 > ( – |- /~\ O O és C murm and Ndm2. Pć-Ki Rä-Gil En-Jä PC-En Ith-En Ki-Ar Lā-Kà Lā-Ar Lā-Es L5-Ish El-Em El-Ing Kā-G# Bö-Pö Ef-Gà s Bö-Ing Wö-Gä G#-Gä Em-Em En-En Stöz Skäz Is-Răz IIäz Is-Hå Is-Efs Släz Semz Sārz Těz-Kà IRâz-G# En-Sem Ff-Slä-Tö /* 2^ & T-, _* A l / *--- ~! S- A ...” Wel Wer Wem Tö-Wen Ki-Wer Wé-Tö Wö-Ji Wü-Ki En-Wö-DG Wö-En Yù-Li Yû-Ră. 3. Dhe Sérke! mibö mid intu a lărj sérke! (Scz) tu ad 8 or c, dhus, -C Kä'scz, \o Efsez; (b) mäd intu a smol lump (Stö), tu r: ad t or d, dhus: /- List, A Rāst or Răzd, Stć-Tö; (c) mid intu a lärj lump (-ster), tu ad tr; dhus: > Pöster, & Lister; (d) tu which lups and lårj sèrkel Isruá bö ad-ed; dhus: > Pěsts, > Pösterz, 2 Kâz-Rü'sez-Is. 4. Sinz ov Simpel Vow"elz # 6, o, ö, ets.), Difthónç2 (t, oi, ou, ü), and of w and y with a folqing voucl ör difthóng (az wć, wi, wo, wo, 6, yi, yo, yo-wi, wol, wou), ār rit'en | * . ..! | - - - - | | '' “ | | ësid: dhe kon’sonant-ströks; (b) tu l | • | * 1 sm. A * relâtred soundz, in sum käsez, having 6 i fi or ae c or è il or à a or à o or ö o Ó or Q U UI u. I of ou ti but won sin. (d) In dhe foloing tibel, ‘. | > - -] dhe vou'elz, ets., ar plast bian Uprit £ . . . i | c strök, Ör let'er Tē, tu shô dhār re- wö wi wi, was we, wē wii, wä wa, wä wo, wö wo wo, wo wu war wu w! wol wou spektiv plâsez, nämli, op'ozit dhe bć- - | * | v' " | * * | gin'ing, mid-el, Ör end ov a konso- | * : •l * * * . nant-strök. 15 yt ys, ya ye, so yi,” sa,ya #2, #8 royo, Yo Yu Yui y: - 5. Eeam pelz.-'- Č * – T-- . |- - Z <-- /. Ż | > ( C < \r Ç |- > f3 13 kö tik king £d dā āk ch! nek lá áh! ad ask tho lo ro bol lòng dol 6p * *. Y | * V * - A. t f {. *-- tö röIn Iuv kul ruzh pul id idó a föta mir oil boil bou, tou'el pourer kü swćt swich swid dwel wok s • " J. A." * ** |- * * * % . , N r | A-> ~\ S--> ~~~ .( :- | | > * .' .( f- (< *I- *N * woch wud wud yör Yál yel yam yör yon yung yurth yunit twis wid sóp ": sćl stël stö slö snö swil swolç * % .V – • * - * s * * * --> wäl_wor, win wāt wid wék Yāl yök swór , pás pàs'ez, Öps amfist task desk dusk biz'nes cl:zist ekzost. 6. Dhe diferent modzov expresing h (i.e., modzov Aspira'shon) ār Shön bidhe folqing ilustrà shonz: *N '-- > - not | * ~ or N * : * or rather " * ../ or . . * - 2- her hak hok hid höp hol for hed hëp , for whd whip for tehg/ Whit for 4th & Wh[n Whinn. 7. Grup-Konsonant Sinz.–Dher hr fiv modzov modifiing dhe primari konsonant-ströks tu form grup-konsonant sInz: W * I. BI an INISII’AL IIUK : 1. Tú ad l ; dhus: \ Pel, -- Kel, \- Fel, c Thel, ~ Shel, $ scpli', \- stvil, *— sI'kel. 2. Tu ad r, dhus: N - N ) _) -> <- N “N S- : 1 - "... q • N w * * nāmd Pér Ker Fër Thér Shër Mér Nër; Öfer fró sin'er &ter tró stro extrêm sister skrip subskrib deskrib |- disagrö', s: sprä, < Jnsper, —cs. expres, s st:por, y stājer. [insolyubel, 3-( Uns&mli, 4" enslåv". 3. Tu préfix in, en, win, or on tu Spër, Stér, and a fü Udher sinz; dhus: , N inskrib, J- Unskrü, >4 SN (nāmd In-Sli-Bel) II. ISI a TINAL IIUR: 1. Smol, tu ad for v tu stratlinz, and n tu strât and kury linz; dhus: \s put, \ pun, --> kāv, --> kän, * * Af e o–2 - s * > * * * * * * * ~ *-* S J / – J. d. | \, = röv rön brēf brån bluf blón strif strán pruvz sköfs penz tens chans kanz dens kondensez kondenst punster min Sø, SN /* < e < 1 s * . J A , ~!— ls -2 . flón froun linz měnz provök defens' punish furnish finish. * 2. Larj, tu ad tiv tu strät linz, and shon tu strât and kurv"nz; dhus: S. kombat iv, S pashon, SS pash'onz, ^. operativz, * 2's operä shon, ^+. provokä'shon, '-> provokativ, /TD mó'shon, \s fash'onz, /2 alil'zhon. 8. Smol (nāmd Eshon), tu ad shon tu a sèrkel, lup, or Ef-hook; dhus: . ! desizhon, * perswil'zhon, * pozesh'onz, U f * id: * * ~g ! !/* ~~ | f ~~ * f fizi’shanz transishon transish-onal konversä'shonal administră'shon divizh'on devö'shon. * III. Bi WIDENING, ov Em Onli, tu ad p or ö ; dhus, - , nāmd Emb or Emp; dhus: č lamp, "Y- swômp, 2Ts impöz', * > impostor, 2-4 embezel, - - humbug, Z-S ambish'on, 2-> impun. IV. BI LENGTHENING: 1. Ov Ing, tu ad kr ör gr; dhus: Q thinker, ~! ank-ord, ~ *_ hungger, ( v löngger. * * * 2. Ov cni Udher kurv, tu ad tr, dr, thr, or dhr; dhus: 2- leter, S-- winter, 2- ölder, -7- mudher, ... fidher, -> --> nödher, Ż-1 renderd, 2-> Inodern. V. BISuðarrsing (or having): 1. Tu ad Cdher t ord, (1) ent Unhukt konsonant-strök (eksept El, Lä, Era, En, Ar, Ing, wa, Ya, Emp); dhus: N- 'N. * S. NA |. **. | • ? /> }~ 2-1 s * pät or pād bćd orbēt get void bout dout fit or fid tot, stated rapid wizdom hāt-ed tréted dated fråted. * * (2) Eni hukt konsonant-strök; dhus: < prät or prid. " drid, 1. trit or trid, ss plat or plad, SL- wind, s_, went, * * iv." * * n .6 : l i * *. - * *, *. 'ss ? < * * * wëld wört or wörd drift kontrivd pånt or pānd bent or bend gånd find pâ'shent án'shent drifts komplänts students. 2. Dhe kury-sinz for i, r, m, n, tu adt when lit, and d when mid hevi; dhus; 6: lät, 6 loud, N art, ~ &rd, - mct, *-* * * • mêd, " nit, - . , sent, * ned, ~~" indikat, >1, undouted, mid-nit. *m-" -: *-* - | - *= a- == write the letters as named: Pec, Bce, Tee, Dee, Chay, Jay, Kay, Gay, Ef, Vee, Ith, Dhee, Es, Zee, Iss, Ish, Zhay, Lay, Ar, Ray, Em, En, Ing. Way, Wöh, Wüh, Yay, Yêh, Yüh, Hay, Hēh, §2. Write the letters combined as here namcd: Pee-Kay (the hyphen here signifying that you are to join the phono- graphic letters without lifting the pen); Ray-Gay, Ar-Gay, E 1-Jay, Pee-En, Ith-En, Kay-Ar, Lay-Kay, Lay-Ar, Lay-Es, Lay-Ish, El-Em, El-Ing, Lay-Kay, Pee-Pee, Ef-Gay, Bec-Ing, Gay-Gay, Em-En, En-En, Iss-Tees=Stees, Skays, Iss-Rays, Iss-Hay, Es-Efs, Slays, Sems, Sars, Tees-Kay, Rays-Gay, En- Sem, Ef-Slay-Tec, Wel, Wer, Wem, Tee-Wen, Kay-Wer, Weh- Tee, Weh-Jay, Wuh-Kay, En-Weh-Dee, Vee-En, Yuh-Lay, Yuh-Ray, §3. Write Kay, Kays, Kayses, Ef, Efs, Esses, Lay, Lays, Layst, Ray, Rays, Rayst, Tee, Iss-Tee, Steh-Tee, Pee, Pees, Peest, Peester, Pecsters, Kays-Rayses-Iss. § 4. Write the simple vowels many times by a Tee stroke; then the w in the vowel's places many times, naming them according to position, as you write them ; then the y many times in the vowel-places § 5. Copy many times the examples of § 5 of the Outline. § 6. Copy many times the examples of § 6 of the Outline. § 7. Copy repeatedly the examples of § 7 of the Outline, taking those of each division of the section at a time, and not leaving it until you can write its examples without hesitation. Then make a review of the whole and proceed to the In- terlinear exercises on the following pages. in the order of the phonographic alphabet. brief letters for s, z, w, y, h, are called Breves.) (The duplicate How are the vowels written in phonography ? In how many different places by the strokes are the vowel dots and dashes placed? In how many different places by the strokes are the angles for diphthongs (I, oi, ou, ü) placed ? What is the place of I? oi? ou? (1?—How can you write h before a vowel? Write hawk, hate. How are signs to express groups of consonants made 7 Write Pee, Pel, Spel, Per, Sper, In-Sper, Pef, Pen, Peeshon, Peetiv- Write Tee, Tel, Ter, Tef, Ten, Teeshon, Teetiv. Write Ef, Fel, Fer, Fen, Efshon, Efs, Efseshon. Observe that Fel is turned over sidewise to form Fer. How can you modify a stroke to add t or d? What four strokes are made heavy when shortened for d? Ans. Simple l, r (downwards), m, n. How can you modify a curve-sign to add tr, dr, or thr 2 Write m, mtr, mdr. mthr; Write the outlines for the following words, and put in the vowels: enter, letter, matter, mother. How can you modify Ing to add kr or gr? Write, anchor. hunger. - - What are word-signs? What is the word-sign for by? for le? for to be? See the Lord's Prayer, on p. 96. What are the word- signs for our, which, art (which art together is called a phrase- sign) in, thy, kingdom, come, done, as-it-is, give, us, this, as, we, not, from, for, thune, is-the, and-the, forever? THE LORD's PRAYER—IN THE REPORTING STYLE. =-e-u-4S = + * \_o * =-u-> =; * + b R -. *-* S-C -C * * * * **** * –8-> * * * * ***** *-\. - * * * * * * * * (t = y^ ( – :- Ky – SU −/ REY, IN WHICH wonDS ARE JOINED AS IN THE SHORTHAND. Our Father which-art-in-heaven; hallowed be thy-name; thy King- dom come; thy-will be-done in-earth as-it-is-in-heaven. Give-us this- day our daily-bread; and-forgive-us our debts as-we forgive our debtors; and-lead-us-not-into-temptation, but deliver-us from-evil; for thine-is- the Kingdom, and-the power, and-the glory, forever. Amen. Q—a- -*—9 98 SHORT COURSE IN STANDARD PHONOGRAPHY-THE BEST SHORTHAND. WRITING EXERCISES. QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW. § 1. On § 1 of the OUTLINE. Having studied $ 1 carefully How many simple consonant strokes are there? Name them r -: li INTERLINEAR REAIDING IXERCISES. INTERLINEAR READING EXERCISES. Word-signs, Contractions, and Prefix- and Affix-signs of the Cor- responding Style, are used in the following exercises. The student is thus afforded an opportunity of learning them gradually and easily. Part III of the Synopsis contains a complete list of them. As soon as the phonography can be read with case without reference to the key, cover the phonography, and phonograph the words of the translation, and correct by reference to the shorthand. Continue this practice un- til the entire key can be written through without an error. Then, to become a proficient and correct writer of the beautiful Art, it will be necessary only to make the use you naturally will of the shorthand characters in all your private writing, referring to the Standard-Phono. graphic Dictionary, to determine the proper outlines, whenever you may have doubt. . BENEFITS OF SHORTHAND. Each word written Separately. -:. ...”. S. S. *-*. ) *.*.* & < * > -->4. Shorthand is capable of imparting so many advantages to persons in almost every situation of life, and is of such extensive utility to society, ( o *. *\ ( *-* * that it is justly a matter of surprise that it has not attracted a greater _% *. (2 y N a-N % \-, x - 2-/ ..., |- share of attention, and been more generally practiced. In America, at Á", ( > → N ..." - - - - - - * * * . Sá. ~ , * © least, this art may be considered a national lilcssing, and thousands INTERLINEAR l{EADING JEXERCISES. r" :... -lis ~1 ...N .....!, \ k - 2^\ ....... who look with the utmost indifference upon it, are daily reaping the - * * > , "o , | * ~ *@ S.2 s ~2 A fruits of its cultivation. It is scarcely necessary to mention how ~8. ° - E * : * °3. ' s : > t. - - - - - indispensable it is in taking minutes of public proceedings. If all the c --. \. --" * ‘. . . - - - - S-9 * >. --> N :) A. e \ * . C. /...' ---> * - - * * feelings of a patriot glow in our bosoms on a perusal ofthose cloq't speeches S- . | s-- * - / > t > . ... , '-' (-\-- ***, 2* which are delivered in the senate, or in those public assemblies where * ~ *\,. . . . . .” - so the people are frequently convened to exersise the birthright of * . -- * ~~ ~~~ *: | | * ...” . . . -> *... \- * t\ 3 - - - Americans—we owe it to shorthand. If we have an opportunity, in {-...-4/ -o, -s. - . . / > interesting judicial cases, of examining the evidence, and learning the it, * . . -/-, 2-1 *7 . ./. * {_*. proceedings with as much certainty, and nearly as inuch minuteness * '...'. |-> * , * ... • !-P ~~ ... ' | < ...'... . as if we had been present on the occasion—wo owe it to shorthand 3. * / -- In short, all those brilliant and spirit-stirring effusions which the # ...N... [- S S T ©(, /......". circumstances of the times combine to draw forth, and which the press *--> {} *\, -------> -- - - ---(... "No. –4– # INTERLINEAR REAI).ING EXERCISES. !- s−). Y-2 £-21, s-- ~ : A\, . transmits to us with such astonishing celerity, warm from the lips and *U- * : * * : * , ; N -r is Q instinct with the soul of the speaker, would be entirely lost to posterity, N2 \#1 \g/1 and comparatively little known to ourselves, but for the facilities afforded \ } &e N. . . . . . * *. (..., for their preservation by shorthand. Were the operations of those who are (4- ---, -, - ...” ( .. S \ % \ . professionally engaged in exercising this art to be suspended but for a ->– * N (*.*.*. * .4/.3% * * * * * * -------. ... cf. *_2 * ~~). | \- * S-- *-- o, single week, a blank would be left in the political and judicial history *\ > -o Q-> * ---. Y. T. , . 2-, * N - - - - - *. N-T 3 * of our country, an impulse would be wanting to the public mind, and N -..."- S '' . ... / ... . ..Q.- the nation would be taught to feel and acknowledge the important purposes it answers in the great business of life. A practical c (, - o y- * *. N_2 > -*~~ 9 •Y * - - - - - - - *. A-N - - - - - acquaintance with this art is highly favorable to the improvement of * | ". . . . '" (2/( * , the mind, invigorating all its faculties, and drawing forth all its -* . . . . . U2 at . . . . The close attention requisite in following the voice rCSOUlrC€8, INTERLINEAI? I'EADING EXERCISES. *~\- *—, b > * > , ' , . .* N. . Vij č of the public speaker, induces habits of patience, perseverance, and * * * * *J. , / r → - 6 ×.9...N-4 watchfulness, which will gradually extend themselves in other pursuits * \ o * - C. - N - < 2 |-|-> , . \ ^^ - T S ; which runs through the discourse, and to observe the modes of its ^ - (- - - - - S- g *>3 S >1. connection. This will naturally have a tendency to endue the mind N. c." . . . C =- 9 * * with quickness of apprehension, and will impart an habitual readiness . N. * * * * * | * *. and distinctness of preception, as well as a methodical simplicity of 2-2, , / - S - L. -- * ~ $4. arrangement, which cannot fail to conduce greatly to mental superiority. ... / r > -. . . k < ; . . . The judgment will be strengthened and the taste refined; and the * s s * * W. g r , N.; , \ ...}... s ) 2& practitioner w ll, by degrees, become habituated to seize the original ~ ( \ . . . ~ S- * * ---> X Q. * ******* . >|<== s INTERLINEAR READING EXERCISES. . c. . . . . . . . . . 2 -: and leading parts of a discourse or harangue, and to reject whatever is -Ss. -f . ~-i-2 ° () --> 3. 2 {j commonplace, trivial, or uninteresting. The memory is also improved N . # * > \, . . ~~ ' A 1 ° - \ ** = * * * * * by the practice of stenography. The obligation the writer is under to *-* O r"> * A-> ------ £. (* ~ * : * – ,-------- * !- retain in his mind the last sentence of the speaker, at the same time .S.- 2 ° – .W. s * . S-* 9 < \ ..Y. hat he is carefully attending to the following one, must be highly ~\,) * ( S—t 3. / ~-6--------)-. N.' beneficial to that faculty, which more than any other, perhaps, -) b - N. -, * X 2 -/- \ ~\, *. A owes its improvement to exercise. And so much are the powers of A-> |- * *. .N- - - - - Q –? £- N'- retention strengthened and expanded by this exertion, that a practical R.— . /~ *\,/- A" 2- ( _A> •- - - (---- stenographer will frequently recollect more without writing than a person unacquainted with the Art could copy in the time by the use \. C> x 1 a N... / ...* : “ (, Y." l: ~! . * * * = of longhand. It has been justly observed: “This science draws out all • *-* * * *-- * S.C.; "t \-2 , ~ -...-- - €4 * A. * * s * the powers of the mind; it excites invention, improves the ingenuity, ~~~~ | . -*. * ... acquisition of learning ought to render it an indispensable branch in l,” *. X X * N -< \ -j-> \- Suz -?" the education of youth. To be enabled to treasure up for future study * ~\ 2-P 5 *. f k "Y-s, the substance, or when desir lle the very words, of lectures, sermons, | 3. -- ". . > * ~ ) ~ & ---Q. | etcetera, is an accomplishment attended with so many advantages that it f : * > * > *t . . . . . . ~ * < r stands in no need of recommendation. Nor is it a matter of small ^ - \, ( * : X . ." . . . . . A importance that by this Art the youthful student is furnished with a ready "la ... T-- -->. (...) means of making a number of valuable extracts in the moments of leisure, c. ( > . : * ~ *- : Sle L2 ... and of thus laying up a stock of knowledge for his future occasions. The NX4 .N. Q -N -/- -3-0-- * ~ ...-- * > ....... pursuit of this Art materially contributes to improve the student in the principles of grammar and composition. While tracing the various forms 3. * > / < 1. - N - , 2.2-** of expression by which the same idea can be conveyed, he is insensibly .*.*.*- : *--. • ‘N----- - - - - INTERLINEAR READING EXERCISES. 1 * ! *_* | – f' ? * = = - - - - - - - - - - V * * * * * initiated in the science of universal language, and particularly in the INTERLINEAR READING EXERCISES. DILIGENCE. With use of Phrase- Writing. l S-l-Q_ A. ---/---- J’ ~$..., 5. # C. 'f It-is wonderful how much is—done in-a-short-space, provided we set * N- -----. Y. ~f~~~ x /" ~~! about-it properly, and-give our-minds wholly to-it. Let any-one devote s ~e s -> <- A | X." ...'...) Úg: 3. 2^ /* .4T | laimself to any art or science ever so strenuously, and-he will still S. (2) -- ~ :- - \ k > --). have leisure to-make considerable progress in-half a-dozen other . v A.P.S :- |- * . . –"s —&^ * /< I. S-7. ) .V->. 2 ---------- ? acquirements. Leonardo da Vinci was a-mathematician, a-musician, " * * - A - * , 3 - - - - - - - - - ** 3 - - - - - -w] --- - -> £--- *e-æ -----> ---- a-poet, and—an anatomist, besides being one of the greatest painters a y < * = ~#1- ) - ?-- -------- S. > z - of-his age. Michael Angelo was a-prodigy of versatility of talent- -2' > *... / 2 ( .. ( ... • ( ). , a-writer of sonnets which Wordsworth thought worthy of-translating, - -, ---- > *. | : Q. ) _/~” --- --- i. x *\ and-the friend of Dante. Salvator was a-lutenist and-a satirist. Sir *. 4-6. l to \ e- c-e- ~~ * * * m. G-: Joshua Reynolds' discourses are more classical and-polished than any * \–1 . r —s 2 – s_ ; S –?", of his pictures. Let a-man do all he can in any one branch of study, 2^ * 9.-f ~ : \- T: Y | ,' ' A * he must either exhaust himself, and-have a-doze over it, or very his INTERLINEAR READING EXERCISES. * \ | • * \X4 * * @- T x->Y- -- (- /*\ * 6"------ -T-2.° x -- pursuits, or else lie idle. All-our real labor lies in a-nut-shell. The * > -----, * ~ *-p ,--|-2's $41 N-> 5 S.--> ~\ ^. =\ 3 ------7--- mind makes, at some period or another, one Herculean effort, and-the A ~\ *"--> -- x \- *—T- ." ~< *:::H- rest are mechanical. We-have to-climb-a steep and-narrow precipice at • , --,--- Y -3.5-5 , ~ : T (- first, but after-that, the way is broad and-casy, where we drive several ~ * * * * ~ * > accomplishments abreast. Men should-have one principal pursuit which-may both agreeably and-advantageously be diversified with 6 - - -2°. lighter ones.—Hazlitt. APHORISMS. ---> * * -\- 11. •= .L->f ~\ * , Many who appear to-be struggling against adversity are happy; -a-N *-( * E. 4-, -, 4-5 E. LEs En * -:-- Z ( ~\ AT-? |X and-more, although possessed of-great wealth, are most-wretched. * * Y- $2, ) |>" Qa-2 £ ~ ; ( The former support their adverse fortune with firmness, the latter -4- \e- ) *N* r= #. |- 'so inconsiderately abuse their prosperity. — Tacitus. Time effaces > Sæ. * | * {-g SA - - - *-* X ~~~ o×2 speculative opinions, but confirms-the judgments of nature.—Cicero. F- * T-- BOOK-KEEPING. IO3 A THOROUGH, SELF-TEACHING COURSE, EASY METHODS. INCLUDING THE MOST APPROVED FORMS OF SINGLE AND DOUBLE ENTRY, AS USED IN SilkAll'in'i inli'i'll]lling, Ill FBNMS, BOOK-KEEPING. * % * *. R. Tāf; - –7-7- ass=&arva -:- OOD knowledge of the science of accounts is now considered an important part of every young man's education, necessary even to the farmer and profes- sional man, and indispen- sable in the store, the manufactory, the bank, the railroad and the insur- ance office, everywhere, indeed, where business of any kind is done. #3. % The young gentleman who does not completely master some treatise ~r” on book-keeping, either in a school or out of it (it need not be so ponderous a volume), will lack a most valuable acquisition as an employe in any mercantile position; and still more will he feel his deficiency should he assume the responsibilities of a business of his own. -**ść:#######335- ABBREWIATIONS USED IN B00K-KEEPING. The object of abbreviations is to express the facts definite- ly and clearly, and yet save both time and space. A. A.D.—The year of our Lord. Amt.—Amount. Ans.—Answer. @.—At. Acc’t.—Account. Apr.—April. Ass’t'd.—Assorted. Aug.-August. B. B.—Bank. Bal.—Balance. B. Rec.—Bills Receivable. B. Pay.—Bills Payable. bbl.—Barrel. Bot.—Bought. Brot, or brot.—Brought bu.—Bushel. bgs.—Bags. bdls.—Bundles. bls.—Bales. B.O. or b. o.—Buyer's op- tion. bxs.-Boxes. ¢.—Cents. C. B.—Cash Book. Cap—Capital. chts.–Chests. cks.—Casks, Checks. Chgd.—Charged. Co.—Company. C.O.D.—Collect on delivery. Com.—Commission. Const.—Consignment. .Cr.—Creditor. cs.—Cases. Cwt–Hundred-weight. D. d.—Pence. D or d.—Dollar. Dec.—December. do.—The same. Dep.—Deposit. Dfl.--Draft. Dis.—Discount. doz.-Dozen. Dr.— Debtor. d's.—Days. dwt.—Pennyweight. E. ea.—Each. E. E.—Errors excepted. Exch.—Exchange. E. & O. E.—Errors and omis- sions excepted. emb'd.—Embroidered. Eng.—English. Ex.—Example. Exp.—Expense or expenses. F. fav.—Favor. Feb.-February. fig'd.—Figured. For’d.-Forward. fol.-Folio. frt.—Freight. fr.–Francs. ft.—Feet. G. gal.—Gallon. gr—Grain or Gross. hf-Half. ~ Š-- -= "--— =l- HOOK-KEEPING. IO5 hhd.—Hogshead. pun.—Puncheon. Amounts of money value; as, Five Hundred Dollars. I pts.–Pints. Periods of time; as, Six Months, Nine Days. * prem.—Premium. The names of all places of business; as, Bank, Grocery, Ins—Insurance. Q Store. In short, all words of particular importance. I. B.—Invoice Book. o Two hundred dollars and ten cents, would be written on inst-Instant (present month).qr.—Quarter. checks, notes, drafts, etc., “Two Hundred and 10-1oo Dol- int—Interest. qts.—Quarts. lars.” . Cents are always written as fractional parts of dollars, inv.—Invoice, inventory. - R. except where the price of some article is less than one I O.U.—I owe you. * dollar, when the number of cents is expressed, and the char- J R. R.—Railroad. acter & generally used. J * Rec'd or rec'd.—Received. --Journal. rec’t.—Receipt. - Jan.-January. S BILLS. L. Sept.-September Before attempting any of the “sets” here lbs.—Pounds. Sh.—Ship. iven, the student should spend sufficient time Led.—Ledge p g p L.F.—Le : Folio Sunds.—Sundries. in making out bills and other forms of business M * £ documents to become, not only a little famil- M.—One th * d S. o.org. £r. option. iar with the work in hand, but critical enough •-U. Ile II) OllSat1d. r s E. * * m/a-Months after date. *-Steamer. to observe correctness 111 ruling, neatneSS in Mar—March. T. handwriting, and care in the making of figures. Mdse.—Merchandise. Treas.—Treasurer. We give some examples to be done on loose '-Month. . Treas'y.—Treasury foolscap, the student doing his own ruling in MS.—Manuscript. trcs.—Tierces. * MSS.–Manuscripts. red ink. U. NEw York, Jan. 1, 18So. N. * J. FAIRBANKS & CO., N.B.—Note Book. Tak ult.—ultimo (last month). Bo"t of D. APPLETON & CO. :-Note book. Take par U.S.–United States. : - ticular notice. 200 W. & P. Gems @ $3. 600 No.—Number. t Y. 1oo Webster's Spellers @ .oSc. S 60S Nov.–November. yds.—Yards. Reccived Payment, N. P.—Notary Public. yr-Year. D. APPLETON & CO. O. SIGNS. H. SOULE PHILADELPHIA, PA., Feb. 8, 18So. Oct.–October. $.—Dollar. J. E. S * Bo't of J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO. O. I. B.—Outward Invoice “..—Ditto (the same). Rms. C s Cap, @ $2. 6S Book. £.-Pound. # #"#. # @ *: 27 75 oz.-Ounce, ounces. %.-Per cent. 41 Gr. Esterbrook Fal. Pens. . . . . . . . . . . . . . * I .OO 41 P. #.—Number. 1oo G. Esterbrook Sch'i. p-Page. --—Sign of addition. soc'h, iii:. . 6: I # pp.—Pages. —. —Sign of subtraction. 41 “ Oblique “ “ 7.00 || 287 618 75 P. B.—Pass Book. X.—Sign of multiplication. Received Payment, pay’t.—Payment. --.—Sign of division. J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO. Pd.—Paid. =.—Sign of equality. r per.—By. 1*.—One and one fourth. Put the following into shape, same as above, pr.-Pair. 1*.—One and two fourths * * - © * * * abbrev S €I) Oil PCS.–Pieces. 1*.—One and three fourths. uS1ng th reviations as given on this and the preceding pages. -Q& }--> IQin •- >- * • * = D : * USE OF CAPITAL LETTERS IN B00K-KEEPING. Lord & Taylor to John Smith : 25 Pieces Scotch Gingham, --&-b-e'--->- 926 yards, @ 15%.c.; 24 Pieces Canton Flannel, Q 48c. * ris s * * Aaid. - * N Book-keeping it is customary to use $ # itals in beginni l d th Morrison & Co., to E. G. Folsom : 2 Garden Wheelbar- * Uns capita S 1n beginning such words as e rows, @ $5; 6 dozen Mink Traps, @ $2.50; 15 dozen Com- following: mon Spring Balances, Q $2.75; 5 kegs Galvanized 6 Penny The names of articles of merchandise; as, Silk, Wheat, Nails, @ $6. Not Paid. (Ornit “Received Payment,” and Broadcloth, Delaines, etc. signature of sellers.) ~ *— --> *I - ! —l- IO6 BOOK-KEEPING. h. --—4 F-- - - -& >- —'=t ACC0UNTS. *=#|- -< - *. h- F--- #" Account is a written statement | | of business transactions so ar- # ranged as to show the debits and credits. Two conditions are expressed by an account, that of owing and being ozved. In Single Entry the Ledger- accounts are opened only with individuals. In Double-Entry, accounts are kept also with Merchandise, Bills Receivable, Bills Payable, Cash, Real Estate, Stocks and Bonds, Expense, and other things that enter into busi- ness transactions, thereby showing at all times the exact condition of every part of the busi- ness, just what is being gained or lost on the classes of things purchased and sold, the amount | due on notes and bills, as well as from and to persons, the expenses, and everything else it is desirable to know. And all this is as simple and as easily arranged by the book-keeper as the most imperfect system of single-entry. Let us take a few transactions, and arrange them into an account: Sune 1.—Sold George H. Thurber & Co. m'dse, on acct, amounting to $40. Šune 2.—Bo't of them a bill of groceries, $20. They pay us cash, $10. Their account would stand as follows: Dr. GEORGE. H. TIHURBER & CO, Cr. 40 2O IO We debit them with the merchandise sold them, and credit them with what they pay us. RULE For PERSONAL Accounts.—Debit persons with all they buy or receive on account; credit them with all you buy or receive from them. - The student will take the following, arrang- ing it in a similar manner, on loose paper: Šuly 1.—Sold Thomas Moore & Son, goods to the amount of $400; received in part payment their note for $200; cash, $50. Šuly 3.–Gave Smith Brown an order on Thomas Moore & Son for mdse, $20. Šuly 10.—Received their check for $1oo on account. (The difference between the sides of their account should be $30; they owe that amount.) Give each individual in the next a separate account, posting all items belonging to him properly: "Sold Wm. Heron, Jr., on account, mdse, amounting to $34,44. Borrowed of Tom Woods $49. Bo’t of Ralph Emerson, on account, mdse, $54,61. Received cash from Wm. Heron, Jr., on account, $20. Paid Tom Woods $49, and Ralph Emerson $25 on account. Sold Wm. Heron, Jr., mdse., $100 ; received his check for $40 in part payment. Bo't of A. T. Stewart & Co., on account, at 30 days, Bill of Dry Goods, $446.26. Received cash from Wm. Heron, Jr., $25. Paid A. T. Stewart & Co., on account, $200. Bo’t of Ivison, Blakeman, Taylor & Co., on account, Bill of Books, $74.50. Gave them check for $24.75. Sold W. P. Spencer, on account, mdse., $31. Sold A. T. Stewart & Co., on ac- count, mdse, $67.40, Bo' of Wm. Heron, Jr., on account, mdse, $59.44. SOME OF THE ACCOUNTS IN DOUBLE ENTRY. Cash Account. This account should show all the receipts and disbursements of cash, and the balance on hand. It is debited with all cash received, and credited with all paid out. The difference be- tween the amount that has come in and that which has gone out, will be the amount of cash on hand, or “balance.” The amount of cash on hand should agree with the difference be- tween the sides of the account. The Cash Book should be closed every night. [The student will here open an account with cash, debiting the receipts and crediting the disbursements of the following:] Invested in business this day, cash $4,000. Paid for mase., $1,500. Received cash for John Smith's note now due, $2,000. Received for mdse, $48; other sales, $25. Paid carpenters, $125. Received on Wm. Harrison's account, $24. Paid clerk hire, $100 ; rent, $25. Lost, $90. Required.—The total am’t of receipts and disbursements, and amount of cash on hand. * BOOK-KEEPING. Personal Accounts. All personal accounts show the relation of the individual, company or corporation to our business, whether they owe us, or we owe them. They are debited with all they buy or receive on account, and credited with all we buy or receive from them. The difference between the sides of the account will show the balance due us or them. If the debit be the larger, the person or company owes us; if the credit, we owe him or them. Merchandise. This account is intended to show the amount Apaid and received for goods, and the gain or loss resulting from dealing therein. All mer- chandise purchased is charged to the account; and all goods sold, as well as the balance re- maining on hand, whenever books are closed, credited. Separate accounts may be opened for different classes of merchandise, such as Dry Goods Account, Groceries Account, Wheat, or all may go under the same title, as above. * ITEMs For THE STUDENT.—We have on hand mdse, valued at $3,000. Sold James Taylor for cash, as per Sales Book, $250. Sold T. Youmans & Co., on account, $497.61. Bo't of Cheney Bros., on account, Bill of Silks, $546.21. Sold for cash (petty sales), $40.94. Sold James A. Garfield for cash, bill of goods, $627 ; Joshua R. Giddings, do., $471. Value of unsold, $2,500. Pequired.—The gain or loss on merchandise. Bills Receivable. This account shows the notes received by us in the course of business. It is debited with all notes and drafts given us, and credited as these are paid, or endorsements made thereon. The difference between the sides should show exactly the amount due on all negotiable time-bills. These are always deb- ited and credited with the sum expressed on their face; if more or less is received the amount goes to “Interest and Discount.” ITEMs.—We have on hand the following notes: John Jones', $60; S.S. Packard's, $74, Charles Claghorn's $27.41; Io? H. B. Bryant's, $67.50; L. T. Palmer's, $841; Edwin For- rest's $251. John Jones pays his note, $60. Received for Charles Claghorn's note, $27.41. Sold A. H. Stephenson, for note at 60 ds, bill of goods, $241. Received cash for Edwin Forrest's note, $251. Sold Alexander Cowley, on his note at 90 ds, mdse, $874. Sold W. H. Brown & Co., mdse., receiving in payment therefor their draft at 6 ds' sight on the American News Co., $281.67. L.T Palmer takes up his note, $841. Pequired.—The amount of notes on hand unpaid. Bills Payable. These are our notes and bills held by other parties. The account is credited when our notes are given, and debited as they are paid. The difference will show the amount of our zwritten obligations outstanding. ITEMs.—The following are notes outstanding: In favor of James Johnson, $400 ; Wm. H. Sadler, $41; H. C. Wright, $91. Accepted Peter Cooper's draft at thirty days' sight, for balance due him on account, $927. (See “Drafts.” in another part of the book. The acceptance of a draft con- sists in writing across the face the words “Accepted,” and date, and signing the name thus: “Accepted, Šan. 18, 1880, A. T. Harrison.” It then becomes a promise to pay, in law the same as a promissory note). Bo’t of Ball & Black on our note at 30 days, mdse., $287. Accepted D. Appleton & Co.'s draft for $81.90. Took up notes held by Wm. H. Sadler, $41; James Johnson, $400. Gave our note to Devlin & Co., for bill of goods, $241. Took up note given H. C. Wright, $91. Required.—What we owe on outstanding notes and drafts. Real Estate. This account is debited with all purchases of real estate, and expenses incurred about it for labor, care, taxes, etc., and credited with all it brings in. When books are closed the value of the real estate unsold is placed to the credit side. The difference shows a gain or a loss. ITEMs.-Real estate in possession, $40,000. Sold house, 21 Jay street, $5,600. Bo’t at auction, brick building 261 Fourth street, for $6,000 cash. Paid carpenters for repairs on the same, $126.75; Painters, do., $59. Received for rent of 871 Newark avenue, $60; 297 Jersey Avenue, $125; 81 Henderson street, $28; 56 Varick street, $8o ; 281 Mont- gomery street, $25o ; 18o Bergen avenue, $40. Paid taxes, $8oo; repairs, $461. Sold Columbia street property for $4,200. Bo't on note and mortgage mill property at Com- munipaw, $20,000. Paid lumber bill, $689; agent, $25.33. Real estate remaining, $56,400. Required.—The gain or loss on real estate. * # *- -wr- <- IO8 / BOOK-KEEPING. Expense. This account represents the losses in items of expenditure, such as clerk-hire, rent, gas, coal, etc. All expenses are debited. ITEMs.—Paid for postage stamps, $3; revenue do., $1. Paid gas bill for the month, $10. Paid Express charges, $1.25. Paid clerk hire, $200. Paid for set of books for use of store, $30. Rent, $100. ” Interest and Discount. Under this head are debited and credited all allowances for the use of money on notes, drafts, etc. The account shows a gain or a loss. Debit the account when it costs value; credit it when it produces value. ITEMS.-J. Ivison pays his note before due ; face of note, $800; discount, $4. Amt. paid, $796. Pd. interest on Wil- kerton's note now due, $150. Received interest on John Davis's note, $25.75. We take up note given Bowen & Co., paying cash before due, and are allowed the discount : face of note, $1,000 ; discount, $40. Amt. paid, $960. Required.—The gain or loss on interest. Stock or Partners’ Accounts. The term “Stock” is used to denote the proprietor of the business. In a partnership, the names of each of the persons composing it are used instead. On the credit side of these accounts are placed the sums invested, and on the debit side the debts and the amounts drawn out. Gains in business are carried to the credit, and losses to the debit, side. This is done when the Ledger is closed,—generally once or twice a year. ITEMs.—Stock Business (Single Proprietor).—I invest in business this day cash, $2,000; mdse, $2,000; bills receiv- able, $156,40; real estate, $4,000. I owe as follows: Edwin Yorst on account, $8oo; S. S. Packard, $400 ; Daniel T. Ames, $625. Drew out for private use, $40. The gains during the year amt. to $1,000. Required.—The proprietor's net capital at the close of the year. ITEMs.—(Partnership).—A. H. Stephenson and Wm. Heron, Jr., are partners. Mr. S. invests as follows: Cash, $4,000; bills receivable, $250. The firm assumes for him a note now due, $500. Mr. H. invests: Cash, $2,000; real estate, $2,750, and owes John Smith on acct., $500, which firm assumes. Stephenson draws out, $500 ; Heron, $250. Gain during the year, $2,618. Partners to share equally. Required.—The standing of each partner at the close of the year. Resources and Liabilities. A RESOURCE is generally understood to be any kind of property. A LIABILITY is a debt owed by the busi- , Il GSS. Losses and Gains. A LOSS occurs in business where a less amount of value is received than given in an exchange ; also when property depreciates. A GAIN occurs where a greater amount of value is received than given in an exchange; also, when property appreciates, Net Worth or Net Insolvency. THE NETWORTH, OR NET INSOLVENCY of a business is found by adding the net gain to, or subtracting the net loss from, the original investment. Net Gain or Net Loss. THE NET GAIN during any period is found by subtracting the sum of the individual losses from the sum of the individual gains. Or, by subtracting the met worth at commencing, from the net worth at the close. THE NET LOSS is found by subtracting the individual gains from the individual losses. Or, the net worth at the close from the net worth at the commencement. The Difference between Single and Double Entry, and the Features of Each. In order to show the student fully the forms employed in both methods of book-keeping, we will take the same “Transactions” for each, working them out by single-entry, and then by double-entry. In no other way will he get so good an idea of both. RULE FOR DEBITS AND CREDITS IN DouBLE ENTRY.— Debit whatever costs, and credit whatever produces value. . The above rule must be constantly kept in # mind. - ~3–- -—9 | BOOK-KEEPING. Io9 TRANSACTIONS. Invested in Business, Cash.................... 5500 OO 7 Merchandise..... • a s e o e < * * * * @ s - e s is is is © a * @ & © e s & 4000 OO Cash sales this day ........................... 228 oo 2 8 Bo't of S. S. Packard, on my note, @ 60 days, Sold Chas. Claghorn, on 3%, Mdse, as per bill.. 1200 oo Mdse, amounting by invoice to............. tooooo | Cash sales this day........................... 175 OO f f Paid Chas. A. Dana, for advertising in “Sun.”.. 75 OO Bo't of W. Allen Miller, on qc, Mdse, as per in- 9 voice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Soo oo ... < * 9 / Sold John C. Cooper, bill of Mdse, amounting to 1.5oo oo Rec’d in payment, his note @ 90 days for $1200. Sold W. H. Sadler, on 3%, Balance to remain on ac. Cash sales this day. 78 oo I Case Gray Sheeting, 1,200 yds., Q 25c..... 300 OO * 12 pcs. Tweed 400 yds., Q $1 25. . . . . . . * * * * * * 5OO OC IO. Discounted my note favor S. S. Packard, due Total. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ~ * SOO OO March 5th. Discount Off in my favor $9 17 ; # / Amount paid $990 83. Cash sales this day. 275 od Cash sales this day ....... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 75 OO I 2 3 Sold Allen Wilberforce, on de Mdse....... . . . . 450 oo Sold Henry C. Spencer, Mdse. amounting to.... 896 oc f f -Rec'd in payment, Cash ................ $4oo Rec'd from A. H. Stephenson, on Go, Cash $200, Draft (@ 30 days on D. T. Ames, for bal- and his draft (@ 30 days, on Chas. Claghorn ance . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ... . . 496 for $15.o........... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * "Total 350 Oo f / Cash sales this day ........................... 85 od Bo't of H. C. Wright, for Cash, Mdse, amounting - I3 per invoice to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1°oo oo | Paid W. Allen Miller, on %, Cash. . . . . . . . * * * * * Soo oo & P Cash saies this day .......... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 56 oo Sold P. R. Spencer, Jr., on Ge, Mdse, as per bill.. I5O OO 14 4. Bo't of Silas E. Gaskell, on 3 months' credit, Cash sales this day........................... • 125 Oo Mdse, as per invoice...................... 650 oo 5 Cash sales this day ......................... s 7o oo Bo't of Wm. Heron, on my note @ Io days, I5 - Mdse, as per invoice........ .............. 2400 oo | Sold M. Kingsley, for his note @ 90 days, Mdse. * t * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Sold J. J. Sullivan, on qc, amounting to I2OO OO 8 pcs. Cassimere, 320 yds., @ $1 50.......... 480 oo - I6 25 yds. Sheeting, @ 30c................. . . . . 7 5o | Paid Donaldson Bros., for advertising.......... 50 OO 40 “ Gray Cotton, @ 12c.................. 4. So | Sold R. S. Bross for Cash, Mdse................ 75 OO 18 “ Silk Velvet, @ $4 oo................ 72 oo | Rec’d Cash from Chas. Claghorn, on Ge......... 300 OO - | Cash sales this day............ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 38 Oo t Total............... * * * * * * * 564 30 18 Cash sales this day..................... * * * * * 62 so | Bolt of J. Fairbanks & Co., for Cash, Mdse, as - 6 per in VOICé. . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1500 OO Sold A. H. Stephenson, at 10 days, Mdse, as per Sold L. T. Palmer for Cash, assorted bill of Mdse. bill..... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 500 OO amounting to.... . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * I2OO OO f f s Cash sales this day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 Oo Cash sales this day.................... * * * * * * * 56 Oo I9 * 7 Rec'd from A. H. Stephenson in full of øe, Cash... 150 oo Paid for one month's Rent of store........... * * 8o oo | Drew a draft on P. R. Spencer, @ 30 days, for “ “ Books and Stationery .............. * * 2O OO am't of his 'c. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 Oo “ “ Repairing store.......... * * * * * * * * * * * * 25 OO INVENTORY. Total..... . . . . . * @ do e - © ge * * * * * 125 Oo Mdse. remaining unsold. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 2500 OO += --> l I IO BOOK-KEEPING, [ W # | ~.” ==5 *S. * 3–- -—912: SINGLE ENTRY DAY BOOK. I I I SINGLE ENTRY DAY B00K. NEw York, January 1, 1880. Net Investment of the Proprietor at starting $9500, of which his goods are worth $4000, and Cash makes up the balance. 2 I 2 W. Allen Miller, Cr. By Mdse. as per invoice. Soo loo ** | To 1 C W. H. # * s Dr. 300 | OO o 1 Case gray Sheetings, 1200 yds., Q 25¢. I “12 pcs. Tweed, 400 yds., Q $1.2 5. % 5OO | OO Soo Oo 3 P. R. Spencer, Jr. Dr. I2 To Mdse. as per bill. 150 | Oo 5 J. J. Sullivan, Dr. I2 To 8 pcs. Cassimere, 320 yds. © $1.50. 48o OO “25 yds. Sheeting, “ 30%. 7 50 “40 “ gray Cotton, {{ 12%. 4 8o 6 Q “18 “ Silk velvet “ 4.00. 72 Oo 504 || 3 - 6 -à I2 A. H. Stephenson, * Dr. To Mdse, as per bill. 500 | OO 8 Chas. Claghorn. ** | To Mdse. as per bill. I2OO OO 9 John C. Cooper Dr. * | To Mdsé as per bill. * * 1500 Oo I2 Contra Cr By note @ 90 days for I2OO | OO I2 Allen Wilberforce, Dr. 12 || To Mdse. as per bill. - 450 | Oo Ú " A. H. Stephenson, Cr ** | By Cash on ge 3oo oo * Draft (@ 30 days on C. Claghorn for I5O | Oo 350 | Oo I3 W. Allen Miller. Dr. 12 To Cash on ge - 8oo loo 16 Chas. Claghorn, Cr. 12 | By Cash on ge 3OO | OO 19 12 A. H. Stephenson, Cr. By Cash in full of de 150 | Oo * P. R. Spencer, Jr. • Cr. 12 | By draft © 30 days in full of de 150 OO ~- | -= --- +== == | II 2 - SINGLE ENTRY CASH BOOK. f SINGLE ENTRY CASH B00K. %24 &eeeeeez "ISSO, - Jan. I Amount invested at commencing, de * * * 55OO | OO 2 Petty sales of Mdse this day, - * * * * 75 OO 3 For Mdse. sold Henry C. Spencer, - s * * * 400 | OO {{ Petty sales of Mdse, this day, - * * * * , 125 | OO 5 {{ {{ {{ {{ {{ {{ * * do * * 62 50 6 {{ {{ {{ {{ 14 (4 • * * * , ift 56 Oo ! 7 {{ {{ {{ {{ {{ {{ * * * * * 228 oo 8 66 {{ {{ {{ {{ {{ * * * * * s I75 OO 9 {4 {{ {{ {{ {{ {{ * * * * * 78 oo UO {{ 44 44 44 44 44 = * * * * 275 OO I 2 A. H. Stephenson on 6 c, - * *. * > * * 2OO | OO {4 Petty sales of Mdse. this day, - * * * * 85 oo I 3 {{ {{ {{ {{ {{ {{ * • * - 56 oo I4 44 & 14 at 44 44 . * * *L. * * 7o | CO e 16 R. S. Bross a bill of goods amounting to - * * * 75 OO {{ Petty sales of Mdse. this day, - * * * > * 38 Co {{ Rec'd of Chas. Claghorn on qe, - * o * * 300 | OO 18 Sold J. L. Palmer bill of Mdse. * * > * o I2OO | OO {{ Petty sales of Mdse. this day, - * [... t \ * I50 | CO | 19 Rec'd from A. H. Stephenson in full of a c, - * : 15o OO || 929S 5° 9298 || 50 -á– --~ . -SINGLE ENTRY CASH BOOK. II3 SINGLE ENTRY CASH B00K. Jan. 3 Mdse. bought of H. C. Wright as per invoice, - * * Ú: I2OO | OO s $So $20 $25 7 Store Rent, Books and Stationery, Repairs on Store, * * * 125 | OO Chas. A. Dana, for advertising in Daily Sun, - * * * * 75 Oo IO Note favor S. S. Packard, less dise"/ • * * r . * * 990 | 83 13 W. Allen Miller in full of q2, * s * s * ". Soo Oo 16 Messrs. Donaldson Bros. for advertising, * . * - * * 50 | Oo IS Bought of J. Fairbanks & Co. as per invoice, - is * s * 1500 oo || 474o | S3 | Balance on hand, - * , it." * * , * . 45.57 67 Murrar 9298 || 50 -— >= ---> k t - * * wn * &% d%2ceevada. Bill Book. Either Single or Double Entry. -> No When D'er D:es In Whose [For What Where Date. T's When Duc. - #e When and How "|Rec’d. Endorser. | Maker. Favor. Received. Payable. Y. Mo. R. Jan. |Feb. Mar. Apr. May June|July Aug|Sept. Oct. Nov./Dec. Note. Disposed of. ISSO *- 1 Jan.|3|D. T. Ames H. C. Spen. My own. Mdse. My Office. 18So Jan. 3'30 days 2-5 496/oo 2 d : 9 J. C. Cooper “ , ” g of 3d Nat. Bank.: ISSo] ** 9 #90 did 9-12 | "...U.R. It L, 3 || “ |12|C. Claghorn|A. H. S. * * * : On ac. “ “ “ |18So] “ |12|3o “ 11-14 150 00 4. * * 15 M. Kingsley] tit * | f : td. d : du ISSO f : 15 90 $4 14-17 I 2COICO Ł 5 “[19|PR Spencer|Myself. * I do f : My Office. 1SSo “ [1930 “ 18-21 150 00 E t- t: O O f trj * t-3 * : tri % C/2 |-| 2. * Q o &% &uad'é t- Z * d tri O - - ---- % NO When || D'er P:yee In Whose For What Where Date. T#e When Due. £e When and How Ü "|Issued] Endorser. Maker. Favor. Given. Payable. |Yr. Mo, R. Jan.|Feb. Mar. Apr. May June!July |Aug|Sept. Oct.|Nov./Dec ||Note. Disposed of. O *- A- •== c ISSO 1 Jan. 2 Myself. S.S. Pack'd. Mdse. 1st Nat. Bank. 18Soljan. 2 #60 days 2-5 "#". Io Disc’td. g 2 || “.. [5 go W. Heron. * : My Office. 1SSol “ 5|Io “ #15-18 2400|OO trj o * tr; 2. H % : 3. G- -a—9 . SINGLE ENTRY LEDGER. II 5 SINGLE ENTRY, LEDGER. % g//en of ille. "S$o. 188o. - .ian. 13 || To Cash on 6: ............. 1o *|*| Jan.| 2 | By Mdse. .................. Io *|~ % & &adle. 1880. , Jan.| 2 || To Sundries ............... IO 8oo i oo | 47 &#. &hence, A. 1880. 188o. Jan. | 3 || To Mdse.................... IO | 150 | OO | Jan. 19 | By Dft. Q 30 d'ys in full of Gc 11 150 oo s / J. &ullivan. 1880. - Jan. 5 To Mdse. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * IO 564 30 g4 & 6%hhenson. 1880. - 188o. Jan.| 6 || To Mdse. ...... to e s > * * * * * * * * IO 500 foo || Jan. 12 | By Sundries ........... . . . IO 350 | Oo 19 || “. Cash to balance ......... I I 150 | OO 500 | OO 500 oo: %has, 6taghoun. 188o. 1880. Jan.| 8 || To Mdse. . . . ...... . . . . . . . . . | Io *200 oo || Jan. 16 | By Cash on 'c ............. I I 3OO | Oo 31 “ Balance................. $900 | QQ I2OO OO * I2OO Too J. 6. Øoohey. • 188o. - 188O. Jan.| 9 || To Mdse. ...... * * * * * * * * * * * * 1500 oo || Jan.| 9 | By Note @ 90 days......... IO I2OO || OO 3I “ Balance ....... * * * * * * * * * 300 OO 1500 oo isoo Too g/en #/beyonce. 188o. - - * Jan. 12 || To Mdse. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IO | 450 | OO M-- --> II6. - SINGLE ENTRY STATEMENT. SINGLE ENTRY STATEMENT. @%men' %&eaeace 22% %a. Es: --- - - - --~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-----...-----~~~~~~---------~~~~~--------------- ~~~~~... -- ~~~~~~~~== --~~~~ --~~~------------------------"e------------- | REsoURCEs. L1Anilities. Cash, * Received . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 9298.5o Disbursed............. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * . . . . . . . . . 4740.83 | * On hand . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * – * * * * * * 6 Mdse., Inventory as per Stock Book ............................... # # • Bills Receivable, As per Bill Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 3.196 oo Bills Payable 44 44 (4 " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2400 OO J. J. Sullivan, He owes me . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... 64 30 W. H. Sadler, “ “ “ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... # OO Chas. Claghorn, “ “ “ . . . . . . . . • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * goo Oo J. C. Cooper, “ “ “ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * 3oo OO A. Wilberforce, “ “ “ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450 | Oo Silas E. Gaskell, I owe him.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65o Oo | Stock, Original Investment..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9500.00 Net Gain . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 717.97 | Present Capital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 10217 | 97 13267 97 13267 97 t BOOK-KEEPING. II 7 *f s: *= I 2 DOUBLE ENTRY DAY BOOK OR “BLOTTER.” D0UBLE ENTRY DAY B00K OR “BLOTTER.” • cóa %2% 2, 24'4' 0. #" Invested in business, Cash 5500 | OO Merchandise 4000 | OO 9500 | OO 2 Bought of S. S. Packard on my note @ 60 days, Mdse. as per invoice IOOO | CO # F Bought of W. Allen Miller on qe, * Mdse. as per invoice Soo OO p 7 Sold W. H. Sadler on qc, I Case Gray Sheetings 1200 yds. © $.25 300 | OO 12 Pcs. Tweed, 400 yds. “ I.25 500 | OO 8oo OO Cash sales this day 75 | OO 3 - Sold Henry C. Spencer Mdse. amounting to 896 Oo Received in payment Cash 4oo Oo Draft © 30 days on D. T. Ames for 496 || Oo | || Bought of H. C. Wright for Cash Mdse. as per invoice I2OO || OO Sold P. R. Spencer, Jr., on de Midse, as per bill"" " " 150 | Oo Cash Sales this day 125 | OO * 5 Bought of Wm. Heron, Jr., on my note @ 10 days OO Mdse.as per invoice 2400 || || Sold J. J. Sullivan on 42, 8 pcs. Cassimere, 320 yds., Q $1.5o 48o oo 25 yds. sheeting “. .30 7 50 40 “ gray cotton * . I2 4 | So 18 * silk velvet “ 4.Oo 72 | Oo 564 || 30 Cash sales this day 6 62 5o Sold A. H. Stephenson on 10 days Mdse, as per bill 500 | OO Cash sales this day 56 oo 7 Paid for one month's rent of store 8o loo “ “ Books and stationery 2O || OO “ “ Repairing store 25 | OO I25 | CO | || Cash sales this day 8 228 loo Sold Chas. Claghorn on ac, Mdse. as per bill f I2OO || OO Cash sales this day * * 175 | OO Paid Chas. A. Dana for advertising in “Sun” 75 OO 9 — .* Sold John C. Cooper assorted bill of Mdse amounting to 1500 | Oo Received in payment his note for I2OO || OO payable in 90 days Balance to remain on de 3OO | OO Carried forward 21431 || 8o . & S=- DOUBLE ENTRY DAY BOOK OR “BLOTTER.” I IQ D0UBLE ENTRY DAY B00K OR “BLOTTER” (continued). cóa Zad 2, 2, wro. b Brought forward | 21431 | So Cash sales this day | 78 oo IO i Discounted my note favor S. S. Packard due March 5th - IOOO | CO Discount off in my favor 9 || 17 Net amount paid 990 | 83 Cash sales this day 275 | OO - I 2 Sold Allen Wilberforce on ge, Mdse. 450 | Oo Received from A. H. Stephenson on 6c, Cash 2OO || OO Draft (@ 30 days on Chas. Claghorn for I50 | Oo 350 | Oo * Cash sales this day 85 oo I3 Paid W. Allen Miller on qc, Cash A 8oo OO Cash sales this day 56 || Oo I4 Bought of Silas E. Gaskell on three months’ credit Mdse. as per invoice • 650 oo Cash sales this day 7o Oo I5 Sold M. Kingsley for his note @ 90 dys, Mdse. amounting to I2OO || OO I6 Paid Donaldson Bros. for advertising 50 | Oo f f Sold R. S. Bross for Cash, Mdse. 75 | Oo Rec’d fi Chas. Claghorn on Oc, Cash eC'C1 from # &c, * * 3CO | Oo Cash sales this day 38 Oo * 18 Bought of J. Fairbanks & Co. for Cash, Mdse as per invoice 1500 | Oo | | Sold L. J. Palmer for Cash, Assorted bill of Mdse I I2OO | CO Cash sales this day 150 - I9 Rec'd from A. H. Stephenson, Cash in full of ge 150 Oo * f f Drew a Draft on P. R. Spencer, Jr., @ 30 days for amount of his #2 | 150 | Oo Inventory 30058 || 8o |Mdse. remaining unsold 25oo. oo. * & I2O DOUBLE ENTRY JOURNAL. . DOUBLE ENTRY JOURNAL. 25 | Cash, Dr. 5500 OO 26 || Mdse. “ 4000 | OO 25 To Stock, 9500 | OO 2 26 Mdse: Dr. IOOO | OO 25 To Bills Payable IOOO | OO 2G | Midse. Dr. 800 oo 25 To. W. Allen Miller 8oo oo 26 To Mdse. 8oo oo 25 | Cash, Dr. 75 Oo 35 To Mdse. 75 OO 25 | Cash, Dr. 3 400 | OO 26 || Bills rec. “ 496 || Oo 20 To Mdse. 896 oo . 2G | Mdse. Dr. I2OO || OO 25 To Cash - I2OO || OO P. R. Spencer, Jr, Dr. I5o OO 25 , Jr., To Mdse. 150 | OO 26 * * 25 | Cash, Dr. 125 | OO 26 To Mdse. 125 OO 5 26 Mdse. Dr. 2400 oo 25 To Bills Payable 2400 | Oo J. J. Sullivan, Dr. 564 30 : To Mdse. 564 30 25 Cash, Dr. d 62 50 * To Mdse. 62 26 H. S 6 .5o A. H. Stephenson, Dr. OO : ? To Mdse. 5 OO 500 Oo 25 | Cash, Dr. 56 oo 20 TO * E. 56 oo Expense, Dr. : } ** To Cash 125 | Oo - f f I25 | OO Cash, Dr. 25 ? 228 oo 26 TO Me'. 228 oo Chas. Claghorn, Dr. 2 To Mdse. I2OO | OO 26 f / I2OO | OO Cash, Dr. 25 3. To Mdse. 175 OO 26 f / I75 oO E Dr. 27 xpense, Lr 75 OO 25 To Cash 75 OO Carried forward | 19931 8o || 19931 | So G-e- ~-> ~. | s DOUBLE ENTRY JOURNAL. I2 I Double Entry Journal Continued. J%a % Aïn. 2. %2% *== Brought forward | 19931 | So || 19931 | So *7 ||John T. Cooper, Dr. I5OO | OO 26 To Mdse. 15oo oo 20 | Bills receiveabl, Dr. I2OO | OO 27 To John T. Cooper I2OO | CO 25 | Cash, Dr. 78 oo 26 To Mdse. 78 oo IO 25 | Bills Payable, Dr. IOOO OO 25 To Cash 990 | 83 27 * Discount 9 17 25 | Cash, Dr. 275 OO 26 To Mdse. 275 OO *. I 2 27 | Allen Wilberforce, Dr. 450 Oo 26 To Mdse. 450 | OO 25 | Cash, Dr. 2OO | OO 26 Bills Rec., “ 150 | Oo 27 To A. H. Stephenson -- 350 || Oo 25 | Cash, Dr. 85 oo 26 To Mdse. 85 oo I3 25 | W. Allen Miller, Dr. 8oo loo 26 To Cash Soo OO 25 | Cash, Dr. 56 oo 26 To Mdse. 56 oo I4 26 || Mdse. Dr. 650 OO 27 To Silas E. Gaskell 6eo | Oo 25 | Cash, Dr. * 7o oo 26 To Mdse. 7o Oo I 26 || Bills Rec., Dr. 5 12OO | OO 2 To Mdse. I 2CO | OO I6 27 | Expense, Dr. 50 | OO 25 To Cash 5o OO 25 | Cash, Dr. 26 P To Mdse. 75 OO 75 Oo 25 | Cash, Dr. - 27 } To Chas. Claghorn & 3OO | Oo 300 | OO 25 | Cash, Dr. 26 ? To Mdse. 38 oo 38 Oo 18 —i. 26 Mdse., Dr. 2.5 3. TO Cash 1500 oo 1500 Oo 25 | Cash, Dr. 26 ? TO Mdse. I2OQ OO I2OO | OO 25 Cash, Dr. I5O OO 27 TO *: 150 | Oo Cash, Dr. # ? To A. H. Stephenson 150 | OO 15o OO Bills Rec.. Dr. I £O : ? To P. R. Spencer, Jr. 5o OO 150 | OO 31258 | So || 31258 | So I 2.2 DOUBLE ENTRY CASH BOOK. DOUBLE ENTRY CASH B00K. 2% *624 J.'I ": Stock, Amount invested, * . * . * * Midse. £, “ 2 | 12 Mdse. Sales from Petty Cash Book, - 9 . - - * 75 | Oo “ 3 || “ “ Henry C. Spencer, * * , * * * 400 | OO “ 3 || “... “ Sales from P. C. B., - le, * * * , * * 125 | OO “ 5 “ “ {{ {{ {{ {{ {4 * * > * * * * 62 50 “ 6 | 66 || “. {{ * $4 4t 4% - * * * > * * 56 oo “ 7 || “... “ {{ {{ {{ {{ {{ te * • i.e. * * 228 oo “ 8 | 66 || “ . 44 44 4t it 4t - * * * * * I75 | Oo “ 9 || “... “ {{ {{ {{ {{ {{ * , * * * * IE, 78 oo * IO 7 Discount, On S. S. Packard's Note, * irs * * * 9 : 17 “12 | 12 Mdse., Sales from P. C. B., 10th $275, 12th $85, - * * - || 360 co “12 || 9 || A. H. Stephenson, On Account, - * * * * * * 2OO || OO “13 | 12 || Mdse, Sales from P. C. B., * *E* * * * * 56 oo “14 66 {{ {{ 44 44 44 44 • * * * * , , * 7o Oo 66 || st R. S. Bross, de: s * * £r. * * 75 oo “16 | 18 Chas. Claghorn, On Account, * * * * *E. * * * * * 300 Oo ““ | 12 Mdse., Sales from P. C. B., - * * * ift * * 38 oo it a 66 a L.T. Pal: Sales from p d'É. . . . . . isso loo “18 || 9 |A. H. Stephenson, In full of ac, - * * s * * * 150 | Oo 12 3148 50 3148 50 93ot | 6 = | DOUBLE ENTRY CASH BOOK. DOUBLE ENTRY CASH Book. * I23 4. TSSGTL. F. Expense. Sundries. Jan. 3 | 10 | Mdse, Bo't of H. C. Wright, - * * * I2OO || OO p $4 “ 7 | 15 | Expense, Month's Rent, Books and Stationery, and Rep£, 125 | Oo * 8 | 66 {{ Chas. A. Dana, for ad. in “Sun,” * * 75 | Oo “1o 16 || Bills Payable, Disc'ted my note favor S. S. Packard, * * IOOO | OO “13 | 17 | W. Allen Miller, In full of q2, * * * * * 8oo Oo “16 | ** | Expense, Donaldson Bros., for ad., *E. * * * 50 | OO “18 || 12 Mdse. Bo't of Fairbanks & Co., - * * * 1500 | Oo >< 25o OO || 250 oo > * - | 475o Oo. J } te * * > 4557 | 67 93.07 | 67 ~- | --> *le—- | I 24 * - DouBLE ENTRY OPEN LEDGER. DOUBLE ENTRY OPEN LED CER. - Stock. Jan. . | Jan. By Sundries.. . . . . . . . * * * * * * I | - .x- Cash. -- Jan. | 1 || To Stock .......... • • - - - - - -] I 5500 oo || Jan.| 3 | By Mdse .................. 1 2 | “Mdse . . . . . . . . . . • - - - - - - - 1 I 75 Oo 7 “Expense ............... 2 3 || “ “ . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . l I 400 | Oo 8 “ “ ......... * * * * * * 3 3 || “ “ . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 125 | Oo 1o “Bills Pay. . . . . . . . . * * * * * * 3 5 “ “ . . . . . . . . . . * @ 5 & © E * * 2 : 62 50 Io “ W. Allen Miller... . . . . . . . 4 6 “ “ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 56|oo 16 || “. Expense . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 4 7 | “ “ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 228 Oo | 18 “Mdse .................. 5 8 || “ “ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 3 175 | Oo 9 {{ 44 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 3 # OO Io " " . . . . . . * * : * * * * * * * * * 3 275 OO 12 || “..A. H. Stephenson ....... 3 2OO OO 12 “Mdse . . . . . . . ........... 4 S5 oo || 13 || “ “ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 56 Oo 14 || “ “ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 7O | Oo I6 | * * . . . . . . • • • • * * * * * * * *l 4 75 OO 16 || “. Claghorn....... • • * * * * *| 4 | 3OO | OO 16 || “ Mdse . . . . . . . . s a • * * * • • 4 38 oo 18 “ “ ........ * * * * * * * * * * 5 I2OO || OO 18 “ “ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .] 5 150 | OO 19 “A. H. Stephenson.......! 5 150 OO 1 | To Cash. ....... * * * * * * * * * * * Bills Payable. 18So. - - 188o. < Jan. 1o To *~~~~ •] * OO || Jan. || 2 | By Mdse....... • * * * * * * * * * * * 5 $4 " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. R. Spencer, 57. | 188C - - I CŞöO. - ar. - - - - E- - | Jan. s|To *~~~ I solo Jan. 19 ***.............] s | - Merchandise. 1880. ~ - ISSO. EE::= -------~~E== Jan. | 1 || To Stock. ................. I 4000 | OO || Jan || 2 | By W. H. Sadler............ | 2 “ Bills Pay....... • • . . . . . .] I IOOO | OO 2 | " Cash. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 | “ W. Allen Miller... . . . . . .] I Soo oo 3 | “Sundries.......... . . . . . . 3 “Cash...................] I I2OO OO 3 || “. P. R. Spencer, Jr.. . . . . . . 5 “Bills Pay........... . . . . I 2 24OO | OO || 3 || “Cash...... . . . . . . . . . . . * I “Silas E. Gaskell. . . . . . . . . 4 50 | OO 5 || “J.J. Sullivan. . . . ....... # {{ Cash. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 15OO QO 5 44 Cash * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 6 “ A. H. Stephenson. . . . . . . | 6 “Cash.............. * * * * * 7 | “ “ . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | S “ Chas. Claghorn . . . . . . . . . S “Cash. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... U. 9 || “.J. C. Cooper... . . . . ..... | 9 || “. Cash....... • * * * * * * * * * * * t 1o “ “ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 || “. A. Wilberforce. . . . . . . . . . 12 “Cash. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 13 || “ “ . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * | 14 || “ “ . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * | 15 “Bills Rec. .............. 16 “Cash............ • * * * * * * | 16 “ “ . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * 18 | * * . . . . . • * * * * * * * * * * * * * 18 “ “ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I2OO 125 75 990 Soo 50 15OO I5o |c. O O OO | 83 | OO OO OO | co 4 | Š-> -*—” #- DOUBLE_ENTRY OPEN LEDGER.—CONTINUED. I25 | &% &cetylaea. 1880. | 1880. Jan. | 3 || To Mdse................... I 496 oo 9 “J. C. Cooper............ 3 I2OO | OO 12 || “ A. H. Stephenson....... 3 I5O | OO 15 “ Mdse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. I2OO OO 19 || “. R. R. Spencer, Jr.... . . . . 5 ISO | OO Z 2 &@an. #T- = -: - - | " # 5 To Mdse....... * * * * * * s = * * * * 2 | se OO | % -3% .9%2%. Jan. | 2 |To Mdse................... I 8oo loo .4% £6. 4%anson. #T- - - T1880. Jan.| 6 || To Mdse. ......... ....... 2 500 oo || Jan. 12 | By Sundries .............. 3 350 | Co 19 “Cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. 150 | Oo %2. %24om. TSSo, | 1880. - - Jan. | 8 |To Midse. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 2 | I2OO CO | Jan. 16 |By Cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. E. as 4. | 300 | OO Ż % %es. TSSo, - - -T: - Jan.| 9 || To Mdse. ............ . . . . . 3 1500 OO | Jan. 9 |By Bills Receivable. . . . . . . . 3 | I2OO OO 2Zooamé 1880. r -T- ISSO. — - - - - - • | Jan. Io | By Bills Payable. . . . . . . . . . . | 3 Q | 17 -Z %ftee. 1880. - ISSC. • # 12 lTo Mdse. . . . . . . . . • * * * * * * 3 450 Oo 4% 8, 2.4% 188o. - == ISSC: | | Jan. 14 |By Mdse. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. | 65o oo %ende. #So. - - 188o. - * Jan.| 7 || To Cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 125 | Oo 8 “ “ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 75 OO 16 “ “ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. 50 | OO | ~- —B- | I 3 ! -E- 25 - . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * Stock. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95OO | OO || 95OO | Oo 4557 | 67 9298 || 50 || 25 . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Cash. . . . . . . . . . . . . • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 474o 83 Soo loo! 25 l. .............. . . . . . . W. Allen Miller............... ......... 8OO | OO IOoo oo ||25 |...... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Bills Payable. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34OO | OO 150 oo ||25 |. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * P. R. Spencer, Jr. . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * . . . . I 5O | CO || 1541 20 | 1155o oo 26 . . . . . . . . . . ... • a • * * * * * * Merchandise......... • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1000S | So 3# oo || 3196 oo 26 |...................... Bills Receivable......................... 504 || 30 64 30 l 26 . . . . . . . . . . . ...........J. J. Sullivan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * @ 6 - 806 | do # oo i 26 . . . . . . . . b • * * * * * * * * * * * * W. H. Sadler....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - | 5oo loo 27 [...................... A. H. Stephenson. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500 | Oo 9CO | OO I2OO | Oo 27 . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * Chas. Claghorn........................ . . . 300 OO 3OO | OO || I5OO | OO || 27 | . . . . . . . . . • * * * * * * * * * * * * J. C. Cooper..... * * * * * * * * is e s - e < * * * * * * * * * * I2OO || OO * 27 l. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Discount........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q || 17 45O | OO 45O OO || 27 || - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - A. Wilberforce. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ ! 27 l. • - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Silas E. Gaskell. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 650 oo 25O | Oo 25o [ool 27 l. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expense. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . * * * 12559 || 17 T31258 || So T. - 31258 | So d INVENTORY OF UNSOLD PROPERTY. * WT:- −I:T: STATEMENT OF LOSSES AND GAINS. Merchandise Sales....... . ...... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *e e s - * * * * * * • * * * * * * * * * s is s - © - e o Q - 10008 So Inventory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 2500 OO Proceeds................... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 12508 80 Cost * @ s > * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * e e s e s • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * II550 Oo | Gain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | 958 | So Discount, Proceeds, a gain... ... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * @ e s s 6 s is © e s is 4 ~ * * * * * * * * * * * 9 || 17 Expense, Outlay, a loss. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * is © to Q & s s is a si s m e s a s h e < * * * * * * * * * * 250 | OO | * AWet Gain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * • * * * * * * * * 717 |97 *- - - _1 * | 97 || 97. • STATEMENT OF RESOURCES AND LIABILITIES. Cash Received.................................... ............................... 9298 # Disbursed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474O 83 [ ... On hand. . . . . . . • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * . 4557 | 67 | Bills Payable Cr my notes issued................................................. 3400 OO ; Dr. “ “ redeemed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IOOO OO! Difference outstanding.................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | Merchandise Inventory..... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | 25oo oo Bills Receivable, other notes on hand.......'• * * * * * * * * * * * * * • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 3196 oo J.J. Sullivan, he owes me................. .............................................. | 564 30 W. H. Sadler, “ “ “...... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ~ e s - a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | Soó | do Chas. Claghorn Dr............ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1200 oo Cr * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 3OO OC * Difference, he owes me........ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | 900 Oo | J. C. Cooper Dr * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1500 OO. Cr. . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * I2OO OC Difference, he owes me............. * * * * * * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3OO | OO # Wilberforce, he owes me............ e e s a m + e s - e s is e s • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450 OO | Silas E. Gaskell, I owe him........................... .................................. • t ***, original investment....................................................... £500 00 * Gaii............................... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 717 97. *resent investment... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | —" I28 DOUBLE ENTRY. —THE LEDGER CLOSED. D0UBLE ENTRY.—THE LEDGER CLOSED. ©%24 1880. - 18So. s == Şan.| 31|| To Balance ... ........... 28 || 10217 | 97 || Jan.| 1 | By Sundries ... ... * * * * * * I 9500 | Oo s 31 | 1, Loss and Gain ....... 717 | 97 | Io217. 97 Io2 17 97 1880. 1880. * + * * * * - —== Jan.| 1 || To Stock . . . . . . .......... I 5500 oo || Jan. | 3 | By Mdse. ..... * * * * * * * * * I I2OO | OO * | * Mdse. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I 75 | OO 7 | " Expense ............ 2 125 | Oo 3 ?? ?? * . . . * * * * * * * l 400 oo S 39 ...” * * * * * * * * * * * * 3 75 OO % 9) #3 e s - e < * * * * * * * * * * * * I 125 | OO Io , Bills Payable . . . . . . . . 3 990 | 83 5 | " " . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * 2 62 50 13 | " W. Allen Miller ... . . . 4 8OO | OO * | " " ................. 2 56 oo 16 || " Expense...... ...... 4 5o Oo 7 | " " . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * 2 228 oo | 18 Mdse ........... . . . . 5 1500 | Oo * | " " ................. 2 175 | Oo 31 | " Balance ............ 28 || 4557 | 67 9 *} 13 a s a s \ , t > * * * * * * * * * 3 7 *XO 19 || 1 , . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * 3 275 OO 12 1, A. H. Stephenson . . . . . . 3 2OO || OO * | *, Mdse. . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * 3 85 Oo 13 ?? ** * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 4. 56 OO *4 " " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. 7o Oo 19 , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. 75 OO * | *, Chas. Claghorn . . . . . . . . 4. 3OO | OO * | *, Mdse. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • | 4 38 oo 18 , , • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 5 12OO | OO * ** 33 ?? • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 5 I50 OO 19 | 1, A. H. Stephenson. . . . . . . . . 5 I5o OO * 1– 9298 50 9298 50 % of 2% of 32%. 188o. - ISSo Jan. 13 || To Cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Soo oo || Jan. || 2 | By Mdse. .............. | 1 8oo oo & &ya& 1880. TSSo. - Jan. 1o | To Sundries ............ ... 3 IOOO | OO Jan | 2 | By Mdse. .............. I IOOO || OO 31 ?? Ralance * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 2S 2400 00 5 39 ?? * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 2 2400 {OO 2% 4% @%eace, 4% 188o. - #T- Jan. | 3 || To Mdse. ......... $ 3 s : * * * I 150 oo || Jan. 19 | By Bills Receivable ...... 5 150 | Oo f 6 * Jan. I 44 3 5 I I 3i 1:- Jan. 3 I 2 I5 Jan. 2 ->= 1855.T- Jan. 5 *- "--. Q-- DOUBLE ENTRY.--THE LEDGER CLOSED. Cóeseñanzøe. By W. H. Sadler . . . . . . . . . . “ Cash............. * * * * * “Sundries .............. “ P. R. Spencer, Jr. . . . . . . “Cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . “J.J. Sullivan . . . . . . . . . . “Cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * “A. H. Stephenson . . . . . “Cash ....... * * * * * * * * * * * {{ 44 • * * * * •' * * * * * * * * * * * * “Chas. Claghorn . . . . . . . . “Cash.................. “J. C. Cooper..... . . . . . . “Cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . “ A. Wilberforce. . . . . . . . . . “Cash............. * * * * * {{ 4. “ “ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . “Bills Receivable........ “Cash ................ {{ 44 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * {{ “. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . “ “ . . . . . . . . . . . to € to do as “ Balance Inventory . . . . . . % £6 &22% To Mdse. “… A £ 22&a. To Mdse. . . . . . . . . . . • - - - - - 2 | 564 solo 30 ------ 1880. To Stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I 4000 || OO || Jan. 2 “ Bills Payable ...... • . . l I IOOO OO 44 “ W. Allen Miller . . . . . . . | 1 || 8oo oo 3 “Cash. . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * I I2OO | OO * { “ Bills Payable . . . . . . . . . . 2 24OO | OO {{ “Silas E. Gaskell..... • • - || 4 | 50 | Oo 5 “Cash . . . . . . . . . . . ..... I 5 I SOO OO 44 “ Loss and Gain . . . . . . . . . . 27 $).58 | SO 6 7 8 9 * IO I2 | I 3 I4 * I5 I6 18 3I 12508 So &%dźeeee 24% —T --~~~~ TišO.T To Mdse. . . . . . . . * * * * * * . . . . I 496 oo || 5an.|31 “ J. C. Cooper. . . . . . . . . . . 3 I2OO | OO “ A. H. Stephenson . . . . . 3 150 | Oo “ Mdse . . . . . . . . . . . • * * * * * || 4 | I2OO || OO “ P. R. Spencer, Jr.. . . . . . . 5 I50 | OO 3.196 Oo --- 28 I29 3.196 || 00 3196 OO | | + *—- ==# | I 30 DOUBLE ENTRY. —THE LED GER. CLOSED. 1880. - - 1880. Jan. | 6 || To Mdse. . . . . . . . . * * * * * * 2 500 oo || Jan. 12 | By Sundries . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 350 | OO 19 || “ Cash ................. 5 150 | OO 500 OO 500 OO *642. &@*. 1880. - -Tss:T- Jan. | 8 || To Mdse. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 12oo oo ||Jan. || 9 | By Cash ....... . . . . . . . . 3OO | OO 3I “ Balance . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * s: $)00 ()() I2OO OO | I2OO A. Gó. %2%e2. 1880. - - - 1880. - Jan. | 9 || To Mdse. . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * 3 1500 oo ||Jan.| 9 | By Bills Receivable ....... 3 I2OO || OO 31|| “ Balance ............. . . . . 28 300 OO 1500 OO 15CO OO £eaea. 188O. - - 188d. * jan.|31 || To Loss and Gain . . . . . . . . . . 27 9 17 || Jan. 10 | By Bills Payable .......... 3 9 17 cé %22% ee. 188o. - 188o. Jan. 12 || To Mdse... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450 Oo €2%a 6 ×24e^ 88o. 188o. I Jan. 14 | By Mdse... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. 65o oo 6%enae. T880. - 1880. Jan.| 7 || To Cash. . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * ... I 2 125 oo || San.| 31|| By Loss and Gain . . . . . . . . . 27 250 | OO 8 3 75 Oo 16 4. 50 Oo | 250 OO 250 Oo 2. — - DOUBLE ENTRY.--THE LED GER CLOSED. I3 I 1880. - 1880. | Jan || 3: To Expense............. • 2 250 oo || Jan. 31 | By Mdse. . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * 26 958 8o “ Stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 717 | 97 “ “ Discount. . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 | 9 I7 &2&see. 188O. C ol' alwan. Pavan an. 31 To Cash. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 ,557 | 67 ||Jan. 31 | By Bills Payable . . . . . . . . . . 25 2,4CO | OO J 3. “ Mdse. ......... . . . . . . . . 26 # OO J {{ * Silas E. Gaskell. . . . . . . . 27 || 50 | OO {{ 4% Hills Receivable e i s m > * * 26 3,196 OO {{ {{ Stock • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 27 10,217 97 “ “ J. J. Sullivan. . . . . . . . . . 26 564 || 30 “ “ W. H. Sadler . . . . . . . . . 26 806 | do “| “. J. C. Cooper .......... 27 3OO | OO “ “ A. Wilberforce........ 27 450 | OO “ “ Chas. Claghorn . . . . . . . . 27 900 OO 13267 97 13267 97 | | : o Y. "Hé \ & N E:#2 : ". | | | I32. BOOK-KEEPING, INTRODUCING AND THE "COMBINED STATEMENT." GIVING Trial Balance, Gains and LOSses, Resources and Liabilities, All in One. THE SIX-COLUMN JOURNAL | . S–- -*—P DESCRIPTION OF THE SIX-COLUMN JOURNAL. I 33 DESCRIPTION OF THE SIX-COLUMN * 2 JOURN Sold II. C. Wright, on his note @ 3 mos. AL. Mdse. am'ting per bill to $600. This form is called the “Six-Column Jour- Bo't of J. E. Soule on 3%, Mdse. $1000. nal,” because it has six columns for figures, Rec'd for petty sales, Cash 2OO. * * * 4. three debit and three credit. It will be Seeil Sold Jno. R. Sparrow on his acceptance @ Io that the plan may be extended to suit almost days, Mdse. amounting to $250. any requirement; and instead of six columns, Rec'd for cash sales 70. eight, ten, or even * . Thi 6 # , ten, or even more might be used his Sold F. E. Armbruster on 4c, OI ITT IS extensively employed in large houses. 7 yds. B'dclth (@ $4 $28.00 f Among its special advantages are: 1o “ Tweed “ 1.25 I2.50 I. A great saving of both time and space, 'c. £ “. .75 $ £ $42. * . RO as the Merchandise and Cash columns are #1ST, Sællt'S 40.3 * posted in totals at the end of each month, or Discounted J. R. Sparrow's acceptance at 3rd oftener if desired. Nat. Bank, Dis. off, 50¢, amt. rec'd $249.5o 2. It is, in fact, essentially four books in Cash sales IO $35.00 one: Day-Book, Journal, Cash-Book, and Bo't of E. R. Felton on de, Mdse. $300. Sales-Book. Cash sales $ $45.00 I2 3. It presents a monthly summary, by which Paid J. E. Soule cash on 6c, $Soo. sales of each month or quarter may be com- “ for repairs, $30;rent, $1oo; gas, $20; $150. $950. pared with others, and the causes of increase Cash sales I5 $25.75 Ol' falling off in trade made more definitely Rec'd from F. E. Armbruster, cash in full of 6% $42. calculable. 16 In this set Merchandise and Cash being the Bot of G. W. Curry, store and fixtures for * e. * * $6000; Paid him cash $1ooo. principal accounts, each is given a separate Mdse., $1500, and note for balance due in 90 column. The “Sundries” column contains days. all amounts that pass to the Ledger, and hence Cash sales 18 $65.00 the footings of the special columns (whatever Sold P. R. Spencer on 4c, Mdse. $250. they may be) are transferred to the “Sun- Cash sales O $45.00 * ?? * 2 dries" column as often as the Journal is fully Sold J. H. Goldsmith for cash, Mdse. $1ooo. posted up. Cash sales $125. * 24. Transactions. * Paid E. R. Felton in full of 6 c, cash $100. Chicago, Jan. 1, 1880. Clerk hire $75. Commenced business, investing Cash, $2000; Mdse., 3I $3000; Note against Jno. Brown for $10oo; and accounts Inventory. viz., E. R. Felton, $200; and S. B. Randall, $300. Total Real Estate, worth $6000. investm’t, $6500. Midse, . {{ IOOO. 14 The Six-Column Journal. %22zeA. 2nday Z 7% : Afdse Cash. Sundries. 3000 ICOO 2OOO 2OO 7o 46 249 3o || 5O IOOO 2OO 300 6oo 250 42 # 50 L.F. 49 | 40 4o 4o 4o 41 I.F. Sundries. Cash. Afdee. Commenced business at 265 State street, renting store from G. W. Curry, @ $12oo per annum, and investing as follows: Cash, as per Bank Book. Mdse. “ Inventory. Bills Rec. Jno. Brown's note, as per Bill Book. E. R. Felton owes on ge S. B. Randall “ “ qc To Stock. 40 2 Bills Rec. To Mdse. Sold H. C. Wright on his note @ 3 mos. Mdse. as per bill. || || Mdse. To J. E. Soule. Bought of him on de as per invoice. # Cash. To Mdse. Received for day's sales as per Petty Cash Book. 40 4 Bills Rec. To Mdse. Sold John R. Sparrow on his acceptance at 10 days, Mdse, as per bill. / / Cash. To Mdse. Rec'd for day's sales as per P. C. B. 6 F. E. Armbruster. To Mdse. 7 yds. Bdclth Q 4.oo 28 Oo 1o “ Tweed @ 1.25 I2 50 "2 “ Silesia @ 75 I 50 * * Cash. To Mdse. Received for day's sales as per P. C. B. J 4000 | Oo 2565 2392 50 9 Cash. Discount. To Bills Rec. Discounted J. R. Sparrow's acceptance at the Third National Bank. Dis off, 50¢. 6500 || Oo IOOO || OO 250 | OO 2OO 25O 7o 42 46 3O Carried Forward, 7750 | OO 1208 30 C- .*—- | -—sk. The Six-Column Journal. %22ze.." 2nday /2 %f% 4000 300 OO 2565 35 45 25 42 65 | 1170 so OO 75 43oo 3948 2392 150 250 75 9667 3948 43OO 5O 50 55 17916 O5 4I 41 41 41 40 4o Brought forward f : Cash. To Mdse. Received for day's sales as per P. C. B. 10 TO E. R. Felton. Bought of E. R. Felton on c as per invoice. Mdse. # * Cash. To Mdse. Rec'd for day's sales as per P. C. B. 12 J. E. Soule, To cash paid him on Ge. * * Expense. $30 $100 $20 To Cash, paid for Repairs, Rent, Gas Bill, To Mdse. Rec'd for day's sales as per P. C. B. Cash. 15 Cash. In full of qc. To F. E. Armbruster, 16 Real Estate. To Cash, “ Mdse. “ Bills Pay. Bought of G. W. Curry one-half interest in Store and Fixtures for for bal. payable @ 3d Nat. Bank, and due in 90 days. $6000, for which I gave him cash $1000, Mdse. $1500, and my note 40 41 f f To Mdse. Rec'd for day's sales as per P. C. B. Cash. 18 P. R. Spencer, Jr. To Mdse. sold him on offe as per bill. 20 Cash. To Mdse. Sold J. H. Goldsmith Mdse. $1000. Day's sales $170. 24 To Cash, paid clerk hire Sundries, Cash, Mdse. Inventory: Expense. Mdse. $1000, Real Estate $6000. 40 40 3OO 42 3500 II592 2025 4299 | "so |co I5O IOOO 75 1208 35 45 25 1500 65 250 1170 17916 s 2025 # 4299 |so 75 # *le—- | I36 LEDGER. | ©%.e4 #5 T- —T-T- =Tisso. T- - Şan.| 31|| To Balance................ 141 || 7273 |55 || Jan.| 1 | By Sundries..... * * * * * * * * * * * 20 || 6500 oo s 3t “Loss and Gain.......... 773 55 7273 55 7273 55 #T-T- = ~~~~ -T-I-T-T55.T-T- ==::=::=========::== Jan. 31 / To Sundries.................21 3948 55 || Jan. 31 | By Sundries................ 21 2025 | OO * 31 “ Balance................. IS)23 55 3948 55 || * | 5 | Cóeleasae. :--...--...-...-->s: * ~ *-- ~~" < *-- *-* ~ * * *::==": — 18SO.T S D ' C By Sund --> | Jan. 31 || To Sundries............ . . . .] 21 43OO OO an. 31 | By Sundries ............... 2I 4299 || O5 31 || “. Loss and Gain........ . . . 999 || 05 31 “ Bal. Invy............... IOOO | OO 5299 o5 5299 || O5 6. 2% 42%a. | —T-TSS:T- -> - '', Jan. || 1 || To Stock......... . . . . . . . . . 20 200 oo || Jan. to By Mdse......... .........] 21 300 oo 31 “ Balance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IOO |00 300 || Oo 300 OO ! 1555 T-T :=::= E: =------~ * Tss:-- Jan. | 1 || To Stock................... 2O 3oo oo ||jan. 31 £y Balance................. 2) #T-T-: ==== - ===== 1886 -T— s = <- - :=== :-E-E l Jan. 12 || To Cash. . . . . • * * * * * * * * . . . . . . 2 I Soo oo || Jan. || 2 | By Mdse................... 20 ICOO | OO 31 “ Balance......... * * * * * * * * 200 |00 || IOOO OO | IOOO || OO 4% dźeeeevada. #T-T- :- - 188o. Jan. | 1 || To Stock... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 10oo oo || Jan. || 9 | By Sundries................ 2O 25O OO 2 “Mdse..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 600 | Oo 31 “ Balance................. 1600 |OO 4. {{ 4% • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 2O 250 OO *. | 1850 oo | 1850 oo t | ---> - LEDGER. I 37 * | 'So T-T- - T-T-I-Ts:T-I-T-I-T- Jan | 6 || To Mdse............ • . . . . . . . 20 42 oo || Jan. 15 | By Cash. ...'......... * * * * * * * 2 I 42 OO E- - - 18So. *E=- E-E M-EEEE---> - -T-Ts:-T- *E* - *:----------e.g.:-----Ex: To Bills Rec............... 2O 50 || San.|31 By Loss and Gain..... * * * * * * | --~~~w-w----~~~~--> ------ * * * . . . ." - - - - -- |- " -------------- 16 By Real Estate...... . . . . . . . . I 8SO * ==Ex-x-E:=~~~ ====== | SSo * 5an. 31 :-- *............. | 3500 loo Jan. 2% 2% €%essee, A. - | ---n - " - www - . . . .". ----------> **~~~ --- r:- * --~- ---------------------- - - - - - - --~~~~-- ~~~~~~ Jan. 18 To Mdse.................. * 25o oo || 5an. 6%eae. - - - - - *----...---------w-w- --- - -------- - - - - - - - - ------------- 31 By Balance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 loo } 880. | Jan. 12 || To Cash....... * * * * * * • . . . . . . 21 150 oo || 5an.|31 | By Loss and Gain........... 225 | OO 24 {{ “. . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * t 75 OO | * | *-sms- || - 225 | OO 225 | OO gala and 2%a. - ...--Fes: - - - - - - - --- - * * ~ *-- EE--> EEZE--~~~~:=: FEEEEEE--...--" " -- *-** -:---~~~" " -- " ------- - - - - - - 1880. - - | TSSo. | Jan. 31 To Discount................ 4I 50 || Jan. 31 | By Mdse................... 4o 999 || O5 | “ “ Expense. . . . . . . . . . . . * * * 225 OO * “ “ Stock. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '''3 55 | *-ū *-ū - :---- --~~ -*-* &22see. t | - ------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 8 - - - - - - - - - -, -------"----~~~~m-"------------ - - - - - - - - - - --- ------ […. ~~~~ - - - - - - - - =E------>==-“*="--~-*:RE-R-EGE-REE - - | Jan. 31 || To Cash...... * * * * * * * * * * * * * 4o 1923 55 || Jan. 31 | By E. R. Felton............. IOO || OO “Mdse... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4O IOOO | OO “ “J. E. Soule..... * * * * * * * * * 2CO || OO “S. B. Randall......... . . . 4o 300 OO || “ “ Bills Pay............ * * * * 35OO | OO “ Bills Rec. . . . . . . ... . • . . . . 4O 16OO oo “Stock............ . . . . . . . 7273 || 55 OO OO “Real Estate. . . . . . ... . . . . . 4I 6000 “P. R. Spencer, Jr. . . . . . . . 250 1 IoT3 55 || - I IO73 | I38 COMBINED STATEMENT. ! %22&sea/ @%me” LOSSES. GAINs. DR L. F. CR. RESOURCES. || LIABILITIES. 40 Stock 6500 OO 3948 55 || 40 Cash 2025 oo 1923 55 999 || 05 || 43oo OO || 4o Merchandise | 4299 || O5 || IOOO Oo 300 OO 4o S. B. Randall 3OO OO 800 oo || 4o J. E. Soule IOOO | OO 2OO | OO 1850 oo || 4o Bills Receivable 250 | OO 1600 oo 50 50 || 41 Discount 6000 oo || 41 Real Estate 6000 oo 4I Bills Payable 3500 | OO 3500 | Oo 250 OO || 41 P. R. Spencer, Jr. 250 | OO 225 | Oo 225 | OO || 41 Expense r Stock Investment, 6500 77.3 55 * Gain 77.3 55 {{ JVorth 7273 55 999 o5 || 999 o5 17874 o5 17874 o5 || 11073 55 || 11073 55 *@- . * g- SETS FOR THE STUDENT TO WRITE note, soo brls. flour Total, $792.5o. Paid cash for rent of @ $2.30-$230. store, $150. * . * SS " . ". % * * Paid cash for clerk hire, $25. HE following easy “sets” are taken from Pack- ard's Complete Course of Business Training, used in the business col- leges. Set 1. Commenced business with a Cash capital of $3,000. Bo’t for cash Ioo bris. flour, @ $10–$1,000 J. R. Penn, on ale, 5oo bu, wheat, @ $2 –$1,000. Sold for cash, 25 brls. flour, @ $11–$275. Sold H. D. Stratton, on his note, 300 bu.. wheat, @ $2.25 —$675. Bo’t of S. S. Packard, on our note, 200 brls. flour, @ $10.50-$2,100. Sold for cash, 1oo bris. flour, @ $11 –$1,100. Sold E. G. Folsom, on his @ $11.25–$562.5o ; 1oo bu.. wheat, Exercises. Sold James . Bo’t of Atwater, on ale, 25 brls. flour, @ $11.20–$280. Received cash for H. D. Stratton's note, $675. Rec'd cash on James Atwater's die, $1oo. Sold for cash, 1oo brls. flour, @ $11- $11oo. Sold W. A. Miller, on alc, 1oo bu.. wheat, @ $2.25 $225. . Ledger Results. * If the foregoing transactions are properly entered in the Ledger, the results will be shown in the following schedule : The Trial Balance. DR. %. LEDGER £8. CR. BALANCE. DR. Accounts. CR. BALANCE. •. 62so . . . . . Cash ...... 1 *** 5075 5 ... John R. Penn. . # 1000 792 || 50 1467 50 || Bills Receivable. 675 ... Bills Payable.. £10× 2100 180 2So James Atwater.. £ 225 225 ... W. A. Miller. . 31oo ..... Flour ..... 3317 50 217 | 50 1000 ... Wheat..... 1130 130 175 175 ... Expense .. ..... Stock ..... 3000 3000 6447 | So || 12497 || 5o ... Equilibrium ... 12497 50 || 6447 I4O s SETS FOR THE STUDENT TO WRITE UP. Set 2. CHARACTERISTICS.—Buying and selling for cash, and on personal account. Commencing without capital, realizing a GAIN, and closing with NET CAPITAL equal to NET GAIN. Part of the Mdse. unsold. Accounts USED, witH NUMBER of LINEs For EACH.— Stock, 5 ; Merchandise, 1o; H. B. Claflin, 5; Cash, 6; C. A. Walworth, 5; A. T. Stewart, 5; J. C. Bryant, 5; Expense, 5; H. P. Perrin, 5; Loss and Gain, 6; Balance, 9. ALBANY, FED. 1, 188o.—Bo't of H. B. Claflin & Co., New York, on four months' credit, 5 cases, 8310 yds., Wamsutta muslin, Q 31%, $2576.10. 2. Sold James Shepard, for cash, 1 case 1710 yds., Wam- Sutta muslin, Q 34%, $581.40. 3. Sold C. A. Walworth, on 4%, 2 cases, 3250 yds., Wam- sutta muslin, Q 35%, $1137.50. 4. Bo’t of A. T. Stewart, New York, on three months’ credit, 6 cases, 8556 yds., Amoskeag prints, @ 23%, $1967.88. 5. Sold J. C. Bryant, on 4%, 2 cases, 28.16 yds., Amoskeag prints, @ 25%, $704. 7. Sold L. L. Williams, for cash, 2 cases, 2816 yds., Wam- sutta muslin, Q 33%, $1122.25. 8. Paid expenses in cash, $175. 9. Sold H. P. Perrin, on Če, 2 cases, 2794 yds., Amoskeag prints, @ 26%, $726,44. Mdse. Remaining Unsold. 2 cases, 29.46 yds., Amoskeag prints, @ 23%, $677.58. RESULTs.—Capital at commencing, nothing. Net Gain, $230.19. Capital at closing, $230.19. The following is from Goodyear's Bookkeep- ing and Business Practice. - Set 3.–Memoranda. SEPT. 1.-Commenced business with cash on hand $Soo. Bo't of Henry P. Smith on qc, mdse. $279.50. Bo’t of James Mason, on ge, mdse, $30. Paid cash for freight and drayage, $9.75. Paid cash for 1 month's rent of store room, $15. Sold Henry Judson, on ge, mdse, $4.65. Sold Byron Spencely, on dc, mdse., $7. Bo’t of him, on Ge, mdse, $4.8o. 2. Received cash for sales this day, $7. Sold James Ma- goon, on ge, mdse, $11. Received of him cash, on 6c, $5. * Bot of Henry P. Smith, on qc, mdse., $54. 4. Paid cash for freight and drayage, $5. Paid cash for stationery, $2. Sold Hiram Lee, on 'c, mdse, $10.15. Bo’t of him, on 3%, mdse. $6.40. Received cash for sales this day $12. Sent Henry P. Smith cash per dft., on 6%, $1oo. Paid cash for exchange on dft, 25%. 5. Sold James Bentley on 4c, mdse, $6.85. Bo't of George Strand, on 42, mdse, $20. Sold him, on 42, mdse., $9.15. Received cash for sales this day, $9.25. Paid for cleaning store room, $3. 6. Sold Henry Judson, on qc, mdse, $6.75. Paid James Mason cash, on ge, $15. Re- ceived cash of Henry Johnson, on qe, $4. Sold him, on %, mdse, $1.85. Sold David Morton, on Gle, mdse., $16.25. Bo't of him, on 62, mdse, $12.80. Sold James Bent- ley, on 6c, mdse, $13.70. Received of James Bentley, cash, on 42, $10. Received cash for sales this day $15. 7. Sold Hiram Lee, on 4%, mdse, $8.65. Bo’t of Henry P. Smith, on ge, mdse, $28,40. Paid cash for freight and drayage, $3. Sold John Miller, on 6%, mdse, $6.45. Received cash for sales this day $12.50. 8. Sold George Strand, on qe, mdse., $5.49. Paid cash for store expenses, $12. Bo't of Henry P. Smith, on Ge, mdse, $105. Paid cash for freight and drayage, $5. Received cash for sales this day, $18,75. Paid cash for clerk hire, $5. 9. Sent Henry P. Smith cash per dft, on 'c, $80. Paid exchange on dft., 20¢. Received of John Miller cash, on 46, $4. Bo’t of James Mason, mdse, $30. Paid him cash, on 3%, $25. Received cash for sales this day, $27.50. Mdse, unsold per Inventory amounts to $449.48. Trial Balance; Another Form.—Set 3. DR. CR. Stock........................................ $ 80 Cash ................. ...................... $925 2So 20 Merchandise ................................ 570 90 2IO | 1.4 H. P. Smith ................... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * £ 466 | 90 James Mason ....... .......... . .......... O 60 Expense... . . . . . . . . . . . . ................. # 2O Henry Judson........ . . . ........... * * * * * II | 40 Byron Spencely..*...................... .... 7 4 | So James Magoon............................... I I 5 Hiram Lee ... "...................... ....... 1S | So 6 4o James Bentley ........ ... ........... ....... 2O | 75 IO Geo. Strand................................. 14 || 64 2O £ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1 S5 4 David Morton .............................. 16 25 12 | So John Miller ....................... .......... 6 45 4 s 1884 24 || $1884 24 3–- -—9 TRANSACTIONS. I4 I TRANSACTIONS–SET 4. . %cago, C#24 2, 24'4'0. £ # Business, Cash............ • * * * * * * $5000 oo 8 - - tock of Goods valued at............. . * * * * * * * IOOOO OO Note against W. A. Miller for... . . . . ........ 500 OO *: £ ' #' on 4c., $900 oo Due, Feb. 15, dated Jan. 13, @ 30 days. *-i- 3: "." L','l',' '': “‘‘‘‘‘‘ Total resources :* * * * * * * * * * * '' * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 15500 OO 25 “ Prs. Pantaloons @ $60. . . . . . . . . . . . 1500 Oo Liabilities: Am. owing on note favor S.S. Pack- Total $2400 Oo ard, dated Jan. 1, @ 3 mos.. . . . * * * * * * * * * * * IOOO OO t £:... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * J. E. Soule, # * : * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 750 Oo Received for petty sales. 9* * * * * * • * * * * * * * * * 125 OO B. M. Worthington, on 'c..... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *5° 9° | Bought of H. B. Claflin & Co., on my accept- Total liabilities ........... six 2 | c.''': "## - 2 Paid Cash for Books for Store . . . . . . • * * * * * * * * 25 OO IO “ “ for Stationery. . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * 15 od | Sold Wm. Heron, Jr., for Cash., *-*- 12 doz. Prs. Hose @ $4.................. $48 oo Total......... • * * * * * * * * * * * $40 oo IO . ###### * * * * * * * #: | || 3 Ilk HäI]ClkCI CI11CIS 9. • * * * * * * * CO Sold W. H. Sadler, Baltimore, on Ge. -g 1o doz. Shirts @ $8 . . . . .'..... $8o oo Cash sales Total ....... * * * * * * * * * * * * * # # 8 {{ Linen Hdkfs @ $2 is * g e = * * I6 OO * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *s s is f 12 “ Fancy Ties @ $10. . . . . . . . . I2O OO I I Rec'd from P. R. Spencer, on 6%, Cash... . . . . . $1200 oo * Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $*# * | And his note @ 90 days for bal'...... * * I2OO OO Received for petty sales . . . . . . . . . . ..... 85 oo Cash sales this day . . . . . . * * * * ~ * * * * * * * * * * - 64 oo 3 Sold John S. Woolson, Mt. Pleasant, Iowa, for I2 Cash, 25 suits Boy's Clothing, @ $5....... $125 od | Discounted my note favor S. S. Packard, due 50 Suits Men's Tweed @ $10........ * > * * * * * * * 500 Oo Apr. 4, Discount off, $867......... . . . . . . $1ooo oo — Amount paid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * 99I 33 Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $625 od Cash sales. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 48 oo Cash sales. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * I50 OO I3 • 4. g & Paid J. E. Soule, Cash on Ge....... * * * * * * * * * * * $400 oo Sold H. W. Flickinger on 32, Sold Chas. Claghorn, on his note @ 30 days, Mdse, amounting to.....: ... ,' ' ' '... . . . . . $600 oo 1o doz. Boys' Overcoats @ $60 . . . . . . . . . . 600 oo Discounted Charles Claghorn's note $11oo, 5 “ Men's {{ “ too. . . . . . . . . . . 500 OO at 1st Nat’l. Bank, and received $1087, which I left on deposit. 5 Cash sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II8 Paid B. M. Worthington on 6c Cash.......... $1oo oo 75 And gave my note @ 10 days for bal........ 150 Oo I5 Received for petty sales ............ * * * * * * So oo | Sold H. C. Spencer on Ge., 6 Io boxes #" Hdk'fs, 6o doz., &: 5..... $30o oo Pai 's rent. . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Silk * * * * SIO. . . . . 6oo oo # ' £: • * * * * * * * * * * * * # # Rec'd from H. W. Flickinger, OI) de * @ t e i s is a to o 90o OO – | Cash, $300, # on 4th Nat'l, Bank, Phila: Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $350 OO delphia, Or 2Oo, and sight draft Oil H. E. \ * Sold G. H. Shattuck, New York, on 6c., c£ Boston, for balance . . . . . . . * * * * ": : I5 Suits Diagonal (Men's) # $20 * * * * * * * $300 oo ! --- *-* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * 5 Io “ Tweed (Boys') @ $8.: ... . . . . . . . . Io doz. “Columbia.” Linen Collars @ $1 50. I5 OO INVENTORY. 6 “ Boxes Paper Collars.............. 5 ° Mdse. on hand as per estimate.......... * * * * * * . $5ooooo Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . $400 oo RESULTS.–Net capital at commencing, $15.5oo. AVet gain, Received for petty sales... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\ 125 OG | $587 42. Net capital at closing $14087 32. °—a- * I42 RULES FOR DETECTING ERRORS IN TRIAL BALANCES. Rules for Detecting Errors in Trial Balances. The first rule of a bookkeeper should be to make no error, but as all are fallible a few sug- gestions may not come amiss. 1. If the error is found to be in one figure only it is prob- ably an error of footing or copying. 2. If it involves several figures, it may have arisen from the omission of an entire entry, or the entering of the same twice. 3. If it be divisible by 2, without a remainder, it may have arisen by putting an item to the wrong side of the account, in which case the item would be half of the apparent error. 4. If the error be divisible by 9, without a remainder, it may have arisen from transposition, three cases of which may be easily detected by rules founded upon the peculiar property of the number 9. They are: FIRST. When two figures are made to exchange places with each other, the order in notation remaining the same; i.e., 486 made to read 864 or 684. SEcoRD. When two or more figures are made to change their places in notation, their arrangement in respect to each other remaining the same; i.e., $6825 made to read $68250, or $68.25, or $682.50. THIRD. When two significant figures are made to change position both with respect to themselves and also the orders of notation; i.e., $14 made to read $0.41. To detect the first and second cases of trans- position divide the amount of the error in the trial balance successively by 9, 99,999, 9999, etc., so far as possible without a remainder, rejecting all ciphers at the right of the last sig- nificant figure in the error. The quotients that contain but one digit figure will express the difference between the two digit figures transposed, but which will be adjacent to each other if the divisor con- tained but one 9, separated by one other figure if it contained two 9s, by two other figures; if it contained three 9s, by three other figures and so on. Those quotients which contain two or more figures will express the number itself, which is transposed in notation simply, the arrange- ment of the significant figures remaining the same. In either case, the order of the last significant figure in the error will be the lowest order of the figures transposed. The order of the other figures can be easily seen by refer- ring to the error and applying the principles of notation. r To detect the third case, divide the error in the balance by as many 9s as is possible, so as to give only a single figure in the quotient, and then the remainder in the same way, re- jecting all ciphers at the right of the last sig- nificant figure in both dividends, after which there should be no remainder. The first quotient will be the figure filling both the highest and lowest order in the trans- position; the second quotient will be the other figure. - NoTE.-If the error of the trial balance be not divisible by 9, it cannot be the result of transposition alone. But when ever, the error becomes so reduced as to be divisible by 9, without a remainder, a transposition being then possible, the above tests should be given. Private Ledger. All judicious merchants are aware of the importance of avoiding needless exposure of their affairs. This, in some establishments, is unavoidable where the partners' accounts and the results of the business are all exhibited on the same ledgers. In order to avoid this in- convenience, a ledger with clasp and lock may be kept for accounts that are to be kept pri- vate. The keeping of these accounts in a separate book entails no additional trouble, as they must be dealt with as though they were all in the same book. Some merchants who adopt the plan of keeping a Private Ledger, also make the opening entry of the business upon a PRIVATE JOURNAL. Not E.—We have not deemed it necessary to give an illustration of this ledger, as the mode of keeping it will be apparent to any person who #: the science of accounts. . B00ks as Evidence in Court. To entitle a person's books to be received as evidence in court, the following facts must be proved, viz.: * 1. That he superintends his own accounts. 2. That the books produced are his account books. 3. That some of the articles charged have been delivered. 4. That he keeps fair and honest accounts, and this he must show by those who have dealt and settled with him. NoTE.-If the entries in a book were made by a clerk, and he be dead, on showing that fact and proving his handwriting, and that he was a clerk of the party, such entries would be received as evidence. 2- Selected with great care # the Quarto Dictionaries of Webster and Worcester, Crabb's Synonyms, Graham's English Synonyms, Soule's DICTIONARY OF English SYNONYMS. I43 -z-WWCTIONARY ~ -*--> -- ~~~~ E==T---~~~~ *~~ Eft : Z: } -Qa-> #N{#S}{ $#N(£)\{\}\}(S' *== E: **-* * * - * * f # m #: *~~ * : install." SEEiseases" *Dennisstadi IIII» it "seriennium"nursuer's "a reme reman NEARLY TWENTY THOUSAND SYNONYMOUS OR PARALLEL EXPRESSIONS, nglish Synonyms and Roget's Thesaurus of Words and Phrases." With cross-references to words of opposite or contrary meaning. * *. *AA-AA-A-A-A-A-AA-"A-AA-A-AA-AA-AA-AA-AA-AA-AA-A aaaaaa-...--AL-A-I-L-L-L-I-C-Q-J-Q-J-T.: A. A.A.A.A.A.A.:-------~~~~~~~~~~~~~~aa A.A.A.A.A.-- E. : * * * * ~ * Improved. aptness and variety of diction. * ty How strangely are the opinions of men altered by a change Example. in their condition! * He was an accomplished speaker, accomplished in manners, Nore.—The following abbreviations are used to designate the parts of accomplished in speech, accomplished in debate, and accom- speech:- plished in his choice of words. terjection; n., noun; prep., preposition; ?. p., past participle; v., verb. , * A. ADIDE, v. Sojourn, live, reside, inhabit, dwell. ABSTRUSE. a. Abstract, profound, recondite, { Depart. subtle, occult, hidden. Clear. * ABANDoN, v. 1. Desert, forsake, relinquish, ABILITY, m. 1. Capacity, faculty, endowment, ABsuRD, a. Silly, foolish, nonsensical, stupid, leave, quit, drop. 2. Cede, surrender, yield, calibre. 2. Aptness, aptitude, power, potency. senseless, irrational, ridiculous, preposterous, forego, resign, renounce. Keep. Inability. A'easonable. ABANDoNED, a. 1. Deserted, (etc.) 2. Cor- ABJECT, a. Mean, low, worthless, despicable, ABUNDANCE, n. Richness, copiousness, profu- rupt, depraved, profligate, reprobate, sinful, vile, base, squalid, slavish, menial. Lofty. wicked, vicious, heinous, criminal, vile, odi- ous, detestable, dissolute, shameless, grace- less, lost, claimable. ABAsE, v. Humble, humiliate, disgrace, dis- honor, degrade. Exalt. ABASII, v. Discompose, disconcert, confuse, ) * * * | * * * > . : * * * * * &# *::= $ stroys its beau ty, but de- See the word accomplished with its synonyms, in the dictionary. * | | }. notes a poverty of language. Examples. £A * . L. Improved. * "A N ungraceful repetition of He was an accomplished speaker, polished in manners, the same word several times faultless in speech, skillful in debate, and elegant in his in a sentence not only de- choice of words. A diligent scholar may acquire knowledge, acquire celeb- rity, acquire rewards, acquire prizes, and acquire high honor, though he acquire no money. #2 While it is easy to com- # % mit this error, it is often difficult to call to mind the Improved. precise word best adapted to express A diligent scholar may acquire knowledge, gain celebrity, the particular thought. obtain rewards, win prizes, get high honor, though he earn The dictionary here presented is ”” Example. designed to obviate this difficulty, How strangely are the opinions of men changed by a change and to serve as a practical guide to in their condition! a. Stands for adjective; adv., adverb; conj, conjunction; interji, in- sion, exuberance, overflow. Scarcity. ABoI.ISII, v. 1. Abrogate, repeal, revoke, an- * , * * * * nul, cancel. 2. Overthrow, disestablish. unprincipled, incorrigible, irre- JEstablish. Virtuotts. ABUSE, v. 1. Pervert, misuse. 2. Injure, mal- treat. 3. Vilify, revile, traduce, defame. - Aonor, use. ABOMINABLE, a. Hateful, execrable, damnable, detestable, hellish. Delectable. ABRIDGE, v. Curtail, abbreviate, lessen, reduce, compress, contract. Extend. AccEPT, v. Receive, take, assent to. agree to. Peject. AccEPTABLE, a. Grateful, gratifying, pleasing, confound, snub, shame, mortify. Embolden. * wel come. Unacceptable. ABATE, v. 1. Diminish, lessen, reduce, relax. ABRUPT, a. 1. Broken, rough, rugged, craggy, % * 2. Mitigate, moderate, allay. 3. Suppress, precipitous. 2. Sudden, hasty. Equable. AccIDENTAL, a. Incidental, casual, contingent. remove, terminate. Augment. ABSOLUTE, 4. I. Real, positive, certain. 2. Areconcerted. ABBREv1ATE, v. Curtail, shorten, abridge, con- * Arbitrary, despotic, tyrannical. 3. Inde- Accox (MoDATE, v. 1. Fit, suit, adapt, adjust tract, condense, epitomize. Lengthen. pendent, perfect, unrestricted. Limited. 2. Oblige, serve, assist. Disoblige. AB11or, v. Hate, loathe, detest, abominate. ABSTINENCE, n. Temperance, moderation, so- AccoMPLISH, v. Perform, cffect, execute, . . Like. • berness, forbearance, fast. Intemperance. achieve, consummate. Fail. - 'm-- –" * I44 SYNONYMOUS WORDS. AccoxiPLISHED, a. Ripe, skillful, proficient, polished, refined, polite, elegant, faultless. Azwkward. Account, n. Narrative, relation, rccital, de- tail, explanation, report, history. Falsifica- tion. # AccRUE, v. Come, arise, spring, proceed, re- sult, ensue. -Cause. Accustulate, v. Collect, pile, amass, gather, store, garner, hoard. Scatter. AccuRATE, a. Correct, close, true, strict, nice, just, severe, exact, precise. Inaccurate. Accuse, v. Charge, tax, arraign, inculpate, criminate. Exonerate. AcIIIEvE, v. See Accomplish. ACKNowLEDGE, v. Admit, concede, avow, rec- ognize. Deny. AcquainT, v. Tell, inform, notify, apprise, familiarize, Misinform. AcagIRE, v. 'Obtain, attain, get, gain, procure, secure, win, earn. Lose. AcquiT, v. Clear, absolve, exculpate, exoner- ate. Convict. ACTIVE, a. 1. Brisk, alert, nimble, quick, agile. 2. Busy, energetic, diligent, assiduous. Slug- Ayish. ACTUALLY, adv. Indeed, really, truly, verily, positively. Negatively. AcuTE, a. 1. Pointed, sharp. 2. Poignant, , exquisite, intense. 3. Sagacious, discerning, quick, sharp, keen, shrewd, astute. Dull. . , ADDRESS, n. 1. Speech, harangue, oration. 2. Direction. 3. Skill, cleverness, tact. Stu- pidity. ADHERE, v. Cling, stick, cleave, cohere, Loosen. r ADjACENT, a. Near, bordering, adjoining, con- tiguous. Asunder. ADJUST, v. 1. Arrange, rectify. 2. Settle, rec- oncile. 3. Suit, adapt. Disarrange. ADMIRABLE, a. Fine, cxcellent, rare, match- less, incomparable, perfect. Erecrable. ADMIRATION, n. Iiking, esteem, love. Dis- like. ADMIT, v. Grant, concede, confess. 2. Letin. Deny. ADMoNISII, v. Reprove, apprise, notify, fore- warn. Recommend. ADULATION, n. Flattery, excessive praise. Letraction. AdvancEMENT, n. Preferment, promotion, pro- gression. Retrogression. ADvENTURE, n. 1. Venture, stake, risk, specu- lation. 2. Incident, accident, occurrence, event. * * r ADversity, n. Trouble, misfortune, woe, dis- aster, affliction, calamity, distress, misery. Arosperity. ADvERTISE, v. Announce, declare, proclaim, trumpet, publish. Conceal. ADvice, n. 1. Recommendation, counsel, cau- tion. 2. Word, information, intelligence, tidings. AFFABLE, a. Free, open civil, sociable, easy, gracious, urbane, well-bred, courteous. Un- civil. AFFECTION, n. Kindness, liking, partiality, fondness, endearment, attachment, love. Disaffection. AFFLICT, v. Trouble, distress, plague, perse- cute, harass, torment. Please. AFFRONT, v. Insult, abuse, outrage. Respect. AGENT, n. Representative, factor, substitute, middleman. Principal. AGGREGATE, n. Total, lump, gross amount. Aarf AGILE, a. See Active. AGITATION, m. 1. Emotion, excitement, tremor. 2. Commotion, tumult. 3. Debate, discus- sion. Tranquility. AGREE, v. 1. Concur, unite. 2. Engage, con- tract, stipulate. 3. Assent, acquiesce. Dis- agree. AID, v. Abet, assist, help. Resist. ALARM, n. Apprehension, fright, dismay. Confidence. ALERT, a. See Active. ALIMENT, n. Food, sustenance, nourishment. ALLAY, v. Soften, moderate, lessen, ease, mol- lify, alleviate. Excite. ALLEv1ATE, v. Lighten, mitigate, allay, relieve. Arcile. ALLIANCE, n. 1. League, confederacy. 2. Af- finity. ALLoDIAL, a. Independent, not feudal. Fetulaš. ALLowANCE, n. 1. Stipend, salary, wages, hire, pay. 2. Leave, license. ALLURE, v. Tempt, seduce, entice, decoy. AMAss, v. See Accumulate. AMAToRY, a. Tender, amorous, passionate. AMAzEMENT, n. Surprise, wonder. AMBIGUous, a. Equivocal, dubious. Clear. AMrcABLE, a. Kind, friendly. Hostile. AMPLE, a. 1. Spacious, capacious 2. Plenti- ful, abundant. Insufficient. AMUSE, v. 1. Divert, entertain, beguile. 2. De- lude. AMUs EMENT, n. Pastime, entertainment, di- version, sport, recreation. ANALogY, n. Parity, similarity. Diversity. ANATIIEMA, n. Imprecation, curse. ANCEsroRs, n. Forefathers, progenitors, ANcIENT, a. Old, antique, obsolete. New. ANEcDoTE, n. Story. ANGER, n. Resentment, wrath, ire, indigna- tion, choler, rage, fury. ANGRY, a. Irritated, incensed, passionate, fu- rious, infuriated. ANGUIsir, n. Anxiety, pain, distress, agony. Aappiness. ANIMAL, n. 1. Creature. 2. Beast, brute. ANIMATE, v. 1. Inspire, enliven, cheer, exhila- rate. 2. Incite, impel, urge, stimulate. De- press. ANIMATION, n. Life, vivacity, spirit. Apathy. ANIMoSITY, n. Grudge, enmity, hate, hostility, virulence, malignity. Liking. ANNEx, v. Attach, append, tack, join. Detach. ANNoUNCE, v. Publish, promulgate, advertise. Conceal. ANNox, v. Inconvenience, disturb, molest,’ trouble, bore. ANNUL, v. Rescind, abolish, invalidate. ANswer, n. Response, reply, rejoinder. ANTERIOR, a. Prior, preceding, previous. Posterior. ANTICIPATE, w. Foresee, forestall, prevent. ANTIPATIIY, n. Aversion, repugnance, dislike, hatred. Liking. - ANTIQUE, a. Qld, ancient, antiquated, obsolete. AVezv - ANXIETY, n. Care, solicitude, worry, distress. ANY 3. 1. Any one. 2. Some. ANY, adv. Somewhat. APARTMENT, n. Lodging, room, chamber. APATHY, n. Coldness, dullness, unconcern, torpor. Animation. APE, v. Imitate, counterfeit. APOLOGIZE, v. Excuse, exculpate. APPALL, v. Scarc, shock, terrify. APPAREL, 11. Dress, clothing, raiment, vesture, garments, attire, array, costume, toilet, ward- robe. APPARENT, a. Visible, clear, plain, obvious, evident, manifest. Ambiguous. APPARITION, n. Phantom, illusion, vision, ghost. APPEAR, v. 1. Emerge, come into view. 2. Seem, look. Disappear. APPEARANCE, n. 1. Coming, arrival. 2. Air, look, manner, figure. 3. Semblance." APPEASE, v. Calm, pacify, quiet, still. In- flame. * APPELLATION, n. Name, “itle, description. APPLAUD, v. 1. Cheer. 2. Praise, commend, cry up, extol, magnify APPLICATION, n. 1. Industry, persistency. 2. Applying. APPLY., v. 1. Use, appropriate. 2. Addict, de- vote. Misapply. APPoINr, v. 1. Fix, prescribe, establish. 2. Name, nominate, constitute. APPRAISE, v. Value, estimate, rate. APPRECIATE, v. Estimate, justly esteem, value. APPREIIEND, v. 1. Catch, seize, arrest, capture, detain. 2. Understand, comprehend. 3. Fear, dread. Misunderstand. APPRISE, v. See Admonish. * APPROAcII, v. Approximate, come near. APPROBATION, n. Approval, liking, sanction, consent, concurrence. Disapproval. APPROxIMATE, v. See Approach. • APT, a. Fit, meet, suitable, qualified. 2. Ready, quick, prompt. Inapt. ARBITRARY, a. Irresponsible, imperious, tyran- Il Oi!.S. ARBITRATOR, "...Judge, umpire, referee, arbiter. ARCHIVES, n. Registers, records, chronicles. ARDENT, a. Zealous, fervid, passionate, hot, fiery, burning, intense. Calm. ARDUOUs, a. Difficult, trying, laborious, pain- ful. Easy. * ARGUE, v. 1. Evince, prove. 2. Reason, dis- cuss, debate. ARGUMENT, n. 1. Reason, proof. sion, dispute. ARISE, v. 1. Mount, ascend. 2. Get up. 3. Begin, originate. ARISTocRATIC, a. Haughty, proud, arrogant. Plebeian. ARMs, n. Weapons. ARMY, n. Force, troops, host. ARRAIGN, v. Accuse, charge, denounce. Ac- guit. ARRANGE, v. 1. Distribute, rank, classify. 2. Plan, devise, project, organize. ARRogANCE, n. Haughtiness, lordliness, pride, superciliousness. AHumility. ARTFUL, a. 1. Skillful. 2. Subtle, shrewd, as tute, foxy, crafty, wily. Simple. ARTIFICE, n. Cunning, stratagen, trick, fraud, cheat. 2. Discus- * - SYNONYMOUS WORDS. I45 ARTIST, n. 1. Designer. 2. Painter, sketcher. 3. Sculptor, modeler. ASSAY, n. Trial, test, examination. Association, n. Society, fraternity, guild, lodge, club. ASUNDER, adv. Apart. ATT1c, a. Classic, elegant, pure. Unclassical. AT ric, n. Garret. ATTIrUDE, n. 1. Posture. 2. Phase, situation. AT roRNEY, n. Lawyer, advocate, counselor. ATTRACT, v. Allure, entice, win, fascinate, captivate. Repel. ATTRAcrion, m. Charm, allurement, fascina- tion. Repulsion. AUDACITY, n. 1. Daring, hardihood. 2. Pre- sumption, impudence, insolence. Timidity. AUGMENT, v. Increase, enlarge, magnify. De- £?& Sé'. AUTHENT1c, a. Real, genuine, true. False. AUTIror, n. Writer, composer, maker. AUTHORITY, n. Liberty, permit, order, war- rant. AVARICE, n. Closeness, cupidity, covetousness. Prodigality. Avow, v. Affirm, confess, declare. Deny. Awake, a. Watchful, alive, vigilant. AwarE, a. Apprised, sensible, cognizant. Awe, n. Dread. - AwkwarD, a. 1. Unskillful, unhandy. 2. Stiff, rough, boorish, lubberly. Accomplished. BABBLE, v. Prate, prattle, chatter. BAFFLE, v. Foil, elude, circumvent. BAGGAGE, n. Luggage. BALANCE, v. 1. Equalize. 2. Counterpoise, counteract. 3. Poise. Preponderate. BALL, n, 1. Dance. 2. Globe. Cube. BAND, n. 1. Company, crew, gang. 2. Chain, fetter, shackle. 3. Bandage, fillet. 4. Orches- tra, company of instrumental musicians. In- dividual. BANIsII, v. Exile, exclude. Recall. BANTER, v. Rally, twit, taunt. BARE, a. 1. Unclothed, naked. 2. Mere. Clad. BARGAIN, n. Agreement, contract. BARGAIN, v. 1. Agree, contract. 2. Transfer. BARTER, v. Exchange, commute, truck. BASE, a. See Abject. BASIIFUL, a. Coy, timid, shy, sheepish. BEAR, v. 1. Uphold, sustain. 2. Undergo, tolerate, endure, suffer. 3. Produce, gener- ate, bring forth. BEASTLY, a. Irrational, brutal, sensual, bestial. BEAT, v. 1. Knock, hit, strike, thwack, maul. 2. Defeat, conquer, checkmate. BEAU, n. 1. Admirer, suitor, sweetheart, lover. 2. Coxcomb, fop, exquisite. BEAUTY, n. 1. Comeliness. 2. Grace, sym- metry, elegance. 3. Beautiful woman. Ugliness. BEcoMING, a. 1. Appropriate, seemly, fit, suit- able. 2. Comely, graceful. Unbecoming. BEG, v. Beseech, solicit, entreat, supplicate, crave. Grant. BEGUILP, v. 1. Amuse, divert, entertain, cheer, solace. 2. Delude. BEIIAvior, n. Conduct, bearing, department, demeanor. Misbehavior. BEIIolp, interj. See, observe, look, lo. BELIEVE. v. Suppose, deem, think, credit. Doubt. BELOVED, a. Dear, darling. BELow, prep. Under, beneath, underneath. BENEFACTION, n. Gift, donation, gratuity. BEqJEATH, v. Leave, devise, will. BEREAVE, v. Deprive, strip. BESEEcII, v. See Beg. BESTow, v. Confer, impart, accord, give, grant. Withhold. BETTER, 77. Amcnd, emend, correct, mend, im- prove. BILL, n. I. Reckoning, statement, account. 2. Draft. BLAME, n. Censure, condemnation, reproof, reproach. Praise. BLEMISII, n. Stain, spot, speck, flaw. BLIND, a. 1. Sightless, eyeless. 2, Heedless, ignorant. BLooDY, a. Sanguinary, gory. BOAST, v. Brag, vaunt, glory. BoLDNESS, n, 1. Courage, bravery, valor, dar- ing, hardihood, intrepidity, dauntlessness, fearlessness, heroism. 2. Presumption, ef- frontery, audacity, impudence, insolence. Timidity. BOMBASTIC, a. Inflated, pompous, tumid, sopho- morical, high-sounding, high-flown, grand- iloquent, highfalutin. Concise. BoEDER, n. Margin, verge, brim, brink, rim, edge. BoRE, n. 1. Proser, button-holder. 2. Hole, calibre. BounDLESS, a. Undefined, unlimited, immeas- urable, illimitable, infinite. Limited. BoUNTIFUL, a. Liberal, beneficent, generous, bounteous, munificent. BRAvERY. See Boldness (1). BREEDING, n. 1. Nurture, training. 2. Man- 1162FS. BRIEF, a. Short, concise, succinct. Protracted. BRIGHT, a. Shining, radiant, luminous. Dull. BRILLIANCY, n. Luster, splendor, radiance. BRITTLE, a. Frangible, fragile, frail, crumbling. Tough. BRo1L, n. Quarrel, contention, brawl, fray, affray. BRUTAL, a. Cruel, unfeeling, inhuman, barbar- ous, savage, ferocious. Humane. BUD, v. Sprout, shoot, germinate. BUFFooN, n. Harlequin, clown, fool, idiot. BUILD, v. Raise, construct, erect. Destroy. BULK, n I. Size, magnitude, greatness. 2. Body, gross BURDEN, 71. 1. Cargo, freight 2. Impediment, load, clog. BURIAL, n. Interment, sepulture, entombment. Resurrection. BURST, v. Explode, break open. BUSINESS, *. Calling, employinent, pursuit, vo- cation. BUSTLE, n. Stir, tumult, fuss. BUTT, n. 1. Mark, object, target. 2. Cask. BUxoM, a. Lively, sprightly, cheerful, jocund. Spiritless. BUY., v. Purchase, cheapen, bargain for. C CABAL, n. 1. Clique, junto, set, league. 2. Plot. intrigue, machination, conspiracy. CAJol.E, v. Coax, flatter, wheedle. Sell. CALAMITY, m. Mishap, mischance, misfortune, disaster. CALCULATE, v. Reckon, count, compute, rate, cast, estimate. CALL, v. 1. Cry, exclaim. 2. Invite, bid, sum- II.1QIle CALLING, n. See Business. CALLOUS, a. Hard, insensible, unfeeling, in- different, dead. Sensitive. CALM, a. 1. Composed, collected. 2. Quiet, tranquil, placid serene. Stormy. CANDID, a. Open, honest, sincere. Deceitful. CAPACITY, n. 1. Volume, amplitude. 2. Abili- ty, capability, competency. 3. Faculty, power, talent, caliber. 4. Character, func- tion, office. CAPRICE. m. Whim, freak, fancy, vagary, humor. CAPTIOUS, a. Peevish, petulant, fretful, cross. CAPTIVATE, v. Fascinate, charm, enchant, en- rapture. CAREFUL, a. 1. Heedful, attentive, provident. 2. Watchful, cautious, circumspect. Heed- less. CARESS, n. Kiss, embrace. CAROUSAL, n. Feast, banquet, entertainment, treat. Fast. CASII, n. Coin, specie, money. CASUALTY, n. Chance, mischance, accident, contingency, fortuity. CAUSE, v. Produce, create, occasion. CAVITY, n. Aperture, opening, hollow. CAUTIOUS, a. Prudent, careful, watchful, heed- ful, wary, vigilant. CELEBRATE, w. I. Commemorate, keep, ob- serve, honor, solemnize. 2. Praise, extol, glorify. CENSURE, v. Blame, reprove, chide, scold, be- ratc. Praise. CERTAIN, a. I. Sure, assured, confident. 2. In- fallible, unfailing. 3. Plain, unquestioned, positive, absolute, indubitable. CHANCE, n. 1. Accident, casualty, fortune, fortuity. 2. Hazard, risk, peril, jeopardy Design. CHANGE, v. Alter, vary, turn. CHARACTER, n. Repute, reputation. CHARM, n. Grace, attraction. CIIARM, v. Enchant, fascinate, enrapture, cap- tivate, CHASTITY, m. Modesty, purity, virtu" conti- nence. Incontinence. CIIATTELs, m. pl. Goods, personal property. CHATTER, v. See Babble. CIIEAT, v. Deceive, trick, defraud, swindle. CHEER, v. 1. Applaud. 2. Comfort, console. 3. Gladden, enliven, encourage. Distress. CIIEERFUL, a. Lively, merry, sprightly, gay, joyful. Sad. CIIERISII, v. 1. Nourish, nurse, nurture. 2. Encourage, harbor. CHIEF, n. Leader, commander. Subordinare. CHIEFLY, adv. Principally, mainly, mostly, eminently. CIIILDHooD, n. Minority, infancy. Majority. CHILDISII, a. 1. Young, puerile, infantine. 2. Weak, trifling, silly. Wise. CIIoICE, n. Selection, election, option, prefer- CI1CC. s C11okE, v. 1. Suffocate, strangle, throttle. 2. Stop, block, obstruct. |-- —- I46 C11oose, v. Prefer, pick, select, elect. CIRCULATE, v. Propagate, disseininate, diffuse, spread. CIRCUMSPECT, a. Judicious, discreet, prudent, cautious, wary. Imprudent. CIRCUMSTANCE, n. Incident, accident. CITE, v. 1. Quote, adduce. 2. Summon. Civil, a. 1. Civic, municipal. 2. Urbane, obliging, courteous, polite, refined. Uncivil. Civiliry, n. 1. Courtesy, politeness, suavity. 2. Benefit, favor, kindness. Discourtesy. CivilizATION, m. Culture, cultivation, refine- ment. CLAD, v. p. p. Dressed, clothed, attired. Bare. CLANDESTINE, a. Concealed, hidden, sly, pri- vate. Conspicuous. CLASP, v. Grasp, clutch, gripe. Unclasp. CLEAN, a. Unsoiled, spotless, pure, immacu- late. Impure. Soiled. CLEAR, a. Transparent, bright, limpid. 2. Fair, cloudless, serene. 3. Plain, lucid, per- spicuous. 4. Patent, obvious, visible, evi- dent. Opaque, Ambiguous. CLEAR, v. Acquit, exonerate. Convict. CLEvER, a. 1. Skillful, apt, smart, quick, able. 2. Kind. Stupid. CLIMD, v. Ascend, clamber, scramble. De- scend. CLING, v. Adhere, stick. CLose, v. 1. Shut. 2. End, finish. CLoTIIEs, n. Raiment, dress, attire, garb, cos- tume, habiliments. CLox, v. Surfeit, sate, satiate, glut. CLUMSY, a. See Awkward. CoARsE, a. 1. Gross, vulgar. 2. Rude, un- civil, gruff. Refined. CoAx, v. Flatter, wheedle, cajole. CogINT; a. Forcible, powerful, potent, con- vincing. Weak. CoLD, a. 1. Cool, frigid, wintry. 2. Unfeel- ing, stoical. Warm, Hot. CoLD, n. Catarrh, cough. CoLLECT, v. 1. Gather. 2. amass. Scatter. CollecTION, n. 1. Crowd, gathering. 2. Ac- cumulation, store, aggregation. 3. Contri- Accumulate, bution. CoLoR, n. 1. Shade, tinge, tint, hue. 2. Pig- ment, paint. * CoMBINATIoN, n. 1. Union, conjunction. 2. Allia&e. 3. Mixture. s CoME, v. 1. Approach. 2. Arrive. Go. CoMELY, a. Handsome, pretty, symmetrical. Ugly. CoMForT, v. Solace, cheer, console. Dis- comfort. CoMICAL, a. Droll, funny, humorous, ludi- crous. Serious. CoMMANDING, a. Imperative, authoritative. CoMMENCE, v. Begin, originate. Finish. CoMMEND, v. 1. Intrust, commit. 2. Praise. extol, laud, eulogize. CoMMENT, n. 1. Remark, observation. 2. Notc, cxplanation. CoMMERCIAL, a. Trading, mercantile. CoMMIssion, v. 1. Empower, authorize. 2. Depute, delegate. CoMMoDIoUs, a. Fit, suitable, convenient. Unfit. CoMMoDITIES, n. pl. Wares, goods, merchan- dise, produce. - SYNONYMOUS WORDS. 2. Usual, habitual, 4. Ordinary, CoMMóN, a. 1. General. customary. 3. Trite, stale. low. Exceptional. CoMMUNICATION, n. Conference, conversation, letter. CoMMUNITY, n. 1. Society, public, people. 2. Association, brotherhood. CoMPANIoN, n. 1. Mate, comrade. 2. Partaker, sharer. CoMPANY., n. 1. Assembly, group, gathering. 2. Party. 3. Visitors. 4. Fellowship, so- ciety. 5. Corporation, firm. CoMPAssion, n. Pity, tenderness, clemency. Severity. CoMPATIBLE, a. Consistent, consonant. In- compatible. CoMPEL, v. Force, coerce, drive. CoMPENDIUM, n. Compend, abridgement. CoMPENSATION, n. Reward, recompense, satis- faction. CoMPETENT, a. 1. Able, qualified. 2. Ade- quate, fit. Incompetent. CoMPETITION, n. Rivalry, contest, emulation. Afonopoly. CoMPLAIN, v. Murmur, grumble, lament. CoMPLIMENT, n. Praise, commendation, en- comium. Detraction. CoMPLY, v. Conform, yield, submit. CoxPound, a. Composite, complex. Simple. CoMPounD, v. Mix, combine, intermingle. CoMPREIIEND, v. 1. Comprise, include, em- brace. 2. Grasp, see, understand, perceive. CoMPRISE, v. Include, contain, embody, com- prehend. CoMPULSION, n. Constraint, coercion. CoMPUNCTION, n. Remorse, regret, sorrow, penitence. CoMPUTE, v. Reckon, calculate, estimate, count. CoNCEAL, v. 1. Hide, secrete, cover, screen. 2. Disguise, dissemble. Reveal. CoNCEDE, v. 1. Yield, surrender. 2. Grant, admit. CoNCEIT, n. Vanity, egotism. CoNCERT, n. 1. Concord, harmony. 2. Musical cntertainment. Inharmony. CoNcISE, a. Short, brief, curt, laconic, terse. Verbose. CoNCLUDE, v. 1. Decide, determine. 2. End, finish, terminate. CoNcuR, v. Agree, coincide, join. Disagree. CoNcUssion, n. Clash, shock. CoNDEMN, v. Blame, censure, reprove, disap- prove. Acquit. CoNDUCT, n. 1. Management. 2. Behavior, deportment, demeanor. * CoNFESS, v. 1. Admit, grant, concede. 2. Ac- knowledge, avow. Deny. CoNFIDENCE, n. 1. Faith, trust, belief. 2. As- surance, courage. Distrust. CoNFLICT, n. Contest, struggle, fight, battle. CoNFoUND, v. Amaze, perplex, bewilder, stupefy, dumbfound. CoNFUSION, n. 1. Jumble, disarray, disorder. 2. Tumult, commotion. 3. Shame, abash- nient. CoNGENIAL, a. Suited, adapted, agreeable. Uncongenial. CoNJECTURE, 11. Guess, supposition, surmise. Demonstration. - CoNJUGAL, a. Matrimonial, nuptial, bridal, con- nubial. CoNNoissEUR, n. Critic, judge. CoNNUBIAL, a. See Conjugal. - CoNQUER, v. Overcome, vanquish, subdue, checkmate, master, subject, crush. Fail. CoNSANGUINITY, n. Kindred, relationship. CoNSIDERATION, n. 1. Cause, reason, ground, motive. 2. Attention, deliberation. CoNSISTENT, a. Accordant, compatible. In- consistent. CoNSP1cuous, a. 1. Prominent, eminent. 2. Visible, apparent. Obscure. CoNSTRAIN, v. 1. Compel, coerce, force. 2. Curb, restrain. CoNSTRUCT, v. 1. Fabricate, erect, build, raise. 2. Make, form, frame, institute. Destroy. CoNSUME, v. Devour, expend, waste, destroy. CoNTAGIOUS, a. 1. Catching, infectious. 2. Poisonous, deadly, pestilental. CoNTAMINATE, v. Defile, sully, pollute. CoNTEMPT, n. Scorn, disregard, disdain. Re- Ayard. CoNTEMPTIBLE, a. Mean, base, despicable, abject. Lofty. CoNTENTMENT, n. Ease, satisfaction. Discon- £eft/. CoNTEST, n. See Conflict. CoNTINGENT, a. Uncertain, conditional. CoNTINUAL, a. Endless, unceasing, perpetual, eternal. CoNTRACT, n. Bargain, compact, agreement, stipulation. CoNTRARY, a. 1. Opposite, counter, adverse. 2. Conflicting, repugnant. 3. Perverse, stub- born, obstinate. CoNTRot, v. Direct, regulate, manage, govern. CoNVENIENT, a. Suitable, appropriate, useful. Unfit. CoNVERSATION, n. Talk, dialogue, colloquy. CoNVERTIBLE, a. Interchangeable. Incon- vehtible. CoNVEYANCE, n. 1 Transfer, alienation, deed. 2. Carriage. Convict, v. Condemn, find guilty. Acquit. CoNVINCE, v. Satisfy, persuade. CoNVIVIAL, a. Jovial, jolly, festive. Coot, a. 1. Not warm. 2. Collected, calm, dispassionate. Warm. Copy, v. 1. Transcribe. 2. Imitate. CoRDIAL, a. Sincere, warm, hearty, heartfelt, ardent. Heartless. CorrECT, a. Right, true, accurate, faultless, Incorrect. CoRRESPONDENT, a. Answerable, suitable. CoST, n. Expense, charge, price. Counsel, n. 1. Counselor, attorney, advocate, barrister, lawyer. 2. Opinion, advice, ad- monition, recommendation. CountERFEIT, a. 1. Forged, spurious. 2. Sham, feign, simulate. Genuine. * Couple, n. Pair, brace. CourAGE, n. Bravery, spirit, valor, heroism, fearlessness. Cowardice. CourTESY, n. Civility, urbanity, politeness. Incivility. CovKNANT, n. See Contract. Cove RT, a. Secret, disguised, hidden, con- cealed. Open. CovKroUSNEss, n. Stinginess, avarice, parsi- mony, penuriousness, Liberality. * CowARDIcE, n. Fear, timidity, poltroonery, pusillanimity. Courage. * := * -— SYNONYMOUS WORDS. I47 Cox, a. Shy, bashful, reserved, demure, mod- est. Bold. CRAck, n. 1. Crevice, chink, cranny, opening, breach, fissure. 2. Explosion, report. CRAFTY, a. Shrewd, cunning, artful, astute, subtle, tricky. Ingenuous. CRAvAT, n. Necktie, neckcloth, neckerchief. CRAvE, v. 1. Beg, beseech, solicit, entreat, implore. 2. Desire. CRAZY, a. 1. Insane, mad, lunatic. 2. Rickety, tottering. Sane. CREATE, v. 1. Cause, produce, originate. 2. make, constitute. Destroy. CREDIT, n. 1. Trust, belief, faith, confidence. 2. Esteem, reputableness, regard. 3. Honor, merit. Discredit. CREDITABLE, a. Reputable, honorable. CREDUtous, a. Unsuspecting, superstitious, gullible. CREED, n. Belief, doctrines, dogmas. CRESTFALLEN, a. Discouraged, disheartened, depressed, dejected. - CRISIS, n. 1. Height, acme. 2. Emergency, exigency, strait, pinch. CRITERION, n. Measure, test, standard. CRoAk, v. Murmur, grumble, complain. CRookED, a. 1. Bent, curved, awry, distorted. 2. Dishonest, knavish, unfair, unscrupulous. Straight. CRoss, a. Captious, peevish, petulant, fretful, snappish. * CRUEL, a. Pitiless, unmerciful, inhuman, bar- barous, brutal, savage. Kind. CUBE, n, Die, a regular solid with six equal square sides. Ball. CULTIvATIoN, n. 1. Culture, civilization, re- finement. 2. Tillage. CURE, n. 1. Remedy, restorative, corrective. 2. Healing, restoration. CURIoUs, a. 1. Prying, inquisitive. 2. Rare, unique, queer. CURRENT, a. 1. Present, existing. mon, general, rife. CURSE, n. Imprecation, execration, maledic- 2. Com- tion. CURsorY., a. Superficial, hasty, careless, des- ultory. Thorough. CURTAIL, v. Retrench, reduce, shorten, a- bridge, decrease. CUSToDY, n. Care, keeping, watch, protection. CUSTox, n. 1. Usage, practice, habit. 2. Tax, impost, duty, tribute. CYNICAL, a. Morose, carping, sarcastic, snarl- ing, satirical. : D DAILY, a. Diurnal, quotidian. DAINTY, a. 1. Nice, delicate, savory, delicious. 2. Squeamish, fastidious. 3. Elegant, fine. DALLIANCE, n. Fondling, caressing, endear- ment. DAMAGE, v. Mar, harm, hurt, impair, injure. DAMPNEss, n. Moisture, humidity, damp. DAMSEL, n. Lass, miss, maid, maiden, girl. DANGER, n. Risk, venture, hazard, peril, jeop- ardy. Safety. DARING, a Courage, bravery, valor, intrepid- ity. Cowardice. DARK, a. 1. Cloudy, rayless, murky, shady, un- illuminated. 2. Gloomy, dismal. 3. Wicked, --- foul, atrocious. 4. Obscure, mystical, mys- terious. Light. DATE, m. Time, period, age, era, epoch. DEAD, a. 1. Inanimate, lifeless, breathless, de- funct. 2. Dull, frigid, obtuse, callous. 3. Useless, unprofitable. Live. DEADLY, a. 1. Deleterious, destructive, nox- ious, fatal, mortal. 2. Rancorous, implac- able. DEAR, a. 1. Beloved, darling, precious. 2. Costly, high-priced, expensive. DEBASE, v. See Abase. DEBATE, v. Discuss, canvass, argue, dispute, contest. DEcEITFUL, a. Deceptive, illusive, delusive, fallacious. DECEIVE, v. Delude, over-reach, fool, trick, cheat, gull, dupe. * DEcIDE, v. Determine, conclude. DECLARATION, n. Assertion, averment, avow- al, affirmation, asseveration. DEcoRATE, v. Deck, adorn, ornament, embel- lish, beautify. DEcoRUM, n. Propriety, decency. DEcoy, v. Tempt, allure, entice, inveigle, se- duce. DECREASE, v. Diminish, lessen. Increase. DEcREE, n. Order, mandate, fiat, edict. DEDUCT, v. Separate, subtract, take away. DEFAME, v. Asperse, calumniate, slander, vilify. DEFEAT, v. 1. Beat, conquer, overcome, rout. 2. Balk, disappoint, baffle, foil, frustrate. DEFECT, n. 1. Flaw, blemish, imperfection. 2. Fault, failing. DEFEND, v. 1. Guard, shield, protect. 2. Up- hold, maintain, vindicate. DEFER, v. Adjourn, delay, postpone. DEFERENCE, n. Regard, respect, reverence, homage. DEFINITE, a. Certain, determined, exact, pre- cise. Indefinite. DEFRAUD, v. Cheat, gull, over-reach. DEFY, v. Brave, dare, disregard, despise. DEITY, m. Divinity, Godhead, God. Devil. DEJEcTED, a. Depressed, disheartened, de- spondent. DELAY, v. Linger, stop, procrastinate. Hasten. DELECTABLE, a. Pleasant, agreeable, delight- ful. Abominable. DELEGATE, n. Commissioner, representative, deputy. DELIcious, a. Delicate, palatable, luscious. DELIGIITFUI., a. Charming, enchanting, rav- ishing. s DELINQpENT, n. Offender, wrong-doer, cul- prit, criminal. DELIRIUM, n. Wandering, hallucination, de- rangement. DELUDE, v. See Deceive. DEMAND, v. Require, claim, exact. DEMolisII, v. Destroy, overthrow, level, ruin. DEMoNSTRATE, v. Show, establish, prove. DEMONSTRATION, n. Proof, manifestation. DEMoRALIZE, v. Corrupt, deprave, vitiate. DENOTE, v. Imply, signify, indicate, mark, designate. DENY, v. 1. Contradict, gainsay. 2. Disown, disavow, abjure. 3. Withhold. A vow. DEPART, v. 1. Go, start, leave, set out 2. Vanish, disappear. DEPENDENCE, n. Reliance, trust, confidence. Independence. DEPICT, v. 1. Describe. 2. Delineate, portray, pencil, paint. DEPLORE, v. Lament, mourn, bewail, bemoan. DEPoRTMENT, n. Demeanor, behavior, car- riage, conduct. DEPRECIATE, z. lessen the price of. traduce, malign. DEPRESS, v. 1. Lower, drop, sink. 2. Deject, dispirit, chill. 3. Debase, humiliate. Ele- 7)ate. DERANGE, v. Confuse, displace, unsettle, dis- order. Arrange. DEscEND, v. 1. Fall, drop, sink, go down. 2. Originate. 3. Dismount. Ascend. DESIGN, n. 1. Sketch, outline, plan, draught. 2. Intent, aim, purpose, object, scheme. DESIGNATE, v. 1. Name, call, style, denomi- nate. 2. Denote, indicate, show, specify. 3. Appoint. DESIRE, v. 1. Ask, request. 2. Wish, want, fancy, covet, crave. DESOLATION, n. 1. Gloom, sadness, wretched- ness, misery. 2. Ruin, destruction. DESPAIR, "t. Desperation, despondency, hope- lessness. Aope. DESPICABLE, a. Mean, pitiful, contemptible, abject. DESPoT1c, a. Absolute, arbitrary, imperious, tyrranical. DESTINY, n. 1. Fate, necessity. 2. Lot, doom, fortune, fate. DESTRoy, v. 1. Consume, waste, devour, deso- late. 2. Demolish, overthrow, subvert. 3. Annihilate, extirpate, eradicate, kill Create. DETAcII, v. Separate, sever, disjoin. DETAIN, v. Restrain, confine, delay, retain. DETECT, v. Descry, discover, expose. DETERMINE, v. 1. Settle, end, decide, con- clude. 2. Lead, influence, induce. 3. Ascer- tain, verify. DETRACTION, 71. Censure, slander, calumny, defamation. DEVELOP, v. Unfold, open, evolve, grow. DEv1L, n. 1. Satan, Belial, Lucifer, arch- enemy, the tempter, the adversary, the prince of darkness. 2. Demon. God, Deity. DEvoin, a. Empty, destitute, vacant, void. Attl/. DExTERous, a. Adroit, skillful, handy, apt, clever. Awkward. DrcTION, n. Expression, phraseology, lan- guage, style. DICTIONARY, n. 1. Lexicon, glossary, vocabu- lary. 2. Encyclopaedia. DIE, v. Expire, decease, wither, perish. Live. 1. Underrate, undervalue, 2. Censure, degrade, DIFFERENT, a. 1. Various, manifold, unlike, diverse. 2. Separate, distinct. Similar. DIFFICULT, a. Arduous, hard, herculean. JEasy. . DIGEST, n. Compend, abstract, brief, epitome. DILEMMA, n. Strait, predicament, quandary. DILIGENCE, n. Activity, industry, persever- ance, assiduity. DIMINISH, v. See Decrease. DIRECTION, n. 1. Order. 2. Address, super- scription. 3. Course, bearing. DISAFFECTION, n. Breach, disagreement, dis- satisfaction, estrangement, alienation. – I48 SYNONYMOUS WORDS. DISAGREE, v. 1. Quarrel, wrangle, bicker. 2. Dissent, differ in opinion. 3. Differ, vary. Agree. DISAPPEAR, v. Vanish, pass, fade, dissolve. DISAPPROVAL, n. Disapprobation, dislike, dis- pleasure. * DISARRANGE, v. Unsettle, disorder, derange. DISBELIEF, n. Incredulity, distrust, doubt, skepticism, infidelity. DiscoMFORT, v. Annoy, trouble, molest. Comfort. DisconTENT, n. Uneasiness, inquietude, dis- satisfaction. Contentment. D1scourTESY, n. Incivility, impoliteness, rude- ness. Courtesy. DISCREDIT, n. 1. Distrust. 2. Disrepute, ob- loquy. Credit. DISCUSS, v. Canvass, sift, argue, ventilate, de- bate. DISEASE, n. Ailment, complaint, illness, sick- ness, malady. DISGRACE, v. Degrade, debase, sully, stain, dishonor. DISHONEST, a. Unfair, false, knavish, fraudu- lent. Honest. DISLIKE, n. Aversion, antipathy, repugnance, disgust, hatred. Liking. DISMISS, v. Discharge, discard, turn off. DISOBLIGE, v. Discommode, offend, displease. Oblige. DISPASSIONATE, a. Sober, calm, temperate, composed, unimpassioned, imperturbable. Passionate. DISPLAY, v. 1. Exhibit, show. 2. Unfold, open, spread, DISPLEASE, v. 1. Dissatisfy, offend, disgust. 2. Nettle, anger, irritate, affront. Please. DISREGARD, v. Overlook, slight, neglect. contemn. Regard. DISSEMBLER, n. Feigner, hypocrite. DISSIPATE, v. 1. Lavish, squander, waste. 2. Dispel, scatter. DissoluTE, a. See Abandoned. DISTANT, a. 1. Remote, far. 2. Reserved, coy, shy, cold. Near. DISTRESS. v. 1. Suffering, pain, anguish, agony. 2. Adversity, trouble. 3. Want, indigence, poverty. IDISTRUST, n. Mistrust, suspicion, discredit, disbelief. Trust. DrvERsITY, n. 1. Variation, unlikeness, differ- ence. 2. Variety. DocILE, a. Apt, tractable, teachable. DoDEFUL, a. 1. Melancholy, woful, sad, sor- rowful. 2. Dolorous, gloomy. joyous. DoMESTIC, a. 1. Homely. 2. Tame, domesti- cated. 3. Intestine. DouBT, n. 1. Suspense, irresolution, uncer- tainty, indecision. 2. Suspicion, mistrust. IDRAG, v. Draw, pull, haul, tug. DREAD, n. Fear, awe, apprehension. DREADFUL, a. Awful, frightful, fearful, dire- ful, horrible, terrible. 2. Venerablé. DRoll, a. 1. Odd, queer. 2. Comic, funny, farcical. disturb, DRoop, v. 1. Decline, fail, languish. 2. Fade, * wilt, wither. DULL, a. 1. Stupid, shallow. gish. 3. Blunt, obtuse. 4. Gloomy. sharp. DUMB, a.Mum, silent,taciturn, speechless, mute. 2. Inert, slug- Acute, DU.NcE, n. Ninny, simpleton, fool, blockhead, idiot, witling, ass, goose, dolt, booby, noodle, numskull, nisey, noddy, half-wit, lack-wit, ninny-hammer, a natural, baby, greenhorn, flat, lackbrain, lout, loon, oaf, dullard, dull- head, calf, colt, block, clodpoll, clotpoll, clod- hopper, lubber, thick skull, dunderhead, ad- dlehead, nincompoop, shallow-brain, jolt, jolthead, jobbernowl, changeling, moon- calf, dotard, driveller, thick-head, dunder- pate, spooney, sawney, jackass, wise-acre, ignoramus, sap-head, chuckle-head, non- compos, silly-fellow, innocent, bull-head, beetle-head, coot, stupid-fellow. Sage. E EAGER, a. 1. Zealous, ardent, impetuous. 2. Impatient, longing, yearning. EARN, v. Gain, obtain, get, acquire, win. 2. Merit, deserve. Squander. EASY, a. Light, not difficult. 2. Quiet, com- fortable. 3. Unconstrained. Difficult. EccENTRIC, a. Odd, peculiar, erratic, anoma- lous, aberrant. Equable. ECSTAcY, n. 1. Delight, rapture, transport. 2. Enthusiàsm. EDUCATE, v. Nurture, train, discipline, in- struct, school, teach. EFFACE, v. Cancel, blot, erase, expunge, obliter- ate. EFFECTIVE, a. 1. Active, effectual. 2. Suffi- cient, cogent, energetic, forcible, potent. In- effectual. EFFECTUAL, a. See Effective. EGoISTICAL, a. Conceited, self-important, self- ish. EGoTISTICAL, a. See Egoistical. • ELEVATE, v. 1. Exalt, promotc. 2. Raise, lift. 3. Improve, refine, ennoble. 4. Ani- mate, cheer, clate. Depress. EMBARRASS, v. 1. Disconcert, confuse, con- found. 2. Distress, hamper, clog. 3. Per- plex. EMBolDEN, v. Inspirit, reassure, animate, en- courage. Abash. EMERGENCY, n. Strait, difficulty, exigency, necessity, crisis. EMINENT, a. Exalted, remarkable, prominent, conspicuous, distinguished. Obscure. EMorroN, n. Feeling, excitement, agitation, passion. EMPLOYMENT, n. Engagement, occupation, pursuit, avocation, business. EN.coURAGE, v. 1. Abet, help, favor, support, further. 2. See Embolden. * ENDLEss, a. 1. Unlimited, boundless, illimit- able, infinite. 2. Eternal, everlasting. Limited. Ephemeral. ENERGETIC, a. Active, forcible, strong, vigor- ous, powerful. Feeble. FNERVATE, v. Weaken, enfeeble, break, de- bilitate, paralyze. Nerve. ENGAGEMENT, n. 1. Employment. 2. En- counter, battle. 3. Promise, pledge, assur- ance, contract. ENGRoss, v. Occupy, absorb, engage, monop- olize, forestall. ENHANCE, v. 1. Raise, heighten, swell, ad- vance. 2. Augment, increase. ENJoyMENT, n. Gratification, delight, pleas- ure, happiness. Sorrow. ENLARGE, v. Expand, magnify, amplify, aug- ment, increase. Abridge, diminish. ENMITY, n. Animosity, aversion, hostility, hatred, malevolence. Love. ENNOBLE. v. See Elevate. ENNUI, n. Listlessness, irksomeness, tedium, languor, lassitude. ENTERPRISE, n. 1. Attempt, undertaking, en- deavor, venture. 2. Energy. ENTERTAIN, v. Divert, amuse, please. ENTHUSIASM, n. 1. Ecstacy. 2. Earnestness, devotion, zeal, ardor. ENTica, v. Allure, coax, decoy, tempt, in- veigle, seduce. ENTREAT, v. Petition, ask, beseech, implore, pray, supplicate. ENUMERATE, v. Number, count, reckon, nu- merate. EPIREMERAL, a. Flitting, transient, transitory, fugacious, short-lived. Endless. EPICURE, n. Sensualist, voluptuary, sybarite, free-liver. Stoic. • EPITIIET, n. Name, designation, appellation, adjective. EquaBLE, a. Even, regular, steady, equal, uni- form. Eccentric. * EquESTRIAN, n. 1. Rider, horseman. 2. Chevalier, chasseur, knight, cavalier. EquTTABLE, a. 1. Fair, reasonable, justifiable, right. 2. Just, honest, impartial. Inequi- table. EqJIvocate, v. Shuffle, dodge, quibble, pre- varicate. ERRoR, n. 1. Oversight, mistake, blunder. 2. Transgression, fault, offense, sin. ERUDITION, n. Learning, knowledge, lore, sci- ence, scholarship. Agnorance. EscIIEw, v. Avoid, shun, flee from. Seek. ESPoUSE, v. 1. Marry, wed. 2. Betroth. ESTABLISH, v. 1. Organize, found, institute, fix, plant, settle. 2. Prove. 3. Confirm, rat. ify. Overthrow. ESTEEM, n. 1. Honor, respect, reverence. 2. Valuation, opinion. ETERNAL, a. See Endless. EvAston, n. Quibble, shift, subterfuge, equiv- ocation, tergiversation. EvKNING, n. Dusk, twilight, cve, even, night- fall. Morning. EveRT, n. 1. Occurrence, incident, accident. 2. Conclusion, result, consequence. EVER, a. 1. Evermore, always, aye, forever, perpetually, eternally. 2. At any time. Never. EVIDENT, a. Apparent, obvious, clear, palpa- ble, manifest. ExALT, v. 1. Glorify, bless, praise, extol, magnify. 2. Raise, erect, elevate. 3. Dignify, ennoble. ExASPERATE, v. Irritate, vex, offend, provoke, incense, anger, enrage. Soothe. ExCEL, v. Surpass, beat, outdo, exceed. ExCELLENT, a. 1. Choice, prime, sterling, matchless, superior. 2. Good, virtuous, worthy. Bad. ExcERPT, n. Citation, extract, quotation. ExculPATE, v. Excuse, justify, pardon, clear, exonerate. Convict. ExcuRSION, n. Ramble, jaunt, trip, tour, jour- ney. Excuse, n. 1. Plea, justification, apology. 2. Guise, color, pretext, pretense. ExEcuTE, v. See Accomplish. ExEGESIS, n. 1. Exegetics. 2. Explanation, exposition, interpretation. ExERCISE, v. 1. Practice, pursue. 2. Drill, train, discipline. 3. Exert, use, apply. ExIIALE, v. Breathe, evaporate, emit. Inhale. ExIIILERATE, v. Animate, gladden, elate, cheer, inspirit. Depress. ExIGENCY, n. See Emergency. ExonERATE, v. Vindicate, justify, clear, ac- quit, exculpate. Convict. ExPEcTATION, n. 1. Prospect, anticipation. 2. Confidence, hope, trust, reliance. ExPEDITE, v. Quicken, hurry, hasten, acceler- ate, speed. Delay. ExPENSE, n. Outlay, cost, charge, expendi- ture. ExPERIENCE, n. 1. Knowledge, wisdom. 2. Practice, trial. Inexperience. ExPERIMENT, n. Proof, test, trial, examina- tion, assay. ExPLAIN, v. Expound, illustrate, unfold, inter- pret, elucidate. Expound, v. See Explain. ExPRESSION, n. 1. Phrase, term. ance, declaration. pect. ExTEND, v. 1. Expand, augment, dilate, en- large. 2. Protract, prolong. 3. Yield, offer. Abridge, shorten. ExTRAoRDINARY, a. Uncommon, signal, rare, unusual, remarkable. Ordinary. ExTRAvAGANT, a. 1. Wasteful, lavish, pro- fuse, prodigal. 2. Wild, absurd. 3. Unrea- sonable, inordinate, preposterous. ExTRICATE, v. Relieve, clear, disentangle. ExUBERANT, a. Full, copious, liberal, lavish. EYE, n. 1. Vigilance, observation. 2. Organ of sight. 3. Eyelet, perforation. F 2. Utter- 3. Look, appearance, as- FABLE, n. 1. Tale, novel, romance, myth. 2. Falsehood, fiction, fabrication, lie. FAcETIoUs, a. Sportive, waggish, jocose, jocular. Serious. FAIL, v. 1. Miss, miscarry. 2. Omit, neglect. 3. Decay, wane, decline. 4. Break. Accom- £lish. FAITIIFUL, a. 1. Constant, loyal, true. 2. Re- liable, truthful. 3. Close, strict. Faithless. FAITIILEss, a. Perfidious, treacherous, false. Faithful. * FALSE, a. 1. Untrue. 2. Deceptive, fallacious. 3. Spurious, counterfeit. 4. Incorrect. See J'aithless. FALSIFICATION, m. Misrepresentation, forgery, counterfeiting. FAMILY, n. 1. Clan, race, lineage, tribe. 2. Household. 3. Order. FAscINATE, v. Charm, catch, captivate, be- witch, enamour. FAST, n. 1. Abstinence, fasting. 2. Time of fasting. Feast. FATE, n. 1. Fatality, destiny. 2. Lot, doom. FEAST, n. 1. Festival, holiday. 2. Entertain- ment, banquet, carousal. Fast. FEEELE, a. 1. Weak, weakly. 2. Languid, sickly, frail, debilitated. Strong, energetic. FEELING, n. 1. Affection, sensibility, emotion. 2. Sensation, touch. *=~! SYNONYMOUS WORDS. FEMININE, a. 1. Delicate, soft, womanly. 2. Effeminate. Masculine. FERvo.R., n. 1. Eagerness, ardor, zeal. 2. Warmth. FESTIvaL, n. See Feast. FEUDAL, a. Feodal, military (tenure.) Allo- dial. FICKLE, a. Changeable, unstable, variable, capricious, volatile, inconstant. Faithful. FINAL, a. 1. Conclusive, decisive. 2. Ultimatc, las F# a. 1. Nice, refined. 2. Little, small, minute. 3. Excellent. 4. Handsome, beau- tiful, elegant 5. Delicate, capillary. 6. Light. FINISII, v. 1. Conclude, end, terminate. 2. Perform, accomplish, complete. 3. Perfect. FIRMNESS, n. 1. Strength, stability. 2. Solidity, hardness. 3. Steadfastness. Weakness. FLAG, 7t. Standard, colors, ensign, banner. FLASHY, a. Gay, airy, jaunty, showy, tawdry, ostentatious, flaunting. Sombre. FLATTERY, n. 1. Adulation, fawning, servility, sycophancy, obsequiousness, 2. Compliment. FLAvo R. ft. 1. Taste, smack, savor. 2. Smell, odor, fragrance. FLAW, n. 1. Fracture, crack. 2. Speck, spot, fault, imperfection, defect, blemish. FLIMSY, a. 1. Thin, slight. 2. Trivial, feeble, weak, frivolous, shallow. FLUCTUATE, v. 1. Waver, vacillate. late. FLUENCY, n. Flow, glibness, volubility. FoNDNESS, n. 1. Liking, partiality. 2. Warm love, tenderness. FooD, n. Victuals, viands, fare, subsistence, aliment, nutriment. Fool, n. See Dunce. For PISH, a. Dandified, coxcombical, dandyish. ForcIBLE, a. 1. Vigorous. 2. Strong, potent, cogent, powerful. 3. Violent. Feeble. For EGo, v. Resign, yield, surrender, relin- quish, abandon. * For ESIGHT. m. 1. Prudence, precaution, antic- ipation, forecast. 2. Prescience. FoRETIIoUGIIT, n. See. Foresight. ForgivK, v. Excuse, absolve, pardon, acquit. ForMIDABLE, a. Dreadful, tremendous, terri- ble, shocking. FoRSAKE, v. Abandon, quit, desert, renounce, forswear. - FoRSwFAR, v. 1. Renounce, forsake, desert. 2. Recant, abjure. ForTITUDE, n. Resolution, firmness, endur- 3.11CC. 2. Oscil- ..ForTUNE, n. 1. Chance, luck,fortuity. 2. Prop- erty, estate. 3. Riches, wealth. 4. Destiny, lot, fate, doom. - FRAGILE, a. 1. Weak, feeble, frail. 2. Frangi- ble, frail. Strong. FRAGRANCE, n. Aroma, perfume, balminess, incense. Stench. FRAIL, a. See Fragile. Strong. FRANK, a. Open, sincere, artless, candid. Art- ful. * FRAUD, n. Cheat, covin, collusion, guile, de- ceit, FREAK, n. Fancy, humor, crotchet, vagary, whim, caprice. * FREE, a. 1. Unrestrained. 2. Unobstructed. 3. Gratuitous, willing. 4. Frank, sincere, artless. 5. Generous, liberal. ' | —t I49 FRER, v. 1. Clear, rid. 2. Release, liberate, emancipate. FREEZE, v. 1. Congeal. 2. Chill, benumb. A/elf. FRETFUL, a. Captious, waspish, splenetic, snap- pish, petulant. Equable. FRIvolous, a. See Flimsy. Seriotts. FRUGALITY, m. Carefulness, economy, thrift. FRUITFUL, a. 1. Fecund, prolific. 2. Produc- tive. 3. Plentecus. Fruitless. FRUITLEss, a. 1. Barren, sterile, unproductive. 2. Futile, useless. Fruitful. FRUSTRATE, v. Balk, baffle, defeat, foll, disap- point. FULLY, adv. Wholly, entirely, completely. Partly. FURNITURE, n. 1. Effects, goods, moveables, chattels. 2. Apparatus. 3. Decorations, or- naments. FUTILE. a. 1. Useless, fruitless, vain, idle. 2. Frivolous, trifling. Fruitful, tuseful. C GAGE, n. 1. Challenge. pledge. GAIN, m. Advantage, bencfit, profit, emolument. Loss. GAIN, v. Get, secure, win, earn, achieve, ob- tain, procure. Lose. GANG, n. Band, party, set, company, coterfe. GARB, n. Dress, habit, attire, apparel. GARBLE, v. Falsify, misquote, mutilate. GARRULITY, n. Babble, talkativeness, loquac- ity. Taciturnity. GATIIERING, n. 1. Meeting, company, assein- bly, concourse. 2. Earning, acquisition. 3. Abscess. GAUDY., a. Sec Flashy. Sombre. GAwKY, a. See Awkward. Polished. GENERoUs, a. 1. Liberal, bountiful, munificent. 2. Noble. Stingy. GENTLE, a. 1. Bland, lenient, kind, mild, hu- mane. 2. Docile, tame, quiet, tractable. Rough. GENUINE, a. 1. True, authentic, unalloyed. 2. Unaffected, sincere. False. GIDDINESS, n. Dizziness, vertigo. GIDDY, a. 1. Dizzy. 2. Fickle, unstable. 3. Flighty, careless, heedless. GIFT, n. 1. Endowment, talent, faculty, genius. 2. Present, donation, offering, gratuity, con- tribution, subscription, douceur. GIGANTIC, a. Huge, vast, colossal. * GINGERLY, adv. Daintily, carefully, cautiously, fastidiously. GIRDLE, 21. Band, cincture, belt, cestus. GLAD, a. 1. Pleased, gratified, rejoiced. 2. Cheerful, joyous. 3. Gratifying. Sad. GLooMY, a. 1. Dull, obscure, dismal, dusky, lowering. 2. Depressed, dejected, glum, sad. Go, v. 1. Move, advance, proceed. 2. Depart. 3. Extend. 4. Fare. 5. Tend, contribute. Go, interf. Avaunt, begone. GoD, n. Lord, Creator, Almighty, Omnipo- tence, Omniscience, Providence, Deity, Je- hovah. Devil. Goon-NATURE, n. Kindness, amiability, benev- olence, benignity. Rudeness. * Goods, n. pl. 1. Wares, merchandise. 2. Chattels, furniture, moveables. 2. Pawn, security, * -- ač . I 50 GRANDEUR, n. 1. Greatness, sublimity. 2. Dignity, state, magnificence, majesty. Hu- *nilily. GRANT, v. 1. Concede, admit. 2. Give, be- stow, vouchsafe. 3 Transfer, convey. GRATEFUL, a. 1, Obliged, beholden, thankful. 2. Palatable, cordial, delicious, refreshing. 3. Pleasant, agreeable, delightful. Ungrate- ful. GRATIFY, v. Indulge, humor, delight, satisfy, please. GREAT, a. 1. Bulky, big. large, huge, vast. 2. Noted, distinguished, eminent, cxalted, illus- trious. 3. Noble, magnanimous. 4. Numer ous. Small. GREEDY, a, Gluttonous, rapacious, insatiate, ravenous, voracious. GR1EF, n. Distress, sorrow, regret, affliction, tribulation, woe, anguish. joy. GRUFF, a. Blunt, harsh, rough, rude, churlish. J’olife. GRUMBLE, v. Croak, murmur, complain, growl. GUARD, v. Protect, watch, shelter, shield, de- fend. GUIDANCE, a. Careful, watchful, cautious, wary. Unguarded. GUARDED, n. Lead, conduct, direction, govern- ment. GUILE, n. Artifice, duplicity, deceit, subtlety, cunning, craft, fraud. GUILTLESS, a. Innocent, blameless, spotless, pure, immaculate. Guilty. GUILTY., a, Culpable, sinful, criminal. Guilt- less. GYRATE, v. Whirl, rotate, revolve. * H HAIL, v. Greet, welcome, salute. HALE, a. Sound, strong, healthy, hardy, hearty, robust. Feeble. HANDsoME, a. 1. Comely, fair, pretty, beauti- ful. 2. Ample, plentiful. 3. Generous, mag- nanimous, noble. Ugly. HAPPINESS, n. Enjoyment, bliss, beatitude, felicity. Sorrow. * HARASS, v. 1. Worry, vex, plague, tease, trouble, distress. 2. Fag, exhaust, jade. HARD, a. 1. Compact, solid, impenetrable. 2. Knotty, difficult. 3. Arduous, laborious. 4. Unfavorable. 5. Callous, cruel. Soft. HASTEN, v. Accelerate, dispatch, speed, quicken, expedite. Hinder, delay. HATE, v. Detest, abominate, loathe, abhor. JLove. “.. HATE, n. Enmity, antipathy, hostility, detesta- tion, hatred. Love. HAUGHTY, a. I.ofty, proud, supercilious, arro. gant. Modest. HEADSTRoNG, a. Unruly, dogged, stubborn, obstinate. HEAL, v. 1. Remedy, cure, restore. 2. Settle, reconcile. HEALTHY, a. Well, sound, hale, vigorous. Sickly. HEARKEN, v. Attend, listen, hear. HEARTY, a. See Hale. HEART-BRoKEN, a. Desolate, wretched, dis- consolate, inconsolable. HEARTLESS, a. Unkind, cruel, cold, pitiless. Cordial, kind. * SYNONYMOUS WORDS. HEAvENLY, a. 1. Angelic, divine, godlike. 2. Celestial. Mundane. HEED LEss, a. Careless, thoughtless, inatten- tive, negligent. HEIGIITEN, v. 1. Raise, elevate, exalt. 2. In- crease. cnhance. 3. Intensify. Lower, de- & Pea Sé. HELL, n. Hades, purgatory, Gehenna. HELPFUL, a. Useful, beneficent, convenient. PHelpless. HELPLEss, a. Weak, feeble, infirm, powerless, impotent, imbecile. Strong, helpful. HERculEAN, a. See Strong, difficult. HERo1c, a. 1. Bold, valiant, brave, coura- geous, noble, dauntless. 2. Epic. Cowardice. HESITATION, n. Doubt, suspense, uncertainty, vacillation. HIDEous, a. Dreadful, frightful, horrible, ap- palling, ghastly. Beautiful. HIGHwAYMAN, n. Robber, bandit, brigand, road-agent, marauder. IHINDER, v. Stop, impede, retard, check, thwart. Hastent. HINT, n. Allusion, suggestion, intimation, in- sinuation. HoLIDAY, n. Festival,anniversary, celebration. Holy, a. 1. Good, pious, religious, devout, pure, saintly, godly. 2. Hallowed, sacred. JBad. HoME, n. Abode, domicile, residence, dwell- 1I]{# e. I'..., a. 1. Plain, coarse, uncomely 2. Domestic, homelike. 3. Ugly. Beautiful, *andsome. HoNEST, a. 1. Equitable, right, proper, honor- able. 2. True, faithful, just, upright, trust- worthy. 3. Candid, sincere. Inequitable. HoNor, n. 1. Credit, csteem. 2. Respect, homage. 3. Distinction, dignity. 4. Integrity, nobility, probity. HoNor, v. Dignify, exalt. 2. Observe, cele- brate. 3. Respect, reverence, venerate. Abase. HoPE, v. Believe, trust, desire, expect. HosTILE, a. 1. Adverse, opposite, contrary, repugnant. 2. Unfriendly. HosTILITY, m. See Hate. Hor, a. 1. Fiery. 2. Pungent, biting, acrid. 3. Glowing, ardent, fervid. 4. Passionate, irascible, impetuous. Cold, cool. HUE, n. Tint, tinge, shade, color. HUGE, a. See Gigantic. HUMANE, a. Kind, charitable, benevolent, gentle, tender. Cruel. HUMILITY. m. Modesty, meekness, lowliness, humbleness. Grandeur. HUMoRoUs, a. Funny, witty, jocular, jocose, facetious. Serious. HURRY, v. See Hasten. HURRY, n. 1. Haste, dispatch, promptitude, celerity. 2. Bustle, flutter, precipitation. JHinder, delay. HYPocRISY, n. 1. Deceit, dissimulation, impost- urc. 2. Cant, pharisaisin, sanctimoniousness. HYPocRITE, n. 1. Cheat, pretender, impostor, disscnbler. 2. Pharisee, canter. HYPoTHESIS, n. Theory, supposition. IDEA, n. 1. Conception, notion. 2. Thought. 3. Opinion. IDEAL, a. Fancied, unreal, shadowy, imaginary. Real. IDLENESS, n. Inactivity, inertness, laziness, sloth. Labor. IGNORANCE, n. Darkness, blindness, nescience, illiteracy. Knowledge. ILL-BRED, a. Uncourtly, uncouth, unpolished, impolite, rude. Polite. ILLUSTRIOUS, a. 1. Bright, glorious. 2. Fa mous, celebrated, cminent, renowned. IMMODERATE, a. Unreasonable, extravagant, inordinate, excessive. Moderate. IMPERIOUS, a. See Despotic. IMPETUOUS, a. Hasty, precipitate, passionate, violent, vehement, furious. Calm. IMPORTANCE, n. Moment, weight, concern, significance, consequence. IMPRESSION, n. 1. Stamp, impress. 2. Idea, notion. 3. Effect, sensation, influence. IMPROVE, v. 1. Mend. 2. Progress. 3. Rise, MI}CI'ê31SC. IMPRUDENT, a. Incautious, indiscreet, injudi- cious, careless, rash. Cautious. IMPURE, a. 1. Unclean, dirty, foul, filthy. 2. Coarse, gross, immodest, indecent, obscene, vulgar, lewd. Pure. INABILITY, n. 1. Incompetency, incapacity, in- efficiency, impotence. 2. Disability, disquali- fication. Ability. INAccURATE, a. Inexact, incorrect, erroneous. Accurate. . f INAPT, a. Unfit, unsuitable, inappropriate, in- apposite. INCAPAcITY, n. See Inability. INcoMPATIBLE, a. Unadapted, incongruous, inconsistent, unsuitable. ar INCOMPETENT, a. 1. Unable, incapable. 2. Disqualified, incapacitated, unfit. 3. Insuf- ficient. INconsistENT, a. 1. Contrary. 2. See Incom. patible. INCONTINENCE, 7t. Unchastity, wantonness, lechery, lewdness, lasciviousness. Chastity. INCONVERTIBLE, a. Unchangeable, unalter- able, not convertible. INcoRRECT, a. 1. Faulty. 2. Inaccurate, inex- act, erroneous, false, untrue. Correct. INDEFINITE, a. Undefined, indistinct, unset- tled, doubtful, uncertain, loose. Definite. INDEPENDENCE, n. Liberty, freedom, self-di- rection. INDIVIDUAL, n. ...Being person, character. Band. * INEFFECTUAL, a. 1. Feeble, weak, powerless. 2. Inoperative, unavailing, useless, abortive. Effectual. INEQUITABLE, a. Unfair, unjust, dishonorable. Equitable. * INEXPERIENCE, n. Ignorance, greenness, raw- ness. Experience. INGENUOUS, a. Honest, frank, candid, artless, guileless. Crafty. * INHARMONY, \m. Discord, harshness, disso. nance, discordance. Concert. INNOCENT, a. I. Harmless, innocuous, 2. Clean, guiltless, spotless, immaculate. Guilty. INSANITY, n. See Lunacy. INSPIRE, v. 1. Inhale. 2. Infuse, instil. 3. Cheer, animate, inspirit. * .* G- '- * -a–9 SYNONYMCUS WORDS. 151 INSTRUCTION, n. 1. Direction, mandate. 2. Discipline, teaching, training, education. 3. Counsel, precept. INSULT, n. Affront, indignity, offense, outrage. INTEGRITY, n. 1. Honesty, honor, rectitude, probity, virtue. 2. Completeness, entirety. INTELLECT, n. Mind, sense, brains, reason, un- derstanding. INTEMPERANCE, n. Excess, dissipation. Tem- £erance. INTENSE, a. 1. Extreme, excessive. 2. Severe, close, strained. 3. Ardent, earnest. INTERCEDE, v. Mediate, plead, arbitrate, inter- pose. INTERMISSION, n. Pause, rest, suspension, stop, interruption. INTERMIT, v. Subside, abate, cease. , INTERPosE, v. 1. Remark. 2. Mediate, arbi- trate, intercede. INTERPRET, v. 1. Construe, render. 2. Define, explain, elucidate, decipher. INTERRogATE, v. Ask, examine, question, catcchise. INTERVAL, n. Season, term, space, spell, period. INTERVENING, a. Interjacent, intermediate, in- terposed. . . INTIMIDATE, v. Daunt, frighten, alarm, scare, terrify. • INToxication, n. Drunkenness, inebriety, in- ebriation. Temperance, sobriety. INTREPID, a. Brave, daring, valorous, bold, dauntless. INTRINSIC, a. 1. True, genuine, essential. 2. Inherent, inborn, native. INTRoDUCToRY, a. Preliminary, prefatory. INTRUDE, v. 1. Obtrude. 2. Trespass, in- fringe, encroach. * INTRUST, v. Consign, deliver, commit, confide. INVADE, v. 1. Assault, attack, assail. 2. In- fringe. INVALID, a. 1. Weak. 2. Null, void. Valid. INVALID, n. Valetudinarian, sick person. INVEcTIVE, n. 1. Abuse, contumely. 2. Satire, sarcasm, lampoon. INVENT, v. 1. Devise. 2. Fabricate. 3. Imag- ine, originate, concoct. INVEST, v. 1. Put at interest. 2. Array, clothe, dress. INVESTIGATION, n. Scrutiny, examination, in- quisition, inquiry. INVIGoRATE, v. Animate, fortify, strengthen. Weaken. INVINCIBLE, a. 2. Unconquerable. 2. Insur mountable, insuperable. INVITE, v. 1. Bid, summon, ask, request, 2. Attract, entice, allure. INvolve, v. 1. Include, embrace. 2. Entangle, implicate. 3. Intwine, interweave. IRKsoME, a. Weary, tiresome, tedious, weari- SOInC. - IRoNY, n. Banter, mockery, raillery, ridicule. IRRATIONAL, a. 1. Brutish. 2. Unwise, silly, unreasonable, absurd. Rational. IRREFRAGABLE, a. Undeniable, irrefutable, indubitable, incontestable. IRRITATE, v. Fret, nettle, incense, provoke, exasperate. Soothe. IRRUPTION, n. Inroad, foray, raid, incursion. ISSUE, n. 1. Offspring, children, progeny. 2. Conclusion, outcome, upshot, result. 3. Out- • let, exit. *=--_ -- ITINERANT, a. Wandering, nomadic, roving, traveling. J JADE, v. Fatigue, weary, tire, fag, exhaust. JEALOUSY, n. Suspicion, apprehensive, regard. JEST, n. Quip, crank, joke, sally, witticism. JocoSE, a. Droll, witty, comical, sportive, facetious. Serious. Jocund, a. Joyful, blithe, jolly, gay, buxom. JoIN, v. 1. Combine, unite, couple. 2. Annex, add, attach. Separate. JokE, n. See jest. Jolt ITY, n. Merriment, gayety, fun, frolic, hilarity. JoURNEY, n. Excursion, trip, expedition, travel, tour. Joy, n. 1. Happiness, bliss. 2. Delight, glad- ness, glee, ecstacy, transport. Sorrow. Joyous, a. Glad, happy, gleeful, joyful, jolly. Sad. JUDGMENT, n. 1. Opinion, decision, estimate. 2. Sense, discernment, sagacity, wisdom JUST, a. 1. Exact, correct, true. 2. Merited, deserved. 3. Equitable. 4. Honest, fair, upright. JUSTICE, n. 1. Right, fairness, equity. 2. Judge. JUSTIFY, v. Warrant, defend, exculpate, vindi- cate. JUSTNESS, fl. 1. Fairness, right, equity. 2. Ac- * curacy, propriety. JUVENILE, a. Childish, puerile, young, youth- ful. K. KEEN, a. 1. Shrewd, sagacious, astute. 2. Earn- est, zealous. 3. Severe, poignant, caustic. 4. Sharp. Dull. KEEP, v. 1. Retain. 2. Fulfill, observe. 3. Support, maintain. 4. Preserve, continue. 5. Celebrate. KIND, a. Good, clement, humane, gentle, sym- pathetic, tender, affectionate. Cruel, unkind. KINGLY, a. Royal, august, imperial, regal. KNowLEDGE, n. 1. Learning, lore, scholarship, erudition. 2. Notice. 3. Perception, judg- ment. Ignorance. L LABor, n. 1. Toil, work, effort, drudgery. 2. Childbirth, parturition. Idleness. LAck, n. Need, deficiency, scarcity, insuffi- ciency. Plenty. LAMENT, v. Mourn, grieve, weep. Rejoice. LANCINATE, v. Sever, mangle, tear, lacerate. I.AND, n. Soil, ground, earth, real property. LANDscAPE, n. Prospect, view, rural scene. LANGUAGE, n. Speech, expression, vernacular, dialect, tongue. LANGUISH, v. 1. Faint, wither, fade, droop. 2. Look, tender. s LARCENY, n. Theft, pilfering, thievery, steal- 11192. LARGE, a. 1. Bulky, big, great. 2. Broad, ex- tensive. 3. Full, abundant. Small. LAscIvroUS, a. Loose, unchaste, lustful, lewd, lecherous. LAST, a. 1. Latest. 2. Ultimate, final. 3. Hindmost. 4. Extreme. LAST, adv. The last time. LAST, v. Remain, continue, endure. LATENT, a. Secret, unseen, veiled, concealed. Aalent. LAUG11, n. Laughter, cachinnation, roar, guf- faw. LAUGIIABLE, a. Droll, ridiculous, farcical, tomical. LAVIS11, a. Extravagant, wasteful, profuse. LAviSH, v. Dissipate, waste, squander. LAW, n. 1. Rule, regulation, statute, enact- ment, ordinance. 2. Formula. 3. Code. 4. Jurisprudence. LAwFUL, a. Legal, legitimate, constitutional. Unlawful. LAwYER, n. Attorney, counselor, advocate, counsel. LAZY, a. Idle, dronish, sluggish, inactive, slothful. Active, nimble. LEAD, n. Direction, guidance, leadership. LEAGUE, n. Combination, alliance, confeder- acy, union. s LEAN, v. 1. Incline. 2. Bear, recline, rest. 3. Tend. LEAVE, n. Allowance, permission, license, liberty. LECTURE, n. Lesson, discourse, prelection. LEGAcY, n. Gift, bequest, devise. LEGAL, a. See Lazyul. Unlawful. LEGIBLE, a. Fair, readable, plain. LEISURE, n. Spare time. LENGTHEN, z. 1. Extend, protract, prolong, continue. 2. Stretch, elongate. Shorten. LENIENCY, n. Tenderness, mercy, mildness, clemency. LETTER, n. 1. Note, epistle. 2. Alphabetical character. LEvITY, n. Frivolity, giddiness, flightiness. LIBERALITY, n. 1. Bounty, generosity, benefi- cence, charity. 2. Toleration, candor. LIBERATE, v. Discharge, emancipate, release. LIE, n. Fib, untruth, falsehood. LIE, v. 1. Falsify. 2. Couch, recline. 3. Rest, *CII]:ll I'le • LIFE, n. 1. Vitality. 2. Existence. 3. Memoir, biography. LIGHT, n. 1. Daylight, sunrise. 2. Illumina- tion. 3. Instruction. 4. Window. LigiiT, a. 1. Buoyant. 2. Easy. 3. Porous. 4. Unburdened. 5. Trifling, small. 6. Flimsy. 7. Airy, gay. LIKE, a. Resembling, same, similar. Dislike. LIKE, v. Choose, prefer, list, elect. LIKING, n. Choice, preference, partiality. LIMITED, a. Confined, bounded, restrained, de- fined, restricted, circumscribed. Unlimited. LINEAGE, n. Race, house, family, ancestry, line, lineage. * LINK, v. Conjoin, tie, bind, connect, unite. LIQUIDATION, n. Adjustment, discharge, set- tlement, payment. LITTLE, a. 1. Small, diminutive, minute, tiny. 2. Scanty, inconsiderable. 3. Narrow, pal- try, contemptible. Moole, large. I.IVE, a. Existing, alive, living. Dead. LIVE, v. 1. Exist. 2. Enaure, continue. 3. Abide, dwell, reside. 4. Subsist. Die. LiveLY, a. 1. Agile, quick, nimble. 2. . Sprightly, blithe, joyous. 3. Vigorous, pi- quant, strong. 4. Vivid. LoATIisoME, a. Offensive, disgusting, appall- ing, revolting. - £ S—*- -—” I 52 SYNONYMOUS WORDS. LoFTY, a. 1. High. 2. Dignified, sublime. 3. MELANcircy.Y., n. Depression, gloom, sadness, NIGGARDLY, a. Mean, mercenary, stingy, Haughty, proud, arrogant. A/umble, modest. dejection, despondency. joy. miserly, illiberal, avaricious. LONELY, a. 1. Companionless, lone, solitary. MEMoRY, n. 1. Remembrance, recollection. 2. NIMBLE, a. . Quick, agile, alert, sprightly. 2. Secluded, lonesome, isolated. T{eputation, renown, fame. Slow, lazy. LoosRN, v. 1. Relax. 2. Loose, release. MENTAL, a. Ideal, rational, intellectual, meta Non LE, a. 1. Dignified, worthy, superior, cx- LorDLY, a. 1. Dignified, majestic, lofty. 2. physical. Physical. * alted. 2. Grand, magnificent. Proud, haughty. MERCY, n. Mildness, compassion, clemency, No1SE, n. Sound, din, clatter, uproar, clamor. LoSE, v. 1. Let slip. 2. Miss. 3. Forfeit. 4. lenity. NOMINATE, v. Name, propose, designate. Waste, squander. Gain, earn. MERITorroUs, a, Good, worthy, deserving, NoTE, n. 1. Minute, memorandum. 2. Com- Loss, n. 1. Deprivation, privation. 2. Forfeit- excellent. ment, remark. 3. Celebrity, renown. 4. ure, 3. Waste. 4. Damage, detriment, de- MERRY, a. Gay, gleeful, mirthful, joyful, hila- Bill, promissory note. struction. rious. NoTE, v. 1. Record. 2. Notice, observe, heed. LovE, v. 1. Like. 2. Have a passionate affec- MIGHTY, a. 1, Able, strong, puissant. 2. Ef. 3. Denote, designate. tion for, be enamorcd of. Aate. fective, forcible. 3. Immense, vast, stupen- NoTED, a. See Illustrious. LovE, n. 1. Affection. 2. Attachment. 3. dous. NoTIoN, n. See Idea. Fondness, liking. MIND, n. 1. Reason, intellect, understanding. NoroRIOUs, a. 1. Conspicuous. 2. Open, ob- Low, a. 1. Depressed. 2. Mean, abject. 3. 2. Inclination, desire. 3. Thought, opinion. vious, well-known. Cheap. 4. Dishonorable, disreputable. 5. MINoRITY, n. 1. Nonage, infancy, pupilage, NovEL, a. See AVezv. Grave, not sharp. 6. Feeble, reduced. childhood. 2. Smaller number. Majority. NovEL, n. Tale, story, romance, fiction. LOYAL, a. Faithful, true. MISADVENTURE, n. Misfortune, mishap, re- NoxIOUS, a. Harmful, hurtful, deleterious, LUCID, a. 1. Clear, transparent, pellucid. 2. verse, mischance. Adventure. baleful, deadly. Distinct, plain. 3. Bright, shining. Am- MISCIIIEF, n. 1. Trouble. 2. Detriment, harm, NUMBER, n. 1. Numeral, figure, digit, 2. biguous, opaqtte. hurt, evil, injury. Many, multitude. LUCK, n. Chance, hap, fortune, fate. MISERABLE, a. 1. Distressed, unhappy, afflict- NUPTIALs, n. Wedding, marriage, bridal es- LUNACY, n. Derangement, madness, insanity, ed, forlorn. 2. Abject, mean. 3. Valueless. pousals. craziness. * MoDERATE, a. 1. Mild, judicious, reasonable. NURTURE, n. Discipline, training, breeding, LUXURIATE, v. 1. Revel, wanton. 2. Flourish. 2. Frugal, 'sparing. Immoderate. schooling, education. MoDERN, a. Late, new, novel, recent. Old, NUTRIMENT, n. Food, di-2, provision, suste- IMI ancient. nance, nutrition, nourishment. MoDEST, a. 1. Humble, unpretending. 2. Moder NUTRIrious, a. Sustaining, nourishing, whole- MACERATION. m. Soaking, softening, steeping. ate. 3. Chaste, pure. Bold, lofty. some, strengthening. A/oxious. MACIIINATION, m. Plot, stratagem, intrigue, MoRALITY, tr. 1. Goodness, virtue. 2. Ethics, conspiracy. morals. O MAD, a. 1. Crazy, delirious, insane. 2. En- || MoRBID, a. Unsound, sickly, unhealthy, viti- raged, frantic, violent. 'ated. Sound. OBDURATE, a. Obstinate, stubborn, hardened, MAGIC, n. Enchantment, sorcery, necromancy. MoRNING, n. 1. Daybreak, dawn. 2. Eore- callous, unfeeling. MAGNANIMoUS, a. See AVoble, lofty. Mean, noon. Evening. OBJECT, n. 1. End, purpose, aim, design. 2. base, lozv. * MoRTAL, a. 1. Destruction, deadly, fatal. 2. Mark. MAGNIFIcENCE, n. Grandeur, splendor, eclat. Human. OBLIGE, 7”. 1. Please, favor, accommodate, MAIN, a. Principal, leading, chief. Subordi. MoRTAL, n. Man, human. serve. 2. Obligate. 3. Compel, coerce. 7tafé. MUNDANE, a. World, worldly, earthly terres- Disoblige. MAJORITY, n. 1. Manhood, full age. 2. Greater trial. Heavenly. OBLIVIoN, n. 1. Forgetfulness, 2. Amnesty. number. Minority. MURMUR, n. 1. Whisper. 2. Mutter. 3. Com- Obscur. E., a. 1. Dark, dim. 2. Vague, indis- MALEFACTOR, n. Culprit, criminal, felon, out- plaint, whimper. tinct. 3. Humble, uriknown. law, convict. MUse, v. Think, contemplate, reflect, ponder, OBSCURE, v. Cloud, darken, shade, eclipse. MALICE, n. Spite, rancor, hate, venom, malig. meditate, brood. OBSEQUIES, n. Funeral rites, exequies. nity. Music. m. 1. Harmony, symphony, melody. 2. Onsol.ETE, a. Disused, antiquated, neglected. MAMMOTH, a. See Large. Science of harmonics. Inharmony. OBVIOUS, a. Plain, clear, manifest, visible, MANLY, a. Manful, brave, stout, strong, bold, MUTUAL, a. Interchanged, reciprocal, correla- patent. noble, heroic. tive. OccupATION, n. 1. Calling, business, pursuit, MANIFEST, a. Clear, apparent, patent, obvious, MYSTIFY, v. Puzzle, perplex, baffle, bewilder, profession. 2. Use, possession. plain, glaring. * pose. OFFICE, n. 1. Charge, trust, duty, service. 2. MANNERS, n. Breeding, behavior, deportment, Situation, berth, station. habits, morals. N OFFSPRING, n. Children, issue, descendants, MARRY, v. Espouse, wed, take for husband or posterity. * wife, - NAKED, a. 1. Nude, bare, undressed. 2. De. OLDER, a. Elder, more old. MASK, v. Disguise, screen, shroud, veil, hide, fenseless, unprotected. 3. Sheer, simple. OPAQUE, a. 1. Dark, obscure. 2. Not trans- cloak. Clad. parent, impervious to light. MATCHILESS, a. Excellent, inimitable, unri. NATURAL, a. 1. Regular, normal. 2. Native, OPEN, a. 1. Unclosed, extended. 2. Clear, valed, peerless, incomparable. original, characteristic. 3. Of nature. Un- public. 3. Fair, candid, honest, unreserved. MATRIMONY, n. Wedlock, marriage, nuptial natural. 4. Liberal. 5. Unsettled. * State, NEAR, a. I. Close, nigh, adjacent. 2. Famil- OPINION, n. 1. Notion, view, judgment, belief. | MEAN, v. 1. Purpose, intend, design. 2. De. iar, allied, intimate. 3. Impending, immi- 2. Estimate. : note, imply, signify. nent. Far. ORATION, n. Address, speech, discourse, ha- . MEAN, a. 1. Average, middle, medium. 2. NERvE, v. Brace, fortify, strengthen, invigor- rangue. Miserly, stingy. 3. Base, servile, grovelling. atc. Weaken. ORDINARY, a. 1. Usual, common, habitual. 4. Poor, petty, wretched. NEVER, adv. Not ever. Ever. 2. Homely, plain, ugly. 3. Inferior, vulgar. MEEK, a. Modest, humble, mild, gentle, sub- NEw, a. 1. Fresh, novel. 2. Modern, recent. ORIGIN, n. 1. Cause, occasion. 2. Spring, be- missive. Bold. Old, ancient. ginning, source. MEEKNESS, n. Modesty, humility, gentleness, NICE, a. 1. Precise, cxact, critical. 2. Subtle, OSTENTATION, n. Show, display, flourish, mildness, submissiveness. fine. 3. Delicate, dainty, delicious. pomposity. * G-w- --> < * S–- -—9 - SYNONYMOUS WORDS. * I 53 OccASION, n. Occurrence, opportunity, neces- sity. OccasionAL, a Casual, irregular, incidental. OccupATION, n. 1. Calling, business, pursuit, profession. 2. Use, possession. Occupy, v. Hold, possess, use. Vacate. OccuRRENCE, n. Adventure, incident, con- tingency. ODoR, n. Scent, perfume, fragrance. OFFEND, v. Despise, displease, vex. Please. OFFENSE, n. Crime, indignity, injury, insult, misdeed, transgression, trespass, outrage. OFFENSIvE, a. Abusive, impertinent, injurious, insulting, insolent, obnoxious, opprobrious, rude, scurrilous. OFFERING, n. 1. Oblation, presentation, gift. 2. Sacrifice. OFFICE, n. 1. Charge, trust, duty, service. 2. Situation, berth, station. OFFICIoUs, a. Active, busy, forward, intrusive, obtrusive. Inofficious. OFFSPRING, n. Children, issue, descendents, posterity. OLDER, a. Elder, more old. ONLY, adv. Alone, barely, merely, simply, singly, solely. * OPAQUE, a. 1. Dark, obscure. 2. Not trans- parent, impervious to light. OPEN, a. 1. Unclosed, extended. 2. Clear, public. 3. Fair, candid, honest, unreserved. 4. Liberal. 5. Unsettled. OPENING, m. Aperture, cavity, hole, fissure. Solid. OPERATION, n. Action, agency, surgical act, process. OPINION, n. 1. Notion, view, judgment, belief. 2. Estimate. OPINIoNATED, a. Conceited, egotistical, obsti- natc. Modest. OPPoNENT, a. Adversary, antagonist, enemy, foe. Friend. OPPositE, a. Adverse, contrary, inimical, re- pugnant. Alike. OPPRon Rious, a. Abusive, insulting, insolent, offensive, scurrilous. Eulogy. OPPRomr1UM, n. Disgrace, ignominy, infamy. Eminent. OPTION, n. Choice, election. ORATION, n. Address, speech, discourse, ha- rangue. ORDAIN, v. Appoint, order, prescribe, invest. ORDER, n. 1. Class, degree, fraternity, method, rank, series, succession. 2. Command, in- junction, mandate, precept. Disorder. ORDERLY, a. 1. Methodical, systematic, regu. lar, quiet. 2. m. A soldier. Irregular. ORDINARY, a. 1. Usual, common, habitual. 2. Homely, plain, ugly. 3. Inferior, vulgar. Extraordinary. ORIGIN, n. 1. Cause, occasion. 2. Spring, be- ginning, source. ORIGINAL, a. First, primary, primitive, pristine. ORNAMENT, n. Adorn, embellish, beautify, deck, decorate. ORNATE, a. Adorned, bedecked, decorated, em- bellished, garnished. Unadorned. OSTENSIBLE, a. Colorable, feasible, professed, plausible, specious, apparent, declared, mani- fest. OSTENTATION, m. pomposity. Show, display, flourish, "--— *=__ G-e- OUTLIvE, v. Survive. OUTRAGE, v. Abuse, maltreat, offend, shock, insult. OUTRAGE, n. Affront, offense, abuse, indignity insult OUTwARD, a. Extraneous, exterior, external, extrinsic, outer. OvAL, a. Egg-shaped, elliptical. OvERBEARING, a. Haughty, arrogant, lordly, imperious, domineering, dictatorial. OVERCOME, v. Conquer, subdue, surmount, vanquish. OvKRFLow, v. 1. Flow, deluge, inundate. 2. Overrun, overspread. * OvERSIGIIT, n. 1. Blunder, inistake, error, in- advertency. 2. Management, supervision, control. OvERTIIRow, v. 1. Defeat, overcome, conquer, vanquish. 2. Upset, overturn, subvert. 3. Ruin, demolish. OvERwireLM, v. 1. Overflow. 2. Defeat, con- quer, vanquish, subdue. - Own ER, n. Holder, possessor, proprietor. P PACIFY, v. 1. Appease, conciliate. 2. Calm, still, compose, tranquilize, quiet, quell. Ex- cite, PAIN, n. 1. Ache, distress, suffering, pang, anguish, agony. 2. Penalty. 3. Uneasi- ness, sorrow, grief, woe. Pleasure. PAINT, v. 1. Depict, delineate, portray, pen- cil, sketch. 2. Color. 3. Represent. PAIR, n. Brace, couple. Single. PALE, a. 1. Colorless, wan, whitish, ashy, pallid. 2. Dim, somber. Florid. PALLIATE, v. Cover, extenuate, gloss, varnish. PALFALLE, a. I Obvious, evident, manifest, plain, glaring. 2. Tangible. PALPITATE, v. Pulsate, throb, flutter, go pit- a-pat. PALTRY, a. Little, small, unimportant, petty, miserable, trivial. 2. Abject, base, mean, pitiful, contemptible. PANEGYRIC, n. Encomium, praise, eulogy. Condemn. PANG, n. See Pain. PARASITE, n. Flatterer, sycophant, a hanger- OI). PARDON, m. Grace, forgiveness, remission, ab- solution, mercy, amnesty PARENTAGE, n. Birth, lineage, pedigree, stock. PARon Y, n. Buriesque, travesty, caricature. PARSIMONIoUS, a. Close, mean, stingy, miser- ly, penurious, covetous, sordid. PARTIAL, a. 1. Incomplete, imperfect. 2. Unfair, warped, biased, prejudiced, unjust. Complete. PART, n. 1. Piece, portion, fraction. 2. Ele- ment, ingredient. 3. Lot. 4. Charge, func- tion. PARTICLE, n. Grain, jot, tittle, iota, bit, atom, molecule. PARTICULAR, a. Appropriate, circumstantial, distinct, exact, exclusive, nice, peculiar, punc- tual, specific. PARTICULARLY, ad. Chiefly, distinctly, espe- cially, specifically, principally. PARTISAN, 7t. Supporter, adherent, follower, disciple, champion, votary. PARTLY, adv. In part. PARTNER, n. 1. Colleague, associate, sharer, participator, partaker. 2. Member of a firm. PASSION, n. 1. Ardor, emotion, fervor, zeal, 2. Love, affection, fondness, attachment, devotion. Hate. 3. Anger, wrath, fury. 4. Pathos. PASSIvE, a. Calm, patient, resigned, submis- sive, unresistive. Rebellious. PATENT, a. Open, plain, apparent, obvious. Latent. PATIIETIC, a. Touching, affecting, moving, tender, melting, plaintive. PATIENCE, n. Resignation, endurance, forti- tude, sufferance. PATIENT, a. An invalid, composed, calm, en- during, passive. Fretful. PATRICIAN, n. Nobleman. Plebeian. PATRONIZE, v. Aid, favor, support, help, be- friend. PAUSE, v. 1. Stop, cease, desist, delay, rest, stay. 2. Waver, hesitate. PAY, n. Compensation, wages, salary, hire. PEACEABLE, a. Calm, gentle, pacific, mild, quiet, serene, tranquil, undisturbed. Dis- , turbed. PEACEFUL, a. 1. Still, quiet, undisturbed, calm, placid, tranquil, serene. 2. Mild, friendly. PECULIAR, a. Particular, singular, special, characteristic, rare, exceptional. PEEvisit, a. Captious, cross, fretful, irritable, petulant. Patient. PENALTY, n. Chastisement, fine, forfeiture, mulct, punishment. PENETRATING, a. Discerning, intelligent, sa- gacious, acute, kcen, shrewd. PENITENCE, n. Compunction, remorse, contri- tion, repentance. Obdurate. PENNILEss, a. Poor, destitute, needy, indigent, reduced, pinched, distressed. PENURIoUS, a. Beggarly, miserly, niggardly, parsimonious, sparing. Generous. PENURIoUs, a. See Parsimonious. PENURY, n. Indigence, need, poverty, want. Affluence. PERCEIVE, v. 1. Notice, see, discover, dis- cern. 2. Feel. 3. Understand, know. PERCEPTION, m. Conception, sensation, idea, notion, sentiment. PEREMPTORY, a. Absolute, arbitrary, despotic, dogmatical, positive. PERFECT, a. 1. Finished, complete, elaborate, 2. Blameless, pure, holy. PERFIDIoUs, a. Faithless, treacherous. Faith- ful. PERFORATE, v. Bore, pierce, penetrate. PERForM, v. Accomplish, achieve, effect, exe- cute, fulfill, produce. PERFUME, n. Aroma, fragrance, balminess, incense. PERIL, n. Venture, risk, danger, hazard, jeop- ardy. PERIOD, n. Circuit, date, age, epoch, era. PERJURE, v. Foresworn, suborn. PERMANENT, a. Fixed, abiding, lasting, stable, enduring, steadfast, immutable. PERMIT, v. Allow, suffer, consent, admit, tol. erate, yield. Refuse. PERNICIOUS, a. Destructive, hurtful, mischiev- ous, noisome, noxious. Healthful. reward, requital, I 54 * SYNONYMOUS WORDS. PERPETUAL, a. Continuous, constant, inces- sant, unceasing, uninterruptedly. Transient. PERPLEX, v. 1. Puzzle, cmbarrass, bewilder, confound. 2. Involve, entangle, complicate. PERSEVERE, v. Continue, insist, persist, pros- ccute, pursue, ; Unstable. PERSI"IcUITY, n. Transparency, translucency. Obscure. PERSUADE, v. 1. Convince. 2. Influence, in- duce, lead, incite, impel. PERTINENT, a. Apposite, appropriate. Im- clearness, proper. PERVERSE. Cross, crooked, froward, stub- born, untractable. 2 ielding. PESTILENTIAL, a. Contagious, epidemical, in- fectious, mischievous. PETITION, n. Application, appeal, prayer, suit, entreaty, supplication. PICTURE, 21. Effigy, image, likeness, represen- tation. ProUS, a. Religious, devout, holy, saintly, godly. s PIQUE, n. Offense, resentment, umbrage, grudge. PIQUE, v. 1. Urge, spur, incite, instigate. 2. Displease, offend, irritate, nettle, exasperate. PITILESS, a. Unmerciful, relentless, ruthless, cruel, unfeeling, inexorable. PITY, n. Sympathy, compassion, fellow-feeling. PLACE, n. 1. Ground, post, position, seat, site, situation, space. 2. Dispose, lay, order, put, Set. PLACID, a. See Peaceful. PLAGUE, v. Tease, vex, trouble, fret, bother. PLEASANT, a. 1. Agreeable, pleasing, delight. ful. 2. Witty, sportive, amusing. 3. Cheer- ful, lively, vivacious. • PLEASE, v. Delight, gratify, humor, satisfy. Displease. PLEAsURE, n. 1. Comfort, enjoyment, gratifica- tion, joy. 2. Luxury, voluptuousness. 3. Choice, will, preference. Pain. PLEBEIAN, a. Mean, base, vulgar, ignoble. Aatrician. PLEDGE, n. Deposit, earnest, hostage, security, pawn. PLENTIFUL, a. Abundant, ample, copious, exu- berant, plenteous. Scarcity. s PLIABLE, a. 1. Limber, flexible, supple, lithe. 2. Compliant, tractable. PLIANT, a. Bending, flexible, pliable, lithe, limber, supple, yielding. Stiff. PLIGIIT, v. Case, condition, predicament, situ- ation, state. PLor, v. Scheme, concoct, project, devise, brew, hatch. PLuck, n. Resolution, courage, spirit, mettle, nerve, fortitude. PolisII, a. 1. Refined, accomplished, polite, cultivated, elegant, 2. Burnished. 3. Attic, classic. Polite, a. Refined, accomplished, genteel, courteous, courtly, polished, urbane. PolitiFNEss, n. Affability, civility, courteous- ness, courtesy, good manners. Impoliteness. Politic, a. Artful, civil, cunning, prudent. Impolitic. PolluTE, v. Contaminate, corrupt, defile, in- fect, taint, vitiate. Purify. PoMP, n. Display, parade, show, pageantry, state, ostentation. g- PoMPous, a. Dignified, lofty, magisterial, mag- nificent, stately, showy, ostentatious. Mod- es!. PoNDER, v. Consider, muse, reflect, think. Portion, v. Division, dower, fortune, part, quantity, share. Position, n. Place, post, situation, station. Positive, a. Certain, confident, dogmatical, real. POSSESS, v. Have, hold, occupy. PosTERIOR, a. 1. Hind, hinder, rear, back. 2. Following, succeeding, subsequent, en- suing. PostPonE, v. Adjourn, defer, delay, procras- tinate. PostURE, n. Action, attitude, gesture, position. PoTENT, a. Strong, influential, cogent, power- ful, mighty, puissant. Weak. Poverty, n. Indigence, need, penury, want. Wealth. Powerful, a. Mighty, influential, potent, strong, vigorous. . Weak. PRAcr1cABLE, a. Feasible, possible, practical. Impracticable. PRACTICE, 21. Unusual. PRAISE, n. 1. Worship, homage. 2. Ap- proval, commendation, laudation, applause, encomium. 3. Eulogy, panegyric. Blame. Custom, habit, manner, use" PRAISE, v. 1. Exalt, glorify. 2. Approve, applaud, commend. 3. Eulogize, extol. Censure. PRAYER, n. Entreaty, petition, suit, request, supplication. PRECARIoUs, a. Doubtful, equivocal, dubious, uncertain. Certain. s PREcEDENCE, n. Pre-eminence, preference, priority. PRECEDENT, n. 1. Example. 2. Former, an- tecedent. PRECEDING, v. Antecedent, anterior, fore- going, former, previous, prior. PRECEPT, n. Doctrine, law, rule, injunction, mandate, maxim, principle. PRECIoUs, a. Costly, uncommon, valuable. Common. PREc1sR, a. 1. Accurate, correct, exact, 2. Nice. 3. Stiff, strict. Not exact. PRECLUDE, v. Hinder, obviate, prevent. Assist. PREconceRTED, a. Premeditated, predeter. mined, considered beforehand. PREcuRsor, n. Forerunner, harbinger, mes- senger. PREDICAMENT, n. 1. Condition, plight, situa- tion. 2. Class, state. PREDICT, v. Foretell, prophesy, prognosticate. PREDoMINATE, a. Overruling, supreme, prev- alent, prevailing. | PREFACE, n. Introduction, prelude, proem. PREFER, v. Advance, choose, forward, en- courage, promote. 2. To offer, to present. PREFERENCE, n. Choice, precedence, priority. PREFERMENT, n. Advancement, preference, promotion. t PREJUDICE, n. 1. Bias, detriment, disadvant- age, hurt, injury. 2. Prepossession. PRELIMINARY, a. 1. Antecedent, introductory, preparatory, previous. 2. A first step. PREPARE, v. Equip, make ready, fit, qualify. PREPONDERATE, v. 1. Outweigh, overbalance. 2. Prevail. PREPOSTEROUS, a. Absurd, irrational, foolish. Atational. PRERogATIvE, n. Privilege, immunity. Right. PRESCRIBE, v. Appoint, dictate, ordain. PRESERVE, v. Keep, protect, save, spare, de- fend. Destroy. PRESSING, a. Crowding, squeezing, forcing, urgent, importunate, emergent. PRESUME, v. 1. Dare, venture. 2. Crnjecture, suppose, surmise, think, believe. PRESUMING, v. Arrogant, presumptive, for- ward, presumptuous. Modest. PRETEND, v. Affect, simulate, feign, sham, counterfeit. PRETEXT, n. Excuse, pretense, pretension. PRETTY, a. Neat, fair, comely, elegant, beau- tiful, handsome. PREVAILING, a. Dominant, overcoming, prev- alent, ruling, succeeding. Uncommon. PREvENT, v. Anticipate, hinder, impede, ob- struct, obviate, preclude. Assist. PREvious, a. Anterior, introductory, prelimi- nary, prior. Present. PRICE, n. Charge, cost, expense, value, worth. PRICELESS, a. Inestimable, invaluable. PRIDE, n. Arrogance, conceit, haughtiness, loftiness, self-esteem, ostentation, vanity. Afeek. PRIMARY, a. First, original, primitive, pris- tine. PRINCIPAL, a. Capital, chief, essential, head, important, main. PRINCIPLE, n. Constituent part, element, doc- trine, motive, tenet, fundamental truth. PRINT, n. Impression, mark, stamp. PRIoR, a. Antecedent, anterior, preceding, former, previous. After. PRIoRITY, m. 1. Precedence, preference. 2. Pre-eminence. PRISTINE, a. First, original, primitive. Mod- ***!, PRIvAcY, n. Loneliness, retirement, seclusion, secrecy, solitude. PRIVILEGE, v. Advantage, exemption, immu- nity, perogative, right. * PRoHABILITY, n. Chance, likelihood. Un- likelihood. PRon1TY, n. Honesty, integrity, uprightness, veracity. Deceitful. PRob LEM, n. Question, puzzle, enigma, riddle. PRocEED, v. 1. Advance, progress. 2. Emi- nate, issue, 3. Arise. PRocKEDING, n. 1. Course, progression, 2. Transaction. PRocLAIM, v. Advertise, announce, declare, promulgate, publish, tell. PRocLIv1TY, n. Inclination, tendency, prone- In CSS, PRocuRE, v. Acquire, gain, obtain. PRODIGAL, a. Extravagant, wasteful, lav- ish, profuse. Provident. PRodigAL, n. A spendthrift. PRoD1GALITY, n. Profusion, lavishness, waste- fulness, extravagance, squandering. PRopIGIOUS, a. Amazing, astonishing, enor- mous, monstrous, vast. Small. PROFANE, a. Impious, irreligious, irreverent, secular. Religious, pious. PROFESSION, n. Avocation, business, calling vocation, employment. SYNONYMOUS WORDS. – I 55 Proficiency, 11. Advancement, progress, im- provement. Deficient. PRoPIT, n. Advantage, benefit, emolument, gain. Loss. PROFLIGATE, a. See Abandoned. PROFUSE, a. Extravagant, lavish, prodigal. Scarcity. PRogENY, n. Issue, offspring, race. PRocREss, n. Advancement, gradation, mo- tion, proficiency. Retrogression. PRojecT, n. Design, plan, scheme. PROLIF1c, a. Fertile, fruitful, productive. Aarren. PRoL1x, a. Diffuse, long, tedious. PRoLoNG, v. Delay, extend, postpone, pro- crastinate, protract, retard. Shorten. PROMINENT. a. Conspicuous, protuberant, eminent, projecting. PROM1scuous, a. Mingled, “indiscriminate, common, confused. Select. PROMise, n. Word, assurance, engagement, pledge. PROMOTE, v. Advance, encourage, forward, prefer. Discourage. PROMP r, a. 1. Early, punctual, timely. 2. Apt, ready, quick. * PRONoUNCE, v. Affirm, articulate, declare, speak, utter. PRoof, n. 1. Argument. 2. Demonstration, evidence, testimony. PRorAGATE, v. Circulate, diffuse, dissemi- nate, increase, multiply. PRopeNSITY, n. Inclination, proneness, bias, tendency. PRopER, a. 1. Fitting, appropriate, suitable, becoming, seemly, right. 2. Particular, specific, not common. PRoPITIATE, v. Appease, reconcile, atone, conciliate. Provoke. PRoPITIoUs, a. 1. Auspicious, favorable. 2. Kind, merciful. Unfavorable. PRoPortION, n. Form, rate, relation, ratio, size, symmetry. PRopoRTIoNATE, a. Adequate, equal, com- mensurate. Unequal. * PRopose, v. Bid, intend, offer, purpose, ten- der. PRosecurE, v. 1. Arraign, accuse. 2. Con- tinue, pursue. PRosPECT, n. Landscape, survey, view. PRosPECTIvE, a. Foreseeing, forward, future. PRosPERITY, m. Welfare, success, thrift, luck, PRoviso, n. Condition, stipulation. PROvoRE, v. 1. Irritate, anger, offend, affront, enrage, exasperate, infuriate. 2. Awaken, arouse, excite, stimulate, inflame. PRoxY, n. Deputy, representative, agent, sub- stitute. PRUDENCE, n. Carefulness, discretion, fore- thought, judgment, wisdom. Indiscretion. PRUDIS11, a. Coy, demure, reserved, over- modest. PUBLIS11, v. 1. Announce, declare, proclaim, herald, advertise. 2. Issue, emit. PUERILE, a. Boyish, childish, juvenile. PULL, v. Drag, draw, gather, hale, haul, pluck, lug. PULSATION, n. Beat, beating, throb, throb- bing. PULVERIZE, v. Bruise, grind, comminute, trit- urate. PUNCTUAL, a. See Prompt. PUNISII, v. Correct, discipline, chastise, casti- gate, whip, scourge. PURE, a. 1. Clear, clean, unsullied, undefiled, spotless, untarnished, immaculate. 2. True, innocent, sinless. 3. Chaste, modest. 4. Unmixed, genuine. PURPOSE, n. Object, ai.m, intent, end, design. PURSUE, v. Chase, continue, follow, prose- cute, persist. PUzzlE, v. See Perplex. PUzzDE, n. 1. Mystery, riddle, enigma. 2. Enn- barrassment, perplexity, nonplus. Q. QUACK, n. Impostor, pretender, humbug, char. latan. QUAIL, v. tremble. QUALIFIED, v. Adapted, competent, fitted. Incompetent. QUALIFY, v. Adapt, equip, furnish, fit, modify, prepare, temper. QUALITY, n. Rank, property, distinction, ac- complishment, attribute. QUANDARY, n. Puzzle, difficulty, perplexity, strait, nonplus, dilemma. QUARREL, n. Disagreement, wrangle, squab- ble, contention, dissension, strife, altercation, brawl. QUEER, a. Odd, singular, droll, strange, whimsical, unique, quaint. Shrink, blench, quake, cower, * QUoTATION, n. Extract, except, selection, citation. QUOTE, v. Adduce, cite. RABBLE, n. Mob, rout, herd. RACE, n. Breed, course, family, generation, lineage, progress. - RADIANCE, n. Brightness, brilliancy, luster, splendor, effulgence. RADICAL, a. 1. Entire, complete, thorough, perfect. 2. Fundamental, original, organic. 3. Simple, prinitive, underived. RAGE, n. Anger, choler, fury, violent. Calm. RAISE, v. Advance, collect, elevate, heighten, erect, exalt, propagate. RALLY, n. 1. Banter, deride, mock, ridicule. 2. Collect. Scatter. * RANDOM, a. Casual, chance, fortuitous. RANK, n. Class, degree, fruitful. RANSoM, n, Free, redeem, manumit. RAPACIoUs, a. Greedy, ravenous, voracious. RAPIDITY, n. Agility, celerity, fleetness, speed, swiftness, velocity. RAPT, a. Charmed, delighted, enraptured, fascinated, entranced, transported, ravished. RAPTURE, n. Ecstacy, transport. Dejected. RARE, a. 1. Excellent, incomparable. 2. Raw. 3. Thin, scarce, singular, uncommon. Com- #Q7!, RASH, a. Impulsive, hasty, heedless, head- long, reckless, precipitate. RATE, n. Assessment, degree, proportion, price, quota, ratio, value. RATIONAL, a. 1. Sane. 2. Sensible, wise, in- telligent. 3. Reasonable. Irrational. RAvENous, a. Greedy, rapacious, voracious. RAY, n. Beam, gleam, glimmer. READY, a. Apt, dexterous, facile. 2. Prompt, willing, prepared. REAL, a. 1. Genuine, true. 2. Actual, posi- tive, substantive, absolute. REALIZE, v. 1. Earn, gain, get, acquire. 2. Accomplish, perform. 3. Make real. REASON, m. Argument, motive, origin, proof, purpose, understanding. REAsoNABLE, a. See Rational. REAsoNABLE, a. Equitable, fair, just, honest, moderate, rational. Unreasonable. RELATE, n. Deduction, discount, reduction, drawback, abatement. happiness. QUERY, n. Inquiry, question, interrogatory. REBUKE, v. Censure, expostulation, reproach, PRosPERous, a. Flourishing, fortunate, lucky, QUESTION, n. See Query. - reprimand, reproof. Commend. successful. Unsuccessful. . QUESTION, v. 1. Ask, inquire, examine, inter- RECALL, v. Counterinand, rescind, cancel, re- PROTECT, v. Cherish, defend, foster, guard, patronize, shelter, shield. Abandon. PRoTRAct, v. Defer, delay, postpone, pro- long, retard. PRoTRAcrED, a. Continued, extended, pro- longed, drawn out. * * PRoUD, a. Arrogant, assuming, conceited, haughty, vain. Unassuming. PRovERB, n. Adage, aphorism, maxim, apo- rogate, catechise. 2. Doubt, dispute, con- trovert. QUESTIONABLE, a. Doubtful, suspicious. Att- thentic. QUICK, a. 1. Brisk, active, prompt, agile. 2. Rapid, swift. 3. Clever, sharp, shrewd, acute, keen, discerning. Dull, slow. QUIET, a. Still, resting, dormant, motionless, quiescent. tract. RECANT, v. Abjure, recall, retract, renounce, revoke. Reiterate. REcEDR. v. Fall back, retrograde, retire, re- treat. Advance. REcIPRocAL, a. Alternate, mutual. RECITE, v. Recapitulate, rehearse, repeat, re- iterate. Retract. REckLESS, a. See Rash. thegm, by-word, saw, saying. QUIT, v. 1. Leave, withdraw, vacate. 2. Re- RECKoN, v. Calculate, count, compute, esti- PRovide, v. Furnish, prepare, procure, sup- sign, abandon, forsake. 3. Clear, acquit, mate, number. * ply. absolve. RECLAIM, v. Correct, recover, reform, recall. PRovIDENT, a. Careful, economical, cautious, QUIVER, v. Shake, tremble, shudder, shiver, Lose. frugal, foresight, prudent. Prodigal. quake. REcoLLECTION, n. Memory, reminiscencc, re- PRovisions, n. Subsistence, food, victuals, viands, bread, provender. 'QUOTA, n. Share, portion, allotment, contin- gent, proportion. membrance, recalling. Forgetfulness. REcoMMEND, v. Approve, commend, praise. * "---— *=_ -- ~-> I56 SYNONYMOUS WORDS. REcoMMENDATIoN, n. Approval, approba- tion, endorsement, commendation, praise. REcoMPENSE, n. 1. Compensation, remuncra- tion, pay, price. 2. Reward, satisfaction. 3. Equivalent. REconcILE, v. Conciliate, propitiate. RECONC1LIATION, m. Adjustment, pacification, reconcilement, atonement. REcoRD, n. 1. Chronicle, register, memoran- dum, account, memoir. 2. Trace, vestige, memorial. REcREATION, n. Entertainment, diversion, amusement, play, pastime, sport. RECRUIT, v. Recover, replace, repair, retrieve. RECTIFY, v. Amend, emend, correct, improve, mend, reform. REcTITUDE, n. 1. Straightness. 2. Upright- ness, integrity. Deceit. REDEEM, v. 1. Discharge, fulfill. 2. Save, re- cover, ransom, rescue, free. 3. Compensate. REDREss, v. Amendment, remedy, relief. REDUNDANT, a. Superfluous, superabundant, exuberant, excessive. REFER, v. 1. Allude, suggest, hint, intimate. 2. Appeal. 3. Bear, bring. REFINED, a. 1. Accomplished, cultivated, po- lite, polished, elegant, courtly. 2. Purified. 3. Pure, chaste, classic, exquisite, Attic. REFLECT, v. Consider, censure, muse, ponder, reproach, think. REFoRM, v. Amend, better, correct, inprove, rectify. REFRAcroRY, a. Contumacious, perverse, un- governable, unruly. Obedient. REFRAIN, v. Abstain, forbear, sparc. REFRES11, v. Cool, renew, reinvigorate, revive. REFUTE, v. Confute, disprove, oppugn. Ac- cept. REGALE, v. Entertain, feast, gratify, refresh. REGARD, n. 1. Concern, esteem, respect, lik- ing, affection. 2. Relation, reference. 3. Consideration, heed. Contenn. REGARDLESS, a. Heedless, indifferent, negli- gent, unconcerned, unobservant. Catttious. REGION, n. 1. Country, district, quarter, pro- vince, tract, neighborhood, vicinity, sphere, clime, territory. 2. Place, rank, port on, part. REGRET, n. Complain, grieve, lament, repent. REGULATE, v. Adjust, direct, rule, dispose, govern, plan. REITERATE, v. Repeat again, quote, recitc. Re- £ract. RELIEARSE, v. 1. Recapitulate. 2. Recite, repeat. REJEcT, v. 1. Refuse, repel, decline. 2. Dis- card. Accept. RFjorcE, v. Triumph, exult, glory. Lament. REJOINDER, n. Answer, reply, replication, re- sponsc. RELEvANT, a. Apposite, fit, pertinent, proper, suitable, to the purpose. Unsuitable. RELIANCE, m. Confidence, dependence, repose, trust. Suspicion. - RELIEVE, v. Aid, alleviate, assist, help, miti- gate, succor. RELIGIOUS. a. Devout, holy, pious. Profane. RELUCTANT, a. Disinclined, unwilling, indis- posed, loath, averse. REMAIN, 7. Abide, await, continue, sojonrn, stay, tarry. Depart. REMAINDER, n. Remnant, residue, rest. REMAINs, n. Leavings, relics. Remnants. REMARK, n. Annotation, observation, com" ment, note. REM.INIscENCE, n. Remembrance, recollec- tion. REMIss, a. 1. Careless, negligent, inattentive. 2. Slow, slack, dilatory. REMIT, v. 1. Abate, relax. 2 Absolve, for- give, liberate, pardon. 3. Transmit. REMoRSE, n. Compunction, Sorrow, regret, penitence, contrition. RENEGADE, n. 1. Turncoat, apostate. 2. De- serter, rebel, traitor. RENEw, v. Refresh, renovate, revive. RENounce, v. Abandon, abdicate, forego, quit, relinquish, resign. Keef. RENovATE, v. Restore, renew, revive, resusci- tltC. RENowN, n. Celebrity, fame, reputation, dis- tinction. RENUNCIATION, n. 1. Abandonment, sur- render. 2. Abnegation, rejection, repudia- tion. REPAIR, v. Recover, restore, retrieve. REPARATION, n. Amends, restoration, resti- tution. REPARTEE, n. Reply, retort. REPEAL., v. Abolish, abrogate, annul, cancel, destroy, revoke. REPEAT, v. Do again, recapitulate, recite, re- hearse. REPEL, v. 1. Repulse, drive back. 2. With- stand, resist, confront, oppose, check. At- fract. REPETITIoN, n. Recital, tautology. REPLENISII, v. Fill, refill, supply. REPoSE, v. Ease, quiet, rest, sleep. Unrest. REPREIIENSIBLE, a. Blainable, censurable, cul- pable, reprovable. REPROAcII, v. Blame, condemn, censure, re- prove, upbraid. Commend. REPRoof, v. Blame, censure, reprehension. REPRovE, v. Chide, rebuke, reprimand. Praise. REPUGNANCE, m. Antipathy, aversion, dislike, hatred. Like. REPUGNANT, a. Adverse, contrary, hostile, inimical, opposite. REPULSION, m. Power of repelling. Attrac- tion. REPUTATION, m. Character, renown, credit, fame, honor, repute. REquEST, v. Ask, beg, beseech, demand, en- treat, implore, solicit. REquisitE, a. Essential, expedient, necessary. REquiTP, v. 1. Compensate, reward, recipro- cate. 2. Avenge. RESEARc11, n. Examination, inquiry, investi- gation, careful scrutiny. RESEMBLANCE, n. Likeness, similarity, simili- tude. RESERVATION, n. Reserve, retention. RESIDE, v. live. RESIDENCE, n. Abode, domicile, dwelling. RESIDUE, 11, IRemainder, remnant. RESIGN, v. Abdicate, forego, give up, relin- quish, renounce. RESIGNATION, n. Acquiescence, endurance, patience, submission. RESIST, v. Confront, oppose, withstand, re- pel. Aid. Abide, inhabit, Sojourn, dwell,. RESOLUTE, a. Courage, decision, determined, fixed, steady. Irresolute. RESOLUTION, n. 1. Intention, resolve. 2. Firm- ness, constancy. REsort, v. Frequent, haunt. RESOURCE, n. Expedient, means, resort. RESPECT, n. 1. Esteem, regard, reverence, veneration. 2. Favor, good will. 3. Refer- CIl CC, RESPECT, v. Honor, esteem, regard, venerate. RESPECTFUL, a. Civil, dutiful, obedient. Un- ciz'i'. RESPITE, n. 1. Interval. 2. Reprieve, suspen- sion, delay. RESPONSE, n. Answer, reply, replication, re- joinder. RESPONSIBLE, a. Accountable, amenable, an- swerable. REST, n. Cessation, ease, intermission, quiet, repose, stop, pause, remainder. 2. Others. Restless. RESTLESS, a. Unsettled, unquiet, roving, not still. Rest. * RESTORE. v. 1. Heal, cure. 2. Give up, repay, return, render, replace. Destroy. RESTORATION, n. Amends, reparation, restitu- tion. • RESTRAIN, v. Coerce, constrain, limit, repress, restrict. Curb. RESTRICT, v. Bound, restrain, limit, confine. RESULT, v. Consequence, effect, event, issue. RESURRECTION, n. Itising again. Burial, death. RETAIN, v. Detain, hold, reserve, keep. 2 ield. RETALIATION, n. Reprisal, repayment. RETARD, v. Hinder, obstruct, delay, check, impede. .- RETIRE, v. Recede, retreat, secede, withdraw. RETRACT, v. Abjure, recall, recant, revoke. RETRENCIIMENT, n. Diminution, reduction, curtailment. RETRIEvE, 21. Regain, recover. RETRogRESSION, n. Retrogradation, going backward. RETRosPECT, n. Review, re-survey. REvEAL, v. Discover, disclose, divulge, com- municate, impart, publish. REVENGE, n. Requital, retaliation. REvENUE, n. Income, receipts. REvERE, v. Honor, venerate, adore, rever- CT1CC. REVERSE, v. Change, subvert, overturn, in- Vert. REv1Ew, v. Notice, revision, 'survey, recon- sider, inspect. REv1stoN, n. Review, reconsideration, re- visal. REvive, v. 1. Refresh, quicken, rouse, ani- mate, cheer. 2. Revivify. REvokE, v. Abolish, abrogate, annul, cancel, repeal, retract. REwARD, v. Compensation, recompense, re- muneration, requital, satisfaction. RICHES, n. Fortune, wealth, affluence, opu- lence. RIDICULE, n. Mockery, derision, sneer, sar- casm, raillery, satire. RIDICULOUS, a. Absurd, preposterous, droll, ludicrous. RIGHT, a. 1. True, straight. Crooked. RIGIIT, a. 1. Just, proper. 2. m. Privilege. 3. Claim, immunity. Wrong. * = "SAFE, a. 1. Guarded, protected. #== --—? SYNONYMoUs worDS. I 57 Righteous, a Good, honest, virtuous, up- right, just, devout, religious, pious, holy, Saintly. Bad. Riord, a. 1. Strict, stern, severe, harsh, rigor- ous. 2. Stiff, unpliant, inflexible. RIGoRous, a. 1. Rigid, severe, harsh, austere. 2. Precise, accurate, exact. RIPE, a. 1. Mature. 2. Finished, consum- mate. 3. Ready, fit, prepared. RIPENEss, n. Maturity, perfection, growth. Unripe. RISE, n. Increase, ascent. 2. Origin. Subside. RITE, n. Ceremony, form, observance. RivaLRY, n. Contention, emulation, competi- tion. RoAD, n. Course, path, route, way. RoAM, v. Ramble, range, wander, rove, stroll. RoBUST, a. Athletic, stout, strong, brawny, stalwart, hale, mighty, powerful. RoMANCE, n. Tale, story, novel, fiction. RooM, n. Apartment, chamber, space. RooM, v. Lodge. RouGII, a. 1. Coarse, rude, blunt, ungentle, churlish. 2. Uneven. 3. Unpolished. Gen- tle. Round, a. Globular, circular. Round, n. 1. Circuit, tour, step. 2. Globe, orb, Sphere. RoUNDNess, n. Rotundness, rotundity, circu- larity, sphericity. • RouTE, n. Road, way, course, path. RUDE, a. See Rough. RUDENEss, n. 1. Roughness. 2. Gruffness, coarseness, incivility, churlishness. 3. In- elegance. RUGGED, a. 1. Uneven, irregular, rough. 2. Harsh. 3. Robust, vigorous. RUINous, a. Baneful, noxious, destructive, calamitous. RU).E. n. 1. Law, government, command. 2. Maxim, method, precept. 3. Guide, regula- tion. RULE, v. 1. Govern, control. 2. Mark. RUMoR, n. Talk, gossip, report, news, bruit. RUPTURE, n. 1. Altercation, quarrel, feud. 2. Hernia. 3. Fracture, breach. RURAL, a Country, pastoral, rustic. RUSE, n. Artifice, fraud, trick, wile. RUSTIC, n. Clown, peasant, swain, boor, lout, bumpkin. RUST1c, a. 1. Uncouth, unpolished, awkward, rude. 2. Country, rural. RUTIILEss, a. Cruel, pitiless, merciless, re- lentless, savage, inhuman. S. SACRAMENT, n. Communion, eucharist, Lord's Supper. SACRED, a. Divine, devoted, holy. Profane. SAD, a. 1. Depressed, sorrowful, cheerless, disconsolate. 2. Dismal, gloomy, mournful. Joyous. 2. Sound, secure. 3. Reliable. SAGAcITY, n. Acuteness, discernment, pene- tration. Dull. SAILoR, n. Mariner, seaman. SALARY, n. Hire, pay, stipend, wages. SANCTION, n. 1. Countenance, support. 2. Rati- fication, confirm. Reject. SANE, a. Sober, lucid, sound. Crazy. "--- SAPIENT, a. Dunce. SARCASM, n. Irony, ridicule, satire. SATIATE, v. 1. Cloy, glut. 2. Satisfy, gratify. SATISFACTION, n. 1. Atonement. 2. Content. 3. Remuneration, reward. SATISFY, v. 1. Gratify, please. 2. Glut, satiate, cloy. SAUCE, n. Relish, condiment, seasoning. SAVING, a. Thrifty, economical, frugal, sparing. Prodigal. SAYING, n. 1. Remark, observation, state- ment. 2. Maxim, proverb, aphorism, adage, Síl W’s SCANDAL, n. Discredit, disgrace, infamy, re- proach, detraction. Praise. SCARCE, a. Singular, rare, uncommon. #10%. ScARc1ry, n. Want, lack, deficiency, dearth. Abundance. ScATTER, v. 1. Sprinkle, strew. 2. Spread, distribute, dissipate. Accumulate, collect. ScENT, n. Fragrance, odor, perfume, smell. Stench. s Scheme, n. 1. Project, plan, plot, conspiracy. 2. Outline. 3. Plan, system. ScHool., n. 1. Academy, seminary, gymna- sium. 2. Sect, denomination. ScHool--MASTER, n. Teacher, tutor, preceptor, master, instructor, pedagogue. Scoff, v. Jeer, jibe, sneer, ridicule, deride, mock. * Scope, n. 1. Aim, drift, tendency. 2. Outlook, room, view. ScRAPE, n. Embarrassment, difficulty, dis- tress, perplexity. ScRUPLE, v. Doubt, fluctuate, hesitate. ScRUPULOUS, a. 1. Careful, vigilant, exact. 2. Strict, conscientious, ScRUTINIZE, v. Examine, search. ScURRILOUS, a. Abusive, insolent, insulting, offensive, opprobrious. SEARc11, v. Examination, investigation, in- quiry, pursuit, scrutiny. SECEDE, v. Recede, retire, withdraw. SECLUSION, n. Loneliness, retirement, privacy, solitude. SEcoMDARY, a. Inferior, subordinate, second. Primary. SECRET, a. Clandestine, covert, hidden, con- cealed, latent, mysterious. SEculAR, a. Temporal, worldly. Religious. SECURE, v. 1. Be certain, guard, make sure. 2. Guarantec. SECURITY, n. Defense, deposit, guard, pledge, protection, safety. - SEDATE, a. Calm, composed, quiet, still, se- rene, unruffled. Silly. SEDUCE, v. Allure, attract, decoy. SEE, v. Behold, eye, look, observe, perceive, view. SEEK, v. 1. Search for, ask for. 2. Strive, try, endeavor. SELL, v. Vend, barter, dispose of Buy. SENILE, v. Aged, old, infirm. juvenile. SENSATION, n. Perception, sentiment. SENSE, n. Fecling, judgment, import, mean- ing, reason. SENSIBILITY, m. Delicacy, feeling, suscepti- bility. Sagacious, wise, discerning. Com- investigate, pry, SENsitive, a. 1. Impressible, easily affected. 2. Perceptive. Callous. SENTENCE, n. Decision, judgment, period, phrase, proposition. SENTIMENT, n. Feeling, notion, opinion, sen- sation. Unfeeling. * SENTIMENTAL, a. Romantic. SEPARATE, v. 1. Disjoin, divide, detach, dis- unite, isolate. 2. Cleave, sever. join. SERIOUs, a. 1. Weighty, momentous. 2. Sober, grave, solemn, earnest. jocose. SERVILE, a. Fawning, mean, slavish. SETTLE, v. Adjust, arrange, determine, estab- lish, regulate, fix. SETTLED, v. Conclusive, confirmed, decisive, definitive, established. SEVER, v. Detach, disjoin, divide, separate. 5oin. SEVERAL, a. Different, distinct, diverse, Sun- dry, various. One. SEveRE, a. Austere, cruel, harsh, rigid, rigor- ous, rough, sharp, strict, unyielding, stern. Aft/d. SEVERITY, n. 1. Austerity, rigor, sternness. 2. Keenness, causticity. 3. Violence. SHAKE, v. Agitate, quake, quiver, shiver, shud- der, totter, tremble. Steadfast. SIIALLow, a. 1. Shoal. 2. Frivolous, flimsy, trivial. 3. Superficial, ignorant. SIIAME, n. Disgrace, dishonor, ignominy, re- proach. Honor. SHAMELEss, a. Immodest, impudent, indecent, indelicate. Modest. SHAPE, v. Fashion, form, mold. SHARE, v. To apportion, distribute, divide, par- take, participate. SHARE, n. Dividend, part. SIIARPNEss, n. Acrimony, acuteness, penetra- tion, shrewdness, sagacity. . SIIELTER, n. Asylum, refuge, retreat. SIIELTER, v. To cover, defend, harbor, lodge, protect, screen. Uncover. SIIINE, v. Gleam, glare, glisten, glitter. SIIINING, a. 1. Brilliant, glittering, radiant, sparkling. 2. Bright, splendid, resplendent. SIIock, v. 1. Aftright, terrify. 2. Appall, dis- turb, dismay. 3. Offend, disgust. SIIocKING, a. Dreadful, disgusting, terrible. S11ort, a. 1. Defective, scanty, wanting. 2. Brief, concise, compendious, laconic, succinct, summary. Long. SiroRTEN, v. 1. Abridge, abbreviate, retrench. 2. Diminish. Extend. SIIow, v. 1. Display, parade, pomp. 2. Exhi- bition, representation, sight, spectacle. Cover. SIIowY, a. I. Gay, gorgeous, gaudy, flaunt- ing, gairish. 2. Pompous, ostentatious, mag- nificent. SHIREwD, a. Acute, keen, penetrating, artful, sly, sagacious. Dull. SIIUDDER, v. Shrink, shake, quake, quiver. SHUN, v. Avoid, elude, evade, eschew. Seek. SickLY, a. Diseased, ill, indisposed, morbid, sick, unwell. Healthy. SIGN, n. 1. Mark, note, symptom, prognostic, presage, signal. 2. Omen, token, symbol. SIGNIFY., v. 1. Betoken, declare, express, inti- mate, testify, utter. 2. Denote, imply. SIGNIFICANT, a. 1. Indicative, expressive, be- tokening. 2. Momentous. # I7. I58 SYNONYMOUS WORDS. SILENCE, n. Stillness, taciturnity, muteness, oblivion. Sound. SILENCE, v. Still, stop, appease. SILENT, a. 1. Dumb, mute, speechless. 2. Still, quiet. Noise. SILLY, a. Absurd, foolish, simple, stupid, weak, dull. Sedate. SIMILARITY, n. Likeness, resemblance, simili- tude. Unlike. SIMILE, n. Comparison, similitude. SIMPLE, a. 1. Elementary, single, not complex. 2. Open, artless, sincere. 3. Plain. 4. Silly. Complex, artful. SIMPLICITY, n. Artlessness, plainness, single- ness. 2. Folly. Artful. SIMPLY, ad. 1. Merely, only, solely. lessly. SINCE, com/. As, because, for, insomuch as. SINCERE, a. 1. Frank, honest, plain, genuine. 2. True, upright, incorrupt. False. SINEwY, a. See Robust. SINGLE, a. - 1. Unmarried. 2. Alone, solitary. 3. Particular, individual. Several. SINGULAR, a. 1. Odd, strange, uncommon, rare. 2. Peculiar, exceptional. SITUATION, n. 1. Case, plight, predicament, condition. 2. Locality, place, position, site. SKILLFUL, a. Clever, skilled, knowing, intelli- gent, ready, adroit, quick. Unskillful. SLANDER, v. Asperse, blacken, defame, tra- duce, libel. SLAvERY, n. Bondage, captivity, servitude, drudgery. Free. SLENDER, a. 1. Fragile, slight. 2. Slim, thin. 3. Limited. Thick. SLIGHT, a. 1. Cursory, desultory, superficial. 2. Slim, weak. SLIGHT, v. Neglect, scorn. SLow, a. 1. Deliberate. 2. Heavy, dull, stupid. 3. Sluggish. 2 tick. SMALL, a. 1. Little, diminutive, stunted, tiny. 2. Minute, microscopic. 3. Narrow, illiberal. Large, great. SMELL, n. Fragrance, odor, perfume, scent, stench. SMoor11, a. 1. Bland, mild, easy. 2. Even, level. Rough. SMorIIER, v. 1. Stifle, suffocate. 2. Suppress. SNARLING, a. Cynical, snappish, waspish. SNUB, v. See Abash. Son ER, a. 1. Abstemious, abstinent, temperate, moderate. 2. Grave. Intemperate, gay. Somr1ETY, n. 1. Abstinence, temperance. 2. Coolness, soberness, gravity. Intemperance, intoxication. *. SocIAL, v. Companionable, conversable, fa- milar, sociable, convivial. Unsocial. SocIETY, m. 1. Company, association, fellow- ship, corporation. 2. The public. SoFT, a. 1. Compliant, ductile, flexible, tract- able, pliant, yielding. 2. Mild, docile, gentle. Hard. Sol LED, a. Stained, spotted, tarnished, defiled, polluted. Clean, pure. SolICIT, v. 1. Ask, request. 2. Beg, entreat, implore. 2. Beseech, supplicate. Give. Son-ICITATION, n. 1. Importunity, entreaty. 2. Invitation. SolicITUDE, n. Anxiety, carefulness, trouble. Jnconcerned. s SoLID, a. Firm, hard, stable, substantial. Un- stable. 2. Art- SoLITARY, a. 1. Alone, retired, sole. 2. Deso- late, desert, remote. 3. Lonely, only. SoMBER, a. 1. Dark, shady, dusky, sunless. 2. Sad, doleful, mournful. Gay, bright. Soor.HE, v. 1. Allay, lessen, mitigate, ease. 2. Quiet, compose, pacify, appease. Irritate. SoRRow, n. 1. Grief, affliction, trouble, sad- ness. 2. Regret, joy. SoRT, n. 1. Kind, species. 2. Order, rank. 3. 11111111Cr, SounD, a. 1. Hearty, healthy, sane. 2. Entire, perfect, unhurt. Ill. SounD, n. 1. Tone, noise, report. Silence. Sour, a. Acid, acrimonious, acetose, acetous, sharp, tart. Sweet. Source, n. Cause, fountain, origin, reason, spring. SPAcroUs, a. Ample, capacious. Small. SPARKLE, v. 1. Twinkle, glitter, glisten, scin- tillate, coruscate. 2. Bubble, effervesce. Dull. SPEAK, v. Articulate, converse, discourse, pro- nounce, say, talk, tell, utter. Speechless. SPEAKING, n. 1. Elocution, declamation, ora- tory. 2. Discourse, talk. SPECIES, n. Class, kind, sort, race. SPECIFIC, a. Particular, special, definite. In- definite. SPECIMEN, m. Model, pattern, sample, example. SPECIOUs, a. Colorable, fair, feasible, ostensi- ble, plausible, showy. * SPECTAToit, n. Beholder, bystander, observer. SPECULATION, m. Conjecture, scheme, theory. SPEECII, n. 1. Talk. 2. Language, dialect. 3. Address, discourse, harangue, oration. SPEECIILESS, a. Dumb, mute, silent. Speak. SPEND, v. Dissipate, exhaust, lay out, expend, squander, waste, consume. Saving. SPHERE, n. Circle, globe, orb. SPILL, v. Pour, shed, waste. SPIRIT, n. 1. Ardor, breath, courage, tenuper. 2. Ghost, soul. Mortal. SPIRITED, a. Active, animated, ardent, lively, vivacious. Stupid. SPIRITLEss, a. 1. Dull, cold, apathetic, feeble, soulless. 2. Dejected, downcast. 3. Stupid, heavy, prosy, insipid. Spirited. SPIRITs, n. Animation, courage, life, vivacity. SPIRITUAL, a. Ecclesiastical, immaterial, in- corporeal, unearthly, heavenly. Worldly. SPITE, n. Grudge, malice, malignity, malevo- lence, pique, rancor. SPITE, v. Angry, vex, thwart. SPLENDID, a. 1. Showy, sumptuous, gorgeous, magnificent, superb. 2. Beaming, radiant, glowing, effulgent, brilliant. 3. Noble, heroic. 4. Glorious, eminent. SPLENDoR, n. Brightness, brilliancy, luster, magnificence, pomp, pageantry. Poverty. SPLENETIC, a. 1. Fretful, peevish. 2. Gloomy, morose, sullen. A micable. Sport, n. 1. Amusement, game, pastime, play. 2. Diversion, recreation. SPOTLESS, a. 1. Blameless, faultless, stainless. 2. Unblemished, unspotted. 3. Innocent. Stain. SPREAD, v. 1. Circulate, disseminate, distribute, Scatter, 2. Disperse, dispense. 3. Propa- gate, diffuse. Collect. SPRING, v. 1. Emanate, flow, proceed, issue. 2. Arise, start, leap. 2. Strait. SPRINKLE, v. Bedew, scatter, besprinkle. SPROUT, v. Bud, germinate, shoot out. SQUANDER, v. Expend, spend, lose, lavish, dissipate, waste. Earn. STABILITY. Firmness, steadiness, fixedness. Unstable. STAIN, v. Foul, soil, sully, tarnish, blot, spot. Spotless. STAIN, n. 1. Color, discolor. 2. Dye, tinge. 3. Flaw, speck, spot, blemish, blot. STALE, a. 1. Old, faded. 2. Common, trite. 3. Vapid, flat, musty, insipid. New, fresh. STAMMER, v. Falter, hesitate, stutter. STAMP, v. Print, mark, impression. STANDARD, n. Criterion, rule, test. STANDARD, a. Legal, usual. STATE, n. Condition, position, situation, pre- dicament, plight. STATION, n. Post, place, position, situation. STAY, v. 1. Prop, staff, support. 2. Abide, continue, remain. 3. Delay, hinder, stop. 4. Support. STEADFAST, a. Firm, constant, resolute. Shake. STEAL, v. 1. Pilfer, purloin, poach, embezzle. 2. Win, gain, allure. STENCI1, n. Fetor, bad smell, stink. Fra- £rance, perfume. STERLING, a. Real, genuine, true, pure. Im- pure. - STERILITY, n. Barrenness, unfruitfulness, arid. ity. Fruitful. STERN, a. Austere, rigid, rigorous, severe, strict. Mild. STICKING, v. Adherent, adhesive, tenacious. STILL,"v. 1. Allay, appease, assuage. 2. Calm, Iull, quiet, silence, pacify. STIMULATE, v. Animate, excite, incite, arouse, kindle, inflame, fire. Depress. STINGY, a. Close, mean, Iniserly, niggardly, penurious, sordid. Generous. Stock, n. 1. Accumulation, fund, board, pro- vision, store, supply. 2. Cattle. Stoic, n. Follower of Zeno. Epicurean. Sroop, v. Bend, condescend, submit. Upright. SToP, n. Cessation, intermission, rest. Un- ceasing. Stop. Check, hinder, impede. Aid. STORMY, a. 1. Gusty, squally, tempestuous, boisterous. 2. Rough, passionate. Calm. StoRY, n. Anecdote, incident, memoir, tale. SroUT, a. See Strong, robust. STRAIT, a. 1. Direct, narrow, not crooked. 2. Strict. Crooked. STRANGE, Curious, eccentric, odd, singular, surprising, wonderful, foreign, unusual. Usual. STRATAGEM, n. Device, artifice, ruse, dodge, trick. STRATAGEM, n. Deception, delusion, impost- urc, finesse, fraud. STRENGTH, n. 1. Authority. 2. Force, might, power, potency. Weakness. STRENUoUSLY, a. Ardently, zealously, earn- estly, vigorously. STRICT, a. Accurate, exact, nice, particular, precise, rigorous, severe, stern. Lenient. STRICTURE, 11. Animadversion, censure, con- traction, criticism. STRIFE. Contention, contest, dissension, dis- cord. Peace. |-- * – Hé "--- STRoNG, a. 1. Efficient, powerful, potent, mighty. 2. Athletic, stalwart, robust, stout. 3. Forcible, cogent. 4. Tough, tenacious. *eeble, weak. STRUCTURE, n. 1. Make, construction, texture. 2. Building, pile, edifice. SruBBorn, a. Willful, obstinate, mulish, per- verse, obdurate, cantankerous. Docile. STUPID, a. 1. Sleepy, drowsy, torpid. 2. Flat, heavy, insipid, humdrum. 3. Dull, obtuse, foolish, witless, daft. STUPIDITY, n. 1. Stupor, torpor. 2. Heavi- ness, insipidity. 3. Dullness, obtuseness. Acuteness. SryLE, n. Manner, mode, phraseology, diction. STYLE, v. Characterize, designate, denominate, entitle, name. SUBDUE, v. 1. Defeat, conquer, vanquish, over- whelm. 2. Subject, control. Submission. SUBJECT, a. Exposed, liable, matter, materials, object, obnoxious, subservient. SUBJECT, v. Subdue, subjugate. SUBJoIN, v. Add to, affix, attach, connect. SUBLIME, a. Elevated, exalted, grand, great, lofty, majestic, high. SUBMIssive, a. Compliant, obedient, humble, yielding. SUBMIssion, n. 1. Compliance, obedience, meekness, humanity. 2. Forbearance, en- durance. Subdue. SUDoRDINATE, n. Inferior, dependant. Superior. SUBoRN, v. Forswear, purjure. SUBSEquENT, a. 1. After, following. terior, consequent. Preceding. SUBSERVIENT, a. 1. " ferior, subordinate. 2. Subject. Superio. SUBSIDE, v. 1. Abate, sink. 2. Intermit. Rise. SUBSISTENCE, n. Living, livelihood, mainte- nance, support, sustenance. SUBSTANTIAL, a. 1. Responsible. stout, strong. Unstable. SUBSTANTIATE, v. Prove, establish, corrobo- rate, verify. Disprove. SUBSTITUTE, v. Change, exchange. SULTERFUGE, n. 1. Evasion, shift. 2. Quirk, trick. SUBTILE, a. 1. Fine, delicate, niče. 2. Thin, rare, ethereal. SUBTLE, a. 1. Keen, sagacious, profound. 2. Artful, sly, astute, crafty. SUBTRAct, v. Deduct, withdraw. SUBvERT, v. 1. Invert, reverse. 2. Overturn, Overthrow. Successful, a. Fortunate, lucky, prosperous. Onsuccessful. SuccEssion, n. Order, series. SuccINct, a. Brief, concise, terse, compact. Verbose. SuccoR, v. Aid, help, assist, relieve. SUDDEN, a. Hasty, unanticipated, unexpected, unlooked for. Expectation. 2. Pos- 2. Solid, dure, bear. SUFFocATE, v. Choke, smother, stifle. SUFFICIENT, a. 1. Adequate, enough, suffi- cient. 2. Competent. Want. SUFFRAGE, n. 1. Aid, voice. 2. Vote. SUGGEST, v. Allude, hint, insinuate, intimate. Suggestion, n. Hint, allusion, intimation, in- timation, insinuation. F- G- SUFFER, v. 1. Allow, permit, tolerate. 2. En SYNONYMOUS WORDS. SUITABLE, a. 1. Agreeable, becoming. 2. Apt, fit, expedient. Unfit. SUITOR, n. 1. Lover, wooer. 2. Petitioner. SUMMARY, n. Abstract, compendium, digest, synopsis, epitome. SUMMON, v. Bid, call, cite, invite. SUNDRY, a. 1. Different, diverse. Wilf O.1S. Single. SUPERFIcLAL, a. Flimsy, shallow, slight. Thor- otgh. SUPERSEDE, v. 1. Supplant, displace. 2. An- nul, suspend. SUPPLICATE, v. Ask, beg, beseech, entreat, im- plore, solicit. Command. SUPPoRT, v. Assist, cherish, defend, endure, encourage, favor, forward, maintain, nurture, patronize, protect, prop, sustain, stay, second, uphold. SUProse, v. Consider, imagine, apprehend, presume, think, believe. SUPREME, a. Paramount, first, principal, chief, highest, greatest. 2. Several, SURE, a. Certain, confident, infallible. Uncer- tain. SURFACE, n. Outside, superficies. Within. SURLY, a. Morose, touchy, cross, fretful, peev- ish, cynical, rude. SURMISE, v. Believe, conjecture, presume, sup- pose, suspect, think. SURMoUNT, v. Conquer, overcome, rise above, subdue, vanquish. 2 ield. SURPASS, v. Excel, exceed, outdo, outstrip. Resign. SURPRISE, n. Admiration, amazement, aston- ishment, wonder. Unfold. SURRENDER, v. Cede, deliver, give up, resign, yield. Surmount. SURRoUND, v. Beset, encircle, encompass, en- viron, enclosc, invest. SURVEY, n. Prospect, retrospect, review. SUSPENSE, n. Doubt, indetermination, hesita- tion. SUSPICION, n. Distrust, jealousy. Trust. SUSTAIN, v. Bear up, maintain, uphold, sup- port. SUSTENANCE, n. Living, maintenance, liveli- hood, subsistence, support. SwARM, nt. Crowd, throng, multitude, con- COUITSC, SweETHEART, n. 1. Admirer, beau, lover, woocr. 2. Flame, lady-love, SweRTNESS, n. 1. Beauty, loveliness. 2. Agreeableness. 3. Mildness, gentleness, amiability. Sottr. Sw1FTNEss, n. Celerity, rapidity, fleetness, quickness, speed, velocity. Slow. SwiFTLY, adv. Speedily, post-haste, quickly, apace. Slowly. SYcoPHIANT, n. spaniel. SYMBol, n. Token, sign, figure, emblem. SYMMETRY, n. Harmony, proportion. Inhar- mony. SYMPATHY, n. 1. Pity, kindliness, compas- sion, condolence, commiseration, fellow feel- ing. 2. Harmony, affinity, correlation. 3. Agreement. Unmerciful. SYMPTOM, n. Indication, mark, note, sign, token. SYNoPSIs, n. See Summary. SYSTEM, n. Method, order, scheme. Confusion. Toady, fawner, parasite, I59 SYSTEMATIZE, v. Arrange, order, regulate, methodize. Disarrange. T. TABLE, n. 1. Board. 2. Repast, food, fare 3. List, index, catalogue. TACIT, a. Implied, silent, inferred, under- stood. TACITURNITY, m. In CSS, TACT, n. Adroitness, skill, quickness, judg- Inênt. TALENT, n. Ability, capability, faculty, endow- ment, gift. TALK, n. Chat, communication, conference, colloquy, conversation, dialogue, discourse. TALK, v. Chat, converse, discourse, motion, speak, state, tell. TALKATIVENESS, n. Loquacity, garrulity. Tac- iturnity. TALLY, v. Accord, agree, match, comport, harmonize. © TANTALIZE., v. 1. Aggravate, irritate, provoke, tease, torment. 2. Taunt. TASTE, n. 1. Discernment, judgment, percep- tion. 2. Flavor, relish, savor. TATTLER, n. Gossip, prattler, babbler, gad- about. TAUNT, v. Deride, mock, ridicule, jeer, flout. TAX, n. 1. Assessment, custom, duty, toll, rate. 2. Contribution, tribute. TEACIIER, n. See Schoolmaster. TEDIOUS, n. Dilatory, slow, tiresome, tardy, wearisome. Prompt. TEI.L., v. Acquaint, communicate, disclose, im- part, inform, mention, make known, report, reveal, talk. TEMERITY, n. Heedlessness, rashness, precip- itency. Cautious. TEMPER, n. 1. Disposition, temperament. 2. Humor, mood. 3. Frame. TEMPERATE, a. Abstinent, abstemious, moder- ate, sober. Immoderate. TEMPERANCE, n. Sobriety, moderation, sober- ness, abstemiousness. In temperance. . TEMPEST, n. I. Storm, gale, squall, hurricane, Reserve, reticence, close- tornado. 2. Tumult, disturbance. Tran- guillity. TEMPT, v. 1. Allure, entice, induce, decoy, seduce, inveigle. Test, try, prove. TEMPORAL, a. 1. Secular, worldly. 2. Sublu- nary. Spiritual. TEMPORARY, a. 1. Transient, transitory. 2. Fleeting. Permanent. TENDENCY, n. 1. Inclination, propensity, prone- ness. 2. Drift, scope. 3. Aim. TENDER, a. 1. Kind, compassionate, mild, lenient, sympathetic. 2. Delicate, soft. 3. Womanly, effeminate. 4. Feeble, infantile. 5. Pathetic. 6. Sensitive. Tough, callous. TENDERNESS, n. Affection, benignity, fondness, humanity. Rough. TENET, n. Doctfine, dogma, opinion, position, principle. TERM, n. 1. Boundary, limit. 2. Condition, stipulation. 3. Expression, word. TERMS, n. Expressions, words, language. TERMINATE, v. Complete, finish, end, close. TERRIBLE, a. Dreadful, fearful, frightful, ter. rific, horrible, shocking. Delightful. TERRITORY, n. Country, domain, land. 2. Incline, provoke. 3. I6O SYNONYMOUS WORDS. TERROR, n. Alarm, apprehension, consterna- tion, dread, fear, fright. Pleasure. TERSE, a. Compact, concise, pithy, senten- tious. Verbose. TEST, n. Criterion, experiment, trial, experi- ence, proof, standard. TESTIFY, v. Declare, prove, signify, witness. TESTIMONY, n. Evidence, proof. TEXT, n. 1. Verse, passage, sentence, para- graph. 2. Topic, subject, theme. 3. Body. THANKFUL, a. Grateful. Ungrateful. TIIAT, conj. Which. THEoRY, n. Speculation. TIIEREFORE, ad. Accordingly, hence, so, con- sequently, then, thence, wherefore. TIIIcK, a. Dense, close, not thin. Slender. THINK, v. Cogitate, conceive, consider, con- template,deliberate, imagine, meditate, opine, ponder, surmise. TIIIRSTY, a. 1. Dry, parched. 2. Eager, long- ing, craving, greedy. TiioUGII, conj. Although, while. TIIougitT, n. Cogitation, conception, conceit, contemplation, deliberation, fancy, idea, im- agination, meditation, notion, reflection, sup- position. Thougii TFUL, a. Anxious, attentive, careful, circumspect, considerate, contemplative, de- liberate, discreet, reflective, solicitous, wary. Thoughtless. TIIoUGIITLEss, a. Careless, gay, inconsider- ate, foolish, hasty, indiscreet, unreflective. Thoughtful. THRIVE, v. 1. Succeed, prosper. 2. Improve, flourish, grow, advance. Unsuccessful. TIIRoNG, m. Multitude, crowd, horde, host. TIIRoUG11, prep. By, with. Tiritow, v. Cast, fling, hurl, toss. Tirwaitr, v. 1. Balk, defeat, oppose, obstruct, frustrate. 2. Cross, traverse. Aid. TIME, n. Age, date, duration, epoch, era, period. SČšl SOIls TIMELY, a. Prompt, punctual, opportune, sca- sonable. Untimely. TIMIDITY, n. 1. Bashfulness, coyness, diffi- dence, sheepishness. 2. Timorousness, cow- ardice, pusillanimity. Audacity. TINY, a. Small, little, puny, Great, large. TIRED, a. Fatigued, harassed, jaded, wearied. Unzwearied. TIREsoME, a, Tedious, wearisome. TITLE, n. 1. Name, appellation, designation, cognomen. 2. Right. 3. Inscription. ToAST, n. 1. Toasted ... bread. 2. Pledge, health. 3. Sentiment. TokEN, n. Indication, mark, note, sign, symp- tom. ToLERATE, v. Admjt, allow, suffer, permit. Tol-ERANCE, n. Toleration, sufferance, endur- ance. Unendurable. Too, ad. Also, besides, likewise. ToRMENT, v. 1. Tease, plague, provoke, wor- ry, harrass, tantalize. 2. Distress, agonize, torture, rack. Affease. ToRTURE, v. See Torment. ToRTUous, a. Tormenting, twisted, winding. Easy. ToTAL, a. Complete, entire, whole, gross. ToUCI1, n. Contact, proof, test, feeling. ToucIIING, a. Tender, moving, pathetic, affect- ing, melting. ToUGII, a. 1. Adhesive, cohesive, tenacious. 2. Hardy, strong, firm. 3. Stubborn, obdu- rate, refractory. Tender, brittle. ToUR, n. Circuit, excursion, ramble, jaunt, round, trip. Toy, n. 1. Bubble, trifle, bagatelle. thing, trinket, gimcrack. TRACE, n. Mark, track, vestige, footstep. TRACE, v. 1. Deduce, derive. 2. Sketch, fol- low. TRADE, n. 1. Avocation, business, calling. 2. Dealing, employment, occupation, traffic. TRADUCE, v. 1. Calumniate, villify, defame, decry, degrade, depreciate, detract, dispar- age. 2. Censure, condemn. TRANGUILLITY, n. Calmness, quiet, repose, peace, placidness, serenity. Tempest. TRANSACT, v. Conduct, negotiate, manage. TRANSCEND, v. Excel, exceed, surpass, outdo. TRANSIENT, v. Flecting, short, momentary. Permanent. TrANSPARENT, a. Clear, pellucid, pervious, translucent, transpicuous. Dark. TRANSPIRE, v. 1. Occur, happen. 2. Come out, be disclosed. 3. Exhale, evaporate. TRANSPORT, n. 1. Ecstacy, rapture. 2. Rage. Tranquillity. TRAVELER, n. Tourist, passenger, itinerant, voyager, pilgrim. TREACHERoUs, a. Faithless, perfidious, in- sidious, false. Faithful. TREAcIIERY, n. Treason, perfidy, disloyalty, perfidiousness. Loyalty. TREASONABLE, a. Traitorous, treacherous. Faithful. TREAT, n. Entertain, negotiate, feast. TREMENDous, a. Dreadful, terrible, horrible, frightful, alarming, awful, appalling. TREPIDATION, 11. Agitation, emotion, tremor, trembling. Calm. TRESPAss, n. 1. Offend, transgress, sin. 2. Intrude, infringe, encroach. TRIAL, n. 1. Attempt, effort, endeavor, experi- ment, examination, proof, test. 2. Tempta- tion. TRIBUNAL, f1. Bench. TR1ck, n, Artifice, cheat, deception, fraud, finesse, imposture, sleight, stratagem. TRIFLING, a. Futile, frivolous, inconsiderable, light, petty, unimportant. TRIM, v. 1. Lop, clip, shear. 2. Arrange, adjust. 3. Deck, decorate, adorn, garnish, ornament, embellish. TRIr, n. Excursion, jaunt, tour, ramble. TRIUMPILANT, a. Victorious, successful, con- quering. TRoT11, n. 1. Faith, fidelity, belief. 2. Truth. TRoUBLE, n. Adversity, affliction, anxiety, distress, sorrow, vexation. Happiness. TRoUBLE, 7”. Disturb, grieve. TRoUBLEsoME, a. Annoying, disturbing, har- assing, importunate, irksome, perplexing, 2. Play- 1. Bar, court, judicatory. 2. teasing. TRUE, a. Honest, plain, upright, sincere. Treacherous. TRUCE, n. 1. Cessation, intermission. 2. Ar- mistice. TRUST, n. Belief, credit, confidence, faith, hope. Suspicion. TRUSTEE, n. Agent, depositary, fiduciary. TRUTII, n. Faithfulness, fidelity, honesty, ve- racity. Falsification. TRY, v. Attempt, endeavor, essay, test, exam- inc. Surrender. TUG, v. Hale, haul, pluck, pull. TUITION, n. Schooling, instruction, teaching, education. TUMBLE, v. Drop, fall, rumple, sink, turn OVer . TUNE, n. 1. Air, strain, melody. 2. Concord, harmony. TURBID, a. Roily, unsettled, thick, muddy, foul. Clear. TURBULENT, a. Mutinous, riotous, seditious’ tumultuous, violent. Quiet. TURMoIL, n. Disturbance, uproar, commotion, tumult. Peace. TURN, n. Bent, cast, gyration, meander. TURN, v. Bend, circulate, contort, distort, gy- rate, revolve, twist, wind, wheel, whirl. TURNcoAT, n. See Renegade. TURPITUDE, n. Wickedness, baseness, deprav- ity, vileness. Moral. TUTOR, n. Governess, instructress, gover- 11:111te. TwADDLE, n. Stuff, nonsense, tattle, gossip, balderdash, moonshine. Sense. Twi:EDLE, v. Coax, allure, entice, decoy. Command. Twil.IGHT, n. Dim light, dusk. TwLNE, v. Encircle, embrace, entwine. twine. TwinGE, v. Pinch, pull, twitch, tweak. Twin GE, n. Pang, grip, twitch, spasm. TwiT, v. Taunt, blame, reproach. Commend. TYPE, n. 1. Printing character. 2. Kind, form, sort. 3. Exemplar, original, model. 4. Mark, symbol, sign, token, emblem. TYRO, n. Learner, beginner, novice. / U. UGLINESS, n. 1. Homeliness, plainness. 2. Hideousness, frightfulness. Beauty. UGLY, a. 1. Plain, homely, ordinary, unsight- ly. 2. Horrid, hideous, shocking. Comely, pretty, handsome. ULTIMATE, a. Final, last, eventual, extreme. UMPIRE, ". Judge, referee, arbitrator, arbiter. UNACCEPTABLE, a. Unwelcome, displeasing, unpalatable. Acceptable. UNADoRNED, a. Undecorated, ungarnished, not embellished, not bedecked. Ornate. UNBECOMING, a. Improper, unsuitable, in- decorous, unseemly. Becoming. UNBELIEF, a. Disbelief, infidelity, skepticism. 2. Incredulity, distrust. Belief. UNBLEMISHED, a. Pure, clean, spotless, sin- less, guileless, immaculate. Blemished. UNBoUNDED, a. Boundless, illimitable, infinite, interminable, unlimited. UNCEASINGLY, ad. Always, constantly, contin- ually, ever, perpetually. UNCERTAIN, a. Doubtful, precarious, dubious, cquivocal. Certain. UNCHANGEABLE, a. Immutable, unalterable. Change. UNCIVIL, 11. Impolite, ungracious, uncourt- cous, rude. Polite, civil, accomplished. U.N.cox/MoM, a. Choice, unfrequent, scarce, singular, unique. Common. UNCONGENIAL, a. 1. Unsuited, disagreeable. 2. Dissimilar. Congrental. Un- diminutive. * rare, g--- | < • UNconceRNED, a. Cool, unaffected, indiffer. ent, careless, apathetic, nonchalant. Con- cerpted. UNcover, v. 1. Discover, reveal, disclose. 2. Strip, lay bare. Conceal. UNDAUNTED, a. Fearless, brave, bold, man- ful, resolute, intrepid. Weak. UNDENIABLE, a. Evident, obvious, undisput- able, incontrovertible, irrefragable. UNDER, prep. Below, beneath, inferior, lower, subjacent, subject. UNDERSTANDING, n. 1. Mind, intellect, reason, sense. 2. Notion, idea, judgment, knowl- edge. 3. Agreement. UNENDURABLE, a. Intolerable. Tolerate. UNDETERMINED, a. Doubtful, fluctuating, hes. itating, irresolute, unsteady, vascillating, wavering. Resolute. UNFAITH FUL, a. False, treacherous, faithless, recreant, perfidious, dishonest, disloyal. Faithful. NFIT, a. 1. Inapt, inappropriate, unsuitable. 2. Incapable, unqualified. Competent, con- venient. * UNFolp, v. Develop, display, open, divulge, expand, reveal, unravel. Conceal. UNGUARDED, a. 1. Thoughtless, careless. 2. Undefended, naked, unprotected. Guarded. UNGRATEFUL, a. Unpleasing, thankless. Thankful. UNITANDY, a. 1. Inconvenient. 2. Clumsy, bungling, awkward, maladroit. Skillful. UNITAPPY, a. 1. Afflicted, distressed, wretched, miserable. 2. Disastrous, hard, severe. flappiness. UNIIEALTHY, a. Diseased, sickly, infirm, inva- lid. Healthy. UNIFoRM, a. 1. Regular, unvarying, alike, undeviating. 2. Consonant. UNKIND, a. Harsh, unamiable, unfriendly, cruel. A ind, UNIMPortANT, a. Inconsiderable, immaterial, insignificant, trifling, petty, trivial. Weighty. UNIson, n. Accordance, agreement, concord, harmony, melody. Disagree. UNLAwFUL, a. Illegal, unlicensed, illicit. Legal, lawful. UNLEARNED, a. Ignorant, illiterate, unedu- cated, unlettered. Learned. UNLIKE, a. Different, dissimilar, Similar. UNLIMITED, a. Boundless, illimitable, infinite, unbounded. Limited. UNMERCIFUL, a. Callous, cruel, hard-hearted, merciless, severe. Merciful. UNQUESTIONABLE, a. Indisputable, undeniable, certain, obvious, incontestable, indubitable, irrefragable. £2uestionable. UNRAvEL, v. Develop, disentangle, extricate, unfold. Twine. UNREAL, a. Shadowy, imaginary, insubstan- tial, visionary, ghostly, spectral. Real. UNRELENTING, a. Unpitying, relentless, rig- orous, inexorable, harsh, cruel, merciless. 2 ender. UNRULY, a. Ungovernable, mutinous, sedi- tious, insubordinate, turbulent. Obedient. NSEEN, a. Invisible, undiscovered, not secn. Visible. distinct. UNSPEAKABLE, a. Unutterable, inexpressible, ineffable. UNSKILLFUL, a. Ignorant, wanting art or knowledge. Skillful. UNSocIAL, a. Unsociable, unkind. Sociable. UNSTABLE, a. 1. Fickle, inconstant, mutable, vacillating. 2. Fluctuating. Stable. UNTIMELY, a. Premature, inopportune, un- seasonable. Timely. UNSUCCESSFUL, a. Unfortunate, unlucky. Success. UNTwin E, v. Untwist, unwind. Tzvine. UNWEARIED, a. fresh. Tired. UNwILLING, a. Reluctant, loath, indisposed, disinclined. Willing. UPBRAID, v. Blame, censure, reprove, con- demn, stigmatize, taunt. Commend. UPRIGHT, a. 1. Erect. 2. Honest, bold. Stoop. UPROAR, "t. Commotion, hubbub, disturbance, clamor, tumult. Calm. URBANITY, m. Civility, courtesy, politeness, suavity. Incivility. URGE, v. 1. Instigate, incite, stimulate, spur. 2. Solicit, entreat. 3. Impel, push, drive. Ayinder. URGENT, a. Insportunate, pressing, cogent. Unimportant. UsAGE, n. 1. Habit, practice, custom. 2. Treatment. Unusual. Use, v. 1. Employ. 2. Consume, exhaust, expend. 3. Exercise, practice. 4. Accus- tom, inure. Abuse. Useful, a. Helpful, serviceable, good, con. venient, profitable. Futile. UsuaLLY, adv. Regularly, ordinarily, gener- Indefatigable, not weary, ally, habitually. Unusual. USELEss, a. Fruitless, ineffectual, vain. Use- ful. UTILITY, n. Use, service, usefulness, avail, benefit, profit. Worthless. Urrekly, adv. Wholly, completely, fully, totally. Partly. UTTERMosT, a. 1. Utmost, greatest. 2. Ex- treme, farthest. UNUSUAL, a. Rare, uncommon. Usually. UNwFL.coME, a. 1. Unacceptable. 2. Dis- pleasing. Welcome. V. VACANT, a. 1. Empty, unfilled, void. 2. Thoughtless. Filled. VACANcy, n. 1. Chasm. 2. Emptiness, vacu- ity. VACATE, v. 1. Make empty, void, annul. 2. Leave. Occupy. VAGUE, a. Indefinite, uncertain, dim, doubt- ful, obscure. Definite. VAIN, a. 1. Inflated, conceited, overwcening, ostentatious. 2. Useless, fruitless. Modest. VALEDICTION, n. Taking leave, farewell. VALID, a. Sound, just, logical, sufficient, grave. Invalid. VALUABLE, a. Costly, precious, worthy, esti- mable. Worthless. VALUE, n. Account, appreciation, estimation, price, rate, worth. VALUE, v. Appraise, assess, calculate, appre- ciate, compute, esteem, estimate, regard, re- VANQUISH, v. Beat, overcome, quell, conquer, subdue, confutc, defeat, subjugate. Tield. VAPID, a. 1. Insipid, flat, spiritless. 2. Dull, tame, prosy. Spirited. , VARIABLE, a. Changeable, capricious, fickle, unsteady, versatile, wavering. Unchange- able. VARIANCE, n. Unison. VARIATION, n. 1. Difference, deviation, diver- sity. 2. Change, mutation. Unchangeable. VARIETY, m. 1. Difference, diversity. 2. Mul- tiplicity. VAR1oUS, a. 1. Different, several, sundry, many. 2. Diversified. VAUNTING, n. Boasting, ostentation, parade, vain glory. Modest. VEER, v. Turn, shift, change course. VEGITATE, v. Spring, grow, shoot, germinate. VEHEMENT, a. 1. Passionate, violent, furious. 2. Earnest, fervid. 3. Forcible, strong. Gen- tle. - VELOCITY, n. Speedy, rapidity, swiftness, fleetness. VENERATE, v. Honor, respect, revere, adore. Aude. VERAcITY, n. Candor, truthfulness, honesty. ingenuousness. Afendacity. VERBAL, a. 1. Literal. 2. Unwritten, oral, spoken, parole. Written. VERBOSE, a. Diffuse, wordy, windy, prolix. Succinct, terse, concise. VESTIGE, n. Mark, trace, track, footstep. VEXATION, n. 1. Annoyance, trouble, torment. 2. Displeasure. Pleasure. VICE, n. Wickedness, crime, sin, moral ill. Virtue. VIcINITY, m. ity, nearness. Discord, strife, discussion. 1. Neighborhood. 2. Proxim- VICISSITUDE, n. Change, variation, revolution. . VIEW, n. 1. Scene, vista, prospect. 2. Pict- Ture, sketch. 3. Sight, inspection. 4. Opin- 1011, VIGILANT, a. Watchful, circumspect. Heed- less. VIGoRoUS, a. 1. Strong, energetic. 2. Healthy, sound. 3. Racy, pointed. Weak. VIOLENT, a. 1. Fierce, hot. 2. Vehement, boisterous, furious, impetuous, turbulent, vehement. 3. Sharp, intense. Gentle. VILE, a. 1. Wicked, knavish. 2. Low, base, mean, foul. VINDICATE, v. Clear, defend, protect, justify. VIRTUE, n. 1. Goodness, integrity, worth. 2. Power, efficacy. Vice. VIRTUoUs, a. 1. Pure, chaste. 2. Good, right- eous, exemplary. Bad. VISIBLE, a. 1. Patent, apparent, evident, ob- vious. 2. Perceptible. Onseen. - VISIONARY, a. Enthusiastic, fanatical, imaginary. VISITATION, n. 1. Affliction, trouble, dispen- sation. 2. Inspection. VITAL, a. Necessary, essential, indispensable. VITIATE, v. Contaminate, pollute, defile, in- fect, sophisticate, taint. Cleanse. VIVID, a. Active, bright, clear, lively, lucid, quick, sprightly, striking. Dull. Vol.ATILE, a. 1. Fickle, flighty, giddy, 2. fantastical, UNSETTLED, a. I. Vacillating, uncertain, un- spect. Evaporable. Steady. steady, wavering, restless. 2. Turbid. 3. VANITY, n. Arrogance, conceit, pride, haugh- VoI-ATILITY, *. Flightiness, giddiness, levity, Undetermined. Resolute. tiness. Afodesty. lightness, liveliness. Steadiness. * - Q-E # = -a-9 *- SYNONYMOUS WORDS. I6I + SYNONYMOUS WORDS. – VoI.UBLE, a. Glib, wordy, fluent, loguacious. Voluptuous, a. Sensual, epicurean, luxu- rious. VoLUPTUARY, n. Epicure, sensualist. VoUCII, v. 1. Attest, warrant, avouch. 2. Back, support. VULGAR, a. 1. Base, low, mean, coarse, vile, 2. Cant, inelegant. Elegant. VULGARITY, m. Coarseness, grossness, mean- ness, rudeness, vileness. Refined. W. WAG, n. Humorist, joker, jester, wit. WAGES, m. pl. Pay, salary, hire, compensa- tion, stipend, earnings. WAKEFUL, a. Sleepless, vigilant, watchful, wary. WALK, n. Carriage, gate, path. WALK, v. Perambulate. WANDER, v. 1. Stray, swerve, digress, deviate. 2. Stroll, ramble, roam. WANT, n. 1. Need. 2. Poverty, indigence. 3. Lack, dearth, scarcity. Sufficient. WAREs, n. Commodities, goods, merchandise. WARINESS, n. Care, caution, circumspection, forethought, prudence. Aeedless. WARLIKE, a. 1. Hostile, inimical. 2. Mili- tary, bellicose. Peaceful. WARM, a. 1. Genial, pleasant, sunny. 2. Not cold. 3. Fervent. 4. Excited. Cool, cold. i WARMT11, n. 1. Glow. 2. Zeal, vehemence, ardor, fervor. WARNING, n. 1. Monition, admonition, 2. Notice. 3. Caution. WARY, a. Vigilant, cautious, discreet, guard- cd. Negligent. WASTE, v. 1. Loss, consumption. 2. Refuse. 3. Pillage, ruin, destruction, devastation. WASTEFUL, a. 1. Destructive. 2. Profuse, lavish, extravagant. Frtgal. WArcityUL, a. Vigilant, careful, wary, cir- cumspect, alert. Heedless. WAvE, n. Ripple, undulation, swell, surge, billow, breaker. WAver, v. 1. Fluctuate, vacillate. 2. Flicker, wave. Steadfast. VVAY, n. 1. Path, route, course, road. 2. Mode, method. WAYwARD, a. Froward, perverse, obstinate, willful, headstrong, stubborn. WEAK, a. 1. Feeble, languid, weakly. 2. Frail, sickly. Potent, strong. WEAKEN, v. 1. Debilitate, unnerve, enfeeble. 2. Lower, reduce. Nerve, invigorate. WEAKNEss, n. Debility, effeminacy. Strong. WEALT11, m. Abundance, fortune, affluence, riches, treasure, opulence. Poverty. VVEARINEss, n. Exhaustion, languor, lassi- tude, fatigue. WEARY, a. Annoy, fatigue, harass, jade, sub- due, tire, vex. Untweary. VVEDDING, n. Bridal, espousals, Inarriage, nuptials. WEDLock, n. Marriage state, matrimony. WEE, a. Small, little, diminutive, pigmy, tiny. JLarge, great. WEIGIIT, n. 1. Gravity, ponderosity. 2. Bur- den, load. 3. Influence, importance. WFIGIITY, a. Momentous, important. portant. WELCoME, a. 1. Pleasing, acceptable, agree- able, gratifying. 2. Admitted with pleasure. Unwelcome. WELFARE, n. prosperity. WITEREFoRE, adv. and conj. Why. WHET, v. 1. Stimulate, quicken, arouse, kindle. 2. Sharpen. W111MSICAL, a. Capricious, fantastical, fan- ciful. WIIITEN, v. Bleach, etiolate, fade, blanch. W11ole, a. All, sum, totality. Part. WIcKED, a. 1. Bad, ill, evil, iniquitous. 2. Sinful, vicious, impious. Virtuous. WILLINGLY, ad. Spontaneously, voluntarily, readily. WILY, a. Crafty, artful, sly, cunning, insid- ious, subtle, snaky. Ingentious. WIN, v. 1. Gain, get, obtain, acquire, earn, achieve. 2. Gain over. Lose. WINCE, v. Shrink, flinch, startle. WINDING, a. Meandering, serpentine, flexu- ous, sinuous. Straight. . WINDY, a. Breczy, stormy, gusty, tempestu- ous, blustering. Calm. WIsDoM, n. 1. Sagacity, sense, judgment. 2. Learning, knowledge. 3. Reasonableness. Ignorance. WISE, a. 1. Sage, sensible, judicious. 2. Erudite. 3. Sly, subtle, knowing. W1T, n. Burlesque, contrivance, humor, irony, ingenuity, stratagem. WITII, prep. By, through. WITIIDRAW, 7”. 1. Recant, disavow. 2. Re- move. 3. Disengage, wean. WITIIDREw, v. Go back, recede, retire, re- treat, retrogade, take back. WITIIIIoLD, v. 1. Retain. 2. Restrain. WITHIN, n. Inside, interior. Surface. WITIISTAND, v. Oppose, thwart, resist. WITNESS, n. Deponent, evidence, testimony. WonDER, n. 1. Marvel, prodigy, miracle. 2. Surprise, amazement. 3. Curiosity. WoNDERFUL, a. Admirable, astonishing, cu- rious, marvelous, strange, surprising. WONTED, a. Usual, habitual, accustomed, common, frequent. Woon, n. 1. Copse, grove, forest. 2. Timber. WoRD, n. Expression, promise, term. WoRKER, n. 1. Performer. 2. Operative, laborer, workman, artificer. WoRSHIP, n. Adore, honor, revere. Unin- Weal, well-being, success, excite, WoRTII, n. Desert, excellence, merit, price, rate, value. Worthless. WoRTIILEss, a. Valueless, degraded. Worth. WoRTHY, a. 1. Good, excellent, cstinable” virtuous. 2. Deserving. Unworthy. WRETCIIED, a. 1. Poor, bad, vile, pitiful. 2. Calamitous. 3. Forlorn, unhappy, miserable. Aappy. WRITTEN, a. Penned, inscribed, transcribed, reduced to writing. Verbal. WRITER, n. 1. Author. 2. Scribe, clerk, sccretary, amanuensis. 3. Penman. WRONG., v. Maltreat, injure, abuse, oppress. WRONG, a. Untrue, faulty, not fit, unsuitable, unjust. 5ust. WRoNG, n. Injustice, error, injury. justice. WRoNGLY, adv. Wrong, amiss, erroneously. WRoUGIIT, pp. Done, performed, effected. WRY, a. Crooked, askew, distorted, twisted, turned. Strait. X. XEREs, n. Sherry. XIP1101D, a. Swordlike, ensiform. XYLoGRAPHY, n. Wood-engraving. Y. YEARLY, adv. Annually, per annum. YELLow, a. Fulvid, fulvous, golden. YEOMAN, n. Farmer, freeholder, commoner. YET, conj, or ad. But, however, nevertheless, notwithstanding, still, hitherto, further, be- sides. YIELD, v. Allow, cede, communicate, comply, conform, concede, give, produce, permit, re- sign, surrender. Take. YIELD, "t. Crop, product. YIELDING, a. Compliant, submissive, facile, unresisting, accommodating. Stubborn. YokE, n. 1. Link, chain, tie, bond. 2. Servi- -tude, dependence, bondage, subjection, thrall- dom. YokE, v. Associate, join, link, couple, con- join. YoUTII, n. 1. Lad, boy, stripling. 2. Young men, young women. 3. Juniority, minority, juvenility, adolescence. Old. Z. ZANY, a. Clown, buffoon, harlequin, punch, fool. ZEAL, n. Earnestness, fervor, cordiality, ardor, passion. ZEALOT, n. Enthusiast, bigot, fanatic, vision- ary. ZEALoUs, a. Earnest, fervid, glowing, burn- ing, passionate. ZENITII, n. Top, apex, summit, pinnacle. ZEPIIYR, n. 1. Breeze. 2. West wind. Calm. ZERO, n. Cipher, naught, nothing. ZEST, n. Flavor, taste, savor, relish. ZoME, n. 1. Girdle, belt. 2. Clime, region. #35: RONUNCIATION is defined | by Webster as “the act of uttering with articulation.” Correct and finished articula- tion is a prime beauty in public * #|| speaking, reading and conver- |--|--> * sation. This can most readily ", #~% ''', * * ***: ~- :2: S: * D and effectually be acquired by £ attending, systematically, to the %:#", elementary sounds of language, and their # combinations, to divide words accurately # into syllables, and to know which syllable # of a word has the chief accent. To know " # where the chief accent should be placed is # # sufficient, for the others then naturally fall | into their places. - Ś Most words in our language -have the # accent either on the penult or on the ante- & penult; that is on the second or third syllable from the end, as: Val'-ley, at-tor'-ney. Latin, Greek, or Scriptural names always have the chief *ccent on the penult or on the antepenult, as: Cor-i-o-la'- nus, Je-ru'-sa-lem. Ordinary English words sometimes have the chief accent *s far back as on the fourth or even the fifth syllable from the end, as: Ob'-li-ga-to-ry, not ob-lig’-a-to-ry. Words ending in the sound of shun, zhun, or chun, or in *ny kindred sound have the chief accent on the penult, as: Con-ven '-tion, pol-i-ti'-cian. Words ending in cive, sive, ic, ics, or tive, preceded by a Sonsonant, have the chief accent on the penult, as: E-va'- sive, he-ro'-ic, con-sump'-tive. ExcEPTIONs: Arith'-metic, ar'-senic, (noun), ad’-jective, bish’-opric, *th'-olic, chol'-eric, ephem'-eric, her’-etic, Ju'-natic, pol'-itic, pol'-itics, "het'-oric, sub-stantive, tur-meric, and perhaps pleth'-oric and Splen'-etic. * long as in ale, fate, chamber. "AT. E. # A. Giving Nearly Thr68 THOUSAnd Words, Offen MispronolmCBl, With N, # * ##############s, BllèS 0f P[0 * * 1:23 MIMElation, Words ending in acal, acy, athy; e-al, e-an, e-ows; efy, ety, erous; fluous, fluent; gonal, graphy; i-a, i-ac, i-al; i-an, ical, i-ous, inous, ify, ty; logy, loquy, lysis; meter, metry, orous; ulous; phony, tomy, or thropy,-have the chief accent on the antepenult, as: Theoc'-racy, sym'-pathy, hercu'-lean, spon- ta'-neous, stu'-pefy. ExcEPTIONs: Adamante'-an, antipode'-an, colosse'-an, cano'-rous, empyre'-an, Epicure'-an, hymene'-al, hymene'-an, pygme'-an. Words of three or more syllables, ending in ative, have the accent on the antepenult, or on the preceding syllable, as: Ab’-lative, commu'-nicative, spec'-ulative. ExcEPTIONs: Crea'-tive, colla'-tive dila'-tive. Some words may be pronounced in different ways, with good authority for each pronunciation, as: Adver'-tise- ment, or advertise'-ment; deco'-rous, or dec'-orous. The following rules may serve to guard the reader against the chief current faults of pronunciation: 1. Give to every syllable its proper sound. Do not say ben for been, dreen for drain, keow for cow. 2. Be careful not to omit any letter or letters of a sylla- ble, nor any syllable or syllables of a word, that are not silent. Do not say kep for kept, Ienth for length, chile for child. 3. Place the accent on the proper syllable. t Do not say fan'-atic for fanat'-ic, indus'-try for in-dustry, in'-quiry for inqui'-ry. 4. Bear in mind that derivative words are not always accented or pronounced like their primitives. Converse', con’-versant, not convers'-ant; prê'-serve', près-ervation, not prê'-servation. 5. Remember that a change in the part of speech some- times requires a change in the accent. To absent’, to be ab'-scnt; to escort', an es'-cort; to perfume', a per'-fume. 6. In doubtful cases, pronounce words according to their spelling or according to analogy. Lieutenant is better pronounced loo-ten'-ant than lev-ten'-ant. The following KEY will serve to indicate the sounds of the marked letters in the Dictionary. u. (unmarked) preceded by r, as in rude, AccLIMATIZE, ak-kli'ma-tíz, not ak'kli-ma-tíz. * short, as in add, and, fät. Ill In Or. - Accost, ak-kost', not ak-kawst'. ii. italian, as in ärm, füther, für. g, hard, as in get, tiger, begin. AccRUE, ak-kröö', not ak-htl'. ã, as in air, fair, pāir. th. flat or vocal, as in then, thine, smooth. Acorn, a 'korn, not a kurn. * broad (unmarked), as in all, talk. th. sharp(unmarked),as in thing, breath,thin. Acoustics, a-kows’tiks, not a-köös’tiks. C. long, as in Cve, mCte, peace. ch, soft 11kesh, as in chaise, machine. AcRoss, a-krös', not a-krawst'. C. short, as in &nd, mênd, check. ch. hard like k, (unmarked), as in chasm, ADAMANTEAN, ad-a-man-te'an, not ad-a-man'- I long, as in Ice, Ire, fine. chorus. be-àn. I short, as in It, In, admit. DICTIONARY. ADDREss, ad-dres', not ad'dres. O. long, as in Oak, old, note. A ADEPT, a-dept', not ad’ept. 6. short, as in ön, not tërrid. An DoMEN, ab-do'men, not ab'do-men. * ADMIRABLE, ad'mi-ra-bl, not ad-mi'ra-bl. 9. Broad(unmarked), like broada,as in order . ABIEcTLY, ab'ject'll, not ab-ject'll. ADULT, a-dult', not ad’tllt. o. long, as in móön, fööd. ABSOLVE, ab-zolv’ or ab-solv’, not ab'zolve. ADvERSE, ad’vers, not ad-vers". 99 short, as in wool, fööt. ABSTEMIous, ab-ste’mi-us, not ab-stem'I-us. AERo LITE, a cr-o-lit, not a-ör'o-lit. * or ow (unmarked), as in owl, hound. ABSTRUSE, ab-ströös not abstrils. AERNAUT, a'êr-o-nawt, not a-èr'o-nawt. * l, long, as in due, gltle, trtle. ACCENT, ak-sent’, not ak'sent. AGAIN, a-gen', not a-gān nor a-gin'. ti short, as in tip, is, pull. AccI.IMATE, ak-kli'mit, not ak'kll-măt. AGED, a jed, not àjid. S- -ā- 4– I64 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY. AGGRAND1zE, ag'gran-dIz, not ag-grandIz. AGGRAND1zEMENT, ag'gran-diz-ment, not ag- £ran'-diz-ment. AGILE, aj'Il, not aj'Il nor a jil. AGRICULTURIST, ag-ri-kult (lr-ist, not ag-rl- kultur-al-ist. AGUE, a gll, not a göö. ALABASTER, #1'a-bas-ter, not al-a-bas' ter. ALBUMEN, al-bu'men, not al’bu-imen. ALDERMAN1c, awl-der-man'ik, not àl-der- man'ik. ALG EBRA, al’je-bra, not al’je-brå. ALIEN, #1'yen, not à-li-en. ALIMENT, #1'1-ment, not à l'I-ment. ALLEGoRIST, al'le-go-rist, not al-le-go'rist. ALLEGRo, It., al-le'gro or al-lä gro, not al’le- gro. - ALLIES, al-liz’, not al'liz. ALLoPATIIIST, al-lop'a-thist, not al"lo-path-ist. ALLoPATIIY, al-lop'a-thl, not allo-path-I. ALLY, al-ll', not al’ll nor al’ll. ALMoND, i'mund, not al'mund. ALMS, imz, not àlmz nor imz. ALPACA, al-pak'a, not al-ā-pak'a. ALPINE, al’pin or āl’pin, not à!'pën. ALSo, awl’so, not Öl'so. ALTERCATE, "l'tór-kit, not awl'ter-kāt. ALTERNATE, lil-ter'nāt, not awl-ter'nāt. ALWAYS, awl"wāz, not awl'wuz nor Öl'wuz. AMATEUR, am-à-tur" or am-a-ttir', not am'a- to Or. * AMELIorATE, a-mêl-yo-rāt, not a-mêl'I-o-rāt. AMENABLE, a-me'na-bl, not a-men'a-bl. AMENITY, a-men'1-tl, not a-me'nl-ti. AMERICA, a-mêr'I-ka, not a-mêr'I-kI. AMOUR, a-moor', not am'óör. ANCIENT, in'shent, not lin'shent. AND, and, not an. ANGEL, in jel, not lin'jl. ANIMADVERT, an-I-mad-vert', not an-I-mad'- Vert. ANNIIIILATE, an-ni"hi-lāt, not an-n!’lāt. ANOTHER, an-uth'er, not a-nuth'er. ANSWER, an'ser, not lin'ser nor an’swer. ANTARTIC, ant-ark tik, not ant-artik." ANTIPopFs, an-tip'o-dëz, not anti-podz. ANXIETY, angz-i'-etl, not anks-i-e-tí. ANY witHRE, en'f-hwār, not en'I-hwär. AORIST, a 'o-rist, not a-o'rist. APERTURE, ap'er-tür, not a-per’ttir. APIIELION, a-fe'll-on, not a-föl’yon. ApostLE, a-pos’l, not a-pos’tl nor a-paws'!. APOTHEOSIS, ap-o-the'o-sis, not a-poth-e-o'sis. APPARATUS, ap-pa-rā’tus, not ap-pa-rä'tus. APPARENT, ap-pár'ent, not ap-pâ'rent. APPLICATIvE, appli-ka-tiv, not ap-plik'a-tiv. APPRECIATE, ap-pre'shl-āt, not ap-pre'shit. APPRENTICE, ap-pren'tis, not ap-prin'tis. APPROBATIVE, ap'pro-ba-tiv, not ap-pro-ba'- tiv. APR1cor, a pri-kot, not ap'ri-kot. AquEDUCT, ak'we-dukt, not àk’we-dukt. ARABIC, ar'a-bik, not a-ra'bik. ARCHANGEL, ark-àn'jel, not arch-ān'jel. ARCIIBISHop, arch-bish'op, not ark'bish-op. ARcIIIPELAGo, ar-ki-pel'a-go, not arch-i-pel'. à-go. ARCHITECT, ar'ki-tekt, not arch’i-tekt. ARCIIITECTURE, ar'ki-tekt-flr, not arch-i-tect’tlr. ARCIIIVES, ar'kIvz, not ar'chlvz. ARCTIC, ark'tik, not artik. ARDtous, ar'dti-us, not àr'dóð-us. ARE, ir, not àur. AREA, a re-a, not a-re'a. ARID, ar'id, not ir'id nor à'rid. ARMADA, ar-mâ'da, not ar-mâ'da. ARMISTICE, Ir'mis-tis, not ar-mis’tis. ARox1A, a-rö'ma, not à'ro-ma. ARRANGE, àr-rānj', not àr-rānj'. ARRogANT, àr'ro-gant, not àr'ro-gant. ARRow, ir'ro, not ir'ro. ARTERY, arter-I, not ar'trl. ASIA, a'shi'a, not a'zha nor a 'zhe-a. ASIATIC, a-shi-at'ik, not a-zhe-at'ik. ASPIRANT, as-pln'ant, not as pl-rant. AsPIRATE, as pi-rit, not as-pirat. ASSETs, as sets, not as-sets". AssociaTE, as-so'shi-at, not as-so'shāt. Association, as-so-shi-a'shun, not as-so-se- a'shun. ASKED, askt, not ast. ASTRIMA, ast'ma, or az'ma. ASYLUM, a-si'lum, not as'I-lum. ATE, it or et. ATHENAEUM, ath-e-ne'um, not a-the'ne-um. ATTACKED, at-takt', not at tak'ted. ATToRNEY, at-tur'ne, not at-tor'ne. AUCTION, awk'shun, not ork'shun. AUDAcroUs, aw-dà'shus, not aw-dash'us nor ow-da'shus. AUDIENCE, au’d I-ence, not aw'jI-ence. AUNT, tint, not int. AUREoLA, au-re'o-la, not au-re-o'la. AURoRA BoREAL1s, aw-ro'ra-bo-re-ā'lis, not all-ro'ra-bo-re-i'lis. AUx1LIARY, awgz-il’ya-ri, not awgz-il'I-a-ri. AvAUNT, a-vawnt', not a-vānt'. AVENUE, av'e-nil, not av’e-nó). AwFUL, aw'fööl, not aw'fi nor or'fl. AwKwARD, awk'ward, not ork'ard. AWRY, a-rl', not aw-rl'. BAcIIELOR, bach'el-or, not bach’ler nor bach'- el-dur. BADE, bâd, not bäd. BADINAGE, bad-I-nāzh' or bad'I-nāzh, not bad'in-āj. BALM, bim, not bälm nor bâm. BALSAM, bawl'sam, not bäl-sam. BALsAM1C, bâl-sam'ic, not bawl-sam'ic. BARBARous, barba-rus, not bar-ba'ri-us. BARREL, bir’rel, not bär'ril nor birl. BARoucIIE, ba-ró0sh', not ba-róöch'. BASKET, bas'ket, not bas'kit. BATH, blith, not bäth. BATIIs, bäthz, not bäths nor bäths. BEAUTEoUs, bu'tc-us, not bu'che-us. BEAUTIFUL, bu'ti-fööl, not be-tlti-fööl. BECAUSE, be-kawz', not be-köz'. BEDSTEAD, bed'sted, not bed'stid. BEELzEBUB, be-el'ze-bub, not böl'ze-bub. BEEN, bin, not ben. BEFoRE, be-fôr', not bi-fôr'. BEGoNE, be-gon', not be-gawn'. BEIIALF, be-häf, not be-häf. BEIIRMoTII, behe-moth, not be-he'moth. BELIEVE, be-löv', not blöv. BELLows, bel'lus, not bel'löz. BENEATII, be-nēth', not be-nēth'. BEquEATH, be-kw8th', not be-kw8th'. BETRoTH, be-tröth', not be-tröth'. BEvEL, bev'el, not bev'I. BEYoND, be-yond', not be-yund'. BIENNIAL, bi-en'ni-al, not bi-en’yal. BIOGRAPHY, bi-og'ra-fi, not bl—og'ra-fi. BITUMEN, bi-tu'men, not bit'u-men. BLACKGUARD, blag'ard, not blak'gard. BLASPIIEMoUs, blas'fe-mus, not blas-fe'mus. BLASPHEMY, blas'fe-mi, not blas-fé'ml. BLATANT, bla'tant, not blåt'ant. BLOUSE, blowz, not blows. BoISTERous, boister-us, not bois' trus. BoMB, bum, not bom. BoMBAST, bum'bast or bum-bast', not bom'- bast. BoMBAzINE, bum-ba-zën', not bom-ba-zen'. BoNNET, bon'et, not bun'et. Booth, booth, not bööth. Bosox, bööz'um or b6öz'un, not bööz'm. BounTEoUs, bown'te-us, not bown'che-us. IBoUQUET, boð-kā or b60'kä, not bö-kā'. Bowl.ING, böl'ing, not bowl'ing. BowsPRIT, bo'sprit, not bow'sprit. BRAMIN, brå'min, not brå'min. BRAvADo, bra-vā'do, not bra vå'do. BREECITEs, brich'ez, not brèch'ez. BRETHREN, breth’ren, not breth'er-en. BREw, bróð, not brtl. BRIGAND, brig'and, not brf-gänd'. BRIGANTINE, brig'an-tin, not brig'an-tin. BROMIDE, bro'mid, not bro'mid. BROMINE, brö'min, not bro'min. BRONCHITIS, bron-kI'tis, not bron-kö’tis. BRoocII, bröch, not brööch. BRUTAL, brot)'tal, not bril’tl. BRUTE, broöt, not brut. BULLETIN, bööl'e-tin orbóól'e-tên. BULwARK, bool'wark, not btil'wark. BUOY, bvoi, not boi nor b601. BUoYANT, byvoi'ant, not boi'ant nor b601'. ant. BUSHEL, böösh'el, not böösh’l. BUSINESS, biz'nes, not biz'I-nes. BUSTLE, bus’l, not bus’tl. BUTcIIER, bööch'er, not böö'cher. C CALDRON, kawl'dron, not kāl'dron. CALF, kāf, not kääf. CALISTIIEN1cs, kal-is-then'iks, not kal-is'then- ik8. CALM, kām, not kām. CALORIC, ka-lör’ik or ka-lö'rik, not kāl'o- rik. CALVE, käv, not kāāv. CAMELoPARD, ka-mel'o-pård, not kam-el-lep'- ard. CAMP11or, kam'for, not kam'fIr. CAN, kan, not ken. CANAILLE, ka-nāl' or ka-nā'il, not ka-nel’. CANINE, ka-nin'. not ka'nin. CANoroUS, ka-no'rus, not kan'o-rus. CAPITolINE, kap'1-to-lin, not kap-I to lin. CAPON, ka'pn, not ka'pon. CARDINE, karbin, not kar'bin. CARET, ka’ret, not kār'et. CARICATURE, kir’i-ka-ttir, not kär"I-ka-chóðr. CARRY, kär'ri, not kêr'ri. CARTRIDGE, kar'trij, not kat'rij. CAssIMERE, kas'si-mêr, not kaz'i-mêr. CASTLE, kas’l, not kas'tl. CASUAL, kazh'u-al, not kaz'u-al. – |- ---> $=- -—9 "--~ PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY. I65 CASUALTY, kazh'u-al-ti, not kazh-u-al'I-ti. CATcII, kāch, not kêch. CATECHUMEN, kat-e-ku'men, not kat-e-chu'- In Cn. CAUCASIAN, kaw-ka'shan, not kaw-kash'an. CAYENNE, kā-en', not kI-en', nor kisan'. CELLAR, sel'ler, not suller. CEMENT, se-ment', not senn'ent. CEMETERY, seme-têr-I, not sem'e-tri. CENTENARY, sente-na-ri, not sen-ten'a-ri. CENTRIFUGAL, sen-trifugal, not sen-tri-fu'- gal. CENTRIPETAL, sen-trip'e-tal, not sen-tri-pe- tal. s CEREMENTs, serments, not sère-ments. CERTAIN, sertin, not sert'n. CiALYBEATE, ka-lib'e-ät, not cha-lib'e-ät. CIAM, kam, not cham. CitAMBER, cham'ber, not chim’ber. CitAos, kaos, not ka’us nor chaos. CitaRACTER, kar'ak-ter, not ka-rakter. CitARACTERIsric, kār-ak-ter-istik, not krak'- ter-is-tik. CitAskr, kazm, not kaz'um. CitASTEN, chas'n, not châs'n. CitASTISEMENT, chastiz-ment not chas-tiz'- ment. Criest, chest, not chist. CIIEw, chóð, not chtl, . CincANERY, she-kan'er-I, not shi-kän'er-l. CircKEN, chick'en, not chick'n nor chick'ing. CIIILD, child, not chll. CirrupREN, children, not chil'durn. CinMERA, ki-me'ra, not chi-me'ra. CirstERICAL, kI-mêr ik-al, not chi-mérik al. Cin MNEY, chim’ni, not chim’II nor chim’bli. CitixipANZEE, chim-pan'ze, not shim-pan'ze. CHINESE, chi-nēz', not chi-nēs'. CitroGRAPHY, ki-rogra-fi, not chi-rogra- fi nor kir-og'ra-fi. Citikoropist, ki-rop'o-dist, not chi-rop'o- dist. CinsEL, chiz'el, not chiz'l. SinvaLRous, shiv'al-rus, not shi-val'rus. CirvaLRY, shiv'al-ri or chiv'al-ri, not shi- val'ry. ChiloRIDE, klo'rld, not klorid. CirlorINE, klorin, not klorin. ChocoLATE, chök’o-lāt, not chawk'o-lāt. CitrisTMAs, kris'mas, not kristmas. CincitonA, sin-ko'na, not sin-cho'na. Circuitous, sur-ku'it-us, not sur kit-us. CITIZEN, sit'I42n, not sit'I-zen. Civil, siv'il, not siv'l. CLANDEsriNE, klan-destin, not klan'destin. CLAPBoARD, klab bord, not klab'urd. CLINcII, klinch, not klench. Cloths, klöthz or klawtha, not klöths. CoADJUTANT, ko-adjutant, not ko-ad-jutant. CoADJUroR, ko-ad-jutor, not ko-āj'ti-tor. CochinEAL, köch'i-nel, not koch’i-nöl. CockATRICE, kok'a-trice, not kok'a-tris. CofFEE, kofe, not kaw'fe. CoFFIN, köfin, not kawfin. ColisEUM, kol-i-se'um, not kol-iz'e-um. CoLLATION, kol-la'shun, not co-la'shun. Collusive, kol-lusiv, not kol-lu'ziv. CoLoN, koton, not koin. CoLPokTAGE, col'port-aj, not col-port'aj. CoLPoRTER, col"pört-er, not col-porter. CoLUMN, kol'um, not kolyööm nor kolyum. CoMBATANT, kom'ba-tant or kum'ba-tant, not kom-bat'ant. CoMBATIVE, kom'ba-tiv or kum'ba-tiv, not kom-bat’iv. COMELY, kum'll, not köm’ll. CoMMENSURABLE, kom-men'shôö-ra-bl, not kom-men'zhòö-ra-bl. CoMMENT, kom’ment, not kom-ment'. CoMMISERATE, kom-miz'er-āt, not kom-mis'- er-#t. COMMUNIST, kom’mu-nist, not kom-mu'mist. CoMPARABLE, kom'pa-ra-bl, not kom-pâr'- a-bl. CoMPEER, kom-pêr', not kom'për, CoMPENSATIVE, kom-pen'sa-tiv, not kom'- pen-sa-tiv. CoMPLAISANCE, kom-pla-zance' or kom'pla- zance, not kom-pla'sance. CoMPLAISANT, kom-pla-zant’ or kom'pla-zant, not kom-pla'sant. CoMPONENT, kom-po'nent, not kom'po.nent. CoMroSITE, köm-poz'It, not kom'po-zit. CoMPosr, kom'pöst, not kom'pöst. CoMPROMISE, kom'pro-mlz, not kom-prom'ís. CoMRADE, kom'rād, not kom'rad nor kum'- rad. CoNCAvE, kong'kāv, not kon'käv. CoNCISE, kon-sis', not kon-siz'. CoNCLUSIVE, kon-klu'siv, not con-klu'ziv. CoNcoURSE, kong'körs, not kor'körs. CoNDEMNING, kon-dem'ning, not kon-dem'- ing. CoNDoLENCE, kon-do'lence, not kon'do-lence. CoNFIDANT, kon-fi-dant, not kon'fi-dant. CoNFRONT,ikon-frunt', not kon-front'. CoNovKR, kong'ker, not kon'ker nor kon'- kwer. CoNgueroR, kong'ker-Gr, not kongk’rer. . CoNSIDERABLE, kon-sid'er-a-bl, not kon-sid’- ra-bl. CoNSPIRACY, kon-spira-si, not kon-spi'ra-si. CoNSTRUE, kon'ströö, not kon-ströö' nor kon'- Ster. CoNToUR, kon-toor', not kon'töðr. CoNTRARY, kon'tra-ri, not kon'trf nor kon- tra'ri. CONTRIBUTE, kon-trib’ilt, not kon'tri-bilt nor kon-trib’üt. CoNTRovERT, kon'tro-vert, not kon-tro-vert'. CONTUMACY, kon'tu-ma-s!, not kon-tu'ma-si. CoNTUMELY, kon’tu-me-II, not kon-tū’me-li. CoNvERSANT, kon’ver-sant, not kon-ver'sant. CoNvEx, kon'veks, not kon-veks'. CoquETTE, ko-ket', not ko-kwet’. CoquETRY, ko-ket'ri, not ko'ket-rl. CorAL, kor'al, not ko'ral. CoRRIDoR, kor'ri-dór, not kor'ri-dor. Corv1.NE, kor'vIn, not kor'vin. CoTERIE, kö-te-rö', not kö’te rô nor köt'er-e. Coupon, köö'pon, not ku'pon. Courrer, köö'ri-er, not kur'ri-er nor köö'rër. CourTESY, kurt's', not kurch'í. CovENANT, kuv'e-nant, not kov'e-nant. Cove Tous, kuv'et-us, not kuv'e-chus. CowARDICE, kow'ar-dice, not kow'ar-dice. CRANBERRY, kran'bër-ri, not kram'bri. CREDENCE, kre'dence, not krèd'ence. CREEK, krčk, not krik. CREPT, krept, not krep. CRoCop ILE, krok’o, dII, not krok’o-dil. CRouch, krowch, not krööch. CRUDE, króðd, not krūd. CRUEL, kröö'el, not krū’el. CRUISE, krööz, not kröös, CRUSE, króðs, not króðz. CUCUMBER, ku'kum-ber, not kow'kum-ber. CULINARY, ku'lf-na-ri, not kul'I-na-rl. CUPOLA, ku'po-la, not ku'pa-lo. CURATOR, ku-ra’tor, not ku'ra-tor. CURRENT, kur'rent, not kurnt. CURTAIN, kur’tin, not kurt'n. CUSIIIoN, köösh'un, not kwish'un. CYCLOPEAN, si-'klo-pe'an, not si-'klo'pe-an. D DAGUERREoryPE, da-Gör'o-tip, not da-gèr'- c-o-tIp. DAMNING, dam'ning, not dam'ing. DANDELION, dan'de-li-on or dan-de-li'on, ndt dan'de-lin. DATA, dà'ta, not dā'ta. DAUB, dawb, not dob. DAUNT, dānt, not dawnt. DEAF, déf, not dêf. DECADE, dek'ād, not dek-ād'. DECADENCE, de-kā'dence, not dek'a-dence. DECLARATIVE, de-klär'a-tív, not de-klär'a-tív. DECREPIT, de-krep it, not de-krep'id. DEFICIT, def"I-sit, not de-fis’it. DELIVERY, de-liv'er-I, not de-liv'ri. DEMISE, de-miz', not de-mis'. DEMONSTRATION, dem-on-stra'shun, not de- mon-stra'shun. DEMONSTRATIVE, de-mon'stra-tiv, not dem’’’ on-stra-tiv. DEMONSTRATOR, dem'on-stra-tur, mon'stra-tur. DENATIONALIZE, de-nash'un-al-Iz, not de-na’• shun-al-Iz. DENUNCIATE, de-nun'shl-āt, not de-nun'shāt. DEPENDs, de-pends', not de-penz'. DEPoT, dö-po' or di-po', but commonly dé'po. DEPRECIATE, de-pre'shi-āt, not de-pre'shāt. DEPTIIs, depths, not deps nor debths. DEPUTY, dep'u-ti, not deb'u-tí. DERELICT, dèr'e-likt, not dêr-e-likt'. DERELICTION, dèr-e-lik'shun, not dêr-e-lek's shun. DERISIVE, de-ri's Iv, not de-ri'złv. DESIGNATE, des'ig-nāt, not dez'ig-nāt. DESIST, de-sist', not de-zist'. DESOLATE, des'o-lāt, not dez'o-lāt, DESPERADo, des-pe-rā’do, not des-pe-rā'do. DESPICABLE, des'pl-ka-bl, not des-pik'a-bl. DESSERT, dez-zert", not dez'ert. DESTINE, des’tín, not des'tin. DESULTORY, des'ul-to-ri, not de-zult’o-ri, DEVIL, dev’l, not dev'il. DEw, dil, not do). DIAERESIS, d1-èr'e-sis, not di-e-re's is nor di- e're-sis. DIALOGUE, di'a-lög, not di'a-lawg. DIATRIBE, di'a-trib, not di-at'ri-be. DIDACTIC, di-dak'tik, not dI-dak'tik, DIFFERENT, differ-ent, not dif'rent. DIFFERENTIATE, dif-fer-en'shi-At, not dif-fer- en'shit. DIFFUSF, dif-ftis', not dif-filz'. DIFFUSIVE, dif-fu'sfv, not dif-fu'zIv. DIGRESSION, di-gresh'un, not dI-gresh'un. DILAPIDATE, di-lap'I-dāt, not dI-lap'í-dāt. DIMENSION, dI-men'shun, not dI-men'shun. not de- * 6-v- S- + I66 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY. DIPIITIIERIA, dif-the'rf-a, not dip-the'rf-a. DIPLoMA, di-ploma, not di-ploma. DIPLoMACY, di-plo’ma-s!, not dip'lo-ma-s!. DIPLOMATIC, dip-lo-mat'ik, not dI'plo-mat'ik. DIPLOMATIST, di-plo'ma-tist, not dI-plo’ma- tist. . DIRECT, di-rekt', not dI-rekt' nor drekt. DISARM, diz-arm', not dis-arm'. DISASTER, diz-as'ter, not dis-aster. DISBURSE, dis-burse', or d1z-burse'. DISCERN, diz-zern', not dis-sern'. DIscourTEoUs, dis-kurt'e-us, not dis-kört'e- ll S. DIscovKRER, dis-kuv'er-er, not dis-kuv'rcr. DIscovKRY, dis-kuv'er-I, not dis-kuv'rl. DISDAIN, diz-dān', not dis-dàn'. DISEASE, diz-öz', not dis-Cz. DISFRANCIIISE, dis-fran'chiz, not dis-fran'- ch1z. l IDIsIIABILLE, dis-ha-bil', not dis-ha-bël. DIsIIEvELLED, di-shev'ld, not dis-hev'ld. DIsIIon EST, diz-on'est, not dis-on'est. DISINTERESTED, dis-inter-est-ed or diz-in"- ter-est-ed, not dis-in-ter-est'ed. IDIsonliGE, dis-o-bl!j', not dis-o-blöj'. DISPossEss, dis-poz-zes', not dis-pos-ses'. DISPVTABLE, dispu-ta-bl, not dis-pu'ta-bl. DIsruTANT, dispu-tant, not dis-pu'tant. DISRUPTIoN, dis-rup'shun or diz-rup'shun. DrssEMBLE, dis-sem’bl, not diz-zem’bl. DIssociate, dis-so'shl-āt, not dis-So'sh;t. DIssolve, diz-zolv’, not dis-solv’. DISTRICT, distrikt, not de strikt. DIvaN, di-van', not dI’van. DIVERGE, di-verj', not dI-verj'. DIVERSE, di’verse, not di-verse'. DIvitRT, di-vert', not dI-vert'. DIVEST, di-vest', not dI-vest’. DivulCE, dI-vulj', not dI-vulj'. Do, do(), not dióð. DocILE, dos'Il, not do's Il. DoES, duz, not dooz. DoG, dög, not dawg. DoloroUS, döl'o-rus, not dò'lo-rus. DoMAIN, do-min', not do'mān. DOMICILE, dom'I-sIl, not doin’I-SII. DoMINIE, döm’I-nl, not dö'mi-nl, DoNKEY, dong'k', not dung'kí. DoRIC, dör'ik, not dö'rik. DoST, dust, not dòst. IDOT11, duth, not döth. DRAMA, drà'ma or drām'a. DRAMATIST, dram'a-tist, not drā'ma-tist. DRAUG11T, draft not driwt. DRAwers, draw'erz, not draw'uz nor drawz. DRoll.ERY, dröl'er-I, not dröler-l. Ditoss, drós, not draws. DRowN, drown, not drownd. DRow.NED, drownd, not drown-ded. DRUID, dröö'id, not dril'id. DUCAT, diik'at, not dtl'kat. DUCTILE, duk’til, not duk’til. DUET, dtl-et', not dòO-et'. DUKE, dtik, not dook. DUTY, dtl'ti, not do()'t!. DwARFs, dwawrfs, not dwawrvz. DYNASTY, dI’nas-ti or din'as-t!. DYSENTERY, dis'en-têr. 1, not diz'en-têr-1. E EARLY, er'll, not àr’ll. EASTwARD, east'ward, not east’ard. EcLAT, i-klā' or e-klä', not e-klaw'. EDUCATE, ed' [I-kit, not ed'I-kāt. E’ER, ar, not Ör. EFFRONTERY, ef-frtint'er-I, not ef-frönt'er-I. EGG, Čg, not àg. ELEven, e-lev'n, not levn. ELM, elm, not el'um. ELUsive, e-lu's v, not e-lu'złv. ELYSIUM, e-lizh I-um, not e-liz'I-um. EMACIATE, ema'shl-āt, not e-ma'shāt. EMoLLIENT, e-mol’yent, not e-mol’ll-ent. ENcore, Öng-kör', not Öng'kor. ENDIvi, en'div, not en'd Iv. ENERVATE, e-ner’vāt, not en'er-vit. ENFRANCIIIse, en-fran'chlz, not en-fran'chlz. ENGINE, enjin, not en'jin. ENGINERY, enjin-ri, not en'jin-ri. ENGRoss, en-grös', not en-grös' nor en- graws'. ENNUI, in-we' or öng-we', not Öng'we. ENUNCIATE. e-nun'shl-āt, not e-nun'shit. EPIIEMERAL, c-fem'er-al, not effem'er-al. EPICUREAN, ep-I-ku-re'an, not ep-ku're-an. EPISTI.E, e-pis’l, not e-pistl. EPIzootic, ep-I-zo-ot'ik, not ep-I-zöö'tik. Epocri, ep'ok or epok, EqyANIMITY, e-kwa-nin'1-ti, not ek-kwa- nim'1-t!. EagATION, e-kwa'shun, not e-kwa'zhun. EquaTor1AL, e.'kwa-to'rl-al, not ek-wa-to'rf- al. EoUINox, e." Kw[-noks, not ek'w!-noks. EqJIPAGE, ek'wf-pej, not e-kwip'ej. EasyIPoisk, e'kwf-poiz, not ek'w!-poiz. ERASURE, e-rä'zhur, not e-rä'shur. ERE, ir, not Cr. ERMINE, er’mln, not er'm In. ERR, er, not &r. ERRAND, Čr'rand, not ir'ant nor er'rand. ERRATUM, &r-rā'tum, not &r-rä'tum. ERYSIPELAs, Čr I-sip'e-las, not Ir-I-sip'e-las. EsProNAGE, es'pe-o-nājor es' pc-o-nāzh. Esquire, es-kwir', not es-kwär'. ETIqJETTE, et'I-ket, not et'I-kwet. EUROPEAN, ti-ro-pe'an, not fl-rope-an. EvASIvE, e-va'siv, not e-va'ziv. EvERY, ev'er-I, not ev'rl. ExACT, egz-akt', not eks-akt'. ExAGGERATE, egz-aj'er-āt, not eks-aj'er-āt. ExALT, egz-awlt, not eks-awlt'. ExAMINE, egz-am'In, not eks-am'In. ExAMPLE, egz-am'pl, not eks-am'pl. ExASPERATE, egz-as'per-āt, not eks-as'per-āt. ExCELLENT, cks'sel-lent, not eks'lent. ExcISE, eks-siz', not eks's Iz. ExCISEMAN, ekS-SIz'man, not eks'sfs-man. ExcLUSIVE, eks-clu'słv, not eks-clu'zIv. ExcRUCIATE, eks-kröö'shl-āt, not eks-kröö'- shāt. Excursion, eks-kur'shun, not eks-kur'zhun. Executive, egz-ek'u-tiv, not eks-ck'u-tiv. ExEcuroR, egz-ek'u-tor, not eks-ek'u-tor. ExEMPLAR, egz-em'plar, not eks-em'plar. ExEMPLARY, egz'em-pla-ri, not egz-em' pla- r1. ExEMPLIFY, egz-em'pli-fi, not eks-em'pli-fi. ExEMPT, egz-emt', not eks-emt'. ExERT, egz-ert', not eks-ert'. Ex111BITIoN, eks-hl-bish'un, not egz-I-bish"- ll Ils * ExIIor TATION, eks-hor-tä'shun, not egz-or- ta'shun. ExIST, egz-ist', not eks-ist’. ExoMERATE, egz-on'er-āt, not eks on 'er-āt. Exorn 1TANT, egz-orbi-tant, not eks-orbi- titnt. Exorcise, eks'or-siz, not eks-or'slz. Exorp1UM, egz-ordi-um, not eks-or'dl-um. ExPAT1ATE, eks-pâ'sh!-āt, not eks-pâ'shāt. ExPIRATION, eks-p1'ra'shun, not eks-p1-ra'- shun. ExPLETIvE, eks' ple-tiv, not eks-ple’tiv. ExPLICABLE, eks' pli-ka-bl, not ex-plik'a-bl. ExPLorT, eks-ploIt', not eksploit. IEXPLoSIVE, eks-plo'sfv, not eks-plo'zIv. ExPoNENT, eks-po'nent, not eks' po-nent. ExquisiTE, eks'kwl-zit, not eks-kwiz'it. IExTANT, ekstant, not eks-tant'. ExTEMPORE, eks-tempo-re, not eks-tem'pör. ExTol., eks-tól', not eks-tol'. IEXTRA, eks’trä, not eks tri. ExUBERANT, egz-yöö'ber-ant, not eks-yöö'- ber-ant. ExULT. egz-tilt', not eks-ult'. EYRY, Ar’I, no! I'rf. F FABRIC, fib'rik, not få'brik. FACILE, fas'il, not fas'Il, FAC-siNILE, fak-sim’i-le, not fak-sim'll. FACToRY, fak’to-ri, not fak'tr!. FALCIIIoN, fawl'chun or fawl'shun, not fal'- chun. FALcon, faw'kn, not fül'kn. FAR, far, not fur. FARo, får'o, not fir’o nor fa ro. FARRAGo, fir-rä'go, not far-rä'go. FAUCET, faw'set, not fas et. FAvor:ITE, fa’vor-lt, not fa’vor-It. FEALTY, fe'al-ti, not föl't!. FEBRUARY, febröö-a-ri, not feb't-a-ri nor feb'I-wér-ri. FEcuMD, fek'und, not fe"kund. FEME-cover T, fem-kuv'ert, Vert". FEME-solB, fem-sol’ or fam-sol', not fém- söl". FEMININE, fern'1-nin, not fem'I-nin. FERTILE, fertil, not fertil. FETID, fet'id, not fe’tid. FIDELITY, fl-del'1-tl, not f I'del'1-t). FIDUCIARY, f I-du'shl-a-rl, not fl-du 'sha-rl. F1ERCE, förce, not furce. FIGURE, fig'yur, not fig'ur. FILM, film, not fil'um. FINALE, fe-nā’le, not fi'nāl. FINANCE, f I-nance', not f I'nance. FINANCIER, fin-an-ser', not f I-nan-sér'. FINEssE, fe-nes', not fi-nes'. FLAccID, flak'sid, not flas'id. FLAGEolET, flaj-o-let', not flaj-e-o-let'. FLAUNT, flânt, not flawnt. FLEw, flil, not flöö. FLorenTINE, flor’en-t'in or flor'en-tin, not flor’en-tên. FLor1D, flör'id, not flo'rid. FLor1N, flö'rin, not flo'rin. FLOR1st, florist, not flör'ist. FORT1cIDE, fêt’i-sld, not fêt'i-sld. For, for, not fur. Form ADE, for-bid', not for-bād'. not fêm-koo- * = = :* FoRECASTLE, för'kas-l, not fok'a-sl. FoREFATIIER, 10rfā’.ther or för-fä'ther. ForEST, forest, not for’ist. Forge, föri, not fawrj. .* PoRGERY, fori'er-I, not for jer-I nor fawj'ri. Forget, for-get, not for-Git'. PoRMIDABLE, form-da-bl, not for-mid'a-bl. PoRTREss, fortres, not fortres. PoRward, forward, not for’urd. PoeNTAIN, fown tin, not fownt'n. FRAcAs, fra'kus, not fra-cii'. FRAGILE, fraj II, not fraj II. FRAGMENTARY, fragment-a-ri, not frag-ment'- a-ri. FRANCIIIse, fran'chiz, not fran'chiz. |FRATERNIze, fra-ter'niz, not frater-niz. FRATRIcIDE, frat’rī-sld, not fratri-sld. FRIENDs, frendz, not frenz. FRIENDSIIIP, frend'ship, not fren'ship. FRONTISPIECE, fróntis-pês, not frunt'is-pês. FRUGAL, fróögal, not fru'gl. FRUIT, froöt, not frut. FULCRUM, fül'crum, not fööl'crum. FULsoME, ful'sum, not fööl'sum. FUSIL, fu'zil, not fusil. FUTILE, futil, not futil. C GALLows, gal'lus, not gal'löz. GANGRENE, gang'grün, not gan'grèn. GAPE, gāp or gap, not gap. GARDEN, gar'dn, no garden. GARRULous, går'röö-lus, not går'yöö-lus. GAs, gas, not gās nor gāz. GASEous, gāz'e-us, not gås'e-us. GASOMETER, gaz-om'e-ter, not gas-om'e-ter. GATIIER, gath' >r not Beth'er. GAUNT, gint, not gawnt. GENERALLY, jen'er-al-ll, not jen'rul II. GENIAL, jön't-al, not jën'yal. GENTILE, jen'til, not jen'til. GENTLEMEN, jen'tl-inen, not jen'tl-mun. GENUINE, jen'tl-in, not jen'ti-In. GEOGRAPHY, je-og'ra-fi, not jog'ra-fi. GEOMETRY, je-on'e-tri, not jom'e-tri. GET, get, not git. GHERKIN, gur'kin, not jur'kin. GIIoUL, gööl, not gowl. GIAour, jowr, not jöör. GIBBERIsIr, gib'er-ish, not jib'er-ish. GIBBET, jib'et, not gib'et. GIBBous, Eib'us, not jib'us. GIRAFFE, ji-raf or zhe-raf, not ji-raf'. GLACIER, glas'I-er, not gla'sèr. GLADIAToR, glad'I-a-tur, not glā'dI-a-tur. GLISTEN, glis'n, not glis’tn. GoD, göd, no! gawd. GoLDEN, göld'n, not gold'en. GoNDoLA, gon'do-la, not gon-do'la. GoRDIAN, gor'dian, not gord'yan. GoRGEous, gor'jus, not bor'je-us. GosLING, göz'ling, not gawz'ling. Gospel, gös'pel, not gaws' pel. GoT, got, not gut. GovernMENT, guv'ern-ment, not guv'er-munt. Governor, guv'ern-ur, not guv'nur. GowN, gown, not gownd nor gāoon. GRANARY, gran'a-ri, not grün'a-ri. GRANDMoriieR, grand'muth-er, not gran'- muth-er. += Q-e- PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY. GRATIs, grä'tis, not grätis. GRAvEL, grav'el, not grav'l. GREw, gröö, not gril. GRIEvous,gröv'us, not gröv'I-us. GRIMACE, gri-mâce', not grim'âce. GRIMY, gri'm], not grim’I. GRISLY, griz'll, not gris’ll. GROAT, grawt, not gröt. GRovEL, grov'l, not grov'el. GUARDIAN, gard'I-an, not gar-dòn nor gar'- jan. GUBERNAToRIAL, gu-ber-na-to'rt-al, not gub- er-na-to"ri-al. GUERDoN, Ger'dun, not gwer'dun. GUILD, gild, not gild. CUILLoTINE, gil-o-ton', not gil'o-tin. GUM-ARADIC, gum-ār'a-bik, not gum-a-rä'- bik. GUMS, gumz, not göömz. GUTTA-PERCIIA, gutta-per'cha, not gutta- per'ka. GYPsy, jip's, not gip'sl. GYPSUM, jip'sum, not gip'sum. H HALcvoN, hâl's!-un or hâl'shf-un, not hal'- cy-on. HALF, häf, not häf. HALvE, hiv, not hāv. HANDBook, hand böök, not hanböök. IIANDFUL, hand'fööl, not han'fööl. HANDKERc111EFs, hang'ker-chifs, not hang'- ker-chövz. HARAss, har'as, not ha-ras'. HAREM, hā'rem, not här'em. HASTEN, his'n, not hästn. HAUNCH, hänch, not hawnch. HAUNT, hänt, not hawnt. IIEARD, herd, not hörd. HEARTII, härth, not herth, except in poetry. IIEAvEN, hev'n, not hev'un. HEBE, he'be, not höb. HEIGHT, hit, not hIth. IIEINoUs, hā'nus, not hän'yus nor he'nus. IIELIoTRoPE, he'll-o-tröp, not hel'l-o-tróp. HEMISTIcII, hem'f-stik, not hem'í-stich. HERD, erb or herb, not her"b. HERBAcEous, her-ba'shus, not her-ba'se-us. HERCULEAN, her-cule—an, not her-cu-le'an. HERo1NE, hêr'.o-In, not hèr'-o-In nor he'ro-In. HERo1sM, hêr'o-izm, not he'ro-lzm. HESITATE, hez'1-tit, not hes'1-tät. HIBERNATE, hi'ber-nāt, not hi-ber'nāt. HIDEoUs, hid'e-us, not hö'jus nor hij'us. IIIGIIwAYMAN, hi'wa-man, not hi-wa'-man. IIIProPorAMUs, hip-po-pot'a-mus, not hip- po-po-ta'mus. HisroRY, his to-ri, not his tri. Hour:YHock, hol'li-höck, not hol'lf-hawk. IIotocAUST, hol'o-kawst, not hö'lo-kawst. IIoMAGE, hom'âj, not om'āj. IIoMELY, höm'll, not hum'lf. HoMESTEAD, höm'sted, not höm'stid. HoMEoPATIIY, ho-me-op'a-thl, not home-o- path-1. HoMogRNEoUs, ho-mo-je'ne-us, not höm'o- je-ne-us. HoNEST, on'est, not on ist. HorizoN, ho-ri'zun, not hor'I-zn. HoRRID, hör'id, not hawr'id. 167 HoRSERADISII, horse'rad-ish, not horse'red- ish. HospitABLE, hos' pl-ta-bl, not hos-pit'a-bl. HospitaL, hospital, not os'pi-tal nor haws'- pI-th. HoSTAGE, höstāj, not haws’tāj. Hosrile, hostil, not hos’til nor haws’til. IIoSTLER, os’ler or hös’ler, not haws’ler. HOUND, hownd, not hown. HoveL, höv'cl, not huv'el. HovER, huv'er, not höv'er. HUMBLE, hum’bl or um'ble, not humb'1. HUNDRED, hun'dred, not hun'durd. HUNGRY, hung'gr!, not hung'ger-I. HURRAII, hoor-ri', not hur-raw'. HUSTLE, hus’], not hus’tl. IIUzzA, hôo-zii', not htiz-ā'. HYDROPATIIY, hi-drop'a-thi, not path-1. HYGIENE, hi'jI-ön or hi’jēn, not hi-gen'e. HYMENEAL, hi-me-ne'al, not hi-me'ne-al. HYPERBoLE, hi-perbo-le, not hi-per-bol. IIYPocIIoNDRIAc, hip-o-kon'dri-ak, not hi- po-chon'dri-ak. HYPocRISY, hi-pok'rf-s!, not hr-pok'rf-sf. IIYPorrieNUSE, hi-poth'e-nds, not hi-poth'- C-nilz. HYPOTHETICAL, hi-po-thetik-al not hip-o- thet'ik-al. hi’dro- IDEA, I-de'a, not i de'. IDEAL, i-de'al, not i-del'. IDOL, i'dol, not i'dl. IDYL, I'dil, not id'il. * IGNOMINIous, ig-no-min'!-us, not ig-no-min'- yus. IGNORAMUs, ig-no-ra'mus, not ig-no-rä'mus. ILLUSIVE, il-lu'siv, not il-lu'ziv. ILLUSTRATE, il-lustrit, not il'lus-tråt. IMBRUE, im-bröö', not im-brü'. IMMEDIATE, im-me'di-āt, not im-me'jāt. IMMORTALITY, im-mor-tal'I-tl, not im-mer- tal'1-ti. IMPETUS, im'pe-tus, not im-petus, IMPIOUSLY, im’pi-us-li, not im-pi'us-II. IMPLACABLE, in-pla'ka-bl, not im-plak'a-bl. IMPORTUNE, im-por-tun', not im-portún. IMPOSTER, im-póster, not in-paws ter. IMPOTENCE, impo-tence, not im-potence. IMPRIMATUR, im-pri-mätur, not im-pri-mā'- tur. * *- IMPRovISE, im-pro-vlz', not im'pro-viz. INAMORATA, in-am-o-rita, not in-am-o-rä'ta. INAUGURATE, in-au'gti-rät, not in-au'gür-āt. INCISIVE, in-si'siv, not in-si'ziv. INCLUSIVE, in-klu'siv, not in-klu'ziv. INCOMMENSURABLE, in-kom-men-sho0-ra-bl, not in-kom’men'zhöö-ra-bl. INCOMMENSURATE, in-kom-men'shô0-rät not in-kom-men'zhoö-rit. INCOMPARABLE, in-kon'pa-ra-bl, not in-kom- pār'-a-bl. INDIAN, ind'yan or indi-an, not in jun. INDICATIVE, in-dik'a-tiv, not in dI-ka-tiv. INDICATorY, in di-ka-to-ri, not in-dik'a-to-ri. INDIGENous, in-dij'e-nus, not in-dig'e-nus, INDISPUTABLE, in-dispu-ta-bl, not in-dis-pu'- ta-bl. INDIVIDUAL, in-d!-vid’tl-al, not in-di-vid'öö-al. INDUSTRY, in 'dus-tri, not in-dustrl. PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY. INERTIA, in-er'shl-a, not in-er'sha. INExPI.1cABLE, in-cks' pli-ka-bl, not in-eks- plik'a-bl. INFAMOUSLY, in fa-mus-ll, not in-fa'mus-ll. INFIDEL, in fi-del, not in'fi-dl. INGRATIATE, in-gra'shi-āt, not in-gra'shät. INGREDIENT, in-gre'di-ent, not in-gre'jent. IN11osPITABLE, in-hospi-ta-bl, not in-hos-pit'- a -bl. INITIATE, in-I'shl-āt, not in-I'shat. INNoCENT, in 'no-sent, not in 'no-sunt. INQUIRY, in-kw'I'ri, not in'kw1-rf. INSATIATE, in-så'shi-āt, not in-så'shāt. INSECTs, in 'sekts, not in'seks. IN STATU quo, in sta'tu kwo, not in stat'öö- kwo. INSTEAD, in-sted', not in-stid’. INSTINCT, in-stingkt', not in'stingkt. INSTITUTE, in'stf-ttit, not in'sti-tóðt. INTEGRAL, inte-gral, not in-te'gral. INTELLECT, in tel-lekt, not in'tti-lekt. INTEREST, inter-est, not intrest nor (verb) in- ter-est". INTERESTED, inter-est-ed, not in-ter-est'ed. INTERESTING, inter-est-ing, not in-ter-est'ing. INTERLOCUTor, in-ter-lok'u-tur, not in-ter-lo- ku’tur. INTERNATIONAL, in-ter-nash'un-al, not in-ter- nă'shun-al. INTERPOLATE, in-ter'po-lāt, not in-ter-po'lāt. INTESTINE, in-testin, not in-tes’tIn. INTRIGUE, in-trög', not in trêg. INTRUDE, in-trööd', not in-trild'. INTRUSIvE, in-tröö'siv, not in-tröö'ziv. INURE, in-yôör', not in-Óðr'. INvAsIvE, in-va'siv, not in-va'ziv. INvKIGLE, in-ve'gl, not in-va'gl. INVENTORY, in'ven-to-ri, not in-ven’to-rl. INvolucRE, in-vo-lu'ker, not in'vo-lu-ker. Ion INE, t'o-dIn ori'o-dIn, not i'o-dòn. IRATE, i-rät not i'rit. IRoN, I'urn, not I'run. IRRATIONAL, Ir-rash'un-al, not fr-ra'shun-al. IRREFRAGABLE, Ir-refra-ga-bl, not fr-re-fra'- ga-bl. IRREPARABLE, Ir-rep'a-ra-bl, not Ir-re-pâr'- a-bl. IRREvocABLE, Ir-rev’o-ka-bl, not "ir-re-vo'- ka-bl. Isor.ATE, iz'o-lāt or is'o-lāt, not I'so-lāt. ITALIAN, I-tal'yan, not T-tal'yan. ITALIC, I-tal'ik, not I-tal'ik. Ivory, I'vo-ri, not Iv'rl. J JAcKAL, jak'awl, not jak'äl. JAGUAR, jag-u-ar', not jag-war nor jä'gwär. JALAP, jäl'ap, not jol’ap. JANUARY, jan'u-a-ri, not jen’u-a-rl. JAUNDICE, iin'd [s, not jawn'dis. JAUNT, jānt, not jawnt. JAvRLIN, jävlin, not jäv'e-lin. JEwsIIARP, jüz'harp, not jūs'harp. JocosE, jo-kös', not jok-0s' nor jo-köz'. Jocund, jok'und, not io'kund. JoiSr, joist, not jist. JosTLE, jos’l, not jos’tl. Jovi.AL, jo'ví-al, not jöv'yal. Jowl, jöl, not jowl. JUGUI.AR, ju'gu-lar not jug'ular. JUjUBE, ju'jub, not ju'ju-be. JUST, just, not jest. JUvENILE, ju've-nil, not ju've-nil. K KEPT, kept, not kep. KETTLE, kettl, not kit’tl. KIIAN, kawn or kän, not han nor k'han. KILN, kil, not kiln. KINDNESS, kind'nes, k\n'nes. KITCHEN, kitch'en, not kitch'n nor kitch'ing. L. LABEL, la'bel, not la’bl. LABoratoRY, labor-a-to-ri, not la-bor'a-to-ri. I.ADoRER, la'bor-er, not la’brur. LAcHRYMosF, lak’rt-mös or lak-ri-mós'. LAMENTABLE, lam’en-ta-bl, not la-ment'a-bl. LANDLORD, land'lord, not lan'lurd. LANG-SYNE, läng-sin', not lang-zin'. LANGUAGE, lang'gwāj, not lan'gwāj. LANGUOR, lang'gwur, not lan'gwur. LAPEL, la-pel', not lap-el'. LARYNx, lär'inks, not lår'inks nor lä'rinks. LATENT, lä'tent, not låt'ent. LATH, läth, not lith. LATHE, lith, not lith. LATIN, lat’in, not lat'n. LAUDANUM, law'da-num or löd'a-num, not lod'nurn. LAUGH, läf, not läf. * LAUNCI1, linch, not lånch nor lawnch. I-AUNDRY, län'dr!, not lawn'dr!. 1.EARNED, learned, not lernd nor lun'ed. ILEGATE, leg'āt, not le"gât. LEGENDARY, lêj’en-da-rl, not lö'jen-da-rí. LEGISLATIVE, lej'is-la-tív, not lej-is la'tlv nor le-jis"la-tiv. I.EGISLATURE, lej'is-lāt-yur, not lej-is-lit'yur nor le-jis'la-tūr. LEIsURE, lö'zhur, not lèzh'ur, nor lä'zhur. LENIENT, le'ni-ent, not len’I-ent. LEPER, lep'er, not le"per. LEssoR, les’sor or les-sor'. LETHARG1c, le-thar'jik, not leth-'ar-jik. ILETTUCE, let’tis, not let’töös nor let’tus. LEvEL, lev'el, not lev'l. LIBEL, libel, not libl. LIBRARY, lu'bra-ri, "tot li’br!. LICENTIATE, li-sen'shi-fit, not li-sen'shāt. LIcokrcE, lik'o-ris, not lik'er-ish. LIEF, lêf not löv nor live. LIEN, Iö'en or ll'en, not lèn. LILAC, li'lak, not li'lok nor la'lok. LINEAMENT, lin'e-a-ment, not lin'e-ment. 1.1quoR, lik'ur, not lik'wur. LISTEN, lis'n, not lis’tn. I.ITERATI, lit-er-a’tI, not lit-er-ā'tL LITIIE, IIth, not llth. LITIrogRAPHY, lith-og'ra-fi, not II-thog'ra-fi nor lith'o-graf-1. LITTLE, lit’tl, not lö'tl. LIVELoNG, liv'long, not liv'long. I.IVERY, liv'er-I, not liv'er-1. LoATII, löth, not löth nor lawth. LoATIIsoxtE, löth'sum, not löth'sum, LocusT, lo'kust, not lo'kus. LoNG-LIVED, long"-livd, not long'llvd. Lorp, lord, not lawurd. LoyAL, loi'al, not law'yal, LUCID, lt!'sid, not loo'sid. LUCRE, lil'kur, not loo'kur. LUDIcRous, it 'di-krus, not löö'dI-krus. LURE, lùr, not löör. LURID, lù'rid, not löö'rid. LUTE, ldt, not loot. LUXURY, luks'u-ri, not lugz'u-ri. LYcEUM, li-se'um, not li'se-um. MACIIINATION, mak-i-na'shun, not mach-i- na'shun. MAELSTRoM, mal'strum, not mäl'ström. MAGAZINE, mag-a-zen', not mag'a-zën. MAGNoLIA, mag-no'lf-a, not mag-nol'ya. MAINTENANCE, män'ten-ance, not man-tan'- 111CC. MALARIA, ma-la'rf-a, not ma-lā’rī-a. MAMMA, mam-mā', not mam'mä. MANDARIN, man-da-rón', not man'da-rín. MANGANESE, mang-ga-nēz', not man'ga- nës. MANGER, män'jer, not män jer. MANIA, ma'ni-a, not min'ya. MANIACAL, ma-ni'a-kal, not ma'ni-ak-al. MANGEUvRE, ma-nóð’ver, not ma-ntl’ver. MANSARU-Roof, man'sard-rööf, not man- sard’-rööf. MARASMUS, ma-raz'mus, not ma-ras'mus. MARIGoLD, mār’i-göld, not mā'rf-góöld. MARITAL, mār’i-tal, not mir’i-tal. MARATIME, mär"I tim, not mart-tim. MARKET, market, not mar'kit. MARVEL, mar'vel, not mar'vl. MASCULINE, mas'ku-lín, not mas'ku-lin. MASSACRED, mas'sa-kerd, not mas'sa-krêd. MASSACRING, mas'sa-kring, not mas'sa-ker- ing. MASTER, master, not moster. MATIN, mat’in, not ma'-tin. MATRoN, ma"tron, not mat'ron. MATTREss, mattres, not ma'tras. MAUsor EUM, maw-so-le'um, not maw-so'le- \{\{\} . MEASURE, mezh'ur, not māzh'ur. MECHANIST, mek'an-ist, not me-kan'íst. MEDAL, med'al, not med"l. MEDICINAL, me-dis'in-al, not med-&-sI'nal. MED1AEVAL, me-dI-e’val, not med-I-e’val. MEDICINE, med'I-sin, not med'sun. MEDIOCRE, me'dl-o-ker, not me-di-o'ker. MEDIUM, me'dl-um, not me jum. MEERscHAUM, mêr'shawm or mêr'showm, not mêr'shum. MELLow, mel'low, not mel'ler. MELODEON, me-lo'de-on, not mel-o-de'on. MELoDRAMA, mel-o-dra'ma, not mel.o-drā'- TT11, MEMORY, mern’o-ri, not mem'ri. * MENSURABLE, men'shöö-ra-bl, not men'zhò0- ra-bl. MENSURATIoN, men-shoö-ra'shun, not men- zhdo-ra'shun. * MERCANTILE, mer'kan til or mer'kan-til, not mer'kan-têl. MESMERIZE, mez’mer-1z, not mes'mer-Iz. METAMORPHOSE, met-a-mor'fös, not met-a- mor'föz. METRoPolitAN, met-ro-pol’i-tan, not me-tro- pol’i-tan. MIASMA, mI-az'ma, not me-az'ma. M1CRoscoPE, mi’kro-sköp, not mik'ro-sköp. – '- |s-> PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY. 169 MINERALogY, min-er-āl'o-ji, not min-er-ol'o- jI. MINUs, mi'nus, not min’us. MIRAcLE, infra-kl, not mér'a-kl. MIRAculous, mi-rak'ulus, not mi-rak'u-lus. MIRAGE, mi-rāzh', not miraj. Misan TiiroPE, misan-throp, not miz'an-throp *or mis-an'thröp. Mischievous, mischiv-us, not mis-chev'us. MisconstruE, mis-kon'ströö, not mis-kon- StröO’. MiséRY, miz'er-I, not miz'ri. MisogynisTE, mI-soj'I niste, not ml-sog'I- niste. MistLEroE, miz'1-to, not mis’l-tö. MITTEN, mitten, not mit'n. MoDEL, model, not mod’l. MoDEST, mod’est, not mod’ist. MoISTEN, mois'n, not moistn. Molecular, mo-lek'u-lär, not mole-ku-lar. MoLEcule, möl'e-kill, not mOl'kill nor mG’le- kill. * MoMENTARY, mo'ment-a-rl, not mo-ment'a-rl. MongREL, mung'grel, not mon'grel. Monogram, mono-gram, not mono-gram. MonoGRAPH, mono-graf, not mono-graf. MonoMANIA, mon-o-ma'ni-a, not mo-no-ma- n!-a. MonumeNT, mon'u-ment, not mon'i-ment. MoRALE, mo-ral', not mo-ral'. MoRPIIINE, morfin, not mor'fön. forsEL, mor'sel, not mor'sl. MoRTAL, mortal, not mortl. Most EM, moz'lem, not mos'lem. OSS, moss, not maws. Morii, moth, not moth. Morris, moths, not moths. MoUNTAIN, mown tin, not mown'ting nor In Own’tn. MoUNTAINous, mown'tin-us, not mown-tin'I- U.S. MoUTIIs, mowth z, not mowths. MULTIPLICAND, multi-pli-kand", not multi- pli-kand. MULTIPLICATION, multi-pli-ka'shun, not mul. ti-pi-ka'shun. Municipal, mu-nist-pal, not muni-sip-al. 'MuRDERER, murder-er, not mur'drer. MuscovADo, mus-ko-vā'do, not mus-ko-vā'- do. Museum, mu-ze'um, not mu'ze-um. MusitrooM, mushroom, not mush'röön. Mustache, muz-tāsh', not mustāsh normus- lish'. MYRMiDon, mur'mi-don, not mir'mi-don. MYTHology, m!-thol'o-ji, not m!-thol'o-ji Naive, niev, not nav. NarvKTE, naev-ta, not nav'tc. *AkED, naked, not neked. NAPE, hip, not näp. *ARRATE, nār-rat or narrat, not nār-rat. NARRow, narro, not narro. NASAL, na'zal, not na'sal. *TIONAL, nash'un-al, not na'shun-al. NATURE, nāt’yur, not nā’tur. *USEA, naw'she-u, not naw'se-a. NAuskous, naw'shus, not naw'se-us. *AREST, ner'est, not nGr’ist. *cRology, ne-krol'o-H, not nek-roto-ji. S- NECTARINE, nek'ta-rin, not nek'ta-rin nor nek'ta-rên. NE’HR, när, not něr. NEGoTIATE, ne-go'shl-āt, not ne-go'shāt. NEGRO, negro, not nig'ro. NEIGHBoRING, na'bur-ing, not na'bring. NEPOTISM, nép'o-tizm, not ně'po-tizm. NESTLE, nes’l, not nes’tl. NETHERMOST, neth'er-möst, not neth'er-möst. NEURALG1A, nu-ral'jI-a, not nu-ral'ji nor nu- ral'I-jI. NEUTER, ntl:ter, not nóó'ter. NEUTRAL, nil"tral not noö'tral. NEW, nil, not nó0. NEwsPAPER, nilz'pa-per, not nóðs'pa-per. NICETY, ni'sf-tl, not nis't!. NICKEL, nik'el not nik'l. NICOTINE, nik'o-tin, not nik'o-tên. NOMAD, nom'ad, not no’mad. NoMINATIVE, nom'1-na-tiv, not nom'na-tív. NoNE, nun, not non. NorrilNG, niith'ing, not nôth'ing. NovEL, nov'el, not nov'l. Nov1TIATE, no-vish'I-āt, not no-vi'shit. NUISANCE, nil'sance, not nó0'sance. NUMEROUS, nu'mer-ous, not noöm'rus. NUNCIO, nun'shi-o, not nun'sho nor nun's I-o NUPTIAL, nup'shal, not nup'chal. NUTRIMENT, nil"tri-ment, not noö'tri-ment, O OAT11, Öth, not Öth. OATHIS, Öthz, not Oths. OBESE, o-bës', not o-bêz'. OBESITY, o-bês'1-tl, not o-be's I-tf. OnEY, o-bā', not ti-bā'. OBJURGATE, ob-jurgåt, not ob'jur-gāt. OBLIGATORY, ob'll-ga-to-ri, not ob-lig'a-to-ri. OBLIGE, o-bl[j', not o-blej'. OBSCENITY, ob-sen'1-tl, not ob-sen'1-tí. OBSEQUIES, ob'se-kwiz, not ob-se'kwiz. OBsoLETE, ob'so-lèt, not ob-so-lèt'. OBTRUDE, ob-trööd', not ob-trild'. OBTRUSION, ob-tröö'zhun, not ob-tril'zhun. ODTRUSIVE, ob-tröö'stv, not ob-tröö'ziv. OcCULT, ok-kult not ok'kult. OcEAN1c, o-she-an'ik, not o-shan'ik nor o-se- an'ik. OcTAvo, ok-tä'vo, not ok-tä'vo. ODIOUS, o'di-us, not o'jus. On YssBY, od'is-se, not o dis'I. OFF, off, not awf. OFFAL, of fal, not aw'fl. OFFER, offer, not aw'fer. OFFICE, of fis, not aw'fis. OFFICIATE, of-fish'l-āt, not of-fish'āt. OFFSPRING, of spring, not awf'spring. OFT, oft, not awft. OFTEN, of n, not of'tcn nor awf'tn. OGLE, o'gl, not og'l. OLD, Gld, not Ol. OLDEN, Old'n, not Öld'cn. OMINoUs, om'in-us, not o'min-us. ONCE, wuns, not wunst. ONEROUS, on'er-us, not o'ner-us. ONLY, Ön'll, not un’ll. ONYx, O'niks, not Ön'iks. OriNIoN, o-pin'yun, not ti-pin'yun. OPPONENT, op-po'nent, not op'po-nent. OPPoRTUNITY, op-por-tti'n!-tl, not op-por- to()'n'-ti. - OR, or, not ur. ORANGE, or'enj, not ornj. ORANG-ouTANG, orang'-00-tang', not o'-rang- ow'-tang'. ORCHESTRAL, or'kes-tral, not or-kes’tral. ORDEAL, or'de-al, not or-deal. ORDINARY, or'di-na-ri, not ord'na-ri. ORGIES, or jiz, not or'jöz. ORION, o-ri'un, not o'rl-un. ORISON, or'l-zun, not or I-sun. ORNATE' or'nāt, not or-nāt'. * OROTUND, o'ro-tund, not or'o-tund. ORTHoEPY, or tho-e-p1, not or-tho'e-pl. OSTENTATIOUS, os-ten-ta'shus, not aws-ten- ta'shus. OSTRICH, ostrich, not ostrijnor aws’trich. OUGHT, awt, not ort. OUST, owst, not ÖOst. OvčRSEER, o-ver-scr', not o'ver-ser. OVERT, o'vert, not o-vert'. OvKRTIIREw, o-ver-thröö, not o-vêr thrū'. OxIDE, oks'Id, not oks"Id. P PALAVER, pa-lä’ver, not pa-lav'er. PALESTINE, pal'es-tin, not pal'es-tín. PALLIATIVE, pal’II-a-tiv, not pal'a-tiv. PALM, pim, not påm. PALMY, pām‘I, not påm'I nor pāl'mi. PALSIED, pawl'zid, not pāl'zid. PALTRY, pawl"tr!, not pāl'tr!. PANTALOONS, pan-ta-löönz', not pan'ta-lóönz. PANTOMIME, panto-mim, not panto. mln. PAPA, pā-pâ', not pā'pä. PARAFFINE, pār'a-f In or pār'af-f In, not pār'- af-fôn, PARCEL, par'sel, not par'sl. PAREGoR1c, pār-e-gör'ik, not pār-e-gawr'ik. PARENT, pār'ent, not på'rent nor pār'ent. PARMESAN, par-me-zan', not par-me'san. PARTIALITY, par-shi-al'I-tí, not par-shal'I-ti. PARTICIPLE, partl-sip-l, not part'sip-l. PARTISAN, parti-zan, not par-ti-zan'. PARTNER, part'ner, not pard'ner. PARTRIDGE, pārtrij, not pât'rij. PASTIME, pastIm, not pastini. PATII, pāth, not pāth morpäth ; pl.päth 2, not päths morpäths. PATIIos, pathos, not pāth’os. PATRIMoNY, patri-mo'nl, not pa"tri-mo-n1. PATRIOT, patri-ot, not pât’rī-ot. PATRIOTISM, patri-ot-izm, not pâtri-ot-izm. PATRoN, patron, not pât'ron. PEDAGogISM, ped'a-gog-izm, not ped'a-go- jizm. PEDAL, pe'dal, not ped'al. PEDAL, ped 'al, not pe'dal. PEDESTAL, ped'es-tal, not pe-des’tal. PENANCE, pen'ance, not pe'nance. PENCIL, pen'sil, not pens’l. PENITENTIARY, pen-e-ten'sha-ri, not pen-e- ten'shl-a-rf. PERADvENTURE, për-ad-vent'yur, not pur-ad- vent'-yur. PEREMPToRY, pèr'em-to-ri, not pe-rem'to-ri. PERFEc-r, per'fekt or per-fekt". PERFUME, verb, per-film', not perfüm. PERHAPS, per-haps', not praps nor pre-haps'. PERIonic, pë-ri-od'ik, not pér-Lod'ik. PERSIAN, per'shan, not per'zhan. PERSUASIVE, per-swa'siv, not per-swa'ziv. ~-e I7o PERUSE, pe-rööz', not pe-rtiz'. PET REL, pet'rel, not petrel. PHAEToN, fa’c-ton, not fe’ton. PIIARMACEUTIC, far-ma-su'tik, not far-ma- ku’tík. PHARMAcoPGBIA, far-ma-ko-pe'ya, not far- ma-ko'-pe-a. PIIILANTIIRoPIIY, fi-lan'thro-pi, not fl-lan'- thro-p!. PIIILISTINE, ff-listin, not fil’is-tín. PIIILoLogy, f I-lol'o-ji, not f I-lol'o-ji. PHILosop11Y, f f-los'o-fi, not f I-los'o-fi. P11osp11orus, fos'fo-rus, not fos-forus. PIIoToGRAPHIST, fo-togra-fist, not fo'-to-graf- ist. - PIIRENoLogic, fren-o-loj'ik, not fre-no-loj'ik. PIIYsiognoMY, fiz-i-og'no-m!, not fiz-I-on'- o-ini. PIANIST, pI-ā'nist, not pi-an'ist nor pe-anist nor pe'an -ist. PIANO, pl-ā'no or pe-an'o, not pi-an'o. PIANo-ForTE, pI-ā'no-förte, not pi-an'-o-fort. PIAzzA, pI-az'za, not pl-az'za. PIGEON, pij'un, not pij'in. PILASTER, pI-laster, not pil'as-ter. PINCIIBECK, pinch'bek, not pinch'bak. PIQUANT, pik'ant, not pe’kant. PITII, pith, not peth. PLACABLE, pla ka-bl, not plak'a-bl. PLACARD, pla-kard', not plak'ard. PLAGIARISM, pla' j|-a-rizin, not plaj'i-rism. PLAGUE, pläg, not pleg. PLAINTIFF, plän'tif, not plan'tif. PLAIT, plāt, not plôt. PLATEAU, plä-to', not plāt-o'. PLATINA, plat'I-na, not plat'-ena. PLATINUM, plat'l-num, not pla-tin'um. PLEBEIAN, ple-be’yan, not ple'be-an. PLEIADES, ple'ya-dāz, not pll a-dëz. PLENARY, plen'a-rf, not plen'-āri. PLENIPOTENTIARY, plen-I-po-ten'shl-a-ri, or plen-I-po-ten'sha-rl. PLENITUDE, plen'1-tūd, not plen'í-tööd. PLETHORA, pleth'o-ra, not ple-tho'ra. PLETIIoric, ple-thor'ik, not pleth'-or'-ik. PorgNANT, poin'ant, not poin'yant. Poison, poi'zn, not pl’zn. PolicE, po-lès', not plâs. PolonAISE, pö-lo-niz', not pèl-o-nāz'. PolyPE, pol’ip or pol’i-pe, not polype. PoMADE, po-mid', not po-mid'. PoNIARD, pon'yard, not poin'yard. PoRcELAIN, por'se-lân or pors'lin, not pors'- lin. PoRc11, pörch, not pawrch. PoRTENT, por-tent', not portent. PortRAIT, pörträt, not pörträt. PoSITION, po-zish'un, not pil-zish'un. PoSSESS, poz-zes', not pos-ses'. PosTERIOR, pös-te'ri-ur, not pös-te'ri-ur. PosTHUMoUS, pöst'hu-mus, not post'hu-mus. PoTABLE, pota-bl, not pota-bl. PoTATo, pö-tato, not pil-ta'to. PoTENTATE, poten-tit, not pot’en-tät. PoTENTIALITY, po-ten-shl-al'1-tl, not po-ten- shal'I-t!. PRAIRIE, prā'r!, not per-a'ri. PRECEDENCE, pre-séd'ence, not pres'-e-dence. PRECEDENT, adj, pre-scd'ent, not pres'e-dent; noun, pres'e-dent, not pre-se'dent. PRECEPT, pre'sept, not pres'ept. PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY. PRECISE, pre-sis', not pre-siz'. PREDATORY, pred'a-to-ri, not pre'da-to-ri. PREDEcEssor, pred-e-ses'sur, not pre’de-ses- sur nor pred'e-ses-sur. PREDILECTION, pre-di-lek'shun, not pred-I- lek'shun nor pre-dI-lik shun'. PREFACE, preface, not preface. PREFECT, prefekt, not prefekt. PREFERMENT, pre-ferment, not prefer-ment. PRELACY, prel'a-s!, not pre-la-sl. PRELATE, prel it, not pre’lāt. PREMIER, pre’mI-er, or pröm'yer, not premier. PREPoSTERoUs, pre-poster-us, not pre-pos'- trus. PRESBYTERLAN, prez-bl-te'ri-an, not pres-bi- te'ri-an. PRESBYTERY, prez'bi-têr-I, not pres-bit'er-f. PREscIENCE, pre'shl-ence, not pre'shence nor presh'cnce. PRESENTArion, prez-en-ta'shun, not prë-zen- ta'shun. PRESENTIMENT, pre-sen'ti-ment, not pre-zen’- ti-ment nor pre-zentment. PRESIDENT, prez'I-dent, not prez I-dunt. PREsuMPTUoUs, pre-zumt'u-us, not pre-zum'- shus. PRETENSE, pre-tence', not pretence. PRETTY, prit', not prêt I nor póöt'I. PREvENTIvE, pre-ven'tiv, not pre-ven'ta-tiv. PRIMARY, prima-ri, not pri'mér-f. PRISM, prizm, not priz'um. PRISTINE, pris’tín, not pristin. PRITIIEE, prith'e, not prith'e. PRIvAcY, pr1'va-si, not priv'a-s!. PR1v1LY, priv'l-li, not pr!'vi-li. PRoDITY, prob'l-tl, not probf-ti. PRocess, proses, not pro'ses. PRop1GY, prod'i-ji, not proj'f-dI. PRopUCE, prod’tlce, not pro'd tice. PRopUCT, prod'ukt, not produkt. PRof USE, pro-fils', not pro-füz'. PRogRESS, noun, prog’res, not progres; verb, pro-gres', not prog'res. PRoIIIBITION, pro-hl-bish'un. not pro-I-bish'- ll I]. PRo111BIToRY, pro-hib'1-to-ri, not pro-hib'I- ta-ri. PRojEcT, projekt, not projekt. PRojecTILE, pro-jek’til, not pro-jek’til. PROLIx, pro-liks', not pro-liks. PROMIssoRY, promis-so-ri, not pro-mis’so-ri PRoMUL.GATE, pro-mul'gilt, not prom'ul-gāt. PRoPITECY, profe-s!, not profe-si. PRop11Esy, profe-s!, not profe-s!. PRoPITIATE, pro-pish'I-āt, not pro-pish'at. PRosAIC, pro-za'ik, not pro-sa'ik. PRosopx, pros'o-di, not proz'o-d1. PRosPERoUs, pros' per-us, not pros'prus. PRoTEGE, pro-ti-zha', not prot'à-zhi. PROTHoNoTARY, pro-thon'o-ta-ri, not pro-tho- no'ta-rl. PRotRUp E, pro-trööd', not pro-trild'. PROTRUsive, pro-tróö'sív, not pro-tröö'ziv. PRovokE, pro-vök', not pur-vök'. PRow Ess, prow'es, not pró'es. / PRUDE, proöd, not prtld. PRUDENCE, proo’dence, not prū’dence. PRUNE, próón, not prtin. PsALMoDY, sal'mo-dI, not säm'o-di. PSALMS, sāmz, not sāmz. PsALTER, sawl"ter or sāl'ter. PUERILE, pu'er-Il, not pu'er-Il PURPoRT, purport, not pur-port'. PURULENT, pu'röö-lent, not pur'yöö-lent. PUSEYISM, pu'zi-izm, not pu's -izm. PUSTULE, pust'yööl or pus’tül, not pus'!. PUT, pööt, not pit. PYRAMIDAL, pl-ram'l-dal, not pIr'a-mid-al Q QUADRILLE, ka-dril' or kwa-dril', not kwod- ril'. QUAGMIRE, kwäg'mIr, not kwog'mir. QUALITY, kwol '1-tl, not kwol'ii-t!. QUALM, kwām or kwawm. QUANTITY, kwon'ti-tí, nof kwon'tü-tL QUARREL, kwór'el, not kwär"l. QUASSIA, kwosh'I-a or kwāsh'I-a, not kwosh'I. QUOIT, kwoit, not kwāt. RADISII, rad'ish, not red 'ish. RAILLERY, ril'er-I, not rāl'cr-f. RASPBERRY, rāz'bër-ri or rās"bër-ri, not rawz'- bcr-ri. RATHER, räth'er or räth'er, not ruth'er. RATIO, rà'shl-o or rà'sho, not rà'sho. RATION, ra'shun, not rash'un. RATIONAL, rasli'un-al, not ri'shun-al. REALIZATION, re-al-I-za'shun, not re-al-Iz-a” shun. * REBEL, reb'el, not reb'l. RECESS, re-scs', not re'scs. RECIIABITE, re'kab-It, not rek'ab-It. RECIPRocITY, res'I-pros'f-tí, not re-si-pros'I- tf. RECITATIVE, res-I-ta-töv', not re-sit'a-tiv. . RECI.AMATION, rek-la-ma'shun, not re-kla- ma'shun. RECLUSE, re-k! [ls', not re-kltlz'. REcognizE, rek'og-nlz, not rek'o-niz nor re- kog'nlz. RECoLLECT, rek-ol-lekt', not re-kol-lekt'. REconNonSSANCE, re-kon'nis-since, not re kon-nois'sance. REcoMNo1TRE, rek-on-noi'ter, not re-kon-noi'- ter. REcourse, re-körce', not re'körce. REcoverY, re-kuv'er-1, not re-kuv'rl. RECREANT, rek’re-ant, not re'kre-ant. REcREATE, rek're-it, not re'kre-āt. RECRUIT, re-króðt', not re-krtlt'. RECTITUDE, rek’ti-tild, not rek’tí.tóöd. REcusANT, re-ku'zant or rek'u-zant. REFERABLE, réfer-a-bl, not re-fer'a-bl. REFLEx, refleks, not re-fleks'. REFUSE, refyöös, not refyööz. REFUTABLE, re-fut'a-bl, not refu-ta-bl. REGIcIDE, rej'I-sId, not rejl-sId. REGULAR, reg'u-ler, not reg'ler. RENEw, re-nfl', not re-nó0'. REPARABLE, rep'a-ra-bl, not re-pār'a-bl. REPARTEE, rep-ar-te', not rep'ar-te. REPRIMAND, noun, rep'rl-mand, not rep-r!’- mand'; verb, rep'rí-mand or rep'rí-mand'. REPTILE, rep’tll, not rep'tll. REPUTABLE, rep'u-ta-bl, not re-ptlt'a-bl. RESEARCII, re-serch’, not re'serch. RESIDUE, rez'I-dtl, not rez'I-d60. RESIGNATIoN, rez-ig-na'shun, not res-ig-na'- shun. RESIN, rez'in, not rcz'n. g- PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY, 17I "----- *- ResonANCE, rez'o-nance, not res'o-nance. REsoURcE, re-sorce', not re'sörce. ResPIRABLE, re-spir'a-bl, not respi-ra-bl. RESPITE, respit, not respit. RespitFD, respit-ed, not re-spit'ed. RESTORATIvE, re-stör'a-tiv, not res-tor'a-tív. RETAIL, moun, retal, not re-tal’; verb, re-tal', ??of re'til. RETRIBUTIvE, re-trib'u-tiv, not ret'rl-bu-tiv ?!or ret-ri-bu 'tiv. REvELRY, revel-ri, not rev'l-ri. REvENUE, revent, not re-ven yoo. REvKRY, rever-I, not rev-er-e'. REvocaBLE, revo-ka-bl, not re-vo'ka-bl. RitupARB, röö'barb, not röö'bub. RIBALD, rib ald, not ri'bald nor rib'awld. RID, rid, not red. RIDICULE, rid'i-kul, not red'i-kul. RiDrculous, ri-dik'u-lus, not r-dik'lus. RIND, rind, not rin. RINSE, rinse, not rênse. RISK, risk, not resk. Robust, ro-bust, not robust. RoMANCE, ro-mance', not romance. Roof, rööf, not rôof nor rif. RooM, rööm, not rööm. Roost, rööst, not rööst. Root, rööt, not rööt. RosBATE, roze-āt, not ro'zhe-àt. RouTINE, röö-tên", not rôO'tën. RUBY, röö'bi, not rubi. RUDE, rööd, not rud. RUDIMENT, röö'dl-ment, not ru'd-ment. RUE, róð, m ortl. RUFFIAN, rufyan or ruff-an, not rufin. RUIN, röö'in, not ruin. RULE, rööl, not rul. RUMoR, röö'mur, not ru'mur. RURAL, röö'ral, not ru'ral. RUTIILEss, rööth'les, not ruthles. S SacRAMENT, sak'ra-ment, not sa'kra-ment. SACRIFICE, noun, sak’rif Iz, or sak'rl-f Is, not Sa'kri-flz. SACRIFICE, verb, sak’rt-fiz, not sa’kri-fiz. SACRILEGE, sak'rt-lèj, not sa’kri-lij. Sacr1LEGrous, sak-ri-lejus not sak-ri-lij'us. SacRISTAN, sak'ris-tan, not sa-kristan. SAFFRON, safrun, not safurn. SAGAcious, sa-ga'shus, not sa-gash'us. SAID, sed, not såd. SALARY, sal'a-ri, not sal'rt. SALIENT, sa'lf-ent, not salt-ent. SALINE, sa-lin' or sa’lln, not sa’lön. SALIvA, saliva, not sal'i-va. SALMoN, sām'un, not sim'un. SALUTE, sa-lat, not saloot'. SALvE, siv, not sav. SALvER, silver, not sā’ver. S*MARITAN, sa-mart-tan, not sa-mari-tan. SANGUINE, sang'gwin, not san'gwin. SARpoNYx, sar'do-niks, not sar-do'niks. *::", sar-sa-pa-ril'la, not sas-a-pa- ril'la. •- SAT, sat, not sot. SATLATE, sa'shlat, not sa'shat. SATIN, sat’in, not sat'n. ATURNINE, sat ur-nin, not sa’tur-nin nor Sat’ur-nin. Saucy, saw's, not sits 1 nor sä's. T"----_ ! * SAUSAGE, saw'sej, not sås'ej. SCALD, skawld, not sköld. SCALLoP, skol'lup, not skål'lup. SCARCE, skärce, not skirce nor skurcc. SCARED, skärd, not skärt. ScEPT1c, skeptik, not septik. SCIIISM, sizm, not siz’um. Sc11ooNER, sköön'er, not sköðn'er. ScounDREL, skown'drel, not skown'dl. SCREw, skröö, not skril. ScRof ULA, skröf'u-la, not skrawfu-la. SCRUPULOUs, skröö'pu-lus, not skrööp'lus. ScRUTINIZE, skröö'tl-nlz, not skrū’ti-nlz. SECLUDE, se-kltid', not se-klóöd'. SECRETARY, sele're-ta-ri, not sel:'ii-ta-ri. SEDATIVE, sed’ativ, not se-da’tiv. SEINE, sén, not sån. SENILE, se’nll, not se’nfl. SENNA, sen'na, not sé'na star sé'nf. SENTIMENT, sen'ti-ment, not sen'ti-munt. SEPARATIST, sep'a-ra-tist, not sep-a-ra’tist. SEPULTURE, sep'ul-ttir, not se-pul’ttir. SEQUEL, se’kwel, not se’kwil. SEQUESTRATION, sek-wes-tra'shun, not se’- kwes-tra'shun. SERVILE, ser'vil, no! ser'vil. SEVENTY, seven-ti, not sev'un-ti. SEVERAL, sev'er-al, not sev'rul. SEW, so, not sil. SHALL, shål, not sh’l. SHA’ N’T, shānt, not shānt. SHEATII, shëth. SHEAT IIs, shëthz, not shëths. SHIEKEL, shek’l, not she'kl. S11Ew, shö, not sht!. SIIREw, shröö, not shrtl nor sröö. SriREwD, shrööd, not shrūd nor srööd. SIIRIEK, shrëk, not srök. SHRILL, shril, not sril. SIIRINE, shrIn, not sr.In. SIIRUI, shrub, no?srub. SIIRUG, shrug, not srug. SHUT, shut, not shet. SIBYL, sib'il, not sI'bil. SIMILE, sim'í-lè, not sim’II. SINCE, since, not scnce. SINECURE, si'ne-kür, not sin'e-kür. SINEw, sin’tl, not sin'öö. SINGULAR, sing'gtl-lar, not sing'glar SIREN, si'ren, not sIr'en. SIT, sit, not set. - SrxTII, sIksth, not sikst. SLEEK, slēk, not slik. SLEPT, slept, not slep. SLOTII, slöth, not slöth. SMUTCII, smuch, not smööch. SNoUT, snowt, not snööt. * SocIALITY, so-shl-al'1-tl, not so-shäl'1-ti. SoFA, so'fa, not so’f I. SoFT, soft, not sawft. SoFTEN, sof'n, not soften nor savvften. SoFTLY, soft'll, not sof'll nor sawft'll. Sojourn, so jurn, not so-jurn'. SOLECISM, sol'e-sizm, not so"le-sizm. Sol EMN, sol'em not sol'um. SoLSTICE, sül'stis, not sol'stis nor sol'stis, Sor.UTION, so-lt1'shun, not so-löö'zhun. Soxi ETHING, sum'thing, not sun'thin. SoMEWIIAT, sum'hwot, not sum'wot. SoMEwHERE, sum'hwār, not sum'hwār nor sum'hwārz. SoNNET, son'net, not sun'net. SONOROUS, so-no'rus, not son’o-rus. Soot, soot or soot, not sit. SooTIISAYER, 300th'sā-er, not sooth'sā-er. SoPorific, sop-o-rifik, not so-po-rifik. SoRRY, sor'ri, no! saw'ri. SousE, sows, not sowz. SPANIEL, span'yel, not span'el. SPASM, spazm, not spaz’um. SPEcroUs, spe'shus, not spesh'us. SPECTACLES, spck'ta-klz, not spet'a-klz. SPERMACET1, sperm-a-seti, not sperm-a-sit”. nor spar-ma-sit I. Sp11ERorp, sphe'roid, not sphèr'oid. Sp1NACH, spin'âj, not spin'âtsh. SPIRIT, spir'it, not spèr'it nor spe’rit. SPLENETIC, splen'e-tik, not sple-net'ik. SPooN, spöön, not spoon. SPOUSE, spowz, not spows. Squalid, skwül'id, not skwawl'id. SqūALOR, skwā'lawr, not skwül’er. STALwART, stawl'wart, not stil'wart. STAMP, stãmp, not stömp. STANCH, stinch, not stänch nor Stawnch. STAND, stand, not stan. STATIcs, stät'iks, not sti’tiks. STATU Quo, L., sti’tti kwo, not stat'yö0 kwo. STEADY, stěd'], not stid'I. STEwARD, sttl’ard, not stöö'ard. STINT, stint, not stênt. STOLID, stol'id, not sto'lid. STONE, stön, not stun. STONY, sto'nl, not stun'1. STORM, storm, not stawm. STRATA, strú'ta, not strä'ta. STRENGTH, strength, not strenth. STRYcIININE, strik'nin, not strik'nin. STUDENT, st(I'dent, not stöö'dent nor stild'nt. STUPENDous, stil pen'dus, not stu-pend'yö0- us nor stu-pen'jus. SrupID, stil’pid, not stöö'pid. SUASORY, swa’so-ri, not swa'zo-rf. SUAvITY, swav'I'-tí, not su-av'I-tí. SUBDUE, sub-dtl', not sub-dóð'. SUBJECTED, sub-jekt'ed, not subjekt-ed. SUBLUNARY, sub'lu-na-r!, not sub-lu'na-rl. SUBPCENA, sub-pe'na, not sup-pe'na. SUBSIDENCE, sub-sld'ence, not sub’ si-dence. SUBSTANTIATE, sub-stan’shl-āt, not sub-stan”- shit. . SUBSTANTIvELY, sub'stan-tiv-II, not sub- stan'tiv-lf. SUBTILE, sub't1l, not sub’tll. SUBTLE, sut'l, not sub't!. SUCCUMB, suk-kumb’, not suk-kum'. SUCH, such, not sech nor sich. SUDDEN, sud'dén, not sud'n nor sud’ding. SUFFICE, suf-fIz’, not suf-ffs'. SUICIDAL, su'I-sld-al, not su-I-sid’al. SUITE, sw8t, not stlt nor soot. SULPHURIC, sul-fu'rik, not sul' fur-ik. SUMMARY, sum’ma-r!, not sum’mër-l. SUMMONED, sum’mund, not sum’munzd. SUPPLE, sup’l, not so()'pl. SUPPOSE, sup-pöz', not spöz. SURNAMED, sur-nānnd', not sur'nāmd. SURPRISE, Sur-priz', not sup-priz'. SURVEILLANce, sur-vil’yānce, not soor-väl- yānce'. SwARTIIY, swawr thi, not swawr'thi. skwäl'id nor == 4. 172 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY. SwePT, swept, not swep. Sw1FTLY, swift'll, not swif'll. Sword, sord, not swörd. SYNoD, sin’od, not sI'nod. SYRUP, sir'up, or stir-up. T TALc, tilk, not tawk. TAPESTRY, tapes-tri, not taps trl. TARPAULIN, tar-pawl'in, not tar-po'lin. TARTAREAN, tar-ta're-an, not tar-ta-re'an. TARTARIC, tir-tär'ik, not tir-tir'ik. TASSEL, this'sèl or tos'], not taw'sel. TATTERDEMALION, tat-ter-de-mâl’yun, not tat- * ter-de-mäl’yun. TAVERN, thiv'ern, not tir’vern. TEAT, tćt, uot tit. TELEGRAPHIST, te-leg'ra-fist, not tel'e-graf- ist. TEMPERAMENT, tem'per-a-ment, not temper- In 11nt. TeMPERATURE, temper-a-ttir, not temper- toūr. TENABLE, ten'a-bl, not te’na-bl, TENACIOUS, tc-na'shus, not te-nash'us. TENET, ten'et, no! te’net. TENURE, t&n'yöör, not tdn'yöör. TRPID, tep'id, not te’pid. TERRAPIN, túr'ra-pin, not tur'ra-pin. TitanksGIVING, thanks giv-ing, not thanks- giv'ing. TIIITIIER, thith'er, not thith'er. TIIorough LY, thur'o-ll, not thur’ti-li. TiioUSAND, thow'zand, not thow'zan. TIIRALDoM, thrawl'dum, not thröl'dum. TIIREw, thröö, not thrti. THIYME, tim, not thim, TIARA, ti-i'ra, not ti-ii'ra. TICKLISII, tick'lish, not tick'l-ish. TINY, ti'n!, not të'nI nor tin’I. TIRADE, ti-rid' or ti-rid', not ti'räd. To, to.), not tti. ToNGS, tongz, not tawngz. ToNSURE, ton'shur, not ton'sóör. TootiiACHF, tooth'ik, not teeth'ik. Toothiep, tootht, not toothd. TopograpHrcAL, top-o grafik-al, not to-po- grafik-al. ToRTOISE, tortiz or tor'tis, not tor'tois. TossING, tos’ing, not to st'ing. ToTTERING, totter-ing, not tot tring. ToUR, tox)r, not towr. TowARD, tú'urd, not to-wawrd'. TRANQUIL, trang'kwil, not tran’kwil. TRANSACT, trans-akt', not tranz-akt'. TRANSFERABLE, trans-fôr'a-bl, not trans-fer'- a-bl. TRANSFERRENCE, trans-fôr'rence, not trans- fer’rence. TRANSFERRIBLE, trans-fôr'rl-bl, not trans- ferri-bl. TRANSITION, tran-sizh'un, not trans-ish'un. TRANSMIGRATE, trans'm!-grät, not trans-m!'- grät. TRANSPARENT,trans-pār'ent, not trans-pâ'rent. TRAVEL, trav'el, not trav’l. TRAvELER, travel-ler, not trav'ler. TREDLE, treb’1, not trib'l nor thrib"l. TREMENDous, tre-men'dus, not tre-mend'yo0- us nor trc-men'jus. • TRIBUNAL, tri-bu'nal, not tri-bu'nal. TRIBUNE, trib'dn, not tr!"btln. TRILonITE, tri'lu-bit, not tril'o-bit. TRIPARTITE, trip'ar-tit, not tri-partit. TRISYLLABLE, tri-sil'la-bl, or tris'il-la-bl. TRIUNE, tri'íln, not tri'óön. TRIvIAL, triv'l-al, not triv'yal. TRocIIE, tro'kö, not trök nor tro'chö. TRoMnoME, trom'bön, not trom-bón'. TRoPIIY, tro'fi, not tröfl. TRoTII, troth, not tröth. TRouG II, trof, not trawf nor trawth. TRow, trö, not trow. TRUcULENT, tröö'ku-lent, not trük'u-lent. TRUE, tröö, not trfl. TRUFFLE, tröö'fl, not trilfl. TRUTIIs, trööths, not tróðthz. TRYST, trist, not trist. TUBE, túb, not toob. TUESDAY, ttlz'dI, not to Oz'dl. TULIP, tú'lip, not too lip. TUMoR, til'mur, not to)'mur. TUMULT, tti'mult, not too mult. TUNE, tiln, not toon. TURBINF, turbin, not turbin. TYPIIUS, ti'fus, not ti'pus. TYRANNIC, ti-ran'nik, not ti-ran'nik. U ULTIMATUM, ult-ti-mā'tum, not ul-ti-mā'tum. UMBRELLA, um-brel'la, not um-bril'la nor um- ber-cl'a nor um-ber-cl'. UNCOUTII, un-kööth', not un-kööth'. UNCTUOUS, unkt'-yöö-us, not unk'shus. UNDERNEATH, un-der-nēth', not un-der-nēth'. UNDERSIGNED, un-der-sind', not under-slnd. UNGUENT, ung'gwent, not ungwent. UNISON, y00'n I-sun, not yöö'ni-zun. URANUS, u'ra-nus, not u-ra'nus. USAGE, y00'zij, not yoó'sij. USUFRUCT, u'zu-frukt, not u'su-frukt. Usurp, u-zurp', not u-surp'. UxoRIOUS, ugz-o'rl-us, not uks o'ri-us. V VAccINATE, vak'sf nåt, not vas'si-nāt. VAGARY, va-ga'ri, not vä'ga-ri. VALUABLE, val'u-a-bl, not val'yū-bl. VARIEGATED, va’ri-e-gāt-ed, not va:ri e- gāt'ed. VARIoloin, vä'rl o-loid, not vär I-o-loid nor vār'1-loid. VEHEMENT, ve'he-ment, not ve-he'ment. VELvET, vel’vet, not vel’vit. VENDUE, ven-dtl', not van-dòö'. VENIAL, ve'ni-al, not vén'yal. VERBose, ver-bös', not ver-böz'. VERDIGRIs, ver'dl-grès, not ver'dl-gris. VESSEL, ves'sel, not ves’l. VETERINARY, vet'er-e-na-ri, not vet'rl-nur-f. VIBRATorY, vi'bra-to-ri, not vib'ra-to-rl. VICAR, vik'ar, not vi’kar. VICINITY, vi-sin'i-tl, not vi-sin'i-tí. VICTORY, vik to-ri, not vik'tri. V1GNETTE, vin-yet', not vin-et'. VIGoRoUS, vig'o-rus, not vig'rus. VILLAIN, vil'lin, not vil'un. VINDICATIVE, vin'di-ka-tiv, not vin-dik'a-tiv. VINEYARD, vin'yard, not vin'yard. VIoDENT, vi'-o-lent, not voi'lent. VIol.ET, vi'o-let, not voi'let. VIRAGo, vi-rä'go or vi-rä'go, not vi-rā'go. Viscount, v1'kownt, not vis-kownt. Visor, viz'ur, not v1-zur. VITIATE, vish'1-àt, not vish it. VITRIol, vitrl-ul, not vit'rul. VIzIER, viz'yer or vi-zer', not viz'yer. Vocable, vo'ka-bl, not vok'a-bl. Vol. ATILE, vol'a-til, not vol'a-til. W. WAN, won, not win. WANDERING, won'der-ing, not won'dring. WARRANT, wor'rant, not wavr'ant. WAS, wbz, not wuz. WATER, waw"ter not wot'er. WELL, wel, not wil. WEPT, wept, not wep. WERE, wer, not witur. WESTWARD, west’ward, not west'urd. WIIARF, hworf, not worf. WIIAT, hwot, not wot. WIIERE, hwār, not witur. WIIEREFoRE, hwār'för, not hwer'för. WIIETHER, hweth'er, not weth'er, WHIcII, hwich, not wich. WHILE, hwil, not wil. WHINNY, hwin'ni, not win'ni. WIIISK, hwisk not wisk. WHISKY, hwisk', not wis'-kI. - WIIISTLE, hwis’l, not hwis’tl nor wis’l. WHITE, hwit, not wit. WIIITHER, hwither, not with 'er. Wilol.E, höl, not hill. Wiroop1NG-couGII, hööp'ing-kof, not hööp'- ing-kof. WIIoRTLEBERRY, hwurtl-bêr-ri, not hwor'- ti-bêr-rl. Commonly spelled and pronounced HUCK'LE-BER-RY, huk'l-bêr-ri. WIIY, hw1, not w!. WINDow, win’do, not win’dcr. WINDwARD, wind'ward, not wind’urd. WISEACRE, wiz'a-ker, not wiz-a'ker. WITH, with, not with. WoN'T, wönt, not wint. WoRSE, wurs, mod wus. - WoRSIIIP, wur'ship, not wush'ip. WoRST, wurst, ztof wust. WoRTII, wurth. 2104 wuth. WoRTHY, wur thi, not wuth'I. W. REATIr, röth, atot röth. WRESTLE, res'], not res’tl nor ras'!. WRoNG, rong, not rawng. Y YACHT, yot, not yat. YEA, yā, not ye. YELLow, yello, not yel'ler moryāl'lo. YES, yés, not yis moryāās nor yö. YESTERDAY, yester-dà, not yister-dà. YET, yêt, not yit. * YoNDER, yon'der, not yen'der nor yun'der. YoU, yöö, not yloo nor yü. YoURSELF, yöðr-self, not yèr-self. YoUTIIs, y00ths, not yööthz. Z ZEALOT, zël'ut, not zël'ut. ZENITII, zc'nith, not zen'ith. ZooLogY, zo-ol'o-jl, not zöö-ol'o-ji nor zöö'- lo-ji. ZooLogICAL, zo-o-loj'f-kal, not zöö-o-loj'l-kal. ZoUAvE, xöö-āv or zwäv, not zöö-āv'. G-- -— *- WORDS OF SIMILAR PRONUNCIATION. I 73 # # £. i * *** * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * - $X'X'X'X'X'X' • ##########". # ££2. -> <-->''<.S$2:S:2::$2-S3%. S:2::$%-->''<-->4%->''<-->''<-->''<-->4%->{<-->{2+:S:2::S'-->3%->''<>''<-S#2-#2-->''<-->''''''<-->''<:#2+ #### 3% # | &##########################################################################e: # ############################ *# ############# ######### # #"# - *: - # *# %:##### *** * $$$$|#####. / $52:5 * * * * | l ź *** * # #" A pictionary of ÖVO (5 Olind Hill lymitti (Oris, "#. # ### %#3% # #: *. * % ><” # *R$: # N:# *: % | #: * #N/ | #. % # %R$#|## % ####### \# ######, #### A. ## # ### * ...# ###### * #### # < ####### ###### .#...######### # ### ############ # ########### ############ # * ##### # * • # =>''<--S: S:..S.2. S:3-.S:-S#:...S:..S:2->''<.S$2+:'''<.S$4:...S:-->4%+. $2:...S:2:2:...:2:...S:2:...S.: #2:... S$22. * * % *** S.:S.:S: S.C.S.: S.E.S.ES £S: Q4*...*::NO:S. *S.--> <-SS.-2:S→...→...→...→S..."' * # # NE of the most difficult features of the English language is the similar pronunciation of words of totally disimilar meaning. Al- most every person has some time been puzzled as to the exact spell- ing of such words as rain, rein, reign; or depositary, depository; or, pair, pare, pear; censor, cen- ser, censure; or knave, nave, naive. To aid the reader of this volume we have com- piled this dictionary of over two thousand words. Owing to the fact that many per- sons frequently mispronounce words, we have included in the dictionary many words which, if rightly pronounced, would not be- long here. Take as an example the word given above: Depositary, a trustee; depos- itory, a place where anything is deposited for sale or safe keeping. The two words should be pro- nounced differently. Not so the words pair, two, a couple; pear, a fruit; pare, to peel. Foreign-born citizens, who have found this to be the great difficulty in mastering the English language, will appreciate our efforts to aid them in this direction. NoTE.—The following abbreviations are used to designate the parts of speech: a, stands for adjective. m. noun pron. pronoun. v. verb PA. past participle. ad adverb. prep. preposition, cony, conjunc- tion. interj. interjection. A *\nnA, n, father. ABBE, n. an abbot, ABBEY, n, a monastery. BLE, a. having power, skill or knowledge. ABEL, n. a proper name. *\ccIDENCE, m. rudiments of grammar. AccIDENTs, m. chance; unex- pccted events. *ccLAMATION, m. a shout of applause. AccLIMATION, v. to inure to a foreign climate. *citing, n, continued pain. AKIN, a related by blood. AikiN, n, a AcTs, v. action; deeds. Ax, or AxE, n, a tool. ADDs, v. to enlarge. ADzE, or ADz, n. a tool. ADIIERENCE, n. firm; steadfast. ADIIERENTs, m. followers. ADVICE, m. instruction; notice. ADVISE, v. to give advice; to consider. AII, interf surprise. AHA, interj pleasant surprise. Awe, n. reverential fear. AIL, "t. disorder; unwell. ALE, n. a fermented malt liquor. AIR, n. the atmosphere. IIEIR, m. one who inherits. ARE, v. to be. ERE, ad. before. AISLE, n, a passage way. ISLE, n. an island. I’I.L., v. I will. ArT, n. an island. ATE, v. devoured. EIGHT, n. a number. AIKIN, n. a city. AKIN, n. related by blood. Ac11ING, m. pain; distress. AKIN, n. related by blood. AcIIING, m. continued pain. AIKIN, n.a. city. ALE, n. a fermented malt liquor. AIL, n. disorder. ALL, a. every one. Awl, n, a shoemaker's tool. ALLEGATION, m. asscrtion. ALLIGATION, t. a rule of arithmetic. ALLEY, m. a narrow passage. ALLY, m. confederate. ALLowRD, v. permitted. ALOUD, ad, with a loud voice. ALMS, m. a gift to the poor. ARMs, m. limbs. ARMs, m. weapons. ALOUD, ad. with a loud voice. ALLow ED, v. permitted. ALTAR, m. place for offerings. ALTER, v. to change. AMEND, v. to make better. AMENDE, Fr. ft. a finc; a retraction. ANCIIor, m, an instrument for fastening ships at rest in water. ANEER, #!, l. ITiC31SUlf C. AN, definite article; one. ANN, n, a proper name. ANALYST, n. one who analyzes. ANNALIST, n. a writer of annals. ANALYZE, v. to separate. ANNALIZE, n. to record. ANT, n. a small insect. AUNT, n. a relative. ANTE, prep. before. ANT1, prep. opposed to. Altc., n. a part of a circle. ARK, t. a large vessel; a chest. ARCHES, m. parts of a circle. ARCHERs, m. bowmen. ARE, v. from verb to be. AIR, n. the atmosphere. ARRAIGN, v. to call to answer in court. ARRANGE, v. to put in proper order. * ARRANT, a. infamous. ERRANT, a. wandering, roving. ERRAND, m. a mcssage. ARTIST, n. one skilled in some art. ARTISTE, m. one skilled in any art; a French word, commonly but erroneously applied to female artists. AscENT, n. an eminence. AssENT, n. the act of agreeing. AsPERATE, v. to make rough or uneven. ASPIRATE, 7... to pronounce with full breath. ASPERATION, m. making rough. ASPIRATION, m. an ardent wish. AssistANCE, m. help; aid; relief. AssISTANTs, m. helpers. ATE, n. that which has been destroyed. AIT, n. an island. EIGIIT, n. city in South Carolina -— *~ a number. -= -: I9 = l * EYE, n. the organ of sight; a view; bud. I, pro, one's self. AYE, ad. yes. F FAINT, a. weak; exhausted; v. to swoon. FEINT, n. a false show. FAIN, a glad; obliged. FANE, n. a temple. FEIGN, v. to pretend. FAIR, a free from spot; frank; m. market. FARE, v. to happen well or ill; m. sum paid for conveyance. - FALSE, a not true; not real. FAULTS, n. defects; offenses. FARE, v. to happen well or ill; tı. sum paid for conveyance; food. FAIR, a free from spot; frank; n. market. FARTHER, a longer. FATIIER, n. a male parent. Forri ER, v. to cover within or without. FAT, n. oily; part of animal bodies. VAT, n. a large vessel or c'stern; a II].C.R.SUIT C. FATED, a. destined by fate; doomed. FETID, n. rancid; strong. FETED, v. honored with a festive entertainment. FATIIER, n, a male parent. FARTHER, a longer. ForiteR, v. to cover within or without. FAwN, n, a young deer; v. to flatter meanly. FAUN, n. myth, a god of fields and shepherds. FAULTs, m. defects; offenses. FALSE, a not true; not real. FEAT, n. a daring or bold act. FEET, n. plural of foot. FETE, m. a festival. FEIGN, v. to pretend. FANE, n, a temple. FAIN, a glad; obliged. FEINT, n. a false show. FAINT, a. weak; exhausted; v. to swoon. FELLoE, n. the exterior rim of a wheel. FEL Low, m. an associate; a mean man. . * FERRULE, n. a ring around the end of a stick. FERULE, n. a rod for punishing children. FETID, n. rancid; strong. FETED, a. honored with a festive entertain" ment. FATED, m. destined by fate. FEUD, or FEop, n. quarrel; broil. FooD, n. whatever is used fo nourishment. FILLIP, v. to strike or jerk with the fingers. PHILIP, n, a man' I11111C. FILTER, n. a liquor strainer. PIIILTER, n, a potion or charm intended to excite love. FIND, v. to discover; to gain. FINED, m. penalty. ITIR, n. a tree or its wood. FUR, n. soft hair or skin of animals. FisitER, m. one who fishes. EISSURE, n. a cleft. Fizz, m. a hissing sound. P111z, n. the face or visage. FLEA, n, an insect. FLEE, v. to run rapidly. FLEw, n. the large chops of a deep-mouthed hound; imp. of fly. FIUE, m. a chimney. FLOUR, n. fine part of grain. FLoweR, n. the blossom of a plant; the best of anything. m. twice two. ForT, n. a fortress. FoRTE, n. strong point. ForTII, ad forward; abroad. FourT11, n. the quotient of a unit di. vided by four. ForMALLY, ad according to rule. ForMERLY, ad in time past; here" tofore. * For IER, v. to cover within or without; to line. FARTIIER, a longer FATHER, n. a male parent. Foul, a turbid; impure. Fowl, a winged animal; a bird. FRAYs, n. quarrels. PHRASE, n. a sentence; style. FRANC, n. a French coin. FRANK, a free; open; candid; n. a free letter; a name. FREEzE, v. to be congealed by cold. FRIEZE, "... the nap of cloth. FUR, soft hair or skins of animals. FIR, n. a tree or its wood. FURs, m. plural of fur. FURzE, n. a thorny evergreen shrub. FUNGUs, m. a mushroom or toadstool. FUNGoUS, n. like a fungns; soft; spongy. *===— *=- For, prep. or conj because of. For E, a coining first or before. Fou R WORDS OF SIMILAR PRONUNCIATION. 177 EwBs, n. plural of erve, HUEs, n. colors; dyes. YEws, m. plural of C yew. Use, m. act of using; custom. * - * EwBR, n. a large pitcher. YoUR, pro. the possessive of you. *: a triangular part of the end of a house. GABEL, n. a tax; an ExERCISE, n. use; lesson; practice. ExoRCISE, v. to deliver from the €XCISČ. is is g s * * * * GAIT, n. manner and air in walking. GATE, n. a large door; a way or influence of evil spirits. passage GAGE, n. a pledge or security. GAUGE, v. to measure the contents of any vessel. GALA, n. festivity; show. GAYLY, ad lively; merrily. GALL, m. bile; bitterness; rancor. GAUL, n, a native of Gaul. GAMBLE, v. to play or game for money. GAMBoI., n. skipping; playful- Il CSS. GENIUS, n. nature; disposition; special faculty. GENUS. m. a class of many species. GENTILE, n, any one not a Jew; a pagan. GENTLE, a, not rough, wild or coarse. GAOL, n. a jail, GoAL, n. starting point; final purpose. GESTURE, n. a bearing; motion of the body. JESTER, n. one who jests; a buffoon. GILD, v. to cover or overlay with gold. GUILD, n. a business frater- nity. GILT, # gold laid upon any surface. GUILT, n. state of being tainted with sin or crime. GLAIR, n. the clear part of an egg. GLARE, n, bright, dazzling light; a piercing look. GLACIERS, n. masses of ice or snow in valleys. GLAzIERs, n. those whose trade is to set glass in windows. GNEISS, n, a hard, crystalline, slaty rock. NicE, a. pleasing to the senses; delicate. GNU, m, a horned antelope. NEw, a, not old. KNEw, v, imp. of know. GoAL, n. starting point; final purpose. GAOL, n, a jail. GoRR, n. one who or that which goes. GoRE, n. thick or clotted blood. GoRED, v. wounded with horns. Gourn, n, a plant and its fruit. GRANDER, n. comparative degree of grand. GRANDEUR, . m. splendid show. GRATE, v. to rub roughly; m, fire support in a stove. GREAT, a large in bulk; m. the rich; the famous. GRATER, n, an instrument for rasping. GREATER, a comparative of great. GREASE, m. animal fat. GREECE, m. a flight of steps; a country. GRISLY, a. horrible; terrible. GRISTI.Y., a consisting of gristle. GR1z- ZLY, a. somewhat gray. GRocER, n. a dealer in groceries. GRossER, a comparative of gross. GUESSED, v. conjectured. GUEST, n. a visitor. GUILT, n. state of being tainted with sin or crime. GILT, n. gold laid upon any surface. GUISE, n. manner, custom.. GUYs, n. ropes to steady anything. GUITAR, "t, a musical instrument. CATARR11, m. inflammation of the mucous membrane. GUYs, n. ropes to steady anything. GUISE, n. manner; custom. H HAIL, n. drops of frozen rain; a salutation. HALE, a hearty; vigor- Q\1Ss HAIR, ".. a filament growing from the skins of animals. HARE, n. a small, rabbit-like animal. HALF, n. one of two equal parts. HALvE, v. to divide into equal parts. HALL, n. a passage of a house; a large room. HAUL, v. to draw or pull by force. HALLow, v, to make holy. HALLoo or Hollo, v. to raise an outcry. HALO, n. a circle of light around the sun or moon. Hollow, a. not solid. HARM, n, injury. ARM, n, a limb of the body; an inlet of the sea. HART, n. a stag or male deer. HEART, n. the organ that circulates the blood. Q HAY, n. cut grass dried. HEY, interj. expression of exultation. HIEAL, v. to cure; to forgive. HEEL, n. the hind part of the foot. HEAR, v. to understand. HERE, ad in this place. HEARD, v. past tense of hear. HERD, n. a collection of beasts; the vulgar crowd. 5 - 2. 178 WORDS OF SIMILAR HEIR, n. one who inherits. AIR, n. the atmosphere. ARE, v. from verb to be. ERE, ad. before. HEw, v, to hack; to cut. HUE, n. color; great noise. You, pro. second person. Ewe, m. a female sheep. HEY, interj expression of exhultation. HAY, m. cut grass dried. IIIDE, n. the skin of an animal; v. to conceal. HIED, v. hastened. III.E., v. to hasten. HIG11, a. elevated; exorbitant. HIGHER, comparative of high. HIRE, v. to employ for pay. IIIM, pron. objective case of he. HYMN, n. a song of praise or joy. Ho, interj. stop; limit. HoA or W110A, interj. stop; stand still; hold. HoR. m. a garden tool. - HoARD, v. to collect and lay up; to amass. HoRDE, n. migratory band or tribe. HoARSE, ". having a rough voice. HoRSE, m. a quadruped; cavalry. HoF., n. a garden tool. Ho, interj. stop; limit. HoA, interj. stop; stand still. HoFS, n; plural of hoe. Hose, m. stockings; a flexible tube to pass liquids. Hol.E, m. a hollow place; a cell. WIIoI.E., n. the entire thing; complete. Holy, a. pure; sacred. WHolly, ad. in a whole or complete manner. IIoME, m. one's own house. Hol. M. m. ari ever green oak. HoNortARY, a conferring honor. ONERARY, a fitted or intended for the carriage of burdens. Hoor, m. a band of wood. Wiroop, v. a cry of eagerness; a shout of pursuit. HoRDE, n. a migratory band or tribe. HoARD, v. to collect and lay up; to amaSS. Hose, m. stockings; a flexible tube to pass liquids. HoFs, m. plural of hoe. Hour, n. twenty-fourth part of a day. OUR, pron. pertaining or be- longing to us. HUE, n. color; great noise. Ewe, n. a female sheep. YoU, pron. sec- ond person. IIEw, v, to hack; to cut. IIYMN, n. a song of praise or joy. HIM, pron, objective case of he. IDLE, a. unemployed; trifling. IDol, m. an image worshiped. IDYL, rt. a short pastoral poem. I'LL, v. I will. ISI.E, m. an island. AISLE, n. a passage way. ILLIcIT, a. prohibited by law. ELICIT, v. to draw out. ILLUDR, v. to mock; to deceive. ELUdE, v. to escape. IMMERGE, v. to immerse. EMERGE, v. to reappear. IMMIGRATE, v. to remove into another country. EMIGRATE, v. to leave one's country to settle in another. IMMERSION, n. the act of immersing. EMERSION, m. a rising out of; a fluid. IMPOSTER, 7t, a cheat; a deceiver. IMPosruRE, m. deception; imposi- tion. * * IN, prep. within. INN, n. a house of refreshment for travelers. INCITE, v. to move or rouse the mind to action. INSIGIIT, n. view of the interior. INCISION, m. act of cutting into. INSITION, m. ingraftment. INCLos E., v. to surround. ENCLOSE, v. to shut in; to confine. INCLosURE, m. a place shut in. ENCLosURE, n. an enclosed place. INDICT, v. to accuse and present for judicial trial. INDITE, v. to com- pose; to write. * . INDICTED, v. accused by a jury. INDITED, v. composed; written. INDICTER, 71, one who indictes. INDITER, n. one who writes or com- poscs. INoiscreer, a. injudicious; incautious. INDISCRETE, a not discrete or separated. * INGENIous, a. having genius; skillful. INGENUoUs, a free from reserve or deception. 1NN, n, a house of refreshments for travelers, IN, prep. within. INNocENcE, n. freedom from guilt. INNocENTs, m. pure, lawful, inof- fensive, ignorant persons. INSTANCE, m. example; a case occurring. INSTANTs, n. points of time. INTENSE, a. strained very close. INTENTs, m. purposes; aims. INTENTION, n. design; purpose. INTENSION, n, a straining; stretching or bending. INVADE, v. to enter for certain purposes. INVEIGIIED, v. censured; re- proached. PRONUNCIATION. IRRUPTION, n. sudden invasion or incursion. ERUPrion, n, a breaking or bursting out. ISLE, n, an island. AusLE, n. a passage way. I'LL, v. I will. J JAM, v. to wedge in; n. a conserve of fruits. JAMB, n. a side-piece of a door. JEwRY, n. Judea; name of a street in London. JURY, n. persons sworn to deliver truth or evidence in court. JESTER, n. one who jests. GESTURE, n. a bearing; motion of the body. JotSTER, n. the longest plane used by a carpenter. JoinTURE, m. an es- tate scttled on a wife, to be enjoyed after her husband's death. JoUST, n. a tilt or tournament. JUST, a lawful; upright. K KERNEL, n. the central part; grain or corn. Colon EL, n, the com. mander of a regiment. KEY, tr. an apparatus to fasten or open locks; a lever in music. QUAY, m. a wharf. KILL v. to deprive of life. KILN, n. an oven for burning anything. RAN or KAIIN, n. a Tartar prince or chief. CAN, m. a tin vessel; v. to be able. KNAD, v. to bite; to lay hold on. NAD, v. to catch suddenly. KNAG, fl. a knot in or on wood; a peg. NAG, m. a small horse. KNAP, n. a knob or button. NAP, n. a short sleep; woolly surface. KNAVE, ".. a rogue. NAIvE, a native or unaffected simplicity. NAvE, m. the middle or body of a church; hub. KNAwep, v. bitten; corroded (obsolete). Non, v. to make a motion with the head of assent. KNEAD, v. to work and press, as bread. NEED, m. necessity; pressing want. KNEED, a. forming an obtuse angle at the points. KNEEL, v. to rest or fall on the knees. NEAL, v. to be tempered by heat. KNEw, v, imp. of know. GNU, n, a horned antelope. NEw, a not old. KNIT, v. to weave by the hand. NIT, n. the egg of a small insect. KNIGHT, n. a title. NIGHT, n. the time between sunset and sunrise. KNow, v, to have knowledge of. No, n. a refusal; a denial. KNows, v. understands. NosE, m. organ of smell. KNOT, n. a tie formed; a sea mile; a knarlin wood. Not, ad a word of negation or denial. 1. LACKS, v. wanting; needing. LAX, a loose; vague. LADE, v. to load. LAID, v. placed; wagered; eggs produced. LANCH, v. to throw; to let fly; to dart. LAUNCH, v. to slide into Water. LANE, n. a narrow passage or road. LAIN, v. rested. LATIN, the ancient language of the Romans. LATTEN, n. sheettin. LAUNCII, n. to slide into water. LANCII, v. to throw; to let fly; to dart. LEA, n, a meadow. LEE, n. side opposite to the wind. LEACH, m. wood ashes; v. to wash, as ashes, by percolation. LEEcII, rt, an aquatic, blood-sucking worm. LEAD, m. a soft metal. LED, v. guided. LEAF, m. part of a plant or tree; two pages of a book. LIEF, ad. will- ingly. LEAVE., v. to bequeath; to quit. LEAK, v. to let fluid in or out. LEEK, n. a wild onion. LEAN, a. thin, slender; v. to bend. LIEN, m. a legal claim to hold the property of another. LEASED, v. rented; hired. LEAST, a. smallest. LED, m. guided. LEAD, m. a soft metal. LEE, n. side opposite to the wind. LEA, n, a meadow. I.EECI1, m. an aquatic, blood-sucking worm. LEAcII, n. wood ashes; v. to wash, as ashes, by percolation. * LEGISLATOR, m. one who makes laws. LEGISLATURE, n. the body that has power to make laws. LENDS, v. loans money, etc. LENS, m. a magnifying glass. LESSEN, v. to diminish; to weaken. LEsson, m. instruction; precept. LESSER, a less; smaller; inferior. LESSoR, n. he who grants a lease. ---" –--" g-w- | "-- WORDS OF SIMILAR *=-– LEvEE, n. a rising; a bank of earth; a concourse of people. LEvy, v. to assess; to desist from. LIAR, n, one who utters falsehoods. LYRE, n, an instrument of music. LIER, m. one who lies down. LIE, v. to utter falsehood; to rest lengthwise. LYE, n. a solution of alkaline salt by water. LIEN, n. a legal claim to hold the property of another. LEAN, a thin; slender; v. to bend. LIER, m. one who lies down. LIAR, m. one who utters falsehoods. LYRE, m. an instrument of music. LIGHTENING, v. growing lighter; clearing. LIGHTNING, m. an electric flash. LIMB, n. a member of the body; of a tree. LIMN, v. to draw or paint. LINEAMENT, n. feature; outline. LINIMENT, n. a soft ointment. LINKS, n. connecting rings. LYNX, n, an animal of the cat kind. LiquEUR, n. a delicate preparation of distilled spirits, highly spiced. LIQUor, n. a liquid; strong drink. Lo, interj. look! see: behold! Low, a deep; poor; cheap. LoAN, n. that which is lent. LoNE, a. solitary. LoATII, ad unwilling; reluctant. LoATIIE, v. to hate or feel disgust for. LocII, n. a lake; an arm of the sea. Lock, n. fastening for a door; ringlet of hair, etc. LoMP, n. a kind of roundish fish. LUMP, n, a mass of matter; the grOSS. Loose, v. to untie or unbind; to release. LosE, v. to suffer loss; to forfeit. LoRE, m. learning; erudition. LowRR, v. to let down; to sink; to frown. Low, a. deep; poor; cheap. Lo, interj. look! see! behold! LoweR, v. to let down; to sink. LoRE, n, learning; erudition. LUMP, n. a mass of matter; the gross. LoMP, n. a kind of rounded fish. LYE, n. a solution of alkaline salts by water. LIE, v. to utter false- hood; to lean. UYNx, n. an animal of the cat kind. LINKS, n. connecting rings. LYRE, n. an instrument of music. LIAR, n. one who utters falsehood. LIER, n, one who lies down. MACE, m. ensign of authority; a spice. MAIZE, n. Indian corn. MAZE, n. labyrinth; perplexity. * MADE, v, did cause to exist; did make; created. MAID, m. an unmarried woman; a female servant. MAIL, n, a coat of steel; letters by post. MALE, n. the sex that begets young. * - MAIN, n. the gross; force; the ocean; continent. MANE, m. long hair on the neck of a beast. MAINE, n. the State of Maine. MA1zE, n. Indian corn, MAZE, n. labyrinth; perplexity. MACE, n. ensign of authority; a spice. MALE, n. the sex that begets young. MAIL, n. a coat of steel; letters by post. MALL, m, a hammer; a public walk. MAUL, n. a wooden hammer; v. to beat and bruise. - MANNER, n. form, habit; mien. MANoR, n. an estate in land. MANTEL, n, the shelf over the fireplace. MANTLE, n. a cloak; v. to cover; cloak; disguise. MARE, n. the female of the horse. MAYOR; n. chief magistrate of a city. MARK, n. a coin; an object to shoot at; token, etc. MARQUE, m. com- mission to make reprisals at sea on the enemy. MARSHAL, n. chief military commander; a civil officer. MARTIAL, a. pertaining to war; bold; warlike. MARTEN, n, a kind of weasel. MARTIN, m. a species of swallow." MAYoR, n, chief magistrate of a city. MARE, n. the female of the horse. MEAD, m. honey and water; a meadow. MEED, n. a reward. MEAN, a low; base; average. MIEN, n. aspect; air. MESNE, a. inter- vening. MEAT, n. food in general. MEET, v. to come in contact; to join. METE, 2). to measure. =k. PRON UN CIATION. I79 MEED, n, a reward. MEAD, n. honey and water; a meadow. MEDAL, n. a coin with a device. MEDDLE, v. to interfere uninvited. MEDDLER, n. a busy-body in another's affairs. MEDLAR, n, a tree and its fruit. MESNE, a. intervening. MEAN, a low; base; average. MIEN, n, aspect; #11 Te t MESSAGE, n. notice of advice sent; an errand. MESSUAGE, n. a house and land. METER, n. an instrument for measuring. METRE, or METER, n. verse; harmonious measure. METEoR, n. a luminous body in the air. METAL, n, a shining, opaque body. METTLE, a courage. MEws, m. cries, as a cat. MUSE, n. meditation; one of the nine god- desses presiding over the arts. MEwL., v. to cry from uneasiness; to squall. MULE, n. the offspring of the horse and ass. - MIEN, n. aspect; air. MEAN, a, low; base; average. MESNE, a. inter- vening. MILLINERY, n. ladies' head dresses. MILLIONARY, a. pertaining to millions. MINCE, v, to cut into small pieces; to speak with affectation. MINTs, n. aromatic plants; places for coining money. MINDs, n. the thinking facultics; purposes. MINEs, n. the places where minerals are dug. - MINER, n. one who works at mining. MINor, n, person under the age of twenty-one; a. Iess; smaller. MISSEL, n, a singing bird, the largest in Europe. MASSAL, n. the Ro- man Catholic mass book. MISSILE, n. a thing thrown. MissED, v. failed to hit; error. MIST, n. anything that dims; watery vapor. MITE, n, a very small insect. MIGHT, v. power; force; strength. MITY, a. abounding with mites. MIGHTY, a having great strength. MoAN, n. lamentation. MowN, v. did cut down. MoAT, n. a ditch or trench. MoTE, m. a very small particle of matter. MonAL, v. relating to form or mode. MoDEL, v. to plan; to shape. MoDULE, n. a model or representation. MoDE, n, form; fashion; variation of a verb. MowRD, v. did cut down. MoRE, n. larger number or quality. MowLR, n. an agricultural instru- ment; one who movs. MooRE, ".. a man's name. MooR, n. a piece of waste land. MoRN, n the early morning. MoURN, n. to grieve. MoRNING, n. the first part of the day. MoURNING, n, act of sorrowing: dress of mourners. MUcoUs, a. slimy. MUcUs, a. a slimy animal fluid. MULE, n. the offspring of the horse and ass. MEwL., v. to cry from un- easiness, as a child; to squall. MUSCAT, n. a rich spicy grape; wine from the same. MUSKET, n. a common hand gun. MUSKRAT, a. a rodent animal, allied to the beaver. MUSE, n. meditation; one of the nine goddesses of art. MEws, n, cries, as of a cat. MUSTARD, n, a plant and its seed. MUSTERED, n. forces registered. NAB, v. to catch suddenly. KNAB, v. to bite; to lay hold on. NAG, n. a small horse. KNAG, n. a knot in or on wood; a peg. NAP, n. a short sleep. KNAP, n. a knob or button. NAvE, n. the middle or body of a church. NAIvE, a native or unaffected simplicity. KNAVE, n. a rogue. NAY, ad. no; not; n. denial; a. refusal. NEIGI1, m. cry of a horse. NAUGIIT, n. nothing. OUGHT, v. to be necessary. AUGHT, n. anything. NEAL, v. to be tempered by heat. KNEEL, v. to rest or fall on the knees. NEAR, a, not distant; close. NE’ER, ad a contraction of never. NEED, m. pressing want. KNEAD, v. to work and press, as bread. KNEED, a. forming an obtuse angle at the point. NEIGI1, m. cry of a horse. NAY, ad. no; not; n. denial; a refusal. NEITIIER, conj. not either. NETHER, a. lying bencath; lower. NEw, a. not old. GNU, a horned antelope. KNEw, v. imp. of know. NEws, n.fresh accounts of events. Noose, n, a running knot. NICE, a. pleasing to the senses. GNEISS, n. a hard, crystalline, slaty rock. | I8O NICTE, ".. a hollow in the side of a wall for a statue. NICK, n. a notch; exact point. NIGIIT, n. the time between sunset and sunrise. KNIGHT, n. title. NIT, n. the eggs of a small insect. KNIT, v. to weave by hand. No, n. a refusal; a denial. KNow, v, to have knowledge of. NoD, v. to make a motion with the head of assent. KNAwe:D, v. bitten; corroded. N°NE, a not any. NUN, n. a religious female recluse. Noose, n. a running knot. NEws, n.fresh accounts of cvents. Nos E, n. organ of smell. KNows, t'. understands. NoT, ad a word of negation or denial. KNor, m. a tie formed; a sea mile; a knarl in wood. NUN, m. a religious female reclusc. NoNE, a.. not any. O O, interf an exclamation of wonder; pain, etc. OIII interf. expressive of surprise or pain. Own, v. to be indebted to. OAR, m. an instrument to row boats. ORE, n. metal in its natural state. O’ER, prep. above; over. • ODE, n. a song; a poem. Owen, v. under obligation. ODD, a. uneven in number; strange. Awed, v. control by inspiring dread. OF, prep. from; out of OFF, a. most distant; prep, denoting action of removing. O11, interj. expression of surprise or pain. O, interj. an exclamation of wonder, pain, etc. Owe, v. to be indebted to. O’ER, prep. across, above. OAR, n. an instrument to row boats. ORE, m. metal in its natural state. ONE, a. single; any. Won, v. gained; earned. ONERARY, a fitted or intended for the carriage of burdens. HoNorARY, a. conferring honor. ORAcLE, n. opinion deemed infallible. AURICLE, n. the external ear; cavity of the heart. ORDER, n. a command; method. ORDURE, ".. filth; dung. ORDINANCE, n. rule; law; right. ORDNANCE, ".. artillery; cannon. ORE, n. metal in its natural state. OAR, n. an instrument for rowing boats. O'ER, prep. across; above. OTTAR or Orro, n. essential oil of roses. OTTER, n. an amphibious quadruped. OUGHT, v. to be necessary. NAUGIIT, n. nothing. AUGIIT, n. anything. OUR, pron. pertaining or belonging to us. Hot R, n. twenty-fourth part of a day. Owe, v. to be indebted to. OH! interj expressive of surprise or pain. O! interj, an exclamation of wonder, pain, etc. Owen, v. under obligation. ODE, m. a song; a poem. P PA, n. a father. PAw, n. the foot of an animal having claws. PACED, v. measured by steps; walked slowly. PASTE, n. any adhesive composition. PACKED, v. bound together; bundled. PACT, n. a contract; a covenant. PAIL, n. a vessel for carrying liquids. PALE, n. want of color; n.juris- diction; a pointed stake. PAIN, n. anguish; distress; penalty. PANE, n, a square plate of glass. PAIR, n. two things used together. PARE, v. to diminish by littles; to trim. PEAR, n. a fruit. PALACE, n. a splendid house. PALLAs, n. the Grecian goddess of wis- dom. PALATE, n. the organ of taste. PALLET, n. a painter's color board; a straw bed. PALL, n. a covering for the dead. PAUL, n. a man's name. PANEL, n. a square of wainscot; a pretty roll. PANNEL, n. a rustic saddle. PAPA, n. a father. PAPAW, n. a tree and its fruit. PARE, v. to diminish by littles; to trim. PAIR, n. two things used to- gether. PEAR, m. a fruit. PAssABLE, a. that may be passed; tolerable. PASSIBLE, a capable of feeling. PASTor, n. a shepherd; a clergyman. grazing. PASTURE, n. grass land for ** WORDS OF SIMILAR PRONUNCIATION. PATIENCE, n. suffering with calmness; endurance. PATIENTS, n. sick persons. PAUSE, m. a stop; suspense. PAws, m. plural of paw. PAw, n. the foot of an animal having claws. PA, n. a father. PAWs, m. plural of pazv. PAUSE, n. a stop; suspense. PEACE, n. quiet; freedom from agitation or war. PIECE, n. a part; a play; a patch. PEAs, n. plants and their seed. PEAK, n. pointed end of anything. PiquE, n. offense taken. PEAL, n. a loud sound. PEEL, v. to strip off skin or rind; n. rind; bark; shovel. PEALING, v. uttering loud and solemn sounds. PEELING, v. stripping off the skin or rind. PEAR, n. a fruit. PAIR, n. two things used together. PARE, v. to di- minish by littles; to trim. PEARL, n, a white substance found in the oyster. PURL, n. embroidered border; an eddy; a malt liquor. PEDAL, n. pertaining to a foot. PEDDLE, n. to travel and sell goods. PEER, n. an equal; a nobleman. PIER, n. support of an arch; a wharf. PENCIL, n, a brush for drawing, writing or painting. PENSILE, n. sus- pended above ground; hanging. PENDANT, n. a jewel ; a flag. PENDENT, a jutting over. PERSONAL, a. relating to a person. PERsonNEL, n, a body of persons, as the army and navy. PIIIAL or VIAL, n a small glass vessel. VIoI., n. a stringed musical in- strument. VILE, a base; depraved. PIIILIP, m. a man’s name. FILLIP, v. to strike or jerk with the fingers. PIIILTER, n. a potion or charm intended to excite love. FILTER, v. a liquor strainer. P111z, n. the face or visage. Fizz, m. a hissing sound. PIIRASE, n. a sentence; style. FRAYs, n. quarrels. PIECE, n. a part; a play; a patch. PEACE, n. quiet freedom from agita- tion or war; PEAs, m. plants and their sced. PIER, n. a wharf; support of an arch. PEER, m. an equal; a nobleman. PIQUE, n. offense taken. PEAK, n. pointed end of anything. PILLAR, n. a column. PILLow, m. a cushion for the head. PISTIL, n. the seed-bearing organ of a plant. Pistol. n. the smallest of firearms. Pistol.E, m. a Spanish coin. PLACE, n. a portion of space; rank; room. P1A1cE, n. a flat fish. PLAIN, a flat; evident; homely. PLANE, m. a level surface; a joiner's tool. PLAINTIFF, n, one who begins a lawsuit. PLAINTIvE, a. mournful; sad. PLEAS, n. arguments; excuses. PLEASE, v. to delight or gratify; to choose. PLUM, n, a fruit. PLUMD, a. perpendicular. PoLE, n. the end of an axis; a rod or perch. Poll., n. the head; a register of persons. PopULACE, n. the people; the multitude. PopULoUs, a full of people. PoRE, v. to look or examine closely. Poult, v. to flow; to send forth. Poor, a. lean; indigent; unfertile. Pol{ING, v. looking intently. Pouring, v. issuing forth in a stream. PoRT, n. a harbor; gate; wine. Port E., n. the Turkish government. PoRTION, v. to divide; to endow. Potion, n. a dose; a draught. PRACT1cE, n. customary use; habit. PRAISE, m. commendation; v. to applaud. PRAYs, v. third person of £ray. PREYs, m. spoils. PRAY, p. supplication; to ask with reverence. PREY, m. spoil; booty. PRESENCE, m. being present or in view. PRESENTs, n. gifts. PRIDE, *, great self esteem; dignity. PRIED, v. moved by a lever. PRIER, m. one who scarches and scrutinizes. PRIor, n. the head of a priory; former; antecedent. PR1Es, v. investigates; looks into. PRIZE, n. a reward; a capture from an enemy. PR1cE, m. what is paid for anything; reward. PRINCE, n. a king's son; a ruler. PRINTs, m. marks by impression; copies. PRINCEss, n. wife of a prince; a king's daughter. PRINCEs, m. sons of kings. PRINCIPAL, n, a chief, capital or money at interest. PRINCIPLE, n. an element; motive; rule; power. PRIor, a former; n. the head of a priory. PRIER, n. one who searches and scrutinizes. + |- 3' a. A:\######: N : % - \ # #: "Y'Y(S-Z'-' " *''': A-"> \ #NN!!!2%:*): * § # N-> - $ % # # S * L- # 7 # $/ > S > * ####F######F#F########## - - --- -4- # X_E IX EIHDX IEEDATE: | DC IPIMEDO IEECEI ETXEEI-IEEE INETTEEDTP*WI HD RIDCHYD-RIELLIEC. It ©-ri to - $ N formal letters and notes, few abbre- a President, Governor, etc., for example. It viations, except those of social and must be remembered that abbreviations al- &# scholastic titles are permissible, as they lowed in catalogues, on titles of books and imply haste. In familiar and business elsewhere are inadmissible in addressing letters they may be used more freely, letters. All of the following abbreviations are but care should be taken to use only such | authorized, although many of them are rarely as are authorized and readily understood. if ever given. Scholastic degrees, (D. D., M. D., etc.,) are £ £ £ are allowable : SUI = © * * * erscriptions, as jS also the case in foreign Correspondence always abbreviated. Abbreviations are not £, g pondenc * * * and foreign countries, they should generally be written in allowable in addressing officers of high rank, full. A.Q. At or to (mercantile). Adv. Advocate. A.M.M. Amalgamation. A.A.G. Assistant Adjutant-General. Ad v. At (or on) the value, Ad valorem. Amt. Amount. A.A.P.S. American Association for the pro- Adv. Adverb. An. In the year, Anno. motion of science. A. Eng. Assistant Engineer. An.A.C. In the year before Christ, Ann A.A.S. Fellow of the American Academy. AEt. Of age; Aged, Ætatis. ante Christum, * A.A.S.S. Member of the American Anti- A.F.&A.M. Ancient Frce and Accepted Anat. Anatomy. quarian Society. Masons. Anc. Ancient; Anciently. A.B. Bachelor of Arts. A.F.B.S. American and Foreign Bible So- And. Andrew. Abb. Abbott, Abbess. ciety. Ang.-Sax. Anglo-Saxon. Abbr. Abbreviated. A.G. Adjutant-General. Anon. Anonymous. A.B.C.F.M. American Board of Commis- | Agr. Agriculture. Ans. Answer. sioners for Foreign Missions. A.G.S.S. American Geographical and Statis- Anth. Anthony. Abp. Archbishop. tical Society. A.O.S.S. Member of the American Oriental Abr. Abridgment. Agt.-Agent. Society. A.C. Before Christ, Ante Christum. A.H. In the year of the Hegira. Ap. Apostle; Appius. A.C. Archchancellor. A.H.M.S. American Home Missionary Society. Ap. In the writings of; As quoted by, Apud. Acct. 6%. Account. A.I.G. Assistant Inspector General. A.P.M. Assistant Paymaster. A.C.G.S. Assistant C. G. S. Al. Alley. Apoc. Apocalypse. A.C.S. American Colonization Society. Ala. Alabama. App. Appendix. A.D. In the Christian era, Anno Domini. Alas. Alaska Territory. Apr. April. A.D.C. Aide-de-camp. Ald. Alderman. A.Q.M. Assistant Quartermaster. Ad. Advertisement. Alex. Alexander. A.Q.M.G. Assistant Quartermaster-General. Adj. Adjective. Alg. Algebra. A.R. Queen Anne, Anna Regina. Adjt. Adjutant. Alt. Altitude. A.R. Year of the rcign. Adjt.-Gen. Adjutant-General. A.M. In the year of the world. A.R.A. Associate of the Royal Academy. Adlib. At pleasure, Ad libitum. A.M. Master of Arts. Arch. Architecture. Adm. Admiral; Admiralty. A.M. Before noon. Arg. By an argument drawn from such a law. Adm. Ct. Admiralty Court. Ain. American. Arith. Arithmetic. Admr. Administrator. Amb. Ambassador. Ariz. Ter. Arizona Territory. Admx. Administratrix. Amer. American. - Ark. Arkansas. .."-- *__ r. T qu-, or qy. Inquire; Query. Quar. Quarterly. Ques. Question. Q.y. Query. q.v. Which see, £2ttod vide; As much as you will, £2uantum zis. R. Take, Recipe. R. Queen, Regina, King, Rex. R. River; Rood; Rod. R.A. Royal Academy; Royal Academician. R.A. Royal Arch. R.A. Royal Artillery. Publication; Published; * G-e- Recd. Received. Rec. Sec. Recording Secretary. Rect. Rector; Receipt.. Ref. Reference; Reformed; Reformation. Ref. Ch. Reformed Church. Reg. Register; Regular; Registrar. Reg. Prof. Regius Professor. Regr. Registrar. Regt. Regiment. Rel. Religion. Rem. Rcmark. Rep. Representative; Reporter; Republican; Republic. Rev. Reverend; Revelation (Book of); Re- view; Revenue; Revise. Rhet. Rhetoric. R.I. Rhode Island. Richd. Richard. R.L.H.S. Rhode Island Historical Society. R.M. Royal Marines; Royal Mail. R.M.S. Royal Mail Steamer. R.N. Royal Navy. R.N.O. Knight of the Order of the Polar Star. Ro. Right-hand page. IRobt. Robert. Rom. Romans (Book of). Rom. Cath. Roman Catholic. R.P. The King's Professor. R.R. Railroad. R.S. Recording Secretary. Rs. Answer, Responsum; to answer, Respon- dere. R.S.A. Royal Society of Antiquaries; Royal Scottish Academy. R.S.D. Royal Society of Dublin. R.S.E. Royal Society of Edinburgh. R.S.L. Royal Society of London. R.S.V.P. An answer, if you please. Rt. Hon. Right Honorable. Rt. Rev. Right Reverend. Russ. Russia. Rt. Wpful. Right Worshipful. R.W. Right Worthy. R.W.O. Knight of the Order of Wasa. S. South; Saint; Scribe; Sulphur; Sunday; Sun; Series. S. A shilling, Solidus. S.A. South America; South Africa; South Australia. s.a. According to art. Sam. Samuel. Sansc. Sanscrit. S.A.S. Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries, Societatis Antiquariorum Socius. Sat. Saturday. . Sax. Saxon. Sax. Chron. Saxon Chronicles. S.C. A decree of the Senate; South Carolina. Sc. He (or she) engraved it. sc., or scil. Namely. Scan. Mag. Scandal, Scandalum magnatum; or, great scandal, Scandalum magnum. S. caps. Small capitals. Schol. A note, Scholium. Schr. Schooner. | S.D. Sends health, Saluten dictt. S.D. Doctor of Science. S.E. Southeast. Sec. Secretary; Second; Section. Sec. Leg. Secretary of Legation. Sec. leg. According to law. Sec. reg. According to rule. Sect. Section. Sem. It seems. Sen. Senate; Senator; Senior. Sept. September; Septuagint. Scq. Following, Sequentia; it follows, Segui- fur. Ser. Series. Scrg. Sergeant. Scrg.-Maj. Sergeant-Major. Servt. Servant. S.G. Solicitor-General. Shak. Shakspeare. S.H.S. Fellow of the Historical Society. Sing. Singular. S. Isl. Sandwich Islands. Sist. Sister. S.J. Society of Jesus. S.J.C. Supreme Judicial Court. Skr. Sanscrit. S.L. Solicitor at Law. Sld. Sailed. S. Lat. South Latitude. S.M. State Militia; Short Meter; Sergeant- Major; Sons of Malta. S.M. Lond. Soc. Cor. Corresponding Member of the London Medical Society. s.n. According to nature, Secundam naturam. Soc. Isl. Society Islands. Sol. Solomon; Solution; Solicitor. Sol.-Gen. Solicitor-General. S. of Sol. Song of Solomon. S.P. Without issue, Sine prole. Sp. Spain. S.P.A.S. Member of the American Philo- sophical Society. S.P.G. Society for the Propagation of the Gospel. Sp. gr. Specific gravity. S.P.Q.R. The IRoman Senate and People. Sq. ft. Square foot or square fect. Sq. in. Square inch or inches. Sq. m. Square mile or miles. Sq. r. Square rood or roods. Sq. yd. Square yard. Sr. Sir or Senior; Sister. S.R.I. Holy Roman Empire. S.R.S. Fellow of the Royal Society. S.S. Sunday-school. SS. Saints. SS. or ss. To wit, Scilicet. ss. Half, Semis. S.S.E. South-southeast. S.S.W. South-southwest. St. Saint; Street; Strait. Stat. Statute. } S.T.D. Doctor of Sacred Theology. Ster., or Stg. Sterling. S.T.P. Professor of Sacred Theology. Su. Sundav. * . DICTIONARY OF ABBREVIATIONS. 191 Subj. Subjunctive. Subst. Substantive. Su.-Goth. Suio-Gothic. Sun. or Sund. Sunday. . Sup. Supplement; Superfine; Superior. Supt. Superintendent. Surg. Surgeon; Surgery. Surg.-Gen. Surgeon-General. Surv. Surveyor. Surv.-Gen. Surveyor-General. Sus. Susannah. s.v. Under the word or title, Sub verbo. S.W. Southwest. Syn. Synonym; Synonymous. T. Territory. T. All together, Tutti. T. or Tom. Tome, Volume. T.E. Topographical Engineers. Tenn. Tennessee. Ter. Territory. Tex. Texas. Text. Rec. The Received Text. Th. or Thurs. Thursday. Theo. Theodore. Theol. Theology; Theological. Theoph. Theophilus. Thess. Thessalonians. Tho’. Though. Thos. Thomas. Thro’. Through. Thurs. Thursday. Tim. Timothy, Tit. Titus. T.O. Turn over. Tob. Tobit. Tom. Volume. Topog. Topography; Topographical. Tr. Transpose; Translator; Translation. Tr. Trustee. Trs. Trustees. tr. A shake, Trillo. Trans. Translator; Translation; Transactions. Treas. Treasurer. Trin. Trinity. Tues. or Tu. Tuesday. Typ. Typographer. U.C. Year of IRome. U.E.I.C. United East India Company. U.J.C. Doctor of both Laws (Civil and Canon). U.K. United Kingdom. ult. Last; of the last month, Ultimo. Unit. Unitarian. Univ. University. U.S. United States. u.s. As above, Ut supra or uti supra. U.S.A. United States Army. U.S.A. United States of America. U.S.M. United States Mail. U.S.M. United States Marine. U.S.M.A. United States Military Academy. U.S.N. United States Navy. U.S.N.A. United States Naval Academy. U.S.S. United States Senate. U.T. Utah Territory. V. Five or fifth. V. Violin. V.V. Violins. v. or vid. See, Vide. v. or vs. Against; In such a way, Versus, Versiculo. V.A. Vicar Apostolic. Vat. Vatican. V.C. Vice-Chancellor. V.C. Vice-Consul. V.C.G. Vice-Consul-General. V.D.M. Minister of God's Word. Vcn. Venerable. Ver. Verse; Version. V.F. Vicar-Forane. V.G. Vicar-General. v.g. As for example, Verbi Gratia. VI. Six or Sixth. VII. Seven or Seventh. VIII. Eight or eighth. Vic.-Ap. Vicar-Apostolic. Vic.-Gen. Vicar-General. Vice-Pres., or V.P. Vice-President. Vil. Village. Visc. Viscount. viz. or vi. To wit; Namely; That is to say, Videlicef. Vo. Left hand page, Verso. Vol. Volume. V.R. Queen Victoria, Victoria Regina. V.R. Very Reverend. V.S. Veterinary Surgeon. Vt. Vermont. Vul. Vulgate (Latin version of the Bible). W. West. Wash. Washington. W.Ter. Washington Territory. Wed. Wednesday. West. Res. Coll. Western Reserve College. w.f. Wrong font. Whf. Wharf. W.I. or W. Ind. West India. Wisc. Wisconsin. Wisd. Wisdom (Book of). Wk. Week. W. Lon. West Longitude. W.M. Worshipful Master. Wm. William. W.M.S. Wesleyan Missionary Society. W.N.W. West-northwest. Wpful. Worshipful. W.S. Writer to the Signet. W.S.W. West-southwest/ W.T. Wyoming Territory. Wt. Weight. W. Va. West Virginia. Wyo. Ter. Wyoming Territory. X. Ten or tenth. X., or Xt. Christ. XI. Eleven. XII. Twelve. XIII. Thirteen. XIV. Fourteen. XV. Fifteen. XVI. Sixteen. XVII. Seventeen. XVIII. Eighteen. XIX. Nineteen. XX. Twenty. XXX. Thirty. XI. Forty. XC. Ninety. Xmas., or Xm. Christmas. Xn., or Xtian. Christian. Xnty., or Xty. Christianity. Xper., or Xr. Christopher. y . Them. yn. Then. yr. Their; your. y". This. yt. That. Y.M.C.A. Young Men's Christian Associa-. tion. Y.M. Cath. A. Young Men's Catholic Asso- ciation. Yrs. Years; Yours. Zach. Zachary. Zech. Zechariah. Zeph. Zephaniah. Zool. Zoology. &. And. &c. And the rest; And so forth, E! catera. POSTAGE AND POST-0FFICE RULES. Postal cards. One cent each, which pays for both card and postage. Nothing but the address must be printed or written or pasted on the address side. If there be, the card will not be sent. Letters. Two cents for each half-ounce or fraction thereof. *. Letters to be delivered in the city or town where they are deposited, 1 cent each; if de- livered through a letter-carrier office, 2 cents. Postage must be paid in full by stamps in advance. An internal revenue stamp, or a stamp cut out of a stamped envelope, will not be received. Letters not delivered will be returned to the sender by request written or printed thereon. This does not apply to circulars or postal cards. 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The. address on the envelope or package. |- * G-- * * * * * * * * * * *r I92 Newspapers, Etc. Newspapers and magazines (except regular issues from the publication office), hand-bills, maps, proof-sheets, sheet music and prospect- uses, 1 cent for every two ounces. IBlanks, chromos. engravings, patterns, photographs and stereoscopic views, 1 cent for each ounce. B00ks. Printed books and pamphlets, 1 cent for two OuncCS. Manuscripts. Manuscripts with proof-sheets, and cor- rected proof-sheets, 1 cent for each two ounces. Merchandise. 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Lottery tickets, schemes of gift concerts, and the like, and all obscene and indecent publica- tions, cannot be admitted into the mails. FOREIGN POSTAGE. To Canada and other British N. A. Provin- ces, except Newfoundland, the rates are the same as within the United States, prepaid. Samples of merchandise limited to eight ounces, postage 10 cents each. – To Newfoundland-Letters, 5 cents for each half ounce; postal cards, 2 cents; merchandise, 2 cents cach two ounces. To Great Britain and Ireland, France, Spain, Portugal, Switzerland, Germany, Belgium, Denmark, Holland, Norway, Sweden, Austria, Hungary, Italy, Servia, Greece, Japan, British India, Turkey in Europe and Asia, and Russia, letters 5 cents for each half ounce, if prepaid, 10 cents not prepaid; postal cards, 2 cents; newspapers 2 cents each; merchandise, 1 cent for each two ounces. To Asiatic countries the limit of weight for letters is half an ounce; for newspapers, four ounces. Rates: Australia, letters, via San Francisco (except to New South Wales), 5 cents, via Brindisi 15 cents; newspapers, via San Francisco, 2 cents, via Brindisi 3 cents; China, letters, via San Francisco 5 cents, via Brindisi 13 cents; newspapers, 2 and 4 cents, by the respective routes. To other countries, special rates can be as- certained at the post-office. Letters may be registered and money orders °btained for many foreign countries at a small additional cost over the regular postage. * FOREIGN PHRASES. *#OREIGN Phrases, Words and Quotations are often used in writing, although the writer should carefully avoid the use of words and phrases in a foreign language, for if you address one ignorant of your meaning you may unintentionally wound by touch- # */ * # A bas, F., down; down with. Aö extra, L., from without. Ab initia, L., from the beginning. Ab intra, L., from within. A5 normis sapiens, L., wise without instruction. Ab origine, I., from the origin or beginning. Ab ovo, L., from the egg; from the beginning. Absentereo, L., the # accused being absent. At tino disce omnes, L., from one specimen, judge of all the rest. Ab urba condita, L., from the founding of the city. A. #ple, F., on account; in part payment. A corps perdu, F., headlong, neck or nothing. Ad aperturam, L., at the opening; as the book OT}CIl Se Ad astra per aspera, L., to the stars through difficulties; the motto of Kansas. * Ad Calendas Graecas, L., at the Greek Calends; never, as the Greeks had no Calends. Ad captandum vulgus, L., to catch the rabble. Ad etindem, L., to the same degree-gradum: being understood. Ad extremum, L., to the extreme. Ad finem, L., to the cmd. A d'infinitum, L., to infinity. Ad interim, I., in the meanwhile. A discretion, F., at discretion; without restric- tion. Ad Vibitum, L., at pleasure. Ad literamt, L., to the letter; letter for letter. Ad modum, L., after the manner of. Ad nauseam, L., to disgust. Ad referendum, L., to be further considered. Ad rem, L., to the point; to the purpose. Ad tumum omnes, L., all to one; all to a man. Ad valorem, L., according to the value. Ad vitan aut culpant, I., for life or for fault. AEquo animo, L., with an equable mind. AEtatis suae, L., of his or her age. # d'amour, F., love affair. faire d'honneter, F., an affair of honor. Affaire du caeur, F., an affair of the heart. fortiori, L., with stronger reason. A 7a campagne. F., in the country. A la Francaise, F., after the French mode. A l’Anglaise, F., after the English mode. A la mode, F., according to custom; in fashion. Alere flammam, L., to feed the flame. Al fresco, It., in the open air. Alis volat propriis, L., she flies with her own wings; the motto of Oregon. Allez vous en, F., away with you. Allons, F, letus.go; come on. Alma mater, L., kind or benign mother. Alter ego, L., another self. After #ein, I., another precisely similar. Amende honorable, F., satisfactory apology; rep- aration. A mensa et thoro, L., from board and bed. Amor patria, L., love of country. Amor propre, F., self-love; vanity. Ancien regime, F., ancient order of things. FROM ANCIENT AND MODERN LANGUAGES, WITH THE • *->. ><-- t TATIONS ~9:-><--- sićNIFIcArio": #AW " 's SN'Z:// Ż % S-5:7, WFE-2 SQ2 *$%ls Anglice, L.; in English. * * Animis opibusque parati, L., prepared in mind and resources; ready to give life and property; the motto of South Carolina. Ano aetatis sitae, L., in the year of his or her age. Anno Christi, L., in the year of Christ. Anno Domini, L., in the year of our Lord. Anno mundi, L., in the year of the world. A mnus mirabilis, L., the wonderful year. Ante bellum, L., before the war. Ante lucent, L., before light. Ante meridiem, L., before noon. A outrance, F., to the utmost; to the death. A percu, F., survey; sketch. 24%ion', F., in a perpendicular line; firmly. A posteriori, L., from the effect to the cause. A priori, L., from the cause to the effect. A propos, F., to the point; seasonably. Aqua vitae, L., water of life; brandy; alcohol. . Argumentum ad hominem, L., an argument to the ITT1D. * Argumentum ad ignorantiam, L., argument ounded on an opponent's ignorance of facts. Argumentum bacillinum, L., the argument of the cudgel. Arriere pensee, F., after-thought; mental reser- Vâtion. Ars est celare artem, L., true art is to conceal art. Ars longa, vita brevis, L., art is long, life is short. Asinus ad lyram, L., an ass to a lyre; absurdly. A teneris annis, L., from earliest years. Audaces fortuna juvat, L., fortune favors the bravc. Aude sapere, L., dare to be wise. Audi alteram, L., hear the other side. Att fait, F., well instructed; expert. Au fond, F., at the bottom. Att pis aller, F., at the worst. . . Attra popularis, L., the £ of popular favor. Aured mediocritas, l., the golden inean. 4tt reste, F:, as for the rest. Au revoir, F., adieu till we meet again. Aussitot dit, aussitot fait, F., no sooner said than done. Aut amat aut odit mulier, L., a woman either loves or hates. Aut £ar aut mullus, L., either Caesar or no- OCIW, Att!o #, fe, Port., an act of faith; , a name in Spain and Portugal given to the burning of Jews and heretics on account of their religious tCnetS, Au troisieme, F., on the third floor. 4: vincere aut mori, L., either to conquer or lè. Attx armes, F., to arms. Avant coureur, F., a forerunner; the usual Eng. form is avant courier. Avant propos, F., preliminary matter; preface. Avec permission, #. by consent. A veróis ad verbera, L., from words to blows. r=Ir: £8-> ing such ignorance. one who can reply to an apt quotation in another tongue, and you use such quotations, be very careful that they are strictly correct. The following Dictionary is believed to be the most complete and accurate published. | N # = N [] If, however, your correspondent is A vinculo matrimonii, W., from the tie of mar- riage. A volonte, F., at pleasure. A votre sante, F., to your health. JBas bleu, F., a blue-stocking; a literary woman. Beau ideal, F., a model of ideal beauty or per- fection. Beau monde, F., the fashionable world. JGeaux esprits, F., gay spirits; men of wit. # yeux, F., ''' eyes; attractive OORS. Bel esprit, F., a brilliant mind; a person of wit or genius. * Bella / horrida bella / F., wars' horrid wars! Aften trovata, It... well found; a happy invention. Bete noire, F., a black beast; a bugbear. Zienseance, F., civility; decorum. Billet doux, F., a love-letter. Bis dat gui cito dat, L., he gives twice who # £ Blase, F., surfeited; rendered incapable by ex- cess of further enjoyment. Bon ami, F., good friend. Bonbon, F., a sweetmeat. Bon gre mal gre, F., willing or unwilling. Aonhomie, F., good-natured simplicity. Zionis avibus, L., with good omens. £on four, F., good day; good morning. JSonne, F., nurse or governess. £onne et belle, F., göod and handsome. Bonne for, F., good faith. £on soir, F., good evening. JBrevet d'invention, F., a patent. JGrevi manu, L., with a short hand; without delay; summarily. Brutum fulmen, L., a harmless thunderbolt. Cacoethes logwendi, L., a rage for speaking. Cacoethes scribendi, L., an itch for scribbling. Caetera destint, L., the remainder is wanting. Caeteris paribus, L., other things being equal. Candida par, L., white-robed peace. Caput, L., head; chapter. Caput mortuum, L., the dead body; the worth- less remains. Carpe dtem, L., enjoy the present; seize the op- portunity. Cassis tutissina virtus, L., virtue is the safest shield. Casus belli, L., a cause of war. Catalogue raisonne, F., a catalogue of books ar- ranged according to their subjects. Causa sine gua non, L., an indispensable condi- tion. Cedant arma toga, L., let arms yield to the gown; that is, let military authority yield to civil power. * * Ce n'est gue le premier pas gui coute, F., it is only the first step which is difficult. Centum, L., a hundred. Certiorari, L., to be made more certain. C'est a dire, F., that is to say. ABBREVIATIONS USED-L. Latin, F. French; Gr. Greek; G, German; It. Italian; Sp. Spanish; Port. Portuguese. G-v- Q—- I94. T- # Chacun a son gout, F., every one to his taste. Chef, F., the head; the leading person or part. Chef de bataiifon, F., a major. Chef de cuisine, F., head cook. Chef-d'oeuvre, F., a master-piece. Chere amie, F., a dear friend; a mistress. Chevalier d'industrie, F., a knight of industry; one who lives by persevering fraud. *- Chiaroscuro, It., distribution of light and shade in painting. Cicerone, It., a guide who explains curiosities, Cicisheo, It., a male attendant on a married lady. Ci-devant, F., formerly; heretofore. * Cogito ergo sum, L., I think, therefore I cxist. Colubreni in sints fovere, L., to cherish a serpent in one’s bosom. Comme il faut, F., as it should be. Compagnon de voyage, F., a traveling com- panion. Compos mentis, L., of sound mind. Compte rendit, F., account rendered; report. Comite, F., count. Comtesse, F., countess, Con amore, F., with love or great pleasure; earnestly. Con commodo, It., at a convenient ratc. Conditio sine gua mon, L., a necessary condition. Confrere, F., a brother of the same monastery; 111 iSSociate. Conge d'elire, F., leave to elect. Conquiescat in pace, L., may he rest in peace. Conseile de famille, F., a family consultation. Conseil d'etat, F., a council of state; a privy council. Constantia et virtute, L., by constancy and virtue. Consuetudo pro lege servatur, L., custom is ob- served as law. Contra bonos mores, L., against good manners. Coram nobis, 1::, before us. Coram non-judice, L., before one not the proper judge. c: de garde, F., a body of men who watch in a guard-room; the guard-room itself. Corps diplomatique, F., a diplomatic body. Corpus Christi, L., Christ's ' Corpus delicti, L., the body, substance, or foun- dation of the offense. Corrigenda, L., corrections to be made. Couleur de rose, F., rose-color; an aspect of beauty and attractiveness. Coup d'essai, F., a first attempt. * c' d'etat, F., a stroke of policy in state affairs. Coup de grace, F., the finishing stroke. * Cotip de main, F., it sudden attack; a bold effort. Coup d'ail, F., a slight view; a glance. Coup aesoleil, F., a sun-strokc. Coup de theatre, F., a theatrical effect; clap- tran. c: ti'il coute, F., lct it cost what it may. Creditla res amor est, L., love is a credulous affair. * * * Crescite et multiplicamini, I., grow, or increase, and multiplyi-the motto of Maryland. * Crimen lasae majestatis, I., the crime of high trealSOn. Cui bono & L., for whose benefit is it? what good will it do? Cul de sac, F., the bottom of a bag; a place closed at onc cnd. Cum grano salis, L., with a grain of salt; with some nilowance. * * Cum privilegio, L., with privilege. Currente calomo, L., with a running or rapid CIls c'. retulorum, L., the keeper of the rolls. Da capo, It., from the beginning. D'accord, F., agreed; in tune. Lamnant quod non intelligunt, L., they condemn what they do not understand. Debonne grace, F., with good grace; willingly. De die in diem!, L., from day to day. De facto, L., from the fact; really. Degage, F., easy and unconstrained. Dei gratia, L., by the grace of God. Dejeuner a # F., a meat breakfast. De jure, L., from the law; by right. s Defenda est Carthago, L., Carthage must be blotted out or destroyed. Le mortuis nil misi bonum, L., let nothing but good be said of the dead. * * * De nihilo nihil fit, made. * * L., of nothing, nothing is FOREIGN PHRASES. De novo, L., anew; over again from the be- ginning. Deo gratias, L., thanks to God. IDeo juvante, L., with God's help. Deo, non fortuna, L., from , not from for- tune. s Deo volente, L., God willing; by God's will; usually contracted into D. V. De profitndis, L., out of the depths. Aernier ressort, F., a last resource. • 's De bonis non, L., of the goods not yet adminis- tered on. Degustibus non est disputandum, L., there is no disputing about tastes: . * Desgrement, F., something disagreeable. # L., a thing desired. Destint catera, L., the other things are wanting; the remainder is wanting. De trop, F., too much, or too many; not wanted. Pies irae, L., the day of wrath. . . . . Dies mon, L., in law, a day on which judges do not S1t. ADieu defend le droit, F., God defends the right. Dieuet mon droit, F., God and my right. Dignus vindice modus, L., a knot '' to be untied by such an avenger, or by such hands. Dii penates, L., household gods. Dii majores, L., the greater gods. Dii minores, L., the lesser gods. Re Dirigo, L., I direct or guide;-the motto of Maine. s * * Disjecta membra, L., scattered limbs or remains. Distingue, F., distinguished; eminent. IDistrait, F., absent in thought. • ADivertissement, F., amusement; sport. Divide et impera, L., divide and rule. Dolce far niente, It., sweet doing-nothing; sweet idleness. * ADouble entente, F., double meaning; a play on words; a word or phrase susceptible of more than one meaning;-incorrectly written, dottöle entendre. * Dramatis personae, L., the characters or persons represented in a draina. * Droit des gens, F., the law of nations. Lulce domium, L., sweet home; homewards. JDulce est desipere in loco, L., it is pleasant to jest or be merry at the proper time. * . "Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori, L., it is sweet and becoming to die for one's country. Dum spiro, spero, L., while I breathe, I hope. Dunn vivinus, vivamus, L., while we live, let us live. . . Kau de Cologne, F., a perfumed liquid; Cologne Water. Eau de vie, F., watcr of life; brandy. Acce homo, L., behold the man;-applicd to a icture representing our Lord given up to the .# by Pilate, and wearing a crown of thorns. ditio princeps, L., the first edition. Egalile, F., equality. 2&o et rex metas, L., I and my king. dorado, Sp., the golden land. Pmigre, F., an emigrant. Empressement, F., ardor; zeal: En arriere, F., in the rear; behind. En attendant, F., in the meanwhile. En avant, F., forward. En deshabille, F., in undress. En echelon, F., in steps; like stairs. En famille, F., in a domestic state. # ferdus, F., lost children; in mil., the orlorn hope. Zn/grande tenue, F., in full dress. En masse, F: in a body. An passant, f'. in passing; by the way. An rapport, F., in relation; in connection. Pn refle, F., in order; according to rules. En route, F., on the way. Anse fetit placidam still libertate quietem, F., with the sword she seeks quiet peace under liberty;—the motto of Massachusetts. JEn suite, F., in company. - Entente cordiale, F:, evidence of good-will to- ward each other, exchanged by the chief per- sons of two States. Entourage, F., surroundings; adjuncts. Jen tout, F., in all; wholly. Entree, F., entrance; first course at meals; frce- doin of access. £ntremets, F., dainties; small dishes. Zntrepot, F., a warehouse; a place for deposit- ing goods. JEntre nous, F., between ourselves. Entre sol, F., a suite of apartments between the basement or ground floor and the second floor. En verile, F., in truth; verily. JEAlttribus untime, L., one composed of many;- the motto of the United States, as one govern- ment formed of many independent States. Arrare est humanum, L., to err is human. Esprit borne, F., a narrow, contracted mind. Esprit de corps, F., spirit of the body; fellow- ship; brotherhood. Asse qttam videri, L., to be, rather than to seem. Esto perpetua, L., let it be perpetual; let it en- dure forever. Ef catera, L., and the rest, etc. [kind. Et hoc genus omne, L., and everything of the At sequentes, L., E! sequentia, I., and those that follow. At sic de cacteris, L., and so of the rest. At tu Brute / L., and thou also, Brutus! Eureka, Gr., I have found it;-the motto of Cali- fornia. 2x adverso, L., from the opposite side. 2x animo, L., with the soul; heartily. 2x capite, L., from the head; from memory. JEx cathedra, L., from the bench, chair, or pulpit; with high authority. JExcelsior, L., higher; more elevated;—the motto of New York. 2xceptio probate regulam, L., the exception proves the rule. 2x cerpta, L., extracts. Ex concesso, L., from what is conceded. Ax curia, L., out of court. Ex dono, L., by the gift. Exempli gratia, L., for example; for instance. £retint, 1..., they go out. Exeunt omnes, L., all go out. * Exit, L., departure; a passage out; death. Exitus acta probat, L., the event justifies the deed;—Washington's motto. Ex necessitate rei, L., from the necessity of the C#1SČ. JEx nihilo nihil fit, L., Out of nothing, nothing COIT, CS, Ex officio, L., by virtue of office. Ex parte, L., on one part or side only. Ex pede Herculem, L., we see a Hércules from the foot; we judge the whole from the speci- II].CI), Experimentum crusis, L., the experiment of the cross; a decisive experiment; a most searching teSt. Experto crede, L., trust one who has had ex- perience. Ex post facto, L., after the deed is done. ... .. Px tempore, L., off-hand; without premeditation. Prtra inuros, L., beyond the walls. Ex uno, disce omnes, L., from one, learn all; from one you can judge of the whole. Ex test, I., from or by use. Facteta, L., witticisms; humorous pleasantry. Facile Princeps, L., evidently pre-eminent; the admitted chief. Facilis est descensus Averni, L., the descent to hell is easy; the road to evil is easy. Fac simile, I., an exact copy; a likeness. Fiat accompli. F., a thing already accomplished. Pas est et ab hoste doceri. I., it is well to learn cven from an enemy. * Pata Morgana. It., a meteoric phenomenon nearly allied to the mirage. Eata obstant, I., the Fates oppose it. Pauteuil, F., an easy-chair. Paux pas, F., a false step, a mistake. JRecit, L., he made it; put after an artist's name. Felicitas multus habet amicos, L., prosperity has many friends. Aeliciter, L., happily; successfully. Melo de se, L., a £ one who com" mits felony by suicide. Femme converte, F., a woman covered or shel- tered; a married woman. Jemme de chambre, F., a woman of the cham- ber; a chamber-maid. 1. r Femme sole, F., a single woman; an unmarried WOII]:11. Ferae natura’, L., of a wild nature;—said of wild bcasts. s Festina lente, L.; hasten slowly. Fete chamfetre, F., a rural festival. Pete Dieu, F., the Corpus Christi festival of the Roman Catholic Church. f * Peu de joie, F., a bonfire; a discharge of fire- arms on joyful occasions. A fat justitia, ritat calum, L., let justice be done, though the heavens should £ Pides #. L., defender of the faith. *ides Punica, L., Punic faith; treachery. Aridus Achates, 1..., faithful Achates; a true friend. Pille de chambre, F., a girl of a chamber; a chamber maid. Aftem respice, L., look to the end. *it fabricandofaber, L., a workman is made by working; practice makes perfect. [crime. Flagrante delicto, I., in the commission of the £ortiter in re, L., with firmness in acting. *# favet fortibus, F., fortune favors the r:l W.C. Prontinulia fides, L., no faith in the appearance; there is no trusting to appearances. +'trit Ilium, L., Troy has been. Aulmen brutum, L., a harmless thunderbolt. £unctus officio, L., having discharged his office. £itror Wojtendi, L., a rage for £ £uror poeticus, L., poetic fire. Puror scrijendi, L., a rage for writing. Garde du corps, I., a bod "guard: Garde mobile, F., a £ liable for generalser- VICC. Gardez bien, F., guard well; take care. Genius loci, L., the genius of the place. gens d'armes, F., armed police. Gens de lettres, F.; literary people. Gens de meme famille, F., birds of a feather. Gentilhomme, F., a gentleman. termanice, L., in German. 9/oria in excelsis, L., glory to God in the highest. Gloria Patri, L., glory to the Father. radus ad Parnassum, L., a step to Parnassus, a mountain sacred to Apollo and the Muses; a Ook containing aids in writing Greek or Latin poetry. #: F., full-dress. Gratis dictum, L., mere assertion. terre a l'outrance, L., war to the uttermost. Guerre a mort, L., war to the death. #aua passibus aquis, L., not with equal steps. *faut gout, F., fine or elegant taste; high flavor i: # L. h. d h to et tibigite, L., here and everywhere. A fic# here lies. ryv Aftc #or. Aoc opus est, l., this is labor, this is WOrk. #sefultus, L., here buried. £ing illa lacrimia, L., hence proceed these tears. #istoriette. F., a little or short history; a tale. £oi polloi, Gr., the many; the rabble. 'ombre de un libro, Sp., a man of one book. *Homme d'esprit, L., a man of talent; a witty IIlān. Aoni soil gut maly pense, F., evil be to him who evil thinks. **onorarium, L., a fee paid to a professional In1n. AIorribile dictu, L., terrible to be said. £ors de combat, F., out of condition to fight. ortus siccus, L., collection of dried plants. £otel de ville, F., a town hall. [Paris. £otel des invalides, L., the military hospital in *Humanum est errare, L., to err is human. % dien, Ger., I serve. #ect, L., that is;-abbreviated to i. e. A.*afores servum pecus, L., imitators, a ser- vile herd. *Perium in imperio, L., a government within a #QVernment. **ternum, L., forever. An armis, L., under arms. * 3rticulo mortis, L., at the point of death. 'purgatorius, L., a list of prohibited OOKS. £esse, L. in being. *extenso, L., at full length. # £rtremts, I., at the point of death. * flagrante delicto, L., taken in the fact. 'ma Aattperis, L., in the form of a poor pcr- Il. - An Joro conscientia, L., before the tribunal of Conscience. #'a dignitatem, L., below one's dignity. " Mac signo vinces, L., under this sign or stand- ard, thou shalt conquer. FOREIGN PHRASES. An hoc statu, I., in this state or condition. In limine, L., at the threshold. In loco, L., in the place. In loco parentis, L., in the place of a parent. In medias res, in the midst of things. In memoriam, L., to the memory of; in memory. An nomine, L., in the name of. In nubibus, L., in the clouds. In pace, L., in peace. An perpetuum, L., forever. An petto, L., within the breast; in reserve. In pleno, L., in full. An £osse, L., in possible existence; that may be possible. In praesenti, L., at the present time. In propria persona, L., in one's own person. An puris naturalibus L., in naked nature; quite naked. In re, L., in the matter of. It rem, L., against the thing or property. In rerum natura, L., in the nature of things. In situ, L., in its original situation. Insouciance, F., indifference, carelessness. In statu quo, L., in the former state. Inter alia, L., among other things. Inter nos, L., between ourselves. Inter focula, L., at one's cups. An terrorem, L., as a warning. Inter se, L., among themselves. In totidem verbis, L., in so many words. In toto, L., in the whole; entirely. Intra muros, L., within the walls: In transitu, L., on the passage; during the con- veyance In vacuo, L., in empty space; free, or nearly free from air. In vino veritas, L., there is truth in wine. Invita Minervae, L., against the will of Minerva. Ipse dirit, L., he himself said it; dogmatism. # zerba, L., the very words. # verhis, L., in the very words. so facto, I., in the fact itself. far # brevis est, L., anger is a short madness. 5acta estalea, L., the die is cast. e me sais guoi, F., I know not what. et d'eau, F., a jet of water. ett de mots, F., a play on words; a pun. et d'esprit, F., a play of spirit; a witticism. ubilate Deo, I., be joyful in the Lord; tudicium Dei, L., the judgment of God. tipiter tomans, L., Jupiter the thunderer. jtire divino, L., by divine law. 5ure humano, L., # human law. tis canonicitm, L., canon law. tts civile, L., civil law. tts divinum, L., divine law. tts gentium, L., the law of nations. 5ttste miliett, F., the golden mean. Labore et honore, L., by labor and honor. Labor ipse voluptas, L., labor itself is a pleasure. £ omnia winct!, L., labor conquers every- thing. * #. non vuol leggi, It., hunger obeys no 1 WS. n Daissez-faire, F., let alone; suffer to have its own way. Lapsits calami, L., a slip of the pen. Lapsus lingtae, L., a slip of the tongue. Dapsus memoriae, L., a slip of the memory. *: et penates, L., domestic and household £OCIS. Latet anguis in herba, L., a snake lies hid in the grass. Laudart a viro laudato, L., to be praised by a man who is himself praised. D'avenir, F., the future. Latts Deo, L., praise to God. (? Le beatt monde, F., the fashionable world. Le bon temps viendra, F., the good time will COIIYC, Le grand monargue, F., the great monarch;- applied to Louis XIV. of France. Lepas, F., precedence in place or rank. Le roi le vett, R., the king wills it. Lese majeste, L., high treason. L'etoile du nord, F., the star of the north;—the inotto of Minnesota. Le tout ensemble, F., all together. Lettre de cachet, F., a sealed letter; a royal war- r:lnt. Lettre de marque, F., a letter of marque or re- prisal. | Maintien I95 £ex non scripta, L., the unwritten law. £er scripta, L., the written law: the statute law. Zex talionis, L., the law of retaliation. Liberum arbitrium, L., free will. Zina labor, I., the labor of the file; the slow olishing of a literary composition. JLis subjudice, 1..., a case not vet decided. Lite pendente, L., the law-suit hanging; during the trial. tmains. JLitera scripta manet, L., the written letter re- JLoci communes, L., common places. JCocos y minos dizen la verdad, Sp., children and fools speak the truth. Locitm tenens, L., one holding the place; a dep- uty or substitute. JCocits standi, L., a place for standing; a right to interferc. Jocus penitentia, L., place for repentance. Zustäs naturae, L., a sport or freak of nature. Afa chere, F., my dear-fem. 4/a fois, F., upon my faith. • s Afagna est veritaset prevalebit, L., truth is great and it will prevail. 4Magnum bonium, L., a great good. Afagnum # L., a great work. 'en, F., deportment; carriage. 3raison de sante, F., a private hospital. Afatire d'hotel, F., a house-steward. A/alade du£ ys, F., home-sickness. Afala fide, L., with bad faith; treacherously 4/al a propos, F., ill-timed. Arale £arta male dilabuntur. L., things ill gotten are ill spent. 4/algre mous, L., in spite of us. s AManibus pedibitsque, L., with hands and feet. A/alum in se, L., bad in itself. 4tant: propria, L., with one's own hand. Afardi gras, F., Shrove Tuesday. Afaterfamilias, L., the 1nother of a family. Afauvais honte, F., false shame. - A/auvais suffet, F., a bad subject; a worthless fellow. Maximus in minimis, L., very great in trifling things. - ..}{edio tulissimus ibis, L., you will go most safely in a middle course. A/ega biblion, mega kakon, Gr., a great book-is a great evil. Alfe judice, I., I being judge; in my opinion. Memento mori, L., remember death. Mens agitat molem, L., mind moves matter. A/ens sana in corpore sana, L., a sound mind in a sound body. Men's sibia conscia recti, L., a mind conscious of rectitude. 4Menu, F., a bill of fare. A/esa/liance, F., improper association; marriage with one of lower station. AMettm et tuum, L., mine and thine. A/irabile dictu, L., wonderful to be told. A/irabile visit, L., wonderful to be seen. 4/ise en scene, F., the getting up for the stage, or the putting in preparation for it. Modits operandi, I., the manner of operation. Afollia Fempora fandi, L., times favorable for speaking. Afon ami, F., my friend. Alon cher, F., my dear-masc. 4. Afontani semper liberi, L., mountaineers are al- ways freemen;—the motto of West Virginia. Afore majorum, i. after the manner of our an- cestors. Afore stro, L., in his own way. 4/otu proprio, L., of his own accord. 4/ttltum in parvo, L., much in little. Afundus vult decipi, I., the world wishes to be deceived. * A/utatis mutandis, L., the necessary changes be- ing made. AWatale solunt, L., natal soil. A:ies non habet legem, L., necessity has no 3.W. • A'ee, F., born, family or maiden name. AWe exeat, I., let him not depart. A/efronti crede, L., trust not to appearance. Memine contradicente, L., without opposition. AVentine dissentiente, L., no one dissenting; with- out opposition. A/emo me impune lacessit, L., no one provokes me with impunity;—the motto of Scotland. AWemo mortalium onnibus horis sapit, L., no one is wise at all times. - = SSE =| f =#” *19—- 196 FOREIGN PHRASES. JWemo repente fuit turfissimus, L., no man ever | Ora et labora, L., pray and work. Pro tempore, L., for the time being. became a villain at once. Ora pro nobis, L., pray for us. Punica fides, L., Punic faith; treachery. JWe plus ultra, L., nothing further; thcuttermost Orator fit, poeta nascitur, L., the orator is made, * g oint. but the poet is born. s 2uare, L., query; a word denoting inquiry. equid detrimenti respublica capiat, L., lest the Qre rotundo, L., with round; full voice. 3 amidiu se bene gesserit. L., during good be- republic or state receive any detriment. O / si sic omnia, L., O, if aii things so! O that havior. AWe stutor filtra # L., let not the shoc- he had #: done or spoken thus! uantum meruit, L., as much as he deserved. 1naker go beyond his last. O tempora / O mores/ L., O the times! O the Quantum sufficit, L., as much as is sufficient; a AViil adrem, L., nothing to the point. II1:11111CIS. sufficient quantity. Ayil admirari, L., to wonder at nothing. Otium cum dignitate, L., ease with dignity; dig- # L., as if; in a manner. * Mil desperandum, L., never despair. nified leisure. * $2uelque chose, L., something; a trifle; a kick. AT'importe, L., it matters not. Olium sine dignitate, L., case without dignity. shaw. JVisi Dominus frustra, L., unless the Lord, in Ouvriers, F., operatives; workmen. £2ttid nunc * L., what now? a newsmonger. vain; unless God be with us, all our toil is in # Pro quo, L., one thing for another. vain. * * Aace tua, L., with your consent- $2itial rides A. L., why do you laugh? JWisi £rius, L., unless previously;-a name given | Pallida mors, L., pale death. $iii transtitlit sustíet, L., he who transplanted to the sittings of juries in civil cases. ** a . Palmam qui meruit ferat, L., let him who has still sustains;-motto of Connecticut. Mitor in adversum, L., 1strive against opposition. won it bear the palm. £2ui m'aime, aine mon chien, F., love me, love my A/oblesse oblige, L., rank has its obligations. Aar excellence, F., by way of eminence. Q#. Noes todo oro lo que reluze, L., all is not gold | Pari passu, L., with equal pace; together. £2ui mimium probat nihil probat, L., he who that glitters. * Pas, F , action; step; precedence. proves too much proves nothing. * * JVolens volens, L., whether he will or not. Passim, L., £ all through. * £2iti vive? F., who goes there? on the qui vive, JVolime tangere, L., don’t touch me. Pater mostér, L., Our Father;-a term applied to on the alert. Nolle prosegui, Lc, to be unwilling to proceed. the Lord's Prayer. th £2uoderat demonstrandum, L., which was to be Aolo episcopari, L., I do not wish to be made a | Paterfamilias, L., the father of a family. proved or demonstrated. bishop. * * Pater patria, L: the father of his country; itoderat faciendum, l., which was to be done. JWom de plume, F., #11), assumed title, #15 by a liter- Aafres conscripti, L., conscript fathers; the an- &Puod zide, L., which SČC. ary person. cient Roman Senators. $2ttondam, L., that was formerly; former. AVon deguerre, L., an assumed name; a travel- || Pa., ii. 5ello, L., peace in war. $2ttos Deus vult perdere, prius dementat, L., those ing title. . . . . . * Peccavi, L., 1 have sinned. whom God wishes to destroy, He first makes JVon compos mentis, L., not sound of mind. JPenetralia, L., secret recess. mad. AVon constat, L., it does not appear. Per annum, L., by the year. £2itot homines, tot sententiae, L., so many men, so JVon ens, L., not '# nonentity. Per centum, L., usually contracted per cent., by many minds. Aon est inventus, L., he has not been found. the hundred; each hundred. A/on libet, L., it does not please me. J'er conto, It., upon account. Rara avis, L., a rare bird ; a prodigy. Aon nobis solum, L., not merely for ourselves. Aer contra, L., # the opposite; contrariwise. Rechauffe, F, heated again, as food; stale; old. Ayon liquet, L., it is not clear;-applied to one ||Per diem, I., by the day; daily. Reductio ad absurdum, L., a reducing to an ab" undecided in mind. s Perfas et nefas, L., through right and wrong. surdity. * JVon mi ricordo, It., I do not remember. Pergradus, L., through steps: step by step. Regnant populi, L., the people rule;—motto of Aon multa, sed multum, L., not many things, |Perišitium in mora, L., danger in delay. Arkansas. * * but much. D. Jersallum, L., by a leap or jump. Re infecta, L., the business being unfinished. Avon obstante, L., not standing over against; not- || Per se, L., by itself. Ireligio loci..L., the religious spirit of the place. withstanding. Personnel, F., the persons employed in any ser- || Rem act tetigisti, L., you have touched the thing JVon proseguttur, L., he does not prosecute. vice, as distinguished from the materiel. with a needle. AVon sequitur, I., it does not follow; an unwar- | Petil, F., small. Renaissance, F., revival, as of letters or art. rantable conclusion. Petitio principii, L., a begging of the question. Pentes, F., funds bearing interest; stocks. Nosce teipsum, L., know thyself. * Petit maitre, F., a small master; a fop; a beau. | Requiescat in face, Iz., may he rest in peace. AVoscitur a sociis, L., he is known by his con- |Pinxit, L., he painted it. Res angusta domi, L., narrow circumstances at x:# Ú Ais ailer, F., t!: last or worst shift. home; poverty. * * ota bene, usually contracted into W.B., L., mark Plebs, L., the common people. Res est sacra iniser, L., a suffering person is well; notice particularly. Plenójure, L., with full authority. sacred. * Notre Dame, L., Our #: Poeta nascitur, non-fit, L., the poet is born, not | Res gesta, L., exploits. JVous verrons, F., we shall see. 111101C. Resfice finem, I., look to the end. Novus homo, i., a new man; one who has raised | Point d'appui, F., point of support; prop. Jęesurgam, L., I shall rise again. - himself from obscurity. Pons astnorum, I., the bridge of asses—a name Ravenons a nos mottons, F., let us return to our AVudum factum, L., a mere agreement, uncon- iven to the 5th proposition of the 1st book of subject. ' fined by writing. 5uclid. JRevera, L., in the true matter; in truth. JWulli sectindus, L., second to none. Populus vult decipi, L., people wish to be de- Robe de chambre, F., a dressing gown or morn- Ayuncaut mungtlam, L., now or never. ceived. *. 1ng gown. A/unquam non paratus, L., never unprepared. Posse comitatus, L., the power of the country. # # # £ # Posterestante, F, to remain till called for-ap- |####"#. the #1, SUT:l # O. Wall". Obiter dictum, L., a thing said by the way, or in plied to letters in a post-office. us in turbe, L., the country in town. assing. ....-- * * Post mortem, L., after death. Sal Atticum, L., Attic salt; that is, wit. ,- Obsta principiis, L., resist the first beginnings. | Post obitum, L., after death Salus populi suffrema est Jer, L., the welfare of Oderint dumi metuant, L., let them hate, provid- | Pour passer le temps, F., to pass away the time. the people is the supreme law;-motto of Mis- cd they fear. t Pour prendre conge, F., to take leave. souri. Qdi frofanum, L., I loathe the profane Praemonitus praeinunitus, L., forewarned, fore | Saivo jure, L., saving the right. Odilimt in longum.jacens, L., lon J. lasting hatred. arined. Sanctumn Sanctorté?, • * the holy of holies. Odium medicum, L., the hatred of rival physi- | Prescriptum, L., a thing prescribed. Sang froid, F., cold blood; coolness. * cians. * . | Preux chevalier, F., a brave knight. Samis ceremonie, F., without ceremony. Odium theologicum, L., the hatred of thelogi- Prima facie, Ir, on the first view. Sans facon, F., without form or trouble. #!!].S. Primun mobile, L., the main-spring. Sans peur et sans reproche, F., without fear and Officina gentium, L: the workshop of the world; Principia, non homines, L., principles, not men. without reproach. gni wiedaglia ha il suo riverso, It., every medal | Principiis obsta, L., resist the first beginnings, Sartor resartus, L., the tailor mended. as its reverse. Prior tempore, prior jure, L., first in time, first Satia verborum, L., enough of words. Ogmiuno perse, e Diopertutti, It., every man for by right. . . Sative gtti pett, F., save himself who can. himself, and God for us all. Aró aris et focis, L., for our altars and firesides. | Secundum artem, L., according to art or rule; Omne ignotum pro magnifico, L., everything |Probatum est, L., it is proved. . . scientifically. unknown is thought to be magnificent. o bono publico, L., for the public good. Sectindttm mattiram, L., according to nature. . Omnesolunt forti patria, L., every soil to a brave | Proces verbal, L., a written statement. Secundum ordinem, L., according to order; in man is his country. Pro et con, L., for and against. order. Omnia bona bonis, 1..., all things with the good. | Profanum vulgus, 12., the profane vulgar. Semel et simul, L., once and together. are good. Próforma, L, for the sake of form. . Semel pro #. L., once for all. Omnia vincit amor, L., love conquers all things. | Pro Mac vice, L., for this time or occasion. Semper idem, L., always the same. Omnia vincit labor, L., labor conquers all things. Proh £udor / L., O, for shame. * *Semper paratus, L., always ready. - On connait l'ami au besoin, F., a friend is known | Projet de loi, F., a legislative bill. Senon = vero, e ben trovato, It, if it is not true, in time of need. * Ara memoria, L., for a memorial. it is well feigned. Qn dit, F:, they say: a flying rumor. Propatria, L., for our country;. * Sicitur ad astra, L., such is the way to immor" Onus probandi, L., the burden of proving. Propaganda fide, L., for extending the faith. tality.. * 3' retium est, L., it is worth while. Aro rata, L., in proportion. * Sic passim, L, so everywhere. | #probrium medicorum, L., the reproach of phy- |Pro rege, £rege,ef lege, L-, for the king, the Sic semper syrannis, L., ever so to tyrants:- sicians. people, and the law. * motto of Virginia. s Optimates, L., of the first rank. Pro remata, L., for a special emergency; special. Sic transit gloria mundi, L., so carthly glory Ora e sempre, It., now and always. Aro tanto, L., for so much. passes away. *16-- == FOREIGN PHRASES. I97 Sie volo, sic jubco, L., thus I will; thus I com- Ill:111C. ... Similia similibus curantur, L., like things are £ured by like things. [like. Similis simili gaudet, L., like is pleased with Si monumentum quaris circumspice, L., if you seek his monument, look around. Sine die, L., without a day appointed. Sine gua mon, L., an indispensable condition. Siste viator / L. stop, traveler! Si vis pacem, para bellum, L., if you wish peace, prepare for war: - Soi-disant, F., self-styled. # meliora, L't I hope for better things. # F., intellectual; witty. 'polia opima, L., in ancient Róme, the spoils of a vanquished general taken by the victorious general; a rich booty. Spontesuá, L., of one's own accord. £atić quo ante bellum, L., in the state which was before the war. Status quo, L., the state in which. Stet, L., let it stand. * waviter in modo, fortiter in re, L., gentle in manners, brave in deed. - * * * * Suðjudice, L., under consideration. Suð paena, L., under a penalty. u% rosa, L., privately. - Suč silentio, L., in silence or stillness. Sui generis, L., of its ownkind. timmum bonun, L., the chief good. Summum jus, summa injuria, L., the rigor of the law is the height of oppression. [arises. Surgit amari aliquid, L., something bitter Suum cuique, L., let each have his own. Tableau vivant, F., the representation of some scene by groups of persons. Tabula răsă, L., a smooth or blank tablet. adium vitae, L., weariness of life. #ant pis, L., so much the worse. . £e Deum, L., a hymn of thanksgiving. .... 2 empora mutantitr, et nos mutamur in illis, L. the times are changed, and we are changed with them. * t Tempus fugit, L., time flies. 2Terminus ad gtten, L., the time to which. Zerminus a quo, L., the time from which. 22rra firma, L., solid earth. Zerra incognita, L., an unknown country. Tertium gitid, L., a third something. Tete-a-tete, F., head to head; a private conver. sation. Toga virilis, L., the gown of manhood. 2 o' alon, Gr, the beautiful; the chief good. Zotidem verbis, L., in just so many words. Toties quoties, L., as many as: 2Toto calo, L., by the whole heavens; diametri- cally opposite. Toujours pret, F., always ready. Tour de force. F., a feat of strength or skill. Tout-a-fait, F., entirely; # Tout ensemble, F., the whole taken together. Troja fuit, L., Troy was. Trottoir, F., a sidewalk. 2?t guogue, Brute / L., and thou, too, Brutus! Tutor et "hor, L., protector and avenger. Tuum est, L., it is your own. ... • Uči mel, ibi apes, L., where honey is, there are Ultima ratio regum, L., the last argument of kings; war. * Cltinia 2%itle, L, the utmost boundary or limit. Un bien fait n'est jamais perdu, F., a kindness is Il CVCI IOSU, Unfait accompli, L., an accomplished fact. Ungutbus et rostro, L., with claws and beak. Usquead nauseam, L., to disgust. L'sits loguendi, L., usage in speaking. Utile dulci, I., the useful with the pleasant. Us infra: L't as below. * Uti possidetis, L., as you possess; state of pres- ent possession. UZ supra, L., as above stated. Vade mecum, L., £o with me. Vale, L., farewell. Valet de chambre, F., an attendant; a footman. Varia lectiones, L., various readings. Variortún nota, L., the notes of various authors. Veni, vidi, vici, L., I came, I saw, I conquered. Vera frogratiis, L., truth before favor. Verbatimi et literatin, L., word for word, and letter for letter. n Verbum sat sapienti, L., a word is enough for a wise man. .* * s Veritas prevalebit, L., the truth will prevail. Veritas zincit, L., truth conquers. Vestigia, L., tracks; vestiges. '# nulla ret, orsum, L., no footsteps back- Will’Uls Werala quaestio, L., a disputed question. Vice, L., in the place ot. Vice versa, L., the terms being exchanged. Videlicet, L., to wit; namely. Wide ut supra, L., see what is stated above. . ": et armis, 1, by force and by arms; by main OrCC. Vincit, qui se vincit, L., he conquers who over- comes himself. # * s Vinculum matrimonii, 1..., the bond of marriage. Virtus laudatur, et alget, L., virtue is praised, and is not cherished is starved). Virtus semper viridis, L., virtue is ever greenv and blooming. * * * Vis inertia, L, the power of inertia; resistance. . Vivat regina / L., long live the queen! * Viva! rex / L., long live the king! Viva voce, L., by the living voice; mony. * * g Vivat respublica / L., long live the republic!. Vive la republique / F., long live the republic! Vive l'empereur / F., long live the emperor! Vive le roi / F., long live the king! Voila, F., behold; there is or there are. Volens et potens, L., able and willing;-motto of Nevada. Volente Deo, L., Godwilling. Volentinon fit injuria, L., no injustice is done to the consenting person." - * Vox et praetera nihil, L., a voicc and nothing more; sound without sense. Vox populi, vox. Dei, L., the voice of the people is the voice of God. * t Vulgo, L., commonly. # m Vultus est index animi, L., the face is the index of the mind. * * * by oral testi- THE FLOWER LANGUAGE. our thoughts pleasant- ly and interestingly, flowers afford us val- uable aid; and if an intimate knowledge is possessed of their lan- £3. guage and variety, an important # and amusing correspondence may & be carried on through this “still # small voice,” which is the more -'s powerful on account of its silence. * * * * ( # It is no new thing to attach a senti- # ment or meaning to each flower. It is one of the chief amusements of the Greek girls to drop these symbols of their esteem or scorn upon the various passengers who pass their latticed windows; and the trav- eler can read upon the rocks of Egypt, the accounts of the conquests of that ancient people, recorded by foreign plants. It was not till the reign of Charles XII. that the East- ern language of flowers was brought to Western Europe. That gifted Lady Mary Wortley Montague first told the English-speaking people how the fair maidens of the East had, through this silent and mute speech of flowers, g-e- been able to conduct extended and important correspondence. The charm of this inter- change of thought lies largely in the romance attendant upon an expression of sentiment in a disguised and partially hidden language. Lady Montague, in speaking of this flower language, says: *, “There is no color, no flower, no weed, no fruit, herb, pebble or feather, that has not a verse belonging to it; and you may quarrel, reproach, or send letters of passion, friendship or civility, or even of news, without even ink- ing your fingers.” The following dictionary of the meaning of flowers is believed to be complete in every re- spect, though every year brings new flowers to us, and requires constant addition to the vocabulary of flower language. The following illustrations will convey an idea of how an interesting correspondence may be carried on by means of bouquets, etc.: The first principle to be observed in the construction of the floral love-letter is that the pronoun I or me is expressed by inclining the flower to the left, and the pronoun thou or thee by sloping it to the right; but when repre- sented by drawings on paper, these positions –==m-> -* U C * - M/// / W/ | | // - / // - | / | - |- - / - - / - - ". - / / | - - - - - '..." - - | - - - - - - LOVE LETTERS IN FLOWERS. “An exquisite invention this, Worthy of Love's most honeyed kiss- This art of writing billet-doux In buds, and odors, and bright hues!” -Leigh Hunt. - - | - - - - - -- - | - |- - - |- 199 | : THE LANGUAGE AND SENTIMENT OF FLOWERS. 2OI should be reversed, as the flower should lean to the heart of the person whom it is to signify. The article a, an and the may be expressed by tendrils—the first by a single tendril, the second by a double tendril, and the third by one with three branches. The second rule is, that if a flower presented upright expresses a particular sentiment, when reversed it has a contrary meaning. Thus, for example, a rosebud upright, with its thorns and its leaves, means, “I fear, but I hope.” If the same bud is returned, held downward, it signifies, “You must neither hope nor fear.” But if the thorns be stripped off, it expresses, “There is everything to hope.” Deprived of its leaves, it signifies “There is everything to fear.” Thus the expression may be varied, of almost all the flowers, by changing their posi- * -& The following examples are given: Your humility and amiability have won my love. JExpressed thus: Broom....... ........Humility. White Jasmine........Aniability. Myrtle................Love. *-* *--> P- - DICTIONARY OF FLOWERS. Abecedary.......... .Volubility. Abatina ..............Fickleness. Acacia................ Friendship. Acacia, rose or white...Elegance. Acacia, yellow........Secret love. Acanthus..............The fine arts, artifice. tion. The flower of the marigold, for example, placed on the head, signifies, “Trouble of spirit; ” on the heart, “Trouble of love;” on the bosom, “Weariness.” The pansy, held upright, denotes “Heart's ease;” reversed, it speaks the contrary: when presented upright, it is understood to say, “Think of me; ” but when offered pendant, it means, “Forget me.” - “Yes” is implied by touching the flower given with the lips. “No,” by pinching off a petal and casting it away. “I am ” is expressed by a laurel-leaf twisted round the bouquet. “I have,” by an ivy-leaf folded together. “I offer you,” by a leaf of the Virginian creeper. -4->- * Anemone (garden)....Forsaken. Angelica..............Inspiration, or magic. Angrec............. ...Royalty. Apricot (blossom).....Doubt. Apple.................Temptation. Apple (blossom)......Preference, fame speaks him great and good. Apple, Thorn.... ....Deceitful charms. EXAMPLE. Acalia. “::::::::::: ..Temperance. Apocynum (Dogs- Farewell! give me your good wishes. For || Achillea Millefolia....War. bane)... .......... Deceit. get me not. Achimenes Cupreata...Such worth is rare. Arbor Vitae...........Unchanging friendship, Expressed thus: Aconite (Wolfsbane)...Misanthropy. live for me. Sprig of Spruce Fir... Farewell. Sweet Basil...........Give me your good wishes. Forget-Me-Not.......Forget me not. A Red Rose..........I love you. Agnus Castus..... ExAMPLE. Your insincerity and avarice make me hate Aconite, Crowfoot.... Lustre. Adonis, Flos..........Sad memories. African Marigold.....Vulgar minds. ....Coldness, indifference. Agrimony............Thankfulness, gratitude. Almond (common)....Stupidity, indiscretion. Almond (flowering)...Hope. Almond, Laurel.......Perfidy. you. Allspice..............Compassion. Arum (Wake Robin)...Ardor, zeal. Ash-leaved Trumpet- flower...............Separation. Ash Mountain........ Prudence, or With me you are safe. Ash Tree......... ...Grandeur. Aspen Tree........... Lamentation, or fear. Aster (China)......... Variety, afterthought. Axpressed thus: Cherry Blossom, or Foxglove...........Insincerity. Scarlet Auricula...... Avarice. Turk's Cap.... * * * * * * . Hatred. ExAMPLE. Beware of deceit. Danger is near. Depart! Expressed thus: Oleander..............Beware. White Flytrap........ Deceit. Rhododendron........Danger is neal'. Sweet Pea............Depart. EXAMPLE. Be assured of my sympathy. May you find Consolation! Expressed thus: Thrift.................Bc assured of my sym- pathy. Red Poppy............Consolation. "--- *=" Aloe..................Grief, religious super- stitition. Althaea Frutex (Syrian Mallow)............Persuasion. Alyssum (sweet)......Worth beyond beauty. Amaranth (globe).... .Immortality, unfading love. Amaranth (Cocks - comb)............... Foppery, affectation. Amaryllis.............Pride, timidity, splendid beauty. Ambrosia..............Love returned. American Cowslip..... Divine beauty. American Elm........ Patriotism. American Linden..... Matrimony. American Starwort... Welcome to a stranger, cheerfulness in old age. Amethyst.............Admiration. Andromeda...........Self-sacrifice. Anemone (Zephyr flower)..............Sickness, expectation. Asphodel.............My regrets follow you to the grave. Auricula........... ... Painting. Auricula, scarlet...... Avarice. Austurtium.... .......Splendor. Azalea................Temperance. Bachelor's Buttons....Celibacy. Balm......... .......Sympathy. Balm, gentle..........Pleasantry. Balm of Gilead........ Cure, relief. Balsam, red...........Touch me not, impa- tient resolves. * Balsam, yellow.... ... Impatience. Barberry..............Sharpness of temper. Basil..................Hatred. Bayleaf...............I change but in death. Bay (rose) Rhododen- dron......... .......Danger, beware. Bay Tree........ .....Glory. Bay Wreath. ........ Reward of merit. Bearded Crepis....... Protection. | 2O2 THE LANGUAGE AND SENTIMENT OF FLOWERS. Beech Tree.... ....... Prosperity. Catchfly, red..........Youthful love. Corn.................. Riches. Bee Orchis. ..........Industry. Catchfly, white.... ... Betrayed. * Corn, broken.... .....Quarrel. Bee Ophrys........... Error. Cattleya........... ... Mature charms. Corn Straw...........Agreement. Begonia.... . ........Deformity. Cattleya Pineli........Matronly grace. Corn Bottle.... .......Delicacy. Belladonna...........Silence, hush! Cedar....... .........Strength. Corn Cockle..........Gentility. Bell Flower, Pyrami- Cedar of Lebanon.....Incorruptible. Cornel Tree...........Duration. dal.................. Constancy. Cedar Leaf............ I live for thee. Coronella...... ......Success crown your Bell Flower (small white)....... ... ... Gratitude. Belvedere...... ......I declare against you. Betony................Surprise. Bilberry.... . ........Treachery. Bindweed, great...... Insinuation,importunity. Bindweed, small......Humility. Birch..................Meckness. Birdsfoot, Trefoil......Revenge. Bittersweet; Night- shade................Truth. Black Poplar..........Courage. Blackthorn............ Difficulty. Bladder Nut Tree..... Frivolity, amusement. Bluebottle..... ......Delicacy. Bluebell...............Constancy, regret. sorrowful Blue - flowered Greek Valerian.... ........Rupture. Bonus Henricus....... Goodness. Borage...............Bluntness. Box Tree.............Stoicism. Bramble ............Lowliness, In OrSé. Branch of Currants....You please all Branch of Thorns.....Severity, rigor. Bridal Rose...........Happy love. Broom................Humility, Neatness. Brovallia Jamisonii...Could you bear poverty? Buci-bean.............Calm repose. Bud of White Rose... Heart ignorance of love. Buglos. .............. Falsehood. Bulrush...............Indiscretion, docility. Bundle of Reeds, with their Panicles....... Music. Burdock...............Importunity, touch me not. Birr..................Rudeness, youwearyme. Buttercup ............Ingratitude, childishness. Butterfly Orchis....... Gaiety. Butterfly Weed........Let me go. Cabbage.............. Profit. Cacalia................Adulation. Cactus................Warmth. Calla AEthiopica......Magnificent beauty. Calceolaria............I offer you pecuniary assis”uce, or I offer you...y fortune. . Calycanthus.......... Benevolence. Camelia Japonica, red.Unpretending excellence. Camelia Japonica, white...............Perfected loveliness. Camomile............. Energy in adversity. Campanula Pyramida. Aspiring. Canary Grass ........Perseverence. Candytuft............. Indifference. Canterbury Bell ......Acknowledgment. Cape.Jasmine.........I am too happy. Cardamine............ Paternal error. Carnation, deep red...Alas! for my poor heart. Carnation, striped..... Refusal. Carnation, yellow..... Disdain. Cardinal Flower...... Distinction. Catchfly..... .........Snare. envy, re- Celandine, lesser......Joys to come. Cereus, creeping......Modest genius. Centaury.............Delicacy. Champignon.... .....Suspicion. Chequered Fritillary...Persecution. Cherry Tree, white....Good education. Cherry Tree, white....Deception. Chestnut Tree........ Dome justice. Chinese Primrose..... Lasting love. Chickweed........... Rendezvous. Chicory............... Frugality. China Aster..........Variety. China Aster, double..I partake your senti- mentS. China Aster, single...I will think of it. China or Indian Pink. Aversion. China Rose........... Beauty always new. Chinese Chrysanthe- mum................Cheerfulness under ad- versity. Chorozema Varium...You have many lovers. Christmas Rose.......Relieve my anxiety. Chrysanthemum, red...I love. Chrysan them um, white...............Truth. Chrysanthemum, yel- low................. Slighted love. Cineraria......:......Always delightful. Cinquefoil.... ........Maternal affection. Circaea................Spell. Cistus, or Rock Rose...Popular favor. Cistus, gum.... ......I shall die to-morrow. Citron ........ .......Ill-natured beauty. Clarkia. ...... .......The variety of your con- versation delights me. Clematis..............Mental beauty. Clematis, evergreen...Poverty. Clianthus.............Worldliness, self-seek- ing. Clotbur...............Rudeness, pertinacity. Cloves................ Dignity. . Clover, four-leaved. ... Be mine. Clover, red...........Industry. Clover, white.........Think of me. Cobaca...............Gossip. Cockscomb, Amaranth. Foppery, affectation, * singularity. Colchicum, or Meadow Saffron..............My best days are past. Coltsfoot .............Justice shall be done. Columbine............ Folly. Columbine, purple.... Resolved to win. Columbine, red.... ...Anxious and trembling. Convolvulus.......... Bonds. Convolvulus, blue * (minor)............. Repose, night. Convolvulus, major...Extinguished hopes. Convolvulus, pink....Worth sustained by ju- dicious and tender af- fection. Corchorus.......... .Impatient of absence. Coreopsis............. Always cheerful. Coreopsis Arkansa....Love at first sight. Coriander............. Hidden worth. wishes. Cosmelia Subra.......The charm of a blush. Cowslip.............. Pensiveness, winning grace. Cowslip, American...Divine beauty. Crab, blossom........ Ill-nature. Cranberry.... ........ Cure for heart-achc. Creeping Cereus...... Horror. Cress.................Stability, power. Crocus................Abuse not. Crocus, Spring... ... .Youthful gladness. Crocus, Saffron.... ... Mirth. Crown, Imperial......Majesty, power. Crowsbill............. Envy. Crowfoot......... ...Ingratitude. Crowfoot, A con it c- leaved.... ..........Lustre. Cuckoo Plant.........Ardor. Cudweed, American...Unceasing .* brance. Currant...............Thy frown will kill me. Cuscuta........... ... Meanness. Cyclamen............. Diffidence. Cypress...............Death, mourning, f C III c. In • Daffodil...............Regard. Dahlia................Instability. Daisy.................Innocence. Daisy, garden.... ....I share your sentiments. Daisy, Michaelmas... Farewell, or after- thought. Daisy, party-colored... Beauty. Daisy, wild........... I will think of it. Damask Rose......... Brilliant complexion. Dandelion ... ........ Rustic oracle. , Daphne............... Glory, immortality. Daphne Odora........Painting the lily. Darnel................ Vice- Dead Leaves..........Sadness. Deadly Night-shade... Falsehood. Dew Plant......... ...A screnade. Dianthus..............Make haste. Diosma...............Your simple elegance charms me. Dipteracanthus Spec- tabilis.......... . . . . Fortitude. Diplademia Crassino- da........ ..........You are too bold. Dittany of Crete.... ... Birth. Dittany of Crete, white ... .......... Passion. Dock.................Patience. Dodder of Thyme.... Baseness. Dogsbane.............Deceit, falsehood. Dogwood........ ....Durability. Dragon Plant.........Snare. Dragonwort.... ......Horror. Dried Flax.... .......Utility. Ebony Tree........... Blackness. Echites Atropurpurea. Be warned in time. Eglantine(Sweet-briar)Poetry, I wound to heal. Elder.................Zealousness. Elm ................. Dignity. Enchanters’ Night- shade...............Witchcraft, sorcery. -----T THE LANGUAGE AND SENTIMENT OF FLOWERS. Endive...............Frugality. Escholzia............. Do not refuse me. Eupatorium...... ....Delay. Everflowering Candy- tuft.................Indifference. Evergreen Clematis...Poverty. Evergreen Thorn....Solace in adversity. Everlasting... .......Never-ceasing remem- brance. Everlasting Pea... ... Lasting pleasure. Fennel................Worthy all praise, strength. Fern.................. Fascination, magic, sin- cerity. Ficoides, Ice Plant....Your looks freeze me. Fig. ..................Argument. t Fig Marigold......... Idleness. Fig Tree ............. Prolific. Filbert....... ........ Reconciliation. Fir.... ..............Time. Fir Tree.............. Elevation. Flax........ ......... Domestic industry, fate, I feel your kindness. Flax-leaved Golden- locks....... ........Tardiness. Fleur-de-lis.... ......Flame, I burn. Fleur-de-Luce........ Fire. Flowering Fern.......Reverie. Flowering Reed... ...Confidence in Heaven. Flower-of-an-Hour... Delicate beauty. Fly Orchis ........... Error. Flytrap...............Deceit. Fool's Parsley .......Silliness. Forget-Me-Not.......True love. Foxglove.............Insincerity. Foxtail Grass.... ....Sporting. Franciscea Latifolia.. Beware of false friends. French Honeysuckle... Rustic beauty. French Marigold.... Jealousy. * French Willow....... Bravery and humanity. Frog Ophrys......... Disgust. Fuller's Teasel.......Misanthropy. Fumitory.............Spleen. Fuchsia, scarlet.......Taste. Furze, or Gorse.......Love for all seasons. Garden Anemone..... Forsaken. Garden Chervil.......Sincerity. Garden Daisy.........I partake your senti- ments. Garden Marigold. ...Uneasiness. Garden Ranunculus...You are rich in attrac- tions. Garden Sage..........Esteem. Garland of Roses..... Reward of virtue. Gardenia.............. Refinement Germander Speedwell.Facility. Geranium, dark......Melancholy. Geranium, Horse-shoe leaf... ..............Stupidity. Geranium, Ivy........Bridal favor. Geranium, Lemon....Unexpected meeting. Geranium, Nutmeg...Expected meeting. Geranium,Oak-leaved.True friendship. Geranium, Pencilled..Ingenuity. Geranium, Rosc- scented......... ... Preference. Geranium, scarlet.....Comforting. Geranium, Silver- leaved.............. Recall. Geranium, wild.... ...Steadfast piety. Gillyflower... ... ..... Bonds of affection. Gladioli............... Ready armed. Glory Flower......... Glorious beauty. Goat's Rue........... Reason. Golden Rod........... Precaution. Gooseberry...........Anticipation. Gourd................ Extent, bulk. Grammanthus Chlora- flora................Your temperistoo hasty. Grape, wild...........Charity. * Grass.... ............Submission, utility. Guelder Rose.........Winter, age. Hand Flower Tree....Warning. Harebell..............Submission, grief. Hawkweed...........Quicksightedness. Hawthorn............Hope. Hazel.................Reconciliation. Heartscase, or Pansy. Thoughts. Heath........ .......Solitude. Helenium.............Tears. Heliotrope............Devotion, or I turn to thee. Hellebore.............Scandal, calumny. II e 1 m et Flow er (Monkshood).... ...Knight-errantry. Hemlock..............You will be my death. Hemp................. Fate. Henbane... ..........Imperfection. Hepatica .............Confidence. Hibiscus..... ........Delicate beauty. Holly.................Foresight. IIolly Herb. .........Enchantment. Hollyhock....... .....Ambition, fecundity. Honesty..............Honesty, fascination. IIoney Flower........Love sweet and secret. Honeysuckle..........Generous and devoted affection. Honeysuckle (Coral)...The color of my fate. Honeysuckle (French)Rustic beauty. Hop..................Injustice. Hornbeam............Ornament. IIorse Chestnut.......Luxury. IIortensia.............You are cold. IIouseleek......... ... Vivacity, domestic in- dustry. Houstonia............Content. Hoya ... .............Sculpture. Hoyabella.... ........Contentment. IIumble Plant........Despondency. Hundred-leaved Rose. Dignity of mind. Hyacinth..............Sport, game, play. IIyacinth, purple......Sorrowful. IIyacinth, white.......Unobtrusive loveliness. Hydrangea ..... .....A. boaster. Hyssop...............Cleanliness. Iceland Moss...... . .Health. Ice Plant.............Your looks freeze me. Imbricata.............Uprightness, sentiments of honor. Imperial Montague...Power. Indian Cress..........Warlike trophy. Indian Jasmine (Ipo- moea)...............Attachment. Indian Pink, double... Always lovely. Indian Plum.......... Privation. Iris...................Message. Iris, German..........Flame. Ivy...................Friendship, fidelity, s marriage. Ivy, sprig of, with tendrils..... ........Assiduous to please. Jacob's Ladder........Come down. -—912" 2O3 Japan Rose...........Beauty is your only at- traction. Jasmine...............Amiability. Jasmine, Cape........Transport of joy. Jasmine, Carolina.....Separation. Jasmine, Indian.......I attach myself to you. Jasmine, Spanish......Sensuality. Jasmine, yellow.......Grace and elegance. Jonquil...............I desire a return of affec- tion. Judas Tree............Unbelief, betrayal. Juniper...............Succor, protection. Justicia...............The perfection of female loveliness. Kennedia............. Mental beauty. King-cups............ Desire of riches. Laburnum............Forsaken, beauty. Lady's Slipper..........Capricious beauty, win me and wear me. Lagerstracmia, Indian. Eloquence. Lantana..............Rigor. Lapageria Rosea......There is no unalloyed good. Larch................. Audacity, boldness. Larkspur.............Lightness, levity. Larkspur, pink... ...Fickleness. Larkspur, purple..... Haughtiness. Laurel...... ... .....Glory. Laurel, common, in flower..............Perfidy. Laurel, Ground.......Perseverance. Laurel, Mountain..... Ambition. Laurel-leaved Magno- lia.................. Dignity. Laurestina............A token. Lavender ... .........Distrust. Leaves (dead).........Melancholy. Lemon................Zest. Lemon Blossoms.... . Fidelity in love. Leschenaultia Splen- dens ...............You are charming. Lettuce...............Cold-heartedness. Lichen................Dejection, solitude. Lilac, field............Humility. Lilac, purple..........First emotions of love. Lilac, white...........Youthful innocence. Lily, Day.............Coquetry. Lily, Imperial.........Majesty. Lily, white............ Purity, Sweetness. Lily, yellow.......... Falsehood, gaiety. Lily of the Valley.....Return of happiness, unconscious sweet- In CSS, Linden or Lime Trees.Conjugal love. Lint..................I feel my obligations. Live Oak.............Liberty. Liverwort............Confidence. Liquorice, wild.......I declare against you. Lobelia...............Malevolence. Locust Tree.......... Elegance. Locust Tree, green...Affection beyond the grave. - London Pride.........Frivolity. Lote Tree.............Concord. Lotus................. Eloquence. Lotus Flower.........Estranged love. Lotus Leaf............Recantation. Love in a Mist........ Perplexity. Love lies Bleeding....Hopeless, not heartless. Lucern................Life. pensive |G-> =4- 2O4. Lupine................ Voraciousness. Madder............... Calumny. Magnolia...... .. .... Love of Nature. Magnolia, Swamp.... Perseverance. Mallow............... Mildness. Mallow, Marsh..... ... Beneficencc. Mallow, Syrian....... Consumed by love. Mallow, Venetian....Delicate beauty. Mallon Creeana.......Will you share my for- tunes? Manchineal Tree.... . Falsehood. Mandrake.... ... ..... Horror. Maple................ Reserve. Marianthus.......... . Hope for better days. Marigold............. . Grief. Marigold, African....Vulgar minds. Marigold, French.... Jealousy. Marigold, Prophetic. Prediction. Marigold and Cypress. Despair. "Marjoram............. I}lushes. Marvel of Peru.......Timidity Meadow Lychnis.....Wit. Meadow Saffron...... My best days are past. Meadowsweet........ Uselessness. Mercury........'......Goodness. Mesembryanthemum...Idleness. Mezereon.............Desire to please. Michaelmas Daisy.... After-thought. Mignonette...........Your qualities surpass your charms. Milfoil................War. Milkvetch........ ....Your presence softens my pains. Milkwort.......... ... Hermitage. Mimosa, S ensitive Plant...............Sensitiveness. Mint..................Virtue. Mistletoe.... .........I surmount difficulties. Mitraria Coccinea..... Indolence, dullness. Mock Orange.........Counterfeit. Monarda Amplexicau- lis........ ..........Your whims are quite unbearable. Monkshood...........A. deadly foe is near. Monkshood, Helmet- flower........ ..... Chivalry, Knight- errantry. Moonwort............Forgetfulness. Morning Glory........ Affectation. Moschatel..... ...... Weakness. Moss... . . . . . . . . . . .... Maternal love. Mosses.... ........... Ennui. Mossy Saxifrage...... Affection. Motherwort........... Concealed lovc. Mountain Ash...... ... Prudence. Mourning Bride.......Unfortunate attachment, I have lost all. Mouse-eared Chick- weed......... ...... Ingenuous simplicity. Mouse-eared Scorpion * Grass............. ..Forget me not. Moving Plant.... .... Agitation. 'Mudwort...... * * * * * * * IIappiness, tranquility. Mulberry Trce, black. I shall not survive you. Mulberry Tree, whitc. Wisdom. Mushroom........... ..Suspicion, or I can't * entirely trust you. Musk Plant....... ... Weakness. Mustard Seed......... Indifference. Myrobalan.... ........ Privation. Myrrh................ Gladness. Myrtle............ ... Love. Narcissus.............Egotism. Nasturtium...........Patriotism. Nemophila.... ......Success everywhere. Nettle, common sting- ing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... You are spiteful. Nettle, burning........ Slander. Nettle Trce........... Conceit. Night-blooming Ce- reus............ ....Transient beauty. Night Convolvulus.... Night. Nightshade........... Falsehood. Oak Leaves........... Bravery. Oak Tree..............Hospitality. Oak, white... ........ Independence. Oats..................The witching soul of music. Oleander.............. Beware. Olive..... * * * ........ Peace. Orange Blossoms.....Your purity equals your loveliness. Orange Flowers......Chastity, bridal festivi- - tics. Orange Tree..........Generosity. Orchis................A belle. Osier................. Frankness. Osmunda.............Dreams. Ox Eye............. .Patience. Palm.... • * * * * * * * * * * * * * Victory. Pansy.... . . . . . . . . ....Thoughts. Parsley...............Festivity. Pasque Flower........You have no claims. Passion Flower....... Religious superstition, when the flower is reversed, or Faith if erect, Patience Dock........Patience. Pea, Everlasting.....An appointed meeting, lasting pleasure. Pea, Sweet............Departure. Peach................Your qualities, like your charms, are un- equaled. Peach Blossom.......I am your captive. Pear..... . . . . . . . * * * * * * Affection. Pear Tree... .........Comfort. Penstemon Azureum...High-bred. Pennyroyal..... ......Flee away. Peony.... . . . . . . . . . . Shamc, bashfulness. Peppermint......... ..Warmth of feeling. Periwinkle, blue ... ...Early friendship. Periwinkle, white.....Pleasures of memory. Persicaria.... ........ Restoration. Persimmon.... .... ... Bury me amid Nature's beauties. Peruvian Heliotrope...Devotion. Petunia...............Your presence soothes II].C. Pheasant's Eye....... Remembrance. Phlox.......... * * * * * * * Unanimity. Pigeon Berry......... Indifference. Pimpernel....... .... Change, assignation. Pine.............. ... Pity. Pine-apple............ You are perfect. Pine, Pitch........... Philosophy. Pine, Spruce.......... Hope in adversity. Pink...... * s is is a s a s is is is a Boldness. Pink, Carnation.... . . Woman's love. Pink, Indian, double. Always lovely. Pink, Indian, single... Aversion. Pink, Mountain....... Aspiring. Pink, red, double...... Pure and ardent love. THE LANGUAGE AND SENTIMENT OF FLOWERS. Pink, single........... Pure love. Pink, variegated...... Refusal. Pink, white........... Ingeniousness, talent. Plantain.............. White man's footsteps. Plane Tree............ Genius. Plum, Indian.... . . . Privation. Plum Tree............ Fidelity. Plum, wild............ Independence. Plumbago Larpenta...Holy wishes. Polyanthus............ Pride of riches. Polyanthus, crimson...The heart's mystery. Polyanthus, lilac...... Confidence. Pomegranate........ ... Foolishness. Pomegranate Flower... Mature elegance. Poor Robin...........Compensation, or an s equivalent. Poplar, black.... .....Courage. Poplar, white.........Time. Poppy, red............ Consolation. Poppy, scarlet........ Fantastic extravagance. Poppy, white.........Sleep. My bane. Potato........ ... .... Benevolence. Potentilla............. I claim, at least, your eSteem. Prickly Pear..........Satire. Pride of China........ Dissension. Primrose..............Early youth and sad- In CSS. Primrose, Evening.... Inconstancy. Primrose, red......... Unpatronized merit. Privet ......... * * * * * * Prohibition. Purple Clover......... Provident. Pyrus Japonica,....... Fairies’ fire. Quaking-grass........Agitation. Quamoclit ... . ....... Busybody. Queen's Rocket.......You are the Queen of coquettes, fashion. Quince..............:Temptation. Ragged Robin.......Wit. Ranunculus...........You are radiant with. charms. Ranunculus, garden...You are rich in attrac- tions. Ranunculus, wild..... Ingratitude. Raspberry......... ... Remorse. Ray Grass........... .Vice. Red Catchfly..... ... .Youthful love. Reed......... ........Complaisance, music. Rced, split ........... Indiscretion. Rhododendron (Rose bay).... ............ Danger, beware. Rhubarb.............. Advice. Rocket.... ........... Rivalry. Rose.... ............. Love. Rose, Austrian.... ...Thou art all that is lovely. Rose, Bridal........ ... Happy love. Rose, Burgundy......Unconscious beauty. Rose, Cabbage....... Ambassador of love. Rose, Campion.......Only deserve my love. Rose, Carolina........Love is dangerous. Rose, China..........Beauty always new. Rose, Christmas..... . Tranquilize my anxiety. Rose, Daily....... ...Thy smile I aspire to. Rose, Damask..... ..Brilliant complexion. IRose, deep red........Bashful shame. Rose, Dog............Pleasure and pain. Rose, Guelder........ Winter, age. Rose, Hundred-leaved. Pride. Rose, Japan ..........Beauty is your only at- traction. *|G-- THE LANGUAGE AND SENTIMENT OF FLOWERS. * Rose, Maiden-blush...If you love me you will find it out. Rose, Montiflora......Grace. Rose, Mundi..........Variety. Rose, Musk...........Capricious beauty. Rose, Musk, cluster... Charming. Rose, single..........Simplicity. Rose, thornless.......Early attachment. Rose, Unique.........Call me not beautiful. Rose, white. ... ......I am worthy of you. Rose, white, withered.Transient impressions. Rose, yellow..........Decrease of love, jeal- ousy. Rose, York and Lan- caster...............War. Rose, full-blown placed over two buds................Secrecy Rose, white and red together.... . ......Unity. Roses, crown of....... Reward of virtue. Rosebud, red ........ Pure and lovely. Rosebud, white.......Girlhood. Rosebud, Moss........Confession of love. Rosebud (Rhododen- dron)...............Beware, danger. Rosemary ............Remembrance. Rudbeckia............Justice. Rue.......... ........ Disdain. Rush......... ........Docility. Rye Grass............Changeable disposition. Saffron................Beware of excess. Saffron Crocus........ Mirth. Saffron, Meadow......My happiest days are past. Sage..................Domestic virtue. Sage, garden......... Esteem. Sainfoin..............Agitation. Saint John's Wort.....Animosity. Salvia, blue. ..........Wisdom. Salvia, red............ Energy. Saxifrage, mossy......Affection. Scabious..............Unfortunate love. Scabious, sweet.......Widowhood. Scarlet Lychnis.......Sunbeaming eyes. Schinus...............Religious enthusiasm. Scotch Fir............Elevation. Sensitive Plant.......Sensibility. Senvy................Indifference. Shamrock.............Light-heartedness. Shepherd's Purse.....I offer you my all. Siphocampylos... ....Resolved to be noticed. Snakesfoot........... Horror. Snapdragon...........Presumption, also No. Snowball..... ........Bound. Snowdrop............Hope. Sorrel................Affection. Sorrel, wild...........Wit ill-timed. Sorrel, wood..........Joy. Southernwood........Jest, bantering. Spanish Jasmine......Sensuality. Spearmint........ ....Warmth of sentiment. Speedwell............Female fidelity. Speedwell, Germander. Facility. Speedwell, Spiked.....Semblance. Spider Ophrys........ Adroitness. Spiderwort..... ...... Esteem, not love. Spiked Willow Herb...Pretension. Spindle Tree..........Your charms are en- graven on my heart. Star of Bethlehem.... Purity. Starwort..............After-thought. Starwort, American...Cheerfulness in old age. Stephanotis............Will you accompany me to the East? Stock................. Lasting beauty. Stock, Ten Week..... Promptness. Stonecrop.............Tranquillity. Straw, broken......... Rupture of a contract. Straw, whole..........Union. Strawberry blossoms... Foresight. Strawberry Tree...... Esteem, not love. Sultan, lilac. .........I forgive you. Sultan, white..........Sweetness. Sultan, yellow... ....Contempt. Sumach, Venice......Splendor. Sunflower, dwarf......Adoration. Sunflower, tall........Haughtiness. Swallow-wort.........Cure for heartache. Sweet Basil...........Good wishes. Sweet-brier, American. Simplicity. Sweet-brier, European.I wound to heal. Sweet-brier, yellow....Decrease of love. Sweet Pea............Delicate pleasures. Sweet Sultan .........Felicity. Sweet William........Gallantry. Sycamore.............Curiosity. Syringa...............Memory. Syringa, Carolina..... Disappointment. Tamarisk............ Crime. Tansy, wild...........I declare war against yOu. Teasel................Misanthropy. Tendrils of climbing plants ..............Ties. Thistle, common...... Austerity. Thistle, Fuller's ... ..Misanthropy. Thistle, Scotch .......Retaliation. Thorn, apple..........Deceitful charms. Thorn, branch of......Severity. Thrift................Sympathy. Throatwort...........Neglected beauty. Thyme................Activity or courage. Tiger Flower.........For once may pride be- friend me. Traveler's Joy.........Safety. Tree of Life...........Old age. Trefoil................Revenge. Tremella Nestoc......Resistance. Trillium Pictum.......Modest beauty. Triptilion Spinosum...Be prudent. Truffle................Surprise. Trumpet Flower...... Fame. Tuberose..............Dangerous pleasures. Tulip, red.............Declaration of love. Tulip, variegated... . Beautiful eyes. Tulip, yellow.... .....Hopeless love. Turnip.... . . . . . . . . ....Charity. 2O5 Tussilage (sweet - scented).............Justice shall be done you. Valerian..............An accommodating dis- position. Valerian, Greek......Rupture. Venice, Sumach.......Intellectual excellence, splendor. Venus Car...........Fly with me. Venus' Looking-glass. Flattery. Venus’ Trap..........Deceit. Verbena, pink........ Family union. Verbena, scarlet.......Unite against evil, or church unity. Verbena, white.......Pray for me. Vernal Grass.... ..... Poor, but happy. Veronica..............Fidelity. Veronica Speciosa.... Keep this for my sake. Vervain............... Enchantment. Vine..................Intoxication. Violet, blue........... Faithfulness. Violet, dame.......... Watchfulness. Violet, sweet..........Modesty. Violet, yellow.........Rural happiness. . Virginia Creeper......I cling to you both in sunshine and shade. Virgin's Bower....... Filial love. Viscaria Oculata......Will you dance with me? Volkamenia...........May you be happy! Walnut.......... .....Intellect, stratagem. Wall-flower.......... Fidelity in adversity. Watcher by the Way- side............. ...Never despair. water Lily........... Purity of heart. Water Melon.........Bulkiness. Wax Plant.... .......Susceptibility. Wheat Stalk..........Riches. Whin.... s s a s " " + 1 − s. ...Anger. White J asmine. * * * * * * . Amiability. White Lily..... ...... Purity and modesty. White Mullein........Good nature. White Oak............Independence. White Pink..... .....Talent. White Poplar.........Time. White Rose (dried)...Death preferable to loss of innocence. Whortleberry.........Treason. Willow, Creeping.....Love forsaken. Willow, Water.... ...Freedom. Willow Herb..... .... Pretension. Willow, Weeping.....Mourning. Willow, French.......Bravery and humanity. Winter Cherry........Deception. Wisteria..............Welcome, fair stranger! Witch Hazel..........A spell. Woodbine.... ........Fraternal love. Wood Sorrel..........Joy, maternal Il CSS, Wormwood....... ....Absence. Xanthium.............Rudeness, pertinacity. tender- Xeranthemum......... Cheerfulness under adversity. Yew...... ............Sorrow. Zephyr Flower........ Expectation. Zinnia.......... ......Thoughts of absent friends. | L DICTIONARY. BIOGRAPHICA 5 * s : **----4---- %: * o:5). E- ICTIODRRY. # # - r * S SY #:*} £X # *: ******************%'s #, £% - - <>{### &S # & HERE is perhaps nothing in history so interesting and nothing that comes nearer home to the mind of the reader and student, |->|< * : different ages of the world. In the following list of two or three-line sketches, we give, in each case, the name, pro- nunciation, rank, and something that has been done by the mag- 11ate, so that the possessor of this work, for the smallest amount of reading, does receive an impression, not only as regards the name and bent of mind, but what part has been played on the planet's broad field of action. This is the only biographical dictionary that gives the sum of human experience in so small a space. Taking into consideration the fact that the original or greatest minds are included, omitting many of the mere imitators by which biography is filled, it will be found of much practical value to the general reader. The greatest inspirations are caught from * *\ | . # - than a recount of the lives | £ NX *: "# & r:Ex-ExEXE:FIFIFF:FE:FIX:EEE •-7||NF-" -öz-e-Q_{\#5%gs&--SöTT %|S # # S- the stage of action. Here you may witness the comedy and tragedy of the world, whose parts have been taken and borne by its most spirited actors. [NorF.—In the explanatory pronunciation. ... is sounded as a in bar, car, far; d is sounded as a in can, ran, tan; ai is sounded as a in fate, late, mate; azv is sounded as a in ball, fall, tall; and a final is obscure, between the a in bar and the a in fan. Abbreviations are generally the same as appear in the Dictionary of Abbreviations, which dictionary is to be found in this book. B. or b., born; d., died; def., defeated; emp., emperor; fl., flourished; II. C., House of Commons; k., king, and killed; m., mother; w., wife, and others; sometimes an unusual abbreviation is made to save space.] Aa, Charles Henry van der, a native of Zwolle, and greatly instru- mental in establishing the Acad. of Sciences, and the Society for the Study of Economics, at Haerlem. B. 1718; d. 1795. Aa, Gerard van der, a-a, together with his sons Philip and Adolphus, of United Provinces, resisted Philip II. of Spain, before 1571. Aa, Peter van der, lawyer, and pres. Council of Luxembourg. B. Louvain, 1530; d. 1594. Aa, Peter, van der, a bookseller of Leyden, and an extensive com- piler and pub. of travels and voyages. D. 1730. | Aagard, Christian, a-gard', a Danish prof. of poetry at Sora, and a poet himself. B. 1596; d. 1664. Aagard, Nicholas, brother of the preceding, and also prof. at Sora; a writer on philosophical subjects. B. 1612; d. 1657. Aali Pasha, Mehemet Emin, Turk. amb. to Eng., rep. confs. Vienna and Paris, grand vizier the fifth time, 1867. B. Constan- tinople, 1815; d. 1871. Aalst, Everard, a Dutch artist; painted armor and fruit pieces. B. Delft, 1602; d. 1658. Aalst, William, nephew of the preceding, and accounted superior as an artist. B. 1620; d. 1697. Aare, Dirk van der, aar, bishop of Utrecht, was constantly at war with William, Count of Holland, d. 1212, ruling U. 14 years. Aaron, air/on, bro. of Moses, and first h. -p. of Israelites. In absence of M. set up golden calf. His rod blossomed. D. Mt. Hor., aged 123. * ~ Aaron, St., British martyr during persecution of Christians by Dio- cletian, A.D. 303. Canonized 1,000 years later. * Aaron, Pietro, Canon of Rimini, and a voluminous writer on "usic. Flourished at Florence in 16th century. Aaron Ben Asser. Jew of 5th century; probable inventor of liebrew points and accents. Aaron Hacharon, a Nicomedian Jew, author “The Garden of Bden,” a work on Jewish customs and tenets. B. 1346. Aaron, Ben Chain, learned Jew and rabbi of Fez in Africa, writer of commentaries. D. about 16io. Aagesen, Svend, aw'geh-sen, early Danish historian. Aarsens, Peter, aar-sens, celebrated Dutch artist. Left three sons that were great artists. B. Amsterdam, 1 519; d. 1585. Aarssen, aar-sen, Franz van, a great negotiator of the United Nether- land provinces. B. 'Hague, 1572; d. 1641. Aartsbergen, Alexander van der Capellan, arts'-berg-en, a Dutch writer and statesman. B. about 16oo; d. aged about 56. Aartsen, aart-set, an artist of Holland. B. Amsterdam, 1507; d. 1507. Aba, 4-6a, a cruel war-king of Hungary. Put to death in 1044. Abad I., a -bad, first gov. Seville, declared his independence, and formed a monarchy of his States, 1015. D. 1041. Abad II., son of Abad I., succeeded to the sovereignty of a part of Southern Spain; Soo females in his harem; poet. B. 1002; d. 1069. Abad III., son of Abad II., subject to diversified fortunes, lost *ville and Cordova and his dynasty; just ruler, poet. D. 1075. Abaffi, Michael, A5'affe, ruler of Transylvania in 17th c., paid tribute to Turkey and Austria; abdicated 1690. D. 1713. Abaka Khan, a-ba'a kawn, eighth emp. of Moguls, race of Zingis. bef. king of Bokhara and the Egyptians, who had invaded his domin- 10ns. D. 1282. Abamouti, a-ba-moo/te, a Neapolitan; liberalist; mem. of the execu- tive when Ferdinand Iv. left Naples in 1806. Abancourt d, Charles Xavier Joseph, da-bon-koor', a Fr. min. war under Louis XVI. B. 1758; d. 1792. Abano, Piedro di, a-ba'no, astronomer and astrologist; brought be- fore the Inquisition. D. 1316. Abarca, Don Joaquin, a-bar-ka, a Sp. prelate and Carlist. B. about 17So; d. 1844. d £a. Jose Fernando, a-bas'-kal, a Spanish gen. of Peru. B. 1743; • 1821. Abate, Andrea, a-bat, a famous painter of fruit and still life. B. at 'Naples; d. 1732. *- Abati, Niccolo, a-ba-te, fresco painter of Modena, aided in decorat- ing pal. of Fontainebleau, painted martyrdom St. Peter and St. Paul- 1512; d. 1571. Abati, degli, Bocco, da!’-ye a-ba'-tee, a traitor of Florence. Abauzit, Firmin, a-bo-ze', intimate with Sir Isaac Newton, pub. Spon's Hist, of Geneva. B. at Uses, 1679; d. at Geneva, 1767. Abbadie, James, ab'ba-de', Fr. prot, min. at Berlin, was with Mar- shal Schomberg when the latter was shot by mistake as he was cross- *g the Boyne, 1689. B. at Nay, in Bearne, 1658; d. in London, 1727. Abbas I., the Great, fifth shah of Persia, 1586; first made Ispahan the capital of Persia, took Ormuz from the Portuguese, aided by Eng- lish. D. 1628. * Abbas II, shah, great-grandson of Abbas I., was a tolerant prince. D. 1666, aged 37. Abbas-Mirza, son of Futteh Ali, shah of Per. Gen. in wars against *ussians in 1814 and Turks in 1823. B. 1783; d. 1833. Abbassa, ab-bas'-sa, sister of the caliph Haroun-al-Raschid, by whom she was married to Giafar, his vizier, on a singular condition of wed- lock; fl. 8th century. Abbassipes, ab-bas'-idz, a most prominent race of caliphs at Da- "ascus and Bagdad, from 749 to 1258. Abbatissa, Paul, a Silician poet, wrote a translation of the Iliad and Odyssey in Latin verse; lived about 1570. th Abbatucci, Jacques Pierre, ab-a-tu'che, a Corsican, served Paoli; joined Fr. army in which he served both Louis XVI. and the republic. D. 1812, aged 86. • £vals. d', Pere Claude, dab-ve", a Capuchin historical writer; fl. 1014. Abbon, de Fleury, ab-bong, a learned Fr. abbot of the monastery of -— "--~ Fleury; served k. Robert in averting the wrath of Gregory V.; k in quarrel betw. Fr. and Gascons, 1004. B. about 945. Abbot, Benjamin, ab'-bot, an Am. instructor. B. 1762; d. 1849. Abbot, George, ab'bot, archb. of Canterbury, aided in transl. of Bible, late version; attended King James on his deathbed. D. Croy- don, 1633, aged 71. Abbot, Robert, eldest brother of the archb., appointed chaplain-in- ordinary by King James, who favored him as a man of letters. D. Salisbury, 1617. Abbot, Maurice, brother of Robert, dir. E. India Co., first person knighted by Charles I., lord mayor of London, 163S. D. 1640. Abbot, Samuel, founder of Andover theological seminary, at And- over, Mass. B. 1732; d. 1812. - Abbott, Charles, first Lord Colchester, Kol-ches-ter, student, Oxford, mem. bar.; Eng. Par.; introduced reforms of law; secy. Ire.; Speaker II. C., baron. D. London, 1829, aged 72. Abbott, Charles, eminent English judge, knighted in 1818, first Lord Tenterten, Baron T., Speaker H. of L. B. at Canterbury, 1762; d. 1832. Abbott, Jacob, Am. divine and author, juvenile series, which were re- printed in England. B. 1So?. Abbott, John Stevens Cabot, Am. minister and historian, a brother of Jacob; biog. Napoleon Bonaparte. B. 1Soó. Abbt, Thomas, abt, German writer, “Historia Vitae Magistra,” was written by him at 13. B. at Ulm, 1738; d. 1766. Abdallah, db.dal'la, father of Mahomet; a camel-driver, but at fourscore the finest women of his tribe were offered him, and 100 girls died of grief on his wedding night for having lost the honor of being his bride. B. about 545; d. 570. Abdallah-ben-Mohammed, a Mahometan king of Spain; magnan- imous and forbearing toward his enemies. D. 901. Abdalla-Ibn-Balkin, ib’n-bal-keen', last Turkish ruler of Grenada; fl. IO73. *al. ab-da/-la-ben-ali, served as gen. vs. caliph Mer- win, whom he vanquished; guilty of horrible cruelties; put to death 755. Adallah-ben-Yassim, founder of Almoravide dynasty, in 11th cent- ury, and swayed the destinics of Africa and Spain. D. 105S. * Abd-al-melek, abd-al-me-lek, 5th caliph of Ommiades, named peeler of stone, on ac. avarice; prob, orig. skinning a flint; reigned 685- 705. Abdalrahman, Ben Abdallah, 45-dal-ra’man, Sar. gen., and gov. of Spain, ravaged Fr., def. and slain at Tours by Charles Martel in 732. Abdalrahman I., Ben Moawiyah, the Just, fam. Ommiades, slew Yusef, gov. of Saracens, caliph and k. Cordova. B. Damascus about 731; d. about 789. Abdalrahman Ir, the Victorious, king of Cordova, conquered Christian princes of Arragon, Navarre and the Asturias. Abdalrahman III, king of Cordova, defeated by Ramirez II, king of Leon and the Asturias, battle of Simancas, 938, where So,ooo Moors were slain. Abdas, 45-das, Persian bishop, caused persecu. Christians in time younger Theodosius, defeat of Per. and d. of Abdas procured by clergy. Abd-el-Kader, ab-el-Kaider, or ka'aler, tribe Hashem, scholar, St., holy war vs. infidels, emir Mascara, taken by Fr., went to Mecca twice. D. 1873, aged 56. Abd-el-Malek Ibn-Koreyb, d.b-del-ma-lek ib'n ko-rab', an Arabian man of letters. B. about 740; d. about 821. Abd-el-Moumen, ab-del-moo'-men, first successor of Mahomet to the Almohades. B. about 11oo; d. 1163. Abd-el-Mottalib, mot'-d-lib, the grandfather of Mohammed. B. 497; d. 579. Abd-el-Wahab, wa-hab', organizer of the Wahabees. B. about 1692; d. 1787. Abdul-Aziz, ab-dul ax'er, sultan of Turkey, succeeded his bro, Ab- dul-Mejid, 1861, made reforms. B. 1830; d. 1876. Abdul-Mejid, ab-dul-mediid, sultan of Turkey, succeeded his father Mahmoud II., 1839; war against Russia, 1853-5, aided by France and Eng. B. 1S23; d. 1861. A'Becket, Gilbert Abbot, English comic dramatic writer and humor- ist. D. 1856. ! "--_ r N BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 207 "--— |-- 2O8 IBIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. —---ms" –==" —-m- A. Becket, see BECKET, Thomas a. Abeille, Gaspard, d-bail, a native of Riez, in Provence; writer of odes, epistles, cte. B. 1648; d. Paris, 1718. Abednego, ai-bed"ne-go, denoting “servant of light,” Chaldee name given by king of Babylon's officer upon Azariah, one of the three companions of Daniel. Abel, Charles Frederic, ai'-bel, a Ger, musician. B. 1725; d. London, 1787. Abel, Clarke, an Eng. surgeon, naturalist, and hist. of Lord Am- herst's embassy to China. B. about 17So; d. 1826. Abel, Frederic Gotfried, a Ger. physician and poet, but bred a di- vine. B. Halberstadt; d. 1794. Abel, Gaspard, a Ger. historian. B. Hindauberg, 1675; d. 1763. Abel, Joseph, a German artist. B. 1768; d. 1818. Abel, k, of Denmark, son of Waldemar II.; assas. his bro. Eric IV. in 1250, and took possession of the throne; he was killed by the Fri- sons in 1252. Abel, Nicholas Henry, a Norwegian mathematician, whose works were published by the Swedish government. B. Christiana, Norway, 1So2; d. 1829. Abel, Jakob Friederich, a Ger. philosopher. B. 1751; d. 1829. Abel, signifying “morning,” the second son of Adam. He was murdered by his envious bro. Cain. Abelard, Peter, ab'e-lar, a celebrated philospher, mathematician, and divine, lover of the damsel Heloise. D. 1142, aged 63. Abell, John, ai-bell, an Eng. musician; k. of Poland compelled him to sing; pub. collection of songs in several languages, 1701. Abelly, Louis, ab'e-le, a Fr. prelate that wrote “Medulla Theolo- gica;” B. 1608; d. St. Lazare, 1691. - Aben, Esra, ai'ben, a Jewish scholar and traveler, called great and wise. D. about 1174 or 1194. Abencerrage, a-ben'se-raj, a prominent Moorish family of Granada that flourished in the 15th century. Aben-Melec, db'en-me'lek, a Jewish rabbi; author Hebrew commen- tary on the Bible, “Perfection of Beauty,” 1661. Abercrombie, James, ab'er-krom 'be, a British gen., and commander- in-chief in America in 1756. B. 1706; d. 1781. Abercrombie, John, M. D., Scottish physician; great writer on med- ical subjects and wrote on spectral illusions. D. 1844, aged 63. Abercrombie, Thos., a Scottish physician; medical adviser of James II. of Eng. D. 1726. Abercromby, Sir Ralph, a British gen., knight of Bath, lieut.-gen. B. in Scotland, 1734; d. 1801. Aberdeen, George Hamilton Gordon, earl of Aberdeen; British statesman; adherent Tory party. D. 1S60, aged 76. Abernethy, John, ab'er-ne-thy, an Irish minister. B. Coleraine, Ire., 16So; d. Dublin, 1740. Abernethy, Jolin, F. R. S., English surgeon, IHe established the principle “that local diseases are symptoms of a disordered constitu- tion, not primary and independent maladies;” “that this disordered state springs from the stomach,” etc. B. 1764; d. 1831. Abert, Colonel John James, a'bert, Am... engineer in military service. B. 17S7; d. 1S63. * Af Abgarus, ab/-ga-rus, k, of Edessa, in Mesopotamia; fl. in time of Jesus of Nazareth. Abgillus, ab'gil-lus, k. of the Frisons; made conquests in Abyssinia, which was called from him the empire of Prester John; fl. in 8th century. Abiathar, di-bi'a-thar, a Jewish high-priest, son of Abimelech, who was killed by Saul; banished by Solomon. Abigail, ab'e-gale, wife of Nabal, and afterward of David, a wo- man of great personal charms and understanding. Abihu, ab-i’hoo, second son of Aaron, and who, with his bro. Na- dab, was struck dead for disregarding the divine injunctions. Abijah, a-bi'jah, king of Judah and son of Rehoboam. Defeated Jeroboam; reign began B. c. 958. Abildgaard, Philip Christian, ab'il-gord, a Danish physician and nat- uralist of the 18th century. Abinger, James Scarlett, Lord, ab'in-fer, an Eng. advocate. B. Ja- maica, 1769; d. Bury St. Edmunds, 1844. Abington, Frances, an Eng. comic actress of great celebrity, whose maiden name was Barton. B. 1731 or 1738; d. 1815. * Abiram, a Reubenite and the co-conspirator of Dathan and Korah against Moscs and Aaron. Abishai, ab-i-sha'i, bro. of Joab, and one of the most distinguished warriors of David's reign. Ablavius, ab-lai’ve-tts, a min. of state under Constantine the Great, and treacherously put to death by the son of that sovereign. Able, or Abel, Thomas, ai'bel, chaplain to Katharine of Aragon, whom he taught music and the languages; his attachment to his royal mistress brought him into great trouble; he suffered death for denying the king's supremacy, 1534. Abner, ab'ner, cousin of Saul, whom he served with great loyalty against David; murdered by Joab, 1048 B. c. Abney, Sir Thomas, ab'ne, an Eng. magistrate of London; lord mayor; director Bank of England. B. 1639; d. 1722. Aboughehel, d-boo'gai'hel, an Arabian idolator, and a bitter enemy to Mahomet. Abou Hanifah, a-boo-han'e-fa, son of Thabet, and esteemed among the Mussulmans for his exposition of their law, but persecuted for de- nying predestination. B. Coufa, A. D. 699; d. Bagdad, A. D. 767. Abou-Joseph, d-boo-jo-sef, a Mussulman doctor; first that had title of Kadhi al kodhat, or judge of the judges; fl. in caliphate of Haroun-al- Raschid. Aboulaina, d-boo-lai'na, a Mohammedan doctor, famous for his wit. Aboulfeda, or Abulfeda, a 'bool-fed'a, an eminent Arabian writer on geography and history, and a soldier and statesman. B. Damascus, in 1273 A. D.; d. 1331. About, Edmund Francois Valentin, a-boo, a French political writer. B. 14 Feb., 1828. Abrabanel, Isaac, d-bra-bd-nel, a learned rabbi, and a member of the council of Alfonso (or Alphonso) V., k, of Portugal. B. Lisbon, 1437; d. Venice, 1508. Abraham, ai'brd-ham, the patriarch, son of Terah, the idolator; cir- cumcision instituted. B. at Uz, A. M. 2004; d, about A. M. 2179. Abraham, Ben Chaila, a Jewish rabbi and astrologer that predicted the birth of the Messiah, but did not live to be disappointed by the non- fulfilment of his prophecy; fl. in Spain in 14th century. Abraham, a musician at Paris; composer of airs for the clarionet, and author of a method for the bassoon. D. 1805. Abraham-a-Sancta-Clara, a'bra-ham-a-sank'ta-kla'ra,altoman Cath. minister in Vienna. B. 1642; d. 1709. r-c Abraham, Usque, a Portuguese Jew; pub.,in conjunction with Tobias Athias, in 1553, a translation of the Bible into Spanish. Abrantes, d', Don Jose, da-bran'tes, a Portuguese politician. B. 1784; d. 1827. Abrantes, d', Andoche Junot, Duc. a Fr. gen.; distinguished himself at siege of Toulon, in 1793; gov. of Paris, 1So;; was in Spanish cam- paign, 1810, and that of Russia, 1812, becoming gov. of the Illyrian provinces. B. in France, 1771; d. 1813. Abrasdates, d-bras'dai'tes, k. of Susa, who, when his wife Panthea had been taken prisoner by Cyrus, and humanely treated, surrendered himself and his troops to the conqueror; he was killed in the first battle he undertook in the cause of Cyrus, and his wife stabbed herself on his corpse; Cyrus raised a monument on their tomb. Abrentius, ab-ren'she-tus, a man made gov. of Tarentum, by Hannibal; betrayed his trust to the enemy to gain the favor of a beautiful woman, whose brother was in the Roman army. Abresch, Frederick Louis, attö’resh, a Dutch critic and Greek scholar. B. Hamburg, 1699; d. Switzerland, 1784. Abrial, Joseph Andre, a-bre-al', a French politician. B. 1750; d. 1828. Abrosi, John, ab-ro'se', an Italian physician and astronomer that lived in beginning of the 16th century. Wh Abruzzo, Balthasar, ab’-rud-zo, a Sicilian philos. B. 1601; d. 1665. Abruzzo, Peter, a Neapolitan architect of the 17th century. Absalom, ab'sa-lom, son of David, who killed his brother-in-law, Amnon, for violating his sister Tamar. Slain by Joab B. c. 1030. Fa- mous for beauty and profusion of his hair. Def. in the attempt to dethrone his father. s s Absalon, or Axel, John, ab'sa-lon, archbishop of Lund in Denmark; founder of the city and castle of Copenhagen, and a warrior and states- man. B. 1128; d. 1201. =| * '-- | ~ £entius, ab-ste'me-us, an Italian writer, taught belles *es at Urbino; fl. in 16th century. Abt, Franz, apt, Ger" composer of music. B. 1819. s'ohammed, a'boo ab-di'ah mo-ham'ed, f. of party *sty of Almohades. B. about 1087; d. 1130. Abubaker, **-tt-be'ker, the successor of Mahomet, and first to as- *me title of caliph. D. 634. M.' ab-ude-hai-her, founder of sect Karmatians; an enemy of *mans; he plundered Mecca. D. 953. 'id Alghazali, a'boo ha'mid al-ga-za'lee, an Arabian minis- "d philosopher. B. about 1058; d. 11 11. Abu-Hayyan, a'boo hi-yan', an Arabian writer. B. 1256; d. 1314. £Abdallah, a'bool ab-bas' ab-dal'ah, first Islamite leader the Abbassides. B. about 720; d. 754. *el, ab'ul faize, vizier of Akbar, the Mogul emperor, and *ian, was assassinated 1602. History translated into English. *bulgasi-Bayatur, ab-ul-grai'se-ba-yat’tur, khan of the Tartars. Urgens, capital of Khorasan, 1605. D. 1663. *a-bu-lo'la, an Arabian poet. B. 973; d. 1057. Abumansur, an eminent Arabian astronomer and author, 9th and *oth centuries. Abumoslem, ab'tt-mos'lem, gov. of Khorasan, tr. caliphate fr, fam. of Ommiades to that of Abasides, which caused loss of 600,000 lives. About 747. le hi Abundance, John, a-bun'dans, a name assumed by a French poet that fl. in 16th century. I': a-bu-no'as, an Arabian poet that dwelt in the palace of *un-al-Raschid, with other poets. B. Bara, 762; d. 810. Abu-Obeidah, ab'u-o-bi'da, a companion of Mahomet. D. 639. s' Khan, ab'u-said:#an, the last sultan of the race of Genghis an. D. 1336. li £ Mirza, ab'u-said-mer'za, served in army of Uleg Beg; set '' : himself in 1450; greatly extended his dominions; killed *buteman, surnamed Altayi, ab'u-te-man, the prince of the Arabian Poets. B. 842, or 846; at Yasem, near Damascus. *bydenus,abi-danus, author of the history of the Chaldeans and byssinians. p' 4-kai'se-us, a bishop of Amida, on the Tigris; sold the #. O his church to ransom 7,ooo Persian slaves, and sent them to their "g. D. in the 5th century. t'. surnamed Monophthalmus, from having lost an eye, was S *iple and suc. of Eusebius, bishop of Caesarea; founder of a ect called Acaciani; wrote life of Eusebius. D. about 365. In £ a martyr in the persecution of Darius. Another by that patriarch of Antioch, A. D. 45S. A third, famous rhetorician that fl. time of emp. Julian. ...'. 4-ka-de'mus, or Ecademus, an Athenian, whose house 1S *pied as a philosophical school in the time of Theseus, he *his name to three sects called Academics. - ...' **a, bishop of Hexham, in Northumberland; author of a ork called “ Suffering of Saints.” D. 740. C £ Renato, ak-ke-a-e-o-le, a Florentine that conquered Athens, and part of Baetia; fl. beginning of 14th century. Acciaioli, Donato, a noble and learned Florentine and disciple of £: who fl. in the 15th century, wrote a commentary on W ics of Aristotle, and translated some of the “Lives of Plutarch;” rote life of Charlemagne. D. Milan, 1478. Accius, Lucius, ak-ke-us, a Latin tragic poet; native of Pisaurum; fl. about 170 B.C. Accius Tullius, prince of the Volsci, a determined enemy of the "s, and to whom Coriolanus fled for refuge. £ Benedict, ac-cop-te, secy. to the state of Florence, wrote his- : the holy war. printed at Venice, in 1532, that was consulted by cis, a : the composition of his “Jerusalem Delivered.” B. 1455. Fran- ab. t £r of Benedict, was called the prince of lawyers; d. very rich, the £ Benedict, a cardinal, related to the preceding, was called *o of his age. B. 1497; d. 1549. c£ Francis, ak-kor'-so, prof. of law at Bologna; reduced the *gests, and Institutes into one system. B. Florence, 1182; d. to Accorso, Mariangelo, a learned Neapolitan that was very industrious in collecting ancient manuscript; pub, some works; fl. 16th century. Accumpixtli, ak' tim-pix'-tle, first king of the ancient Mexicans, a legislator, and the founder of the capital of his kingdom. D. 1420. Aceratus, ak-er-a-tus, a soothsayer of Delphi, that alone remained when the approach of Xerxes frightened away the inhabitants. Acesius, a-ke'-se-tis, bishop of Constantinople in the time of Constan- tine, who, on account of his rigid doctrine, said to him, “Make a ladder for yourself, Acesius, and go up to heaven alone;” fl. in 3d century. Acestor, surnamed Sagas, a tragic poet at Athens, and contemporary of Aristophanes. Also a sculptor of Cnassus, mentioned by Pausanias. Ach, or Achen, John van, ak, eminent in historical and portrait print- ing. D. 1621. Achaeus, a-kee'us, son of Xuthus, and gr.-son of Helen. terity took country of Ionians and called it Achaia. Achaemenus, d-kee'men-us, a k. of Persia among the progenitors of Cyrus the Great. Achalen, ak’ai-len, a sovereign of the northern Britons, that fled to Wales when he lost his territory. R. 6th century. Achan, 4%-an,the son of Carmi, of the tribe of Judah, stoned to death for his covetousness at the taking of Jericho. Achard, Francois Charles, a'kar, chemist, and among first that pro- posed to extract sugar from beet-root. Achards, Eleazer, a-kar, bishop of Avignon; during the plague, he performed the offices of charity and religion. B. Avignon, 1679; d. Cochin, 1741. Achates, a-kai-tees, a friend of AEneas, whose fidelity was so ex- emplary that fidus Achates (the faithful Achates) became a proverb. Achelous, a'ke-lo-us, the son of Oceanus and Terra, or Tethys, god of the river of the same name in Epirus; entered lists against Hercules for Dejanira, dau. of AEneas, and being inferior, changed himself into a serpent, and afterward into an ox. Hercules broke off one of his horns, and Achelous being defeated, retired into his bed of water. The broken horn was given to the goddess of Plenty. Achillini, Alexander, a-kil-le'ne, a philosopher and physician of Bo- logna, said to have discovered the hammer and anvil, two small bones in the organ of hearing. B. 1463; d. 1512. - Achilles, a-killes, a heroic Grecian gen, engaged in the siege of Troy; k. Hector, Trojan champion, and was then shot in the heel and k. 1184 B. C. Achmet I., ak'met, emp. of the Turks, suc, his f. Mahomet III., in 1603; engaged in war with the Germans, assisted by the famous Beth- lehem Gabor. B. 1588; d. 1617. A. II. was a fecble ruler; his empire suffered at the hands of the Imperialists, the Venetians, and even the Arabs. B. about 1645; d. 1695. A. III. sheltered Charles XII. of Swe- den; declared war vs. the Russians; waged war vs. Venetians; def. in his attack on IIungary, 1716; dethroned in 1730. D. in prison. Acilius Glabrio, M., chosen to defend people's rights at Rome, con- quered Antiochus at Thermopylae; fl. A. U. c. 553. Ackermann, Conrad, d'Áer-man, founder of mod. Ger, thea. D. 1771. Acosta, Uriel, an extraordinary man of experiences, of Oporto. He suffered on account of his sentiments, was publicly scourged, shot himself 1640. Acron, a Sicilian Dr. that expelled the plague fr. Athens by burning perfumes. Fl. B. c. 439. Actaeus, dk-tee’tts, a powerful person that made himself master of a part of Greece, which he called Attica. Actia, ak'te—a, the mother of Augustus. Acusilaus and Damagetus, ak-u-se-lai'us, two brothers, conquerors at the Olympic games. Ada, ai'da. w. of Aidricus, and sister to Q. Artemisia; suc. to the throne of Caria, but was expelled by her younger brother, when she re- tired to Alindae, which she gave up to Alexander, after adopting him as her son. Adair, Sir Robert, Eng. statesman, negotiated treaty of the Darda- nelles, 1Soo. B. London 1763; d. 1855. Adalard, or Adelard, d-d-à-lar, cousin-german of Charlemagne; founded the abbey of New Corbie, in Saxony. B. about 753; d. 826. Adalbercri, bishop of Laon, that contributed to the success of the revolution that placed Hugh Capet on the throne, by betraying his His pos- "-__ -—9 * - – w o " BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 209 T-_ 1229. rival, Charles of Lorraine, into his hands. ©-e- up- * --->|r. | | 2 IO Adalbert, St., ad" al-bert, archb. of Prague. Murdered by a pagan priest in 10th century. It is said that Boleslaus, prince of Poland, ransomed the body of this archbishop with its weight in gold. Adam, adam, father of mankind, expelled from Eden for eating for- bidden fruit; created 4004 B. c.; after exile fr. Paradise he lived 930 years. Adam, Adolphe Charles, a Fr. composer. First opera, “Peter and Catherine.” B. Paris, 1803; d. 1856. Adam, Thomas, an English divine. B. Leeds, 1701; d. Wintring- ham, 1784. Adam, William, an English lawyer, M. P. B. 1757; d. 1839. Adams, Charles Francis, ad'ams, son of the preceding Am. pres., ed. at St. Petersburg and London and grad. at Harvard; min. St. James. B. Boston, 1807. Adams, John, federalist, 2d pres. United States; educated at Har- vard, 1751-5; bar in 1758; on com. to prepare Dec. of Independence; amb. to Fr.; 1st min. to Gt. B.; vice-pres. B. at Braintrec, Mass.; d. 4 July, 1826, aged 50. Adams, John Quincy, 6th pres. United States, national republican and abolit.; educated at Harvard; amb, to Berlin, cong. of Vienna, and ct. St. James. B. Boston; d. Washington, 1848, aged 81. Adams, Samuel, gov. of Mass., Am. revolutionist. B. Boston; d, 1So?, aged 81. Adamson, Patrick, dd" am-sun, a Scotch prelate; wrote a Latin poem on the birth of James VI. for which he was arrested at Paris, and con- fined for six months. B. Perth, 1543; d. 1591. Adanson, Michael, da'an-sun, French naturalist of Scotch extraction. ardent philanthropist. B. at Aix, 1727; d. Paris, 1806. Addington, IIenry, 1st Viscount Sidmouth, an English statesman. B. 1757; d. 1844. Addison, Joseph, became eminent for his Latin poctry, author of “Spectator,” “Letter to Lord Halifax,” etc. B. Milston, 1672; d. Holland House, 1719. Adelaide, Amelia Louisa Teresa Caroline, wife of William IV. and queen of England. D. 1849, aged 57, Adelard, ad’ e-lar, a monk of Bath, that traveled into Egypt and Arabia, and translated the “Elements of Euclid” out of Arabic into Latin, before any Greek copies of that celebrated work had been dis- covered; fl. 12th century. Adelung, Johann Christoph, da”-e-lung, a universal linguist. D. Dresden, 1806, aged 74. Adhad-Eddoulat, ad'ha-ed'doo-la, Persian emperor that greatly en- larged his territories, took Bagdad 977; friend of lit. and poetry. D. 982. Adhelme, da-helm, abbot of Malmesbury, 1st bish. of Sherborne, 1st Englishman to write Latin and introduce poetry in Eng. D. 709, can- onized. Adler, Jacob George, ad” ler, a Danish orientalist and philosopher. B. 1755; d. 1SoS. Adler, Philip, a Ger, engraver. B. 1484; date of death unknown. Adolphati, a-dol-fa'te, It mu. composer, two kinds of time-one of two notes and the other of three-in the same air. Adolphus, Count of Cleves, d-dollfus, instituted the Ordcr of Fools, 13So, that consisted of the principal noblemen of Cleves, and which has long since ceased to exist. Adolphus, Count of Massau; elected emperor Ger. in 1292; defeated and slain 1298, by Albert of Austria. Adolphus Frederick II., of Holstein Gottorp, k of Sweden; insti- tuted at Tornea, Lapland, an acad. of inscription and belles-lettres. D. 1771, aged 61. Adolphus, G., a warlike duke of Holstein, and son of Frederic, k. of Denmark. B. 1526; d. 1586. Adolphus, John, d-dol"fus, Eng. lawyer, ready speaker, historian. D. 1845, aged 75. Adoni-bezek, ad-o ni-be’zek, king of Bezek, in Canaan; a cruel prince that had his thumbs and great toes cut off by the tribes of Judah and Simeon, after they had defeated him in a great battle. D. Jerusa- lem, B. c. 1443. Adonijah, ad” o-ni'ja, 4th son of King David, by Haggith; aimed at his father's crown, but Solomon was made k. of Israel, when Adoni- jah fled to the tabernacle for safety, B. c. 1015. - BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. Adrammelech, ad-ram'e-lek, a son of Sennacherib, k. of Assyria. Slain by his sons, B. c. 713. Adrastus, dal-rds’tus. There are many of this name in ancient his- tory, the most remarkable of whom is the son of Talaus and Lysimache, and who was k. of Argos; marched against Thebes with an army led by seven of his most famous generals; all perished in the war except Ad- rastus, who, with a few men, fled to Athens, and asked aid of Thescus against the Thebans. Theseus went to his assistance and was victorious. Adrastus reigned long, and died of grief at the death of his son AEgialus. Adriam, Marie, a-dre-am, a woman that, at the age of 16, defended her native town of Lyons during its siege, in 1793, by the French army of the Convention; at the end of the siege she was arrested and execu- ted with many others. Adrian, Publius AElius, ai'dre-an, Roman emperor; a traveler; built wall to protect Rom. from Chaledonians; perscuted Christians. D. Baiae, 138, aged 62. s Adrian I., a Rom. patrician; elected pontificate in 772; favored image worship. D. 795. Adrian II., made pope in 867; artful and intriguing. D. 872. Adrian III., a Roman; raised to popedom in 8S4. D. 885. Adrian IV., only Englishman raised to the papal chair. B. at Lang- ley, near St. Albans; d., supposed of poison, 1159. Adrian V, ascended papal throne in 1276; d. 38 days after. B. at Genoa. Adrian VI., a Dutchman of Utrecht; elected pope in 1522. D. 1523, aged 64. - Adriani, Giovanni Battista, a-dre-a'nee, an Italian historian. B. 1513; d. 1579. Adriano, a-dre-a'no, a Spanish painter. D. 1630. Aduarte, Diego, ad-war'ta, or a-doo-ar'ta, a Spanish historian. B. about 1570; d. 1637. 2Egeus, e-je’us, k. of Athens, son of Pandion. AEgean Sea is sup- posed to be named after him; reigned 48 years. D. B. c. 1235. 2Eginhard, effin-hard, Ger. secy. of Charlemagne; beloved by Emma, dau. of C., who carried him thro. snow fr. her chamber to prevent his being traced by his footsteps; being seen by her father, however, C. conscnted to their union. 2Elius, Saturnius, a Rom. satirist; thrown from the Tarpeian Rock for writing verses against Tiberius. 2Elst, William van, It., eelst, nephew of Everhard AElst, both paint- ers. Latter b. at Delft, 1602; d. 1658; former b. Delft, 1620; d. 1679. 2Emilianus, C. Julius, e-mil/e-ai'nus, rose fr. low station to be emp. of Rome; r. 4 mos.; k., 253, in 46th year by his own soldiers. 2Emilius. Paulus, Rom. gen.; consul; com. armies vs. Perseus, lc. of Mac., whom he captured, togther with k of Illyria, ally of P. D. B. c. 160. 2Eneas, e-ne'ds, Trojan prince, son of Anchises and goddess of Venus; hero of T. war; Troy being in flames, he carried his f. on his shoulders, led his son by hand, his w, following. 2Epinus, Francis Maria Ulric Theodore, e-pi'nus, first to see affinity bet. elec. and magnetism to full extent. B. Rostock, Low. Sax, 1724; d. Dorpat, Livonia, 1802. Aertsen, or Aartsen, Pieter, art'sen, a Dutch painter. B. 1519; d. about 1573. AEschines, e's-ki-nees, con. with and rival of Demosthenes. B. Ath ens B. c. 393; d. Samos, 317. 2Eschylus, e'ski-lus, father of the Athenian drama; tragic poet. B. .Athens B. c. 525; d. in Sicily in his 69th year. 2Esculapius, e-skit-lai'e-us, father of medicine; his dau. Hygeia was worshiped as goddess of health. AEsop, e'sop, fable writer; contemporaneous with Solon and Pisistra tus. B. Phrygia as a slave B. c. 570. Aesopus, Clodius, e-sopus, a Roman tragedian. Fl. in first cen tury B. C. Aetius, a-e'shi-us, a Roman soldier. B. about 396; d. 454. Affo, Ireneo, af'o, an Italian historian and antiquarian. B. 1741; d. about 1800. Affre, Denis Auguste, af’r, an archbishop of Paris. B. 1793; d. 1848. * Africanus, Julius, df re-cai'nus, Christian writer; fl. 3d century. f *fricanus, Sextus Caecilius, a Roman jurist and writer on Roman law. w£ af "&ag, k. of Amalekites, who attacked Israelites when they **ing out of Egypt; he was cut to pieces in Gilgal. ...'on. ag'a-mem'non, k, of Argos; com. of Greeks in siege *oy, but murdered on his return by his w. and her adulterer. £e. Antoine Michel, a gar', a Fr. financial manager. B. 1771; £ Karl Adolf, a gard, a Swedish naturalist. B. 1785; d. 1859; ish : Louis, d'gas-se, distinguished French naturalist. B. par- d. s: 'Mottier, near Lake Neufchatel, Switzerland, May 28, 1So?; l Agathocles, ag-atho'clees, Sicilian tyrant; caused the massacre of 4,900 nobles and first citizens; r. 28 years. D. B. c. 2SQ. Agathon, a'za-thon, a pope. B. Palermo; d. 682. Agesilaus, a/-ese'-lat'us, k. of Sparta; during his reign Lycurgus *tuted his famous laws; r. B. c. 850. *ilaus, k, of Sparta; war against Artaxerxes, k, of Persia, with *ccess; def. enemies at Coronea; r. 36 years. D. 362 B. c. s' I., dj'e-sip'o-lis, k. of Lacedaemon; gained victory over £ r. 14 years; succeeded by bro. Cleombrotus, B. c. 3So. Sll sias, ar'e-as, Lacedaemonian soothsayer; foretold to Lysander his ** at Ægospotamos and destruction of Athenian fleet. *ier, Pierre Jean, a zhea', a Fr. jurist. B. 1748; d. 1823. | Agis, aijees, suc. his f., Eurysthenes, as k. of Sparta; was suc. by **on Echestgatus, 1058 m. c. s *rt, king of Sparta; compelled Athenians to restore freedom to **k cities; r. 427 to 397 B. c. Agis III., k, of Sparta; son of K. Archidamus III.; fell fighting facedonians, B. C. 33 I. *elli, Jacopo, an:yewee, an It. Jesuit and author. B. 1701; d. 1798. Agnello, Andrea, na-yell'o, Ravenna historian and abbot. Fl. in 9th century. in G Agnes, St., ag'nez, a Roman martyr. B. about 290; d. 303. *gnesi, Maria Gaetana, an-ye'se, illus. It lady; appointed professor h "ath. Univer. of Bologna by Pp. Benedict XIV. B. Milan, 1718; d. about 1799. * *gnolo, Baccio d’, ba-che-o-dan'yo'lo, a Florentine wood engraver "d architect. B. Fiorence, 1460; d. 1543. I'. d'Marie Catherine Sophie de Flavigny, countess, da-goo', a *: author. B. 1805; d. 1876. Agresti, Livio da Forli, a-gres' tee, an Italian painter. D. about 1580. Agricola, Cnaeus Julius, ag-rik'o-la, Rom. com., who long waged ** against Britons; gov. Aquitania in Gaul; consul with Domitian. 37; d. Rome A. D. 93. *icola, Georg, a Ger, mineralogist. B. about 1490; d, 1555. Agricola, John, author of antinomianism; friend of Luther. B. *isleben, 1403; d. Berlin, 1566. Agricola, Rodolphus, first introduced Greek language into Germany. cw Test. into language of that country. D. 1556. Agrippa, Henry Cornelius, Fr. phys, and astrologer of varied expe- riences. B. Cologne, 1486; d. Grenoble, 1535. ti *ippa I, IIerod, grandson of Herod the Great, king of Judea in " of Augustus Caesar; pers. Christians; put St. James, the apostle, to death. D. 43 A. D. Agrippa II. Herod, son of A. I.; king; St. Paul pleaded before lm. D. Rome A• D. 94. e'. Marcus Vipsanius, friend of Augustus; accused Cassius to d £ dist. in naval battle at Actium; honored by a naval crown; : Pantheon to Jupiter to commem. his victory at A. B. about 63; ‘" Campania 12 B. c. J.' ag-rip-e'na, the elder; dau. of Marcus Agrippa and A. : *nd the wife of Germanicus Caesar; starved herself to death * * 33. '. the younger; dau. of Germanicus, sister of Caligula, and h • O Nero, poisoned her third hus. to make way for Nero, who had * killed A. D.60. w£ Viapsani, dau. of Marcus A. and Marcella, and divorced * of Emperor Tiberius. d '. Alexandre Maria, a.gwa'do, Sp. financial manager; B. 1784; * 2. #= .. *icola, Machael, Luth. min. at Abo in Finland; first to translate Aguesseau, Henry Francis d’, a-gwes'so, chancellor of Fr.; author; loved to read Scripture daily. B. Limoges, 1668; d. Paris, 1751. Aguilar, Grace, an Eng. Jewish author. B. 1816; d. 1847. Ahab, ai'hab, k, of Israel; incited to impieties by his w. Jezebel; r. 22 years. D. 89S B, C, Slain by an arrow in war with Syrians. Ahasuerus, 4-has-tt-eer'us, Persian king; extravagant modes of life recorded in Esther; r. about 515 B. c. Ahaz, ac'haz, k of Judea; tributary to Assyrian k.; r. 16 years. D. 726, aged 36. Ahaziah, d-ha-zi'ah, k, of Israel; son of Alhab. D. 896 B. c. Another of same name, k, of Judah, slain by Jehu, about 884 B. c. Ahio, a-hi'o, with his bro. Uzzah, brought the ark to Jerusalem from house of Abinadab. Ahlwardt, Christian Wilhelm., al/vart, a Ger. professor of science. B. 1760; d. 1830. Ahlwardt, Peter, a Ger. speculative scientist. B. 1710; d. 1791. AhRwardt, Theodore Wilhelm, a Ger. versed in Eastern literature, , etc. B. 1828. Ahmed Khan, a'med kan, first of Moguls that professed Mahomet anism; put to death A. D. 1234. Ahmed Shah el Abdlay, a'med sha el ab'da-le, f. of kingdom of Cabal and Candahar; defeated Mahrattas, 1761; sov. of Indian empire. D. 1773. Ahn, John Franz, a Ger. scholar and grammarian. B. 1796; d. 1865. Ahrendt or Arents, Martin Frederick, a'rent, one of the greatest antiquarians. B. Holstein; d. near Vienna, 1824. Ahrens, Heinrich, a’-rens, a Ger, writer and jurist. B. 1SoS. Albek-Azad-ed-Din, 'bek a'zed-ed-deen', an Egyptian sultan. D. 1257. Aignan, Etienne, anyon', a Fr. republican author. B. 1773; d. 1824. Aiguebere, John Dumas, ag'ber', Fr. playwriter. B. 1692; d. 1755. Aiguillon, d'Armand de Vignerot-Duplessis-Richelieu, Duc. da'ge'- yon', Fr. head minister of gov. B. 1720; d. 1788. Aikin, John, M. D., at'kin, eminent Eng. phys. and pop. author; “Evenings at Home.” B. 1747; d. Stoke Newington, 1822. Ailly, Peter d', dai'le, b. of Campray; condemned John Huss to the stake. B. Compiegne, 1350; d. 1420. - Aime-Martin, Louis, a-ma-mar'tan, a Fr. writer. B. 1781; d. 1847. Ainmuller, Maximilian Emanuel, in 'muler, a Ger artist. B. 1807; d. 1870. Aainslie, Hew, anxli, a Scottish-American poet. B. 1792. Ainsworth, Robert, best known by his “Dictionary, Latin and Eng. lish.” B. at Lancashire, 1660; d. London, 1743. Ainsworth, William Harrison, writer of popular novels. B. 1Sos. Airy, George Biddell, ar'i, an English math., versed in astronomy. B. 1Sor. Aiton, William, a’-ton, a Scottish scholar and nat. B. 1731; d. 1793. Ajax, aijax, brave champion among the Greeks in the Trojan war; despiser of the gods. Akbah, ak’bah, Saracen conq. nor. coast of Africa, about 7oo. An- other Akbah, or Akbar, ek'bar, was sultan of the Moguls. D. 1605. aged 63. W Aikenside, Mark, ai'ken-side, Eng. poet and phys. B. Newcastle-on Tyne, 1721; d. London, 1770. Akerblad, John David, o'ker-blad, a Swedish antiquarian and orien- talist. B. 1760; d. 1819. Akers, Benjamin Paul, a-kerz, an American sculptor. B. 1825; d. 1S61. Alacoque, Marguerite Marie, a-la-kok', a Fr. nun. B. 1647; d. about 1690. Aladdin, Arab, a-lad'in, organized the Janizaries; fl. about 1370. Alainde Lille, a'ldn'deh le", Fr. divine. B. 1114; d. about 1203. Alanson, Edward, al/an-sou, an English surgeon and physician. B. 1747; d. 1823. Alarcon, de, Hernando, da a-lar-kon', a Sp. navigator and explorer of the California coast; flourished about 1540. Alarcon y Mendoza, de Don Juan Ruiz, da a-lar-kon'e men-do'tha, Sp. Mexican writer of poetry. B. about 1600; d. 1639. Alard, Francis a'lart', a Prot. theologian. D. 1578. Alaric I., k, of Visigoths, who, bet. 376 and 410, overran Europc, and took and sacked Rome. D. 410. Alaric II., k, of Visigoths, more pacific spirit than A. I., slain in battle fought with Clovis, k. of Fr., near Poictiers in 507. --~~ -W- BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 2 II "- | r 2 I 2 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. Alasco, John, a-las'ko, a Pol. radical. B. 1499; d. 1560. Alava, d', Miguel Ricardo, da/la-va, a Sp. gen. and politician. B. 1771; d. 1843. Albani, Francis, al-ba'ne, It. painter; his second wife and children stood as models for his Venuses and Cupids; they were beautiful. B. Bologna, 1578; d. 1660. - Alban, St., al/ban, the first Christian martyr of Gt. B. D. in persecu- tion under Diocletian, 303. Albans, St., John of, sant-awl'banz, an Eng. philosopher, theologian, and physician. D. about 1253. Albategni, al/ba-ten/ye, an Ar. astron., first to substitute sines for chords, and, probably, determined length tropical year. B. Baten, Mesopotamia; d. 929. Albemarle, Arnold van Keppel, Earl of, al'be-marl. B. 1669; d. 1718. Albemarle, George Monk, duke of, a"be-marl, gov. Dublin; it.-gen. army in Scotland. B. Potheridge, Devonshire, 1608; d. 1670. Alber, Erasmus, al’ber, a Ger, poet and Prot, minister. D. 1553, Albergati Capacelli, d’ Francesco, dal-ber-ga'tee ka-pa-chel'ee, an It play-writer. B. about 1729; d. 1So!. Alberoni, Giulio, al-ba-ro'nee, a Spanish statesman. B. 1664; d. 1752. Albers, Johann Friedrich IIermann, al/bers, a Ger, doctor. B. 1Sos; d. 1867. Albert, a sovereign of Saxony. B. 1828. Albert I., al’bert, duke of Austria, and after emperor of Germany; was son of Rudolph of Hapsburg, who fought Austrian imp. dynasty. Assas., 130S. Albert II., emperor of Germany; mild and popular. B. 1397; d. 1439. Albert, archduke of Austria, 6th son of emp. Maximilian II.; took Ostend; 12 yrs. truce with Dutch. B. 1559; d. 1621. Albert. k. of Sweden, suc. Magnus II.; taken pris. by Margaret, q. of Norway. D. 1412 at Mecklenburg. Albert, the warlike, marq. of Brandenburg-Culmbach; called the Alcibiades of Ger. on ac. of his beauty. B. 1522; d. 1558. Albert, margrave of Brandenburg; first duke of Prussia; grand mas- ter of Teutonic order; waged war with Sigismund, k, of Poland. B. 1490; d. 1568. Albert, Prince, Albert Francis Charles Emmanuel, prince of Saxe- Coburg-Gotha, and consort of Q. Victoria; exemplary char. B. 1819; d. 14 Dec., 1861. Albert Edward, p. of Wales, and heir-app. to the Brit. throne; colonel; visited Am. in 1860; mar. Princess Alexandra of Denmark. B. Buck. pal. Nov. 9, 1841. Alberti, Johann, al-ber'fee, a Dutch scholar and writer. B. 1698; d. 1762. Alberti, Leon Battista, an It, author and architect. B. 1404; d. 1472. Alberti, Solomon, cel. Ger. anatomist. B. Naumburg, 1540, aged 60. Albertini, von Johann Baptist, fon al-ber-tee'nee, a Ger. Mor, church dignitary. B. 1769; d. 1831. Albertinus, AEgidius, al-ber-ti'nus, a Ger. satirical writer. B. 1560; d. 1620. Albertus Magnus, the great learned Dominican, vicar-gen. and prov. of his order; bish. of Ratisbon; magician. B. Suabia, 1205; d. Co- logne, 1280. Albicus, Sigismundus, al-bi'kus, a physician and church dignitary of Prague. D. 1427. Albini, Franz Joseph, al-bee'nee, a Ger. statesman. B. 1748; d. 1816. Albinus, Bernhard Siegfried, al-bee/noos, a Ger. physician and anat- omist. B. about 1696; d. 1770. Albinus, al-bi'nus, a Rom. gen. ; made gov. of Britain by Commodus; def. and head cut off by Emp. Severus, A. D. 197. Albizzi, Bartolommeo, al-bet'see, a Tuscan author. D. 1401. Albo, Jose, al’bo, a Spanish author. D. 1428. Alboin, al/-boin, k. of Lombardy; assas. in his chamber in 573; a Wretch. Alboni, Marietta, al-bo'nee, an It. vocalist. B. 1824. Albornoz, de, Alvarez Carillo, da al-bor-noth’, politician, cardinal and archbishop of Toledo. B. 1300; d. 1367. - Albrecht, Friedrich Rudolph, al/brekt, an Austrian general and soldier. B. 1817. Albrecht, Wilhelm, a prominent Ger, farmer. B. 1786; d. 1848. Albret, Jeanne d', didn'dal'bray, q. of Navarre. B. 1528; d. 1572. Albrici, Vincenzo, al-bree'chee, an It. musician. Fl. about 1670. Albrizzi, Isabella Teotochi, Countess, al-āret/see, an It. writer. B. 1770; d. 1836. Albumazar, al-boo-ma'zar, an astronomer of Arabia. B. about 776; d. SS5. Albuquerque, Alphonzo d', al/bit-kerke, famous Portugese com.; captured Ormus. D. Goa, 1515, aged 63. * Alcaeus, al-see'us, a Grecian poet. Flourished about 611 B. c. Alcaforada, Marianna, al-ka-fo-ra'da, a Portuguese virgin. Fl. about 1662. Alcamenes, al-ka-me'nes, k, of Sparta, known by his apopthegms, r. 37 yrs. IIelots rebelled. Lived 900 B. c. Alcamenes, a Greek sculptor, disc. and rival of Phidias, one of the three greatest, Polycletus being the 3d., fl. 5th cen. B. c. Alciati, Andrea, al-cha'tee, an It, scholar and jurist. B. 1492; d. 1550. Alcibiades, al-se-bi'a-dees, son of Clinias, an Athenian sol., disciple of Socrates; k in his 46th yr., 404 B. c., after perpetual difficulties. Alcman, al'man, a poetry-writer of Sparta. FI. about 670 B. c. Alcock, John, awl"kok, an Eng. composer of music. B. 1715; d. 1806. Alcott, Amos Bronson, awl"kot, Am. teacher and phil. B. 1799. Louisa May, his dau., author. B. 1833. Alcott, William Alexander, an Am. educator and physician. B. 1798; d. 1859. Alcuin, Flaccus Albinus, al'kwin, an Eng. doctor of theology. B. about 725; d. Sot. Aldegrever, Heinrich, al"deh-gra-ver, a German artist. B. 1502; d. about 1562. Alden, John, awl"den, a Pilgrim. B. 1599; d. 1687. Alderete, de Bernardo, da al-da-ra'ta, a Spanish writer. B. 1550. Aldini, Giovanni, al-dee'nee, an It. scholar and physicist. B. 1762; d. 1843. Aldobrandini, Ippolito, al/do-bran-de'ne, Pp., as Clement VIII. Aldobrandini, Silvestro, al/do-bran-de'ne, an Italian judge. B. 1499; d. 155S. # Aldrich, Henry, aw/dritch, an Eng. logician and doctor of theology. B. 1647; d. 1710. Aldrich, Thomas Bailey, an Am. author. B. 1836. Aldridge, Ira, awl/drij, an Am. actor. B. 1804; d. 1867. Aldringer, Johann, alt'ring -er, an Austrian commander. D. 1634. Aldrovandi, Ulysses, al-dro-van'dee, an It. nat. B. 1524; d. 1607. Aldrovandini, Pompeo Agostino, al-dro-van-dee'nee, an Italian art- ist. B. 1677; d. 1739. Aleandro, Girolamo, a-la-an'dro, an It. scholar. B. 1480; d. 1542. Aleandro, Girolamo, the younger, an It. writer of poetry. B. 1574; d. 1629. Aleman, Louis, al"e-man, Fr. politician. B. 1390; d. about 1450. Aleman, Mateo, a-la-man', a Spanish author. Flourished about 16th century. Alemanni, Luigi, a'la-man'ee, an It, author. B. 1495; d. 1556. Alembert, d’, John Le Rond, da-lam'bair, a Fr. phil. and math., law. solved precession of equinoxes; secy. French acad. B. Paris 1717; d. 1783. Alencon, Francois, a-len’son, Duke of Anjou and Berri; lover of Q. Elizabeth of England. B. 1554; d. 1584. * Alexander, al'ex-an'der. There were 3 kings of Egypt, 2 of Epirus, 3 of the Jews, 3 of Macedon, 2 of Syria, 3 of Scotland, besides minor potentates, and S popes of this name. Alexander, Archibald, an Am. clergyman and writer. B. 1772; d. 1851, aged 79. Alexander, Sir James Edward, author and soldier. B. 1803. Alexander, Joseph Addison, Presbyterian D. D. and writer of re- ligious commentaries; son of Archibald Alexander. B. Philadelphia, 1Soo; d. Princeton, N.J., 1860. Alexander, James Waddel, eldest bro. of Joseph Addison, also a D. D., and editor of religious paper in Philadelphia, 1831. D. 1859, aged 55. Alexander, k. of Poland, suc, his bro. John Albert in 1501. D. 1506, aged 45. Alexander Nevskoi, grand duke of Russia, and saint of Gr. church. B. Vladimir about 1219; d. Kassimeow, 1263; canonized. ~ #== --- "---— Alexander I., cmperor of Russia; def. by Fr. at Austerlitz and *iedland; disas, retreat of Napoleon, peace of Europe by Holy Alli. ance. B. 1777; d. Taganrog, 1825. s Alexander II, emperor of Russia, lost Sebastopol through the al- lied powers, Turk., Eng., Fr., and Sardinia, 8th Sept., 1855; abolition * serfdom; acquired ter. in Asia, war with Turkey. B. 1818. Alexander, Stephen, an Am. prof. of astronomy; written many valu- able articles on this subject. B. New York, 1806. Alexander, Severus, a Rom. emperor possessed of many virtues; nurdered in his tent, 235. B. in Phoenicia, 208. Alexander III, the Great, son of Philip, k of Macedonia; Achilles was his model; destroyed the liberties of Greece; marched into Thrace and made several conquests; on the revolt of Thebes, he returned and took that city by storm, putting many of the inhabitants to death; next turned his arms against Darius Codomannus, k, of Persia, and at age of * crossed the Hellespont, with an army of about 40,000 men, easily de- feating the Asiatic myriads at the Granicus and Issus, and pursued Da- *s to death; at Gordium he cut the famous knot on which the fate of Asia was said to depend; after destroying the illustrious Phoeni- *ns and Tyrians, with atrocities never surpassed, he visited the oasis of Ammon, passing to Babylon, and thence to India, wasting life on *Very side, for the lust of conquest; marched to Jerusalem, bestowing liberal presents on the Jews; subdued Egypt, and founded Alexandria; Darius, being defeated at Arbela, the fate of Asia was decided, 331 B. * after which Susa and Persepolis were taken. Inflated by his suc- *sses, he fancied himself a god, and died either of poison or drunken- *ss, at Babylon, in 323, in his 33d year. His generals seized his con- Quests, and destroyed his mother and children; having disturbed the World, he left it in a disorder that led to a century of crimes and bloody "evolutions, while the only benefit was the establishment of the first Ptolemies in Egypt. He had four wives. B. at Pella, 356 B.C. Alexander, William, son of James Alexander, of Scotland, claimed the title of Earl of Sterling; major-general in the American war for in- *pendence. B. New York, 1726; d. 1783. Alexis, or Alexei, Michaelowitch, mi’kel-o-vitch, son of Michael, * of Russia; asc. throne 1645 at age 16. B. Moscow, 1630; d. 1676. *exis II, Comnenus, surnamed Porphyrogenitus, portff-roxgen'e- **, suc. to throne of Constantinople, 1180. Murdered by Andronicus. *lexis III., Angelus, emp. of the East; dethroned his brother and Put out his eyes; he in turn was dethroned and punished. Alexis IV., assoc. with his father, Isaac, in gov. of East; was de- Posed and put to death, 1204. *exis v., usurped the throne of Constantinople; was killed by the Crusaders, in 1264, after a reign of only three months. I :* Charles, d!’-in, a poetical writer of English history. D. about *lfieri, Vittorio, Count, al-fe-a'-re, It. poet; founded the Italian School of tragedy. B. Asti, Piedmont, 1749; d. Florence, 1803. Alfonso, Alphonso, or Alonso, alfon-zo, the name of many sover- *gns of different states of Iberian peninsula. Some are- - *onsor., k, of the Asturias, def. the Moors. D. 757. II. of Leon, Castile, and Asturias, the Chaste; married but left no offspring. D. 842. III., the Great, asc. to the throne of Asturias at the age of 18; def. the Moors. D. at Zamora, 910. IV., of Leon and Castile, the Monk, ab- dicated. D. 942. V., came to crown of Leon in 909 in his 5th year; Cordova conquered and Leon rebuilt; k., siege of Visen, 1028. VI., of Leon and Castile, named the Valiant; took Toledo from the Moors; as- surned the title of emperor of Spain; Peter the Hermit began to preach first crusade; begin. of kgd, of Portugal. D. at Toledo, 1109. VIII., the Emperor; wars vs. Moors, victory at Jaen; began alliance between ** and Sp. crowns. D. 1157. IX., fought the Moors. D. 1230. X., the Learned, king of Leon and Cas., “Alphonsine Tables.” I. 1203; d. 1284. XI., suc. his father Ferdin., and 4th on throne of Leon and Cas., took *lgesiras and Tarifa from the Moors. D. 1350. Called the Avenger. Alfonso I., ordinarily the VII., of Leon and Castile, the Fighter; cap. Tudela; def. emp. Morocco; 29 battles. K. 1134. III., of Aragon, £ throne 1285; freest constitution. D. 1291. V., of Aragon, named tagnanimous; suc, his f. Ferd. the Just in 1416; conq. Naples. B. *334; d. at Naples, in 145S. • f £ I., of Portugal; def. Moors on plains of Ourique; proc. k. on of battle. D. Coimbria, 1185. II., r. in peace. D. 1223. III., war ~- --~~ BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. - 2 I 3 with Mahometans. D. 1279. IV., suc, his f. Denir, 1325. D. 1357. V., suc. his f. Edward, when six years old; invaded Africa; surnamed Af- ricano. D. 14S1. Guinea disc. by Portuguese. All kings of Portugal. Alford, Henry, awl-‘ford, Eng. divine and author; dean of Canter- bury; “Plea for the King's English;” “Greek Testament with English Notes.” B. London, 1810; d. 1871. Alfred the Great, alfred, k. of West Saxons, def. Danes at Edding- ton, 878; founded Eng. navy, hero of 56 battles by land and sea. B. Wantage, Berkshire, 849; d. 9oo. Alger, William Rounseville, all-ger, Am. divine and writer; Unita- rian; succeeded Theodore Parker as preacher to the “Liberal Chris- tians” in Boston; “Poetry of the Orient;” “Friendships of Women;” b. Freetown, Mass., 1823. Ali, a'le, 1st disc. of Mahomet and his son-in-law; caliph of Egypt and Arabia; assas. 660. Ali Bey, a'le-fai, a Circassian adventurer; his object, to re-estab. in- dependence of Egypt. D. 1773. Ali Pasha, a'le pa'shaw, or pa'sha, an Albinian chief; usurper; took capital S. Albinia or Epirus. B. Tepelen; d. 1822. Alison, Sir Archibald, Bart., D. C. L., all-i-son, Scottish historian and writer; created baronet, 1852; “History of Europe.” B. Kenley, Shropshire, 1792; d. near Glasgow, 1867. Allamand, Jean Nicolas Sebastien, a-la-mon', French naturalist and electrician; first to explain the phenomena of the Leyden jar. B. Lau- sanne, 1713; d. Leyden, 1787. Allen, David, al’-an, Scotch engraver and artist; master of the art academy in Edinburgh, 1786, illustrated Ramsay’s “Gentle Shepherd.” B. Alloa, 1744; d. Edinburgh, 1796. s Allen, Ethan, an Am. brig.-gen., war independence vs. Gt. B.; writer. B. 1737; d. 1789. Allen, Sir William, British historical artist; “Circassian Captives.” B. Edinburgh, 1782; d. 1850. Allston, Washington, awl'ston, Am. landscape and historical painter, “Jacob's Vision,” writer. B. S. C., 1779; d. Cambridgeport, Mass., 1842. * Diego d', de-ai-go dal-ma'gro, Sp. commander that ac- companied Pizarro vs. Peru. Murdered by strangulation in 1538. Al-Mamun, al'mai-mun, trustworthy caliph of Bagdad, son of Haroun-al-R., and suc. to throne in 813. D. about 833. Al-Mansur, al-man'sur, regent of Cordova in Spain in 974; very for- midable to the Christians. D. about 1000. Al-Mansur, 2d caliph of race of Abbasides, rose to the throne in 753. B. 713; d. 774, on pilgrimage to Mecca. Alompra, a-lom'pra, founder of the reigning dynasty of Burmah; founded the city of Rangoon. B. 1710; d. 1760. Alp-Arslan, alp-ar'slan, 2d Sultan of Persia of Seljuk dynasty; con- queror; ruled fairest parts of Asia; stabbed to heart in 1072, in his 42d year. Alpini, Prosper, al-pee'ne, a Venetian phys. and botanist. B. 1553; d. at Padua, 1617. Alva, Ferdinand Alverez, duke of, al’va, a Spanish general and tyrant. D. 1583, aged 72. Alvarado, Pedro de, al"va-ra’do, compan. of Hernando Cortes in conquest of Mexico, in every battle. B. Badajoz; d. on the coast of Guatemala, 1541. f Alvarez, Don Jose, Sp. sculp.; twice visited by Napoleon; made the group of Antilochus and Memnon. D. Madrid, 1826, aged 58. Amadeus V., a-ma-de'us, count of Savoy; called the Great; umpire to settle differences European princes. D. 1323. There were nine rulers in Savoy of this name. Ambrose, St., a m'brose, archb. of Milan and gov. of Siguria and AEmilia. B. at Milan in 340; d. 397. Ames, Fisher, aims, Am. legislator; supporter of Washington. B. at Dedham, Mass., 1758; d. 1SoS, aged 50. Amherst, Jeffrey, lord, &m/herst, maj.-gen. to act with Wolfe vs. Fr. in Am. D. in his S1st year, 1797. Ammon, a m'on, son of Lot and f. of the Ammonites, who were gen- erally at war with Israelites. L. about 1900 m. c. Ammonius, am-mo'-ni-tts, surnamed the Sack carrier, Gr. phil.; sup- posed to be the founder of the later Platonic school. D. 243. Amontons, Guillaume, a-mon-ton', Fr. inventor and geometrician; ~ |-- 2 I 4 originated the idea of communicating between distant points by means of signals seen through magnifying glasses, though the signal tele- graph did not come into use until years after. B. Paris, 1663; d. 1705. Amoretti, Carlo, a-mo-ret’-ee, an Italian naturalist and scholar; curate of the Ambrosian library at Milan. B. Oneglia, 1741; d. Milan, 1816. Ampere, Andre Marie, on-per’, Fr. mathematician, inspector-gen. of the University of Paris, 1SoS; “Classification of the Sciences;” B. Lyons, 1775; d. Marseilles, 1836. Amphictyon, dm-fik'te-on, first to estab. celebrated council of the wisest and most virtuous citizens of Greece. Amurath I, a'mu-rath, Turk. sultan, completed conq. Gr. empire; organized corps of Janisaries; won 37 battles. B. 1326; d. 1389. Amu- rath II., son and successor of Mohammed I., ascended throne 1421; wars and conquests characterized his reign, though he always desired peace. B. 1404; d. 1451. Amurath III., son and successor of Selim II.; ascended throne, 1574; killed his 5 brothers. B. 1545; d. 1595. Amurath IV., succeeded his uncle Mustapha, 1623; called the Turkish Nero. B. 1611; d. 1640. Amussat, Jean Zulema, am-u-sa', Fr surgeon; invented many sur- gical instruments; first to demonstrate the importance of twisting a bleeding artery. B. St. Maixent, 1796; d. 1856. Anarcharsis, an-a-kar'sis, a Scythian philosopher, 7th century B. c.; only barbarian admitted to citizenship at Athens. Anacreon, a-nak'-re-on, Gr, lyric poet; spent many years at the court of Polycrates. B. Teos, 561 B. c. Ananias, an’-a-ni'as, a hypocrite in the primitive church at Jerusalem, that was struck dead, with his wife Sapphira, for lying. An evangelist of Damascus. A tyrannical high priest of the Jews. Anastasius I, an'a-stai'she-us, emperor of the East; disturbed by religious feuds. B. in Illyricum, 430; d. 518. II., emperor by voice of Rom. people; slain by emp. Leo in 721. Several other emps of this name, and four popes. Anaxagoras, an-ax-dg’o-ras, illus. phil. of antiq.; moon inhab.; banished by Athenians. B. Clazomene; d. Lampsacus, 428 B. c. Anaxandrides, an'ax-dn'dri-des, k. of Sparta and f. of Leonidas who fell at Thermopylae. R. about 550 B.C. Anaximander, an-ax'e-man'der, Gr. phil.; first to observe obliquity of the ecliptic. B. 610 B. c.; d. about 545. Made first globe. Anaximenes, an-ax-im'e-nees, Gr. phil.; air first prin. of all things; inv. sun-dial, according to Pliny. B. about 528 B. C. Ancus Marcius, an-cus mar'she-us, 4th king of Rome; captured many Latin cities; revived religious ceremonies. Reigned from 640 to 616 B. C. Andersen, Hans Christian, an’-der-sen, ingenious Danish writer; juvenile tales. B. Odense, 1So5; d. 1875. Anderson, Robert, Am... gen.; evac. Ft. Moultrie, 25 Dec., 1860, and entered Ft. Sumter, near Charleston, S. C. B. Nice, Fr., 1805; d. 1871. Anderson, Sir Edmund, Eng. judge, trial Mary Q. of Scots. B. Lin- colnshire; d. 1605. s Andre, John, an/drai, major; Eng. spy, Am. rev. war. B. 1751; put to death, 17So. Andreas, John, an'dre-as, famous canonist of 14th century. Andrew, John Albion, an-droo, gov. Mass. during war of 1861-5; 5 terms as gov.; abolitionist. B. Windham, Me., 1818; d. 1S67. Andrew I, an-droo, k. of Hungary; compelled his subjects to cm- brace Christianity. K. 1059. Andrew, St., first disc. of Christ; pat. St. of Scotland and Russia. Supposed martyrdom at Patrae, in Achaia, A. D. 7o. Andronicus, Comnenus,an-dron'i-kus, Gr. emperor at Constantinople; smart, but barbarous. Tortured and killed, 1185. Andronicus, Cyrrhestes, an Athenian that applied himself to the study of the winds; built the famous octagonal Temple of the Winds, at Athens, and was the inventor of weather-cocks. Andronicus, Livius, the oldest dramatic author in the Latin language; his first piece was performed about 240 m. c. Andronicus of Rhodes, a peripatetic philosopher, to whom we are indebted for restoring and pub. the works of Aristotle, in the time of Sylla. Fl. 63 B. c. See ARISToTLE. Andros, Sir Edmund, an’-dros, Eng, colonial gov.; app.gov. of New York, 1674; app.gov.-gen., 1686; demanded charter from Ct., but it BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. had been hid in the afterward-celebrated “Charter Oak.” B. London, 1637; d. there, 1714. Angelo, Michael Buonarotti, an/fai-lo bo-na-rotte, cel. It, painter, sculp., arch.; “Last Judgment.” B. 1475; d. 1564. Anglesey, Arthur Annesley, earl of, an-gle'see, a native of Dublin, Ire.; took active part in the restoration of Charles II.; treas. of the navy. B. 1614; d. 16S6. Anglesey, Henry William Paget, first marquis of ; Brittish gen. com. cavalry charge; annihilated the French cuirassiers. B. 1768; d. 1854. Anna, an’nd, the wife of Tobit, and his support in his poverty. The daughter of Phanuel, and a prophetess. The mother of the Blessed Virgin, and w. of Joachim. Anna Comnena, dn'a-kom-ne'-na, dau. of Emp. Alexis Comnenus I., a princess of extraordinary talents. B. 1083; d. 1148. Anna Ivanovna, evan-ov'na, empress of Russia. B. 1693; d. 1740. Anne of Cleves, an, w. Henry VIII., k. Eng.; divorced. D. 1557. Anne, Q. Gt. B.; r. in glory; union of Scot, with Eng.; excellent pri- vate character. B. 1664; d. 1714. Annesley, Arthur, anx’-li, first earl of Anglesey, Eng. statesman; treas. of the navy and lord privy seal, under Charles II. B. Dublin, 1614; d. 1686. Anjou, counts and dukes of, an’/oo, one of the earliest noble families of France, some of whose members became distinguished. Anno or Hanno, Saint, archbishop of Cologne; regent of Henry IV., a short time. D. 1075. Anquetil, Louis Pierre, an-Ketil, a French historian. B. Paris, 1723; d. 1808. Anquetil du Perron, Abraham Hyacinthe, doo-pe-rong, bro. of the preceding, Fr. oriental scholar; pub. in 1771, the “Zendavesta, or Sacred Books of the Parsees.” B. Paris, 1731; d. 1805. Anscarius or Ansgar, Saint, an-ska-ri'-us, called the “Apostle of the north;” archbishop of Hamburg and Bremen. B. Picardy, Sor; d. Bre- men, S64. Anselm, St., &n'selm, appointed bishop of Lucca in 1061; author of an apology for Pope Gregory VII., and a Refutation of the Pretensions of the anti-Pope Guibert. D. Milan, IoS6. Anselme, Antoine, an'selm, famous Fr. prince, called Little Prophet; wonderful memory. B. 1652; d. 1737. Anson, George, lord an’son, English navigator and admiral; captured nine ships, 3,000 men, and 420 guns, from the French, 1747, and was rewarded by a peerage as Lord Anson, baron of Saberton. B. 1697; d. 1762. Anster, John, dn'ster, Ger. prof. and writer. B. Charlesville, Cork, 1798, d. 1S67. Antar, or Antarah, an'tar, a famous poet and warrior of Arabia, that fl. in 6th century; k in battle by an enemy whose life he had spared, shortly after the birth of the prophet Mohammed. Anthemius, an-thai’me-oos, the name of several persons of antiquity. An emp. of the West, k, in 472. A math. and architect of Tralles, in Lydia, that fl. about 532 A. c. Anthon, Charles, LL.D., &n'thon, Am. classic scholar; rector col. gram.sch., N. Y. B. 1797; d. 1867. Anthony, St., I., an’to-ni, surnamed the Great, founder of the monas- tic system. B. upper Egypt, 251; d. 356. II., a leader of the order of Franciscan monks; canonized by Gregory IX, 1232. B. Lisbon, 1195; d. Padua, 1231. Anthony, Susan B., Am. leader in woman's rights movement; able writer and speaker. B. South Adams, Mass., 1820. Antigonus Dodson, dm-tig'o-nus, k. of Macedon; def. Cleomenes, took capital of Sparta; repelled Illyrians. D. 221 B. c. Antigonus Sochaeus, founder Jew.. sect. of Sadducees, about 300 B.C. Antiochus III., dm-ti’o-kus, the Great, k, of Antioch; success in India; defeated by Scipio bros. D. 187 B.C. Antipater, an-tip'a-ter, called f. of Greece. D. 319 B.C.; two other kings of this name. Antiphon, an’ti-fon, the Rhamnusian, an Athenian orator, and the first to lay down rules of oratory; 16 orations under his name. B. about 4So B.C.; put to death 411 B.C. Antisthenes, an-tis'the-nees, Athenian phil.; f. sect of Cynics. L. 400 B.C. Antoinette, Marie, mar'e an’tzvci-net, archd. of Austria and q. —--" f == :- |- * |-- 4 += -—9 *- |-- -T-- BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 2 I 5 "--— of France; a most beautiful and unfortunate woman; victim Fr. rev. Argand, Aime, arg&nd, invented lamp. B. Geneva, Switzerland, * Vienna, 1775; beheaded Paris, 1793. 1782; d. 1So3. Antonelli, Cardinal Giacomo, an-to-nel/e, prime min. of Pope Pius Argyle, John, 2d Duke of, Eng. statesman; soldier. B. 1678; d. 1743. B. Sonnino, 2d April, 1806; d. 1876. Aristarchus, 4-ris-tar'kus, a Gr. phil.; asserted rotation of earth on Antoninus, Marcus Aurelius, an-to-mi-nus, Roman emperor; as- its axis. B. Samos; fl. 2So B. c. Another, a great critic, crit. Homer, cended the throne 161; aside from his persecution of the Christians he Pindar, and other poets. reigned with equity and sound judgment. B. 121; d. 1So. Aristides, ar-is-ti'dees, the Just, distinguished for bravery at Mara- Antonia, 4n-to'ne-a, the name of some eminent Roman ladies, the thon. D. in poverty, about 464 B.c. **markable of whom was the w. of Drusus, the son of Livia, and Aristippus, ar-is-tip’tts, of Cyrene, disc. of Soc. and f. Cyreniac brother of Tiberius. She became mother of three children—Germani- sect.; fl. about 400 B.C. * Caligula's f.; Claudius the emperor; and the disreputable Livia. Aristophanes, ar-is-tofa-nees, Gr. play-writer; wrote 54 comedies. P. about A. D. 38. FI. 400 B.C. Antoninus, &n-to-ni'nus, surnamed Pius, one of the best Roman Aristotle, aris-tot'el, the head of the Peripatctic scct; the term "Perors; succeeded Adrian in 13S. B. 86; d. 161 A.D. peripatetic being applied either because it was his custom to teach Antonio, or Antonello, da Messina, an-to'ne-o, first Italian that while walking, or because the place where he taught was a walk painted in oil. B. Messina, 1414; d. Venice, 1493. planted by trees; taught Alexander. His works may be classed under Antonius, Marcus (Mark Antony, the triumvir), served Ptolemy and the heads of rhetoric, poetry, politics, ethics, physics, mathematics, Caesar; gov. of Italy; charmed by Cleopatra, defeated at Actium. logic, and metaphysics, and they display an immense amount of genius. Stabbed himself, 32 m.c.; aged about 46. See CLEOPATRA. B. Stagira, 384; d. 323 B. c. *ay, of Bourbon, k, of Navarre, famous Catholic league, took Arius, aire-us, Gr. patriarch; f. sect of Arians; denied doc. of trinity; Blois, Tours, and Rouen. D. 1 562. caused calling council at Nice. B. Libya; d. 336. Apelles, 4-pel'es, Prince of Painters; a Greek much admired by Al- Arkwright, Sir Richard, ark'rite, dist. Eng. manuf.; made machine Cxander the Great, who would permit no other person to paint his for carding and spinning cotton; mills at Cromford, in Derbyshire. B. *trait; fl. 4th century b.c. 1732; d. 1792. * *pelles, the founder of a sect of heretics called by his name, who Arminius, James, Dutch divine, and f. of Arminianism. “Good con- lived in the 2d century B.c. science is a paradise.” B. ondewater, 1560; d. 1609. * Abellicon, 4:#el’i-kon, a peripatetic philosopher, to whom the world Armstrong, John, Am.. brig.-gen., and secretary of war in cabinet of *indebted for the works of Aristotle, which he bought at a vast price President Madison. D. Red Hook, N. Y.: 1843, aged 85. *ut 90 yrs. n.c. see Aristotle. Armstrong, Sir William George, English inventor rifled A. gun, 1850; Apollo, a-pol'lo, a Gr. divinity; son of Zeus (Jupiter). knighted. B. 1S10. * i. * Apollos, a-pol’os, a Jew of Alexandria, who was converted to Chris- Arne, Thomas Augustine, arn, celebrated English composer; opera tianity about 54; he is referred to in Acts 18-24, and 1 Cor. 1-12. of “Artaxerxes,” “ Cymon.” B. 1710; d. 177S. • - , **pleton, Daniel, apt ton, Am. publisher; founder of the publish- Arnold, von winckelried, arnold, famous Swiss patriot; grasped en- *ng house of D. Appleton & Co. B. Haverhill, Mass., 17S5; d. 1849. emy's lances, receiving them in his own body, while his comrades *praxin, Fedor, Russian grand admiral and father of the Russian rushed in the small opening thus made and defeated Austrians, under "y; one of the chief men of Peter the Great. the walls Sempach; gained the liberty of Switzerland, 1386. Apollodorus, d-pol'o-dor'us, an eminent architect that was employed Arnold, Benedict, maj.-gen. Am. rev. war, traitor, by attempt to sur- by the emperor Trajan to build the great bridge over the Danube. B. render W. Point to British. B. in Connecticut; d. London, 1801. Pamascus; fl. 2d century. A famous painter at Athens, that fl. 408 B.C. Arnold, Matthew, son of Thomas; professor poetry at Oxford. B. Aquinas, St. Thomas, d-gui'nds, called the Angelic Doctor; high Laleham, 1822. * "ority in the Roman church, and canonized in 1333. B. in castle of Arrian, arean, Gr, hist and warrior, Fl. 3d century. Aquino, It, 1227; d. monastery of Fossanova, near Terracina, 1274. Artabanus IV., arta'a'nus, last of Parthian monarchs. Put to *achne, a-rash'na, a Lydian maiden that challenged Minerva to death 226, 3d century of the empire. * "ving contest, for her presumption she was changed into a Artaxerxes I, ar'ta-zerks’ees, 3d son of Xerxes, supposed Ahasuerus Spider. in Scripture. D. 424 B. c. II., surnamed Mnemon on account of his *so, Francois Jean Dominique, a-ra'go, French math, astron, memory. D. age of 9; in 362 B. c. III., murdered two of his brothers scientist; rep. in politics. B. near Perpignan, 1786; d. Paris, 1853. and the rest of the family, slew sacred bull Apis in Egypt, for which *m, Eugene, air'am, self-ed. Yorkshireman; murdered Daniel he was poisoned, his carcass given to cats, and knife-handles made of Clarke, whom he suspected as having criminal intercourse with his wife. his bones; 339 B. C. Bxecuted at York, 1759. - Arthur, ar'thur, a British prince, instituted Knights of Round Table. Aratus, a-rai’tus, Gr. poet and astron., about 300 B.C.; there is also D. 542 A. D. *rated commander of the same name. Arthur, Chester Allan, pres. U. S.; 3d vice-pres. to reach the presi- Axbrissel, Robert d, ; dar-bres'sel, a Fr. ecclesiastic that fl. in 11th dency; republican; educated Union, Vt.; ad. bar N.Y.; qr.-m. gen.; Sentury; was f. of Abbey of Fontevrault, and of the religious order collector port N. Y., 1871-8. B. Fairfield, Vt., 5th Oct., 1830. * called. D. about 1 Io; or 1105. Arundel, Thomas Howard, Earl of, ar'un-del, an English patron of *buthnot, Alexander, ar-bit not, dist. Scotch divine; versed in art. B. 1592; d. 1646. law and mathematics. B. 1538; d. 1583. Ashburton, Alexander Baring, baron, ash-bur’ton, wealthy London * Joan of See JoAN or ARc. mer.; set. Oregon boundary question known as “Ashburton Treaty.” Arcadius, ar-ca'di-us, first emp, of the Byzantines, a weak and B. 1774; d. 1848. effeminate ruler. B. Spain, 383; d. Constantinople, 408. " Aspinwall, William, aspin-wall, an Am. phys., surg, rev. army. B. Archidamia, ark-e-da'me-a, on approach of Pyrrhus this brave Spartan Brookline, Mass., 1743; d. 1S23. * Woman seized a sword, declaring the women would not survive the Asshur, a-shur, 2d son of Shem, and founder of the Assyrian empire. ruin of their country. Astor, John Jacob, Ger. merchant, wealthy fur dealer. B. Wallen- Archimedes, ar'ki-me'dees, greatest Gr. math.; lever, move the world; dorf, 1763; d. N. Y., 1848. slain by soldiers at taking of Syracuse, 212 B. C. B. about 2S7. Ataliba, d-ta-lić'a, k. of Peru; mur. by Pizarro at Cusco, in 1533. Archelaus, ar-ke-la'us, an Athenian phil.; introduced phys. phil. of Atticus, Titus Pomponius, di'i-kus, a Rom. knight; dist. example of Ionia. There were also kings and others of this name. affability. Starved himself to death at age of 77, B.c. 32. Archenholz, Johann Wilhelm von, ark'en-holtz, a voluminous Ger. Attila, at’i-la, k, of the Huns; invaded Roman empire with 500,000 *uthor. B. near Dantzic, 1745; d. near Hamburg, 1842. men; was defeated at Chalons; called scourge of God. D. 453. Areius, ar-ai'e-us, of Alexandria, a Stoic phil.; preceptor of Octa- Attwood, George, at'-wood, English math., friend of Pitt; dist. Vius Caesar. degree at Cambridge. B. 1745; d. 1So?. * 216 Auber, Danic! Francis Esprit, obair, French musical composer; “Fra Diavolo.” B. Caen, 1782; d. 1871. Aubriot, Hugh, o'bre-o, mayor of Paris; built the Bastile, a fortifica- tion against the English. D. Burgundy, 1382. Auchmuty, Gen. Sir Samuel, awk-mu'te, an American; took Monte Video for the British. B. New York, 1756; d. Dublin, 1822. Audubon, John James, aw'doo-bon, dist. Am. naturalist; his book on Am.. ornithology best ever published. B. Louisiana, 17So; d. near New York, 1851. Augustine, St., azv-gits’tin, one of the fathers of Christian church. B. Tagaste, in Af., 354; d. 430. Augustine, or Austin, St., 1st archb. of Canterbury; a Roman monk. D. 605. Augustulus, or Romulus Augustus, aw-gus’tu-lus rom'tt-lus, last of Rom. cmps. of the West; with him empire of west cnded. Augustus, Octavianus Caesar, aw-gustus ok-tai’ve-ai'nus se’sar, 2d emp. Rome; consul; defeated Antony at Actium; marricq 4 times; hand- some. B. Rome, 63 B.C.; d. kissing Livia, his wife, at Nola, 14A. D.; r. 41 years. Augustus, Frederick I., k, of Poland, and elector of Saxony; origin Rus, influence in Poland. B. Dresden, 1670; d. 1733. Aumale, Henri Eugene Philippe Louis, duc d’, do/male, k. of France; conquered success in Algeria. B. 1822. Aurelian, Lucius Domitius, aw-refle-an, Rom. cmp.; consul; deliv- ered It. from barbarians; defeated Tetricus; conquered Zenobia, q. of Palmyra, while marching vs. Persia was assas., 275. B. about 212 A.D. Aurungzebe, aw-rung-zeeb', emp. of Hindostan; Great Mogul; last of strong sovs. 17th century. B. 1618; d. Ahmednuggur, 1707. Austen, Jane, aws' ten, an English story-writer; “Pride and Preju- dice.” B. Steventon, in Hampshire, 1775; d. Winchester, 1817. Austen, William, an English metal-founder of considerable celeb- rity. Fl. 15th century. Austin, Stephen F., aws’tin, son of Moses Austin, and founder of first colony of Americans. . D. 27th Dec., 1836. –96 B2— Baader, Franz Xavier von, bau-der, a Ger. mystic: follower of Bohme; wrote on nat. sciences and technology. B. Munich, 1765; d. there, 1841. Babbage, Charles, bab'age, Eng. math.; inventor of calculating mac. B. 1792; d. 1871. Babcock, Rufus, D. D., bab'cok, Am. clergyman; pres. Waterville college, Maine. B. North Colebrook, Ct., 1798; d. Salem, Mass., 1875. Babinet, Jacques, ba-be'na, a Fr. physicist. B. Lusignan, 1794; d. 1872. Baber, Zahir-ed-decn Mohammed, ba'ber, first of Tartar or Great Mogul dynasty of India. Champion of Islam. B. 1433; d. Agra, 1530. Babington, Anthony, bab'ing-tun, of Derbyshire; associated with zealous Rom. Caths. to assas. Q. Elizabeth to liberate Mary Q. of Scots; executed 1586. Babini, Matteo, ba-be'ne, celebrated vocalist. B. Bologna, 1754; d. 1816. Bacchylides, bak'il-i-dees, a Gr, lyric poet; last of the nine lyric poets. B. isl. Cos.; fl. 425 B.C. Bach, Alexander, Baron, bak, an Austrian statesman; favored strict centralizing principles; opposed autonomy of Hungary, etc. B. Loos- dorf, 1813. Bach, John Sebastian, Ger, composer; 59 members of Bach family said to be cminent musicians. B. Eisenach, 1685; d. Leipsic, 1750. Bache, Alcxander Dallas, batch, Am. phil.; supt. U. S. coast survey. B. Philadelphia, 1806; d. Newport, R.I., 1867, aged 60. Rache, Benjamin Franklin, an Am. physician; served as fleet surgeon in Mediterranean squadron, 1841-4. B. Monticello, Va., 1801. Bache, Sarah, only daughter of Benjamin Franklin, and w. of Richard Bache, a merchant of Phila., who d. in Berks Co., Penn., in 1811. Sarah was b. Phila., 1744; d. 1808. Bachelet, Jean Louis Theodore, bash-la', Fr. cyclopaedist; hist. ..B. 1820. Bachman, John, bak'man, Am. naturalist; asst. of Audubon in his great work on ornith. B. near N.Y. 1790; d. 1874. Baciccio, John Baptist Gauli, ba-chitch'e-o, It painter of portraits and Scrip. subjects. B. Genoa, 1639; d. 1709. BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. Back, Sir George, bak, Arctic explorer with Sir John Franklin; de- scended Black riv. to Polar sea. B. Stockport, 1796; d. 187S. Backus, Isaac, bak'us, an Am. Baptist clergyman and voluminous writer, leaving a valuable hist of the Baptist denomination. B. Nor- wich, Ct., 1724; d. 1806. Bacon, Francis Lord, bai'kon, illustrious Eng. phil. and statesman; created peer by title Baron Verulam, Viscount of St. Albans; father of experimental philosophy; “wisest, brightest, meanest of mankind”; “Novum Organum.” B. London, 1561; d. 1626. Bacon, Leonard, D.D., an Am. clergyman; pub. “Life of Richard Baxter.” B. Detroit, Mich., 1So2. Bacon, Nathaniel, Va., patriot; def. Indians; was called “The Rebel” for opposing Gov. Berkeley. B. England; died 1676. Bacon, Roger, Eng. monk; schol., phil., math.; invented air-pump, diving-bell, camera obscura, gunpowder. B. Ilchester, 1214; d. 1292. Baden, dukes of baa'den, a very old Ger, fam. that still enjoys the grand-ducal titles and dignity; rose about A. D. 700; took part in wars and polities of Germany, Baden-Baden, Ludwig Wilhelm I., margrave of, baden-ba'den, Ger. gen.; served under Montecuculi vs. Turcnne, and afterward under the duke of Lorraine. B. Paris, 1655; d. Rastadt, 1707. Badia y Leblich, Domingo, badle-a e leblik, better known as Ali Bey, cel. deceiver of the Mohammedans; traveler; extraordinary Turk. B. Biscay, 1766; d. 1818. Baerle, Gaspard van, bar’leh, a Dutch poet, theologian, and historian. B. Antwerp, 1584; d. Amsterdam, 1648. Baez, Buenaventura, ba'ess, pres. of the Dominican republic three times; ousted by Santana twice and banished once, but was restored to power for third time in 1867. B. Azua, Santo Domingo, about 1820. Baffin, William, baf'in, English navigator; made voyages to North- west Greenland twice; a sea bears his name. B. 1584; d. 1622. Bagot, Sir Charles, bag'o, a Brit. diplomatist; gov.-gen. of the Can- adas. B. Blithfield, 1781; d. Kingston, Can., 1843. Bailey, Gamaliel, bai'le, Am. jour.; Wational Era, in which ap- peared Mrs. Stowe's “Uncle Tom's Cabin.” B. Mt. Holly, N.J., 1807; d. 1859. Bailey, Jacob Whitman, an Am. naturalist; “Microscopic Sketches.” B. Ware, Mass., 1811; d. West Point, N.Y., 1857. Bailey, Philip James, an Eng. poet; “Festus,” “Angel World.” B. Parish of Basford, Nottinghamshire, 1816. Bailey, Samuel, an Eng. phil., “Theory of Reasoning;" a utilitarian and follower of Locke. B. Sheffield, 1791. Bailey, Theodorus, Am. naval officer; commanded 2d div. of attack- ing force in the capture of Miss forts, war 1861-5. B. Plattsburgh, N.Y., 1803; d. Washington, 1877. Baillie, Joanna, Scot, poet and play-writer, called “the Lady Bounti- ful” among the poor. B. Rothwell, 1762; d. Hampstead, 1851. Baillie, Matthew, bai'le, a Scottish physician; 13 yrs. physician to St. George's hosp.; pub. treatisc on morbid anatomy. B. manse of Shotts, Lanarkshire, 1761; d. Cirencester, Gloucestershire, 1823. Baillot, Pierre Marie Francois de Sales, ba-yo', a Fr. violinist. B. Passy, near Paris, 1771; d. Paris, 1842. Bailly, Jean Sylvain, bailye, Fr. astronomer; mayor of Paris, 1789; “Hist. of Astronomy.” B. Paris, 1736; seized by Jacobins, dragged to Paris, and guillotined, 1793. Baily, Edward Hodges, R. A., bai'le, Eng. sculp.; “Eve at the Fountain,” “Psyche,” “Maternal Love.” B. Bristol, 17ss; d. 1S67. Baily, Francis, bai'le, Eng. astronomer; Sir John Herschel wrote his biography. B. 1774; d. 1844. Bain, Alexander, ban, a Scottish phil.; “Senses and the Intellect,” “Logic.” B. Aberdeen, 1818; d. 1877. Bainbridge, William, Capt., ban'brij, the first to unfurl the Am. flag in the harbor of Constantinople; captured British frigate Java. B. Princeton, N.J., 1774; d. Philadelphia, 1833. Baird, Robert, D.D., baird, an Am. clergyman and author; “Rc- ligion in America.” B. Fayette Co., Penn., 1798; d. Yonkers, N.Y., 1863. Baird, Spencer Fullerton, an Am. naturalist; “Review of Am. Iłirds in Museum of Smithsonian Institution.” B. Reading, Penn., 1823. Baird, Sir David, Brit. gen.; led a div. in the attack on Copenhagen; created a baronet. B. Newbyth, Scot., 1757; d. 1829. — =| * ~ 3-- * £= – BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. "--— *Jazet I, bagazet, Turk. Sultan; def. Christian army under Sig- "und, k. IIungary; def. by Timur. B. 1347; d. 1403. Baker, Henry, an Eng. naturalist and teacher of deaf mutes. B. London, 169S; d. 1774. Baker, Osmon Cleander, D.D., an Am. clergyman; labored in behalf of theological training. B. Marlow, N. H., 1812; d. 1871. *aker, Edward Dickinson, bai’ker, Am. sen. from Oregon, and is *ldier; commanded a brigade at battle of Cerro Gordo. B. London, . *5, 1811; k at Ball's Bluff, va, isol. A'. Sir Samuel White, an African traveler who discov. Lake *t Nyanza in isót. B. 1821. b £ewell. Robert, bake'well, Eng. agriculturist; improved cattle- reeding; Dishley sheep; black cattle. B. Dishley, 1726; d. 1795. Balbus I., Lucius Cornelius, bawl/bus, a Rom. consul; accompanied * into Sp. in 61, and in Gaul in 58. B. Cadiz., 1st cen. m.c. ...'. Decimus Caclius, bal-bi'nus, Rom. sen.; elected emperor in J*nction with Maximus in 237. Assas. 238. £, Bernardino, bal/de, an It. scholar, familiar with 16 languages; : of about 1oo works on math., hist., etc. B. Urbino, 1553; * 7. Baldwin I., k, of Jerusalem, bald/win; waged war vs. Turks, Arabs, **nd Saracens; secured coast of Syria for Christians. B. 105S; d. *18; buried Mt. Calvary. £ II., k, of Jer, suc. to B.I.; defeated Saracens; was taken £ by them, ransomed by giving up Tyre; abdicated. D. 1131. #' III. took Ascalon; during his r. Christians lost Edessa. B. : : at Antioch, 1162. B. IV. was a leper, and Raymond, count of "poli, ruled for him; afterward he resigned crown to his nephew, B. lost • *185. In 1186 his suc. died of poison; soon after, the Christians Jerusalem, which, in 1187, was taken by Saladin. Baldwin I., emp, of Constantinople; def. Mohammedans; k of Bul- £ aided by revolt of Greeks, defeated B., and he was taken in £ 1205. B. II. suc, his bro. Robert in empire of the E. in 1228; With : Constanti. was taken, B. escaping by sea to Italy. D. 1273. Bald in ended the dynasty of the Latin emperors of Constantinople. niv win, Abraham, Am... senator from Georgia, and originator of £ o: Georgia. B. in Conn., 1754, d Washington, 1807. B dwin, Thomas, eminent Am. Baptist D.D., published 34 works. * £ Ct. 1753; d. 1825, aged 72. out B es. Peter, 5ails, Eng. penman; “Writing Master,” in 1590; wrote ible in short-hand so small as to come within shell of Eng. walnut. • *547; d. 1610. A'. *:hael William, balf, Irish composer and mus.; “Maid of B *" “Joan of Arc,” “Daughter of St. Mark.” B. 1808; d.1870. * Alexander, balfoor, Scottish author; “Highland Mary.” • parish of Monikee, Forfarshire, 1767; d. 1829. a' Sir John de, bai'le-ol, founded a college called by his name Ball ord; gov. of Carlisle. B. at Barnard castle, Durham. D. 1269. Tyler." John. ball, a Kentish preacher; took part in insur of Wat yer, the English rebel; he, with Jack Straw and 1,500 others, was anged, 1381. ..' Alexander John, British naval officer; served in first Am. Victory at Malta, and gov. of the isle. D. 1809. Ball, Thomas, an Am. sculp.; made bust of Jenny Lind; life-size b * £ of Daniel Webster and of Edward Everett. B. Charlestown, fass., 1819. s' James, balan-tine, a Scottish printer; printed Walter bur * Works and Blackwood's Magazine. B. Kelso, 1772; d. Edin- gh, 1S33. I': Hosea, bal/loo, founder of Universalism in America. B. £ #, "'. publishe : Iubert it, an Am. author and historian; pub. and to be Bancr #" vols. hist., ethnology, etc. B. Granville, O., 1832. s: t, Edward, bdn'kroft Eng. nat. and phys; intimate with in and Priestley; pub. several works. D. 1821. B V ancroft, George, Am. poet and hist.; min. plen. to Gt. B. B. *ester, Mass., 1soo. *ancroft, Rich ns; • 161 * -- - - ard, archb. of Canterbury; severe against the Puri- "pal supervisor of Bible. B. Farnworth, Lancashire, 1514; B *Joseph Ernst von, bandel, a German sculptor; made colos- 217 sal monument of Arminius, summit of the Grotenberg, near Detmold. B. Anspach, 1Soo; d. 1876. Bandiera, Attilio and Emilie, bawn'de-ai're, It. patriots. B. respect- ively in 1S17 and 1819; executed at Cosenza, 1844. Bangs, Nathan, D.D., American clergyman; editor of books pub. by Meth. book concern. B. Stratford, Ct., 1778; d. 1S62. Banks, Nathanicl Prentiss, Am. maj.-gen.; Confederates surrendered Pt. IIudson to him; def. Confeds, at Pattersonville, La.; cap. Alexan- dria on Red Riv.; was def. at Sabine Cross roads. B. 1816. Banquo, ban'gito, a Scotch gen.who gained victories over Highlanders and Dancs in r. of Duncan I.; aided Macbeth vs. D. and then Macbeth put him to death, 1066. Baratier, Johann Philip, ba-ra're-er, extraordinary German youth; could translate Scripture into Latin at nine years; made dic. of Hebrew and Chaldaic words. B. 1721; d. Halle, 1740. Barbarossa, Horush, bar'ba-ros'sa, famous pirate; seized Algiers; k. by forces under Marquis de Comares, gov. of Oran, 1518; aged about sixty-four. Barbarossa, Khair Eddin, sov. of Algiers; master of Tunis, but driven out by Charles V.; Algiers then came under rule of the Porte. D. 1546. Barbaroux, Charles, bar"ba-roo, mem. Fr. nat. assem.; enemy of Robespierre and Marat; guillotined after overthrow of Girondists at Bordeaux, in 1794. B. Marseilles, 1767. Barbe-Marbois, Francis, marquis de, bar'bay mar-bwaw', Fr. states- man and writer; aided in cession of Louisiana to United States. D. Paris, 1837. • Parber, Francis, bar’ber, Am. officer in rev. war; was in battles of Trenton, Princeton, Brandywine, Germantown and Monmouth. B. Princeton, N.J., 1751; d. Newburgh, N.Y., 1783. Barbour, James, bar'boor, Am. statesman; sen. from Va.; secy. of war under John Q. Adams; min. to England. B. Orange co., Va., 1775; d. 1842. Parclay, Alexander, bar'klai, Eng, poet; “Ship of Fools.” B. lat- ter part 15th cen.; d. Croydon, 1552. Parclay, commonly known as Capt. B., a British pedestrian; walked 1,000 miles in 1,000 successive hours. B. 1779; d. 1854. Parclay, David, Scotch; early memb, of body called Quakers; maj. in Swedish army; rep. in Eng. Par. B. 1610; d. 1686. Barclay de Tolly, bar-Klai-dai-tol-le, Russian gen, and field marshal; com.-in-chief Russians at battle of Leipsic; prince. D. 1818. Barclay, Robert, a distinguished member of the Society of Friends; pub. “Treatise on Universal Love.” B. Gordonstown, Scot., 1648; d. Ury, 1690. Bard, John, an Am. physician; had charge of hosp. buildings on Bedloe's Isl., N. Y. B. near Philadelphia, 1716; d. 1799. Baring, Sir Francis Thornhill, bair'ing, of the great B. family; chan. of exch., 1839-41. B. 1740; d. 1866. Barker, Jacob, barker, Am. financier; sen. from N. Y.; founded Exchange Bank in Wall st. B. Swan Isl., Kennebec co., Me. 1779; d. Philadelphia, 1871. Barker, Robert, Irish inventor and patentee of panoratnas. B. Kells, Meath, 1739; d. London, 1806. Barnard, Frederick Augustus Porter, L.L. D., bar'nard, American educator; “Treatise on Arithmetic.” B. Sheffield, Mass., 1809. Another, Henry, also an educator, was b. Hartford, Conn, 1811. Barnard, John Gross, Am. mil. engineer; pub. “Gyroscope,” “Notes on Seacoast Defense,” etc. B. Berkshire co., Mass., 1815. Barnave, Antoine Pierre Joseph Marie, bar'nav, a Fr. revolutionist. B. Grenoble, 1761; guillotined at Paris, 1793. Barlow, Joel, bar-lo', Am. poet; min. to Fr.; “Vision of Columbus.” B Reading, Conn., 1755; d. near Cracow, Poland, 1812. Barnabas, St., bar'na-bas, evangelist; companion of St. Paul; stoned to death by Jews in Cyprus, where he was born. Barnes, Albert, barns, Am. Bible commentator; author “Barnes' Notes.” B. 1798; d. 1870. Barnes, Robert, an Eng. divine; chaplain to IIenry VIII.; became a Lutheran. Burnt at Smithfield, in 1540. Barneveldt, John von Olden, barn'velt, grand pensionary of Hol- land; beheaded by stadtholder Maurice, Prince of Orange, 1619. B. | Amersfoort, 1547. 2 I8 Barney, Joshua, bar'ne, Am. naval commander; was master's matc in Hornet, captured British ship, Gen. Monk. I}. Baltimore, 1759; d. Pittsburgh, 1818. Barnum, Phineas Taylor, bar'num, Am. showman and speculator; pub. scveral books. B. Bethel, Conn., 181o." Baroccio, or Barozzi, baw-rot'che—o, or bazv-rods-e, Giacomo da Vig- nola; famous It, architect; St. Peter's at Bologna, St. Peter's at Rome, etc. B. Vignola, 1507; d. 1573. Barras, Paul Francois Jean Nicholas, bar/ra, one of the five members of the French Directory. B. 1755; d. near Paris, 1829. Barre, Isaac, bar'rai, a British officer and statesman; a warm friend of the Am. colonics. D. at Dublin, 1726; d. 1So2. Barrett, Benjamin Fisk, bar'et, Am. min. and author, “A New View of Hell.” B. Dresden, Me., 1808. s Barrett, George Horton, an Am. actor; first appeared as Cora's child in “Pizarro,” at age of two years; afterward called “Gentleman George.” B. Exeter, Eng., 1794; d. N. Y., 1860. Barrett, John, Irish vice-provost and prof. Oriental languages in Trinity college, Dublin; d. 1821. Barrett, Lawrence, a distinguished tragedian ; a native of Ireland. B. about 1840. Barrington, John Shute, Lord Viscount, bar'ing-ton, the first Lord B., “Miscellanac Sacra.” B. Theobalds, Herts, 1678; d. Berkshire, 1734. Barron, James, baron, Am. naval officer; fought a duel with Deca- tur, who had been a member of a court-martial in his case; Decatur was killed; Barron recovered. B. in Va., 1768; d. 1851. Barron, Samuel, an Am. commodore; took part in war with Tripoli; bro. of James Barron. B. in Hampton, Va., about 1763; d. 1Sro. An- other Samuel B., naval officer, capt., was at Hatteras Inlet in 1861, and afterward in Eng. fitting out privateers, war 1861-5. Barrow, Isaac, bar'o, Eng. math. and divine; master Trinity col- lege. B. London, 1630; d. 1677; buried Westminster Abbey. Barry, John, bar'e, commander in Am. naval service; assisted in the capture of the Hessians at Trenton, 1776; commanded frigate Alliance. B. Wexford, Ire., 1745; d. Phila., 1803. • Barry, Springer, a celebrated actor, rival of Garrick; Drury Lane; Covent Garden. B. Dublin, 1719; d. 1777. Rart, Jean, bart, Fr. naval hero; served in Dutch and Fr. navies. B. Dunkirk, 1651; d. 1702. Barth, Dr. Heinrich, bart, Af. traveler, fr. Fr. to Algiers, Tunis, etc.; explored Egypt, Syria, Palestine, Asia Minor, Greece, etc. B. Hamburg, 1821; d. Berlin, 1865. Barthelemy, Jean Jacques, bar-tai’lai-me, learned Fr. writer; “An- acharsis.” B. Cassis, in Province, 1716; d. Paris, 1795. Bartholomew, Saint, bar-tho!".o-mu, one of the twelve apostles; preached in the Indies, in Ethiopia, and Lycaonia; said to be flayed alive in Armenia. Bartlett, Elisha, bart'let, an Am. physician and author; wrote “Fc- vers of the U.S.” and other works. B. Smithfield, R.I., 1805; d. there 1855. #". Ichabod, an Am. lawyer; an opponent of Webster and Ma- son. B. Salisbury, N. H., 1786; d. Portsmouth, 1853. Bartlett, John Russell, Am. author; “Dictionary of Americanisms;” B. in Providence, R.I., 1805. Bartlett, Josiah, Am. patriot and statesman, del, continental cong.; chief-justice, 1788; active mem. conven. called to adopt fed. constitu- tion; first gov. of N. H. B. Amesbury, Mass., 1729; d. 1795. Barton, Benjamin Smith, M.D., bar'tan, Am. naturalist; founder of nat. hist. in Am. B. Penn. 1766; d. 1815. Barton, Clara, an Am. philanthropist; founded first free school in New Jersey; took care of wounded soldiers in the war of 1861-5. B. Oxford, Mass., 1830. Barton, William, Am. colonel, captured British Gen. Prescott in Rhode Isl. in 1777. B. Providence, 1750; d. there 1831. Eartram, John, bar'tram, first Am. who conceived the plan for a botanic garden for American plants and vegetables, near Phila. B. near Darby, Penn., 1701; d. 1777. Isarye, Antoine Louis, bar/re' a Fr. sculptor; “Three Graces,” “Amazon.” B. Paris, 1795; d. 1875. Basaiti, Marco del Friuli, baw'zaw-e'te, It painter; rival of Bellini; “Calling of St. Peter and St. Andrew.” Lived 1460 to 1530. BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. Basil, bas-il, a physician; asserted that God had another son besides Jesus. Burnt alive in 1118. Basil, St., the Great, bish. of Caesarea; suc. Eusebius; persecuted by emp. Valens for not embracing Arianism. B. 326; d. 379. Bastian, Adolph, bast'yan, a Ger. traveler, in S. Am., W. Indies, U. S., China, India, S. Af., Burmah, Siam, Java, Japan and China. B. Bremen, 1826. Bastiat, Frederick, bas'te-a, Fr. economist and advocate of free trade; “Sophisms of Protection.” B. Bayonne, 1801; d. 1850. Bastide, Jules, bas'teed, Fr. pol. and jour. of repub, school; “Relig- ious Wars in France.” B. Paris, 1800. Bates, Edward, bates, a distinguished Am. statesman; attor.-gen. under Lincoln. B. 1793, d. 1869. Bates, Joshua, an Eng...banker, of Baring Bros., London; aided in establishing free library in Boston. B. Weymouth, Mass., 1783, d. London, 1864. Bates, William, baits, an Eng. nonconformist divine; a polite writer. B. 1625; d. IIackney, 1699. JBateman, Kate Josephine, bait'man, an Am. actress; made her debut at the age of three years, at Louisville, Ky., in “Babes in the Wood;” appeared as a star in “Evangeline” in N. Y., 1860. B. Balti- more, 1843. Baucher, Francois, boo'cher, Fr.; a horse-trainer; wrote “Method of Horsemanship on New Principles.” B. Versailles, about 1Soo; d. 1873. Baumgarten, Alexandcr Gottlieb, boum gar'ten, Ger. phil., creator of aesthetics or phil. of the beautiful. B. Berlin, 1714; d. I'rankfort-on- Oder, 1762. Baur, Frederick Wilhelm von., bour, a Russian eng.-gen., service Catharine II. of Russia vs. the Turks. B. Bieber, 1735; d. St. Peters. burg, 1783. Baxter, Richard, bax'ter, Eng. nonconformist divine; “Saints' Rest.” B. Shropshire, 1615; d. London, 1691. Bayard, James Asheton, bi'ard, Am. senator of Delaware. B. Phila- delphia, 1767; d. Williamton, Del., 1815. Richard H., son of James, a U. S. Sen. two terms. B. 1796; d. 1S68. James Asheton, bro. of preced- ing, sen. of Delaware twice; chairman judiciary com. in cong.; re- signed 1S69, on ac.ill health. Thomas Francis, son of the preceding; U.S. sen. since 1869; mem. com. on finance from that time. B. Wil- mington, Del., 1828. Bayard, Peter, Chevalier de, baiyar, Fr. warrior; the Good Knight; fought 200 Sp. single-handed. B. Dauphiny, 1476; d. in battle, 1524. Bayer, Johann, bai'er, a Ger, astronomer. B. Bavaria, about 1572; d. Augsburg, about 1650. Bayle, Moses, bail, a leader of Montagnards and Terrorists of 1st Fr. revolution. D. 1815. Bayle, Pierre, bail, a Fr. phil. writer; called the Montaigne of the 17th cen. B. Carla, co. of Foix, 1647; d. in Holland, 1706. Bayley, James Roosevelt, bai'le, an Am. archbishop; pub. “Sketch of the Hist. of the Catholic Church on the Isl. of N. Y.,” etc. Born N. Y., 1814; d. Newark, N.J., 1877. Bazaine, Francois Achille, ba-zdn', a Fr. gen.; took part in Crimean war; in battle of Solferino; in Mexico; captured Mex. army of 7,000 men under Diaz, was in Franco-Ger. war, shut up in Metz, and compelled to surrender his army of 173,000, 27th Oct., 1870, to Prince Frederick Charles. B. Versailles, 1811. * Beaton, James, be’ton, a cardinal and archb. of St. Andrew's, in Scot- land; primate; caused Wishart to be burnt. B. 1494; assas. 1546. Beattie, James, LL.D., be-te, Scotch writer; “The Minstrel.” B. Laurencekirk, 1735; d. 1803. Beaufort, Francis de Vendome, duke of, bo'fort, admiral of Fr.; def. Turk. fleet near Tunis. B. 1616; k. siege of Candia, 1669. Beaumarchais, Peter Augustin Caron de, bo-mar'shai, Fr. writer; comedies “Barber of Seville,” “Marriage of Figaro.” B. Paris, 1732; d. 1799. Beaumont, Francis, bo'mont, Eng. dramatist; intimate with Ben Jonson, and probably met William Shakspeare. B. Leicestershire, 15S6; d. London, 1616. See FLETcIIER, John. Beaumont, Jean Baptist Armand Louis Leonce Elie de, bo-mazon.” Fr. geologist. I}. Canon, Calvados, 1798. Beauregard, Peter Gustavus Toutant, bo're-gar, Am. gen. confed. –- ~~~~ * G-s: -- -—9 --- -ā- - BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 2 I9 T- . "y; defeated McDowell at Bull Run, 1861; defended Charleston vs. '. B. near New Orleans, La., 1818. "'. Charles Francois, bo-ton'-bo-pra', a Fr. hydrog- au-P F; made complete survey of the coast of France. B. Neuville- JB *, near Ste. Menehould, 1766; d. 1851. £- Bonesana, Marchese di, It, political phil. B. Milan "' Romeyn, bek', Am. physician and author, “Ele- Recker £" B. Schenectady, N.Y., 1791; d. 1855. there is. rl Friedrich, bek'er, a Ger. ‘historian. B. Berlin, 1777; d. : Thomas a, a be£et, archb. of Canterbury; canonized. B. : : ***9; assas, before altar of cathedral of Canterbury, 1170. IV. of £: Charles, bek'ing-ham, Eng. dramatic author; “Henry Beck *ce,” “Scipio Africanus.” B. London, 1699; d. 1730. tions £ ohann, bek'man, a Ger. technologist; “History of Inven- seek i * Itoya 1739; d. Hanover, 1811. Iarti "th, Sir George, bek'with, served in N. and S. Am.; captured i. *que from the Fr. B. 1753; d. 1823. e' Antoine Caesar, bek'ai-rel, a Fr. physicist; made discov- Bedd electricity. B. Chatillon-sur-Loing, 1788; d. Paris, 1878. Ot. oes, Thomas, bed/does, Eng. physician, chemist, anat, geologist, to • Controversialist, and poet. B. Shiffnal, Shropshire, 1760; d. Clif- n, 1808. *# Beda, called Venerable Bede, beed, an Eng. monk and one £ historians of Eng. B. 672; d. Girvy, 735. church: • *egory Townsend, D. D., be-del', an Am. divine of Prot. E. II] ": "thor of many works. B. Staten Isl., N.Y., 1793; d. Balti. ore, 1834. £ John, duke of, bedford, Eng. commander; regent of Fr.; y aided in bringing Maid of Orleans to the stake. B. 1390; d. ouen, 1435. w: *yman, D. D., be cher, studied divinity in Yale college; Ct., 1 iny theo, works; f. of Mrs. Beecher Stowe. B. New Haven, * 1775; d. 1863. £ £nry Ward, son of Lyman B., pastor Plymouth church in £ Norwood.” B. Litchfield, Ct., 1813. yman : Harriet Elizabeth (Stowe), one of the 12 children of Rev. tales and taught school at Hartford; married Calvin E. Stowe; wrote visited £ "Uncle Tom's Cabin,” translated into every language; Beer w:1853. B. Litchfield, Ct., 1812. celeb: elm, Beer, a Ger. astronomer, and bro. of Meyerbeer, the Beetho composer. B. Berlin 1797; d. 1850. Haydn, £ £wig von, bait'ho-ven, Prus. mus. composer; pupil of Behrin idelio. B. Bonn, 1770; d. Vienna 1827. a strait d s: Vitus, £eer’ing, a Dane, in Rus. navy, in time of Catherine; *''' its name from him; shipwrecked Behring Isl., 1741. Capt. £ £ bel'cher, #. hydrographer, asst. surveyor to IBelcher, y on voyage to Behring's straits. B. 1799; d. 1877. ...' 'air-us, Rom. gen. time of emp. Justinian's r.; Consul £ " wh: that prince was engaged with the Persians; sole # Savior of empire. B. Germania about 505; d. 565. church £y. tel'noe, Am. D. D., and pastor Congregational d. 1798. °ston; pub. history of New Hampshire. B. Boston, 1744; *'' • Andrew, an English clergyman; introduced Madras system Bell £ B. St. Andrews, Scot, 1753; d. Cheltenham, 1832. gation. £ bel, first to apply steam successfully in European navi- Holi.j: inlithgowshire, 1767; d. Helensburgh, on Clyde, 1830. '*' sculp.; “Una and the Lion,”“Babes in the Woods.” B. orfolk, 1812. .#£ an Am. statesman; M. C. 14 yrs.; secy. of war in Harri- 1860. B '' candidate for pres., constitutional union party, Tenn., 1869. ashville, Tenn., 1797; d. Cumberland Ironworks, £ Charles, Brit anat. and discoverer of arrangement and ope- Bella *Wous system. B. Edinburgh, 1774; d. Hallow Park 1842. * Robert, bellar-meen, a Roman cardinal who said “one Rome, 1621. was worth a pound of victory.” B. in Tuscany, 1542; d. >=— *om, an Eng. pugilist. B. Bristol, 1783; d. Peckham, 1851. Belle-Isle, Charles Louis Auguste Fouquet, duke de, a Fr. soldier and statesman; in war vs. Maria. Theresa and her allies; he took Prague, 1741. B. Villefranche, in Rouergue, 1684; d. 1761. Bellingham, Richard, bel'ing-ham, colonial gov. of Mass., U. S.; an original patentee of the colony. B. 1592; d. 1672. Bellini, or Bellin, Gentile, bail-le'ne, Venetian artist, engaged by Mahomet II. to paint the beheading of St. John the Baptist. B. 1421; d. 1501. Bellini, Vincenzo, a Sicilian mus. composer; “La Somnambula;” “Norma.” B. Catania, in Sicily, 1So2; d. near Paris, 1835. Bellman, Charles Michael, bell'man, nat. poet of Sweden; was to Sw. what IBurns was to Scot. B. Stockholm, 1741; d. 1795. Bellows, Henry Whitman, D. D., bel'oz, an Am. divine; principal in establishing Christian Inguirer, a Unitarian paper, N.Y., 1846. B. Boston, 1814. Belsham, Thomas bel'sham, a Socinian divine; embraced tenets of Dr. Priestley. B. Bedford, 1750; d. Hampstead, 1829. • Belsham, William, younger bro. of Thomas B., Eng. polit. and hist. writer; whig. B. 1752; d. 1828. Belshazzar, bel-shaz'zar, last k of Babylon; feasted sumptuously during siege of city of Babylon, when he was amazed by the hand- writing on the wall. Belzoni, Giovanni, bail-dso'ne, It traveler; made excavations at Karnak, etc. B. Padua about 1774; d. Gato, in Benin, 1823. Bem, Joseph, bem, brave Polish gen.; afterward became a Mussul- man and a pasha. B. Galicia, 1795; d. Aleppo, 1850. r Benedict, a name adopted by a large number of the Roman pontiffs. Benedict, Jules, a Ger. pianist; studied under Hummel and Weber; was with Jenny Lind in U. S. B. Stuttgart, 1804. IBenedict, St., ben'e-dikt, founder of religious order of Benedictines. B. Nursia, 4So; d. 542 or 543. Benezet, Antony, ben'e-zet, Am. philanthropist; pub. tracts on slave trade. B. London, 1713; d. 1784. Benjamin, benja-min, youngest son of Jacob and Rachel; when the ten tribes revolted, the tribe of Benjamin remained steady in its at- tachment to Judah, forming a part of that kingdom. . Bennett, James Gordon, ben'et, Am. journalist, founder N. 1. Her- ald; sent Stanley to Af. for Livingstone. B. Scotland, 1795; d. 1872. Bennett, William Sterndale, Eng, composer and pianist; “Merry Wives of Windsor.” B. Sheffield, 1816; d. 1875. Bentham, Jeremy, ben'tham, Eng. judicial phil., “Plan of a Judicial Establishment.” B. London, 1748; d. Westminster, 1832. Bentinck, Lord William Charles Cavendish, 2d son 3d duke of Portland; Eng. statesman; gov.-gen. of India. B. 1774; d. Paris, 1839. Benton, Thomas Hart, ben’ton, Am. Senator for 30 years; his State (Missouri) is called Bullion State on ac. of his love for coin money; he was called “Old Bullion;” pub. “Thirty Years' View” of Am. gov., two vols. B. near Hillsborough, N. C., 1782; d. Washington, 1858. Beranger, Pierre Jean de, bai'razvnzh'ai, a French poet; rep. of dept. Seine in Constituent Assembly. B. Paris, 17So; d. 1857. Berenice, ber'e-ni-ce, daughter of Agrippa the Elder, k, of the Jews; married to Herod; was w. of Ptolemy; Titus loved her. B. 28. Beresford, William Carr, Viscount, ber'es-ford, Brit. gen. at Vittoria and Bayonne; gov. of Jersey. B. 1763; d. Bedgebury Park, Kent, 1854. Pergh, Henry, berg, the celebrated president of the “American So- ciety for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals.” Born N. Y., 1823. Berkeley, George, berk'le, Irish divine; “Principles of Human Knowledge;” friend of Pope. B. Kilcrin, Ire., 1684; d. Oxford, 1753. Berkeley, Sir William, Eng. or royal gov. of Va., U. S.; unpopular fr. his failure to protect settlers fr. Indian incursions. I?, near London; d. Twickenham, 1677. Berken, or Berquen, bair'ken, a Fleming who in 1476 discovered art of cutting and polishing the diamond by means of a wheel and dia- mond-power. Bernard, bair'nard, duke of Saxe-Weimar; supported Prot, cause in Ger. during 30 years' war. B. Weimar, 1604; d. near Neubourg on Rhine, 1639. Bernard, of Menthon, St., founder of the monasteries of the Great and Little St. Bernard in the Alps. B. Annecy, 923; d. 100S. Bernard, Peter Joseph, wrote operas “Castor and Pollux,” “Art of Loving.” B. Grenoble, 1710; d. Paris, 1775. | 22O BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. Bernard, St., Fr., foundcr of order of Bernardines. B. Fontaines, 1091; d. Clairvaux, 1153. Bernardes, Diego, bair-mar'dais, a Port. poet, “Lyma.” 15to; d. 1596. Bernardin, St., bair-nazwr’den, of Siena, It. monk; founded 300 mon- asteries. B. Massa-Carrara, 13So; d. Aquila, 1444. Bernhardt, Sara, bern'hart, a Fr. actress; commenced an engage- ment in N. Y., in Nov., 1SSo; has four children. B. Paris, 1844. Bernini, or Bernin, bair-ne/ne, Giovanni Lorenzo, a Florentine sculp. and archi.; was also a painter. B. Naples, 1598; d. Rome, 16So. Bernouilli, James, bair'noo-eel/e, a Swiss mathematician. B. Bale, 1654; d. 1705. Berry, Caroline Ferdinande Louise, Duchess de, ber'e; married Duke de Berry, who was assas. while handing, the duchess to a carriage. I3. Naples, 1798; d. 1870. Berryer, Pierre Antoine, bair're-ai, Fr. advocate and pleader; de- fender of order and asserter of liberties of his country. B. Paris, 1790; d. 1S68. Berthier, Alexander, bair’te-ai, served in Am. rev. war under La- fayette. B. 1753; committed suicide at Ramberg, 1815. Berwick, James Fitz-James, duke of, marshal of France, ber’ik; sup- pressed religious wars in south of France. B. Moulins, 1670; k. Phil- ipsburg on Rhine, 1734. Berzelius, Jons Jacob, ber-ze'le-us, Sw. chemist; received the Copley medal, R. S. L. B. Wasersunda, E. Gothland, 1779; d. Stockholm, 1848. Bessel, Frederick William, bes'sel, Prus. astronomer; “Fundamenta Astronomiae.” B. Minden, 1784; d. 1846. Bessieres, Jean Baptistc, bes'se-airs, duke of Istria; skillful com- mander in the Peninsula and in Ger. B. Preissac, near Cahors, 1768; k. Lutzen 1813. Betham, Sir William, beth'am, Eng. antiquary and geol. broke, Suffolk, 1779; d. near Dublin, 1853. Bethlen, Gabriel, Prince of Transylvania, baith-len, favored tolera- tion in religion; k. of Hungarians. B. 1580; d. 1629. Betis, be’tis, gov. of Gaza, for Darius, which he defended vs. Alex. the Great; put to d. by Alex. B. C., 332. Beust, Frederick Ferdinand, Baron von, boost, Ger. statesman; promoter of civil and religious liberty. B. Dresden, 1809. Beverningk, Jerome van, bai-vair-meenk, a Dutch statesman, called the Pacificator. B. Tergan, 1614; d. Leyden, 1690. Bewick, Thomas, bu'ik, Eng. artist. B. Cherryburn, near New- castle on Tyne, 1753; d. 1828. Bianchini, Francis, be-awn-ke'ne; It. astronomer; discovered spots on the planet Venus. B. Verona, 1662; d. Rome 1729. Bias, bi’ds, one of the seven wise men of Greece; took active part in public affairs. B. Priene, about 570 B. c. Bichat, Marie Francois Xavier, be'sha, Fr. physiologist. ette, near Bourg, 1771; d. 1802. Biddle, Nicholas, bid"/ pres. Bank of the United States for 16 years. B. Phila., 17S6; d. on his estate, Andalusia, near Phila., 1844, aged 58. Biela, William, Baron von, bee-at'la, Prus. nobleman; discovered the comet that bears his name. B. Stolberg, 1782; d. 1856. Bierstadt, Albert, beer'stat, an Am. artist; “Rocky Mts.-Lander’s Peak;” “Emigrants Crossing the Plains.” B. Dusseldorf, Ger., 1829. Bigelow, Erastus Brigham, big'e-low, Am. inventor and author; 1st successful power loom carpet factory in the world; 36 U. S. patents. B. 1814; d. 1879. Bilderdyk, Willen, beel/dair-dike, eminent litterateur of Holland. B. Amsterdam, 1756; d. Haarlem, 1831. Billings, Williain, bil/lings, an Am. composer; intimate with Sam- uel Adams. B. Boston, 1746; d. there 1800. Bink, Jacob, benk, a famous old Ger, engrayer and painter; one of the “little masters.” B. Cologne, about 15co; d. about 1560 or 1568. Binney, Horace, bin'i, an Am. lawyer; pub. “Leaders of the Old Bar of Phila.” B. Phila., 17So; d. 1875. Bion, bi'on, a Gr. bucolic poet, contemporary of Theocritus and Moschus, B. Smyrna; fl. 3d cen. B. c. Bion, a phil. and sophist of Borysthenes in Scythia; famous for knowledge of poetry, music and phil. D. 241 B. c. Bird, Dr. Robert Montgomery, bird, an Am. novelist: “Nick of the Woods * B. 1So?, B. about B. Strad- B. Thoir- Biot, Jean Baptiste, belo, Fr. math. and phil. B. Paris, 1774; d. 1862. Birger de Bielbo, berfer-dai-bee"bo, regent of Sweden; good gov- ernor; founded city of Stockholm. B. 1210; d. 1266. Birkbeck, George, M.D., birk-bek, Eng. physician and promoter of public utility. B. Settle, in Yorkshire, 1776; d. London, 1841. Birney, James G, burne, an Am. politician; aided in organizing the Liberty party, by which he was twice nominated for the presidency. B. Danville, Ky., 1792; d. Perth Amboy, N. Y., 1857. Biron, Armand de Gontaut, baron de, be-rawng', Fr. gen.; marshal of Fr. B. Perigord, 1524; d. 1592. Biron, Charles de Gontaut, duc de, son of Armand B.; admiral and marshal of Fr.; traitor to IIenry IV. B. 1562; beheaded 1602. Bishop, Sir Henry Rowley, bishop, Eng. mus. composer; “Guy Mannering.” B. London, 17So; d. 1855. Bismark-Schoenhausen, Otto Edward Leopold, Prince, bees'mark shern'hot' sen, Prussian statesman; added Hanover and otherind. states to Prussia. B. 1814. Black, Joseph, blak, Scotch chemist. B. Bordeaux, 1728; d. Edin- burgh, 1799. Plack, Jeremiah S., Am. secy. of state; appointed 17th Dec., 1860, under Buchanan. B. Glades, Penn., 1810; d. York, Penn., 1883. Black Hawk, Am. Indian chief, a Pottawattamic; fought on side of British in war of 1812. B. 1767; d. in Iowa, 1S3S. Blackstone, Sir William, blak/stone, learned Eng. judge; mem. Par. “Commentaries.” B. London, 1723; d. 17So. Blackwell, Elizabeth, blak'well, Am. med, student; grad. Geneva, N.Y., other med. Schools refusing on ac. of sex, 1849. Blackwood, Sir Henry, blak/wood, British admiral; 1st. lt. Invincible man-of-war, 1793; capt. of Brilliant, and Penelope, etc. B. 1770; d. 1832. Blaine, James Gillespie, blain, Am. senator; served in seven con- gresses; secy. treas.; secy. state under Garfield; speaker house rep. B. Washington co., Pa., 31 January, 1830. Blair, Francis Preston, blair, editor Globe, a Democratic paper at the U.S. capital, till 1845; aided in organizing the repub. party. B. Abing- don, Va., 1791; d. 1876. Montgomery Blair, son of the preccding, was postmaster-gen. in the famous cabinet of Abraham Lincoln. Blair, John, assoc. justice Am. supreme ct.; app. fr. Va., term 9 years. B. 1742; d. 179S. Plair, Robert, Scotch poet; “Grave,” in which occurs the sentiment of “Angels' visits, few and far between.” B. Edinburgh, 1699; d. 1746. Blake, Robert, blaik, Eng. naval and mil. commander; mem. Par.; def. Dutch off Cape la Hague, 1653. B. Bridgewater, 1598; d. 1657. Blake, William, Eng. poet and artist; illustrated his own poems, and Blair's “Grave,” etc. B. London, 1757; d. 1S27. Blanc, Louis, blong, Fr. polit. and hist.; “Hist. of Fr. Revolution.” B. Madrid, 1812. Blanchard, Jaques, blong-shar, Fr. artist; called the Titian of France. B. Paris, 16oo; d. 1638. Blanche of Castile, blamsh, Q. of France; governed with discretion; a beautiful woman. B. 1184; d. 1252. Bland, Richard, bland, mem. of colonial legislature of Va.; one of the com. to prepare remons. with Parliament in 1768. D. about 177S. Blessington, Marguerite, countess of, bles'-sing-ton, Irish writer; “Book of Gems,” “Gems of Beauty.” B. near Clonmel, 1789; d. Paris, 1849. Blodget, Samuel, blod/jit, an Am. inventor. B. Woburn, Mass., 1720; d. Haverhill, N. H., 1So?. Blount, Charles, blount, lord Mountjoy and earl of Devonshire; Eng. writer; knighted by Q. Elizabeth. B. 1563; d. 1606. Blucher, Field Mar. Sebrecht von, bloo'ker, Prus. gen.; def. Mar- shals Ney, Macdonald, Sebastian, and Lauriston in 1813; def. by Napo- leon at Ligny, 1815; slaughtered French at Waterloo. B. Rostock on Baltic, 1742; d. Kriblowitz, Silesia, 1819. Plumenbach, Johann Frederich, bloo'men-bak, Ger. anat. and phys.; “Varieties of the Human Race.” B. Gotha, 1752; d. 1840. Boardman, George Dann, bord’man, an Am. missionary at Maul- main, a scat of the Eng. gov. B. Livermore, Me., 1801; d. in Bur- mah, 1831. Boadicea, bo'a-dis'e-a or bo-a-di-se'a, ancient British queen; fought and was defeated by Romans. D. A. D. 61. | :- -: E BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 22 I * J- Boccaccio, John, bok-kat-che-o, It. writer; “Decameron.” IB. Par- is, 1313; d. Certaldo, Tuscany, 1375. Boccherini, bok-kai-re'ne, a mus. composer that excelled in sympho- nies. 13. Lucca, 1740; d. 1Soó. bochart, Samuel, bak'ar, Oriental scholar; “Hist. of Animals of Scripture.” B. Rouen, 1599; d. 1667. Bock, Jerome, bok, called also Le Bouc, first to attempt a natural classification of plants. B. Heidelbach, 1498; d. IIornbach, 1554. Bode, Johann Elert, Ger. astron; author of the Celestial Atlas, con- taining 17,240 stars. B. 1747; d. 1826. Bodley, Sir Thomas, bod-fe, patron of Bodleian library at Oxford. B. Exeter, 1544; d. Oxford, 1612. Hoece, or Boethius, Hector, bo-e'the-us, a Scottish hist.; “Hist. of Scotland.” B. Dundee, 1465; d. 1536. Boerhaave, Herman, boor'haf, Dutch physician; reformed ined; ex- celled as an illustrative experimentalist. B. Voorhout, near Leyden, 1668; d. 1738. Boethius, or Boetius, Anicins Manlius Torquatus Scverinus, bo-e'the- tas, Rom. phil.; consul. B. Rome, 455; beheaded in prison in Pavia, 526. Bogardus, James, bo.gar'dus, Am. inventor, ring-spinner, etc. B. Catskill, N. Y., 1Soo; d. 1874. Bohemond, or Boemond, Mark, bo-he'mond, took part in 1st crusade; 6 princes of his name succeed him in the rule of Antioch 200 yrs. Boilean, Nicholas, sur-named “Despreaux,” bzwoi-lo', a famous Fr. poet. B. Paris, 1635; d. 1711. Boissy d'Anglas, Francis Antony, brvois'se, dawng'glas, Fr. states- man; sat in nat. assembly; withstood the wrath of the Jacobins with heroic firmness in 1795. B. near Annonay, 1756; d. Paris, 1826. Boleyn, Anne. Scc BULLEN, Anne. Bolinbroke, Henry St. John, Viscount, bo!'ing-brok, or boo!'ing- brok, Eng. politicai writer and statesman; intimate with Pope, Swift, etc. B. Battersea, 167S; d. 1751. Bolivar, Simon, 52/e-var, a S. Am. gen, and liberator of Bolivia fr. the Sp. yoke; liberated Peruvians. B. Caracas, 1783; d. San Pedro, 1830. Ronaparte, Charles, bo'na-parte, a judge of the isl. of Corsica; fath- er of Napoleon I. D. Montpelier, 1785, after the birth of his young- est child, Jerome. Bonaparte, Joseph, eldest son of Charles and Letitia; was K. of Na- ples and nominal K. of Spain till 1813. B. 1768; d. Florence, 1844. Ponaparte, Louis, 4th son of Charles and Letitia; K. of Holland. B. 1778; d. Leghorn, 1846. Bonaparte, Marie Pauline; diplayed great courage at St. Domingo; twice married; no children. B. 17So; d. 1S25. Bonaparte, Jerome, 5th and youngest son of Charles and Letitia; married in the U. S. a Mliss Patterson, which marriage was dissolved; he then married Princess Catharine of Wurtemburg, and became K. of Westphalia. B. 1784; d. 1S60. Bonaparte, Prince Louis Lucien, an author; senator under Napoleon III. B. Morngrove, Worcestershire, 1813. Ponaparte, Prince Napoleon Joseph Charles Paul, son of Jerome and Catharine; leader of extreme republicans. B. Trieste, 1822. Bonaparte, Napoleon, Emp. of the French; 2d son of Charles Bona- parte; lt.-co!. artillcry, 1793; took Toulon; repulsed 40,000 Parisian in- surgents; married Josephine, widow of Visc. de Beauharnais; routed 4 armies in 134 years; took Alexandria, and became master of Egypt. Overthrew the Directory, 1799; crossed the Alps and gained victory of Marengo; peace of Luneville, with Austria, 1801; treaty of Amiens with Eng., 1So2; crowned himself emp. of Fr. and k. of It.; victory of Jena, 1Sofi; defeated by Wellington's army in Spain, 1SoS-13, costing Fr. 400,000 men; Josephine divorced, 1809, and married Marie Louisa, dau. of Emperor of Austria; became Empress of France in 1812; in- vaded Russia with 500,000 men and def. the Russians; made disastrous retreat and his army was dissolved or perished; raised another army and gained victories of Lutzen, Bautzen, and Dresden in Ger.; def. at Leipsic by Rus., Prus., Austria, and Sweden; abdicated the throne, 1814; again mustered an army, defeating the Prussians at Lignay, 16th June, but on the 18th was def. by Wellington at Waterloo. B. Ajaccio, Corsica, 1769; d. St. Helena, 1821. Bonaparte, Napoleon II., Francis Charles Joseph Napoleon, duke of Reichstadt, son of Napoleon I. and Maria Louisa. B. Paris, 1811; d. 1S32, aged 21. Bonaparte, Napoleon III, Charles Louis Napoleon, emp. Fr.; 3d son of Louis Nap. Bonaparte, k, of Holland, and Hortense Beauharnais, dau. of Empress Josephine; destroyed Fr. liberty by the celebrated coup a'etat, 1851. B. Paris, 1SoS; d. 1873. Bond, William Cranch, an Am. astronomer. among first to use pho- tography in recording observations. B. Portland, Me., 1789; d. Cam- bridge, Mass., 1859. Bone, Henry, R. A., bon, most eminent Eng. enamel-painter of his time. B. 1755; d. 1834 Bonheur, Rosa, bon-hur', Fr. artist; painter of animal and still life; “Horse Fair.” B. Bordeaux, 1822. Boniface, St., bon'í face, sent by Gregory II, to convert Germans. B. Devonshire, 6So; slain by peasants in Friesland, 755. Boniface I., pope and saint; suc. Zozimus in 418. D. 422. Boniface I, suc. Felix IV., in 530. B. Rome; d. 532. III. suc. Sab- inianus in Go?. IV. came to the tiara in 607, and converted the Panthe- lon into a church; d. 615. V. suc. Adeotus in 617, and tried to convert natives of Britain to Christianity; d. 625. VI. suc. Formosus in 896. VII. took the chair after murdering Benedict VI. in 974; driven out o Rome, but retd. and caused reigning pope, John XIV. to be murdered in prison; he was afterward killed. Boniface VIII. made Celestine resign, imprisoned him, and laid Denmark under an interdict; his persecuting tendencies are alluded to by Dante in 27th chap. of the “Inferno.” B. 1228; d. 1303. Ronner, Edmund, bon'ner, “bloody bishop Bonner;” chaplain of Henry VIII. B. Hanley, Worcestershire; d. in prison, 1569. Bonner, Robert, bon'er, Am. jour., prop. New York Ledger. B. near Londonderry, Ire., IS24. Honnet, Charles, bon'nai, Swiss naturalist. B. Geneva, 1720, d. 1793. Bonnivard, Francis de, bon'ne-war, Byron’s “Prisoner of Chillon.” B. Seyssel, dept. of Ain, 1496; d. Geneva, 1570. Bonpland, Aime, bonp/land, Fr. botanist and traveler, with Hum- boldt in his S. Am. explorations. B. La Rochelle, 1773; d. 185S. Boone, Daniel, boom, Am. colonel; early settler of Ky.; celebrated pioneer. B. in Va., 1735; d. Missouri, 1822. He cxpired while on his knees, taking aim at some object, and was found in that position, with his gun resting on the trunk of a tree. Booth, Barton, booth, celebrated actor in r. of Anne and George I. B. Lancashire, 1681; d. 1733. Booth, Junius Brutus, a tragedian; came to Am. in 1821, and resided there, playing 30 yrs. B. London, 1796; d. 1852. Booth, Edwin, Am. tragic actor, son of Junius Brutus B.; married the late adopted dau. of Manager J. H. McVicker, of Chicago. B. 1833. Borda, John Charles, bor'da, Fr. math.; served under D'Estaing in Am.. war as rear-admiral. B. Dax, 1733. Borde, John Benjamin de la, bord, a Fr. writer; “Hist. of the South Sea.” B. Paris, 1734; guillotined 1794. Bordeaux, Henry Charles Ferdinand Mario Dieudonne d'Artois, duc de, boor'do; took the title of conte de Chambord, the last of the elder branch of the Bourbon family. B. 1820. * Borelli, Giovanni Alfonso, bo-rai'le, It prof. math, and med.; wrote 1st theory of Jupiter's satellites. B. Naples, 1608; d. Rome, 1697. Borghese, Camillo, bor-gai'zai, scion of an ancient It. family; mar- ried widow of Gen. Leclerc, Marie Pauline Bonaparte, the sister of Napoleon I. B. 1775; d. 1832. Borgia, Caesar, borje-a, a profligate son of Pope Alexander VI.; had his bro. drowned, and dispatched several persons to gratify his re- venge. D. Pampeluna, 1507. Borgia, Lucretia, sister of Caesar B.; represented as equally profli- gate with her brother; thrice married. D. Ferrara, 1523. Borromeo, Frederick, bor-ro'man-o, cardinal and archb. of Milan, who founded the Ambrosian library at Milan. B. there 1564; d. 1631. Borromeo, Charles, cousin of Frederick B.; also cardinal and archb. Milan; drew up “Catechism of Trent.” B. 1538; d. 1584. Borrow, George, bor-ro, Eng. author; entered the society of gyp- sies; “Romany Rye.” B. East Dereham, in Norfolk, 1803. Bosc, Louis Augustin Guillaume, bosk, a Fr. naturalist. B. Paris, | 1759; d. there, 1828. J- ––. 222 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. Boscowen, Edward, bos-ko'-en, Eng. admiral, distinguished himself at taking of Porto-Bello and siege of Carthagena. B. Cornwall, 1711; d. near Guilford, 1761. Bosquet, Marshal, bos'kai, Fr. commander in Algeria; with Fr. army at Crimea. B. Pau, 1810; d. 1861. Bossuet, James, bos-soo-aie’, celebrated Fr. preacher; “Discourse on Universal Hist.” B. Dijon, 1627; d. Paris, 1704. Boston, Thomas, bos-ton, a Scotch divine and voluminous writer. D. 20th May, 1732. Boswell, James, bos' wel, the biographer of Dr. Johnson. B. Edin- burgh, 1740; d. 1795. Bosworih, Joseph, D.D., F.R.S., etc., bos'zvurth, eminent Anglo-Saxon scholar and philologist; “Dic. of Anglo-Saxon Language.” B. Der- byshire, 1788; d. 1876. Bothwell, James Hepburn, Earl, both'well, remarkable in hist of Scotland in connection with Mary Q. of Scots, and his supposcd share in the murder of Henry Darnley, her husband. D. 1576. Botta, Carlo Guiseppe, bot/ta, It. historian; “Hist. of Italy,” “His- tory of Am. Independence.” B. San Giorgio, Piedmont, 1766; d." Paris, 1837. Botta, Paul Emile, son of Carlo G.; became French consul at Mosul; led the way in the discovery of the Assyrian remains. B. Paris about 1Soo; d. 1870. Botts, John Minor, an Am. politician; M. C. three times; opposed secession. B. Dumfries, Prince William co., Va., 1802; d. Culpeper co., 1869. Boucicault, Dion, boo'se-ko', a British play-writer and actor; “Col- leen Bawn.” B. Dublin, 1822. Boudinot, Elias, boo'de-not, first pres. American Bible Society for dissemination of the Scriptures. B. Phila., 1740; d. Burlington, N.J., 1821, aged 81. * Boufiers, Louis Francois de, boof"flai, a marshal of France. B. 1644; d. Fontainebleau, 1711. Bouillon, Godfrey, duc de, bool-lazong, one of the leaders in the first Crusade; took Jerusalem; “Defender and Baron of thc Holy Sepul- chre.” B. about 1060; d. 1100. Boulton, Matthew, bole’ton, Eng. inventor; partner of Watt. B. Birmingham, 1728; d. 1809. Bou-maza, boo’ma'za, an Arab chief; during the Rus. war com. body of Bashi-Bazouks, and was made a colonel in Turkish service. B. about 1829. See Abd-cl-Kader. Bourbon, Charles, duke of, boor'bawng, constable of France; became lieut.-gen. in Italy. B. 1489; k in an assault on Rome, 1527. Bourmont, Louis Auguste Victor de Chaisne, boor'mazong, Fr. gen. and marshal; reduced Algeria under the power of France. B. Paris, 1773; d. 1846. Bourrienne, Louis Antoine Fauvelet de, boor'-re-en, friend and pri- vate sec'y of Napoleon; wrote “Life of Napoleon.” B. Sens, 1769; d. 1834. Boutwell, George Sewell, bowt/wel, Am. statesman; sec'y treas. B. Brookline, Mass., 1818. Bouvier, John, boo-veer', an Am. jurist; pub. “Law Dictionary.” B. Codognan, Fr., 1718; d. Phila., U.S., 1851. Rowdich, Thomas Edward, bou'ditch, an Eng. traveler to Africa. B. Bristol, 1790; d. at mouth of the Gambia, 1824. Bowditch, Nathaniel, bou'ditch, an Am. writer on navigation and physical and math, science. B. Salem, Mass., 1773; d. 1838. Bowles, Samuel, boles, Am. journalist, Springfield Republican, Mass. B. 1826; d. 1878. Bowles, Rev. William Lisle, Eng. poet, “Essay on the Poetical Character of Pope.” B. King's Sutton, Northamptonshire, 1762; d. Salisbury, 1850. Bowles, William Augustus, an Am, rev.; joined Creek Indians, which he com. against Spaniards until he was captured and imprisoned by them. B. Frederick co., Md., 1763; d. Morro Castle, Havana, 1805. Bowman, Thomas, bott’man, an Am. divine; chaplain of U.S. Senate; made a bishop in 1872. B. near Berwick, Columbia co., Penn., 1817. Bowring, Sir John, bou'ring, a various and voluminous writer; mem. H. C. British consul at IIong-Kong. B. Exeter, 1792; d. 1872. Bowyer, William, bo'yer, Eng. printer; erudite and critically accu- rate. B. 1699; d. 1777. Boyce, William, an Eng. doctor of music wrote musical drama, “Shepherd’s Lottery.” B. London, 1710; d. 1779. Boyd, John Parker, boid, an Am. colonel; served in India, and in the U.S., at Tippecanoe, 7th Nov., 1811, at the battle of that name. B. New- buryport, Mass., 1768; d. Boston, 1830. Boyd, Mark Alexander, a Scottish student of Greek, and active in war. B. Galloway, 1562; d. Pinkill, 1601. Boyd Robert, Lord, boid, a Scotch nobleman; was the son of Sir Thomas Boyd, of Kilmarnoch, who was killed in 1439, in revenge for having murdered Lord Darnley; d. Alnwick, 1470. Boydell, John, boi'del, an ingenious artist, and magistrate of London. B. 1719; d. 1804. Boyer, Abel, bzvoiyai, a Fr. lexicographer and grammarian. B. Cas- tres, 1664; d. in England 1729. Boyer, Jean Pierre, pres. of Hayti; repelled Christophe; annexed Santo Domingo; fled to Jamaica. B. Port-au-Prince, 1776; d. Paris, 1850. * Boyle, Robert, boil, a learned Irish writer and phil; aided in procur- ing charter for E. India co. B. Lismore, Ireland, 1626; d. London, 1691. Boyleston, Zabdiel, boil-ston. Am. doctor; first introduced the prac- tice of inoculation to ward off small-pox at Boston. B. 16So; d. 1766. Boyton, Paul, boi'ton, swimmer in safety rubber suit across English channel, and Connecticut River in U.S. Bozzaris, Marco, boz-za'ris, the Leonidas of modern Greece; was a Souliote, and defended his country against the Turks. B. close of 18th cen.; fell near Kerpenisi, 1823. Braccio, Fortebracci, brawt-che-o, made himself prince of Perugia which he had reduced to subjection. B. 1368; d. 1424. p Bradstreet, John, brad'street, an Eng. gen. that joined the British forces in America. B. 1711; d. N. Y., 1774. Braddock, Edward, brad-ok, Brit. gen. in Am.; mortally wounded near Fort du Quesne. B. about 1715; d. 1755. Bradford, William, bradford, a Quaker and a native of Leicester- shire, Eng.; printed an almanac for 1687, at Burlington, N.J. D. 1752, aged 94. Pradford, William, 2d gov. Plymouth colony; came to Am. in “May. flower.” B. Yorkshire, Eng., 1589; d. Plymouth, 1657. Bradlaugh, Charles, bråd"lau, Eng. radical and speaker; aims to change Eng. form of gov. to that of a republican form, like the United States. B. London, 1833. Pradley, James, brad'le, Eng. astronomer; suc. Dr. Halley as astron. royal; discovered laws of aberration and of mutation. B. Sherborne, in Gloucestershire, 1692; d. Chalford, 1762. Bradshaw, John, brad'shaw, noted Eng. lawyer; pres. court that sat in judgmeut on Charles I. B. Cheshire, 1586; d. 1659. Braganza, House of, bra-gan'sa, dates from commencement of 15th cen., and is now represented in the reigning dynasty of kingdom of Portugal. Bragg, Braxton, an Am. gen.; was in Mexican war; checked by Rosecrans at Stone Riv., and def. him at Chickamauga, war 1S61-5. B. Warren co., N. C., about 1815; d. Galveston, 1876. Brahe, Tycho, bra, Danish astron.; disc. a new star in constellation Cassiopea; “Rudolphine Tables.” B. Knudstorp, 1546; d. Prague, 1601. Brahms, Johannes, broms, a Ger. pian, and comp. B. Hamburg, 1833. Brainerd, David, brai-nerd, Am. missionary among the Indians. B E. Haddam, Conn., 1718; d. 1747. Bramah, Joseph, bra'ma, Eng. engineer and machinist; patented a lock that goes by his name. B. Stainborough, in Yorkshire, 1749; d. 1814. Bramante, d’Urbino, Lazarus, brwa'mazon-tai, It. arch. and architect of St. Peters at Rome. B. in duchy of Urbino, 1444; d. Rome, 1514. Brandt, brant, a chemist of Hamburg who, in 1669, accidentally dis- covered phosphorus. D. about 1692. Brant,Joseph, head of Mohawk Indians in Upper Canada. D. 1807; aged 65. , Brasidas, bras’i-das, a Spartan gen, distinguished in Peloponnesian war, and in 424 B.C. master of Amphipolis. Bravo Murillo, Don Juan, bra'vo moo-reel/yo, Sp. statesman; active in recent changes in gov. of Spain. B. 1803; d. 1873. * k d * ~ S–- -—912 - "---- -v- BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 223 Bray, Thomas, brai, an Eng. divine; in Va., U. S., for some time; re- Victor, prince of Broglie, was active for the popular party at the com- turned to Am. several times to preach gospel among Indians. B. Shrop- mencement of the French revolution; guillotined 17 shire, 1656; d. 1730. Bromley, William, brom 'le, an eminent Eng. line engraver. B. Isle Bray, Mrs. Anne Eliza, an author; twice married; tales, “Life of of Wight, 1769; d. 1842. Thomas Stothard, R. A.,” beautifully illustrated. Bronte, Charlotte, bront-e, Eng. novelist, Currer Bell, “Jane Eyre,” Breckinridge, John Cabell, brek'en-rij, Am. politician, and vice-pres. “Shirley.” B. 1816; d. 1855. Annie and Emily, sisters of Charlotte, with Buchanan; Sen.; confed. secy. war. B. near Lexington, Ky., 1821. died, the former in 1848, the latter in 1849. All were authors. D. 1875. Brooke, Sir James, brook, rajah of Sarawak, an Englishman; gained Breguet, Abraham Louis, brai-goo-ai, Fr. clock and watch mechan- the cession to Eng of the isle of Sabuen. B. Bandel, in Bengal, 1803; ician; the breguet chain takes its name from him. B. Switz.: d. d. Burrator, in Devon, 1868. Paris 1823. Brooke, Henry, an Irish author and play-writer; “Fool of Quality.” Breitkopf, John Gottlieb Emmanuel, brite'koff, an ingenious Ger. B. Rantavan, Ire., 1706; d. Dublin, 1783. printer and letter founder that improved types; devised method of print- Brooks, Charles Timothy, brooks, Am. author, pub, transl. of Schil- ing music, maps, charts. B. Leipsic 1719; d. 1794. ler's “William Tell.” B. Salem, Mass., 1813. * Bremer, Fredrika, bre'mer, Swedish novelist; “Neighbors;” “Presi- Brooks, John, M.D., an Am. lieut.-col. in rev. war; gov. Mass., 1816 dent's Daughter.” B. Abo, in Finland, 1802. D. 1865. to 1823. B. Medford, Mass., 1752; d. 1825. { Brennus, bren'nus, a Gaulish gen. that invaded Italy 382 B. C.; def. Brougham, John, an Irish actor; author of scveral pieces. B. Dublin, Romans at riv. Allia, and came near taking the capitol; Camillus 1810. marched to the relief and destroyed the Gauls. Brougham, Henry, Lord, broo'am, British versatile writer; a reformer. Brewster, Sir David, broo'ster, Scottish experimental phil.; invented B. Edinburgh, 1778; d. Cannes, 1868. * the kaleidoscope in 1816; “Martyrs of Science;” twice married. B. Brousson, Claude, broo’son, a Fr. Prot, martyr; defended the Hugue- Jedburgh, 1781; d. 1868. * nots. B. Nimes, 1647; put to death in Montpelier, 1698. Brewster, William, a pilgrim, came to Am. in Mayflower, known as Brown, Benjamin Gratz, brown, Am. jour. and statesman; founder of Elder B. B. Scrooby, Eng., 1566; d. 1644. the Missouri Democrat, U. S. Sen. fr. Mo. B. Lexington, Ky., 1826; d. Bridgewater, Francis Egerton, duke of bridi'water, styled “Father lately. of British Inland Navigation;” cut several navigable canals. B. 1736; Brown, Charles Brockden, Am. writer of novels, and cditor. B. d. 1803. Phila., 1771, d. 1810. Bridgewater, earl of, Francis Henry Egerton, 8th earl of B.; Brown, Jacob, Am. major-gen., and in 1821, gen.-in-chief of armies of “Bridgewater Treatises;” dressed dogs in men's clothing and had U. S.; defended Ogdensburg vs. British; commanded at Niagara them at table with him. B. 1758; d. 1829. frontier. B. Berks Co., Penn., 1775; d. Washington, 1828. Brienne, John de, bre'en, elected k. of Jerusalem in 1210; afterward Brown, John, an Am. who actively sct about negro emancipation in emp. of Constantinople. D. 1237. Va., was b. at Torrington, Conn.; tried and executed at Charlestown, Briggs, Henry, brigs, an Eng. math.; first improver of logarithms, Va., 2d Dec., 1860. after Naper, the original inventor. B. near Halifax, Yorkshire, 1556; Brown, John, D.D., a Scottish divine, and author of several religious d. Oxford, 1630. works. B. Whitburn, Linlithgowshire, 1781; d. 1858. Briggs, Henry Perronet, R. A., Eng. painter; “Othello relating his Brown, Dr. John, born of Scottish parents, and was a clergyman and Adventures to Desdemona.” B. 1793; d. London, 1844. author. B. Rothbury, Northumberland, 1715; killed himself in insane Brigham, Nicholas, brig'ham, Eng. lawyer and poet; erected a monu- fit, 1766. ment to Chaucer. B. Oxfordshire; d. 1559. Brown, Lancelot, Eng. landscape gardener and architect, called Bright, John, brite, an English orator and politician; has always pro- “Capability Brown.” B. Northumberland 1715; d. 1783. fessed a warm admiration for Am. institutions. B. 1811. Brown, Sir George, Eng. gen.; served in Peninsular war, f. 1808 to Bril, Paul, bril, landscape painter; his masterpiece a large landscape '14, led troops at Alma, in the Crimea. B. near Elgin, Scotland, 1790; in fresco, in the Sala Clementina in the Vatican. B. Antwerp, 1556; d. d. 1865. Rome, 1622. * • Brown, Robert, D.C.L., F.R.S., an eminent Scottish botanist. B. Brindley, James, brind"le, Eng. engineer, employed by duke of Montrose, 1773; d. London, 1858. Bridgewater on his famous canal fr. Worsley to Manchester, which Brown, Robert, Eng. Puritan, and founder of sect called Brownists. was afterward extended to the Mersey: B. Thornsett, Derbyshire, B. 1540; d. Northampton gaol, 1630. | 1716; d. Turnhurst, Staffordshire, 1772. See BRIDGEwATER, Francis E. Brown-Sequard, Charles Edward, broun-sa-kar', a physiologist. B. Brinvilliers, Maria Margaret, marchioness of, bra-veel'e-ai, French in isl. of Mauritius, 1818. poisoner; executed at Paris, 1676. Brown, Thomas, M. D., Scottish metaphysician; pub. lectures on Brissot, Jean Pierre, brees’so, a leading Fr. revolutionist; a Girondist. “Phil. of the Human Mind.” B. Kirkmabreck, Kirkcudbrightshire, B. near Chartres, 1754; guillotined with 20 other Girondists, 1793, by Scot., 1778; d. London, 1820. order Robespierrian party. Brown, Ulysses Maximilian, a field marshal of Irish origin, in the Britannicus, bri-tan'-i-kus, made conquests in Britain. B.42; pois- Austrian army; def. Prussians, won battle of Losowitz. B. Bale, 1705; oned by Nero in his 14th year. mortally w. battle Prague; d. 1757. Britton, John, brit’ton, an Eng. arch. antiquarian. B. near Chippen- Browne, Charles Farrar, Am. humorist that wrote under the name ham, Wiltshire, 1771; d. 1857. of Artemus Ward. B. Waterford, Me., 1834; d. Southampton, Eng- Brock, Isaac, brok, Eng. Major-gen. in war of 1812; Gen. Hull, of U. land, 1867. S.A., surrendered Detroit to the British general Brock; Hull's effective Browne, Sir Thomas, Eng. physician; pub. “Religio Medici.” B. force did not exceed 800 men. B. 1769; d. 1812. London, 1605; d. Norwich, 1682. Broderick, David Colbreth, brod/e-rick, U. S. senator fr. California Brownell, Capt. Frank E., brown'el, avenger of Ellsworth (which 1856. B. 1818; k by Judge David S. Terry, of Cal. court in duel, 1859. see); Am. officer that k. Jackson, the slayer of Ellsworth at Alexan- Broderip, William John, brod"e-rip, Eng. naturalist. B. Bristol, dria, Va., 24th May, 1861, war of 1861-5. 1787; d. Richmond, 1859. Browning, Robert, broun'ing, an Eng. poet; “Strafford;” “Blot in Brodie, Sir Benjamin Collins, Bart., bro'de, Eng. physician. B. Win- the Scutcheon.” B. Camberwell, 1812. s terslow, Wiltshire, 1783; d. 1862. Browning, Elizabeth Barrett, w. of Robt. B., a poet; “An Essay of Proglie, Victor Maurice, Count de, bro/le-ai, a Fr. gen., and was Mind, with other poems;” “Aurora Leigh.” B. London, 1809; d. "marshal of France; served in wars of Louis XIV. D. 1727. •. Florence, 1861. Broglie, Francis-Marie, son of the above; was also a marshal of Brownlow, William Gannaway, broun-low, Am. unionist; gov. Pr; distinguished himself greatly in Italy, 1733-4. Another son, Mar- Tenn.; U. S. senator; Parson Brownlow; Knoxville Whig. B. Vir- shal de Broglie, gained great fame in the Seven Years' War. Claude ginia in 1805; d. 1877. ~# "--- —i- | !. r- s BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. Bruce, James, a Scottish Af. traveler; pub. hist. of his travels in 5 quarto vols. B. Kinnaird, Stirlingshire, 1730; fell down stairs and d. 1794. Bruce, Michael, a Scottish poet; “Lochlaven;” “Elegy.” B. Kinnes- wood, Kinross-shire, 1746; d. 1767. Bruce, Robert, brooce, k. of Scotland, one of the bravest and wisest; def. Eng. at Bannockburn in 1314; his heart was embalmed at death. B. 1274; d. Cardross, on Frith of Clyde, 1329. Bruck, Charles Louis, Baron von brook, an Austrian politician, min. of finance. B. 1798; committed suicide, 1860. Brueys, Francis Paul, broo'aiz, rear-admiral in Fr. navy; def. by Nelson in battle of Aboukir, in which he himself was killed. B. Uzes, 1753. Brune, William Marie Anne, marshal, broon, Fr. gen.; accused of being a terrorist, at Avignon, and shot, dragged and thrown into the Rhone, 1815. B. Brives, 1763. Brunel, Isambard Kingdom, broo'nel, designer and engineer of the Great Western, first steamship to cross the Atlantic; also contractor of Great Eastern. B. Portsmouth, 1806; d. 1859. Brunel, Sir Mark Isambard, cngineer of Thames tunnel; inventor, submitted a plan for making block-pulleys for ships by machinery, a great success. B. near Rouen, 1769; d. 1849. Brunelleschi, Philip, broo-nail-lais'ke, an It, architect, who erected the dome of cathedral at Florence. B. there, 1377; d. 1444. Bruno, St., broo'no, the founder of the Carthusians. D. 1101. Brunswick, House of, one of the oldest Ger, families; several dis- tinguished commanders have sprung from it. Charles William Ferdi- nand was def. at Jena and Auerstadt, and d. 1806. His son, William Frederick, fell at Ligny, IS15. Brutus, Lucius Junius, bru'tus, founder of the Roman republic; he cxpelled the Tarquins from Rome; condemned to death his own sons Titus and Tiberius, for conspiring against their country, and fell fight- ing for the liberties of the people, 509 B. c. Hrutus, Marcus Junius, son of Servilia, Cato's sister, and Decimus Junius Brutus, was lineally descended from the above; his life was spared by Caesar at Pharsalia; Because Caesar aspired to supreme power, Brutus aided in killing him; Antony took arms to avenge Caesar's death; Brutus and Cassius opposed Antony at Philippi, where B. succeeded, but C. was defeated and died on his own sword; in anoth- er battle B. succeeded, but the other wing of his army was beaten, and he found himself surrounded by Antony. Brutus escaped, but from his disappointment, run on his own sword and died 42 B. C. See CAS- SIUS and CAESAR. Brutus, Decimus Junius Albinus, prevailed on Caesar to go to the senate-house when he seemed doubtful, that he might be murdered; was put to death by Antony, B. c. 42. Bryant, William Cullen, bri'ant, Am. poct; “Thanatopsis,” “Flood of Years.” B. Cummington, Mass., 1794; d. N. Y., 1878. Bucer, Martin, boo'sair, onc of the first Prot, reformers to unite with Luther. B. Alsace, 1491; d. 1551. In r. of Mary his body was taken up and burned. Euchan, William, buk'an, a Scottish physician and publisher med. works. B. Ancram, in Roxburghshire, Scot., 1729; d. 1805. Buchanan, George, bu-kan'an, a Scottish writer that embraced the doctrines of the Reformation. B. Killearn, Stirlingshire, 1506; d. Edinburgh, 1582. Buchanan, James, 15th pres. of the U.S., term 1857-1861; educated at Dickinson College, Carlisle, Penn.; min. to St. Petersburg; M. C.; amb. to Eng.: during his term the civil war of 1861-5 was begun. B. Stony Batter, Penn.; d. at Lancaster, 1868. Buckingham, George Villiers, Duke of, buk'ing-ham, the profligate favorite of the pedant k., James I. IB. Brookesley, Leicestershire, Eng. 1592; stabbed to d. at Portsmouth, 1628, by Lieut. Felton, who was executed. Buckingham, George Villiers, Duke of, son of the above, a favorite of Charles II., and one of the “Cabal” ministry. B. London, 1627; d. Kirkby, Moorside, Yorkshire, 1688. Buckingham, James Silk, an English traveler, lecturer and social reformer. B. Flushing, near Falmouth, Cornwall, 1786; d. London, 1855. Buckinghamshire, John Shefficli, Duke of, buk'ing-ham-sheer; his poems received the praises of Pope and Dryden. B. 1649; d. 1720. - Buckland, Rev. William, buk/land, Eng. geologist and mineralogist. B. Axminster, Devonshire, 1784; d. 1856. Buckle, Henry Thomas, buk'el, Eng. historian; “Hist. of Civiliza- tion.” B. at Lee, Kent, 1822; d. Damascus, 1862. Buckstone, John Baldwin, buk'ston, Eng. actor, dramatic author and manager; produced 150 pieces. B. near London, 1802; d. 1879. Budgell, Eustace, budj'el, an Eng. writer, relative of Addison. B. Exeter, 1685; drowned in the Thames, 1736. Buel, Jesse, distinguished Am. patron of agriculture. B. Coventry, Conn., 1778; d. Danbury, Conn., 1839. Buell, Don Carlos, an Am. gen.; was in Mexican war, and scrved in the w. dept. in war 1861-5. B. near Marietta, 1818. Ruffon, George Louis le Clerc, boof fawng, an illustrious Fr. natural- ist; “Natural History, General and Particular,” 36 vols., with supple- ments. B. Montbord, Burgundy, 1707; d. 1788. Bugeaud de la Piconnerie, Thomas Robert, boozh'o, duke of Isly, a marshal of Fr.; went thro' all of Napoleon's campaigns; def. 40,000 Arabs with his army of 10,000. B. Limoges, 1784; d. Paris, 1849. Bull, Dr. John, bool, Eng. musician; reputed composer of “God Save the King.” B. Wells, Somersetshire, 1563; d. Antwerp, 1628. Bull, Ole Boreman, a famous Norwegian violinist; came to U.S. and founded a Swedish colony in Penn.; married a lady at Madison, Wis. B. Bergen, 1810; d. 18 Aug., 18So. . Bullen, Sir Thomas, boo!'en, Eng. statesman and amb. for Henry VIII., who married his daughter, Anne. Bullen, Anne, wife of Henry VIII. and m. of Q. Elizabeth. B. 1507; beheaded 19th May, 1536. Henry married Jane Seymour the follow- ing day. Bulow, Frederick William, boo’lo, a Prus. gen.; saved Berlin in 1813, by victories at Grossbeeren and Dennewitz. B. 1755; d. 1816. Bulwer, Sir Henry Lytton, Earle, boo!'wer, Eng. privy councilor, diplomatist, and author; “Monarchy of the Middle Classes.” B. 1Sot; d. 1872. Bulwer-Lytton, Edward, George Earle Lytton, Baron, boo!'wer lit’on, Eng. novelist; “Lady of Lyons;” “The Caxtons.” B. 1805; d. London, 1873. Bulwer-Lytton, Edward Robert, Baron-Lytton, son of the preced- ing; a poet, “Owen Meredith.” B. 1831. Bunsen, Christian Karl Josias, Chevalier de, boon'sen, Prus. diplomat- ist, theologian, and philologist; “Egypt's Place in Hist.” B. Corbach, Waldeck, 1791; d. Bonn, 1860. Bunyan, John, bunyan, celebrated Eng. writer; wrote “Pilgrim's Progress” while in Bedford prison. B. Elstow, 1628; d. London, 16SS. Buol Schauenstein, Count de, boo'ol, Austrian diplomatist; at head of affairs when war was declared vs. Sardinia in 1859; amb. to London. B in Switz., 1797. Burckhardt, John Louis, boork'hart, a Swiss traveler; journeyed in Syria, Nubia, Arabia; visited Mecca and Medina, Cairo, desert of Si- nai. B. Lausanne, 1784; d. Cairo, 1817. - Burdett-Coutts, Angela Georgina, baroness, bur-det'koots', Eng. phi- lanthropist, youngest dau. of Sir Francis Burdett. B. 1814. Burdett, Sir Francis, Bart., bur-det', Eng. political reformer. B. 1770; d. 1844. Burgoyne, John, burgoin', an Eng. gen, who, after two battles with the Americans, rev. war, was forced to surrender, in 1777, to Gen. Gates, and to sign the capitulation of Saratoga, which decided France to rec- ognize the independence of the U. S. B. 1730; d. 1792. Burgoyne, Sir John Fox, Baronet, Eng. lieut.-gen. and field-marshal. B. 1782; d. 1871. Burke, Edmund, burk, Eng. writer and statesman; opposed measures of Eng. gov. in reference to the Am. colonies; “Reflections on the Revo- lution in France.” B. Dublin, 1728; d. Beaconsfield, 1797. Burke, Robert O'Hara, Irish traveler. B. county of Galway, Ire.; d. 1S61, aged 40. Burleigh, William Cecil, Lord, bur’le, took greatest part in establish- ment of 39 articles of faith, that form basis of the Reformed religion. B. Lincolnshire, 1520; d. 1598. Burlingame, Anson, bur’-ling-gaim, Am. diplomat, friend of Charles Sumner, cong. three terms, min. to China, and Chinese amb. B. New Berlin, N.Y., 1822; d. St. Petersburg, 1870. Burn, Richard, burn, an Eng. divine, and celebrated law writer; “Burn's Justice.” B. Winton, Westmoreland, 1720; d. 1785. | * BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 225 Burnes, Sir Alexander, burns, a Scotch officer that served in India; appointed political resident at Cabul. B. Montrose, 1Sos; murdered at Cabul, 1841. Burnet, Gilbert, burnet, an eminent divine; bishop of Salisbury; wrote “Hist, of the Reformation.” B. Edinburgh, 1643; d. 1715. Burnet, Gilbert Thomas, Eng. author of “Outlines of Botany.” B. Marylebone, 1800; d. 1835. Burnet, John, a Scotch engraver and writer on art; “Hints on Com- . position.” B. Fisherrow, near Edinburgh, 1784; d. London, 1868. Burney, Charles, bur'ne, Eng. mus. doctor. B. Shrewsbury, 1726; d. 1814. Burns, Robert, burns, nat. poet of Scotland; an unsuccessful farmer; an illicit amour made his circumstances perplexing; married his sweet- heart finally and celebrated her in song, “Bonnie Jean.” B. near Ayr, 1759; d. 1796. Burnside, Ambrose Everett, burn'side, an Am. gen.; invented a breech-loading rifle; captured Roanoke isl., Newberne, and Beaufort, N. C., 1862; in war 1861-5; def, by Lee at Fredericksburg; arrested C. L. Vallandigham. B. Liberty, Ind., 1824. Burr, Aaron, bur, third vice-pres. U. S.; major; senator; killed Alex- ander IIamilton in a duel. B. Newark, N. J., 1756; d. Staten Isl., N.Y., 1836. Burrill, James, bur'il, an Am. jurist; state chief-justice, and U.S. Sen- ator; opposed Mo. compromise. B. Providence, R. I., 1772; d. Wash- ington, 1820. Burroughs, George, burrows, an Am. divine; executed for witch- craft at Salem, Mass., 19th Aug., 1692. Burroughs, William, lieut. in navy; commanded sloop Enterprise; mortally wounded during capture of British brig Boxer. B. Kender- ton, Penn., 1785; d. 1813. Burritt, Elihu, bur'rit, an Am. linguist; made himself acquainted with the Hebrew, Greek, Syriac, Spanish, Bohemian, Polish, and Dan- ish languages; lectured throughout Europe and Am., endeavoring to form a League of Universal Brotherhood. B. New Britain, Ct., 1811; d. 1879. Burton, John Hill, bur’ton, Scottish historian, biographer, and writer on law, polit. econ., etc.; “Hist. of Scotland.” B. Aberdeen, 1809. Burton, Richard Francis, Brit. officer in Indian army; traveled thro' great part of Arabia and Africa; consul at Fernando Po. B. in Ireland, 1821. Burton, Robert, an Eng. writer; “Anatomy of Melancholy;” be- lieved in astrology. B. Lindley, Leicestershire, 1576; d. Oxford, 1640. Burton, William Evans, a celebrated Eng. comedian and play-writer; pub, a cyclopaedia of wit and humor. B London, 1804; d. N. Y., in U.S., 1860. Busch, Johann Georg, boosh', a Ger. writer on statistics and com- merce. B. Alten-Weding, in Hanover, 1728; d. 1800. Buschetto, da Dulichio, bose-ket-to, a Greek architect that built the cathedral at Pisa, where he fl. in 11th century. Bush, George, an Am. writer on theological subjects; follower of Swedenborg. B. Norwich, Vt., 1796; d. Rochester, N.Y., 1859. Bushnell, David, boosh'nel, an Am. inventor. B. Saybrook, Ct., about 1754; d. Warrenton, Ga., 1824. s Bushnell, Horace, Am. divine and author; “Christian Nurture,” “Forgiveness and Law.” B. Litchfield, Ct., 1802; d. Hartford, 1876. Bustamante, Anastasio, boos-ta-man'ta, physician to mil. gov. at San Luis Potosi; colonel, and def. Spanish forces near Juchi; pres. of Vic- toria about 1837. B. Jaquilpan, prov. of Michoacan, 17So; d. San Mig- uel de Allende, 1853. Butler, Andrew Pickens, but’ler, Am. Senator fr. S.C.; col. of regt. of cav. during nullification trouble. B. Edgefield dist., S. C., 1796; d. near Edgefield C. H., 1857. Rutler, Benjamin Franklin, an Am. lawyer and gen.; captured forts Hatteras and Clark, N. C. coast, 1861, war 1861-5; governed New Or- leans with vigor, M. C. several times; gov. of Mass. B. Deerfield, N. H., 5th Nov., 1818. Butler, Joseph, an Eng. learned prelate; pub. “Analogy of Religion, Natural and Revealed, to the Constitution and Course of Nature.” B. Wantage, Berkshire, 1692; d. Bath, 1752. Butler, Samuel, celebrated Eng. poet; “Hudibras.” B. Strensham, Worcestershire, 1612; d. London, 16So. Butler, William Orlando, Am. maj.-gen. in Mexican War; M. C. B. Jessamine Co., Ken., 1793. Buxton, Sir Thomas Fowell, baronet, bux'ton, Brit advocate of abol. of slavery. B. Earls Colne, Essex, 17S6; d. 1845. Buxtorf, Johann, books’torf; and his son of same name; learned Ger. Hebraists; edited numerous works in 16th century. Byng, George, bing, Viscount Torrington, Eng. admiral; def. Spanish fleet, off Sicily. B. Kent, 1663; d. 1733. - Byrom, John, bi'rom, an Eng. poet; wrote an improved system of shorthand. B. Kersal, near Manchester, 1691; d. Manchester, 1763. Byron, John, bi'ron, Brit, admiral and grandf. of the illustrious poet; sailed around the world, 1764–6, gov. Newfoundland. B. 1723; d. London, 17S6. Byron, George Gordon, Lord, Eng. poet (see B., John); “Childe Harold,” “Manfred;” married Miss Anne Isabella Milbank; had one child, Ada; parted from his w.; wrote “Don Juan.” B. Holles street, Cavendish sq., London, 1788; d. Missolonghi, Greece, 1824. •0->p C G=-0. Cabanis, Pierre Jean George, ka-ba'ne, a Fr. phil., physician, littera- teur, and politician. B. Cosnac, 1757; d. Rueil, near Paris, 1808. Cabarrus, Francisco, Count de, kab'ar-roo, Sp. financier; min. of finance under Joseph Bonaparte. B. Bayonne, 1752; d. Seville, 1810. Cabel, Marie Josephe, Ka'bail, a Belgian vocalist; Auber composed for her. B. in Liege, 1827. Cabestan, or Cabestaing, William de, a Provencal poet; served w. of Raymond de Rousillon, who became jealous; R. tore his heart out, had it cooked, and fed it to his w.; she d. of grief and horror when informed what it was. Fl. 12th and 13th century. Cabet, Etienne, ka'bai', a leader of Fr. communists; went to Texas, and afterward to Nauvoo, U. S. B. Dijon, 1788; d. St. Louis, Mo., 1856. Cabot, John, kab'ot, a celebrated navigator, and discoverer of the North Am. continent. D. about 149S. Cabot, Sebastian, son of John C.; discovered coast line to the Chesa- peake, United States; explored coasts of Brazil and La Plata. B. Bristol, 1477; d. 1557. - Cabral, or Cabrera, Pedro Alvares, ka'bral, a Portuguese navigator; accidentally discovered Brazil. D. about 1526. Cabrera, Don Ramon, ka-brair'a, a Carlist leader and partisan of Don Carlos war in Spain after 1834. B. Tortosa, 1810. Cabrillo, Juan Rodriguez, kab’ril/-/o, a Portuguese navigator; discov- ered Islands of Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa, and San Bernardo. D. last named isl. about 1543. Caccia, Guglielmo, kawt'-che-a, a Piedmontese artist, and celebrated for his painting in fresco. B. Montabone, near Casale, 1568; d. 1625. Cade, John, called Jack Cade, kaid, an Irishman that headed an insur- rection in Kent, 1450; assumed the name of Mortimer. Fl. 15th century. Cadell, William, kai'del, a London bookseller, and publisher of works of Johnson, IIume, Blackstone, Gibbon, etc. B. Bristol. 1742; d. 1802. Cadmus, kad'mus, son of Agenor, k, of Phaenicia, and bro. of Europa, whose beauty charmed Zeus (Jupiter), who carried her off; Cadmus is said to be first to introduce the use of letters into Greece—alphabet of 16 letters. D. about 1432 B.C. Cadmus, the Milesian; first Grecian to write hist, in prose. Fl. 6th century. Cadoc, the Wise, kat'dok, a bard, and first to collect the British prov- erbs together, Fl. 6th century. Cadogan, Henry, ka-dûg'an, a distinguished British colonel that served in the Sp. campaigns of Wellington; mortally wounded in battle of Vittoria. Cadoudal, Georges, ka-doo'dal, a Chouan chief of insurgents in the Fr. rev. B. near Auray, Lower Brittany, 1771; d. on the scaffold, 1804. Cadwalader, John, kād-wol/a-der, an Am. brig.-gen.; in battles of Princeton, Brandywine, Germantown, and Monmouth. B. Phila, 1743; d. 1786. Cadwaladyr, kad-zval'a-dir, son of Cadwallon ab Cadvan, a nomi- nal sovereign of Britain in 660; with him ceased the title of k. of the Britons. D. Rome, 703. Caecilius, or Cecilius, Statius, se-sil'e-us, a Roman slave; a poet, and writer of about forty dramas. D. about 168 B. c. :- -M- |-- --->|r." 226 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. Caedmon, seed'mon, the reputed father of English song, and 1st mct- rical author in our vernacular language. D. about 6So. “Caesalpinus, Andreas, se-sal/pe-noos, an Italian naturalist, and bot- anist. B. Arezzo, 1519; d. 1603. Caesar, Caius Julius, se-zar, descended fr. the Julian family; united with Cicero in promoting the Manilian law; gov. of farther Spain; formed 1st triumvirate with Pompey and Crassus, in 60 B.C, com manded in Gaul, and reduced it; Pompey, his former friend, became jealous of and opposed him, whereupon there arose a civil war through- out the Roman empire; Caesar, nearly everywhere, was victorious; defeated Pompey on the plains of Pharsalia, in 48; Pompey's head was brought to Caesar at Alexandria, when he wept over it; went to war with Ptolemy, in which the famous Alexandrian library of 400,- ooo vols., was accidentally destroyed; Caesar won, the Egyptians were defeated, and Ptolemy was drowned; the Roman senate in 46 pro- claimed Caesar consul, and dictator; he next conquered Pharnaces, the son of Mithridates, the Great, in Asia Minor;-“Veni, vidi, vici,” (I came, I saw, I conquered); “carried the war into Africa,” and def. Scipio, Labienus, Juba, aud drove Cato to his death; made reforms at Rome; introduced the Julian calendar; crushed the revolt of the two sons of Pompey in Spain; crowned in triumph at Rome; assumed im- perial dignity, which roused the jealousy of friends, and he was assas- sinated in 7the senate-house, 43 B. c. B. 100 B. c. Caesar was twice married; in his eight years' war against the Gauls, Germans, Helve- tians and Britons, three million men were slain. See BRUTUs and CALPURNIA and CASSIUS. Caesar, Sir Julius, Eng. chancellor of the exchequer; a jurist; friend of Bacon, who died in his arms. B. Tottenham, 1557; d. 1636. Cagliostro, kal'ye-os-tro, a famous impostor; real name, Joseph Bal- samo; put in the Bastile, and afterward imprisoned near Rome, where he d. 1795. B. Palermo, 1743. Cagnola, Luigi, Marquis, kawn-yo'la, an Italian architect. B. Milan, 1762; d. 1333. Cagnoli, Antonio, kawn-yo'le, an Italian astronomer and phil.; wrote “Plain and Spherical Trigonometry.” B. Zante, 1743; d. Verona, 1816. Cahen, Samuel, Áa'en, a French Hebraist; translated Old Testament into French. B. Metz, 1796; d. 1S62. Cail, John Francis, kail, Fr. mechanician and engineer, whose facto- ries have acquired a world-wide celebrity. B. Donai about 1804. Caille, de la, Nicolas Louis, a Fr. math. and astronomer; compiled a catalogue of the stars. B. Rumigny, 1713; d. 1762. Cailliaud, Frederick, kail-le-o, a Fr. geologist and traveler; found. on Mt. Zabarah the emerald mines that were worked in r. of Ptolemies. B. Nantes, 1787; d. there, 1869. Caird, James, kaird, Scottish writer on agriculture; author of “High Farming.” B. Stranrcar, 1816. Caird, Rev. John, M.A., a popular preacher of the Church of Scot- land. B. Greenock, 1823. Cairns, Rev. John, D. D., kairns, min. United Presbyterian church in Scotland; a voluminous writer. B. Ayton, Berwickshire, 23d Aug., 1818. Caius, kai'us, a Roman gen., son of Marcus Agrippa and Julia, dau. of Augustus Caesar; served in Ger. under Tiberius; reduced Armenia. D. from effects of a wound. Caius, or Kay, John, kai'us, an Eng. physician; served Q. Mary and Q. Elizabeth; founder of Caius College, Cambridge University. B. Norwich, 1510; d. Cambridge, 1573. Calamy, Edmund, kal'am-e, an Eng. nonconformist divine; after- ward joined Presbyterians; several of his sons and grandsons were likewise nonconformists. B. London, 1600; d. 1666. Calanus, Kai-lai'nus, a celebrated Indian philosopher, one of the sect of the Gymnosophists; followed Alexander in his Indian expedition. B. about 406 B.C.; d. 323 B.C. Calas, John, ka'la, a Fr. Protestant merchant of Toulouse, accused of strangling his cldest son for having become a Catholic; the son hanged himself, but the father was tortured to death, 1762, declaring his inno- cence to the last. B. 1698. Calcagnini, Celio, kawl"-kau-ye'ne, a learned Italian; asserted the mo- tion of the earth before Copernicus pub. his system. B. Ferrara, 1479; d. 1541. Calceolari, kawl/se'o-law-re, an It. apothecary and botanist; the beautiful flower, calccolaria, was so named in honor of him. FI. 16th century. Caldara, Antonio, kal”-da-ra, an Italian musician; wrote 68 operas in Austria. B. 1678; d. Venice, 1763. Calder, Sir Robert, kal’der, a British admiral that is principally known from his indecisive and unfortunate action with the Franco- Spanish fleet under Villeneuve, off Cape Finisterre. B. London, 1745; d. 1818, aged 74. * Calderon, de la Barca, Don Pedro, kal/dai-rone, a Spanish soldier, priest, and dramatic writer; wrote his first piece at 14. B. Madrid, 16oo; d. 1681. Caldwell, Charles, kawla"wel, an Am. physician; pub. translation Blumenbach’s “Elements of Physiology.” B. Caswell co., N. C., 1772; d. Louisville, Ky., 1853. Caldwell, James, an Am. divine and patriot; his w. was killed during an invasion by British soldiers in 17So; he was shot by an Am. sentinel, who was hanged for the shooting. B. Charlotte co., Va., 1734; k. Elizabethtown, N.J., 1781. Caled, or Khaled, kai'led, one of the bravest of Mohammed's captains; chiefly instrumental in the conquest of Syria, Mohammed conferring on him the title of Sword of God. D. 642. Calentius, Elisius, kaw-len'she-us, an Italian writer; wrote poem “Battle between the Frogs and Mice,” in imitation of Homer. Calepino, or da Calepio, Ambrose, kawlai-pe'no, a learned It.; spent his life in compiling a dictionary of Latin, It., and other languages. B. Bergamo, 1435; d., blind, in 1511. Calhoun, John Caldwell, kal'hoon, an Am. statesman; secy. of war under Monroe; vice-pres.; U. S. senator. B. Abbeville District, S. C., 1782; d. Washington, 1850. Calidasa, Áa'le-da'sa, an Indian poet; his “Sacuntala” was translated by Sir William Jones; uncertain when he lived. Caligula, Caius, ka-lig’u-la, third emp. of Rome; youngest son of the beautiful Germanicus; he was ugliest of the Caesars; ordered good- looking persons to be disfigured; wild beasts were constantly fed in his palace with human victims; a horse was made high priest and consul. B. 12 A.D.; murdered A.D. 41. Sec GERMAN1cus, Caesar. Calippus, ka-lippus, a Greek math. and astron.; corrected the cycle of 19 years, invented by Meton, to show correspondence of time betw. revolutions of sun and moon; called Calippic period. Fl. 330 h.c. Calixtus I., ka-lix’tus, pope and saint; suc. Zephyrinus in 218, and suffered martyrdom in 222. C. II. became archb. of Vienna in 1103, and pope in 1119. D. 1124. C. III. elected pope in 1455; d. 1458. Callcott, Sir Augustus Wall, R. A., ka/cot, an English landscape- painter, and bro. of the illustrious musical composer; “Milton Dictating to his Daughters.” B. Kensington, 1779; d. there, 1844. * Callcott, John Wall, one of the most distinguished composers in the British school of music; produced his “Musical Grammar” in 1805. B. Kensington, 1766; d. 1821. Callicratidas, kal'li-krat’i-das, a Spartan gen. that succeeded Lysan- der in command of the Lacedaemonian fleet. Fl. 5th century B.c.; k by Athenians, at Arginusac, 406 B.C. Callimachus, #47-lim’-a-kus, a Greek poet and historian, who had charge of the library of Ptolemy Philadelphus. B. Cyrene; d. about 240 B.C. Callimachus, a Greek architect that invented the capital in the Corin- thian order of Gr. architecture; fl. 6th century. Callinicus, kal-lin'i-kus, an ancient architect that invented the Greek fire B. Heliopolis, Egypt; the emp. Constantine III., Pogonatus, used it to burn Saracen fleet at Cyzicus, in 673. Callisen, Hendrick, kal'e-sen, a Danish physician and surgeon. B. 1740; d. 1824. * Calvert, Leonard, the first governor of Maryland. B. 1606; d. 1647. Callisthenes, kal-lis'the-nees, a Greek phil., disciple and rela- tive of Aristotle. B. 365 B.C.; put to death at Cariatae, in Bactriana, 328 B.C. Callistratus, kal-is’tra-tus, a Roman jurist; Justinian made use of his writings in compiling his “Digest,” fl. in r. of Septimus Severus, who d. A. D. 2 I I. Callot, Jacques, kal"lo, a Fr. draughtsman, painter, and engraver; car- icatured vices and follies of mankind. B. Nancy, 1593; d. Flor- ence, 1635. k BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 227 Calmet, Augustin, ka/met, Fr. kal'mai, learned Fr. Benedictine; Cameron, Sir Evan, chief of the Scottish clan of that name; joined wrote “Universal History.” B. Lorraine, 1672; d. abbot of Sen. Claverhouse and fought at Killiccrankie, where Grahame was killed; ones, 1757. styled “Ulysses of the Highlands;” noted for honor and integrity. } Calmo, Marc Antoine, kal"mo, a Fr. politician and author; under- D. 1719. Secy of interior under Thiers. B. dept. of Lot, 1815. Camillus, Marcus Furius, ka-mi"lus, an illustrious Roman, that Calogera, Angelo, kaw"o-fair'a, a learned Benedictine monk; trans- obtained four triumphs and was five times dictator; was called a second lated “Telemachus.” B. Padua, 1699; d. 1768. Romulus. D. of the plague, 365 B. c. Calomarde, Francisco Tadeo, kal'o-mar'dai, Spanish min. under Caminha de, Pedro Vaz, da-ka-meen/ya, a Portuguese navigator and Ferdinand VII.; offered his services to Don Carlos, bnt they were re- explorer. Fl. 1500. jected. B. Villel, Lower Aragon, 1775; d. Toulouse, 1842. Camoens, Luis, kam'o-ens, celebrated poet of Portugal; “Lusiad.” * Calonne, Charles Alexander de, ka'lon, a Fr. statesman and controller B. Lisbon, 1525; d. there, 1579. of finances; predicted disasters which afterward befell France. B. Camon, General, Ka-moo, at head of the voltigeurs of the French Douay, 1734; d. Paris, 1802. s Guards, distinguished himself at battle of Magenta against the Aus- Calpurnia, kal-pur'ne-a, dau. of L. Piso, and last w. of Julius Caesar; trians, 4th June, 1859. B. 1792. she vainly tried to detain him at home on ac. of a dream she had the Campan, Madam, kampong, first lady of the bedchamber to Marie night before he was killed. Antoinette, the dauphiness; wrote “Memoirs of Private Life of Marie Calvart, Denis, kal’var, a Flemish painter; his school at Bologna was Antoinette.” B. 1752; d. Mantes, 1822. : thronged with pupils, including Guido, Albano, and Domenichino. B. Campanella, Thomas, kam-paw-nai"la, an Italian phil.; formed a Antwerp, 1555; d. Bologna, 1619. socialistic system of his own; imprisoned 27 yrs. by Spaniards; tortured { Calvert, Sir George, first lord Baltimore, kal/vert; visited America and tried; sent to the pope. B. Stilo, Calabria, 1563; d. Paris, 1639. in 1628; founded colony of Maryland just before his death in 1632. Campani, Matteo, kam-pa'nee, Italian optician; invented illuminated B. Kipling, in Yorkshire, about 1582. clock-dials; first to grind object glasses of great length. B. diocese Calvert, George Henry, Am. author, “Goethe, his Life and Works.” of Spoleto, Italy, 17th century. A bro., Giuseppe, was an astronomer. B. Baltimore, 1803. Campbell, Alexander, kam'bel, a native of Ireland, and founder of Calvi, Fortuno, kawl’ve, a native of Padua; imbued with republican Campbellite sect. B. Co. Antrim, 1786; d. Bethany, W. Va., 1866. principles; attempted to head a revolt organized by Mazzini in Cadore; Campbell, Colin, Baron Clyde, a British gen.; served in the war was betrayed; condemned to death at Mantua; being told that he might with U. S. in 1814-15; served at Lucknow, the seat of the Sepoy re- be pardoned if he would seek the clemency of the emperor, he an- bellion, 185S. B. Glasgow, 1792; d. Chatham, 1S63. swered, “No, my love of life is not so intense as my hatred of the Campbell, Bartley, an Am. play-writer; “How Women Love,” } Austrians; do your worst.” Suffered with calmness and dignity, 4th “Galley Slave.” B. Alleghany City, Penn., 1843. | July, 1S55. B. 1818. Campbell, John, Lord, 2d son of Rev. Dr. George C., min. of Cupar, Calvin, John, kal" vin, native nor. France; a reformer, and founder Fifeshire; was lord chief-justice of the court of Queen’s Bench. B. j of the sect called Calvinists. B. Noyon, Picardy, 1509; d. 1564. His near Cupar, Scot., 1779; d. isol. # 4 × * yearly lectures are reckoned to be 1S6, and his yearly sermons 2S6. Campbell, John, a Scottish writer; his greatest work, “Political Sur- Cambaceres, Jean Jacques, kam-bas'a-rai, a Fr duke of Parma, hon- vey of Britain.” B. Edinburgh, 1708; d. London, 1775. ored by Napoleon. B. Montpelier, 1753; d. Paris, 1824. Campbell, Rev. George, a Scottish divine; pub. “Philosophy of Cambiaso, Luca, kawm'be-a’so, an Italian painter in fresco and oil; Rhetoric.” B. Aberdeen, 1719; d. 1796. See CAMPBELL, John, Lord. “Martyrdom of St. George.” B. near Genoa, 1527; d. at the Escu- Campbell, Sir Neil, a British officer; gov. of Sierra Leone. B. about rial, Sp., 1585. 1770; d. Sierra Leone, 1827. Cambini, Giovanni Guiseppe, kawm-be'ne, an It, composer; wrote Campbell, Thomas, a chaste British poet, “Pleasures of Hope,” vast number of pieces. B. Leghorn, 1746; d. Bicetre, about 1826. “Gertrude of Wyoming,” “Theodoric.”. B. Glasgow, 1777; d. Bou- Cambon, Joseph, kam'bon, a Fr. revolutionist. B. Montpelier, 1754; logne, 1844. d. Brussels, 1820. * Campbell, William, Lord, last royal gov. of S. C.; bro. 5th duke of Cambray, Baptiste, kam'brai, a Fr. peasant that invented the linen Argyle. D. 177S. fabric called cambric. Campbell, William, an Am. brig.-gen.; opposed the invasion of Cambridge, George William Frederick Charles, Duke of Kaim'bridi, Cornwallis. B. Augusta, Va., 1745; d. Yorktown, 1781, first cousin to Q. Victoria; colonel of inf. in 1837; lieut.-gen., 1854; Campeggio, Lorenzo, kawm-paij'e-o, an It cardinal; sent to Ger. to fought at Alma, and Inkermann, war of the Crimea; commander-in- oppose progress of Lutheranism. B. Bologna, 1474; d. Rome, 1539. chief of the British army, 1856; field-marshal, 1862. B. Han- Camper, Peter, kam'per, Ger, physician and naturalist; pointed out over, 1819. • the difference of the facial angle in man and beast. B. Leyden, 1722; Cambronne, Pierre Jacques Etienne, Baron, Fr. gen... and com- d. 1789. mander of imperial guard at Waterloo. B. St. Sebastien, near Camphausen, Ludolf, kamp-how-zen, a Prussian politician. B. 1803. Nantes, 1770; d. Nantes, 1842. Camphuysen, Dirk Rafelsk, kamp-hoo'sen, a Dutch painter, whose Cambyses, £am-bi'sees, k. of Persia, son of Cyrus the Great; con- landscape and moon-light pieces are very beautiful. B. Gorcum, 15S6; quered Egyptians, killing their god Apis, and plundering their temples; d. Dokkum, 1626. caused his bro. Smerdis to be killed and also his sister Meroe and her Campi, kawm'pe, a distinguished family of Italian painters that fl. in husband. D. 521 B. c. 16th century. * Camden, Charles Pratt, earl of, kam'den, Eng. judge in the court of Campin, Edmund, kam'fe-an, an Eng. writer in defense of the Pa- chancery. B. Devonshire, 1714; d. London, 1794. * pacy. B. London, 1540; hanged for treason at Tyburn, 1581. Camden, William, a learned British antiquary; “Annals of Queen Campo-Basso, Nicholas, kam'po-baw-so, a leader of It. mercenaries Ilizabeth.” B. London, 1551; d. phiselhurst, in Kent, 1623. at end 15th century; betrayed Charles the Bold of Burgundy, who was Camerarius, Joachim, kam'e-rair’e-us, a Ger. writer; embraced the def. and slain at siege of Nancy, 1477. doct of the Reformation; aided Melancthon in drawing up the famous Campomanes, Pedro Rodriguez, kam-po-ma-nes, a Spanish political “Confessions of Augsburg.” B. Nuremburg, 1534; d. there, 1598. cconomist and politician. B. 1793; d. 1Soz. Cameron, kam'er-on, John, a Scottish Biblical scholar; wrote “Theo- Camuccini, Vincenzo, ka-moot-chee''nee, a celebrated Roman artist. logical Lectures.” B. Glasgow, 15So; d. Montaubon, Fr. 1625. B. 1775; d. 1844. Cameron, Rev. Richard, founder of Scottish sect of Cameronians; Camus, Armand Gaston; kar'moos, a Fr. revolutionist; voted against pronounced Charles II, a tyrant. B. Faulkland, Fifeshire; killed, 20th law making Bonaparte consul for life. B. Paris, 1740; d. 1Sot. July, 16So. - Canaletto, or Canale, Antonio, kawn'al-ait'to, famous It. artist. -B. Cameron, Simon, an Am. senator; elected four times; secy. war, 1861, Venice, 1697; d. there, 1768. under Lincoln. B. Lancaster co., Penn., 1799. Canby, Edward Richard Sprigg, kan'bi, an Am. maj.-gen.; served in ~# <=- 9__ !-- -->]". –– 228 Fla. and Mexican wars; commanded dept. w. Miss., war 1861-5. B. Ky., 1819; k. Siskiyou co., Cal., by Capt. Jack, a Modoc chief, 1873. Cancrin, Georg, Count kan kreen', a noted Russian politician. B. 1774; d. 1845. Candlish, Robert Smith, Kand/lish, a Scotch clergyman. B. 1807; d. 1873. Canga Arguelles, Jose, kan'ga ar-gau-yais, a Sp. author and states- man. B. in Asturias, 1770; d. 1843. Canning, George, kan'ning, British politician and orator; fought a duel with Lord Castlereagh, who afterward committed suicide; became premier in 1827. B. London, 1770; d. Chiswick, 1827. Cano, Alonzo, ka'no, called the Michael Angelo of Spain; royal archi- tect and king's painter for Philip IV. B. Granada, 1600; d. 1676. Cano, John Sebastian, the first seaman that sailed round the globe. B. Biscay; d. 1526. Diego Cano, or Cam, a Portuguese navigator, dis- covered the kingdom of Congo, in 1484. Canonicus, ka-non'i-kus, sachem of a New England tribe of Am-In- dians; friendly to the English during Pequot war, 1637. D. Conannicut isl., near Newport, 1647, aged 85. * Canot, Theodore, kazv'no, a slave-trader. B. Florence, about 1807. Canova, Antonio, kaw-no’va, an Italian sculptor; “Cupid and Psyche.” B. Possagno, a Venetian village, 1757; d. Venice, 1822. • Canrobert, Francois Certain, kan'ro-bair, a Fr. marshal; served in the Crimean war; shared honors of battle with MacMahon at Magenta, 4th June, 1859. B. Saint Cere, 1809. P Cantacuzene, John V., kan'ta-koo'seen, emp. of the East; wrote hist. of Byzantine empire fr. 1320 to 1360. B. about 1295; aged about 100. Cantarini, Simon; kan'taw-re'ne, an Italian painter, a disciple of Guido. B. Pesaro, 1612; d. Verona, 1648. Cantemir, Demetrius, kan'e-mir, a Moldavian prince; surrendered Moldavia to Peter the Great; wrote hist of Ottoman empire. I?. 1673; d. 1723. Canter, Willem, kan'ter, a Dutch philologist and critic. d. 1575. Canton, John, kan'ton, an Eng. experimental phil.; made some dis- coveries in electricity, about 1746. B. Strond, Gloucestershire, 1718; d. 1772. Cantu, Cesare, kawn'too, an Italian historian; “Reformation in Italy, and its Antecedents.” B. Brivio, near Milan, 1805. Canute, or Knut, Kan'ute, the Great, k, of Denmark and Eng.; slew the k. of Sweden in battle; issued first national coin of Denmark; introd. Christianity there. B. there about 995; d. Shaftesbury, 1035. Canute IV., called the Pious, k. of Denmark; suc. his bro. Harold in IoSo; slain by his subjects on account of making great land grants to the church. Canz, Israel Gottlieb, kants, a famous German philosopher. B. 1690; d. 1753. Capefigue, Baptiste Honore Raymond, kap'feeg, a Fr. historian; pro- duced over 100 vols. B. Marseilles, 1802; d. Paris, 1872. Capel, Arthur, Lord, kai'pel, an Eng. nobleman; with the Earl of Norwich and Sir Charles Lucas, he defended Colchester vs. Parliamen- tary forces, but forced to surrender. Guillotined, 1649. Capello, Bianca, kaw-pel"lo, a Venetian lady who, from mistress, became w. of Francis, son of grand-duke Cosmo de Medici. B. Ven- ice, 1542; d. Poggio, 1587. Capet, Hugues, ka'pai, founder of Capet dynasty French princes. B. about 939; d. 996. Capistrano, da, da-ka-pes-tra'no, Giovanni, an Italian monk, writer and lecturer. B. 1386; d. 1456. Capito, Wolfgang Fabricius, ka'pe-to, a German scholar and reformer of considerable notc. B. 1480; d. 1541. Capozzoli, Domenico, Patrizio and Donato, kawp-ods-o-le, three bros.; leaders of Italian Carbonari, and fr. 1S21-8 def. royal troops. Guillot- ined at Salerno, 1829, praying for their country to the last. Capello, Bernardo, kap-el'o, an Italian scholar and poet. Flourished B. 1542; 16th century. Capperonnier, Claude, kap-ro-ne-a', a French critic and linguist. B. 1671; d. 1744. * Capo d'Istria, Count of, ka'po-dees'tre-a, a Greek; pres. Gr. govern- ment. B. Corfu, 17So; assas. at Napoli di Romania, 1831. Caracalla, Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, kdr'a-kāl'la, a Roman em- BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. peror, ill-shaped and contemptible; k. his bro. Geta, while in the arms of his m.; Geta was 25 yrs. old; murdered by his suc., Macrinus, at Edessa, 217. B. 188. For another bad Roman see CoMMoDUs. Caracciolo, Francesco, Prince, kaw-rat'che-o-lo, a Neapolitan ad- miral; unrighteously put to death by order of Nelson. B. Naples, 1748; hanged fr. yard-arm of Neapolitan frigate, 1799. Caractacus, or Caradoc, kd-rak-ta-cus, a British k, noted for mag- nanimous deportment when bro’t before Emp. Claudius, in 51; had been betrayed; Claudius gave him his liberty. Died about A. D. 54. Carafa, Michele, kaw-ra-fa, an Italian mus. composer. B. Naples, 1787; d. Paris, 1872. Cardigan, James Thomas Brudenell, earl of, kar'digan, a British maj.-gen; led the celebrated charge of the 600 at Balaklava vs. 5,000 Russian cav., Oct. 25, 1854, Crimean war. B. Hambleton, 1797; d. Deene Park, Northamptonshire, 1868. Cardan, an Italian mathematician and physician. B. 1501; d. 1576. Carduccio, Vincenzo, kar-doot'cho, an Italian artist in Spain. B. 1568; d. 1638. Cardwell, Edward, an Eng. divine and statesman; secy, for Ireland under Palmerston; secy. of war under Gladstone, 1868. B. Liver- pool, 1813. Careme, Marie Antoine, ka-raim', a French cook; pub. “Art of Cookery in the 19th century.” B. Paris, 1784; d. 1833. Carew, Thomas, ka-roo’, an Eng. poet. B. Gloucestershire, 1589; d. 1639. Carew, Bampfylde Moore, “k of the beggars;” a roving English- man that joined the gypsies; transported to Am. B. Bickley, Devon. shire, 1693; d. about 1770. Carey, Henry, kair'e, an Eng. musician; “Sally in Our Alley.” D. 4th Oct., 1743. His son, George Saville Carey, had a daughter that was the mother of the celebrated tragedian, Edmund Kean. Carey, Henry Charles, an Am. polit. economist; pub. “Principles of Political Economy.” B. Phila., 1793; d. 1879. Carey, Mathew, an Am. man of letters; pub. “Essays on Political Economy.” B. Dublin, Ire., 1760; d. Phila., 1839. Carey, William, an Eng. orientalist, that repaired to India to spread the principles of Christianity. B. Paulersbury, Northamptonshire, 1761; d. Scrampore, 1834. Carissimi, Giovanni, ka-ris'e-mee, an Italian writer of high standing. B. 15S2; d. 1674. Carlem, Emilia Flygare, kar-lam, a great Swedish novelist. B. 1807. Carleton, Sir Guy, karl/ton, a British gen. that commanded in Canada during Am. war of the revolution; def. Arnold; gov. of Quebec. B. Strabane, Ireland, 1724; d. Maidenhead, 1808. Carleton, William, an Irish novelist; “Traits and Stories of the Irish Peasantry.” B. Clogher, in Tyrone, 1798; d. 1869. Carli, Gian Rinaldo, kazvr’le, an Italian that induced Joseph II. to abolish the tribunal of the Inquisition that had existed in Milan for centuries. B. Capo d'Istra, 1720; d. Milan, 1795. s Carlisle, Sir Anthony, kar'lile, an Eng. surgeon; contributed to mcd. literature. B. near Durham, 1768; d. London, 1840. Carlisle, Frederick Howard, 5th earl of, Eng. statesman and poet; wrote two tragedies. B. 1748; d. Castle Howard, 1826. Carloman, kar’lo-man, eldest son of Charles Martel, whom he suc. ask of Austrasia in 741. Fl. 8th century. Another of this name was younger bro. of Charlemagne. Another Carloman was son of Louis II. Another was 4th son of Charles the Bald. Carlos, Don, kar’los, son of Philip II.; k of Spain; ill-shaped and bad-tempered. B. Valladolid, 1545; d. in prison, Madrid, 1568. Carlos, Don, Count de Molina, 2d son of Charles IV. of Spain; tricd to get the crown by fomenting a civil war that raged over six years. B. 1788; d. 1855. Carlstadt, Andreas, Karl'stat, a German reformer. B. 1483; d. 1541. Carlyle, Alexander, D.D., kar’lile, a Scottish clergyman; resembled Jupiter Tonans in the capital at Rome, and was called “Jupiter Carlyle.” B. 1721; d. 1805. Carlyle, Thomas, a British writer of great power; “Heroes and Hero Worship;” his “Complete Works” have been published in 30 vols. 8vo. with three vols. extra of translations. B. near Ecclefechan, Dumfries- shire, Scotland, 1795; d. 1881. Carmagnola, Francesco, kawr'ma-no-la, an Italian gen.; recovered - ~ t ! 4. | BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. Lombardy for Philip Maria Visconti, duke of Milan, and won Brescia, Bergamo, Piacenza, etc.; afterward def. Philip; was suspected of treachery, at last, and guillotined, 1432. B. Piedmont, about 1390. Carmeli, Michael Angelo, kar-ma'lee, a very learned Italian monk. B. 17oo; d. 1766. Carmichael, Richard, kar-mi'kel, mem. royal Irish acad., an eminent Surgeon. B. Dublin, 1779; drowned near there, 1849. Carneades, kar-nee'a-deez, an ancient Greek philosopher and orator; fl. 2d century B.c. Carnot, Lazare Nicholas Marguerite, kar'no, a Fr. engineer; min. to Napoleon I.; member Committee of Public Safety in 1793. B. Nolay, in Burgundy, 1753; d. Madgeburg, 1823. Caroline Amelia Augusta, wife of George IV; queen of England. B. 1768; d. 1821. Carpani, Giuseppe, kar-pa'nee, an Italian poet; most of his works are dramatical. B. 1752; d. 1825. Carpenter, Matthew Hale, kar'pen-ter, an Am. statesman, and senator fr. Wisconsin. B. Moretown, Vt., 1824; d. Washington, 1881. Carpenter, William Benjamin, M. D., Eng. physiologist; pub. many works. B. 1813. Carpi, Ugo da, kawr'pe, an Italian artist, that discovered secret of painting in chiaroscuro. B. Rome, about 1486; d. about 1530. Carpini, John de Plano, kawr'pe'ne, a Dominican friar that tried to induce the descendants of Genghis Khan to turn their arms vs. Turks and Saracens, instead of invading Europe. B. kingdom of Naples about 1210. Carpzov, Benedict, Karp/tsof, a Ger. auth. and jurist. B. 1595; d. 1666. Carra, Jean Louis, kar'ra, a Fr. political revolutionist in first great revolution. B. Pont-de Vesle, 1743; guillotined with Brissot, 1793. Carracci, Luigi, kawr-rat'che, founder of school of painting at Bologna. B. there, 1555; d. 1619. Two others of this name, bros. were famous painters; with the death of the three Carracci, the golden age of Italian painting closed. • Carrera, l{afael, kar-re-ra, achieved independence of Guatemala. B. 1814; d. 1S65. Carrel, Armand Nicholas, kar'rail, editor French National, and po- litical writer. B. Rouen, 1Soo; d. fr. shot in a duel with Emil de Girar. din, at St. Mande, 1836. Carrier, John Baptist, kar're-ai, a ferocious Fr. revolutionist; drowned too persons; fastened men and women together and had them thrown into the Loire. B. Aurillac, 1756; guillotined, 1794. Carriera, Rosa Alba, kazva're-dira, an Italian painter; her full- length portraits became famous in Italy. B. Venice, 1672; d. blind, 1757. Carroll, Charles, kar-ul, of Carrollton; last surviving signer of the American Declaration of Independence; Senator from Md. B. An- napolis, Md., 1737; d. 14th Nov., 1832. Carroll, John, an Am. archb., of the archepiscopal see of Baltimore; : of the Rom. Cath. ch. in U. S. B. Upper Marlborough, Md., 1735; - 1815. Carron, Gui Toussaint Julien, ka-ron, a French author and prelate; D. 1760; d. 1821. Carson, Christopher, called “Kit,” kar’son, an Am. hunter and fron- tier leader; brevet brig-gen. in war 1861-5. B. Ky., 1809; d. 1868. Carstares, William, kar'stairs, a Scottish ecclesiastic; aided the prince of Orange. B. 1649; d. 1715. Carte, Thomas, kart, Eng. historian; wrote hist. of his country. B. Clifton, Warwickshire, 1686; d. 1754. Carteaux, Jean Francois, kar'to, a Fr. brig. gen.; took Toulon fr. the British, aided by Napoleon Bonaparte, who was then an artillery cap- tain. B. 1751; d. 1813. Carter, Elizabeth, kar'ter, an Eng. Greek and Latin scholar; familiar with seven other languages. B. Deal, Kent, 1717; d. 1Soó. Carter, Thomas, an Irish mus. and composer. B. about 1758; d. 1Soj. Carteret, Sir George, Karte-ret, adhered to the fortunes of Charles I. and II. B. 1599; d. 1679. Cartier, or Quartier, James, kar'te-ai, a Fr. navigator; explored the Nor. Am. coast; discovered Canada, 1534. B. St. Malo, 1494; d. there about 1 555. * Cartismandua, kar’tis-man'du-a, a q. of the Brigantes, in Britain; be- trayed Caractacus to the Romans, who became masters of his country; * 1st cen. See CARActacus. 229 Cartouche, Louis Dominique, kar-toosh' a robber chief that, with his band, infested Normandy, and Paris. B. about 1693; broken on the wheel, 1721. Cartwright, Edmund, kart'rite, Eng. inventor of power-loom. B. Marnham, Notts, 1743; d. 1823. Cartwright, John, bro. of Edmund; called Major; when American war for independence broke out, he refused to act against the colonists. B. Marnham, 1740; d. 1824. Cartwright, Peter, an Am. Methodist clergyman, presiding elder 50 yrs.; baptized 12,000 persons; 15,000 sermons. B. Va., 1785; d. Pleasant Plains, Sangamon co., Ill., 1872. Carus, Marcus Aurelius, kair'us, a Roman emp. that def. Sarmatians in Illyria, conquered Mesopotamia, etc. D. 283. Carvajal, Francis de, kar’vazh-al, a Sp. capt. that served in America; aided gov. of Peru;joined Gonsalvo Pizarro, was taken with him and hanged, at Cuzco, 1548. Carver, John, kar’ver, 1st gov. New Plymouth, Nor. Am.; came in Mayflower, 1620; d. 1621. Carver, Jonathan, the earliest Am. born traveler, of note; explored Minn. Ter., the bays and tributaries of Lake Superior, going over 7,000 miles. B. Conn., 1732; d. near London, 17So. Cary, Alice, kai're, an American author; “Clovernook,” “Hagar.” B. near Cincinnati, 1820; d. 1871. Phoebe, younger sister of Alice, wrote “Nearer Home,” 1842. B. 1824; d. Newport, R.I., 1871, aged 47. Cary, Henry Francis, an Eng poet. B. Birmingham, 1772; d. 1844. Cary, Lott, a negro clergyman; a founder of colored colony of Libe- ria. B. a slave in Va., 17So; k. 1S28. p Caryl, John, kar'il, Eng, poet and dramatist; intimate with Pope; lived so late as 1717. Casa, John della ka'sa, an Italian prelate and writer. B. Florence, 1503; d. 1556. Casabianca, Louis, ka'sa-be-an'ka, a Fr. naval capt., commanded Orient in Napoleon's expedition to Egypt, and, in 1798, at battle of the Nile, perished with his son, a youth of 10 who, though seeing the ves- sel about to sink, would not abandon his dying parent. B. about 1755. Casanova, James, ka'san-o-va, a famous adventurer of Venetian extraction. B. Venice, 1725; d. Vienna, 1803. Casaubon, Isaac, ka’so'bawng, a learned Swiss divine and critic; married dau. of Henry Stephens, a learned printer, by whom he had twenty children. B. Geneva, 1559; d. 1614. Casimir I., kas'i-meer, k. of Poland, called the Peaceful; son of and successor to Miecislau. D. 105S. C. II., the Just, was b. 11:17; d. 1194. Casimir III, the Great, k, of Poland; def. John, k, of Bohemia. B. 1309; d. 1370. C. IV. def. the Teutonic knights, and made war vs. k. of Hungary and the Tartars. D. 1492. C. V., son of Sigismund III.; his troops, under Sobieski, def. the Tartars. B. 1609; d. 1672. Casiri, ka-seer'e, a learned Oriental scholar. B. Tripoli, Syria, 1710; d. Madrid, 1791. Cass, Lewis, kas, Am. statesman; ter. gov. Mich.; senator; minister to Fr.; Dem. candidate for presidency, and def. by Gen. Taylor, whig, in 1848; sccy. war under Buchanan. B. Exeter, N. H., 1782; d. De- troit, 1866. Cassander, kas-san'-der, son of Antipater; k of Macedonia; caused the death of Olympias, m. of Alexander the Great, and also of his son, the young Alexander; joining with Seleucus, Ptolemy and Lysimachus, he def. Antigonus at Ipsus, 301 B. c., then Alexander's empire was divided into Macedonia, Thrace, Egypt, and Syria. See ANTIGoNUs. Cassin, John, kaz'sin, an Am. ornithologist. B. near Chester, Penn., 1S13; d. 1S69, aged 56. Cassini, Giovanni Dominic, kaw-se'ne, an Italian astronomer; discov. several of Jupiter’s and Saturn's satellites; determined the rotation of Jupiter, Mars, and Venus. B. Perinaldo, in Nice, 1625; d. Paris, 1712. Cassiodorus, Marcus Aurelius, kas-si-o-dor’us, an Italian chronolo- gist and historian. B. Calabria, about 481; d. 577. Cassius, Caius, kash'e-us, a Roman gen., and one of Caesar's slayers; aided Pompey against Caesar; married Junia, sister of Brutus; the left wing of the republican army, under Cassius, was defeated at Phi- lippi, which neutralized the success Brutus was achieving on the right; fearing to fall into Antony's hands, he ordered a freedman to run him through with his own sword, 42 B. c. See BRUTUs, M. Junius, and CAESAR. |* =Q- - —M- G-e- --->|r." 23O BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. Cassivelaunus, kas-si-we-law'nus, a British chief that had supreme command in opposing Julius Caesar during his invasions of Britain, 54 B. C. *.* Castagno, Andrea del, the infamous, kaws-tan'io, a Tuscan painter that slew Domenico Veneziano, his teacher. B. about 1406; d. about 14So. Castel, Louis Bertrand, kas-tel", a celebrated French mathematician. B. 1688; d. 1757. Castellane, Esprit Victor Boniface, kas' tel-lan, marshal of Fr. and senator; served at siege of Antwerp, and in Algeria. B. Paris, 1788; d. 1S62. Castelli, Ignaz Friedrich, a German dramatist and historian. B. 1781; d. 1S62. Castlereagh, Charles William Vanc, marquis of Londonderry, kas'l- ra’, British statesman and author. B. 1778; d. 1854. Castro, Vaca de, kas'tro, sent by Charles V. to Peru in 1540, to suppress contending factions; dcf. Almagro, the usurper, and executed him. D. in Spain, 1558. Catalani, Angelica, kat-aw-law'ne, an Italian vocalist; she ap- peared on the stage in Venice in her 15th year. B. Sinigaglia, 1783; d. Paris, 1849. Catesby, Mark, F. R. S., kates'be, an Eng. naturalist; collected specimens in Va., Carolinas, Fla., and Bahama isles, 1712 to '26. B. 16So; d. 1749. Catesby, Robert, instigator of the gunpowder plot to blow up k. James I., the prince, and both houses of Parliament, 1605. Catharine, kath'ar-ine, dau. Charles VI. of Fr., and w. Henry V., k. of Eng.; for how this woman was won by Henry, see 5th act of Henry V., Shakspeare. B. 1401; d. 1438. Catharine I., empress of Russia; mistress and then w. of Peter the Great. B. Livonia, 1683; d. 1727. Catharine II., empress of Russia, married grand duke Peter, caused him to be dethroned, and strangled; she was one of the most suc- cessful women that ever sat on a throne. B. 1729; d. 1796. Catharine of Aragon, 18 years wife of Henry VIII.; divorced when Henry took Anne Boleyn. (See BULLEN.) Catharine de Medici, kat'-er-ine de med/e-che, q. of France; princi- pal instigator of the massacre of St. Bartholomew, in 1572. B. Flor- ence, 1519; d. Blois, 1589. See Col.1GNY, Gaspard. * Catharine Parr, last wife of Henry VIII. Catherine, of Siena, se-ai-naw, a saint in the Romish calendar; figured in the schism in the church which broke out in 137S, bet. Popes Urban VI., and Clement VII. B. Siena, 1347; d. 13So. There were, at Bologna and Genoa, two other saints of this name; fl. in 15th and 16th centuries. Cathcart, William Schaw, kath'kart, 1oth baron in Scottish peerage, and 1st earl of; a British gen.; served in Am. war of independence. B. 1755; d. 1843. Sir George, a son, fell at Inkermann, 1854. Catalina, L. Sergius, kat-a-li'na (Cataline), conspired to destroy the senate and set Rome on fire; conspiracy discovered by the consul Cicero; def. and killed in battle, 62 B. c. * Catinat, Nicholas, ka'te-ma, illustrious Fr. marshal; def. duke of Savoy in Piedmont. B. Paris; d. estate St. Gratian, 1712. Catlin, George, kat'lin, Am. artist and traveler; pub. illus. work on Am. Indians. B. in Penn., 1796; d. 1872. Cato, Marcus Porcius Priscus, Kai’to, an illustrious Roman; fl. on water and plainest food; consul, 195 B.C.; censor. B. Tusculum, 234 B. c.; d. 149 B.C. Cato, Marcus Porcius, gt.-grandson of the preceding; stoic; frugal in his habits; proverbial for integrity; supported Pompey against Caesar; when Pompey was slain, Cato fled to Utica, and, being pur- sued by Caesar, he fell on his sword and d. 46 B. c. B. about 94 B. c. Cats, Jacob, kats, a Dutch poet, affectionately styled “Vader Cats.” B. in Zealand, 1577; d. near the Hague, 1660. * Catullus, Valerius, ka-tul'lus, a Latin poet; first Roman to successfully imitate Greck writers. B. Verona, 87 B. c.; d. 47 B. c. Catulus, Q. Lutatius, kat-u-lus, a Roman consul; destroyed Cartha- genian navy under Hamilcar; this put an end to the war, about 242 B. c. Cauchy, Augustin Louis, ko'she, Fr. mathematician. B. Paris, 1789; d. 1857. Cavaignac, Louis Eugene, ka’van:yak, a Fr. gen, and statesman; an adherent of revolution of 1S30; suppressed insurrection of June, 184S, at Paris. B. Paris, 1So2; d. there, 1857. Cave, Edward, kav, a printer; founder of “The Gentlemen's Maga- zine.” B. 1691; d. 1754. Cavello, Tiberius, kaw-val"lo, an Italian electrician and natural phil. B. Naples, 1749; d. London, 1809. s Cavendish, Henry, käven-dish; first to lay the foundation of mod- ern form that the science of chemistry has taken. B. Nice, 1731; d. 1810. Cavendish, Thomas, an Eng. navigator; circumnavigated the globe. B. Suffolk, 1564; d. at sea, 1593. g Cavendish, Lord Frederick, field-marshal in Eng, service; taken prisoner at St. Cast, coast of Fr. B. 1729; d. Twickenham, 1So?. Cavour, Camillo, Count de, ka-voor', a Sardinian statesman; labored for the unification of Italy. B. Turin, 1810; d. 1861. Caxton, William, kax'ton, the first English painter. B. Kent, about 1410; d. 1491. Cebes, se’bees, a Greek philosopher, and disciple of Socrates. B. Thebes, fl. 5th century B. c. Cecco d’Ascoli, Francesco Stabili, ceek'o-das'ko-lee, an Italian poet, astrologer, physician and mechanician. B. 1257; d. 1327. Cecil, William, Lord Burleigh, ses'il, Lord treasurer of Elizabeth. B. 1520; d. 1598. E- Cecilia, St., se-sil'e-a, a native of Rome; made a vow of virginity, and suffered martyrdom rather than break her vow; fl. 2d and beginning of 3d century. Cecrops, se’krops, the founder of Athens. B. Sais, Egypt; fl 16th cen- tury B. C. Celeste, Madame, sa-lest', an English-French actress and dancer. B. 1814. Celestine L, sel'es-teen, a pope and saint; suc. Boniface I. in 422. D. 432. Celestine II., elected pope, 1143, on the death of Innocent II. C. III., suc. Clement III., 1191. D. 1198. C. V., founded order Celestines; elected pope 1294. Cardinal Cajetan induced C. V. to resign, and took his place as Boniface VIII. Cellarius, Christoph, sel-la're-oos, a German geographer and critic. B. 1638; d. 1707. Cellini, Benvenuto, chel-le'ne, a Florentine artist; “Perseus.” B. Florence, 1500; d. 1570. Celsius, Olaus, sel'se-oos, a Swedish botanist, theologian, and orient- alist. B. 167o; d. 1756. Celsus, Aurelius Cornelius, sel'sus, a Roman physician; styled the IIippocrates of the Latins; fl. in reigns of Augustus and Tiberius. Celtes, Conrad, tsel"tes, a German poet-laureate. B. 1459; d. 1508. Cenci, Francesco, sen'che, a Roman noble of infamous character; had four sons and one dau., the celebrated Beatrice Cenci, all of whom he treated most cruelly; is even accused of assassinating his two elder sons. This horrible man was put out of the way by Beatrice, her m., Lucretia, and two of her brothers, for which they perished on the scaffold, 1599. Cenci, Beatrice, the beautiful Roman that was compelled to submit to most horrible outrages, perpetrated by her father. B. about 1583; cxecuted Sept. 1599. See CENCI, Francesco. Centlivre, Susanna, sent-le’ver, an Eng. actress, and dramatic writer of nineteen plays. B. 16So; d. London, 1723. Cerda, de la, Juan Luis, da la ther'da, a Spanish critic and Jesuit. B. 1560; d. 1643. Cervantes, de Saavedra, Miguel, ser-van'tees, a Spanish novelist; author of “Don Quixote,” lost an arm at battle of Lepanto, 1571; en- slaved in Algiers five years. B. Alcala de Henares, New Castile, 1547; d. 1616. - Cesaldino, Andrea, cha-sal-dee'no, an Italian naturalist and physi- cian. B. 1519; d. 1603. Cesnola, Luigi Palma di, count, ces-mo'la, an Am. citizen and brig.- gen.; was in 18 engagements, war 1861-5; consul at Cyprus; also an archaeological explorer. B. Turin, It., 1832. Ceva, Tommaso, cha’va, an accomplished Italian poet and scholar. B. 164S; d. 1736. Chabannes, sha-ban, name of a distinguished fam. of Limousin, in France. Jacques de, b. 1400; d. 1454; and Antoine de, b. 1411; d. 14SS; both aided Joan of Arc at siege of Orleans vs. Eng. -- * 4 * -: BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. -— 23 I Chabert, de, Joseph Bernard, Marquis, deh-sha-ber', a French as- tronomer, mariner, and geographer. B. 1723; d. 1805. Chabot, Francois, sha'bo, an infamous Fr. revolutionist. B. 1759; guillotined, 1794. Chabrias, kai'bre-as, an Athenian gen., famous for his many naval victories; def. Spartans. D. siege of Chios, 357 B. c. Chadwick, Edwin, chad'wik, an Eng. social reformer. B. Man- chester, 1801. Chalmers, Alexander, challmers, a British writer; edited gen. biog. dict., 32 vols. B. Aberdeen, 1759; d. London, 1834. Chalmers, George, a British antiquary and general writer, “Cale- donia.” B. Moray, Scot, 1742; d. London, 1825. Chalmers, Rev. Dr. Thomas, a Scottish divine; instituted the Free Church. B. Anstruther, Fifeshire, 17So; d. Edinburgh, 1847. Chambers, David, cham'bers, a Scottish functionary that aided in compiling statutes known as “Black Arts;” implicated in mur. of Darnley. B. Rosshire, 1530; d. 1592. Chambers, Ephraim, an Eng. compiler of an extensive cyclopaedia. B. Kendal, Westmoreland; d. London, 1740. Chambers, George, an Eng. marine painter. B. Whitby, Yorkshire; d. London, 1840. - Chambers, William and Robert, Scottish publishers of numerous publications. B. both in Peebles; William, 18oo; Robert, 1802; d. 1871. Chambord, Count de. See Born EAUx. Chamilly, Noel Bouton, comte de, sha'me-le, a marshal of Fr., in r. Louis XIV., receiver of the “Portuguese Love-Letters,” written by a nun. B. 1636; d. 1715. Chamisso, Adelbert von, sha-mees’so, a Ger. poet, trav., and natural- ist; wrote “Peter Schlemil,” story of a man that lost his shadow. B. Chateau of Boncourt, Champagne, 1781; d. Berlin, 1838. Championnet, Jean Etienne, sham'pe-on-ai, a Fr. gentleman of revo- lutionary epoch; def. Gen. Mack's 60,000 Neapolitans with 13,000 Fr. B. 1762; d. 1800. Champlain, Samuel de, sham'pla, a Fr. naval officer that founded Quebec; 1st gov.-gen. Canada; Lake Champlain named after him. B. Le Brouage, 1570; d. 1635. Chancellor, Richard, chan'sel-lor, an Eng. navigator; discovered port of Archangel, Rus.; lost on the coast of Norway, 1556. Chandler, Richard, chand"ler, Eng, schol, and antiquary. B. Elson, Hants, 1738; d. 1810. Chandler, Zachariah, an Am. senator fr. Mich. four times; secy. in- terior under Grant. B. Bedford, N. H., 1813; d. Chicago, 1879. Channing, William Ellery, chan'ning, an Am. Unitarian divine; pastor Federal-st. cong. in Boston. B. Newport, R. I., 17So; d. Bur- lington, Vt., 1842. Chantrey, Sir Francis, chant/re, an Eng. sculptor; made statues of Pitt and Canning. B. Norton, Derbyshire, 1782; d. 1841. Chanzy, Antoine Eugene Alfred, shon'zee, a Fr. commander-in- chief, 2d army of Loire; def. before Le Mans, 1871, Franco-Ger. war. B. Nouart, Ardennes, 1823. - Chapin, Edwin Hubbell, chapin, an Am. Universalist divine; published several works. B. Union Village, Washington co., N. Y., 1814; d. N. Y., 1880. Chapin, Stephen, an Am. Congregationalist, afterward Baptist, divine. B. Milford, Mass., 1778; d. Washington, D.C., 1845. Chapin, William, an Am. teacher of the blind, in Ohio and Phila. B. Phila., 1802. - Chapman, George, chap'man, an Eng. poet and dramatic writer. B. 1557; d. London, 1634. Chapman, John Gadsby, an Am. artist; “Baptism of Pocahontas,” in panel of rotunda, at Washington. B. Alexandria, Va., early 19th cen. Chappe, Claude, shap, a Frenchman; inventor of a telegraph. B. 1763; d. 1Soš. Chaptal, Jean Antoine, shap/tal, a Fr. chemist; improved manufs. of France. B. Nozaret, 1756; d. Paris, 1832. Chardin, Sir John, shar'da, a Fr. traveler, twice to Persia. B. Paris, 1643; d. Turnham Green, 1713. Chares ka’rees, an Athenian gen.; took Sestos; served in Olynthian war; fl. betwn. 400 and 333 B. c. A sculptor of this name is famous for the Colossus of Rhodes, that was destroyed bv an earthquake. Charlemagne, or Charles the Great, shar!"e-main, k. of Fr., and found- * * - *=– | | er of Germanic empire, or Empire of the West; grandson of Charles Martel; conquered the Lombards, 774. B. Bavaria, 742; d. Aix-la-Cha- pelle, 814. - ENGLAND, Charles I., k, of England, son of James I., by Anne, dau. of k. of Denmark; in his r. assembled the Long parliament, Nov., 1640, which impeached Laud and Stafford; civil war arose and k. Charles was de- feated at Marston Moor, 1644, and Naseby, 1645, by Cromwell and Fair- fax. B. Dunfermline, Scotland, 1600; executed in London, 1649. Charles II., k, of Eng., 2d son of the preceding; def. at Worcester by Cromwell; during this r. was formed the famous ministry called the Ca- bal, about 1670, Habeas Corpus act passed, 1679; distinctions arose called Whig, and Tory. B. 1630; d. 1685. Charles Edward, of the Stuart family, called the Young Pretender; defeated by duke of Cumberland, near Inverness. B. Rome, 1720; d. Florence, 17S3. FRANCE. Charles Martel possessed regal power under Chilperic II. and Thierry IV., Frankish kings; for defeating Abdalrahman, was called Martel, or the hammer. (See ABDALRAIIMAN, Ben A.) B. about 690; d. Crecy, 741. Pepin, son of Charles, was first k of the Carlovingian dynasty. Charles the Great. See CHARLEMAGNE. Charles II, the Bald, suc. to Fr. crown, S40; elected emperor by pope and Roman people, 875; poisoned, 877. Charles the Fat, nephew of the preceding, last emp. of Carlovingian dynasty; a feeble and treacherous prince; compelled to resign his crown. B. 832; d. castle Indinga, Suabia, 888. Charles III., the Simple, crowned at Rheims, 893; on the death of Louis IV., k, of Germany, was elected emperor; lost the kingdom of France thro' rivals. B. 879; d. in prison, at Peronne, 929. Charles Iv., the Handsome, third son of Philip, the Fair; obtained French crown 1322; elder branch of the line of Capet terminated. B. 1294; d. Vincennes, 1328. Charles V., the Wise; first prince that bore the title of dauphin; re- stored the commerce and agriculture of France, and dispossessed the English of nearly all their provinces in Fr.; Bastile erected by him. B. 1337; d. Vincennes, 13So. Charles VI., the Well-beloved, son of the preceding; suc. to the crown of France, 13So; his kingdom was weakened by civil war, and the de- feat of Agincourt completed his misfortunes. B. Paris, 1368; d. 1422. Charles VII., the Victorious, crowned, 1423; drove the English from his kingdom; the beautiful Agnes Sorel was for many years his mis- tress. B. Paris, 1403; d. Bourges, 1461. Charles VIII., the Affable, ascended the throne of France, 1483; con- quered Italy; k of Naples, and made emperor of Constantinople; but finally driven into France. B. Amboise, 1470; d. 1498. Charles IX., k, of France, 1560; son of Henry II., and his m. was Catherine de Medici (which see). B. 1550; d. of remorse on account of the massacre of St. Bartholomew, that occurred in his reign, 1574. Charles X., after a variety of fortunes, caused by French revolution, became k. of Fr., 1824; abdicated, 1830. B. Versailles, 1757; d. Goritz, in Styria, 1836. See Louis PHILIPPE. Charles I. See CHARLEMAGNE. GERMANY., Charles I. See CIIARLEMAGNE. Charles III., the Gross, emp. of Germany, elected in 881; held at the same time the sovereignty of France; deposed for incapacity; fr. 888 the crown of France was separated from that of Germany. D. 888. Charles IV., ascended the throne 1347; Golden Bull published at diet of Nuremberg, 1356, which established the Germanic constitution. B. Prague, 1316; d. there 1378. Charles V., emp. of Ger, and k. of Spain; drove French fr. Lom- bardy; was crowned k. of Lombardy, 1530; vanquished Barbarossa in Africa, entered Tunis, and re-established Muley Hassan on the throne; fought France; attempted conquest of Algiers; in 1546 the Protestant princes of Ger. confederated against him; fought Henry II., of Fr. but was forced to sign treaty of Passau, 1552, by which Protestants gained their religious rights; resigned in favor of his son Philip, 1555. B. Ghent, 1500; d. near Plasencia, Sp., 1558. 232 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. Charles VI, crowned emp. of Ger., 1711; k. of Sp.; made peace with France, 1714; waged war vs. Turks, and forced them to make peace, 1718; alliance of Fr., Gt. Brit. and Holland vs. Spain; Sardinia and Sicily taken fr. Spain. B. 1685; d. Vienna, 1740. Charles VII, emp of Ger.; elector of Bavaria, and owed his crown to Fr. and Prus., 1742; Maria. Theresa, q. of Hungary, was his rival, and finally succeeded to the empire; war of the Austrian Succession. B. Brussels, 1697; d. Munich, 1745. NAPLES AND TIIE TWO SICILIES. Charles I., count of Aragon, and k. of Naples; title of k. of Jerusa- lem conferred, 1276; arbitrary to the Sicilians, who conspired against him; French massacred in Palermo, at the hour of vespers, on Easter Monday, 1282; known in hist, as “Sicilian Vespers,” Sicily was thus lost to Charles, its people choosing Peter III. of Aragon, for their king. B. 1220; d. 1285. Charles II, the Lame, made futile attempts to gain Sicily. D. 1309. Charles III., of Durazzo, k. of Naples; fell in the attempt to gain the crown of Hungary. D. 1386. DUKES OF SAVOY AND KINGS OF SARDINIA. Charles I., duke of Savoy, succeeded his bro., Philibert I., 1482. B. 1468; d. 1489. Charles II., duke of Savoy, son of the preceding, died, aged 8 years. Charles III., duke of Savoy, the Good; unfortunate reign. D. Ver- celli, 1553. Charles Emmanuel I., duke of Savoy, the Good, conquered by the French. B. castle of Rivoli, 1562; d. Savillan, 1630. Charles Emmanuel II., duke of Savoy; in his reign commerce and the arts flourished. B. 1634; d. 1675. Charles Emmanuel III., 2d k. of Sardinia of house of Savoy; con- quered the Milanese; possessed himself of Modena and Mirandola. B. 1701; d. 1773. Charles Emmanuel IV., 4th k, of Sardinia; was forced to cede to the French republic his continental possessions; abdicated in favor of his bro. Victor. D. Rome, 1819. Charles Felix, became k. of Sardinia in 1821, on the forced abdication of his bro., Victor Emmanuel; introduced order in his kingdom. B. 1765; d. 1831. Charles Albert, k, of Sardinia, son of Charles Emmanuel; gave his . subjects a liberal constitution in 1848; defeated Austrians, and was finally def. by them, and abdicated after the decisive battle of Novara, 23d March, 1849, in favor of his son, Victor Emmanuel II. B. 1793; d. Oporto, 1849. SPAIN. Charles I. of Spain. See Charles V. of Germany. Charles II, succeeded to the throne, 1665; by his will he constituted Philip of France, duke of Anjou, his heir, which, after his death, led to the War of the Spanish Succession. B. 1661; d. 1700. Charles III., in war with England retook Minorca, but saw his com- merce ruined. B. 1716; d. 1788. SWEDEN. Charles I, to IX. In these cases there is nothing remarkable to relate. Charles X., or Gustavus, k. of Sweden; ascended the throne on the abdication of Christina, in 1654; fought the Poles successfully in three- days' battle of Warsaw. B. Upsal, 1622; d. 1660. Charles XL, son and successor of the preceding, and a good prince. B. 1655; d. 1697. Charles XII. son and successor of the preceding; made Denmark sue for peace; defeated Russians at Narva; fought Poland, and de- throned Augustus, 1707, placing] Stanislaus on throne; defeated and wounded by Rus., under Peter the Great; invaded Norway, 1716. B. Stockholm, 1682; k. by cannon-shot at siege of Frederickshall, Nor- way, 1718. Charles XIV., proclaimed k. of Norway and Sweden, 1818; had his share in war and in peace. B. Pau, in the Bearn, 1764; d. 1844, and was suc, by his son, Oscar I. OTHER RULERS. Charles, duke of Burgundy, the Bold; constantly at war with Louis 3.I., k, of Fr.; invaded Switzerland, and committed most inhuman out- rages; the Swiss destroyed his army, at Morat, 1476. B. 1433; k. at siege of Nancy, 1477. Charles L., duke of Lorraine; constable of France, called by some Charles II. D. 1431. * Charles II, the Great, duke of Lorraine; benefactor of his people. B. 1543. Charles III., duke of Lorraine; incurred the hostility of France, and lost his province. B. 1603; d. 1675. Charles IV., duke of Lorraine; took service in Austria; gained victory over Turks at Mohatz, 1687. B. Vienna, 1643; d. 1690. Charles II., k, of Navarre; called the Bad; crowned 1349; compelled to part with some of his dominions. B. 1332; d. 1387. Charles III., k, of Navarre; called the Noble Son of the Bad. At his death, in 1425, the kingdom of Navarre passed to John of Aragon. Chartier, Alain, shar-te-a', a celebrated French poet and drama- tist. B. 1385; d., 1455. * Chase, Salmon Portland, an Am. statesman; chief-justice U. S., ap- pointed from Ohio, term 1864-'73; elected senator, 1849; gov. of Ohio twice; secy. treas. under Lincoln, 1861; as secretary of the treasury, it was his policy that carried the nation successfully through the war of 1861-5. B. Cornish, N. H., 1808; d. N. Y., 1873. Chase, Samuel, an Am. lawyer and jurist, and a signer of the Declara- tion of Independence. B. Somerset Co., Md., 1741; d. 1811. Chassepot, Antoine Alphonse, shas'po, French inventor of a rifle that bears his name. B. 1833. Chastelard, Pierre de, sha-tat'lar, a French noble that fell in love with Mary Queen of Scots, hid in her chamber, was discovered and exe- cuted for treason, 1563. B. 1540. Chateaubriand, Francois Auguste, viscount de, sha'to-bre-ong, Fr. writer; interviewed Washington in the U. S.; pub. “De Bonaparte et des Bourbons.” B. St. Malo, 1768; d. 1848. Chatterton, Thomas, chat/ter-ton, an Eng. poet; wrote “Elinoure and Iuga” in his 12th year. B. Bristol, 1752; poisoned himself in London, 1770. Chaucer, Geoffrey, chaw'-ser, the father of English poetry; “Canter- bury Tales.” B London, 1328; d. 1400. * Chaudet, Antoine Denis, sha'dai, Fr. sculptor; “Paul and Virginia;” “Napoleon.” B. Paris, 1763; d. 1810. Chazzelles, John Matthew, chaz-zel', Fr. math.; measured the pyra- mids. B. Lyons, 1657; d. 1710. Chauncey, Isaac, chan'si, or chawn'si, an Am. commodore; acting capt. of Constitution in actions off Tripoli, 1804; served in 2d war for independence against England. B. Black Rock, Ct., 1772; d. Washing- ton, 1840. * Chaussier, Francois, sho-sea', a French scientist; physician and naturalist. B. 1746; d. 1828. Chauveau, Pierre J. O., sho-vo', a Canadian statesman and writer; speaker of senate of Canada; wrote “Charles Guerin.” B. Quebec, 1820. Chauveau Lagarde, Claude Francois, sho-vo' la-gard’, a French ad- vocate; acted for Miranda, Brissot, Charlotte Corday, Marie Antoinette, and Madame Elisabeth. B. Chartres about 1760; d. Paris, 1841. Chauvenet, William, sho’ve-na, an Am. math. and astronomer; “Plane and Spherical Astronomy.” B. Milford, Penn., 1819; d. St. Paul, Minn., 1870. Cheatham, B. F., cheat-ham, an Am. maj.-gen.; commanded a di- vision and then a corps of confederate troops in Atlanta campaign, war 1861-5. Cheever, Ezekiel, chee-ver, an Am, instructor and writer. B. Lon- don, 1615; d. Boston, 1708. Cheever, George Barrell, D.D., an Am. divine and religious writer. B. Hallowell, Me., 1807. Cheke, Sir John, cheek, a learned Englishman, persecuted on account of his Protestant belief. B. Cambridge, 1514; d. of grief, 1557. Chemnitz, Martin, shen-nitch, one of the fathers of Protestantism. B. Mark of Brandenburg, 1522; d. Brunswick, 1586. Chenier, Andre Marie de, she'ne-ai, a French poet; satirized leaders of Fr. rev.; was condemned and guillotined with 44 others, 1794. B. Constantinople, 1762. Chenier, Marie Joseph de, brother of the preceding, also a poet; an - :- -: BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. tunnatural brother, for when Andre was condemned, instead of trying to save him, he exclaimed in the Assembly, “If my brother be guilty, let him perish.” Cheops, or Cheospes, ke'ops, a k. of Egypt, after k. Rampses, who built the famous pyramids; according to some authorities, he fl. 12th century m.c. Cheron, Elizabeth Sophie, sha-ron', an accomplished French artist and poetess. B. 1648; d. 1711. Cherubini, Maria Luigi Carlo Zenobi Salvador, ker'u-be'ne, an Ital- ian mus. composer; “Elisa;” “Medea.” B. Florence, 1760; d. 1842. Cheselden, William, ches'el-den, an English author and surgeon. B. 1688; d. 1752. Chesney, Francis Rawdon, ches'ne, an Eng. maj.-gen. and explorer in the East. B. in Ireland, 1789; d. 1872. Chesterfield, Philip Dormer Stanhope, 4th earl of, ches'!er-feeld, remarkable for wit and manners. B. London, 1694; d. 1773. Chettle, Henry, chet'el, an Eng. dramatist, contemporary with Shak- speare; originally a compositor; dates of birth and death unknown. Chevalier, Michael, she-val'e-ai, a French political economist; sup- porter of free trade. B. Limoges, 1Soó. Cheves, Langdon, cheevz, an Am. lawyer; judge in S. C.; M. C.; pres. nat. bank in 1819. B. Rocky River, S.C., 1776; d. Columbia, 1857. Cheyne, George, chan, a Scotch mathematician and physician. B. 1671; d. 1742. Chickering, Jonas, chik'er-ing, an American manufacturer of pianos. B. 1798; d. 1853. Child, Sir Josiah, Bart., child, an Eng. merchant and writer on polit- ical economy and commerce. B. London, 1630; d. there, 1699. Child, Lydia Maria, an Am. author; “History of the Condition of Women in all Ages and Nations,” 1845. B. Medford, Mass., 1802; d. Wayland, Mass., 18So. . Childebrand, chi!"de-brand, Prince of the Franks; accompanied Charles Martel in the Saracen crusade. Fl. in the 8th century. Chillingworth, William, chil/ling-wurth, an Eng. divine; pub. “The Religion of Protestants, a Safe Way of Salvation,” 1635. B. Oxford, 1602; d. 1644. * Chilo, killo, a Spartan philosopher, and one of the seven wise men of Greece. D. of joy in the arms of his son, who had obtained a victory at Olympia, 597 B. c. Ching, or Xi-Hoam-Ti, ching, an emperor of China; repulsed Tar- tars and built the great wall to divide China from Mongolia. Reigned 240 B. C. Chiron, #'ron, wisest and most just of all the Centaurs, Gr. myth.; all celebrated heroes of Grecian story are mentioned as pupils of Chi- ron in the arts of hunting, medicine, music, gymnastics, and prophecy; placed among the stars as Sagittarius by Zeus (Jupiter); Chiron gave his immortality to Prometheus, when accidentally struck by an arrow of Hercules, and then died. Chisholm, Caroline (Jones), chis'home, an Eng. humanitarian; ob- tained situations and employment for 11,000 persons in Australia. B. parish Wooton, 1810; d. 1877. Chittenden, Thomas, chi!"ten-den, an Am. gov., the first of State of Vermont. B. East Guilford, Ct., 1729; d. Williston, Vt., 1797. Chittenden, Martin, an Am. congressman, and son of the preceding; M. C. five times; gov. of Vt. B. Salisbury, Ct., 1766; d. Williston, Vt., 1840. Chitty, Joseph, chit'i, an Eng. pleader and writer of legal textbooks. B. 1776; d. 1841. Choate, Rufus, an Am. lawyer and orator, of Mass.; M. C., 1832-5; elected U.S. senator, 1841; a persuasive pleader; a man of tact and judgment. B. Ipswich, Mass., 1799; d. Halifax, Nova Scotia, 1859. Choerilus, keer'i-lus, a tragic poet of Athens that wrote 150 tragedies; an historian of Samos. Choron, Alexandre Etienne, Ko'rawng, a French writer on the prin- ciples of musical composition. B. Caen, 1772; d. Paris, 1834. Chosroes, I., or Khosron, the Great, kos'ro-es, k. of Persia; attacked Romans twice, and def. once by Tiberius; was fierce, cruel, and rash. D. of vexation, 597. . •- Chosroes, II., k, of Persia; is accused of murdering his f. Hormidas, and taking his throne, 589; became master of Carthage, but was def. by emp. Heraclius. D. in prison, 628. 233 Chouteau, shoo-to', Auguste and Pierre, brothers; founded the city of St. Louis, Mo.; Auguste, b. 1739; d. 1829; Pierre, b. 1749; d. 1849. Christiern, or Christian, kris-te-ern, the name of nine kings of Den- mark. Christian I., k, of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, instituted order of the Elephant. B. 1425 or 1426; d. 1481. C. II., the Cruel, or Northern Nero; k of Denmark, 1513, and elected k. of Sweden, 1520; lost all by his crueltics. B. 1480; d. in prison, 1559. C. IIL, suc. to Danish crown, 1534, embraced Lutheranism. B. 1502; d. 1559. C. IV., suc. his f., Frederick II., 1583; chief Protestant league. B. 1577; d. 164S. C. V., came to the throne at death of his f., Frederick III.; un- successful as against the Swedes. B. 1646; d. 1699. C. VI., suc, his f., Frederick IV., 1730; a tranquil reign; Copenhagen, destroyed by fire, was rebuilt. B. 1699; d. 1746. C. VII., suc, his f., Frederick V., 1766; end of reign disastrous; in 1So? Copenhagen was bombarded and taken by the British. B. 1749; d. 1SoS. C. VIII., suc. his f., Frederick VI., 1839. B. 1786; d. 1848. C. IX., suc. Frederick VII., 1863; in 186; the duchies of Schleswig-Holstein and Lanenburg were taken from Den- mark by Prussia. This k. is the father of Alexandra, the princess of Wales. B. 1S18. Christina, kris-te'na, queen of Sweden; abdicated in favor of her cousin Charles Gustavus; while residing in Fr. she had Monaldeschi, her master of the horse, put to death in her own house for some alleged crime. B. 1626; d. Rome, 16S9. Christophe, Henry, kris'toff, negro k. of Hayti; suppressed negro revolts in St. Domingo; serious reverses came upon him in 1818, when he shot himself and died, 1S2O. B. 1767. Christopher, St., a martyr of the church; beheaded about 250, perse- cution of Decius. Christopulus, Athanasios, kris-top'oo-los, a Greek poet; first pub- lished a drama, “Achilles.” B. Castoria, in Macedonia, 1772; d. Wal- lachia, 1847. Chrysippus, chry-sip'pus, a celebrated stoic philosopher that wrote over 700 books. D. in 143d Olympiad. * Chrysostom, St. John, kre-sos'tom, the most eloquent of the fathers of the Christian church, and bishop of Constantinople. B. Antioch, 347; d. Comana, in Asia Minor, 407. - Chubb, Thomas, an English theologian. B. 1679; d. 1746. Chund, chund, a famous Hindoo poet, styled the Homer of Rajpoo- tana, who fl. 12th century; his principal poem is 100,000 lines in length. Church, Benjamin, an Am. military hero; he broke the power of In- dian fighters under King Philip, in New England. B. Plymouth, Mass., 1639; d. Little Compton, 1718. Church, Frederick Edwin, an Am. painter of landscapes; “Heart of the Andes.” B. Hartford, Ct., 1826. Churchill, Sir Winston, an Eng. historian; f. of the celebrated duke of Marlborough. B. Dorsetshire, 1620; d. 1688. See MARLBoRoUGI1, Duke of. Churchman, William H., church'man, a blind supt. of institutions for the blind in the U. S. B. Baltimore, 1S18. Cialdini, Enrico, chea:vl-de'ne, an Italian gen., whose steps have been won on the field by hard fighting; caused the attack on and capture of Garibaldi, 1S62. B. Modena, 1811. Cibber, Caius Gabriel, sib'ber, a Ger. sculptor; in revolution of 16SS he took arms in favor of prince of Orange. B. about 1630; d. London 1700. Cibber, Colley, an Eng. poet and play-writer; son of the preceding; “Careless Husband.” B. 1703; d. on his passage to Ireland, 1758. Cicero, Marcus Tullius, sis'e-ro, a learned philosopher, and greatest of Roman orators; had charge public revenues in Sicily, as quaestor; in 40, as practor, at Rome, he administered justice in absence of the consul; became consul, or chief magistrate in 43; in 56, he discharged duties of consul in Cilicia, where he joined Pompey against Caesar; at 61, divorced his wife, and married his rich ward to pay his debts; un- veiled the Cataline conspiracy, for which he was called “the father of his country,” and the second founder of the republic; Octavius sacrificed Cicero to the malice of Antony, by whom, in 64, he was proscribed; pursued and murdered, near Gaeta, 43 B. C. B. Arpinum, 106 B. c. IIis head and hands were, by Antony, placed on the rostra in the Forum, where Cicero had so often defended the lives, fortunes and liberties of the Roman people. See C.ESAR, and CATO. Cid Campeador, The, sid kam-£ar'a-dor, a Castilian hero, whose ex- s 234 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. ploits are mingled with fable and romance; took Valentia. B. Burgos, 1040; d. 1009. * Cigoli, Ludovico Cardi da, che'gol-e, a Florentine painter that was one of the reformers of the style of the school of Florence. B. 1559; d. 1613. Cimabue, Giovanni, sim'a-boo-ai, a Florentine painter and architect; considered as restorer of the art of painting in Italy; “Madonna.” B. Florence, 1240; d. 1300. Cimarosa, Domenico, sim-aw-ro'sa, an It. mus. composer; author of over 12o operas. B. Naples, 1749 or 1754; d. Venice, 1801. Cimon, si’mon, an Athenian gen.; def. Persian fleets, taking 200 ships, and totally routed their land forces same day, near river Euryme- don, in Pamphylia; destroyed Persian fleet on African coast. B. about 51o B. C.; d. 449. Cincinnatus, Lucius Quintius, sin'sin-nai’tus, a celebrated Roman, informed while plowing his field that the senate had chosen him dicta- tor; left his farm and conquered enemies of Rome in 16 days; dictator the 2d time for 21 days. Fl. about 520-435 B. c. Cinna, Lucius Cornelius, sin'na, a Roman consul, who, with Marius, filled Rome with blood of their slaughtered encmies; Cornelia, w. of Caesar, was daughter of the consul; assas. at Ancona, 83 B. c. Cirillo, Domedico, che-rel'o, an Italian anatomist and physician. B. 1734; d. 1799. Cissey, Ernese Louis Octave Courtot de, ses-sa', a Fr. gen.; served in 1854, war of the Crimea, and in 1870, Franco-German war; minister of war, 1871. B. Paris, 1S11. Clarendon, Edward Hyde, earl of, klar'em-don, lord high chancellor of Eng.; his dau. Anne was married to the duke of York, who, by her, had two daughters, Anne and Mary, both of whom ascended the English throne. B. Dinton, Wiltshire, 1608; d. Rouen, 1674. Clarendon, George William Frederick Villiers, 4th earl of; mem. H. L.; lord-lieut. of Ireland; chancellor of duchy of Lancaster, 1864; secy, for foreign affairs under Gladstone, 1868. B. 1806; d. 1870. Claiborne, William Charles Cole, clai'borne, an Am. senator, 1817; gov. Louisiana, 1812. B. 1775; d. New Orleans, 1817. Clark, Abraham, klark, a signer of the Am. Declaration of Independ- ence; mem. continental congress, 1776; mem. 2d cong., 1790. B. Eliza- bethtown, N.J., 1726; d. ltahway, 1794. Clark, Sir James, physician in ordinary to Q. Victoria. Banffshire, 17SS; d. 1870. Clarke, Adam, LL.D., a British divine; skilled in Oriental languages and biblical antiquities; “Bibliographical Dictionary.” B. 1762; d. Hay- don Hall, 17 mil s from London, 1832. Clarke, Edward Daniel, LL.D., an Eng. traveler. B. Willingdon, Sussex, 1769; d. London, 1S22. Clarke, George Rogers, an Am. brig.-gen.; chief in the conquest of N. W. territory; captured fort at Vincennes. B. Albemarle co., Va., 1752; d. near Louisville, Ky., 1818. Clarke, James Freeman, D. D., an Am. divine; “Orthodoxy, its Truths and Errors.” B. IIanover, N. H., 1810. * Clarke, Dr. Samuel, an Eng. divine and philologist; chaplain in ordinary to Q. Anne. B. Norwich, Eng., 1675; d. London, 1729. Clarke, William, an Am. brig.-gen.; gov. Mo. territory, 1813. B. Va., 1770; d. St. Louis, 1838. Clarkson, Thomas, klark'san, an Eng. philanthropist and abolition- ist; entire abolition of slavery by law, March 25, 1807; abolition in W. Indies, 1833. B. Wisbeach, 1760; d. Playford Hall, Sussex, 1846. Claude, Lorraine, klawd, a famous painter from nature; real name Claude Gelec. B. Lorraine, 16oo; d. Rome, 1682. Claudianus, klaw/di-ai'nus, a Latin poet, of Egyptian birth. B. Alexandria, about 365; d. probably 2d dec. 5th century. Claudius, klow'de-us, a name common to many illustrious Roman em- perors, consuls, generals, censors, etc. Several arc- Claudius I., Tiberius Drusus Nero; 4th emp. Rome; elected after murder of Caligula; married four wives, one of whom he put to death; was poisoned by another called Agrippina. D. 54. C. II., the Goth, conquered the Goths, Scythians, and Heruli, and killed, it is said, about 300,000 in a battle. D. Pannonia, 270. Claudius, Appius, a Roman decemvir; became enamored of Virginia, daughter of Virginius, an officer of the army employed against the AEqui; Claudius failed to prevail over her virtue, and adopted other B. Cullen, means to possess her; the people opposed him, and Virginius, appear- ing before the tribunal of the decemvir, suddenly stabbed Virginia, when he found that Claudius was about to succeed in his purpose. The latter was imprisoned, and died there, 449 B. c. Claviere, Etienne, kla-ve-ar, a French politician and financier. B. 1735; d. 1793. Clay, Cassius Marcellus, klai, an Am. statesman and abolitionist; min. to Russia, under Lincoln; maj.-gen., war 1861-5. B. Madison co., Ky., 1810; d. 1852. Clay, Clement Comer, an Am. senator, 1854, and again, 1859; re- signed 1861, and became senator in confederate congress. B. Madison co., Ala., 1819. * Clay, Henry, an Am. statesman; entered legislature of Ky. in 1804; the U. S. Senate in 1806; house of representatives, 1811, and chosen speaker; secy, state, under J. Q. Adams; candidate for pres. U. S. four times; was at head of the whigs; in 1820 and in 1850, he effected compromise bet. slave states and abolitionists. B. Hanover co., Va., 1777; d. Washington, 1852. Clayton, John Middleton, klaf'ton, an Am. politician; M. C. twice; secy. state under Taylor, 1849; negotiated famous Bulwer-Clayton treaty on subject of English and American claims in Central Am. B. Sussex co., Del., 1796; d. Dover, 1856. Cleanthes, Ále-dn'thees, a Gr. phil.-and disciple of Zeno. Starved himself to death at the age of 90, about 240 B. c. ! Cleburne, Patrick R., kle'burn, an Am. officer, maj.-gen. in con- federate army, war 1861-5; served in Atlanta campaign, 1864. Clemens, Itomanus, klem'ens, a f. of the church, companion of Paul, and bishop of Rome. D. in 1oo. Clemens, Samuel Langhorne, known as Mark Twain, an Am. hu- morist; “Roughing It.” B. Florida, Monroe co., 1835. Clement, klem'ent. There were 14 popes of this name. Several were-C. VII., an Italian, elected 1523; besieged by Charles V., who plundered Rome; he excommunicated Henry VIII., which led to the reformation in England. D. 1534. C. VIII.; was liberal and benevo- lent. D. 1605. C.X., was mild. D. 1676. L. XIV., suppressed the Jesuits. D. 1774. * Clementi, Muzio, kle-rtain'te, an Italian musical composer. B. Rome, 1752; d. London, 1832. Cleobulus, kle-ob'u-lus, one of the seven wise men of Greece; his maxims involved, “Do good to friends and enemies, to attach the former to you, and make the latter friends.” D. 560 B. c. Cleombrotus, kle-om"bro-tus, k. of Sparta, gave battle to the Thebans, headed by Epaminondas, at Leuctra, and was there killed, 371 B.c. This battle put an end to the pre-eminence of Sparta in Greece. Cleomenes, III., kle-on/e-nees, k. of Sparta, made war against the Achaeans and was unsuccessful at battle of Sellasia; killed himself about 220 B.C. There were others of this name, but of inferior note. Cleon, &le'on, a name common to many eminent Greeks. An Athenian general of that name took Torone, in Thrace, and was killed at Amphi- polis, in a battle with Brasidas, the Spartan general, 422 B. c. Cleopatra, kle-o-pa'tra, q. of Egypt, famous for her great beauty, crimes, and misfortunes; met Caesar in Syria, where, owing to trouble at home, she was compelled to seek safety, and where Caesar was in pursuit of Pompey, after the battle of Pharsalia; she charmed Caesar, and won him over to her cause; Caesar reseated her on the throne in conjunction with her younger brother Ptolemy, whom she afterward poisoned; she followed Caesar to Rome, and lived there till his assassi- nation, 44 B. C. Returning to Egypt about 40 B.C., she appeared before Antony and charmed him, and he married her, deserting his former consort, Octavia, the sister of Augustus. War now ensued between Augustus and Antony, and at the battle of Actium, Cleopatra fled, and her paramour was defeated. The fallen queen, to escape the humilia- tion of gracing the triumph of Augustus, applied an asp to her breast, and died of the wound, 30 B.C. Cleostratus, kle-os’tra-tus, an ancient philosopher and astronomer of Tenedos; fl. between 548 and 432 B. c. Clerc, Nicolas Gabriel, a French hist, and phys. B. 1726; d. 1798. Cleveland, Charles Dexter, kleve’land, an Am. professor of Latin and Greek; pub. many works. B. Salem, Mass., 1802; d. Phila., 1869. Clifford, klifurd, the name of a distinguished English noble family, many scions of which are known to fame. *- Clingman, Thomas L., Kling 'man, an Am. senator; served as colonel in the confederate army, war 1861-5. B. Huntsville, N. C., about 1812. Clinton, De Witt, klin'ton, an Am. statesman; mayor N. Y. city, 1815; gov. of N. Y. state; the construction of Hudson River and Lake Erie canal is attributed to him. B. Little Britain, Orange co., N. Y., 1769; d. 1828. Clinton, George, an Am... gen. in continental army, war of the revolu- tion; checked the attempt of Gen. Sir Henry Clinton to relieve Gen. Bur- goyne; M. C.; served in wars against Iroquois Indians. B. 1739; d. 1812. Clinton, Sir Henry, an Eng. gen. that opposed the continental armies in N. Am. during revolutionary war. See CLINToN, George. Clitus, klt'tus, friend and foster-bro. of Alexander the Great; saved the king's life, yet Alexander killed him with a javelin in a fit of anger. D. 328 B. c. Clive, Robert, Lord, baron of Plassy, Álive, a British gen.; def. Fr. at seat of Ali Khan, an ally of the Eng., 1751-3; def. army of Surajah, the nabob, who put over 100 British in “Black Hole” of Calcutta. B. Styche, near Market Drayton, in Shropshire, 1725; killed himself, 1774. Clodomir, klo'do-meer, son of Clovis, suc. to kingdom of Orleans; def. and killed Sigismund, k. of Burgundy. Slain in battle by Sigis- mund's successor, in 524. .Clotaire I., Álo'tair, k. of France, son of Clovis and Clotilda. B. 497; d. 561. C. II., an infant; his m. ruled for him. B. 583; d. 62S. C. III., came to throne of Burgundy in 656, on death of his f., Clovis II.; his m, ruled during his minority. B. 652; d. 670. C. IV. reigned only in name fr. 719 to 720, Charles Martel, mayor of the palace, having the real power. Clovisi, Álo've, the founder of the French monarchy; suc, his f., Chil- deric, in 4S1; attacked Soissons, and made it his capital; in 493, took Paris; def. Germans at Tolbiac; embraced Christianity; def. k. of Bur- gundy, and in 507 gained great victory over Alaric, k of the Goths, d. 511. (See ALARIC II.) Clovis II., 2d son of Dagobert, k, of Sois- sons and Burgundy, whom he suc., 638. B. 633; d. 656. C. III., son of Thierry III., k, of Fr., whom he suc., 691, at age of 9; r. five yrs., un- der guardianship of Pepin d’Heristal, mayor of the palace. D. 695. Cluseret, Gustave Paul, klu-zeh-ra', a Fr. colonel, and a brig-gen. in Am. civil war, 1861-5; on staff of Gen. McClellan. B. Paris, 1823. Clyde, Lord. See CAMPBELL, Colin. Cobb, Howell, an Am. maj.-gen., in confederate service, civil war 1861-5; M. C. 5 times; gov. of Ga., 1851; secy. treas., under Buchanan. B. Cherry Hill, Ga., 1815; d. N. Y., 1868. Cobbe, Frances Power, #25, an Eng. author; “Darwinism in Morals, and other Essays,” 1872. B. Dublin, 1822. Cobbett, William, kob'bet, an Eng. political writer; visited Am. twice; pub. a grammar, and other works. B. Farnham, 1762; d. 1835. Cobden, Richard, kob'den, a British statesman; gained the repeal of the corn laws; visited Am. twice. B. Dunford, near Midhurst, 1So!; d. London, 1865. Cochin, Charles Nicolas, koshan, a French author and engraver. B. 1715; d. 1790. Cochrane, kok'ran, Captain John Dundas, R. N., a great traveler; journeyed on foot “through Russia, and Siberian Tartary, from the frontiers of China to the Frozen Sea and Kamtschatka. B. 17So; d. S. Am., 1825. Cochrane, Admiral Sir Alexander, G. C. B; captured a Fr. flect in 1806; blockaded Am. ports in 1813; B. 1758; d. Paris, 1832. Cockburn, Sir Alexander James Edmund, ko'burn, an Eng. lord chief justice; aided liberal party. B. London, 1So2. Cockburn, Sir George, an Eng. admiral; served in W. Indies; in 1813-14 was active in the Am. war; M. P. 1818. B. 1772; d. 1853. Cocker, Edward, kok'er, an Eng. schoolmaster and penman; pub. 14 copy-books. B. 1632; d. about 1675. Cockerell, Charles Robert, R. A., kok'e-rel, an Eng. architect; many buildings were intrusted to him. B. London, 1788; d. 1S63. Cocles, Publius Horatius, ko'klees, a celebrated Roman that, alone, in 507 B. c. opposed thc whole army of Porsenna at the head of a bridge while his companions were destroying it behind him. When this was effected, Cocles, tho' wounded by the darts of the enemy, and im- peded by his arms and armor, leaped into the Tiber and swam safely #1CrOSS. whom he killed with his own hand, thus gaining Aquitaine. B. 465; — BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 235 Coddington, William, kod'ing-ton, the founder of Rhode Island. B. 1601; d. 1678. Codrington, Sir Edward, G. C. B., kod'ring-ton, an Eng. admiral; took partin the attack on New Orleans, 1814; M. P., 1S32. I?. 1770; d. London, 1851. s Codrington, Sir William John, K. C. B., a British maj.-gen.; served in Crimean war, and was commander-in-chief there; made a general in 1863. B. 1Soo. Codrus, ko'drus, last k of Athens, son of Melanthus; was celebrated for his patriotism. Slain in battle 1070 m. c. Coeur, Jacques, kur, a French merchant and financier; fl. 15th century. Coffin, Sir Isaac, Kofin, an Eng. admiral; served in America. B. Boston, 1759; d. Cheltenham, Eng., 1839. Coffin, James Henry, an Am. prof. of math. and astronomy; “Solar and Lunar Eclipses.” B. Northampton, Mass., 1806; d. Easton, Penn., IS73. Cogs'well, Joseph Green, an American scholar and teacher. B. 1786; d. 1871. Cohorn, Menno, ko'horn, Dutch engineer; gov. of Flanders; pub. “Three Systems of Fortification.” B. Friesland, 1641; d. at the Hague, 1704. Coke, Edward, koke, an Eng. judge; conducted the prosecution vs. Sir Walter Raleigh; M. Par., 1620; principal framer of the Bill of Rights. B. Mileham, Norfolk, 1551; d. 1633. Coke, Thomas, first bishop of the M. E. church; ordained by wes- ley, in 1784, as bishop of that church in America. B. Brecon, S. Wales, 1747; d. at sea, 1814. Colbert, John Baptist, kol'čair, a Fr. statesman, labored to improve the arts and extend commerce. B. Rheims, 1619; D. Paris, 1683. Colburn, Warren, kol'burn, an Am. mathematical scholar; pub. his “Algebra,” 182S. B. Dedham, Mass., 1793; d. Lowell, 1833. Colburn, Zerah, an Am. mathematical prodigy; he solved most diffi- cult questions in arithmetic almost instantly by a mental process. B. Cabot, Vt. 1So;; d. Norwich, Conn., 1840. Colby, Thomas, kol'be, an Eng. engineer and maj.-gen in the army; made important observations as to the tides. B. Rochester, 1784; d. Liverpool, 1852. Colchester. See ABBOT, Charles. Colden, Cadwallader, kol"den, a distinguished physician and histo- rian; “Hist. of Five Nations of Indians”; lieut.-gov. province of N. Y. B. Dunse, Scot., 16SS; d. Flushing, L.I., 1776. Cole, Thomas, kole, an Am. landscape painter; visited Rome and Florence; “Voyage of Life”; “View of White Mtns.” B. Bolton-le- Moor, Lancashire, Eng., 1Sol; d. Catskill, N. Y., 1848. Colebrooke, Henry Thomas, kol'brook, an Eng. Oriental scholar B. 1765; d. London, 1837. Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, kole’ridj, an Eng, poet and critic in the fine arts. B. Ottery, St. Mary, Devonshire; d. Highgate, London, 1834. IIis son Hartley produced some excellent poems and biographies of Yorkshire and Lancashire worthics. B. 1796; d. 1849. Derwent, the youngest son of Samuel, was an author. B. Keswick, 1Soo. Sara, only dau. of Samuel, wrote “Phantasmion,” a beautiful fairy tale. B. Keswick, 1802; d. 1852. Coleridge, Sir John Taylor, a judge of the Court of Queen's Bench, son of James Coleridge, and nephew of S. T. Coleridge, the poet; pub. edition Blackstone’s “Commentaries.” B. Tiverton, Devon., 1790; d. 1876. Colet, Louise, kol’et, a French poet; she pub. various novels. B. Aix, 1810; d. Nice, 1876. Colfax, Schuyler, kole'faks, an Am. rep. in cong, and 17th vice-pres. U. S.; speaker of house. B. N. Y., 23d March, 1823. Coligny, Admiral Gaspard de, ko-le'ne, a French gen. and statesman; led the Fr. Huguenots; a victim of the massacre of St. Bartholomew; pierced by a sword in the hands of one of the domestics of the Duke of Guise; his head was cut off and sent to Catherine de Medici. B. Cha- tillon-sur-Loing, 1516; killed in Paris, 1572. Colin, Alexander, ko'la, a Belgian sculptor that executed the cele- brated tomb of Maximilian I., at Innspruck. B. Mechlin, 1526; d. Innspruck, 1612. Collamer, Jacob, kol"la-mer, an Am. senator from Vt., 1854; postmas- G-e- 236 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. ter-gen., under Taylor, 1849; M. C. three terms. B. Troy, N.Y., 1792; d. Woodstock, Vt., 1S65. Colle, Charles, ko-la', a French song writer and poet. B.1709; d. 1783. Collier, Jeremy, kollyer, an Eng. divine; pub. “Ecclesiastical Hist. Great Britain, 1714. B. Stow-Qui, Cambridgeshire, 1650; d. London, 1726. Collier, John Payne, an Eng. dramatic writer and commentator. B. London, 1789. Collingwood, Cuthbert, Lord, kol/ling-wood, an Eng. admiral, 2d in command to Nelson at Trafalgar, 21st Oct., 1805, where he broke the enemy's line; when Nelson fell, Collingwood completed the victory. B. Newcastle-on-Tyne, 1750; d. near Port Mahon, in his ship, 1810. Collins, Anthony, kol"lins, an Eng. controversial writer and sceptic; author of “Priestcraft in Perfection.” B. Heston, Middlesex, 1676; d. London, 1729. Collins, Isaac, an Am. publisher; printed an almanac, beginning in 1771. B. in Delaware, 1746; d. Burlington, N.J., 1817. Collins, William Wilkie, a well-known Eng. novelist; “Moonstone.” B. London, 1824. Collot d'Herbois, Jean Marie, kol"lo-dair'bwaw, a ferocious French revolutionist; first to move for abolition of royalty; in 1793 he accom- panied Fouche to Lyons and was one of the principals in the destruc- tion of 1,600 persons by the guillotine and artillery. B. Paris, 1750; d. 1796. Collona, Fabio, kol-on/na, an Italian phil.; inventor of a musical instrument called a pentachordon. B. Naples, 1567; d. 1650. Colman, George, kol’man, an Eng, poet; writer of comic dramas. B. 1733; d. 1794. Colonna, Prospero, an Italian gen.; def. French at battle of Bicocea and relieved Milan in 1522. B. 1452; d. 1523. Colonna, Vittoria, dau. of Frabrizio Colonna, celebrated for her beauty, talents and virtues by the painter and sculptor, Michael Angelo; she was a poet. B. Marino, 1490; d. Rome, 1547. Colt, Samuel, kolt, an Am. inventor of revolving fire-arms, a sub- marine battery and other devices. B. Hartford, Conn., 1814; d. there, 1862. Colton, Calvin, kol"ton, an Am. divine and writer on politics; pub. “Four Years in Great Britain,” 1835. B. Longmeadow, Mass., 1789; d. Savannah, Ga., 1857. Columba, St., kol-um'ba, a native of Ireland, that founded the mon- astery of Iona, or Icolmkill. D. 597; and was canonized. Columbus, Christopher, kol-un'bus, a celebrated Genoese navigator and discoverer of America; Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain granted him three vessels to prosecute discoveries beyond the Atlantic Ocean; he set sail on his voyage 3d Aug., 1492, from the bar of Saltez, near Palos, and landed on island of Guanahani, Oct. 12; this he called St. Salvador. "Next sailed to Cuba, and Hispaniola; discovered other islands and re- turned, being received at Barcelona by Ferdinand and Isabella under a canopy of cloth of gold, in March, 1493. Second voyage, from Cadiz, 25th Sept., 1493; discovered Caribbee islands, Porto Rico, and Jamaica, returning to Cadiz, 11th June, 1496. Third voyage begun 13th May, 1493, with six vessels; discovered isl. of Trinidad, the mouths of the Orinoco, the coast of Paria, the Margarita and Cubagua islands. Fourth voyage, in 1502, traced the coast of Darien, coasted Honduras, the Mosquito shore, Costa Rica, and Veragua; returning to Spain in 1504, he found Q. Isabella dead and the king prejudiced against him. B. Genoa, It., 1445 or '46; worn in body, broken in spirit, neglected, and poverty-stricken, he died at Valladolid, 1506. On the monument of this great man, in the cathedral of Seville, are these words: “To Castile and Leon, Columbus has given a new world.” IIis last words were: “Lord, into Thy hands I commit my spirit.” Combe, George, koom, or kom, a Scotch phrenologist; pub. “Consti- tution of Man, in Relation to External Objects,” 182S. B. Edinburgh, 1788; d. near London, 1858. Abraham, elder bro. of George, gave his fortune to establish co-operation in Edinburgh; wrote sketches of the old and new system of things, and the “Religious Creed of the New System.” B. 1785; d. 1827. Andrew, younger bro., was an eminent physiologist. B. Edinburgh, 1797; d. 1847. Combermere, Stapleton Cotton, Viscount, kom’ber-meer, a British commander; served under Wellington; gov. of Barbadoes; field-mar- shal, 1855. B. Denbighshire, 1773; d. Clifton, 1S65. Comenius, John Amos, co-ma'nee-oos, a Moravian grammarian and monk; wrote the first pictorial school book. B. 1592; d. 1671. Comines, Philip de, kom-e'nes, a Fr. statesman and historian; “Me- moirs of his Own Times.” B. Chateau de Comines, near Comines, 1445; d. Argenton, in Poitou, 1509. Commodus, Lucius Aurelius Antonius, kom'mo-dus, a Roman emp.; son of Marcus Aurelius; Commodus was very wicked; beautiful in person; deified by the senate; a glutton and a drunkard; cut of other people's noses and ears for amusement; strong, and killed wild beasts in the arena; personated Hercules, and entered the arena as a naked gladiator; used the bath seven or eight times a day, and indulged in every sensuality and effeminacy. Commenus. Sce ALExIs II. Comonfort, Ygnacio, ko’mon fort, a Mexican commander and sena- tor; was president, but soon displaced. B. Puebla, 1812; murdered by banditti, near San Luis Potosi, 1863. Compton, Henry, kom'ton, an Eng. prelate; officiated at coronation of William and Mary; fond of botany, having the finest garden of ex- otics in England. B. Compton, 1632; d. Fulham, 1713. Comstock, John Lee, kum'stok, an author of Am. school books. B. 1789; d. 1858. Comte, Auguste, konte, a French speculative philosopher; begun public life as a follower of St. Simon (which see); “Positive Philos- ophy.” B. Montpelier, 1798; d. Paris, 1857. Comyns, Sir John, kum'ins, author of a “Digest of the English Law.” B. 1667; d. 1740. Conant, Roger, ko'nant, one of the earliest settlers of Mass. B. 1593; d. 1679. Conde, Louis, kon'dai, first prince of, a leader of the Huguenots, during persecution of the French Protestants under Francis, Duke of Guise, wounded and taken prisoner by the papists at battle of Dreux in 1562; was liberated by Amboise, and again fought the papists un- successfully at St. Denis, 1567, and at Jarnac, 1569, when he was taken prisoner and assas. B Vendome, 1530. Conde, Louis II., prince of, known as Great Conde; at 22 yrs. def. Spanish at Rocroy, 1643; gained battles of Frciburg, 1644, and Nord- lingen, 1645, in Germany; def. archduke Leopold at Sens; opposed William of Orange at Senef, 1674; drove Montecuculi beyond the Rhine, 1675. B. Paris, 1621; d. Chantilly, 1606. Condillac, Etienne Bonnet de, kon-deyak, a French metaphysician; pub. “Treatise on the Sensations,” “Logic.” B. Grenoble, 1715; d. 17So. Condorcet, Marie Jean Antoine Nicolas Caretat, marquis of, kon- dor'sai, a Fr. philosopher; endeavored to extend the principles of the Revolution; mem. of National Assembly and Jacobin club, in 1791. B. near Nion, in Dauphiny, 1743; d. in prison of Bourg-la-Reine, 1794. Confucius, or Koong-fu-tse, kon-fu'she-us, a Chinese philosopher; a mandarin (magistrate) at the age of three; his followers became numerous, and he selected 10 as his chosen disciples, to whom he im- parted the treasures of wisdom; by these his tenets were spread and almost universally adopted by the people; his books are regarded by the Chinese as the fountain of wisdom. B. in kingdom of Loo, 551 B. C. Congleton, Henry Brooke Parnell, lord, kon-gel-ton, a British poli- tician; M. P., 1802 and 1806 till 1832; in 1833, returned for Dundee, Scot., as M. P., remaining till 1841; was a whig or liberalist. B. 1776; d. 1842. Congreve, William, kon'greve, an Eng. dramatic poet; “Love for Love.” B. Bardsa, near Leeds, Yorkshire, 1670; d. London, 1729. Conkling, Alfred, kongk'ling, an Am. senator; M. C. 1821-3; U. S. district judge for Nor. N. Y.; min. to Mexico in Fillmore's term; B. E. Hampton, N.Y., 1789; d. Utica, 1874. Conkling, Roscoe, an Am. Senator and leader of Stalwart wing of republican party when Garfield was president; mayor of Utica, N.Y., 1858; M. C. four times; senator three times. B. Albany, N.Y., 30th Oct., 1828. Conner, David, kon'ner, an Am. naval commander; was in the action betw. the sloop of war Hornet and the British brig Peacock, 24th Feb., 1813; the latter surrendered in 15 mins., and went under with nine British scamen and three Amcricans that tried to save them. B. Har- risburg, Penn., about 1792; d. Phila., 1856. | :- | : | – BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. Conon, ko'non, famous Athenian gen. and gov.; aided by Artaxerxes, k of Persia, he delivered his country from the Spartan yoke; fl. about 400. D. about 388 B. c. Conrad I, count of Franconia, kon'rad, elected emperor Germany in 911; d. 918. Conrad II., k, of Ger., in 1024, and emp. of Rome three years after; conquered Burgundy. D. Utrecht, 1039. Conrad III., elected Ger. emp. 1138; waged a long war with Henry the Proud, duke of Saxony and Bavaria, and took Bavaria from him; set out with Louis VII. of France for the holy land, laying siege unsuc- cessfully to Damascus. B. 1093; d. Bamberg, 1152. Conrad IV., clected emp. Ger., 1250; Pope Innocent IV. named Wil- liam of Holland for the crown, and preached a crusade vs. Conrad, who thereupon marched into Italy, took Naples, Capua, etc., but died in the midst of his victories, 1254, at Lavello. B. Apaulia, 1228. Conradin, £on-rad-in, son of Conrad IV., and duke of Suabia; def. by Charles of Anjou at Tagliocozzo, lower Italy, in 1268. B. 1252; be- headed at Naples, 1268. Consalvi, Ercole, kon-sal"vee, a Roman church dignitary; greatly im- proved the Papal states by his administration. B. Rome, 1757; d. there, 1824. Considerant, Victor, kon-se-dai-ron', a French reformer; advocated tenets of Fourier, foor'e-ai; attempted to form a colony in Texas, U. S. B. Salins, near Besancon, 1808. Constable, John, kun'sta-bel, an Eng. Artist; “Valley Farm.” B. East Bergholt, Suffolk, 1776; d. Hampstead, 1837. Constans, Flavius Julius, kon'stans, emperor of Rome; a profligate. B. about 320; d. 350. Constant, Henri Benjamin, kon'stang, a French writer and states- man; a republican. B. Lausanne, 1767; d. Paris, 1830. Constantine, kon'stan-tine, a name very common to the emperors of the East, the most celebrated of whom was Flavius Valerius, son of Constantius, and surnamed the Great; conq. his bro.-in-law and col- league on the throne; saw a cross in the sky and was converted to Christianity, 312; prohibited nocturnal assemblies and abolished many obscenities of paganism; ordered the observance of Sunday, 321; caused destroyed Christian churches to be rebuilt; assembled the first uni- versal council at Nice, 325; abolished consulting of oracles, and the fights of gladiators; founded the rival city of Rome, that of Constantinopo- lis. B. 274; d. Nicomedia, 337. Constantine II., the Younger, eldest son of the preceding, also emp. of Rome, desiring his bro. Constans' territory, invaded Italy, and was def. and slain near Aquileia, 340. B. Arles in Gaul, 312. * Constantine III., surnamed Pogonatus, or the Bearded, 19th emp. of the East, 668; waged war successfully against Saracens; murdered his two brothers; under this prince “Greek fire” was first employed. D. 685. Constantine IV., 28th emp. of the East, 741; surnamed Copronymus; sided with the iconoclasts. B. 648; d. 685. Constantine V., 30th emp. of the East, 7So; his m. Irene being regent, and she finally took possession of the throne, putting out the eyes of her younger son, who died 797. B. 770; Constantine VI, surnamed Porphyrogenitus, emp. of the East, 911, his m, Zoe being regent; deposed by Romanus I., 919; regained his throne, 945; poisoned by his dau. Theophania at instigation of her bro. Romanus, who succeeded him,999. Constantine VII., 3d son Romanus I., r. with his f. and two bros. fr. 919 to 945, during time that Porphryrogenitus was deposed. Constantine VIII, emp. of the East, with his bro. Basilius II. D. 1028. Constantine IX., the Gladiator, emp. of the East, 1042; known alone for his debaucheries. B. 1000. D. 1054. Constantine X, surnamed Ducas; in his r. the Scythians ravaged the empire, and some cities were destroyed by earthquakes. D. 1067. Constantine XI., associated with his bro. Michael VII. on throne Eastern empire; he ceased tor. in 1078, when Constantinople was taken by Nicéphorus. Constantine XII., Palaeologus, last emp. of the East. D. fighting MahometII., who took Constantinople from him, 1453. Constantino- ple was then made the capital of the Ottoman empire. Constantine, Flavius Julius, an usurper, proclaimed emp. of the – s B =- - 237 West by Roman soldiery in Great Britain, 407; def. at Arles, Fr., and put to death by emp. Honorius, 411. Constantine, Paulovitch, 2d son of the emp. Paul of Russia; re- nounced his claim to the throne, and the grand-duke Nicholas, ascend- ed the throne. B. St. Petersburg, 1799; d. Witepsk, 1831. Constantine, Pope, clected in 708. D. 715. An anti-pope of this name usurped the office of pope in 767. Constantine, Nicholaevich, 2d son of emp. Nicholas of Russia; grand duke. B. St. Petersburg, 1827. Constantius I., &on-stan'ske-us, became a Roman emp., 305; reduced Britons to subjection; he was f. of Constantine the Great. D.York, 306. Constantine II., 2d son of Constantine the Great; ruled over the East and Greece. D. on his march against Julian, 361. Conway, Moncure Daniel, kon'way, an Am. writer, and Unitarian minister. B. Stafford co., Va., 17 March, 1832. Conybeare, William Daniel, an Eng. clergyman and geologist; dis- covered antediluvian monster called Plesiosaurus. B. London, 1787; d. 1857. Cook, Eliza, kook, an Eng, writer and poet. B. Southwark, London; 1817. Cook, James, Capt., a celebrated Eng. navigator; was at the reduction of Quebec by Wolfe, in 1759; circumnavigated New Zealand; visited various regions. B. Marton, Yorkshire, 1728; slain at Owhyhee, largest of Sandwich islands, by natives, 1799. Cooke, George Frederick, an Eng. actor; was bred to the printer's art. B. Westminster, 1755; d. New York, 1812. Cooke, John Esten, an Am, writer; wrote the life of Stonewall Jack- son. B. Winchester, Va., 1830. His brother, Philip Pendleton Cooke, was a poet. B. Martinsburg, Va., 1816; d. 1850. John Rogers Cooke, their father, was a jurist. B. Bermuda, 1788; d. Richmond, 1854. Cooley, Thomas M., kool’ai, an Am. chicf-justice of supreme court of Michigan; pub. treatises on Constitutional Limitations and Torts. B. Attica, N.Y., 1824. Cooper, Sir Astley, koop'er, an Eng. Surgeon and anatomist. B. Brooke, Norfolk, 1768; d. London, 1841. Cooper, James Fenimore, an Am. story-writer; “Last of the Mohi- cans.” B. Burlington, N.J., 1789; d. Cooperstown, N.Y., 1851. Cooper, Peter, an Am. inventor and philanthropist; built first loco- motive engine in America; erected Cooper Institute for the advance- ment of science and art, in New York; nominated by national green- backers as their presidential candidate, at Indianapolis, in 1876, and at the election received 81,737 votes. B. New York, 1791; d. there, 18S3. Cooper, Samuel, an Eng painter; Louis XIV. of France offered £150 for his picture of Oliver Cromwell. B. London, 1609; d. there, 1672. Cooper, Thomas, an Am. lawyer and writer; wrote an English ver- sion of the Institutes of Justinian. B. London, 1759; d. Columbia, S. C., 1840. Cooper, Thomas Sydney, an Eng, painter; one of the best cattle- painters. B. Canterbury, 1803. Cope, Charles West, R. A., kope, an Eng. artist, “Lear and Corde- lia.” B. Leeds, in 1811 Cope, Edward Drinker, an Am. geologist and naturalist; wrote over 100 papers for scientific publication. B. Phila., 1840. Copernicus, Copernik, or Zepernic, as he has been differently called, Nicholas, ko-per'ni-kus, was a famous Prussian astronomer; overturned Ptolemaic system of astronomy. B. Thorn, Prus., 1473; d. Frauen- burg, 1543. Copley, John Singleton, kop'ley, an Am. artist; “Death of Lord Chat- ham.” B. Boston, 1737; d. 1815. Coram, Thomas, kor'âm, an Eng. philanthropist; instituted London Foundling Hospital. B. 1668; d. London, 1751. Corbould, Edward Henry, kor'boold, an Eng. artist, water colors. B. London, 1815. Corday d'Armans, Marie Anne Charlotte, kor'dai, a French lady of beauty and spirit; her lover, named Belsunce, a major in Fr. army, was denounced, and caused to be assassinated by Marat, whereupon Char- lotte, after some difficulty, gained access to him and stabbed Marat to the heart, 13th July, 1793; she confessed the fact, and was guillotined 17th July, 1793; a man, touched by her beauty and heroism, asked to suffer in her stead, but his prayer was not heard, and both died by the same instrument. -— *- 238 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. Cordova, Fernando Fernandez de, kor'do-va, a Spanish general-in- chief; active in revolution of 1854. B. Madrid, 1792; d. 1S60. Cormenin, Louis Marie de la Haye, Viscount de, kor'me-nd, a French political writer; aided the cause of political and social progress. B. Paris, 1788; d. 1868. Corneille, Peter, kor'nai, a French dramatist. B. Rouen, 1606; d. Paris, 1684. * Cornelia, kor-ne’le-a, w. of Pompey, and dau. of Metellus Scipio; fled with her husband after the battle of Pharsalia, and saw him mas- sacred in harbor of Alexandria. Lived 2d century B. c. See PoMPEY. Cornelius, Peter von, kor-mai’le-oos, a Ger. artist; represented events of the “Iliad,” and symbolized Grecian mythology. B. Dusseldorf, 1787; d. Berlin, 1867. Cornell, Ezra, kor'nell, founder of Cornell University, at Ithaca, N. Y. B. 1Soó; d. Ithaca, 1874. Cornero, or Cornaro, Louis, kor-mar'o, a Venetian nobleman that protracted his life by a course of regimen; having lived frcely, and being in ill health, he determined to confine himself to 12 ounces of food and 14 of wine daily, by which, with exercise, he acquired a vigor- ous constitution; avoided heat and cold, late hours, over-fatigue, and indulgence of the passions; issued a book at an advanced age, from which the conclusion is drawn that all men, or most of them, shorten their lives by over-eating and drinking. B. Venice, 1468; d. Padua, 1566, aged 98. His w, survived him, and lived to about the same age. Cornwallis, Charles Mann, marquis of, korn'zval-lis, a British gen. that engaged in Am. war of the revolution; won battles of Camden and Guilford, but in 1781 was forced to surrender at Yorktown. B. 1738; d. Ghazepore, India, 1805. Correggio, Antonio Allegrida, kor-rai-dje-o, an Italian painter; “Christ's Agony in the Garden.” B. Correggio, 1494; d. 1534. Cort, Henry, of Gosport, kort, Eng. inventor of the process by which pig-iron was converted into malleable iron by the flame of pit-coal in the puddling furnace. B. Lancaster, 1740; d. 1800. Cortes, Hernando, kor-tais, the conqueror of Mexico, a Spanish ad- venturer. B. Mcdellin, 1485; d. near Seville, 1547. Corwin, Thomas, kor'win, an Am. advocate and statesman; elected gov. of Ohio, 1840, and U.S. senator, 1845; secy. treas. under Fillmore; returned to congress, 1861. B. Bourbon co., Ky.; d. Washington, 1865, aged 71. * * Cosse Brissac, Charles de, kos brees' sak, a marshal of France; gov. of Picardy, 1559; gov. of Normandy, 1563. B. Anjou, 1505; d. 1563. Cotta, Bernhard, kot/ta, a Ger. geologist; “Inner Structure of Mount- ains.” B. Zillbach, 1808; d. 1879. Cotton, Sir Robert Bruce, kot/ton, an Eng. antiquary, and f. of famous Cottonian library, at Brit. museum. B. at Denton in Hunting- donshire, 1570; d. London, 1631. Coulehomb, Charles Augustin de, koo’lomb, a Fr. math.; inventor of the torsion balance. B. Angouleme, 1736; d. 1806. . Courtois, Jacques, koor’twa, called Borgononc, a French painter of battle scenes. B. near Besancon, Franche-comte, 1621; d. Ronne, 1676. Cousin, Jean, koo'sa, a Fr. painter, sculptor and geometrician; “Last Judgment.” B. Soncy, near Sens, about 1500; d. about 1590. Cousin, Victor, a Fr. inquirer into systems of mental philosophy, and lecturer; translated Plato's works in 13 vols. B. Paris, 1792; d. Cannes, 1867. Couthon, George, koo'tawng, a Fr. Jacobin. B. Orsay, a village in Clermont, 1756; shared in fall of Robespierre, and was guillo- tined, 1794. Coutts, the Right Honorable Angela Georgina, Baroness, koots, dau. of Sir Francis Burdett; pos. great wealth and has spent much money for amelioration of her race; married, 12th Feb., 1881, to Mr. W. L. Ash- mead-Bartlett; accepted peerage from gov. of England. B. 1814. Coverdale, Miles, kuv'er-dail, an Eng. divine that united with William Tyndale in translating scriptures. B. Yorkshire, 1487; d. London, 1568. Cowley, Abraham, kov'le, an Eng. poet. B. London, 1618; d. Chert- sey, 1667. Cowper, William, kow'per, or koo'per, a celebrated English poet; “John Gilpin.” B. Berkhampstead, 1731; d. Dereham, in Nor- folk, 1Soo. Cox, Jacob Dolson, an Am. maj.-gen.; served in army of Virginia, and during the great Atlanta campaign of 1864, war 1S61-5. B. Mon- treal, Can., 27th Oct., 1S28. Cox, Richard, kor, an Eng. prelate; one of the translators of the Bishops' Bibles. B. 1499; d. 1581. Cox, Samuel Sullivan, an Am. congressman; being connected with a journal at Columbus, O., he gave a wordy description of a sunset scene, and hence is called, “Sunset Cox.” B. Zanesville, 30th Sept., 1824. Coxe, Tench, a public-spirited Am. that advocated the planting and cultivation of cotton in the U. S. B. Phila., Pa., 1775; d. 1S24. Coxe, William, a British author and historian. B. London, 1747; d. Bemerton, 1828. Crabbe, Reverend George, Arab, an Eng. poet; “The Library.” B. Aldborough, in Suffolk, 1754; d. Trowbridge, Wiltshire, 1832. Crafts, Samuel Chandler, krafts, an Am. congressman, gov. of Vt., and appointed to fill a vacancy in the U. S. senate. B. Woodstock, Ct., 1768; d. Craftsbury, Vt., 1853. Craik, Dinah Maria Mulock, kraik, an Eng. story-writer; “John Halifax, Gentleman.” B. Stoke-upon-Trent, Staffordshire, 1826. Craik, James, M. D., an Am. physician that had the care of the family of Washington. B. Scotland, 1731; d. Fairfax co., Va., 1814. Cramer, Johann Andreas, krai’mer, a Ger. divine and poet; trans- lated general hist of Bossuet. B. Johstadt, Saxony, 1723; d. Kiel, 1788. Cranach, Lucas, kra'nak, a Ger. painter; excelled in portraits and altar pieces; friend of Luther. B. Cranach, near Bamberg, 1472; d. Weimar, 1553. * Cranmer, Thomas, kran'mer, archb. of Canterbury; by his means the bible was translated and read in churches; exhorted the people against the errors of Rome, and was burned at the stake for heresy, at Oxford, 1555. B. Aslacton, in Nottinghamshire, 1489. Crassus, Lucius Licinius, kras-sus, a Roman censor and orator. B. 140 m.c.; d. in 91. Marcus Licinius, the Rich, def. Spartacus; formed, with Caesar and Pompey, the first triumvirate; def. by Surena, a Parthian gen., and put to death, 53 B. C. B. about 105 B. c. r Craterus, krat'e-rus, one of Alexander's great generals; his share of Alexander's kingdom was Greece and Epirus; killed in a battle against Eumenes, 321 B. c. Crates, krai'tes, an ancient phil. of Boeotia; would dress warm in summer and wear thin garments in winter. B. 324 B. c. Cratippus, a follower of Aristotle, the Peripatetic philosopher; he accompanied Pompey after the battle of Pharsalia. B. about 75 B. c.; at Mytilene, isl. of Lesbos. See ARIsrorI.E. Crawford, Thomas, krawford, an Am. sculptor; “Armed Liberty;” “Christ raising Jairus' Daughter.” B. N. Y., 1814; d. London, 1857. Crawford, William Harris, an Am. senator; fought a duel and killed his man, and fought another, in which he was wounded. B. Amherst co., Va., 1772; d. Elbert co., Ga., 1834. Cremieux, Isaac Adolphe, kra-me-uh’, a French statesman; favored free trade; advised Louis Philippe and his queen to leave France, when revolution of 1848 broke out. B. Nimes, 1796. Crichton, James, kri'ton, a learned Scotchman, called “admirable Crichton” because so many wonderful things are related about him. B. Perthshire, 1560; assas., 1583. * Critias, kri'i-as, an Athenian conspicuous for ferociousness; one of the 30 tyrants that had a place in Athens; B. c. 404; slain in battle with Thrasybulus, 404 B. c. Crito, kri'to, the friend and follower of Socrates. Crittenden, John Jordon, krit'en-den, an Am. senator; attorney-gen. under Fillmore; gov. of Ky., was senator six times. B. Woodford co., Ky., 1787; d. near Frankfort, 1863. Crockett, David, Krok'et, an Am. rover, and M. C. thrice. B. Lime- stone, Tenn., 1786; put to death by order Santa Anna, in Texas, 1836. Croesus, kre'sus, last k. of Lydia, celebrated for his riches; Æsop and Solon were of his court; conquered by Cyrus, k. of Persia; ascend- ed the throne, 560 B. c. No date of death. Croghan, George, krogan, an Am. officer that served at battle of Tippecanoe, in 1811, and with Taylor in Mexico, 1846-7. B. near Louisville, Ky.; d. New Orleans, 1849. Crompton, Samuel, krump'ton, an Eng. inventor of the spinning- mule. B. near Bolton le-Moors, Lancashire, 1753; d. 1S27, aged 74. - ~! *=-– BIOGRAPHICAL Cromwell, Oliver, Árom'well, the great Protector of the English people; M. Par., 1628; returned and became popular leader in Par., 1640; signed warrant for the execution of the king, (see CHARLEs I.), whom he defeated; as he did Charles II. at Worcester, (see CIIARLEs II.); became Protector of the commonwealth of Eng., Scot, and Ire., 1654, and governed with vigor. B. Huntingdon, 1599; d. palace of Whitehall, 1658. Cromwell had six children, of which Richard, third and eldest son, suc. him in the protectorate. Crook, George, krook, an Am. maj.-gen.; commander of cavalry in W.Va., defeating and killing confederate Gen. Jenkins, at Cloyd Mtn., 1S64; def. Gen. Wheeler in Tenn. B. near Dayton, O., 1828. Crosby, Alpheus, kroz'bi, a noted Am. scholar. B. 1810; d. 1874. Crowe, Catharine, Stevens, krow, an Eng, writer; “Manorial Rights.” B. Borough Green, Kent, about 1800. Cruikshank, George, krook-shank, an Eng. artist; his excellence lay in comic etchings for woodcuts. B. London, 1792; d. 1878. Ctesibius, te-sib-e-tts, a math. of Alexandria, the inventor of the pump and other hydraulic instruments, also of a clepsydra, or water-clock; fl. 2d century B. c. Ctesiphon, tes’i-fon, an Athenian that counseled his fellow-citizens to present Demosthenes with a golden crown for his probity and vir- tue; fl. 4th century B. c. Cudworth, Ralph, kud"worth, a learned Eng. divine. B. Aller, Somersetshire, 1617; d. Cambridge, 1688. s Culpepper, Nicholas, kul"pep-er, an Eng. astrologer and herbalist; described good and bad qualities of plants according to the sidereal in- fluence. D. 1654. Cumberland, William, duke of, kum'ber-land; def. Charles Stuart at Culloden, 1746; called “the Butcher” by Scottish Highlanders. B. 1721; d. Windsor, 1765. Cunningham, Allan, kun'ning-ham, a Scottish lyric poet, “Paul Jones.” B. Dumfriesshire, 1785; d. London, 1842. Curius Dentatus, Marcus Annius, ku're-tes den-tai’tus, a Roman, celebrated for his bravery, fortitude, and frugality; victorious over various nations; fl. 3d century B. c. Curry, Danicl, D. D., an Am. divine, and editor Christian Advocate. B. near Peekskill, N.Y., 1809. Curtis, Benjamin Robbins, kur’tis, an Am. supreme judge; pub. de- cisions of Supreme court of U. S. B. Watertown, Mass., 1Soo; d. Newport, R.I., 1874. Curtis, George William, an Am. writer; “Potiphar Papers,” 1853; “Fair Play for Women,” 1858. B. Providence, R.I., 24 Feb., 1824. Curtius, Ernst, koor'tse-oos, a German historian and archaeologist. B. Lubeck, 2d Sept., 1S14. Curtius, Marcus, kur'she-us, a legendary noble Roman youth; the soothsayers having declared, when the earth opened in the forum, that the chasm could only be closed by throwing into it Rome's most pre- cious treasure, Curtius arming himself, mounted his horse, and threw himself into the abyss, which instantly closed over his head, 360 B. c. Cush, kush, the eldest son of Ham, and father of Nimrod. Cushing, Caleb, koosh'ing, an Am. statesmay, served four terms in congress, from 1834; negotiated treaty with China, 1844; brig.-gen., Mexican war, 1847; attorney-gen., under Pierce. B. Salisbury, Essex co., Mass., 1Soo; d. Newburyport, 1879. Cushman, Charlotte Saunders, koosh'man, an Am. tragic actress; first appeared as Lady Macbeth; greatest in Meg Merrilies. B. Boston, 1816; d. there, 1876. Cushman, Robert, one of those who started the Plymouth colony in Am.; came over in the Fortune, 1621. B. Eng. about 15So; d. there, 1625. Custine, Adam Philippe, count de, deh Rus-ten', a French soldier; served in Am., under Washington. B. Metz, 1740; guillotined in Paris, 1793. Custis, George Washington Parke, kuz'tis, Gen. Washington's adopted son; his daughter married Robert E. Lee. B. Mt. Airy, Md., 1781; d. Arlington house, Fairfax co., Va., 1857. Cutler, Timothy, D. D., an Am. min., and pres. of Yale college. B. Charlestown, Mass., 1634; d. Boston, 1765. - Cuvier, George Christian Leopold Dagobert, baron, koo've-ai, a French naturalist; wrote numerous works; “Theory of the Earth.” B. Monthclaird, 1769; d. Paris, 1832. *=---. ~i= DICTIONARY. 239 Cybele, or Rhea, a Gr. divinity or goddess of the earth; the lion was sacred to her. Cynaegirus, sin-e:ft'rus, an Athenian that pursued the flying Persians after the battle of Marathon, and while seizing one of their vessels, had his hands cut off, then held on with his teeth. Cyprian, Thascius Caecilius, St., sip/re-an, a learned father of Latin church that embraced Christianity in 246; persecuted and beheaded at Carthage, 258. Cyrenius, si-re'ni-us, gov. or proconsul of Syria eight or ten yrs. after birth of Christ; the taxes that led Joseph and Mary to go up to Bethlehem, said to have been first made under Cyrenius. Cyrus, si-rits, k. of Persia; restored independence of Persia, which had long been under domination of the Medes; defeated Crocsus, k, of Lydia, invaded Assyria, and took Babylon; taken prisoner by Scyth- ians, and put to death by their queen, 529 B. c. Cyrus, the Younger, bro. of Artaxerxes, k. of Persia. Cyrus was gov. of Asia Minor; levied forces against his bro., and fought him at Cunaxa, 401 B. c., where he was def. and slain by Artaxerxes. --> E G = -0. Eachard, John, e'chard, Eng. clergyman; master of Catharine hall, Cambridge; dialogues bet. “Philantus and Timothy,” exposing the absurdity of the phil. of IIobbes. B. Suffolk, 1636; d. 1697. Eads, James Buchanan, eds, Am. engineer; constructed the first iron- clad vessels for United States; the first to apply steam in manipulat- ing heavy artillery; designed and constructed the famous steel bridge across the Miss. at St. Louis. B. Lawrenceburg, Ind., 1820. Earlom, Richard, er’lon, Eng. engraver; celebrated for his skill in mezzo tint; engraved after many of the most eminent Eng. and foreign masters. B. London, 1742; d. 1822. Early, Jubal A., erly, an American general, in war 1861-5; maj. in Mex. war; at commencement of civil war he entered the southern army; commanded divisions at Bull Run, Gettysburg, and other battles. B. Virginia, about 1815. Eastburn, James Wallis, eest'burn, Am. author; “Yamoyden Poems.” B.Eng., 1797; d. 1819. Eastburn, Manton, Am. bishop; bro. of above; asst. bishop 1842; bishop of diocese of Massachusetts, 1843. B. England, 1801; d. Bos- ton, 1872. Eastlake, Sir Charles Lock, P. R. A., D. C. L., eest/laik, English artist; president Royal Academy; knight of Legion of Honor. B. Plymouth, 1793; d. Pisa, 1865. JEastman, Charles Gamage, eest'man, American poet and editor; state senator, Vermont, 1851. B. Fryeburg, Me., 1816; d. Burlington, Vt., 1861. Eastman, Mary Henderson, American author; writings relate to Aborigines; “Decotah;” “Aunt Phillis Cabin.” B. Warrenton, Va., about 1817. - Baton, Amos, e-ton, Am. physicist; “Manual of Botany;” “Chem- ical Instructor.” B. New York, 1776; d. Troy, 1842. • Eaton, William, American officer and diplomat; consul at Tunis, 1797; naval agt. of U.S. to the Barbary states, 1803. B. Woodstock, Ct., 1764; d. Brimfield, Mass., 1811. Eberhard, Konrad, e^ber-hart, German sculptor and painter; specialty paintings illustrating conflicts and triumphs of the Christian religion; statues of “St. George” and “St. Michael” before Isargate, Munich. B. Bavaria, 1768; d. Munich, 1859. Ebers, Georg Moritz, a'bers, Ger. Egyptogist; prof. Leipsic; “Eine AEgyptische Konigstochter.” B. Berlin, IS37. JEbion, c'òi-on, a Jew; founder of a sect called Ebionites, who de- nicd the divinity of Jesus Christ, and the writings of the apostles; lived in the 1st century, A. D. Echo, ec'o, a nymph, that kept Juno engaged in constant talk, while Jupiter sported with the nymphs; Juno changed her into an echo to punish her, so she lost her fair form and had nothing but her VOICC. Eckford, Henry, ek'ford, Am. shipbuilder; built war ships, 1812; “Robert Fulton” 1822; naval constructor at Brooklyn. B. Scotland; 1775; d. 1832. Eckhart, Meister, ek'hart, creator of Ger, mysticism. B. about 1250; d. about 1328. - Bckhel, Joseph Hilary, ek' hel, Austrian antiquary; authority on numismatics. B. Upper Austria, 1736; d. 1798. Eckius or Echius, John, ek'e-us, Ger, prof. chosen to be champion of the church against early reformers; argued against Luther, at Leipsic; B. 1486; d. 1543. Edelinck, Gerard, ed'e-link, Dutch engraver; “Holy Family,” by Raffaelle; “Tent of Darius,” by Le Brun. B. Antwerp, 1649; d. 1707. Eden, Sir Frederick Morton, elden, Eng. statistical writer; amb. at courts of Berlin, Madrid and Vienna. D. 1809. Edgar, ed'gar, the Peaceful, k, of the Anglo-Saxons; son of Edmund I., succeeded his bro. Edwy about 959; fifty Benedict- ine monasteries established during the reign; St. Dunstan, his chief counselor, would not allow him to wear his crown for seven years, as a penance, for having carried off a beautiful damsel from a convent, and making her his mistress; weights and measures were introduced during his reign. B. about 943; d. 975. Edgeworth, Richard Lovell, edg'werth, Eng. writer; member of the last Irish H. of C. B. 1744; d. 1817. Edgeworth, Maria, daughter of the preceding, a modern Eng. au- thor; it was her rich humor and pathetic tenderness in the portrayal of Irish character that suggested to Sir Walter Scott to write “Wav- erly Novels.” B. Hare Hatch, 1767; d. 1849. Edison, Thomas Alva, ed/i-son, Am. invent.; telegraphic inventions; carbon telephone; microphone; acoustic devices of various sorts; elec- tric pens; microtasimeter; electric light, etc. B. Milan, Ohio, 1847. Edmund I., ed"mund, king of the Anglo-Saxons; son of Edward the Elder; succeeded Athelstan,941; rebellions and invasions character- ized his reign; killed by Leolf, an outlaw, who stabbed him in the breast, at a festival. B. 922; d. 946. Edmund II., surnamed Ironside, k, of the Anglo-Saxons; son of Ethelred II., whom he succeeded, 1016; Canute disputed his right to the throne, and was proclaimed k. at Southampton, at the same time Edmund ascended the throne in London; after many battles their soldiers compelled them to divide the kingdom; it is supposed Edmund was murdered to give Canute the full control. B. 989; d. 1016. Edmund, St. ed'mund, king of East Angles, 855; killed 870, by Danish princes. Edmunds, George Franklin, ed'munds, Am. statesman; speaker Va. Legislature, 1857, state senate, 1860-2, pres, pro tempore of that body; U.S. senator 1866-75-81. B. Richmond, Va., 1828. Edred, ed/red, king of the Anglo Saxons; son of Edward the elder; succeeded his brother Edmund I., 946. D. 955. Edrisi, ed-re'se, Arabian geographer; works trans. into several languages. B. Io99; d. 1164. Edward I., ed/ward, surnamed the Elder; king of West Saxons; son of Alfred the Great, whom he succeeded, 901; subdued his cousin Ethel- wald, who disputed his right to the throne; occupied most of his time in subduing the Danes; was first to assume the title of king of Eng- land. D. 925. Edward II., surnamed the Martyr; king of the Anglo Saxons; son of Edgar, whom he succeeded, 975. B. about 952; murdered, 978. Edward III., surnamed the Confessor, king of the Anglo Saxons, son of Ethelred II.; succeeded Hardicanute, 1042; confined his mother in prison for life as she was his enemy, and opposed him; his reign was characterized by firm administration of justice and a just code of laws; he was canonized and styled f" the Confessor” a century after his death. B. Islip, Oxfordshire, 1004; d. 1066. Edward I., surnamed Longshanks, king of England, son of Henry III.; ascended the throne, 1272; he appointed his son “Prince of Wales,” and since then that title has been borne by the eldest son of the English sovereign; Wales was incorporated with Eng., 1284. B. Westminster, 1239; d. 1307. Edward II, king of England, son of Edward I.; ascended the throne 1307; married Princess Isabella of France; murdered by command of the Queen and her favorite Mortimer. B. Carnarvon, 1285; d. 1327. Edward III., king of England, son of Edward II.; proclaimed king, 1327; his mother Isabella and her paramour Mortimer controlled the boy king until 1330, when he asserted his own authority, had Mortimer executed for high treason, and his mother confined for the rest of her life in the manor of Risings. B. Windsor, 1312; d. Shene, 1377, Edward IV., king of England; succeeded Henry VI.; proclaimed king, 1461, while Henry was yet reigning; at the great battle of Tow- ton, where more than 30,000 persons fell, Henry was utterly routed. B. Rouen, 1441; d. 1483. Edward V., king of Eng., son of Ed. IV.; was never crowned; he, with his brother, was murdered in the tower by command of Richard, duke of Gloucester, afterward Richard III. B. Westminster Abbey, 1470; d. 1483. Edward VI., k, of Eng.; ascended the throne, 1547. B. 1537; d. 1553. Edward, Prince of Wales, known as Black Prince; eldest son of Edward III.; in battle, when 16 years old, he captured the standard of king of Bohemia, embroidered with three ostrich feathers, and the motto Ich diem, “I serve;” these he adopted, and they have continued to be the crest and motto of the princes of Wales. B. 1330; d. 1376. Edwardes, Sir Herbert Benjamin, K. C. B., Brit. officer in East India Co., 1840. B. 1819; d. 1868. Edwards, George, English naturalist, “Natural History of Uncom- mon Birds;” “Elements of Fossilology.” B. Essex, 1693; d. 1773. Edwards, John, D. D.; Eng. clergyman and writer. B. Hertford, 1637; d. Cambridge, 1716. Edwards, Jonathan, Am. minister and theologian; wrote “Treatise on Religious Affections;” “A Treatise on Original Sin,” etc. B. East Windsor, Conn., 1703; d. New Jersey, 1758. Edwards, Richard, Eng. dramatist; “Damon and Pythias,” first English tragedy of classical type. B. Somersetshire, 1523; d. 1566. Edwin, king of Northumbria; fifth Bretwalda; ascended the throne 617; Christianity was introduced into the kingdom during his reign. B. about 586; killed in battle,633. Edwy, surnamed the Fair, king of the Anglo-Saxons, son of Ed- mund I., successor to his uncle, ascended the throne, 955; Edgar, his brother, raised a rebellion, and the kingdom was divided in 957. B. 938; d. 958. Egbert, king of Wessex; first king of united Anglo-Saxons; ascended the throne, Soo. B. about 775; d. 836. Egede, Hans, e.g’eh-deh, apostle of Greenland; a missionary from Norway; established Christian church in Greenland, and, aided by others, brought the inhabitants up to a high state of civilization. B. Norway, 1686; d. Norway, 1758. Paul, his son, continued the mis- sionary work very successfully. B. 1708; d. 1789. Egerton, Thomas, edi'er-ton, lord chancellor of England, reign Jas. I; knight; attorney-general; lord keeper; Viscount Brackley. B. 1540; d. 1617. Egg, Augustus Leopold, e.g., Eng. painter; mem. academy of arts, 1860; “Humorous Scenes from Shakspeare.” B. London, 1816; d. 1863. Eginhard, ai'in-hard, Ger historian; court of Charlemagne; secy. to that sovereign; “Life of Charlemagne.” D. 841. Eginton, Francis, ai'gin-ton, Eng. restorer of the art of painting on glass. B. 1737; d. 1805. Egmont, or Egmond, Lamoral, e.g'mon, count of, officer and states- man of Netherlands; prince of Gavre; member of state council; envoy to Spain. B. 1522; killed, 1567. Eichorn, Johann Gottfried, ike'horn, Ger. biblical critic; prof. of oriental and biblical literature. B. 1752; d. 1827. Ehninger, John Whetton, en'in-gr, Am. portrait artist; “Peter Stuyvesant,” “Lady Jane Grey.” B. New York, 1827. Ehrenberg, Christian Gottfried, a'rem-berg, German naturalist; discovered fossil inforsoria; extraordinary professor of medicine, Ber- lin. B. 1795; d. 1876. Richendorff, Joseph Karl Benedict, baron, i'ken-dorf, Ger. author; of the romantic school. B. Ralibor, 1788; d. Neisse, 1857. Eichhorn, Johann Gottfried ik'horn, German scholar and critic; influential in founding the interpretation of the scriptures on knowl- edge of biblical antiquity and oriental modes of thought. B. 1752; d. 1827. - Eichwald, Karl Edward, ik'walt, Russian naturalist and traveler; authority on botany, nat. history, geology and palacontology, of Rus- sia. B. Mitan, 1795; d. 1876. - Elbee, Gigot d', dai(I)-bai, gen. in chief of Vendeans, in Fr. rev. B. 1752; shot, 1794 Flcho, Rt. Hon. Francis Wemyss Charteris, el'ko, lieut.-col; M. P; lord of treas., under Lord Aberdeen, 1852. B. 1818. Eldon, John Scott, earl of, el'don, lord chancellor of Eng.; sol. gen.; atty.-gen.; chief justice; baron Eldon; lord chan., 1827. B. 1751; d. 1838. Flgin, James Bruce, eighth earl of,el'gin, Br.politician and diplomat; gov. Jamaica; gov.-gen. Canada; plenipotentiary to China, to effect terms of peace; successful on mission to Japan to open their ports to British com. B. 1811; d. India, 1863. Elgin, Thomas, Bruce, seventh earl of, Br. statesman; envoy ext. to Berlin, 1795; “Elgin Marbles” were collected by him in Greece. B. 1766; d. 1841. Elias, Levita, e-l'as, Jewish rabbi; wrote many valuable lexicons; “Chaldaic,” “Thalmudic and Rabbinic,” a “Hebrew Glossary,” etc. B. Germany, 1472; d. Venice, 1549. Eliot, Charles William, LL.D. el’i-ot, American scholar and writer; pres. of Harvard University. B. Boston, 1834. Eliot, George, See LEwis, Marian Evans. Eliot, George Augustus, Br. gen.; title of Lord Heathfield, bestowed for consummate skill in defense of Gibraltar while gov. there in 1775. B. 1717; d. 1790. Eliot, John, called the apostle to the Indians, owing to the zeal which he displayed in preaching to them; translated the Bible into their lan- guage. B. England, 1604; d. Mass., 1690. Eliot, Samuel, Am. author and historian; “History of Liberty.” B. Boston, 1821. Elizabeth, elix'a-beth, second queen of England; daughter of Henry VIII. and Anne Boleyn; succeeded her sister Mary, 1558; “the Elizabethan age,” so called, was one filled with intellects of the first order. Shakspeare, Spenser, Wyatt, More and Coverdale were some of the principal authors. B. Greenwich, 1533; d. Richmond, 1603. *=– -—9 -ā- BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. - 247 | *- –~". * Q—- Q -—” -"r- —i. 248 * BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY . Elizabeth, q. of Spain, married to Philip, 1615, who in 1621 suc- Elphinstone, IIon. Mount Stewart, elfin-ston, Eng. statesman and ceeded to the crown as Philip IV.; he gave everything into the hands historian; gov. Bombay; “Elphinstone Code.” “IIistory of India.” of the count of Olivarez and cared for nothing but pleasure. Eliz. B. 1779; d. 1859. finally caused the count to be banished and took entirely upon herself Elphinstone, William, Eng. bishop; founder of King's college. B. the cares of the kingdom. B. Fontainbleau, 1602; d. Madrid, 1614. Glasgow, 1431; d. 1514. an Elizabeth Petrovna, pa-trov'na, empress of Russia; daughter of Emanuel, e-man'u-el, king of Portugal, 1495; called “The Great,” Peter the Great and Catharine I.; three times she was debarred her and “The Happy;” encouraged maritime expeditions, and established right to the throne; proclaimed empress, 1741; her reign was character- com. intercourse with other nations. B. 1469; d. Lisbon, 1521. ized by sensuality and cruelty. I. 1709; d. 1762. Embury, Philip, en'bur-i, first Methodist minister in America. B. Elizabeth, St., called Eliz. of Hungary, land gravine of Thurinzia. Ireland, 1729; d. 1775. B. Presburg, 1207; d. Marburg, 1231. Emerson, Ralph Waldo, em/er-son, Am. philosopher and essayist; Ellenborough, Edward Law, first earl of, el’-en-bru(r), gov.-gen. of intended for the Unitarian Ministry; ed. the Dial; delivered orations on India; first lord of the admiralty. B. 1790; d. 1871. popular topics; also lectured on Swedenborg, Napoleon, and other Ellenborough, Edward, lawyer; baron; chief-justice King's bench great men; gave result of his observations in Eng. in “Representative IEngland. B. 1750; d. 181S. Men.” “English Traits.” B. Boston, 1So;; d. 1SS2. Ellery, William, el'er-i, Ann. lawyer; active and influential member Fmerson, William, Eng. mathematician; author of many mathemat- of the continental congress, and a signer of the Declaration of Inde- ical works. B. Hurworth, 1701; d. 1782. pendence. B. Newport, 1727; d. 1820. Emilianus, Marcus Julius, a-mee'le-an'us, gov. of Moesia, A. D. 253; Ellesmere, Francis Egerton, earl of, elz'meer, Eng. nobleman and murdered by his troops. author; lord of treas., 1827; secy. of war, 1830; M. P., 1835; peer, 1846. Emlyn, Thomas, em/lin, an Eng. clergyman of the Arian school; IB. London, 1Soo; d. 1857. suffered severe persecution on account of his beliefs. B. 1663; d. 1743. IEllet, Charles. Jr., el/et, Am. engineer; planned and built the first wire Emmet, Robert, em’et, Irish insurrectionist; inaugurated many susp. bridge in U. S., across Schuylkill, at Phila.; first susp. bridge movements to free Ireland; arrested in Dublin, tried and convicted of across Niagara River below the falls. B. Penn., 1810; d. Cairo, 1862. high treason; he conducted his own defense. B. Dublin, 17So; hanged Ellet, William Henry, Am. chemist; prof. chem. Columbia college, there, 1So3. discovered cheap method of preparing gun cotton, B. New York; Empedocles, ein-ped'o-klees, Greek philosopher; native of Agrigen- 1Sot; d. 1859. tum, in Sicily; refused sovereignty offered by his fellow-citizens, and Ellet, Elizabeth Fries Lummis, el'et, Am. author, wife of above; established a popular government. Lived about 444 B. c. “Women of Rev. War,” “Women Artists of all Ages.” B. Sodus Point, Enceladus, en-ce-la'dus, son of Tartarus and Earth; one of N. Y., 1818; d. New York, 1877. the hundred armed giants who made war upon the gods. Killed by Ellicott, Andrew, el’ikot, Am. astronomer, and civil engineer; made Jupiter. first accurate measurement of Niagara river, from lake to lake, with Encke, Johann Franz, enk'eh, Ger. astronomer, director of royal ob- height of falls; surveyed and laid out the Federal metropolis; surveyor- servatory at Berlin; resolved the orbit of the comet which is called gen. of U. S., 1792. B. Penn., 1754; d. 1820. after his name. B. Hamburg, 1791; d. 1865. Elliotson, Dr. John, el'yot-son, Eng. physician; strong advocate of Endicott, John, en'di-kot, first gov. Mass. under the first charter; re- Mesmerism; founder of Lon. Phrenological Society. B. 1785; d. 1S63. elected several times; thorough Puritan; cut the red cross from Salem Elliott, Charles, D. D., el'yot, Am. clergyman and writer, Methodist. military standard with his sword, as it reminded him of popery, which B. Ireland, 1792; d. Iowa, 1869. he hated. B. Dorchester, Eng., 1589; d. Boston, 1665. Elliott, Charles Loring, Am. portrait painter. B. N. Y., 1812; d. Al- Endymion, en-din'eon, a youth renowned for his beauty and bany, 1868. *. his perpetual sleep; supposed that Selene (moon) caused his sleep so Elliott, Ebenezer, Eng, poet; bard of Yorkshire; “Rhymes against that she could kiss him without his knowledge. Corn Laws.” B. 1781; d. 1849. Enfield, William, enfield, Eng. dissenting clergyman and writer; Elliott, Jesse Duncan, Am. naval officer; Congress voted a sword for “Institutes of Natural Philosophy.” B. 1741; d. 1797. brave and meritorious conduct in war of 1812. B. Maryland, 1782; d. Engelmann, George, eng'el-man, Am. botanistand physician; “Bot Phila., 1845. any of California.” B. Frankfort-on-the-Main, 1809. Elliott, Stephen, LL.D., Am. naturalist; state legislature of S. C. JEnghelbrechtsen, Cornelius, en'gel-breesht'sen, Ger. artist; first of 793-1S12; “Botany of South Carolina.” B. S. C., 1771; d. there, 1830. his countrymen who painted in oil; regarded as the ablest limner of Elliott, Stephen, Am. clergyman, son of preceding; bishop of Ga., his age. B. Leyden, 1468; d. 1533. 1840. B. S. C., 1805; d. Ga., 1S66. England, Sir Richard, G. C. B., ing’land, Eng. gen, of prominence Ellis, Gcorge James Welbore Agar, Lord Dover, el'ís, Eng. author in war with France; Crimea, India; nominated G. C. B. 1855. B. 1793, and statesman; peer, 1831; “Frederick the Great,” “Horace Walpole's Canada. Letters.” B. 1797; d. 1833. English, William Henry, American statesman; four terms in con- Ellis, George Edward, D. D., Am. clergyman and author; prof. the- gress from 1852; nom. for vice-pres. by democratic conv. in 1SSo. B. olgy at Cambridge; “William Penn,” “Half-Century of Unitarian Lexington, Ind., 1822. Controversy.” B. Boston, 1814. English, Thomas Dunn, M.D., American author; “Ben Bolt.” B. Ellis, Sir Henry, Eng. author and antiquary; “Towneley, Elgin and Pennsylvania, 1819. * Phigalean Marbles.” B. London, 1777; d. 1869. Ennius, Quintus, en’i-us, early Latin poet; his style was imitated by Ellsworth, Oliver, LL.D., elz'worth, Am. judge and statesman; a Virgil; taught Cato Greek. B. 237; d. 169 B. c. senator in the first congress; appointed chief-justice of the U.S. su- Entinopus, en-tin'o-pus, Italian architect; said to have becn the preme ct, in 1796; sent to France as envoy-extraordinary, 1799. B. founder of Venice. D. 420. Conn., 1745; d. 1807. Entrecasteaux, Joseph Antoine Bruni d', ontr-kas'to, French admiral Ellsworth, E. E., an Am. colonel in war 1861-5; killed at Alexandria, and explorer; commander of naval forces in East Indics. B. Aix, Va., by a man named Jackson, who in turn was shot by Brownell (see 1740; d. 1793. BRowNELL). B. N. Y., 1837; k. 1S61. Enyo, goddess of war; delights in destruction and bloodshed. Fllwood, Thos., el/wood, a Quaker; was amanuensis to Milton, and Eotvos, Joseph, e'ot-vos, baron, Hungarian statesman and littera- to him we are indebted for “Paradise Regained,” he giving the idea to teur. B. Buda, 1813; d. Pesth, 1871. * Milton. B. Crowell, 1639; d. 1714. Epaminondas, e-pan-i-nom'das, Theban statesman and gen.; Cicero Elmsley, Peter, elms'le, Eng. literateur; prof. history at Oxford; considered him the greatest man that Greece ever produced. Killed in distinguished Greek scholar. B. London, 1773; d. 1825. battle of Mantinea, 363 B. c. IElmore, Alfred, A. R. A., el'nor, Irish artist; “Crucifixion,” Epaphus, e-paf'us, son of Jupiter and Io; became king of Egypt “Martyrdom of Thomas a'Becket.” B. Cork, 1815. and built Memphis. –4– |--> * ~ -: BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 249 Epee, Charles Michael de L’, de-lah-pa', French abbe; estab. the first deaf and dumb school by his own unaided exertions. B. Ver- sailles, 1712; d. 1789. Epeus, e-pe'us, the legendary builder of the Trojan horse. Ephorus, ef-o'rus, Greek historian; wrote the first universal history ever attempted in Greece. Lived about 340 B. c. Epicharmus, ep-i-kar’mus, Greek comic and dramatic poet; first writer of comedy; introduced regular plots in his plays; invented two Greek letters. B. Isl. of Cos, 540; d. about 450 B. c. Epictetus, e-pic-te’tus, stoic phil.; one of the most profound and gifted of Roman representative men. Lived about the 1st century. Epicurus, ep-i-ku'rtis, Greek phil.; founder of the Epicurean school, which was very popular. B. near Athens, 342; d. 271 B. C. Epimenides, ep-i-men'i-dees, epic poet of Crete; contemporary with Solon; considered one of the seven wise men of Greece; after death was revered as a god by Athenians. Lived about 600 B. c. * Epiphanius, e-pif-a-ni'us, St., a dignitary of the Roman Catholic church; founded a monastery at the age of 20; author of many books of instruction to monks. B. Palestine, about 310; d. at sea, 402. JEpiscopius, Simon, e-pis-ào'pe-us, Dutch divine; rector of college at Amsterdam, 1634. B. Amsterdam, 1583; d. 1643. Epremesnil, James Duval d’, e'prai-mes-neel, Fr. advocate; coun- selor of parliament at Paris. B. Pondicherry, 1746; d. scaffold, 1794. Erasistratus, er-a-sis'tra-tus, Greek physician; first to dissect human bodies; is called father of anatomical science. Lived 4th cent., B. c. Erasmus, Desiderius, e-ras'mus, Dutch writer; “Erasmus laid the egg which Luther hatched,” was a saying of the old monks after his “Colloquies” was published. B. Rotterdam, 1467; d. Bale, 1536. Eratosthenes, er-a-tos'the-nees, Greek astronomer and geometrician; considered by some as the founder of genuine astronomy; discoverer of the method of measuring the circumference of the globe. B. Cyrene, 256; d. 196 B. c. Frckmann-Chatrian, erk’man, joint name of two French novelists, Emile Erckmann, Alexandre Chatrian. Erckmann, b. 1822; Chatrian, 1826. Erebus, er'e-bus, son of Chaos; begat Acther and Hemera (day) by Nyx (night) his sister; the name signifies darkness. Eric IX., St. Eric, king of Sweden; elected to the throne of the Upper Swedes, 1150; engaged in a crusade against the heathen in Fin- land, with the view of spreading Christianity; he was killed in battle; called St. Eric, after his death. K. 1160. Eric XIV., king of Sweden; son and successor of Gustavus I.; ascended the throne, 1560; married a peasant girl; deposed by Swedish diet, 1569, after being in prison eight years; he was poisoned by order of his brother, who was his successor. B. 1533; d. 1577. IEricsson, John, er’ik-son, Swedish engineer; constructor of the iron clad cupola war ship called the Monitor, used by the federal govern- ment during civil war; inventor of caloric engine. B. Vermeland, 1803; d. Stockholm, 1870. Prigena, John Scotus, er-ij'e-na, British philosopher and scholar. . B. about 8oo; d. about 8So. Erinna, e-rin'na, Lesbian poetess; friend of Sappho; some of her poems rank with Homer's. B. about 612 B. c. Erle, Sir William, erl, Eng. jurist; chief-justice of common pleas; resigned, 1866. B. 1793. Ernest Augustus, king of Hanover; fifth son of George III., of England; commenced his reign, IS37. B. 1771; d. 1851. Ernest II., er'nest, duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, leader of the reform party in Germany; musician. B. 1818. Ernesti, John Augustus, D.D., air-nes'fe, German writer; extraor- dinary prof. ancient literature at Leipsic; prof. of eloquence; prof. of divinity. B. Tennstadt, 1707; d. Leipsic, 1781. Ersch, Johann Samuel, ersh, Ger. encyclopaedist and writer; “Alge- meine Encyklopaedie der Wissenschaften und Kunste.” B. Glogan, 1766; d. IIalle, 1828. Erskine, Ebenezer, ers'kin, Scotch clergyman; founder of the Seces- sion church in Scotland. B. 1685; d. 1752. Erskine, Thomas, Lord chancellor of Eng.; one of the most gifted of forensic orators of modern times. B. Scotland, 1750; d. 1S23. Erwin de Steinbach, er'win deh stin-bak, Ger. architect; built Strasburg cathedral, except tower. B. Baden; d. 1318. "--— *=-C__ | Espagnac, John Baptist, Barond', despan-zak, Fr. gen. and writer; “Marshal Saxe,” “Military Art.” B. 1713; d. 1783. Espartero, Joaquin Baldomero, ais'par-tair'o, Sp. gen. and states- man; grandee of first class, 1839, and duke de la Victoria; in 1841 became regent of the kingdom, but was forced to quit the country. B. Granatula, 1792; d. 1879. Esse, Andre de Montalembert d” des'sai, Fr. gen.; defeated Charles V. with 50,000 men, with a very weak garrison at Landrecees. B. 14S3; killed, 1558. Essex, Robert Devereux, es'seks, earl, marshal of England; bc- headed by command of Elizabeth. B. Netherwood, 1567; d. 1601. Estrades, Godfrey, Count d, des’trad, Fr. gen, and statesman; am- bassador to Eng., 1661. B. Agen, 1607; d. 16S6. Estrees, Francis Annibal d’, des' trai, duke and marshal of France. B. 1573; d. 1670. Ethelbald, eth'el-Wald, k of Wessex; son of Ethelwulf, k. of the Anglo-Saxons; commenced his reign about S56. D. 860. Ethelbert, et/e/-bert, k, of Kent; third Bretwalda; obtained the throne, 560; Christianity was introduced into Britain during his reign; he issued a code of laws in 600. B. 545; d. 616. - Ethelbert, third k of the Anglo-Saxons; after the death of Ethel- bald, his brother, k of Wessex, he reigned over the entire kingdom; succeeded his father, Ethelwulf, about 856. D. S.56. Ethelred, eth'el red, fourth k, of the Anglo-Saxons; succeeded his brother, Ethelbert, 866; killed in battle, 871. Ethelred II, the Unready, king of the Anglo-Saxons; son of Edgar; succeeded Edward the Martyr, 978; the Danes were hostile and to get them to leave the country he gave them 10,000 pounds of silver, which he raised by a tax called Danegelt; this tax became a permanent institution from that time. B. 968; d. 1016. Ethelwulf, eth'el-woolf; second King of the Anglo-Saxons; son of Egbert, whom he succeeded $36. D. S57. Etherege, George, eth'er-eff, Eng. dramatic writer and wit; knighted 16S3. B. 1636; d. 16SS. Ettmuller, Michael, et-mul'er, Ger. physician; prof of extraordinary surgery and anatomy at Leipsic, 1676. B. Leipsic, 1644; d. 1683. Eu, Louis Philippe Marie Ferdinand Gaston d’Orleans, count d”, Brazilian gen.; marshal of Brazil; commander-in-chief of allied forces in war vs. Paraguay; abolished slavery in Paraguay; many slaves in Brazil were emanoipated in his honor, 1870. B. Neuilly, 1842. Euclid, it'klid, geometrician of Greece; established the first school of mathematics at Alexandria. His “Elements of Geometry” immortalized his name; lived about 300 B.C. Eudoxus, u-dox'us, of Cnidus, Greek astronomer and mathematician; is said to have been the first who taught the motion of planets in Greece; lived about 366 B. C. Eugene, Francis, oo'zhain, Prince of Savoy; a Frenchman by birth, became one of the most eminent of Austrian gens.; Napoleon considered him a man who had mastered the art of war. B. Paris, 1663; d. 1736. Eugenius I, wife'ne-us, Pope and saint; succeeded Martin, 654. D. 657. II., pope; succeeded Paschal I., in 824. D. 827. III., pope 1145. D. 1153. V., pope, 1431, succeeded Martin V. B. Venice; d. Rome, 1447 Euler, Leonard, oo'ler, Swiss mathematician; one of the most illustri- ous scholars of 18th cent.; prof. at St. Petersburg; became blind many years before his death, but continued his labors; “Elements of Alge- bra,” “Theory of the Moon,” are among the best of his numerous works. B. Basil, 1707; d. 1783. Eumenes, it’me-nees, Greek commander. Euphemus, eu-femus, founder of Cyrene. Euphorbus, t-for’ötts, son of Panthous; one of the bravest of the Trojans. Killed by Menelaus. Eupolis, w!po-lis, Gr. comic poct of Athens; said to have been killed by Alcibiades because he ridiculed him in his verses. B. 446; d. 411 B. c. Euripides, u-rip'i-dees, Greek tragic poet; one of the three great writers of tragedy in Greece; seventy-five tragedies are ascribed to him. B. Salamis, 4So; d. 406, B. c. * Eusden, Laurence, use’den, Eng, poet; created poet laureate, 1718. B. Yorkshire; d. 1730. Eusebius, t-se'be-us, bishop of Cesaraea; is called the father of Ec- clesiastical history. B. Cesaraea, A. D. 267; d. about 339. Eustachius, Bartholomew, t-stai'she-tts, distinguished Italian anato- Killed 315 B. c. 25O BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. mist; was first to describe the thoracic duct; discovered the passage from the throat to the internal ear, called Eustachian tube, from the dis- coverer. B. San Severino, 1510; d. 1574. Eutropius, yoo-tropi-us, Roman historian; contemporary of Constan- time the Great, and Julian; author of a learned and excellent compen- dium “Roman History;” flourished about 364. Evans, Oliver, ev-ans, American inventor; designed and constructed the high pressure steam engine, and proposed the application of steam power to the propulsion of carriages; he constructed a steam dredge, which propelled itself nearly two miles, on the land, the first applica- tion of steam power to cars or land carriages. B. Newport, Del., 1755; d. New York, 1819. Evans, Sir de Lacy, G. C. B., Eng. gen.: M. P., 1831 to 1865, except short interval. B. Ireland, 1787; d. 1870. Evarts, William Maxwell, ev'artz, LL.D., Am. statesman; degree of LL.D. conferred by Union, Yale, and Harvard, 1857, 1865, and 1870; chief counsel for Pres. Johnson in his impeachment trial; counsel for U.S. in Geneva arbitration of Alabama Claims; secy. of state under Pres. Hayes. B. Boston, 1818. Everett, Alexander Hill, ev'e-ret, American author and diplomat; minister to Spain, 1825; B. Boston, 1790; d. China, 1847. Everett, Edward, D.C. L., Am. orator; considered an orator with few equals and no superior; filled many public offices with great ability; gov. of Mass.; minister to Eng.; pres. of Harvard college; sccy, of state; senator. B. Dorchester, Mass., 1794; d. Boston, 1865. Eversley, Rt. Hon. Charles Shaw Lefevre, viscount, evers-le, Eng. statesman; speaker of II. C., 1839; peer, 1857. B. 1794. Ewald, Johannes, wald, Danish poet and dramatist; “Temple of Fortune;” “Balder's Death.” B. Copenhagen, 1743; d. 1781. Ewell, Richard Stoddard, confederate general in civil war; capt. in Mexican war; battles of Bull Run, Gettysburg, and Wilderness. B. Washington, 1820; d. Tenn., 1872. Ewing, John, yoo’ing, Am. divine and mathematician; provost of Phila. university; commissioner for settling boundary lines between several states of the Union. B. Maryland, 1732; d. 1So2. Ewing, Thomas, Am. statesman; senator; secy. of treas, under Harrison and Tyler; dept. of Interior organized by him, he being its first secy., under Pres. Taylor. B. Ohio co. Va., 1789; d. Lancaster. Ohio, 1871. Exmouth, Edward Pellew. Viscount, eks'muth, K. C. B., G. C. B., English naval commander; rear admiral, 1So; M. P., 1802, peer, 1S14; admiral, 1814. B. Dover, 1757; d. 1833. Eyck, IIubert, van, ike, a Dutch artist; founder of the Flemish school of painting. B. Holland, 1366; d. Ghent, 1426. Eyck, Jan, van, Dutch artist; bro. of the above; through his ex- ertions the art of painting in oil came into general use. B. Holland, 1390; d. Bruges, 1441. Faber, George Stanley, B. D., fa’ber, Eng. clergyman and author; chief director of Sherburn hospital, 1832; held that the inspired pre- dictions apply to governments and nations, and not to individuals; “Difficulties of Romanism;” “The Origin of Pagan Idolatry.” B. 1773; d. Durham, 1854. Fabert, Abraham, fa-ber', Fr. marshal; Mazarine says of him: “If Fabert can be suspected, then there is no man living, in whom we can place confidence.” B. Metz, 1599; d. 1662. Fabius, Quintus Maximus Verrucosus, fa'bi-us, Roman warrior ; consul, A. U. C., 517; head of embassy sent to declare war against Carthage; dictator. D. 204, B. c. Fabretti, Raffaello.fa-bret'ee, Italian antiquary; treas. of Pope Alex. VII.; published many valuable archaeological works. B. Urbino, 1618; d. Rome, 1700. Rabricius, or Fabrizio, fa-brit’s e-oos, fa-fret'se-o, Italian anatomist and physician; prof. surgery univ. at Padua; first to accurately describe the valves of the veins. B. 1537; d. 1612. Fabricius, Caius Fabricius Luscinus, Roman consul and warrior; Lived about 2S2 B. C. Rabricius, David, Ger. astronomer and clergyman ; discovered changeable star in constellation of the whale. D. East Friesland, 1579. ITabricius, John, Ger. astronomer; son of above; discovered con- temporaneously with Galileo by refracting telescopes, the spots on the sun's disk. D. first part of the 17th century. Fabricius, John Albert, Ger. bibliographer and critic; called the librarian of the republic of literature; wrote 128 works, all more or less celebrated. . B. Leipsic 1668; d. 1736. Fabricius, John Christian, M. D., Danish entomologist; counselor to Danish monarch; classified insect tribes from the organs of the mouth. B. Tunderu, 1742; d. 1807. Fabroni, Angelo, fa-bro'nee, It. biographer of much learning; “Lives of the Italian scholars of the 17th and 18th centuries.” B. Tuscany, 1732; d. 1So3. Fabyan or Fabian, Robert, fa'bi-an, Eng. chröhicler, sheriff of Lon- don; his “Concordance of Histories” extended from the conquests of Brutus in Eng., to Henry VII. B. London, about 1450; d. 1512. . Fagel, Gasper, fagel, Dutch statesman; prime minister of state. B 1629; d. 1688. s- Fagnani, Joseph, fag-ma'nee, Am. portrait artist; received many decorations from European sovereigns; “Empress Eugenie;” “John Bright;” “Daniel Webster.” B. Naples, Italy, 1819; d. New York, 1873. Fahrenheit, Gabriel Daniel, fa'rem-hit, experimental philosopher and physicist; improved the thermometer by adopting mercury and formed the scale used in Eng. and Am. B. Dantzic, 1686; d. Amsterdam, 1736. Fairfax, Thomas, Lord, far faks, third baron of Cameron; Scotch peerage; parliamentary gen, in civil wars of Charles I.; early in the wars he suffered many defeats, but afterward success attended him everywhere. B. Denton, Yorkshire, 1611; d. Bilburg, 1671. Fairfax, Thomas, Lord, sixth baron of Cameron; his possessions in Virginia consisted of 5,700,000 acres of land. B. 1690; d. Greenway co., Va., 1782. Faithfull, Emily, faithful, English philanthropist and lecturer; early in life she became interested in the working women; in 1860, she estab- lished a printing office, employing women only, which was successful; was printer and publisher in ordinary to the queen; visited the U.S. in 1872-3, and again in 1883. B. Headley rectory, Surrey, 1835. Falconer, William, fawk'ner, Eng. physician; discovered properties of carbonic acid gas, which has been attributed to Dr. Priestley. B. Bath, 1743; d. 1824. Q} Falconet, Stephen Maurice, fal-co-ma', French sculptor; “Peter the Great;” “Moses.” B. Paris, 1716; d. 1791. Falieri, Marino, fa-le-a'ree, Venetian noble; chief magistrate or Doge of Venice, 1354; conspired with others to overthrow the government; conspiracy discovered, and Falieri was decapitated. B. 1275; d. 1355. Falkland, Lucius Cary, fawk'land, viscount; Eng. statesman and soldier; member of parliament, 1640; secretary of state; killed in the battle of Newbury, fighting for his king, Charles I., against parliament. B. Burford, Oxfordshire, 1610; k. battle of Newbury, 1643. Fallmerayer, Philipp Jakob, fallmeh-riser, German author and trave." ler. B. Tschotsch, near Brixen, 1791; d. Munich, 1862. Fallopio, or Fallopius, Gabriel, fal-lop'e-o, It, anatomistand surgeon; made many important discoveries in various parts of the body; the “Fallopian tubes” are named from him. B. Modena, 1523; d. 1562. Faneuil, Peter, fan'el, Am. merchant; built the hall in Boston that bears his name and gave it to the town; called the “cradle of American liberty,” owing to the fact, that it was the usual place of meeting for the patriots during the rev. war. B. New Rochelle, N. Y. 1700; d. Boston, 1743. Fannin, James W., fan'in, Am. officer in the Texan revolution against Mexico, made col. of artillery 1835. B. North Carolina; k. Goliad, Texas, 1836. Fanshaw, Sir Richard, fan'shaw, Eng. diplomat and poet; knighted by Charles II.; amb. to Portugal and Spain. B. Ware Park, 1607; d. 1666. Faraday, Michael, far'a-da, English chemist and naturalist; dis- covered the rotation of a wire in a voltaic circuit round a magnet, and of a magnet round a wire, 1821; discovered benzole; made investiga- tions in electricity for more than a quarter of a century, many of which are given in his “Researches in Electricity.” B. Newington, Surrey, 1791; d. Hampton Court, 1867. Farjeon, Benjamin Leopold, far'zhon, Eng. novelist; “Bread and Cheese and Kisses;” “Blade o' Grass.” B. London, 1833. | --O * * BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. - 25 I Farquhar, George, far’kwar, Irish actor and dramatist; “The Twin Ferber, John James, fer'ber, Swedish mineralogist and traveler; Rivals;” “The Stage Coach.” B. Londonderry, 1678; d. 1707. “Letters from Italy;” “Mineralogical History of Bohemia.” B. Farragut, David Glascoe, Am. admiral; entered U. S. service 1S12, Carlscrona, Sweden, 1743; d. Switzerland, 1790. * and by pluck, daring and energy rose to the topmost round of naval fame; especially distinguished during civil war, at New Orleans *. * and Mobile Bay. B. near Knoxville, Tenn., 1Sor; d. Portsmouth, N. Ferdinand I., emp. of Austria, king of Hungary and Bohemia as H., 1870. Ferdinand V; crowned k. of Hungary, 1830, suc. his father 1835, and was Farnham, Ralph, last survivor of battle of Bunker Hill; 105 years crowned k, of Bohemia, 1836; resigned in 1848 in favor of Francis old. B. Me., 1756; d. 1861. Joseph. B. 1793; d. 1875. Farrar, Frederick William, far’ar, Eng. clergyman and author; Ferdinand I, king of Naples, succeeded his father, Alfonso chaplain-in-ordinary to the queen, 1873; canon of Westminster Abbey, the Magnani", "458 B. 1434; d. 1491. II, succeeded his father 1876; “Eternal Hope;” “Life of Christ.” B. Bombay, 1831. Alfonso II., 1495. B. 1468; d. 1496. III, see Ferdinand v., of . Farrar John, far ar, Am. mathematician and author; Hollis prof. of Sp" iv, succeeded his father Charles, who became k. of Spain, math. in Harvard, 1807; his text-books were at once adopted by Har- 1759; united Sicily and Naples, under the title of the two Sicilies, and vard, and U. S. Military academy. B. Lincoln, Mass., 1779; d. Cam- governed as Ferd. I., k, of the two Sicilies. B. Naples, 1751; d. bridge, Mass., 1853. there, 1825. * Faujas de St. Fond, Bartholomew, fo-zha'deh san-fon', French geol- • GERMANY. ogist and traveler; “Mineralogy of Volcanoes,” etc. B. Montelimart, Ferdinand I., fordinand, emperor of Germany; son of Philip I. of 1750; d. Paris, 1819. - Spain; claimed the right of succession to Bohemia and Hungary Favre, Jules Claude, Gabriel, favr, Fr. statesman; representative in throug" " wife; Bohemia acknowledged him, but Hungary would Paris and Lyons; conspicuous for his hostility to Napoleon III.; joined | * * * followed resulting in a compromise; he was elected Thiers in protesting against a war with Prussia, but when war was de- king of the Romans, 1503. B. Alcala, Spain, 1503; d. 1564. clared he became, after Napoleon was deposed, vice-president, and Ferdinand rt, emperor of Germany, and king of Hungary and Bo- minister of foreign affairs, which offices he held until after M. Thiers | *. elected king of Romans, 1617; Bohemia refused to acknowledge had been elected pres., 1871. B. Lyons, 1Soo. him principally because he was a strict Catholic and had vowed, it was Fawcett, Henry, faw'set, Eng. statesman and author, lost his sight said, "" the protestants, is ohemia offered Frederick v. the while out hunting, 1858; M. P. from Brighton, isó; and isés, prepared crown, "Y united against Ferdinand; thus began the thirty and published most of his works after his accident. B. Salisbury, 1833. years' war. B. 1578; d. Vienna, 1637. . Fawkes, Guy, fawks, Eng. conspirator; Gunpowder plot; soldier in Ferdinand III., emperor of G'y. and king of Hungary and Bo. Spanish army, when the scheme of blowing up the parliament build- hemia, son and successor of preceding: ascended throne, 1637; the thirty ings originated, but, joining the plotters, he went to London; the plot years' war was continued until 1648, when a treaty was entered into by was discovered, and conspirators executed. B. Yorkshire; d. Lon- which he had to cede territory to France, Spain, Sweden, acknowledge don, 1606. independence of the Swiss confederation, and the right of the Prot- Fazy, Jean James, fa-ze', Swiss statesman; chief mover for trial by estants, etc.; succeeded by Leopold I. B. Gratz, 1608; d. Vienna, 165S. jury in Switzerland, which was adopted 1844; was at the head of the SICILY-SPAIN. Genevese government many years. B. Geneva, 17%; d. 187S. * * Perdinand II, k. of the two Sicilies; succeeded his father, Francis Fechter, Charles Albert, fesh'ter, Fr. actor; studied sculpturing in I., 1830. B. Palermo, 1810; d. Naples, 1859. early life, but soon adopted the stage as a prof. B. London, 1824; d. 1879. • , 183O. * * * * * pies, Fedchenko, Alexei, fed-shen-cho, Russian naturalist and traveler; au- SPAIN. thority on the geography of Cent. Asia; perished on the Alps, where Ferdinand, surnamed the Great, k, of Castile, Leon, and Galicia; he went to examine the glaciers of Mont Blanc; he was within two Castile, by his wife, 1033; Leon, 1037; divided his kingdom between hours of the summit when an avalanche struck him. B. 1830; d. his three sons. B. 1000; d. Leon, 1065. II., k, of Leon, Asturias, and Swiss Alps, 1873. Galicia; succeeded his father Alfonso VIII., 1157; instituted the order Felix, St., fa’lees, a Rom. Cath. saint; founder of the order of Trini- of the Christian Knights of St. James. D. 1188. tarians, in conjunction with John of Matha. B. Valois, France, 1127; Ferdinand III., St., k, of Castile and Leon; Castile came from d. monastery of Cerfroi, 1212. his mother, Berengaria, q. of Castile; canonized by Pope Clement Eellenberg, von, Philipp Emanuel fon fel/len-berg, Swiss philan- X., 1671. B. 1199; d. Seville, 1252. IV., k, of Castile and Leon; thropist; founder of Swiss normal, agricultural, and scientific schools. succeeded his father Sancho IV., 1296. B. 1285; d. 1312. V., sur- B. Brussels, 1735; d. Ratisbon, 1So2. named the Catholic, of Castile, 1474; Aragon, 1479; Naples, 1503; Fellows, Sir Charles, fel'oz, Eng. archaeologist; discovered many | Sicily, 1498; the kingdom of Castile was ruled by Ferdinand ruined cities in Asia Minor, which resulted in the acquisition to the and Isabella as joint sovereigns; during their r. Columbus discovered British Museum of many valuable marbles. B. Nottingham, 1799; America, but to Isabella belongs the honor of assisting Columbus, as d. 1860. Ferd. cared but little about the plan; to Ferd. belongs the honor of Felton, Cornelius Conway, fel"ton, Am. writer and scholar; app. uniting the many factions and making Spain a great power. B. Sos, Greek prof. at Harvard, 1832, and prof. of Greek literature, 1834; pres. Aragon, 1452; d. Madrigalejo, 1516. VI., surnamed the Wise, king of of Harvard College, 1860; “Greece, Ancient and Modern.” B. Newbury, Spain; son of Philip V.; ascended the throne, 1746; succeeded by half } Mass., 1807; d. Chester, Pa., 1862. bro., Chas. III. B. 1713; d. 1759. VII., son of Chas. IV., who ab- Fenelon, Francois de Salignac de la Mothe, fa'neh-lon', Fr. author and dicated in favor of his son, 1SoS; Napoleon I. wrested the kingdom from prelate; archbishop of Cambray, 1694; “Telemachus.” B. Castle of him, 1808, and declared that the house of Bourbon had ceased to Fenelon in Perigord, 1651; d. Cambray, 1715. reign in Spain; the king was imprisoned for six years, then restored to Fenton, Reuben E., fen’ton, Am. statesman; lumber mer. in early life; power, 1813, when he showed a blood-thirsty, revengeful spirit, sparing chosen col. 162d regt. N. Y. State militia, 1840; member of Congress, neither friend nor foe. B. San Ildefonso, 1784; d. Madrid, 1833. 1853; gov. New York, 1S64; reelected, 1866; senator, 1869. B. Car- Ferdusi, Abul Casem Mansur, fer-du'se, Persian poet; “Hist. of roll, N. Y., 1819. the Persian Sovereigns.” B. Rizvan, 916; d. 1ozo. Feodor I, fa’o-dor, czar of Russia; son of Ivan the Terrible, whom Ferguson, Adam, fergu-son, Scotch hist. and moral philosopher; one he succeeded, 1584; supposed to have been poisoned. B. 1557; d. 1598. of the standard writers of the English language. B. Logierait, 1724; II., ascended the throne 1665; reigned two months when he was mur- d. 1816. dered. III., son of Alexis, whom he succeeded 1676; in wars with Ferguson, James, Scotch astronomer and mechanic; one of the most Turkey and Poland; established first Russian School in Moscow; remarkable self-cducated men of his time. B. near Keith, Banff- nominated his half bro. Peter the Great as his successor. B. 1661; shire, 1710; d. London, 1776. d. 1682. Ferishtah, Mohammed Kasim, fer’ish-ta, Persian hist.; his “Hist. P 252 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. of India” contains not only vast new matter, but the concentrated worth of some thirty previous historics. B. Astrabad, 1560; d. 1611. Fermat, Peter de, deh fer-ma', Fr. math.; counselor of parliament of Toulouse. B. Toulouse, 1590; d. 1664. “Fern, Fanny,” see PARToN; Sara Payson Willis. Fernandez, Juan, fer-man'dez, Sp. navigator; discovered the island that bears his name, 1572; St. Felix and St. Ambrose, 1574; a part of New Zealand, 1576. Ferrari, Louis, fer-ra'ree, It mathematician; discoverer of the method of resolving biquadratic equations. B. Bologna, 1522; d. 1562. Ferraris, Joseph, count, de, fe-ra’res, Austrian gen.; director-gen., 1767; field-marshal, 1SoS; constructed a map of the Netherlands. B. Luneville, 1726; d. 1814. Ferreira, Antonio, fer-ra'e-ra, Portuguese poet; introduced into his country the epigram, ode, and tragedy; history “Tragedy of Incz de Castro” is considered the best work in their literature. B. Lisbon, 1528; d. 1560. Ferreras, John de, da fer-ra'ras, Spanish historian; confessor to Card. Portocarrero. B. Labaneza, 1652; d. 1735. Fesch, Joseph, fesh, Fr. cardinal; uncle of Napoleon Bonaparte; was exiled with that family, 1793; archbishop of Lyons, 1So2, on his return to France; cardinal, 1803; amb. to Rome, 1So!. B. Ajaccio, Corsica, 1763; d. Rome, 1839. . Fessenden, William Pitt, fes-en-den', Am. statesman; leading senator, 1854; secy. of treas., 1S64. B. Boscawen, N. II., 1806; d. Portland, Me., 1869. Feyjooy Montenegro, Benedict Jerome, fa-e-ho-o'e mon-ta-na'gro, Spanish writer and moralist; abbot of monastery of Saint Vincent; B. Compostella, 1701; d. 1764. Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, fi}'teh, Ger. philosopher; a brilliant and strong anti-Napoleonic agitator, 1806; rector of the Berlin university, 1810; maintained the doctrine of transcendental idealism. B. Ramme- nau, Lusatia, 1762; d. Berlin, 1814. Ficino, Marsilis, fe-chee'no, It. Platonic philosopher; canon of the cathedral at Florence. B. Florence, 1433; d. Careggi, 1499. Field, Cyrus West, feeld, founder of Atlantic telegraphy, mercantile business in early life; commenced studying the subject of transmitting electro-magnetic signals through the ocean, 1854; unsuccessful attempts were made to lay the cable in 1857-8; the third attempt proved success- ful for a few weeks, then was silent; in 1866 the cable laid was a com- plete success. B. Stockbridge, Mass., 1819. Field, David Dudley, Am. jurist; bro. of above; prominent in the cause of law reform; took leading part in the preparation of the code of procedure for New York, which obliterates the distinction between legal and equitable suits; this system has been adopted in many of the States. B. Haddam, Ct., 1805. Field, Stephen Johnson, Am. jurist; bro. of above; judge of the su- preme court of Cal., 1857; chief-justice of Cal., 1859; appointed asso- ciate justice of U.S. supreme court by Pres. Lincoln, 1863; appointed by gov. of Cal. to prepare amendment to code of laws for that State, 1873. B. Haddam, Ct., 1816. Fielding, Henry, feeld'ing, Eng. novelist; “Jonathan Wild;” “Joseph Andrews;” “Tom Jones;”“Amelia.” B. Somersetshire, 1707; d. Lis- bon, 1754. * Figuier, Guillaume Louis, fe-ge'a, Fr. scientific author; “The World Before the Deluge;” The Insect World; “The Vegetable World,” etc. B. Montpelier, 1819. Filangieri, Gaetano, fe-lanje-a'ree, It publicist; member of the su- preme council of finance, 1752; “Science of Legislation,” his best work. B. Naples, 1752; d. 1788. s Filicaja, Vincent de, da fe-le-kaya, It lyric poet; senator; gov. of Pisa; “Odes on the Deliverance of Vienna by John Sobieski.” B. Flor- ence, 1642; d. 1707. Fillmore, Millard, fil/mor, Am. statesman; 13th pres. of the U.S.; comptroller state N.Y., 1847; elected to congress four times; vice-pres. U. S., 1848; took the oath of office as pres. of U.S., July 10, 1850, pres. Taylor having died July 9, 1850. B. township of Locke, Cayuga co., N. Y., Jan. 7, 1800; d. Buffalo, March 8, 1874. Finch, Heneage, finch, earl of Nottingham; Eng. statesman and jurist. B. Kent, 1621; d. London, 1682. Finney, Charles G., fin'i, Am. clergyman; evangelist of extraordi- nary force; pres. Oberlin college. B. Warren, Litchfield co., Ct., 1792; d. Oberlin, O., 1875. t Fiorelli, Guiseppe, It archaeologist; chief supt. of the excavations at Pompeii; published an accurate map of the uncovered portions of the city. D. province of Naples, 1823. Fish, Hamilton, fish, Am. statesman and diplomat; educated at Co- lumbia college; lieut.-gov. N. Y., 1847; gov. N. Y., 1849; senator, 1852 to '57; secy. of state, Grant's cabinet, 1869. Born N. Y. city, 1SoS. Fisher, John, fish'er, Eng. clergyman; bishop of Rochester, 1504. B. Beverley, Yorkshire, 1459; beheaded 1535. r Fitch, Ebenezer, fitch, Am. divine; first pres. Williams college, 1793 to 1815. B. Norwich, Ct., 1756; d. West Bloomfield, N.Y., 1833. Fitch, John, Am. inventor; constructed the first steamboat, 1787. B. Windsor, Ct., 1743; d. Bardstown, Ky., 1798. Fitzgerald, Percy Hethrington, fits-ferald, Irish author and lawyer; crown prosecutor, author of “Charles Lamb,” “Lives of Famous men,” “Romance of the English Stage.” B. Fane, Valley co., Ire- land, 1834. Fitzherbert, Sir Anthony, Eng. jurist and author; judge court com- mon pleas, 1523; “Grand abridgement,” “New Natura Brevium.” B. Norbury, Derbyshire; d. 1538. Fitzroy, Robert, fits-roi', Eng. admiral; gov. and com.-in-chief of the colony of New Zealand. Committed suicide in a fit of mental aber- ration. B. Ampton Hall, Suffolk, 1805; d. 1865. Flamininus, Titus Quintius, fla-min'in-us, Roman consul and gen.; elected consul 19S, conducted the war against Philip, k. of Macedon. B. about 230 B. c.; d. about 175. . * Flamsteed, John, flam'steed, first Eng. astronomer royal; the obser- vatory of Greenwich was erected for him, called “Flamsteed house;” B. Denby, 1646; d. Greenwich, 1719. Flandin, Eugene Napoleon, flon-dan', Fr. archaeologist and artist; educated himself in art without a master. B. Naples, 1809. *. Flaxman, John, flaks'man, Eng. sculptor; “Homer;” “Dante;” “Shield of Achilles.” B. York, 1755; d. London, 1826. Flechier, Esprit, fla-she-a', Fr. prelate and preacher; bishop of La- vaur; has been called the “French Isocrates.” B. Pernes, 1632; d. Montpelier, 1710. s Fleetwood, Charles, fleet/wood, Eng. military officer; col. and gov. of Bristol, 1645; after est. of commonwealth he was made lieut. gen., lord deputy of Ireland, 1652. D. 1692. Fleetwood, William, Eng. prelate and author; bishop of St. Asaph, 1706; transferred to Ely, 1714; “Essay on miracles.” B. London, 1656; d. Tottenham, 1723. Fleming, John, flem'ing, Scotch naturalist and preacher. B. Kirk- roads, 1785; d. Edinburgh, 1857. Fletcher, John, fletch'er, English dramatist and poet; coadjutor of Beaumont; F. was eminent for fancy, B. for judgment; “Faithful Shepherdess” is his only sole composition. B. Northamptonshire, 1576; d. 1625. Fletcher, John William, Eng. clergyman, philanthropistand mission- ary; coadjutor of Wesley and Whitefield. B. Nyon, Switzerland, 1729; d. Madeley, Eng., 1785. Fleury, Claude, fuh-re', clergyman and historian; advocate; confessor to Louis XV.; “Ecclesiastical History;” “Treatise on Public Laws.” B. Paris, 1640; d. 1722. Fleury, Andre Hercule, cardinal de, Fr. statesman and prelate; bishop of Frejus, 1698; preceptor to Louis XV.; when five years old, assumed supreme power with title of minister of state, 1726; received a cardinal hat the same year. B. Lodeve, 1653; d. Paris, 1743. Fliedner, Theodor, fleed"ner, Ger. philanthropist; cstablished a “mother house” in Pittsburgh, Pa., 1849; he also created a lunatic asy- lumi, training schools, etc. B. Eppstein, Renish Prussia, 18oo; d. Kais- erswerth, 1864. Flinders, Matthew, flin'ders, Eng. navigator; surveyed coast of Australia; explored the Northumberland and Cumberland islands. B. Donington, Lincolnshire, 1760; d. London, 1814. Elint, Timothy, flint, Am. clergyman and author; “Life of D. Boone;” “Recollections of the Miss. Valley.” B. N. Reading, Mass., 17So; d. Salem, 1840. Flood, Henry, fud, Irish orator and jurist; chief-justice, King's bench in Ireland; member British Par., 1783. B. 1732; d. 1791. k -: Mmm-- Florian, St., flo'rt-an, a German martyr; patron saint of Poland; drowned, 230, on account of his adherence to Christianity; his anni- versary is celebrated, Aug. 4. B. Zeiselmauer, Lower Austria, 190; d. near Lorch on the Encrs, 230. Florida Blanca, Jose Monino, flo-ree'da blan'ka, count of, Sp. states- man; amb. to Rome; premier to Charles III., 1777. B. Murcia, 1728; d. Seville, 180S. Floyd, John Buchanan, floid, Am. statesman and gen. in confederate army; gov. Virginia, 1849-53; secy. of war, Pres. Buchanan; resigned his office, 1860, on the president's refusing to withdraw the U.S. troops from Charleston, S.C.; just before he resigned he sent the army away to distant points of the country and transferred 113,000 stands of arms and many cannon from the Northern to the Southern arsenals; indicted by the grand jury as being privy to the stealing of $870,000 in bonds, but did not appear for trial; brig.-gen. in conf. army, and was defeated by Gen. Cox at Gauley bridge, by Gen. Grant at Ft. Donelson; he escaped the night before the surrender, and was officially censured by the conf. gov. B. Montgomery, Va., 1805; d. Abington, Va., 1863. Floyd, William, Am. gen. in rev. war, and signer of Declaration of Independence; del, to the first continental congress in Philadelphia; def. the British who were about invading Long Island; member of the first congress under the constitution. B. Suffolk co., N.Y., 1734; d. Western, Oneida co., N.Y., 1821. Flugel, Johann Gottfried, flu'gel, Ger. lexicographer; resided in U.S. ten years; appointed U. S. consul in Leipsic, 1838; “Diction- ary of English and German.” B. Barby, near Magdeburg, 1788; d. Leipsic, 1855. Foley, John Henry, folli, Irish sculptor; among his latest works are statues of Edmund Burke and Oliver Goldsmith for the city of Dublin; for the “Albert Memorial” he produced a colossal statue of Prince Albert and the group “Asia.” B. Dublin, 1818; d. London, 1874. Fontaine, Alexis, fon-tan', Fr. geometrician; first who applied him- self to the general theory of the integral calculus. B. Claveison, 1725; d. 1771. + Foote, Andrew Hull, foot, Am. admiral; in the Mediterranean ser- vice, 1833, as flag lieut.; China station, 1856; during English and Chinese troubles one of the Chinese forts fired on one of his ships, and the gov. refusing to apologize, he attacked the forts and captured four; during civil war he attacked Fort Henry on Tenn. river and captured it; severely wounded at Fort Donelson, but immediately after the engagement he sailed down the Miss. river with his fleet and attacked Island No. Ten, which he reduced; app. rear admiral, 1S63. B. New Haven, Ct., 1806; d. New York, 1863. Foote, Henry Stuart, Am. politician; U. S. senator, 1847; defeated Jefferson Davis for gov. of Miss., 1851; member of confed, congress in war 1861-5, where he was very hostile to Pres. Davis. B. Fauquier co., Va., 1800; d. 1867. s Forbes, Duncan, forbs, Scotch statesman; lord advocate, 1725, and temporarily secy. of state. B. Culloden, 1685; d. 1747. Forrest, Edwin, for’est, Am. actor; his first appearance, 1820, when he was but 14 years of age, was as Douglas in Home's play of “Douglas;” his first Shakespearian attempt was as Richard III., 1822; founded a home for aged and destitute actors. B. Philadelphia, 1806; d. same place, 1872. Forster, George, for ster, Eng. traveler; undertook an overland jour- ney from Bengal to England, passing through Cashmire, which had only been visited by one European traveler before. D. Nagpoor, 1792. Forster, Johann Reinhold, Ger. naturalist and traveler; was nat. in the second voyage of Capt. Cook to the South seas; spoke and wrote seventeen languages. B. Dirschau, Prussia, 1729; d. Halle, 1798. Forsyth, John, for sith', an American senator, 1818; sent to Spain as resident minister, 1820, where he negotiated the treaty for the ces- sion of Florida; gov. of Georgia, 1827; senator, 1829; secy. of state, 1834-41, Pres. Jackson and Van Buren. B. Frederick co., Va., 1781; d. Washington, 1841. Fortescue, Sir John, for tes-cu, Eng. lawyer and writer; chief- justice Ct. King's Bench, 1442; “Difference between an Absolute and a Limited Monarchy.” B. Dorsetshire, 1395; d. Gloucestershire, 1485. Fortuny, Mariano, for-too'nee, Sp. artist; commissioned by the authorities of Barcelona to accompany the Spanish expedition to Morocco. B. Rens in Catalonia, 1838; d. Rome, 1874. *=m-— | the pope against Francis; both declared war against him; he was at A. $–- -—9 *- BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 253 Foscari, Francesco, fos'ka-ree, chief magistrate or doge of Venice; added much territory to the republic. B. 1373; d. 1457. Foster, John Wells, fos'ter, Am. archaeologist and geologist; was of the geological surveying party in Ohio and Lake Superior region; “Pre-historic Races of the U. S.” B. Brimfield, Mass., 1815; d. Chicago, 1873. Foster, Stephen Collins, Am. ballad writer; his songs are famil- iar to every one; “O Susanna;” “My Old Kentucky Home;” about 400,000 copies of. “Old Folks at Home” were sold. B. Pittsburgh, Pa., 1826; d. New York, 1S64. Foucault, Leon, foo-ko', Fr. natural phil., taking optics and mechan- ics as specialties; invented an electric lamp, also a form of the gyro. scope first devised by W. R. Johnson, 1832. B. Paris, 1819; d. 1S68. Fourneyron, Benoit, foor-na-ron", Fr. inventor; invented the tur- bine while engaged in the mines of Creuzot, and received a reward of 6,000 francs from the Academy of Sciences. B. St. Etienne, 1802; d. Paris, 1867. Fowler, Orson Squire, fow’ler, Am. phrenologist; with his brother, Lorenzo Niles, opened an office in New York, 1835, and published “Phrenology Proved, Illustrated and Applied; ” first owners and editors of the Phrenological Journal. B. Cohocton, Steuben co., New York, 1809. Lorenzo Niles, b. Cohocton, 1811. Fox, Charles James, Eng.orator and statesman; elected to parliament when nineteen; made secy of foreign affairs, 1782; he stood for West- minster against the influence of the entire court and ministry, and was elected by a great majority, but the unsuccessful candidate contested the election; after a year Fox gained the victory which divided the na- tion, the king on one side, Fox on the other; Mackintosh in speaking of him, says: “He certainly possessed above all moderns, that union of reason, simplicity and vehemence, which formed the prince of orators; he was the most Demosthenean speaker since Demosthenes.” B. Lon- don, 1749; d. Chiswick, 1806. Fox, George, founder of the sect called Friends or Quakers; he com- menced expounding his doctrines at Manchester; was arrested and im- prisoned; Cromwell protected him many times from persecution; Will- iam Penn was one of his disciples. There have been many conjectures as to origin of the term Quaker; one is that Fox told Justice Bennet before whom he was brought for trial to “quake at the word of the Lord.” B. Drayton, Leicestershire, Eng., 1624; d. London, 1691. Francis I., fran'sis, king of France; succeeded Louis XII., his fath- er-in-law, 1515; as Louis claimed Milan, Francis after ascending the throne, marched across the Alps, defeated the enemy at Marignano, took Milan and returned to Paris. . On the death of Maximilian of Ger- many, the electoral council gave the sceptre to Chas. I. of Spain in- stead of Francis, which caused a war, the French king commencing hostilities by taking Navarre; Card. Wolsey turned Henry VIII. and last taken prisoner, and taken to Madrid, but was treated so cruelly that Eng., Rome, Venice, and other kingdoms demanded his release, which was done, under certain conditions. B. Cognac, 1494; d. Rambouillet, 1547. Francis II, king of France; son and successor of Henry II.; before he was king he married Mary Stuart; ascended the throne, 1559; through the influence of Mary, Francis, duke of Guise, and Card. Lorraine were the actual rulers. B. Fontainebleau, 1543; d. Orleans, 1560. Francis I, emp. of Germany, son and successor of Leopold; owing to wars and civil troubles he was not elected emp. until 1745; married Maria. Theresa, who attended to the weightier cares of government. B. 170S; d. Innspruck, 1765. II., son of Leopold II., crowned k. of Hun- gary, emp. of Ger., k, of Bohemia; during most of his reign he was engaged in wars with Napoleon, Eng. and Italy. B. Florence, 1768; d. Vienna, 1835. Francis Joseph, emp. of Austria, neph. of Ferd. I., whom he suc- ceeded, 1848. B. 1S30. Francis I., king of the Two Sicilies, son of Ferd. I., whom he suc- ceeded, 1825. B. Naples, 1777; d. there 1830. II., son of Ferd. II., suc- ceeded to the throne, 1859; Garibaldi headed a revolt, and defeated the king, who was obliged to flee the country, and his kingdom was merged into the Italian realm. B. 1836. Francis, John Wakefield, an Am. physician and author; received the first degree of M. D., ever conferred by the college of physicians and Q—- d 254 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. surgeons; first pres. of the N. Y. academy of medicine, 1847. B. New York, 1789; d. same place, 1861. Francis, Joseph, Am. inventor; invented a life car, 1845, which is in general use in the U.S. and foreign countries. B. Boston, 1Sor. Francis, Sir Philip, Eng. statesman and writer; app. one of the Ben- gal council, £10,000 salary; M. P. for Yarmouth, 1784; knighted, 1806. B. Dublin, 1740; d. London, 1818. Francis of Assisi, saint of the Roman Catholic church; founded the order of Franciscans; canonized, 1228. B. Assisi, 1182; d. near same placc, 1226. Francis of Paula, saint, founded the order of Fratres Minimi; 1436; they called themselves the hermits of St. Francis, and had three monastic vows, viz., poverty, chastity and obedience; to these St. Francis added another, perpetual abstinence from meat, eggs and milk, except in sickness;N canonized by Leo X., in 1519. B. Paola, Calabria, 1416; d. Plessis-les-Tours, France, 1507. Francis de Sales, St. of Roman Catholic church; received deg. of LL. D., when 20 yrs. old; in conjunction with the baroness de Chantal, he founded the order of the Visitation; canonized, 1624. B. Chateau de Sales, near Annecy, Savoy, 1567; d. Lyons, 1622. Francke, August Herman, Ger. philanthropist and clergyman; found- ed the orphan asylum of Halle. B. Lubeck, 1663; d. 1727. Franklin, Benjamin, frank'lin, Am. statesman and phil.; his early life was spent as a printer and editor; his theory of electricity was that it was composed of one fluid, which pervades the earth and all material bodies; he argued the repeal of the stamp act on the part of the provin- cial gov. of Penn. before authorities in Eng., and was triumphant; in company with Silas Deane and Arthur Lee, he was sent to Paris as com. plenipotentiary, 1776; when the treaty of 1778 was concluded, he signed the peace treaty with England, 1782, ret. to U. S., 1785; first to make observations of the Gulf stream, and the chart he prepared has been used in all main points ever since. B. Boston, Jan. 17, 1706; d. Philadelphia, April 17, 1790. Franklin, Sir John, Eng. arctic explorer and navigator; after his return from his second arctic voyage, he was knighted, received the degree of D. C. L. from Oxford, and the gold medal from the Paris geog. society; gov. of Tasmania, 1836-43; commanded the arctic expedition to discover the northwest passage, 1845; he was last seen by a whaler July 26, 1845; through the indefatigable exertions of his wife, Lady Franklin, his remains were found 1859, and a record showing that he died, 1847. B. Spilsby, Lincolnshire, 1786; d. arctic re- gions, 1847. Franklin, William Royal, gov. of New Jersey, son of Benj. Frank- lin; app. gov. of N.J. while in Eng. in 1762; during rev. war he was a tory, and imprisoned for his royalist sentiments; sailed for Eng. 1812, where he resided until his death. B. Phila. 1729; d. Eng. 1813. Franklin, William, Buel, Am. general; lieut. staff Gen. Taylor in Mex. war; col. at Bull Run; brig.-gen. of vols., 1861; brev. maj.-gen. U.S. army, 1S65. B. York, Penn., 1823. Fraunhofer, Joseph von, fon frown'ho-fer, Ger. optician and in- ventor; invented machine for polishing surfaces in parabolic segments, a microscope, and the renowned parallactic telescope in the Dorpat observatory. B. Straubing, Bavaria, 1787; d. 1826. Frederick, fred'er-ic, King of Bohemia; elected k. of Bohemia by the revolting people, 1619; lost the crown at the battle of Prague, 162o. B. Amberg, 1596; d. Mentz, 1632. Frederick VI., king of Denmark, ascended the throne, 180S, cst, a representative council as a popular branch of government. B. 1768; d. 1839. VII., son of Christian VIII., whom he succeeded, 1848. B. Copen- hagen, 1SoS; d. Glucksburg, 1S63. Frederick I., the Red Beard, emp. of Ger., succeeded his uncle Conrad III., 1152; participated in the third crusade, 1189; drowned while attempting to swim his horse across a river, when he was on his way to Jerusalem. B. 1121; d. Asia Minor, 1190. Frederick II, crowned emp. at Rome, 1220; started on the third crusade 1227, but was cxcommunicated by Gregory IX.; set out again the next year, and gained all the holy cities and the coast of Judea, and returned king of Jerusalem. B. Jesi, near Ancona, 1194; d. Fiorentino, 1250. Frederick III. See Louis IV. the Bavarian. Frederick III., the Pacific, fourth emp. of the house of Hapsburg; ascended the throne, 1442; the last k. of Ger. who was crowned emp. of Rome and k. of the Lombards; his reign lasted 53 years. I}. Inn- spruck, 1415; d. Linz, 1493. Frederick William, elector of Hesse-Cassel; succeeded to the elec- torate, 1847; abdicated 1867. B. 1So2; d. 1875. Frederick Francis II., grand duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin; com.- in-chief of 13th army corps in Franco-German war. B. Feb. 28, 1823. Frederick William, great elector, and founder of the Prussian mon- archy, became clector on the death of his father George William, 1640; through diplomacy and war he regained all the territory his father had lost. B. 1620; d. Potsdam, 1688. * Frederick I., first king of Prussia; placed the crown on his own head and on that of his wife, 17or; he founded the order of the Black Eagle. B. Konigsberg, 1657; d. 1713. Frederick William I., second king of Prus., successor to the above, ascended the throne 1713; he had a mania for giant soldiers, and sent messengers to all parts of the world; his reign was for the most part a peaceful one. B. 16S3; d. 1740. Frederick II., better known as Frederick the Great, son and successor of above; ascended the throne 1740; the hero of the seven years' war, he sustained his kingdom against the combined attacks of Russia, France. Sweden and Austria, though many times on the verge of utter annihila- tion, and once meditating suicide, he fought with the energy of despair, and finally triumphed; he labored bodily or mentally 20 hours a day. As an author, he was considered as being entitled to the first rank; he sent a Prussian sword of honor to Gen. Washington, with the words, “From the oldest general in the world to the greatest.” B. Berlin, 1712; d. near chateau of Sans Souci, Potsdam, 1786. Frederick William II., suc. to Frederick the Great; ascended throne, 17S6. B. 1744; d. 1797. III., son and successor of above; ascended the throne 1797; defeated by Napoleon and most of his kingdom taken; issued a proclamation, 1813, which caused an uprising against France; war was declared, 1813, and Napoleon ended his mil. career at Water- loo. B. 1770; d. 1840. IV., son and successor of above; ascended the throne, 1840, succeeded by William I., the present emp., Jan., 1861. B. 1795; d. chateau of Sans Souci, near Potsdam, 1S61. Frederick William Nicholas Charles, Ger. gen. and crown prince of Prussia; made field marshal; defeated MacMahon at Worth; took a leading part in the battle which ended with Napoleon III.'s surrender at Sedan. B. royal palace, near Potsdam, 1831. Frederick Augustus I., surnamed the Just; first king of Saxony; commenced his reign, 1768. B. 1750; d. 1S27. Frederick II., succeeded to the throne, 1836. Frederick I., first king of Wurtemberg, commenced his reign 1797. B. Trepton, Pomerania, 1754; d. 1816. Freeman, James, free’man, Am. clergyman; first minister in the United States who openly declared himself a Unitarian; the first Episcopal church in New Eng. became the first Unitarian church in America, through his influence. B. Charlestown, Mass., 1759; d. Newton, 1835. Frelinghuysen, Frederick, free'ling-hi-zen, Am. statesman and col. in rev. war; app. maj.-gen. by Pres. Washington, 1790, in an expedi- tion against the Indians; senator, 1793. B. New Jersey, 1753; d. 1So!. Frelinghuysen, Theodore, Am. statesman and lawyer; senator, 1829; nominated at national whig convention as vice-president, with Henry Clay for pres.; president of Rutgers college, 1850. B. Somerset co., N.J., 1787; d. New Brunswick, N.J., 1S62. Frelinghuysen, Frederick Theodore, Am. statesman; senator 1866 to fill vacancy, elected 1867, again 1871; secy. of state, Pres. Arthur, 1881. B. Milltown, Somerset co., N.J., 1817. Fremont, John Charles, free-mont', Am. gen.; explorer and surveyor; ordered to cxplore Rocky mts., 1842, by U.S. war dept.; explored Wind River mts., ascending their highest peak, which has since received the name of Fremont's peak; elected gov. of Cal., 1846, after freeing the northern part of the territory from the Mexicans; by command of the government lie commenced a war with Mexico for the possession of Cal.; in 1847 the Mexicans capitulated, which left the territory per- manently in possession of the United States; first senator from the new state of Cal., 1850, took his seat the day after Cal. was admitted as a state; nominated by rep. cong., as pres., 1856; maj.-gen. 1861; resigned 1862. B. Savannah, Ga., 1813. -* ==mas *-*-* |-- J -— BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 255 Freneau, Philip, fre-no', Am. poet and journalist; during rev. war he composed many burlesques in verse which were received with great favor by the colonists; wrote patriotic verses during war of 1812. B. New York, 1752; d. near Freehold, N.J., 1832. Fresenius, Karl Remigius, fra-za'ne-oos, Ger. chemist; founded a chemical laboratory at Wiesbaden, to which was added a pharmaceutic school, 1862. B. Frankfort, 1818. Froebel, Freidrich, fro'bel, Gcr. educator; founded the system of kindergarten schools which has been introduced into most of the other countries. B. Oberweissbach, 17S2; d. Marienthal, 1852. Froissart, Jehan, frois’art, Fr. chronicler; “Chronicles of England.” B. Valenciennes, 1337; d. Chirnay, 1410. Fresnel, Augustin Jean, fra-nel', Fr. physicist; demonstrated the true laws of the complicated phenomena of double refraction; invented a lens-lighting apparatus for light-houses, which has been generally adopted, and known as the Fresnel system. B. Broglie, Normandy, 17SS; d. at Ville d'Avray. Frobisher, Sir Martin, frob’ish-er, an Eng. navigator and explorer; discovered the bay that bears his name, while attempting to find a Northwest passage; knighted for meritorious services against the Spanish in 1588. B. near Doncaster, 1536; d. Plymouth, 1594. Fromentin, Eugene, fro-men-tan', Fr. author and artist; “Chase of Gazelles.” B. La Rochelle, 1820; d. 1876. Prontenac, Louis de Buade, count de, fron'te-nac, Fr. gov. of Can- ada; conducted many expeditions against the English and Indians. B. 1620; d. Quebec, 1698. Frossard, Charles Auguste, fro-sart', Fr. gen.; grand officer of the legion of honor, and gov. of the prince imperial. B. 1So?; d. 1875. Frost, William Edward, Eng. portrait artist in early life, afterward confining himself to classical subjects. B. Wandsworth, 1810; d. 1877. Frothingham, Nathaniel Langdon, froth'ing-am, Am. clergyman; Congregational. B. Boston, 1793; d. there, 1870. Frothingham, Octavius Brooks, Am. clergyman, son of above; Unitarian; leader of free religious movement. B. Boston, 1822. Frothingham, Richard, Jr., Am. historian and politician; “Rise of the Republic,” “Life of Gen. Joseph Warren.” B. Charlestown, Mass., 1812. Froude, James Anthony, frood, Eng. historian; lord rector of St. Andrew's University, 1869; “History of Eng.” B. Dartington rec- tory, Totness, Devonshire, 1818. Fry, Elizabeth, fri, Eng. philanthropist; minister of the society of Friends; used her influence in jails and prisons. B. Bramerton, 17So; d. Ramsgate, 1845. Fry, William Henry, Am. journalist, composer, and lecturer. B. Phila., 1815; d. Santa Cruz, 1864. Fryxell, Anders, fruks-el, Swedish historian; Swedish History.” B. Hesselskog, Dalecarlia, 1795. Fuad Pasha, foo'ad pa-sha', Turkish statesman; min. foreign af- fairs, 1852; grand vizier, 1861. B. Constantinople, 1814; d. Nice, 1869. “Narratives of Fuchs, von, Johann Nepomuk, fon fooks, Ger, chemist; invented sol- uble glass. B. Mattenzell, 1774; d. Munich, 1856. Fuchs, Konrad Heinrich, Ger. physician; authority on nosology and therapeutics. B. Bamberg, 1So; d. Gottingen, 1855. * Fuchs, von, Leonhard, Ger, botanist; knighted by Chas. V.; the Am. plant fuchsia bears his name. B. Wemdingen, Swabia, 1501; d. 1566. Fuhrich, von, Joseph, fu'rick, Ger. historical artist. Bohemia, 1Soo; d. 1876. Ruller, Andrew, D. D., fool'er, Eng. Baptist clergyman; B. Wicken, Cambridgeshire, 1754; d. Kettering, Northamptonshire, 1815. Fuller, Margaret. See Ossol1. Fuller, Richard, Am. divine and author; ordained a Baptist min- ister, 1833. B. Beaufort, S. C., 1804; d. Baltimore, 1876. Fuller, Thomas, D. D., Eng. clergyman and historian; “History of the Holy War.” B. Aldwinckle, Northamptonshire, 1603; d. 1661. Fullerton, Lady Georgiana Charlotte, fool'er-ton, British author; daughter of Earl of Granville; “A Stormy Life;” “Grantley Manor.” B. Sept. 23, 1812. - Fulton, Robert, fool"ton, Am. inventor and civil engineer; invented machines for making rope and spinning flax; constructed, under his steam navigation inventions, a boat, the Clermont, propelled by steam, B. Kratzan, with which he attained a speed of five miles an hour; others of supe rior make and speed rapidly followed. B. Little Britain, Lancaster co., Penn., 1765; d. New York, 1815. Funes, Gregorio, funs, Argentine scholar and historian; “History of Paraguay and Buenos Ayres.” B. Cordova; d. there, 1S20. Furetiere, Antoine, fu-re-tair’, Fr. philologist and author. B. Paris, 1620; d. 1688. Furness, William Henry, D. D., fur'ness, Am. clergyman and writer; ordained pastor of the first Congregational-Unitarian church of Phila.; “History of Jesus.” B. Boston, 1802. Furnivall, Frederick.James, fer-na-val", Eng. philologist; founder of the new school of philology. B. Egham, Surrey, 1S25. Furst, Julius, furst, Ger. orientalist; author of many lexicographical and historical works. B. Zerkowo, in Posen, 1So;; d. Leipsic, 1873. Furst, Walter, Swiss scholar; founded, in conjunction with William Tell, the great Switzerland library. B. canton of Uri; d. about 1350. Fuseli, John Henry, foos'e-le, Swiss art writer and painter; “Aphor- isms on Man.” B. Zurich, Switzerland, 1741; d. London, 1825. Gabbiani, Antony Dominic, gab'be-aw'ne, an Italian painter; pat- ronized by Cosmo III., duke of Florence; “Assumption.” B. Flor- ence, 1652; killed by a fall from scaffold, while painting cupola of Cas- tello, 1726. Gabelentz, Hans Conon, von der, fon derga'beh-lents, a Ger. scholar; attending the universities Leipsic and Gottingen. B. Altenburg, 1So?. Gabinius, ga-bin'e-tts, a Roman consul that made war in Judea; ac- cused of receiving bribes; Cicero defended him; banished, and d. at Salona, about 48 B. C. Gaboriau, Emile, ga'bo're-o', a French author; his works chiefly de- tective stories; also sketches of theatrical life. B. 1S34; d. Paris, 1873 Gabourd, Amedee, ga-boor', a French historian. B. 1Soš; d. 1867. Gabriel, ga'öre-el, the angel that was sent to interpret Daniel's dream; supposed by Jewish writers to be one of the archangels. Gabrielli, Caterina, gab're-ail-le, a celebrated vocalist; she ranked high in court favor. B. Rome, 1730; d. 1796. - Gabrielli, Nicolo, ga-bre-el'ee, an Italian author; director of music in the San Carlo theatre at Naples. B. Naples, IS15. Gachard, Louis Prosper, gra-shar', a Belgian archivist; has written a number of works relating to the history of Belgium. B. Paris, 1800; d 1S69. - Gad, the seventh son of Jacob; he led a restless and nomadic life. Gaddi I. Gaddo, grad'ee, a Florentine painter; founder of the modern mosaic art B. 1249; d. 1312. * Gaddi, Taddeo, grad'ee, a painter of Florence; some of his works the finest specimens of art produced in the 14th century. B. 1300; d. 1360. Gade, Niels Wilhelm, ga'deh, a Danish composer, and accomplished musician; his overture “Echoes of Ossian” is quite noted. B. Copen- hagen, 1817. Gadsden, Christopher, gradz'den, an Am. statesman; first to speak of American independence; signed the capitulation when Charleston was taken by Sir Henry Clinton in 17So, in violation of which he was taken and imprisoned for 42 weeks. B. Charleston, S. C., 1724; d. there, 1Sos. Gagarin, ga-ga'rin, name of a princely Russian family. I., Matfei Petrovitch, governor-general of Siberia; executed in 1721. II., Alex- ander Ivanovitch, an officer in the Russian army; assassinated by the prince of Suanethi in 1857. III., Pavel Pavlovitch, an eminent states- man under Alexander I. D. St. Petersburg, 1872. IV., John (Ivan), a Russian Jesuit and author; published a number of pamphlets relating to the history of the Graeco-Russian church. B. Moscow, 1814. Gage, Thomas, Araj, a British gen, in Am.; he planned the expedition to Concord resulting in the battle of Lexington; after the engagement at Bunker Hill, he was forced to leave for England, where he d. 1787. Gail,Jean Baptiste, gral orgay, a French Hellenist and author; a prof. of Greek literature. B. Paris, 1755; d. there 1829. Edme Sophie, com- poser of music, wife of the preceding; married, 1794, but soon separat- cd from him, devoting herself altogether to music. B. Melun, 1776; d. Paris, 1819. Gaillard, Gabriel Henri, ga-yar', a French historian; his principal work is the history of Francis I, of Charlemagne. B. Ostel, 1726; d. St. Firmin, 1806. 256 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. Gaines, Edmund Pendleton, granz, an Am. gen., active in frontier; aided in gaining the arrest of Aaron Burr; in army from 1812, till his death. B. Culpepper co., Va., 1777; d. New Orleans, 1849. Gaines, Myra Clark, w. of the preceding, an Am. heir to property in New Orleans; she gained possession of $6,000,000, worth perhaps more. B. in that city, 1Soš. Gainsborough, Thomas, ganz'b'ro, a portrait painter; he achieved the highest excellence, and was the first in England to show any real originality. B. Suffolk, 1727; d. London, 1788. Gairdner, William, a British physician. B. Ayr, Scotland, 1793; d. France, 1867. Gaius, Gajus or Caius, a Roman jurist; flourished in the 2d century, A. D.; of his history nothing is known. Galba, Servius Sulpicius, gal/ba, a Roman emperor of great talents; was predicted that he would become the head of the Romans; was mur- dered after a reign of seven months. B. Terracina, 3 B. c.; d. 69 A. D. Gale, James, an Eng. inventor; totally blind. B. Plymouth, 1833. Gale, Theophilus, an English theologian. B. King's Leighton, Devon- shire, 1628; d. Newington, 1678. Galen, Christoph Bernhard von, fon ga'len, a German soldier and prelate; he participated in the negotiation of peace at Nimeguen. B. Westphalia, 1600; d. Ahaus, 1678. Galen, (Galenus), Claudius, ga'len, a Roman physician and medical author; he was physician to the school of gladiators at Pergamus; his. writings are considered among the best authority. B. Pergamus, in Mysia, A. D. 130. * Galerius, Caius Valerius Maximianus, gale’rius, a Roman emperor; reigned from A. D. 305 to 311; he was distinguished by his courage. Gales, Joseph, an Am. journalist; he introduced the practice of re- porting by stenography the speeches in Congress. B. England, 1760; d. Raleigh, N. C. 1841. Joseph, a son of the preceding, proprietor of the National Intelligencer, published at Washington. B. Eckington, 1786; d. Washington, D.C., 1860. Galilei, Galileo, Aga-le-la'ee, gali-lee'o, best known by Christian name; an Italian scholar; noted as philos., mathematician, and astronomer; made a treatise on the center of gravity that won for him position as prof. of math. in a university; demonstrated the laws of falling bodies; and established the theory that the earth moves; for this he was charged with heresy and imprisoned. B. Pisa, 1564; d. Arcetri, 1642. Galimard, Nicolas Auguste, £a-le-mar', a French artist; his most noted works are “The Ode,” and “Leda.” B. Paris, 1813. Galin, Pierre, galan', a French mathematician and musician. B. 17S6; d. Paris, 1S22. Gall, gazvl, a Roman Catholic saint; was a noted teacher of Chris- tianity. B. Bangor, Ireland, 552; d. St. Gall, 646. Gall, Franz Joseph, a German physician, and the founder of phre- nology. B. Tiefenbronn, Baden, 1758; d. Montrouge, near Paris, 1S28. Gallagher, William D. gal/ager, an American poet and journalist; was editor successively of numerous monthly magazines and papers. B. Philadelphia, 1808. s Gallait, Louis, gal-ya’, a Belgian artist; noted for his historical paint- ings. B. Tournay, 1810. Galland, Antoine, ga'lon, a French prof. Eastern languages, and anti- quary; his works are quite numerous. B. Montdidier, 1646; d. Paris, 1715. Gallas, Matthias von, fon gal/as, an Austrian gen.; distinguished in Bohemia and in the campaign against Christian IV., of Denmark. B. 1589; d. Vienna, 1647. Gallatin, Albert, gal'a-tin, an American politician; was elected U. S. senator in 1793; min. to France; he was nominated candidate for vice- president, but declined. B. Geneva, Switz., 1761; d. Astoria, N.Y. 1849. Gallaudet, Thomas IIopkins, gal-aw-det’, founder of first asylum in U. S. for the education of the deaf and dumb, established at Hartford; B. Philadelphia, 17S7; d. Hartford, 1851. Thomas, an Am. clergyman, son of Thomas Hopkins; was a professor in the N. Y. asylum for deaf mutes; through his efforts churches have been erected for their instruc- tion. B. Hartford, 1822. Edward Miner, organized the Columbia asylum for deaf and dumb at Washington, D.C. B. Hartford, 1837. Galle, Johann Gottfried, gal'eh, a German astronomer; contributed numerous articles on the subject to scientific periodicals. B. Pabst- haus, 1812. Galletti, Johann Georg August, £al-let'ee, a German scholar; noted as geographer and historian. B. Altenburg, 1750; d. Gotha, 1828. Gallienus, Publius Licinius Egnatius, gal-lie'nus, a Romau ruler, son of Valerian. B. A. D. 235; d. 268. Gallio, Junius, Azal'li-o, was adopted by Junius Gallio, the rhetorician; he was brother to Seneca, the philosopher. D. A. D. 65. Gallissonniere, Roland Michel Barrin, a French naval officer that studied to benefit his people. B. Rochefort, 1693; d. Nemours, 1756. Gallitzin, Golitzin or Galitzin, ga-let'zen, a noted Russian family, most of which have distinguished themselves as poets, generals, or statesmen. Mikhail gained many victories on both land and sea. B. 1674; d. Moscow, 1730. Emanuel edited a number of works on Russia. B. 1So;; d. 1853. Gallup, Joseph Adam, ga/lup, an Am. writer and physician. B. Stockington, Conn., 1769; d. Woodstock, Vt., 1849. Gallus, Caius Sulpicius, gal-us, a Roman astron. that fl. 166 B. c. Galt, John, Arawlt, a Scottish dramatist, whose works are quite nume- rous. B. Irvine, Ayrshire, 1779; d. Greenock, 1839. Alexander Til- loch, a Canadian statesman and financier; son of John Galt; aided to found Montreal and Portland railway. B. Chelsea, Eng., 1817. Galton, Francis, ga/ton, an Eng. writer and traveler; made several exploits in southern and western Africa. B. near Birmingham, 1822. Galuppi, Baldassare, ga-loop'ee, an Italian musician; called father of It comic opera. B. near Venice, 1703; d. there, 1785. Galuppi, or Galluppi, Pasquale, an Italian psychological philoso- pher. B. Tropea, Calabria, 1770; d. Naples, 1846. Galvani, Aloisio or Luigi, gal-va'nee, an Italian; discoverer of gal- vanism; also a physician. B. Bologna, 1737; d. there, 1798. Galvez, Bernardo, count de, da gal’veth, Spanish governor of Louis- iana. B. Malaga, 1756; d. Mexico, 1786. Gama, Joze Basilio da, da ga'ma, a Brazilian poet and translator. B. 1740; d. Lisbon, 1795. Gama, Vasco da, da £a'ma, a Portuguese mariner that explored southern portion of Africa, making many conquests in Ethiopia and parts of Asia. B. Sines, 1450; d. Cochin, India, 1524. Gamaliel, A'a-ma'li-el, a Jewish physician; the teacher of Saul. D. A. D. 52. Gambetta, Leon, gam-bet'a, a French lawyer and statesman; he was very arbitrary and would liked to have ruled all France, but was defeated. B. Cahors, 1838. Gambier, James, Lord, gram'beer, a British naval officer; commanded the Defence at Lord Howe's victory, June, 1794. B. Bahama Islands, 1756; d. Iver, near Uxbridge, 1833. Gammell, William, gam'el, an American historian. Mass., 1812. Gannal, Jean Nicolas, Aran-nal', a French scientist; he received a prize for his process for embalming. B. Saarlonis, 1791; d. Paris, 1852. Gannett, Ezra Stiles, gān-net', an Am. clergyman. B. Cambridge, 1801; d. from railroad accident at Revere, 1871. Gans, Edward, ganss, a German judge. B. Berlin, 1798; d. there, 1839. - Gansevoort, Peter, gan'se-vort, an Am. officer in the revolutionary war. B. Albany, 1749; d. 1S12. Garakonthie, Daniel, an Onandaga chief. D. Onandaga, N. Y., 1675. Garat, Dominique Joseph, ga-ra', a French author and politician; he led an obscure but religious life. B. Ustaritz, near Bayonne, 1749; d. 1833. Garay, Janos, Agoroi, a Hungarian poet. Pesth, 1853. Garcia, Manuel de Populo Vicente, gar'se-a, a Spanish author and singer. B. Seville, 1775; d. Paris, 1832. Manuel, son of the preceding, a great teacher of music, one of the best in Europe. B. Madrid, 1805. Garcilaso de la Vega, Aar-the-las’so da la vaga, a Sp. writer, dis- tinguished for his bravery; he has been called the Spanish Petrarch. B. Toledo, 1503; d. Nice, 1536. Sebastian, a Spanish soldier belonging to same family as preceding; noted for his benevolence to the Indians. B. Badajoz; d. Cuzco, 1559. A Peruvian historian of this name gives an account of Peru under its native kings. B. Cuzco, 1540; d. Cor- dova, 162o. B. Medfield, B. Szckszard, IS12; d. *] |- * BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 257 Garcin D. Tassy, Joseph Heliodore, a Frenchman versed in Eastern languages. B. Marseilles, 1794. Garden, Alexander, garden, a British naturalist and philosopher. B. Scotland, 1728; d. London, 1792. Garden, Alexander, aide-de-camp to Gen. Greene in the American revolution; wrote sketches and anecdotes of the war. B. Charleston, S. C., 1757; d. there, 1829. Gardiner, James, gar'di-ner, a Scottish commander. B. Carriden, Linlithgowshire, 1688, killed in the battle at Preston Pans, 1745. Garfield, James Abram, gar'feeld, the 20th pres. U. S.; inaugurated 4th March, 1881; educated at Williams college, Mass., in 1856; the following year was made pres. of Hiram college; elected state sen. in 1859; soon after on the outbreak of the war, 1861-5, he entered as col. of the 42d Ohio regt; for his meritorious conduct at battle of Chickamauga, was made maj-gen.: chosen U.S. sen. from O.; entering the repub- lican convention, at Chicago, 2d June, 18So, to work for the interest of his friend John Sherman, and was himself nominated; after three months' service as president was shot by Charles Guitcau, at Washing- ton, 2d July, 1881; after a long and painful illness, died at Elberon, Long Branch, 19 Sept., ISSI. B. Orange, Cuyahoga co., O., 19 Nov., 1831. Garibaldi, Giuseppe, gra’re-bal"de, an Italian patriot; educated as a mariner; made several voyages, but was unsuccessful; taken prisoner on several different occasions, and received quite severe punishments; his three sons followed the example of their father, but were more successful. B. Nice, 1807. * Garnean, Francois Xavier, gar'ne-an, a Canadian prose writer. B. Quebec, 1809; d. 1866. Garnier, Adolphe, gar-ne-a', a French author and eclectic phil- osopher. B. Paris, 1Sor; d. 1864. Garnier, Charles Georges Thomas, a French novelist and advocate. B. Auxerre, 1746; d. there, 1795. Garnier, Jean Louis Charles, a distinguished French architect. B. Paris, 1825. Garnier-Pages, Louis Antoine, paz-has', a Fr. statesman; an active promoter of the reform agitation. B. Marseilles, 1803; d. 1878. Garrett, Elizabeth, gar’ret, an English physician; acquired a con- siderable practice in London; is also known as an advocate of woman's rights. B. London, 1837. Garrettson, Freeborn, gar'ret-sn, an Am. missionary; traveled in many states and Nova Scotia. B. Maryland, 1752; d. N. Y., 1827. Garrick, David, gar'ik, an English poet and actor; excelled in com- edy, tragedy and pantomime. B. Hereford, 1716; d. London, 1779. Garrison, William Lloyd, gar’i-son, an Am. anti-slavery politician; began publishing The Liberator in Boston, 1831, and had on its fore- front, “My country is the world, my countrymen are all mankind;” he was first visited with the most bitter denunciation, and later was dragged through the streets of Boston by a mob and put in jail; ad- vocated woman suffrage. B. Newburyport, Mass., 1804; d. 1879. shire; d. London, 1719. Gartner, Joseph, gert'ner, a Ger. scientist. B. Calw, Wurtemberg, 1732; d. 1791. * Garve, Christian, gar’veh, a German translater and philosopher. B. Breslau, 1742; d. there, 179S. Gascoigne, George, gas-koin', an English poet. B. 1537; d. Stam- ford, 1577. Gascoygne, William, gas-koin' an English astronomer and inventor; invented the micrometer; killed at Marston Moor, while fighting for Charles I. B. England, 1621; d. 1644, Gaskell, Elizabeth Cleghorn, gas'kel, an English authoress; her greatest work was “Life of Charlotte Bronte.” B. Chelsea, 1810; d. Alton, Hants, 1865. Gaskell, G. A., an Am. prof. of penmanship; “Gaskell's Compendium of Penmanship.” B. in Ohio, 1844. Gasparin de, Adrien Eticnne Pierre, count, deh gas'pa'ran', a Fr. politician and agricultural writer. B. Orange, 1783; d. there, 1862. Agenor Etienne, count de, son; a French speaker; delivered many lectures on religious and historical subjects. B. Orange, 1810; d. Geneva, 1871. Gass, Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich Joachim, gas, a Ger. clergyman. B. Breslau, 1813. "--— *=-_ -- Garth, Sir Samuel, garth, an English poet and physician. B. York- Gassendi, Pierre, gas-sen'dee, a French theologian and philosopher; noted also as an astronome -- historian; wrote lives of leading astron- omers of his time. B. Champtercier, Provence, 159; d. Paris, 1655. Gaston, William, £as’ton, an American statesman and jurist; being a Roman Catholic, he was unable to hold the office of judge of supreme court of N. C., to which he was elected. B. 1489; k. Ravenna, 1512. Gaston De Foix, Aras'ton da foi', duke of Nemours, a French com- mander, killed in battle at Ravenna. B. 1489; d. 1512. Gataker, Thomas, gata-ker, an Eng. divine and critic. B. London, 1574; d. 1654. Gates, IIoratio, gats, an Am. general; the surrender of the Brit- ish army at Saratoga gave him his military reputation. B. England, 1728; d. New York, 1806. Gatling, Richard Jordan, gat'ling, an Am. inventor, chiefly of farm- ing implements. I}. Hertford co., N. C., 1818. Gauden, John, gav'den, an English political writer and bishop; wrote several books and papers which were published after the restoration. B. Maryland, Essex, 1605; d. 1662. Gaudichaud-Beaupre, Charles, go'de'sāo-bo-pra', a French scientist; published several works relating to botany. B. Angouleme, 17So; d. Paris, 1854. Gaume, Jean Joseph, gom, a French theologian and classic writer. B. Fuans, Doubs, 1So2; d. 1869. Gauss, Karl Friedrich, £owss, one of the greatest mathematicians in Eyrope; of German parentage. B. Brunswick, 1777; d. Gottingen, 1855. Gautier, Jean Francois Eugene, go'te-a, a French violinist; wrote many comic operas. B. Vaugirard, near Paris, 1822; d. 1878. Gautier, Theophile, a French novelist and poet. B. Tarbes, 1811; d. Paris, 1872. Gavazzi, Alessandro, ga-va'see, an Italian politician and preacher; known to his people as Peter the Hermit. B. Bologna, 1809. Gay, Claude, ga, French naturalist. B. Draguignan, 1800; d. 1873. Gay, Ebenezer, an American prelate; one of his sermons, under the title of “The Old Man's Calendar,” has been republished in America. B. Dedham, Mass., 1696; d. 1787. Gay, John, an English dramatist and poet; his “Fables,” and the ballad “Black-Eyed Susan,” are quite popular. B. Torrington, near Devonshire, 16SS; d. London, 1732. Gay, Marie Francoise Sophie, a French writer. B. Paris, 1776; d. 1852. Gayangos, Pacqual de, da-gi-ang'gos, a Spanish historian. B. 1809. Gayarre, Charles, gi-a-ra', an American statesman and historian. B Louisiana, 1805. Gay-Lussac, Joseph Louis, Aza-lit-sak', a French chemist; wrote an article relating to the combination of gases. B. St. Leonard, Limousin, 1778; d. Paris, 1850. Gaza, Theodore, ga'za, reviver of Greek literature; of Grecian parentage; founded an academy at Ferrara. B. Thessalonica, 1400; d. Abeuzzo, 1478. Geary, John White, &a're, an Am. statesman and general. B. 1819; d. 1873. * Geber, Abu Musa Jaffer al-Sofi, ga'ber, Arabian chemist of the 8th century; reckoned by Cardan as one of the world's twelve subtlest geniuses. B. in Thus, Persia. Ged, William, ged, Scottish mechanic, and inventor of stereotyping in 1725; he also published one edition of Sallust. B. 1690; d. 1749. Geddes, Alexander, Aged'es, distinguished Scottish Roman Catholic ecclesiastic; noted for his imitation of the satires of Horace; was ex- pelled from the priesthood on account of his writings. B. in Arradowl, Banffshire, 1737; d. 1So2. Gedike, Friedrich, ga'de-keh, Ger. author and teacher. B. 1754; d. 1So?. Geefs, Guillaume, gafs, Belgian sculptor. B. in Antwerp, 1Soó; d. 1841. Geel, hal, or Gell, Jakob, grel, Dutch critic and author. B. 1789; d. 1869. Geer, von, Karl, baron, fon yar', Swedish naturalist and author of several zoological works. B. Finspang, 1720; d. Stockholm, 1778. Geffrard, Fabre, zha-frar', mulatto soldier and pres. of Hayti. B. L'Anse Veau, 1806; d. 1879. Geibel, Emanuel, gi'bel, Ger. prof. and poet. B. Lubeck, 1815. | - *|9–- 258 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. Geiger, Abraham, Ari'ger, Ger. Biblical critic and rabbi. B. 181o; mier till death, and was suc. by the duke of Newcastle. B. in Hanover. d. 1874. 16S3; d. in Kensington palace, 1760. Geijer, Eric Gustaf, yi'er, Swiss poet and historian. B. Ramsater, George III., William Frederick, grandson of the foregoing, k. of Wermland, 1783; d. Upsal, 1843. Eng.: wars with France, and with the Am. colonies. B. 1738; d. in Gell, Sir William, fel, Eng. scholar and traveler; a voluminous writer Windsor Castle, 1820. on classical antiquities. B. Hopton, Derbyshire, 1777; d. Naples, 1836. George IV., Augustus Frederick, son of the foregoing; opposition to Gellert, Christian Furchtegott, gel'ert, Ger. moralist and poet, and the political sentiments of his father, continual enmity toward France, one of the early promoters of the literary movement which produced and the war of 1812 with the Am. colonies, are the chief characteristics Schiller and Goethe. B. in Hainichen, Saxony, 1715; d. Leipsic, 1769. of his reign. B. of Queen Charlotte, 1762; d. 1830. Gelli, Giovanni Batiste, fel'ee, Italian miscellaneous writer. B. 1498; George I., k, of Greece and head of the Cretan insurrection. B. in d. 1563. Copenhagen, 1845. Geminiana, Francesco, fa-me-ne-a’ne, Italian musician and composer. George V., ex-k of Hanover. B. in Berlin, 1819; d. 187S. B. 16So; d. 1762. George, prince of Denmark, and lord high admiral of Eng. under Gemistus, George, fe-mis’tus, surnamed Pletho, Greek philosopher Queen Anne. B. 1653; d. 1708. and scholar of the 15th century; said to have lived to the age of roo; he George, Enoch, a bishop of the M. E. church in the U. S. B. 1767; d. prompted Cosmo to found his celebrated Platonic academy, and wrote a Staunton, Va., 1828. treatisc praising Platonism. George of Trebizond, Greek scholar and prof. B. Crete, 1396; d. Gendrin, August Nicolas, 2hon-dran', Fr. physician and medical Rome, 14S6. writer. B. Chateaudun, 1796. Georges, Marguerite Josephine, zhorzh, a Fr. beauty, and actress. B. Genest, or Genet, Edmond Charles, zhe-na', Fr. diplomatist; he tried Bayeux, 17S7; d. Passy, 1867. to persuade the U.S. to espouse the cause of the Fr. republicans in 1793; Geramb de, Ferdinand, baron, deh zheh-ron", a Fr. trappist and fitted out privateers from Charleston, S. C., and, upon Pres. Washing- writer. B. Lyons, 1772; d. Rome, 1848. ton's demand, was recalled. B. in Versailles, 1765. Gerando de, Joseph Marie, deh zheh-ron-do’, a Fr. metaphysician and Genevieve, St., fe-ne-veev', patron saint of Paris; her feast is cele- statesman. B. Lyons, 1772; d. Paris, 1842. brated on Jan. 3. B. in Nanterre about 422; d. in Paris, 512. * Gerard, Alexander, je-rard', a Scottish divine and author. B. 1728; Genga, Girolamo, jen'ga, It architect and painter. B. 1476; d. 155. d. 1795. Genghis, or Zingis Khan, jen'gis-kawn, Asiatic conqueror. B. 116o; Gerard, Cecile Jules Basile, zha-rar', a Fr. general; “The Lion d. 1227. Killer.” B. Pigans, 1817; drowned in Africa, 1864. Genin, Francois, zha-man’, Fr. philologist. B. 1So?; d. 1856. Gerard, Etienne Maurice, count, a Fr. marshal. B. Damvillers, 1773; Genlis, Felicite Stephanie Ducrest de Saint Aubin, zhon-less', Coun- d. 1855. tess de, Fr. novelist and severe critic; she pub. her “Jeanne de France” Gerard, Francois Pascal Simon, baron, a Fr. artist. B. Rome, 1770; at the age of 60. B. near Autun, 1746; d. Paris, 1830. d. Paris, 1837. Gennaro, Giuseppe Aurelio, jen-na'ro, It. writer and politician. B. Gerard, Jean Ignace Isidore, a Fr. caricaturist. B. 1So; d. 1847. 1701; d. 1761. Gerard De Nerval, zha-rar deh mor-val", a Fr. writer. B. Paris, 1808; Genoude, Antoine Eugene, zhe-nood', Fr. historian and journalist. d. there, 1855. B. 1792; d. 1849. n Gerard-Thom, zha-rar-ton', founder of the order of St. John of Je- Genovesi, Antonio, ja-no-va'zee, It. phil. and political economist; rusalem. B. Iolo; d. 1121. as early as 176; he predicted the foundation of the U. S. B. at Casti- Gerber, Ernst Ludwig, After'ber, a Ger, composer and organist. B. glione, near Salermo, 1712; d. 1769. 1746; d. 1819. Genseric, jen'se-rik, conqueror, and k. of the Vandals; suc. by Hun- Gerbert, Martin, £er'bert, Baron von Hornau, a Ger. writer on mu- neric. B. 406; d. 477. s sic. B. 1720; d. 1793. Gensonne, Armand, zhon-so-na', Fr. politician. B. 1758; d. 1793. Gerdil, Hyacinthe Sigismond, ther-de", a Savoyard metaphysician. Gentil, Jean Baptiste Joseph, zhon-tel', Fr. author. B. 1726; d. 1799. B. Samoens, 1718; d. Rome, 1So2. Gentz, Friedrich von, gents, Ger. diplomatist and publicist; he tran- Gerdy, Pierre Nicholas, zher-de', a Fr. anatomist and medical writcr. slated Burke’s “Essay on the French Revolution” into Ger., with copi- B. Loches, Nube, 1797; d. Paris, 1856. ous notes, in 1793. B. Breslau, 1764; d. Vienna, 1832. Gerhard, Eduard, £er'hart, a Ger. archaeologist and writer. B. Geoffrin, Marie Theresa Rodet, zho-fran’, Fr. lady and leader of Euro- Posen, 1795; d. 1867. pean society; married at 15. B. Paris, 1699; d. 1777. Gerhardt, Charles Frederic, ger'hart, a Fr. prof. of chemistry. B. Geoffray, jeffre, of Monmouth; Eng, chronicler. B. 11oo; d. 1154. Strasburg, 1816; d. there, 1856. Geoffray, Etienne Francois, zho-frva', Fr. physician and medical Gerhardt, Paul, ger'hart, a Ger. theologian and poet. B. 1607; d. writer. B. 1672; d. 1731. Lubben, 1576. Geoffray, Louis Julien, abbe, Fr. critic and litterateur. B. 1773; Gericault, Jean Louis Theodore Andrc, zha-ra-ko', a Fr. artist; his d. 1814. masterpiece is “Raft of the Medusa.” B. Rouen, 1790; d. 1824. Geoffray Saint Hilaire, Eticnne, zho-frwa'sante-ler', Fr. zoologist Gerlach, von, Ernst Ludwig, for £er'lak, a Prus. editor. B. 1795; and writer. B. Etampes, 1772; d. Paris, 1844. d. 1877. Gerlach, von, Otto, brother of above, a Ger. divine. B. 1801; Geoffray Saint Hilaire, Isidore, son of above, Fr. naturalist and d. Berlin, 1849. zoological lecturer. B. in Paris, 1805; d. 1861. Gerlache, de, Etienne Constantin, deh zher-lash', baron, a Belgian George, St., jorj, patron saint of England. B. at Lydda or at Ramleh, politician and writer. B. 1785; d. 1871. Palestine, in the latter half of the 3d century. D. Nicomedia,303. Germain, St., zher-man', a Fr. divine of Auxerre. B. 3So; d. 448. George I., Lewis, k. of Gt. Brit. and Ireland, first sovereign of the Germanicus, Caesar, jer-man'i-kus, a Roman cmpcror; son of Drusus Hanoverian line; he served in the armies of the empire against both and Antonia; was adopted by his uncle, Tiberius, and was married the Turks and the French; suc. Q. Anne as lawful heir to the to Agrippina, dau. of Agrippa and grand-dau. of Augustus; raised throne, in 1714; the ministers of Q. Anne, Bolingbroke, Oxford, to most important offices of the state; def. the celebrated Arminius, and their associates, were impeached and a whig ministry supplanted, and had a triumph at Rome; declared emp. of the East by Tiberius, chief of which was Sir Robert Walpole; the opposition broke out in who became jealous of him; secretly poisoned at Daphne, by Piso, rebellion, but was overcome at the battle of Preston; war was incurred A. D. 19, aged 33. Germanicus had nine children by Agrippina, a wo- in 1726 with Spain on account of an alliance between the King of Spain man of eminent virtue. One of these, Caligula, disgraced the name and the emperor, and the treaty of Hanover; articles of peace were of his illustrious father. Sec CALIGULA. signed, 1727. B. in Osnabruck, 1660; d. near there, 1727. Gerome, Jean Leon, zha-rom', a Fr. artist; “The Gladiators;” “The George II., Augustus, k, of Eng.: treaty of Seville; important re- Age of Augustus,” and “The Birth of Jesus Christ,” are his master- forms; war with Spain, France, and Austria; Walpole remained pre- pieces. B. Vesoul, 1824. "...] g- =#" ~ * BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. Gerry, Elbridge, ger’i, vice-pres. of the U. S., under Madison. B. Marblehead, Mass., 1744; d. Washington, 1814. Gerson, de, Jean Charlier, deh zher-son a Fr. divine. B. 1363; d. 1429. Gerstacker, Friedrich, ger'steck-er, a Ger. author and traveler. B. Hamburg, 1816; d. Vienna, 1872. Gerster, Etelka, ger'ster, a Hungarian singer. B. Kaschau, 1857; she is married to Signor Gardini. Gervinus, Georg Gottfried, ger-vee'noos, a Ger. statesman and his- torical writer. B. Darmstadt, 1Sos; d. Heidelberg, 1871. Gesenius, Friedrich Heinrich Wilhelm, £e-see'ni-tts, a Ger. archaeolo- gist. B. Nordhausen, 1786; d. Halle, 1842. Gesner, von, Konrad, fon ges'ner, a Swiss philologist and zoologist. B. Zurich, 1516; d. there, 1595. Gessler, ges'ler, an Austrian bailiff, who fell by the arrow of William "Tell, about 1307. Gessner, Salomon, a Swiss artist and poet. B. Zurich, 1730; d. there, 1788. Gfrorer, August Friedrich, £fro'rer, a Ger. writer. B. 1803; d. 1861. Ghazan Khan, ga-zdn'kawn, a Persian Mongol king. B. 1270; d. 1304. Gherardesca, Ugolino della, ga-rar-des'ka, an It. political leader, starved in the Gualandi tower in 1289. Ghiberti, Lorenzo, gee-ber'tee, an It, architect, painter and sculptor. B. Florence, about 1378; d. there, 1455. Ghirlandaio, otherwise called Corraddi, ger-lan-da’o, an It. artist; the teacher of Michael Angelo. B. Florence, 1451; d. there, 1495. Giambelli, Federigo, jam-bel'ee, an It. engineer; lived about 1855. * Giannone, Pietro, jan-no'na, an It. writer of history. B. 1676; d. 1748. Giannotti, Donato, jan-not'ee, an It...writer of history. B. 1494; d. 1563. Giardini, Felice, jar-de'nee, an It. musician and musical writer. B. 1716; d. 1796. Gibbon, Edward, gib'on, one of the most distinguished of English historians, “Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire.” B. Putney, *737; d. London, 1794. Gibbons, Grinling, gib'onz, an Eng. sculptor in wood and marble. B. about 1650; d. London, 1721. Gibbons, Orlando, an Eng. musician. B. 1583; d. 1625. Gibbs, Josiah Willard, gióz, an Am. prof. of theology. B. Salem, 'Mass., 1790; d. New Haven, 1861. Gibbs, Wolcott, an Am. physicist. B. New York, 1822. Gibert. Balthasar, zhe-ber', a Fr. critic. B. 1662; d. 1741. Gibert de Montreuil, zhe-ber' deh mon-truhy, a Fr. comic actor; flour- ished in the 12th century. Gibson, John, gib’son, an engraver and sculptor; the first who used colors in his works. B. 1791; d. Rome, 1866. Giddings, Joshua Reed, gid'ingz, an Am. politician, and author of . “Pacificus.” B. Athens, Pa., 1795; d. Montreal, 1S64. . Giesebrecht, von, Friedrich Wilhelm Benjamin, fon gree'zeh-brekt, a Ger, historical prof. and writer. B. Berlin, 1814. Gideon, surnamed Jerubbaal, fifth judge of Israel. Judges 6-9. Gieseler, Johann Karl Ludwig, gee'zeh-ler, a Ger, hist of churches. B. Petershagen, 1792; d. Göttingen, 1854. Gifford, Sanford Robinson, giford, an Am. artist. B. Greenfield, N. Y., 1823. Giford, William, an Eng. editor and author. B. Ashburton, 1757; d. London, 1826. Gifford, Robert Swain, an Am. artist. B. Naushon, Mass., 1840. Gignoux, Francois Regis, zhen-yoo', a Fr. artist; one of his best works is “Niagara Falls in Winter.” B. Lyons, 1816. Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, an Eng. navigator. B. 1539; d. 1583. Gilbert, Sir John, an Eng. artist; associate of the royal academy. B. 1817. Gilbert, William, an Eng. physicist. B. 1540; d. 1603. Gilbert, William Schwenck, an Eng, dramatist and caricaturist. B. London, 1836. d Gilchrist, John Borthwick, gil'crist, a Scottish linguist. - 1841. Gildas, the Wise, gil'das, an Eng. historical author. B. about 500; d. about 575. i. Gildemeister, Otto, gild'e-my-ster, a Ger, author. B. Bremen, 1823. Giles, William Branch, jila, Am. politician and author; “Political B. 1759; --—9 259 Letters to the People of Va.” B. Amelia co., Va., 1762; d. there, 1830. Giles, Henry, Am. lecturer and religious writer. B. Wexford, Ire- land, 1809. Gilfillan, George, gil-fil'an, Scottish writer; published an edition of “British Poets” in 4S vols. B. Comrie, Perthshire, 1813; d. 1878. Gill, John, gil, English divine and writer. B. 1697; d. 1771. Gilles, Pierre, shel, Fr. zoologist, author and traveler. B. 1490; d. 1555. Gillespie, William Mitchell, gil-les'pi, Am. civil engineer and author. B. New York, 1816; d. there, 1868. Gillies, John, gi'iz, Scot, historical writer. B. Brechin, For- farshire, 1747; died near London, 1836. Gillmore, Quincy Adams, gi'mor, Am. soldier and engineer; prof. of military tactics. B. Black River, Lorain co., Ohio, IS25. Gillott, Joseph, gi'ot, Eng. manufacturer of pens. B. Warwick- shire, 1800; d. Birmingham, 1872. Gillray, James, £i'ra, Eng caricaturist and engraver on wood. B. Chelsea about 1757; d. London, 1815. Gilman, Chandler Robbins, gil'man, American doctor and medical writer. B. Marietta, Ohio, 1802; d. Middletown, Conn., 1865. Gilman, John Taylor, Am. politician. B. Exeter, N. II., 1753; died there, 1828. Gilman, Samuel, Am. theologian. B. Gloucester, Mass., 1791; d. Kingston, Mass., 1858: Gilman, Caroline, wife of the above, Am. writer. B. Boston, 1794. Gilpin, Bernard, gi'pin, Apostle of the North; Eng. preacher. B. Kentmire, 1517; d. Houghton, 1583. Gilpin, Rev. William, Eng, biographical writer and literary critic. B. 1724; d. 1Soi. Gindely, Anton, gin'dly, a Ger. archivist and hist. B. Prague, 1829. Ginguene, Pierre Louis, zhan-geh-na', Fr. scholar; distinguished both as writer and speaker. B. Rennes, 1748; d. Paris, 1816. Gioberti, Giovanni Antonio, gober’tee, an Italian agriculturist and chemist; discovered the method of restoring faded writings to their original color. B. Mangardino, Piedmont, 1761; d. 1834. Gioberti, Vincenzo, Italian statesman and philosopher; one of the leaders of Catholic philosophy; wrote many articles, in which his chief motive was to declare to Europe the moral supremacy of Italy. B. Turin, 1801; d. Paris, 1852. Giocondo, Fra Giovanni, jo-kon'do, an Italian antiquary and architect; he designed and erected several churches and palaces in Verona. B. Verona, 1450; d. Rome, 1530. Gioja, Melchiorre, joya, Italian author; wrote numerous works on political economy. B. Piacenza, 1767; d. Milan, 1829. Giordano, Luca, for-da'no, an Italian artist; his paintings were much admired; and he was unequaled for rapidity. B. Naples, 1632; d. there, 1705. Giorgione, Giorgio Barbarelli, Jorjo'na, an Italian painter; also one of the founders of the school for coloring, at Venice; his works are not numerous, but are admired for their grace and expression. B. Treviso, 1477; d. 1511. Giotto, jot'o, a Florentine painter and architect; painted almost wholly from nature; his works excited much admiration during his time. B. near Florence, 1276; d. there, 1337. Giovio, Paolo, jo've-o, an Italian Latin writer. B. Como, 1483; d. Florence, 1552. Girard, Philippe de, fe-rard', Fr. improver and inventor; received two medals for his flax-spinning machine of his own invention. B. Avignon, 1775; d. Paris, 1845. Girard, Stephen, an Am. banker and merchant; performed the duty of nurse, during the rage of the yellow fever in Phila., taking charge of hospital; at his death he bequeathed most of his property to public schools and charitable institutions. B. near Bordeaux, France, 1750; d. Phila., 1831. Girardin, Emile de, dehzhe'rar-da, a Fr. critic and journalist; pub- lished a journal in France which was quite popular; an active supporter of the war against Prussia. B. Paris, 1806. G. Delphine, a poet, wife of the preceding; celebrated for her wit and beauty. B. Aix-la-Cha- pelle, 1804; d. Paris, 1855. s- Girardin, Jean Pierre Louis, zhe-rar-dan', a Fr. naturalist and chem. B. Paris, 1803. - —A- | -- *—- 26o BIOGRAPHICAL Girardin, Marc, a Fr. writer; his works are witty and forcible; prof. of Fr. poetry. B. Paris, 1Sor; d. there, 1873. Girardon, Francois, zhe-rar-don', a Fr. sculptor. B. Troyes, 1628; d. 1715. Giraud, Charles Joseph Barthelemy, zhe-ro', a Fr. jurist. B. Pernes, Vancluse, 1802. Girodet-Trioson, Anne Louis, zhe-ro'da tre-o-zon', a Fr. artist. B. Montargis, 1767; d. Paris, 1824. Gislason, Conrad, gis’la;son, an Icelandic lexicographer and philolo- gist. B. 1SoS. * Giulio Romano, joo'le-o ro-ma'no, an It, architect and painter; his family name was Pippi; was architect of St. Peter's. B. Rome, 1492; d. Mantua, 1546. Giudici, Paolo Emiliani, joo'de-chee, an It. writer. B. Mussomelli, Sicily, 1812. Giusti, Giuseppe, joos' tee, an It. satirical poet; his writings acquired considerable popularity in Italy. B. Monsummano, Tuscany, 1809; d. Florence, 1850. Giustiniani, Agostino Pantaleone, joos-tin-e-a'nee, an It. clergyman and philologist. B. Genoa, 1470; d. at sea, 1536. Gladstone, William Ewart, Aglad'ston, Eng. statesman and premier; graduated from Oxford as double first-class, a point very seldom at- tained; entered parliament, 1832; lord high commissioner extraordinary to the Ionian islands; succeeded Mr. Disraeli as premier, 1868; resigned, 1874; has held that important position many times; the last time was after the death of Mr. Disraeli; he is now, 1SS4, an incumbent of that office. B. Liverpool, 1809. - Glaire, Jean Baptiste, glar, a French orientalist and theologian; pro- fessor of Hebrew. B. Bordeaux, 179S. * Glais-Bizoin, Alexandre, glaez-bezon, a French statesman; director of a democratic journal, and author of a number of plays. B. Quintin, 1800. Glaisher, James, gla'sher, a British aeronaut; ascended in a balloon to the height of 37,000 ft.; “Travels in the Air.” B. 1Soo. Glanvil, Ranulf de, glan'vil, chief magistrate in England during the reign of Henry II.; of Norman descent. D. 1190. Glanvill, Joseph, glan'vil, an English skeptic and philosopher; a be- licver of sorcery and witchcraft. B. Plymouth, 1636; d. Bath, 16So. Glauber, Johann Rudolf, glow'ber, a German pharmacist; discovered a salt which is named in honor of him. B. 1604; d. 1668. Glaucus, glaw'cus, a Trojan hero, famed for his eccentricity in regard to horses, by which he was eventually killed, Glaucus, a fisherman of Anthedon in Boeotia; famous for having be- come immortal by eating a divine herb planted by Saturn. Gleig, George Robert, gleg, Scottish writer; “The Family History of England.” B. 1796. * Gleim, Johann Wilhelm Ludwig, glim, a famed German poet that re- ceived the title of the German Anacreon for his writings. B. 1719, d. 1803. * Glendower, or Glendwr, Owen, Arlen'door, a Welsh hero; led a military life, nearly all the members of his family falling in battle. B. about 1349; d. 1415. Gliddon, George Robins, glid’on, an Am. Egyptologist; for some years U.S. vice-consul at Cairo; author of “Destruction of the Monuments of Egypt,” “Ancient Egypt.” B. 1829; d. 1857. Glover, Richard, gluv'er, a noted English poet and statesman; a leader in politics, and wrote tragedies. B. 1712; d. 1785. Gluck, Christoph Wilibald von, fon & look, a German composer; fl. 18th century, and attained great renown for his musical talent. B. 1714; d. of apoplexy, 1787. Gmelin, Johann Georg, me'lin, a Ger. prof. and naturalist, chemist, and botanist, having held professorships of all these sciences in St. Petersburg, and Tubingen, his birthplace. B. 1709; d. 1755. Samuel Gottlieb, a nephew of the preceding, was a noted German botanist; captured by some hostile tribe while traveling, and died in imprison- ment. B. about 1744; d. 1774. Johann Friedrich, also a nephew of Johann Georg, and a prof. of chemistry, botany, and natural history. B. 1748; d. 1804. Gneisenau, August, nees’ain-oo, a Prussian count, and commander; he fought in Am. under the Brit. and under Blucher; later became gov. of Berlin. B. 1760; d. 1831. – IDICTIONARY. === Gneist, Rudolf, meest, a Ger. author; prof. of the laws and rights of man in the Berlin university. B. 1816. Gobert, Napoleon, gro'bert, a Fr. baron and philanthropist. B. 1So?; d. 1833. - Goddard, Arabella, god'ard, an Eng. lady, famed as a pianist; played in Boston, in 1872, at a musical festival. B. 1836. Godfrey, Thomas, godfri, an Am. mathematician, and the inventor of Godfrey's quadrant. B. in Philadelphia; d. 1749. Godkin, Edward Laurence, an Am..journalist; war correspondent for the London Daily News during the Crimean war. B. 1831. Godman, John D., god’man, an Am. philosopher, writer of the zoolog- ical articles for the Encyclopaedia Americana. B. 1794; d. 1830. Godolphin, Sidney, go-dolfin, an Eng. earl, and politician; member of parliament, 1661; privy councillor, 1679, and a noted financier. B. about 1635; d. 1712. Godoy, Manuel de, da-go-do’e, a very shrewd and successful Span. politician; held the highest offices in the Spanish government, and amassed a large fortune, and then lost it. B. 1767; d. 1851. Godunoff, Boris, Fedorovitch, go-doo-nof, a czar of Russia; his brother-in-law Fedor I., the czar, being an invalid, Godunoff secured control of the government; for fear that he would not succeed to the throne he caused Demetrius, the heir to the crown, to be put to death. B. 1552; d. 1605. Godwin, god'win, a Saxon noble of about the 10th century; earl of Wessex, and father of Harold; the last Saxon king. B. about the end of the 10th century; d. 1053. * Godwin, George, an Eng writer, and architect, noted for some of his architectural writings; “St. Mary's Church; ” “London Shadows.” B. 1S15. Godwin, Parke, an Am. contributor to magazines, and an advocate of free trade; a grad. of Princeton coll.; admitted to the bar in Ky. B. 1816. Godwin, I., William, an Eng. writer and clergyman; educated at the dissenting college at Hoxton. B. 1756; d. 1836. Goes, IIugo vander, van-der-hoos, a Flemish painter; his greatest work is a crucifixion at Bruges; fl. 15th century. Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, fonga'teh, a Ger. writer of very high standing, being most noted for his “Faust,” correspondence with Schiller, Zelter, Gruner, C. F. L. Schultz, and the Brothers Humboldt. B. 1749; d. 1832. Goffe, William, gof, was one of the judges that tried and convicted Charles I., afterward escaping to Am., where he died. B. about 1605; d. 1679. Gogol, Nikolai, gogol, a Russian writer; made a vain attempt to be- come a successful actor, and then became a government office seeker, but failed. B about 1809; d. 1852, Goldoni, Carlo, gol-do'nee, a lover of drama, and a dramatist; became famous for his comedy writings, and acting. B. 1707; d. 1793. Goldsborough, Louis Maesherbes, goldz'b'ro, an officer in the Am. navy; superintendent of the Annapolis naval academy, 1853 to '57; af- terward of the Washington navy yard. B. 1805. Goldschmidt, Hermann, golt'schmit, an astronomer and painter, of Ger., but of Jewish descent; his best works of art are “Cleopatra,” “View of Rome,” and “The Death of Romeo and Juliet.” B. 1So2; d. 1866. Goldsmith, Oliver, gold’smith, a very noted Eng. writer; among his best works are, “The Deserted Village,” “The Traveler,” and “The Vicar of Wakefield.” B. 1728; d. 1774. Goldstucker, Theodor, golt'stuk-er, a German well versed in the languages and arts of the Orientals; he also assisted in the preparation of a Sanskrit dictionary. B. about 1822; d. 1872. Golius, Jacobus, go'le-us, a Dutch orientalist; educated at Leyden; afterward teacher of Greek at La Rochelle. B. 1596; d. 1667. Goloonin, Vasili, go-loo-meen', navigated in the interests of the Rus- sian government; famed for his skill and courage as a navigator. B. 1776; d. 1832. Goltz, Bognmil, a Ger, writer that engaged unsuccessfully in scientific agriculture; subsequently devoted his time to literary pursuits. B. 1Sor; d. 1870. Gomez, Estvan, go'ness, an explorer in the interests of Portugal; was with Magellan on his voyage 1519, as pilot of one of the ships. B. 15th century; d. 1525. --O . | . $E= --~~ "-----— Goncalvez, Joaquim Affonzo, gon-sal’vez, Portuguese representative to China. B. 17So; d. 1841. Goncalvez Dias, A., Aron-sal/ves di'as, a Brazilian writer of poetry. B. 1S23; d. 1866. Gondi de Phillipe Emanuel, deh-gon'dee, a general in the Fr. army. B. 1584; d. 1662. Gondola, Giovanni di Francesco,gon-dolla, a writer of Illyrian poetry. B. 1588; d. 1636. Gongora y Argote, Luis de, da gongo-ra e argo'ta, a Sp. writer of poetry, mostly ballads and odes. B. 1561; d. 1627. Gonsalvo de Cordova, or Gonzalo Hernandez de Cordova, gon-sal"- ”* kor'do-va, a Spanish commander; attained fame during the war with Portugal, 1479. B. 1453; d. 1515. d Gonthier, Johann, £on'teer, a German author and anatomist. B. 1487: - 1574. Gonzaga, di Giovanni Francesco, de Aron-zaga, marquis of Mantua, the first. B. 1391; d. 1444. Gonzaga, Luigi, a Roman Catholic saint; became an associate of the society of Jesus, 1585. B. 1568; d. 1591. Gonzaga, Thomas Antonio Costade, da gon-zaga, a Brazilian poet- ical writer; called the Portuguese Anacreon; exiled to Mozambique, 1783, where he died. B. 1747; d. 1793. Good, John Mason, good, an Eng. doctor and celebrated lingulst. B. 1764; d. 1827. Goodall, Edward, good'al, an Eng. sculptor; master-pieces are Tur- her’s “Tivoli” and “Cologne.” B. 1795; d. 1870. Frederick, an artist, *nd son of Edward, received several prizes for his productions. B. 1832. Goodrich, Elizur, good/rij, an Am. D. D.; graduate of Yale college *nd afterward a teacher there. B. 1734; d. 1797. Goodrich, Chauncey Allen, an Am. prof.; graduate of Yale, and sub- sequently published a Greek grammar. B. 1790; d. 1860. Samuel Griswold, nephew of Chauncey Allen, and an Am. writer, editor, and publisher; “Peter Parley.” B. 1793; d. 1860. Frank Boot, an Am. writer; Paris correspondent of the N. Y. Times. B. 1826. Goodyear, Charles, good yur, an Am. genius; inventor of the nitric : gas process, used in the manufacture of rubber shoes. B. 18oo; . 1S60. Gookin, Daniel, gook'in, an Am. writer and general; was protector of the fugitive regicides, 1661; afterward became maj.-gen. of Mass. colony. B. about 1612; d. 1687. Goppert, Heinrich Robert, gopert, a Ger, prof. of botany. B. Soo. Gordianus, Marcus Antonius, gor-di-ai'nus, a Roman monarch, and Warrior; a descendant of the Gracchi, and the emperor Trajan. B. A. P. 158; d. 238. Marcus Antonius Pius, a grandson of Gordianus I.; also * Roman sovereign, was announced Caesar at Rome, at the death of the two Gordianus in Africa. B. A. D. 224; d. 244. Gordius, gor'de-us, a fabulous king of Phrygia. Gordon, George, gor'don, an Eng. politician, who on account of his 9pposition in politics was asked to resign his parliamentary scat, which he declined to do. B. 1750; d. 1793. Gordon, Sir John Watson, a Scotch artist; strictly a portrait painter; Was made limner artist to the queen. B. 1790; d. 1S64. k Gordon, William, an Eng. divine; “History of the Rise, Progress, *nd Establishment of the Independence of the U.S. of A.” B. about 1730; d. 1807. Gore, Catharine Grace, gor, an Eng. author; a novelist; “Theresa Marchmont;” “Woman of Business.” B. 1799; d. 1S61. Gore, Christopher, an Am. politician; first U.S. dist. atty. for Mass.; gov. Mass., 1809, and U.S. senator, 1814. B. 1758; d. 1827. Gorges, Sir Fcrdinando, gor'jez, once landlord, and ruler of Maine; *ttained this right from the king of Eng. about 1635. D. 1647. Gorgey, or Gorgei, Arthur, gorgeh-e, a Hungarian commander; but left the army to follow chemistry, then returned and figured in many battles. B. 1818. Gorres, Jakob Joseph von, fon gor'res, a Ger. writer, prof. of medicine *nd natural science, and an ardent republican. B. 1776; d. 1848. Gortchakoff, Petr, gort-cha-kof', a member of a royal Russian family; "oted for his defense of Smolensk against a Polish army. Dimetri, a Russian poet. B. 1756; d. 1824. Alexander, a Russian soldier, of some —f. BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 261 invasion. D. 1855. Alexander, a Russian politician; famed for his shrewdness in the nation's affairs, and through his influence the treaty of Paris was signed, 1856. B. 1789. Petr, a Russian general; fought against Napoleon; afterward against Turkey; finally became member of the imperial council. B. about 1790; d. 1868. Mikhail, also a Rus- sian soldier; distinguished himself against the French and Swedes. B. 1795; d. 1861. Gorton, Samuel, Azor’ton, a New Eng. religious fanatic; was tried, found guilty, and imprisoned as a heretic, but later was released. B. about 1600; d. 1677. * Gortz, George Heinrich, £orts, a Swedish baron and politician; being possessed of extraordinary ability, he became prime minister of IIol- stein; was executed, 1719. - Goschen, George Joachim, Agosh'en, an Eng. politician; engaged in the commercial business, and devoted considerable time to financial questions. B 1831; d. 1866. *- Gosnold, Bartholomew, gos'nold, an Eng. explorer; assisted Raleigh in trying to colonize Virginia; subsequently he commanded expedi- tions fitted for colonizing New Eng. D. 1607. Gosse, Philip Henry, goss, an Eng. prof. of zoology and natural history; “Manual of Marine Zoology.” B. 1810. Gottsched, Johann Christoph, got'shed, a Ger. writer and philoso- pher, famed for some of his tragedies and works on philosophy. B. 1700; d. 1766. Gough, Hugh, gof, a British commander; achieved fame serving against the Dutch at the Cape of Good Hope; also in Spain and China. B. 1779; d. 1869. Gough, John B., a distinguished Am. temperance orator; settled on farm in Oncida co., N.Y., 1829; employed as a bookbinder in N. Y. city, 1831; became intemperate; married in 1839; went into business for himself; had delirium tremens; lost his wife and child; induced by a good Quaker to sign the pledge; afterward violated it, but re- formed, and mounted the rostrum as a reformer; has lectured in America and Europe ever since 1843, with great success. B. Sand- gate, Kent, Eng., 22 Aug., 1817. - - Gough, Richard, an Eng. antiquist; writer of a history of an- tiquaries. B. 1735; d. 1809. * Goujet, Claude Pierre, a Fr. historian and critic; became blind. B. 1697; d. 1767. Goujon, Jean, goo'zhon, a Fr. engraver; famed for his group of “Diana and the Stag.” B. about 1515; d. 1572. Goulburn, Edward Meyrich, an Eng. divine; educated at Eton; was made dean of Norwich, 1S66; “Sermons in Norwich.” B. 1818. Gould, Augustus Addison, £oold, an Am. prof. of nat, history, on which he published several works; “Genera of Shells.” B. 1805; d. 1866. Gould, Benjamin Apthorp, an Am. astrologer; noted for having com- pleted some interesting maps of the heavens. B. 1S24. Gould, Hannah Flagg, an Am, writer of poetry, “Gathered Leaves;” “The Diosma.” B. 1789; d. 1865. Gould, Jay, an Am. railroad magnate and speculator; was a surveyor at an early age, and entered hardware business; built a town called Gouldsboro, and established a bank, before his 21st year; afterward acquired a controlling interest in some 30,000 miles of railroad. B. Rox- bury, Delaware co., N. Y., May 27, 1837. Gould, John, an Eng. prof. of nat. hist.; prepared specimens for the London zoological society; “Birds of Europe.” B. 1Sot. Gounod, Charles Francois, goo'no', a Fr. musician; received pre- miums for some of his work; was noted for his masses. B. 1818. Gourgaud, Gaspard, goor'go', a Fr. soldier; distinguished himself in wars with Germany, Poland, and Spain, one of the three permitted to follow Napoleon in his exile. B. 17S3; d. 1852. Gourgues, Dominique de, deh-goorg, a successful French explorer; rewarded by crowned heads of Europe. B. about 1530; d. about 1593. Gousset, Thomas Marie Joseph, groo'sa', a French divine of some note; held the position of professor of moral theology in Besancon; later cardinal, and senator of France. B. 1792; d. 1S66. Gouvion, Saint-Cyr, Laurent, goo've-on', a French military officer; fought under Napoleon. B. 1764; d. 1830. *. —w- | distinction; served in Turkish, Polish, and Swiss wars. B. 1764; d. Gower, John, grow'er, an English poetical writer of no great mcrit. *5. Andrei, a Russian commander; attained fame during the Fr. B. about 1325; d. 140S. - -> ~p. GROWING PLANTS IN MOIST SPONGE. An ingenious device has been tried, and found to work satisfactorily, in the grow- ing of winter hyacinths, as follows: The bulbs are bedded in deep incisions made in large sponges, which are closed snugly over and around the bulbs and then placed in appropriately shaped vases. Water moderately warmed—say to 65° or 70°-is then poured into the vase until it reaches about half the height of the sponge. The bulbs begin to sprout in two or three days, and in about six weeks tho plants are as many inches high, and continue to thrive until the flowers come out, of un- usually large size and perfect form. The sponge is hidden after the first week or two by sowing rapo seed upon it, the resultant growth complotely covering it with moss-like vegetation. From its por- ous, warm nature, the sponge seems well adapted to the purpose, and diluto fortil- izing material might, it would seem, be added to aid the quick development of the plant. ------>=-—- The new-born Christ, the Lord of the New Year, * The threshold of Our locked hcarts standeth In Car, * And while he gives us back love's rusted key, Our future on us with his cyes has smiled, Even as a little child. ------------ --------- THE coming of THE LohD. One of the objects for which wo are con- verted is to look for the coming of the Lord. “Ye turned to God from idols to servo the living and true God, and to wait for his Son from heaven.” I Thos. 1; 9, 10. Our passage of Scripture for to-day de- clares the Lord's coming to be the appoint- od means for comforting those who mourn departed friends. “I would not have you ignorant, brothren, concerning them which aro asleep, that ye Sorrow not even as others which have no hope. For if we believe that Jesus died and rose again, even so them also which sleep in Jesus will God bring with him (ver. 13, 14); and again (ver. 18), “therefore comfort one || another With these Words.” | * *-*Q.--> TO RAISE PLANTS. A lady whose beautiful plants are the delight of her life and the envy of all her acquaintances, revealed the secret of her success for the benefit of the readers of the Evening Post the other day. The soil is, she says, about two thirds garden soil, and the rest is sand. It is kept light and loose | about the roots; they are watered as they appear to need it, and not according to any particular rule. But the chief reason for their wonderful growth and bloom is this: ‘When any of the leaves wither and fall, instead of picking them up and throwing them away, I make little rolls of them and tuck them down in the earth and let them decay; and this is the only fertilizer I have ever used. This,” she added, modest- ly, seems to be nature's way. And the plants that have the afternoon sun only, grow and rival those that have the morn- ing.” *- -->---------- ------- dry substituted. Many of the colds which we are said to “catch” come by neglect- ing this rule. To keep the feet warm and dry is to have a safeguard against a long list of disorders which spring from colds. I am glad that the old idea that it is healthful to sleep in cold rooms is becom- ing obsolete. Cold air is not necessarily pure air. If there is no fire in the sleep- ing-room, we must secure what warmth we can by sealing up the room as nearly hermetically as possible, and then piling on the bed-clothes. Of course the air in such a room must necessarily be very im- pure before morning. An open fire is the best possible ventilator, but if that is not possible, a stove is the next best thing. It is not necessary to keep a fire in a sleeping- room all day, but have one started at night, and then let it go out in the morning as soon as the chamber work is done. With a fire in the room the windows can be open- ed, when you retire, enough to secure pure air, and each one can make his toilet in --—=------ THE CARE OF CANARIES. *Occasionally a bird's leg will be covered with scales, particularly an old bird's. The best way to remove them is to moisten the limb with quite warm milk, and a slight rubbing with the thumb and forefinger back and forth will cause them to peel off. Care should be taken, how- ever, not to break the underskin. Swol- len and sore limbs are greatly relieved, and afterward a permanent cure effected, by bathing the affected parts with diluted tincture of armica. It often happens that a bird's claws grow very long and require cutting. This is a particular operation. Care should be taken not to cut up into the blood veins, which can be easily seen by holding the bird's claw in front of a strong light, and then not cutting within at least a sixtoenth of an inch of the red Voln. * : could keep those excuses from the lips of every young man or woman! Let me tell you a little circumstance of my own life, and you will understand why I say this. “About fifteen years ago, I found in one of the poorest quarters of this city, a woman whom I had known as a child. She was the daughter of a planter in the county in Virginia in which I was born. | We had gone to the same little school and played and grown up together. “She had married some scapegrace, and || was now a childless widow, miserably poor, but too proud to accept any aid. She occupied a decent room in the neighbor- hood of the abattoir, and supported her- self by making dresses for the butchers' wives and for servant-girls. They were poorly made, for she was no seamstress. “She had no associates but these women. I tried in vain to induce her to come to | mv housa. All I conlil do vac to erra raw on *- 262 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. Gozzi, Carlo, Azot'see, an Italian play-writer of some distinction, specially for his witticisms. B. about 1720; d. 1806. Graaf, Regnier de, da graf, a Dutch surgeon; discoverer of “Graa- fian vesicles” of the mammalian ovary. B. 1641; d. 1673. Gracchus I., Tiberius Sempronius, Arrak's, an old Roman politician, noted for the interest he took in the poorer class of people of his day. B. 16S m. c.; d. 133. Caius Sempronius, a brother of Gracchus I., and like him for his liberality to the poor. B. about 159 B. c.; d. 121. Graevius, Johann Georg, gree'vi-us, a Ger. prof. that renounced Lu- theranism for Calvinism, but devoted most of his time to history and politics. B. 1632; d. 1703. Grafe, von, I., Karl Ferdinand fon grafeh, a Ger. physician and sur- geon; managed the military hospitals during Napoleon's wars. B. 17S7; d. 1840. Albrecht von, a Ger, eye doctor; “Blindness.” B. 1828; d. 1870. Alfred Karl, also a Ger. surgeon, and oculist. B. 1830. Graham, Isabella, gra'am, a Scotch public benefactor; founded many asylums for the poor. B. 1742; d. 1814. Graham, John, a Scottish lord and soldicr of some repute; left the country on account of his politics. B. 1643; d. 1689. Graham, Sylvester, an Am. reformer; prof. of medicine, and physi- ology; “Essay on Cholera.” B. 1794; d. 1851. Graham, Thomas, a Scotch prof. of chemistry, F. R. S.; attained fame for his chemical ability; “Elements of Chemistry.” B. 1Sos; d. 1S69. Graham, William Alexander, an Am. politician; became U.S. sen.; held governorship of N. C., and was secy, of navy, during Fillmore's administration. B. 1804. Grahame, James, a Scotch author and poet; “The Sabbath,” “Queen of Scots,” and the “British Georgies.” B. 1765; d. 1842. Grahame, James, a Scotch prof. of hist.; wrote some on social and religious questions; “Tales of my Landlord,” and “History of the U. S.” B. 1790; d. 1842. Gramont, Antoine III., gra'mou, a Fr. duke that flourished during the reigns of Louis XIII, and XIV. Philibert, a Fr. count and brother of Antoine III.; noted for his love of gambling; also a hero of fashion. B. 1621; d. 1707. Gramont, Antoine Agenor Alfred, a Fr. statesman; held high offices under the government. B. 1819. Granby, John Manners, gran'bi, an Eng. marquis and gen., having been com.-in-chief of the Brit. forces. IB. 1721; d. 1770. Grandpre, de, Louis Marie Joseph Ohier, deh £ron'pra', a Fr. count; traveler and explorer; opposer of the African slave trade. B. 1761; d. 1846. Grandville, Jean Ignace Isidore, a Fr. burlesque artist, distinguished for some of his political caricatures. B. 1So; d. 1847. Granger, Gideon, granjer, an Am. politician; became popular at the bar; was postmaster-gen., under Jefferson. B. 1767; d. 1822. Granger, Gordon, an Am. maj.-gen. that commanded post of Nash- ville, Tenn., war, 1861-5. D. lately. Granier, Adolphe Bernard, sometimes called A. Granier de Cassag- nac, gra-ne-e' deh ka'san'yak', a Fr. writer and historian; a defender of Victor Hugo. B. about 1Soó. Grant, Anne, grant, a Scottish writer; “Letters from the Mountains;” “Memoirs of an Amcrican Lady.” B. 1755; d. 1838. Grant, Sir Francis, a Scotch painter of considerable repute; his mas- terpieces are, “The Meet of his Majesty's Staghounds;” “Melton Hunt.” B. 1So?. Grant, James, a Scotch author; “The Romance of War;” “Jane Seton;” “Dick Itodney.” B. 1822. Grant, James Augustus, an Eng. explorer; wrote “A Walk across Africa, or Domestic Scenes from my Nile Journal.” B. 1S27. Grant, James, an Eng, writer; “Bench and the Bar;” “Travels in London;” “Our Heavenly Home.” B. 1806. Grant, Sir James Hope, a British general; famous for his services in China, for which he was made lieut.-gen., and com.-in-chief at Madras, 1861. B. 1SoS. Grant, Ulysses Simpson, 18th president of U.S., two terms, 1869-77; cducated at West Point; was 2d lieut. 4th regt. inf.; captain; adj.-gen. of Illinois; colonel 21st Ill. vols.; brig.-gen., lieut.-gen., and general of Am... armies; republican in politics; famous for his successes in the civil war between the North and South in the U.S., 1861-5; captured Fort Henry, on the Tenn. riv., and Fort Donelson, on the Cumberland, in 1862; def. at Shiloh Church, near Pittsburg Landing, by Gen. Sidney Johnston, where the latter was mortally wounded; but being rein- forced by Gen. Buell, drove the confederate army back to Corinth, which was afterward evacuated by the confederates, 29th May, 1862; this involved the fall of Fort Pillow, and Memphis, Tenn.; defeated Peinberton at Champion Hills, and at the Big Black, and forced the confederates to surrender Vicksburg, Miss., with 30,000 men, 4th July, 1863; Port IIudson, surrendered to Gen. Banks, and the Mississippi river was thus wrested from the confederates. Grant’s victories in the West, and Lee's defeat at Gettysburg, Penn., were decisive; de- feated Lee's confederate army at Five Forks, Va., 1st April, 1863; Lee evacuated Richmond and Petersburg in the night, April 2, and Lee's army surrendered to Grant at Appomatox C. II., on the 9th;Johnston's army surrendered 26th same month, 1S64, and so the greatest civil war of modern times was ended. Gen. Grant made a tour around the world, passing thro’ the great countries of the globe, and arrived back at San Francisco, Cal., 20 Sept., 1879. B. at Point Pleasant, O., 27 April, 1822. Granvelle, Antoine Perrenol, deh £ran'vel, a Span. noble, and poli- tician; drew up the treaty of peace between the emperor and the Ger. Protestants; later he became archbishop of Mechlin. B. 1517; d. 1586. Granville, George, gran'vil, an Eng. baron, author, and politician; became member of parliament, 1710; later published some of his works in prose and poetry. B. 1667; d. 1735. Granville, Granville George Leveson Gower, an Eng. earl and poli- tician; held the offices of member of parliament, secy. of state for the colonies, and finally secy, foreign affairs. B. 1815. Granville, John Carteret, an Eng. politician; held the office of am- bassador to Sweden, 171S; more noted as a linguist, and for his cour- age and activity. B. 1690; d. 1763. Grassmann, Hermann Gunther, gras'man, a celebrated Ger. prof. of mathematics. B. 1Sog. * Grawy, August Joseph Alphonse, gra'we', a French divine; vicar- gen. of Orleans. B. 1805; d. 1872. Gratian, Flavius, grat'an, Roman emperor; subdued the Germans, 378; utterly neglected the duties of government, and was assassinated. B. Sirmium, 359; d. Lyons, 3S3. Gratian, a monk of the Benedictine order; spent 20 years in compil- ing a canon law, known as the “Gratian's Decretal.” B. Chiusi, Tus- cany, 12th century. Grattan, IIenry, grat'an, Irish statesman and orator; M. P.; sccurcd the repeal of the statute of the sixth of George I., for which his country acknowledged his exertions by a gift of £50,000. B. Dublin, 1750; d. 1820. Grattan, Thomas Colley, grat'an, an Irish writer; secured a com. in the army, but later renounced it, “Philibert,” and “Legends of the Rhine.” B. 1796; d. 1S64. - Grattoni, Severina, grat-to'ne, a native of Italy, and quite a cele- brated engineer; assisted the progress of the Mont Cenis tunnel. B. 1816. s Graun, Karl IIenrich, grown, a Ger. musician; composer of 30 operas. B. 1701; d. 1759. Graves, Robert, graves, an Eng. sculptor. B. 1798; d. 1783. Gravesande, William Jacob van's, vans gra’veh-zan-deh, a Dutch prof. of philosophy; prof. of mathematics and astronomy, in the Leyden college. B. 1688; d. 1742. * Gravina, Giovanni Vincenzo, gra-vee'na, an It. lawyer and author; “Origin of the Civil Law;” “Roman Empire;” B. 1664; d. 171S. Gray, Asa, £ra, an Am. prof. of botany and natural hist. in Harvard college, “IIow Plants Grow,” “Lessons in Botany.” B. 1810. Gray, David, a Scotch writer of poetry; “The Luggie” is one of his best efforts. B. 1838; d. 1861. Gray, Henry Peters, an Am. artist; commenced his cducation in this country; later went to Europe to complete it; “Thou Art Gone,” the “Roman Girl,” and others. B. 1819. Gray, John Edward, an English prof. of natural hist.; presides over that department in the British museum. B. 1Soo. Gray, Geo. Robert, also a prof. of natural hist.; employed as asst. manager of the zoological department in British museum; B. 1SoS. Gray, Thomas, an Eng, writer of poetry; famed for his “Ode to -e-Q *t ~ S-- BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 263 Adversity,” “The Progress of Poesy,” and others. B. 1716; d. 1719. Graydon, Alexander, gra'don, an Am. writer, and a captain in the colonial army. B. 1752; d. 1818. Graziani, Francesco, grat-se-a'nce, an It. singer; among the best baritones of the day. B. 1829. Greatorex, Eliza, grat/rex, an Am. sketch artist, noted for some pen and ink drawings, at which she excelled. B. Manor Hamilton, Connaught, Ireland, IS20. Greatrakes, Valentine, grat'rakz, an ignorant Irish practitioner of medicine; made some study of divinity; later became justice of peace in Cork co. B. Affane, co. Waterford, 1628. Greaves, John, greevz, an Eng. prof. of mathematics; became prof. of astronomy at Oxford; wrote a Persian grammar. B. Hampshire, 1602; d. London, 1652. Greeley, Horace, gree'li, a celebrated Am. politician and writer; he early became a printer, and studied outside of office hours; went to N.Y. in Aug., 1831, with $1o in his pocket, and earned about $6 a week working on a small Testament, and in 1833 joined with Francis V. Story in printing a paper called the Morning Post, the first penny paper; afterward, Greeley was editor of the Wew Yorker till 1841; edited the Log Cabin, a IIarrison campaign organ; founded the N. Y. Tribune in 1841, with Thomas McElrath as partner; was M. C. from 1S4S to 1849; a disciple of Fourier; friend of laboring classes, and an abolitionist; made a journey overland to San Francisco, in 1859, being received gladly by the people on the route; instrumental in effecting Lincoln's nomination for the presidency, in 1860. At the opening of the great civil war of 1S61-5, he advocated a vigorous prosecution of it, and his paper started the cry of “On to Richmond.” When the strife was ended, he was for general amnesty and suffrage for the blacks as well as whites; signed Jefferson Davis' bond, when the latter was arrested; defeated for office of controller in N. Y., and was beaten by Cox for congress, 1870; was the liberal republican candidate for president, 1st May, 1872, and received at the election the electoral votes of most of the Southern states. After all, his busy life ended in a private asylum. Some of his writings are: “Political Economy;” “American Conflict,” and his famous “Recollections of a Busy Life.” Born of Scotch-Irish family, at Amherst, N. H., 1811; d. Pleasantville, N.Y., 1872, aged 61. Green, Ashbel, green, an Am. divine; prof. of math. and nat. hist. in college of N.J., until 1786, after which he followed the ministry, and later became pres. of Princeton college. B. Hanover, N.J., 1762; d. Phila., 1848. Green, Horace, an Am. prof. of medicine. d. Sing Sing, N.Y., 1866. Green, Jacob, an Am. writer, assisted in publishing a work on elec- tricity; later became prof. of nat, hist, and chemistry in the college of N.J. B. Phila., 1790; d. there, 1841. Green, Scth, an Am. ichthyologist, who for his services in this direc- tion is called the father of Am. fish culture. B. Rochester, N.Y., 1817. Greene, Christopher, green, an Am. commander, distinguished for the active part he took for freedom in the rev. war. B. Warwick, R.I., 1737; killed near Croton river, N. Y., 1781. Greene, George Washington, an Am. writer, and a grandson of Nathanael Green; “Ancient Geography, and History;” “Biographical Studies.” Born E. Greenwich, R.I., 1811. Greene, Nathanael, an Am. revolutionary hero, fought nobly for freedom; had a very successful career. B. Potowhommet, R.I., 1742; d. near Savannah, 1786. Greene, Nathaniel, an Am. writer; once cditor of the Concord Ga- 2ette, later the W. H. Gazette, and the Boston Statesman. B. Bos- cawen, N. H., 1797. - Greene, Charles Gordon, brother of the preceding, and an editor; as- sisted his brother on the Statesman, later he became sole prop. of that journal. B. Boscawen, N. II., 1Sot. Greene, Robert, a Brit. dramatist; his career was strictly as an au- thor; not always dramatic, but sometimes poetical; “Pandosto, or the IIistoric of Dorastus and Faunia.” B. at Ipswich, about 1560; d. Lon- don, 1592. - Greenough, Horatio, green'o, an Am. engraver; noted for his busts of John Quincy Adams, Chief Justice Marshall, and others. B. Boston, tŠoš; d. Somerville, near Boston, 1852. B. Chittenden, Vt., 1802; *--— *=-_ * = Greenwood, Francis William Pitt; an Am. divine; interested in bot- any, and conchology; “Lives of the Twelve Apostles.” B. Boston, 797; d. there, 1843. Greg, William Rathbone, grog, a Brit, author; “Truth vs. Edifica- tion,” “Essays on Political and Social Science.” B. 1812. Gregoire, Henri, gra'grwar', a native of France; a revolutionist and strong advocate of republican principles. B. Veho, near Luneville, 1750; d. Paris, 1831. Gregorovius, Ferdinand, greg'or-o-vi-us, a Ger, writer, many of his works being published in that language. B. Neidenburg, Pr., 1821. Gregory I., St., the Great, greg'o-ri, succeeded Pelagius II. B. about 540; d. Go!. II., St., succeeded to the papal chair 715; was a man of rare ability, and did great service to the Roman empire during his reign. B. the latter part of the 7th century; d. 731. III., succeeded Gregory II. to the chair; had an uneventful administration, it being of only 1o years' duration. D. 741. IV., a native of Rome; succeeded to the papal chair in S27; was much respected for his learning. D. 844. Gregory V., Bruno, a Saxon; his administration was troubled by Piacenza, who later became anti-pope; Bruno served 3 years. D. 999. VI., John Gratianus, a Roman; became pope 1045. D. 1047. Gregory VII., IIildebrand, St., a Tuscan; educated in a Roman abbey; later had control of the abbey of St. Paul, and confidential ad- viser of Leo IX.; finally became pope; had a very eventful administra- tion. B. Soano, Tuscany, about 1018; d. Salerno, IoS5. VIII., Alberto de Mora, followed Urban III. to the papal chair, 1187; d. 1187. Gregory IX., Ugolino, succeeded to popedom 1227; noted for his long war with Frederick II.; d. Rome, 1241. X., Tebaldo Visconti, became cardinal; later papal legate in Palestine; became pope, 1271. B. in Piacenza, about 1209; d. Arezzo, 1276. Gregory XI., Pierre Roger, became pope 137o; denounced the teach- ings of Wycliffe. B. Lower Limousin, 1329; d. 1378. XII., Angelo Corario, made pope 1406. B. Venice, about 1325; d. Recanati, 1417. Gregory XIII., Ugo Buoncompagni, noted as a prof. of civil and canonical jurisprudence; became pope, 1572. B. Bologna, 1502; d. 1585. XIV., Nicolo Sfondrati, made pope, 1590. B. Cremona; d. 1591. XV., Alessandro Ludovico, became pope, 1621. B. Bologna, 1554; d. 1623. Gregory XVI., Bartolommea Alberto Capellari, of some note as an orientalist; a prof. of theology; also meddled with the church affairs of the U. S. B. in Bellimo, 1765; made pope, 1831; d. Rome, 1846. Gregory, James, a Scotch prof. of astronomy and mathematics; in- ventor of a reflecting telescope. B. Drumoak, Aberdeenshire, 1638; d. Edinburgh, 1675. Gregory, David, like the preceding, as his uncle, was a noted mathe- matician; appointed prof. of astronomy at Oxford. B. Aberdeen, 1661; d. about 1710. Gregory, John, a prof. of medicine and author; “Elements of the Practice of Physic;” was a grandson of James Gregory. B. Aberdeen, 1724; d. Edinburgh, 1773. Gregory, Olinthus Gilbert, an Eng. prof. of math. and astronomy; “Use of the Sliding Rule,” and a “Treatise on Astronomy.” B. Yax- ley, Huntingdonshire, 1774; d. Woolwich, IS41. Gregory, the Illuminator, a church saint. B. 257; d. 332. Gregory, Nazianzen, a saint of the church; made bishop of Nazian- zus in Cappadocia; later bishop of Sasima. B. about 328; d. about 389. Gregory, of Nyssa, a saint, and father of the church; made bishop of Nyssa. B. Cappadocia, about 331; d. about 400. Gregory, Thaumaturgus, a saint of the church; called Gregory of Neo-Caesarea, also the wonder-worker. B. Neo-Caesarea, about 21o; d. there, about 270. Gregory of Tours, a Roman Catholic saint; elected bishop of Tours. B. Auvergne, about 540; d. in Tours, 595. Greiner, John, gree'ner, an Am. writer and politician; “Old Zip Coon;” became gov. of New Mexico; later editor of the Zanesville (O.) Times. B. Philadelphia, 1810; d. Toledo, O., 1871. Grellet, Stephen, & rel-la, a teacher of Quakerism; originally a Catholic; received a military education in France. I?. France, 1773; d. Burlington, N.J., 1855. V Grenville, George, gren'vil, an Eng. politician; supposed to have been the author of the famous stamp act. B. 1712; d. 1770. Grenville, Greenville, or Granville, Sir Richard, a commander in the – 264 Eng. navy; a relative of Sir Walter Raleigh; was eventually killed in a naval battle with the Spaniards. B. Eng., 1540; d. at sea, 1591. Grevy, Francois Paul Jules, gra-ve', president of France, fr. 1871 to 1873; an opponent to Bonapartism and socialism. B. Mont-sous-Vau- drcz..Jura, 1813. Grey, Charles, Earl, gra, a noted English politician; once prime minister of England. B. 1764; d. 1845. Grey, Lady Jane, a noble and talented, but unfortunate, English lady, that unwillingly accepted the crown of England; and after a reign of nine days was declared guilty of high treason and guillotined. B. Bradgate Hall, Leicestershire, 1537; cxecuted, 1554. Gresham, Sir Thomas, gresh'am, an English merchant; son of Sir Richard Gresham. B. 1519; d. 1579. Gresset, John Baptist Louis, gra-sa', a Fr. dramatist and poet; a great favorite in Parisian circles. B. 1709; d. 1777. Gretry, Andrew Ernest Modestus, gra-tre’, a celebrated French musical composer. B. Liege, 1744; d. 1813. Greville, Sir Fulke, Lord Brooke, grevil, an English poet and his- torian; contemporary of Shakspeare and Jonson. B. Beauchamp's Court, Warwickshire, 1554; d. 1628. Griffin, Gerald, griffin, a popula: Irish poet and novelist. B. 1803; d. 1840. • Gridley, Jeremiah, grid/li, an Am. jurist. B. 1705; d. 1767. Griesbach, Johann Jakob, grees'bak, a Ger, theologian and critic. B. Butzbach, 1745; d. 1812. Grijalva, de Juan, da gre-hal’va, a Spanish navigator. B. Cuellar, Old Castile, 1476; d. 1527. Grillparzer, Franz, gril/par-tser, a German poet and dramatist. B. 1791; d. 1872. - Grimke, Thomas Smith, grim'ke, an Am. philanthropist and scholar. B. 1786; d. 1834. - Grimm, Friedrich Melchior, grim, a Ger, author. B. Ratisbon, 1723; d. Gotha, 1So?. Grimshaw, William, grim'shaw, an Am. writer; his writings are principally various kinds of school books. B. 1782; d. 1852. Grinnell, Henry, grin'nel, a merchant widely known on account of the interest he took in the search for Sir John Franklin. D. 1874. Griscom, the Faster. . See TANNER. Grisebach, August Heinrich Rudolf, gree'zeh-bak, a Ger. vegetable anatomist. B. 1814. Griswold, Rufus Wilmot, Ariz'wuld, an Am. writer. B. d. 1857. Grocyn, William, gro'sin, an English scholar; prof. of Greek at Ox- ford. B. 1442; d. 1519. Groot, Gerhard, grot, a philosopher and theologian; founder of sect called “Brethren and Clerks of the Common Life.” B. 1340; d. 1384. Grosse, Julius Waldemar, gro'seh, a Ger. prose writer. B. 1828. Grosseteste, Robert, Arros' test, a British philosopher and theologian. B. 1175; d. 1253. Grose, Francis, grose, an antiquary; noted for his wit and good nat- ure. B. Richmond, Surrey, 1731; d. 1791. Grotius, Hugo, gro'shi-us, an eminent Dutch advocate. B. Delft, Holland, 1583; d. Rostock, 1645. Grundy, Felix, grun'di, an Am. statesman; was senator during Jack- son's administration. B. Berkeley co., Va., 1777; d. 1840. Grynaeus, Simon, gre-ma'oos, a German theologian and Hellenist. B. Veringen, Swabia, 1493; d. 1541. Gryphius, Andreas, gree fe-oos, a celebrated German poet and dram- atist; of such merit that he has been compared with Shakspeare. B. Grose Glogan, 1616; d. there, 1664. Guadet, Marguerite Elie, gra-da’, an orator and leading Girondist, of French descent. IB. 1758; d. 1794. • Guarini, Giovanni Battista, grwa-ree'nee; an Italian poet and drama- tist. B. Ferrara, 1537; d. Venice, 1612. Guarneri, Guiseppo Antonio, grwar-ma'ree, a celebrated musical instrument maker; his violin commands a high price among ama- teurs. B. 1683; d. 1745. Guatimozin, grwa-te-mo'zin, last Aztec emperor of Mexico. B. 1497; d. 1525. d: Arwelf, a noble German family, originally Italian; may be traced back to the 9th century. 1815; BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. Gueneau de Montbeliard, Philibert, Aga'no' deh mon'ba'le-ar', a French economist and naturalist. B. 1720; d. 17S5. * Guenee, Antoine, gra-na', French clergyman and ecclesiastic writer. B. 1717; d. 1803. Guerclno, Giovanni Francesco Barbieri, Arwer-chee'no, an It. artist; frescoes and paintings of sacred scenes. B. Cento, 1590; d. Bo- logna, 1666. Guericke, Heinrich Ernst Ferdinand, ga'rik-eh, German clergyman and theologian. B. Wettin, Prussia, 1803; d. 1878. Guericke, Otto von, fon ga'rik-eh, German philosopher, inventor and astronomer; invented the air pump, 1650; one of the first to declare that the return of comets might be determined by calculation. B. Magdeburg, 1602; d. Hamburg, 1686. Guerin, Jean Baptiste Paulin, ga-ran’, French artist; painted many celebrated pieces from sacred scenes; “Descent from the Cross.” B. Toulon, 1783; d. Paris, 1855. Guerin-Meneville, Felix Edouard, ga-ran'man-ve!", Fr. entomolo- gist; inspector gen. in silk culture. B. Toulon, 1799; d. Paris, 1874. Gueroult, Adolphe, £er-alt', French writer and journalist; consul at Mazatlan and Jassy. B. Radepont, 1Sio; d. Paris, 1872. Guerrazzi, Francesco Domenico, gwer-rat'see, It, political writer and statesman. B. Leghorn, 1805; d. Rome, 1873. Guerrero, Vincente, £er-ra'ro, mulatto president and dictator of Mexico; through the treachery of a friend he was betrayed to his ene- mics, and by them shot. B. Tixtla, 1770; d. Cailapa, 1831. Guess, George, gess, a half-breed Indian of the Cherokee Nation; in- vented an alphabet of the Cherokee language, consisting of 85 charac- ters. B. 1770; d. San Fernando, Mex., 1843. Guettee, Wladimir, ga-ta, Fr. historical writer and author. B. Blois about 1815. Guettard, Jean Etienne, ga-tar', Fr. naturalist, making mineralogy and botany specialties. B. 1715; d. 1786. Guggenbuhl, Louis, Agujen-bel", Swiss physician and philanthropist. B. Zurich, 1816; d. 1863. Guicciardini, Francesco, £wet-char-dee'nee, an It, historical writer; gov. of Modena and Reggio; “History of Italy.” B. Florence, 1482; d. there, 1540. Guiccioli, Theresa, grwet-clo/lee, countess; friend of Lord Byron. B. 1802; d. Rome, 1873. Guido Reni, 4 wee’do ra'nee, It. artist, making sacred scenes a spe- cialty; “Massacre of the Innocents.” B. near Bologna, 1575; d. there, 1642. Guignes, Joseph de, deh green, Fr. scholar and Orientalist; contended that the Chinese were originally from Egypt. B. Pontoise, 1721; d. Paris, 1800. Guigniaut, Joseph Daniel, gen/ye-o', Fr. archaeologist and scholar B. 1794; d. 1876. Guillard, Nicolas Francois, ge-yar', Fr. poet, making lyrics a par- ticular study. B. 1752; d. 1814. Guillim, John, gui'im', Eng. heraldic writer; “The Display of Heraldry.” B. Herefordshire, 1565; d. London, 1621. Guillotin, Joseph Ignace, geyo-tan', Fr. scientist and physician; pro- posed that decapitation should be a substitute for hanging; this was adopted, and the guillotine was constructed. B. Saintes, 1738; d. Paris, 1814. Guilmeth, Alexandre Auguste, gel-met', Fr. antiquary and scientist; “Historical Description of Normandy.” B. Brionne, Eure, 1807. Guinand, N., ge-mon', Swiss optician and manufacturer of telescopes. B. Neufchatel, 1745; d. 1825. Guiscard, Robert, ges-kar', Norman leader in successful conquests; founder of Naples; duke of Calabria and Apulia. I?. Iol 5; d. at sea, 1085. Guischard, Karl Gottlieb, ge-shar', Ger. author and colonel in army of Frederick the Great. B. Magdeburg, 1724; d. Berlin, 1775. Guise, Claude de Lorraine, deh graveer, first duke of. B. 1496; d. 1550. G. Francois de Lorraine, second duke of; distinguished as a military commander. B. Castle of Bar, 1519; d. 1563. G. Henri de Lorraine, third duke of; instigated the awful massacre of St. Bar- tholomew's day, 1572; assassinated by order k. Henry III. B. 1550; d. Blois, 1583. G. Charles de Lorraine, fourth duke of; gov. of Pro- vence. B. 1571; d. 1640. G. Henri II. de Lorraine, fifth duke of. r *==__ -v- BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 265 "---- B. Blois, 1614; d. 1664. G. Louis Joseph de Lorraine, last duke of. spent many years as a missionary and secretary of the British plenipo- B. 1630; d. 1671. G. Louis de Lorraine, cardinal, 1578; assassinated tentiary, in China; “History of the Chinese Empire.” B. Pyritz, by order of Henry III. B. Dampierre, 1555; d. Bois, 1588. G. Louis Pomerania, 1803; d. Victoria, Hong Kong, 1851. de Lorraine, cardinal, 1615. B. 15So; d. 1621. Guy, Seymour Joseph, gi, Am. artist, making genre pictures a spe- Guiteau, Charles J., ge’to, a crazy individual who assassinated James cialty; “Baby's Bedtime;” “Trying on Borrowed Robes.” B. Eng- A. Garfield, pres. of U. S., July 2, 1881. Hanged, June 31, 1882. land, 1824. Guizot, Francois Pierre Guillaume, ge-zo', Fr. historian and politi- Guy, Thomas, Eng. benefactor; erected a hospital at Southwark, at cian; member chamber of deputies; amb. to Eng.: “Hist. of Spain.” a cost of about $94,000, and left over a million dollars for an endow- B. Nimes, 1787; d. Paris, 1874. ment fund; besides this institution he constructed and endowed many Gummere, John, gum-er-t, Am. scholar and mathematician. B. 1784; other asylums for the poor and distressed. B. Horsleydown, 1643; d. d. 1845. London, 1724. • Gunderode, Karoline, von, fon Agun'deh-ro-deh, Ger, poet; committed Guyon, Jeanne Marie Bouvier de la Motte, gi'on, Fr. author and suicide, 1806. B. Carlsruhe, 17So; d. 1806. mystic; after many struggles, triumphs and defeats in support of her Gunter, Edmund, grun'ter. Eng. mathematician and astronomer; de- peculiar views, she was imprisoned in the Bastile, and afterward ban vised the quadrant, chain called “Gunter's Chain,” etc., used by ished to Diziers. B. Montargis, 1648; d. Blois, 1717. - surveyors; his name is most celebrated for the devices above enumer- Guyot, Arnold Henry, ge'o', Swiss-American geographer and natur- ated. B. Hertfordshire, 1581; d. London, 1626. alist; discovered the laminated structure of glaciers; “Physical Geog. Gunther, Anton, gun'ter, Ger. theologian and philosopher. B. Lin. raphy,” B. Neufchatel, Switzerland, 1807. denau, Bohemia, 1785; d. Vienna, 1863. Guyton, de Morvean, Louis Bernard, gwe'ton deh mor'vo', French Gurley, Ralph Randolph, gur’ley, Am. divine and philanthropist; chemist and author; was first to suggest a new plan of chemical no- assisted in organizing the Liberian gov. in Africa. B. Lebanon, menclature. B. Dijon, 1737; d. Paris, 1816. Ct., 1797; d. Washington, 1872. Gwinnett, Button, guin'et, Am. revolutionary patriot; member con- Gurney, Sir Goldworthy, gur’ni, Eng. chemist and inventor; invented gress, 1776-7; one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence. several chemical lights, oil vapor, lime and magnesium; also the high B. England, 1732; d. Georgia, 1777. pressure steam jet; his inventions were very useful and numerous. B. Gwynn, or Gwinn, Eleanor, gwin, mistress of Charles II., of Eng.; Cornwall, 1793; d. 1875. through her influence the Chelsea hospital was built for disabled sol- Gurney, Joseph John, Eng. missionary and philanthropist; labored, diers by her master. B. London about 1650; d. there, 1690. in conjunction with his sister Mrs. Eliz. Fry, for the reform in prison Gyrowetz, Adalbert, ge'ro-vets, Bohemian musical author and com- management. B. Earlhamdhall, near Norwich, 17SS; d. there, 1847. poser. B. Budweis, 1753; d. Vienna, 1850. Gurowski, Adam, count, goo-rov'skee, Polish patriot and author; condemned to death for participating in the Warsaw insurrection, but (3. —-9s H 22– sentence was suspended; came to the U.S. in 1S61; “Russia as It Is;” “Slavery in History.” B. Rusocice, in Kalisz, 1805; d. Washington, Haak, Theodore, hauk, a German writer that translated the Dutch D.C., 1866. “Annotations of the Bible,” and was one of the founders of the Royal Gurwood, John, ger'wood, Eng. military officer; the hero at Cindad Society. B. Newhausen, 1605; d. 1690. Rodrigo, who lead the Eng. forces to victory; after Waterloo he was Haas, Johann Matthias, hass, a German writer of history. B. 1684; raised to the rank of colonel; committed suicide during temporary ab- d. 1742. r beration, from the effects of a severe wound. B. 1791; d. Brighton, 1845. Haas, William, German letter-founder and inventor at Basle, that Gustavus I., gus-ta'vus, Gustavus Vasa, king of Sweden; accepted improved the art of printing by the invention of a balance-press, etc. the title of king, 1523; he excluded the Catholics and introduced the D. 1800. Lutheran element; wars with Russia, Christian II., and a peasant Haase, Heinrich Gottlob Friedrich Christian, ha'zeh, a German * insurrection occupied most of the time of his reign. B. Castle of philologist. B. 1808; d. 1867. Lindholm, 1496; d. Stockholm, 1560. Habakkuk, hab'bak-kuk, one of the 12 minor prophets that lived in Gustavus II., Adolphus, or Gustavus Adolphus, king of Sweden; the reign of Jehoiakim, and contemporary with Jeremiah; probably re- declared war against emp. of Ger., defeated Ferdinand's greatest, gen., mained in Judaca, and died there. Tilly; this semi-religious war was carried on until the battle of Lutzen, Habeneck, Antoine Francois, ab'nek', a Fr. mus. composer. B. when Gustavus was killed; he is considered the Protestant hero of Mezicres, 1781; d. Paris, 1849. Germany. B. Stockholm, 1594; d. Lutzen, 1632. Haberlin, Franz Dominicus, ha'ber-lin, a Ger. writer of history. B. Gustavus III, king of Sweden; ascended the throne, 1771; his first 1720, d. 1787. act was to unite the contending elements at home by force; went to Eabert, Germain, a-ber’, French poet. D. 1655. war against Russia and concluded an honorable peace. Shot at a mas- IIabert, Pierre Joseph, baron; French commander. B. 1773; d. 1825. querade ball by Anckarstroem, a tool of some nobles. B. Stockholm, Habicht, Christian Maximilian, ha'biit, an orientalist of Germany. 1746; d. there, 1792. B. 1775; d. 1839. Gustavus IV., Adolphus, king of Sweden; proclaimed k. 1792; be- IIabington, Thomas, hab'ing-ton, an English gentleman of landed came insane after reigning a few years; he prevented the decree of de- property. B. 1560; d. 1647. thronement, by abdicating, 1809. B. 1778; d. St. Gall, 1837. Hachette, Jean Nicholas Pierre, d-shet', a French scientist. B. Gutenberg, Johann, Aroo'ten-berg, a German who is reputed to be the Mezieres, 1769; d. Paris, 1834. inventor of printing; his history is more or less vague and uncertain; Hackert, Philipp, hak'ert, a German artist. B. Prenzlau, 1737; d. Faust and Schaffer claimed the invention of printing as their own, but near Florence, 1807. the belief is now almost universal that Gutenberg was the inventor. B. Hacket, John, hak'et, an Eng. divine. B. 1592; d. 1670. Mentz, Ger., about 1400; d. there, 146S. Hackett, Horatio Balch, an American theologian. B. 1SoS; d. 1875. Guthrie, Thomas, guth'ri, British philanthropist and temperance Hackett, James Henry, an American play-actor; greatest Falstaff. worker. B. Brechin, Forfarshire, 1803; d. St. Leonards, Fife- B. New York, 1Soo; d. Jamaica, 1871. shire, 1873. Hacklander, von, Friedrich Wilhelm, fon hak'len-der, a German Guts-Muths, Johann Christoph Friedrich, goots-moots, founder of the writer. B. Burtscheid, 1816; d. 1877. Ger. turnwesen, or system of calisthenics. B. Quedlinburg, 1759; d. Hacquet, Balthasar, hak'ka, eminent naturalist. B. 1740; d. 1815. Schnepfenthal, 1839. Hadji Khalfa, haffee kalfa, a Turkish writer of history. B. Con- Gutzkow, Karl Ferdinand, goots'ko, Ger. novelist and writer; one of stantinople; d. there, 1658. his most celebrated and popular novels was published in 1850-52; “Die Hadley, James, had"li, an Am. scientist and Greek prof. B. Fairfield, s Ritter vom Geiste.” B. Berlin, 1811; d. Frankfort, 1878. N. Y., 1821; d. New Haven, 1872. Gutzlaff, Karl, guts'laf, Ger. writer, missionary, and Chinese scholar; Hadley, John, Eng. philosopher and astronomer. D. 1744. *~!- *- *|G-: -E- 266 Hadrian, ha'dri-an, an emperor of Rome. B. Rome, 76; d. 138. Haeckel, Ernst Heinrich, hek'el, a naturalist, of Germany. B. Pots- dam, 1834. Haen van, Antoon, van han, a Ger. physicist. B. 1704; d. 1776. Hafiz, Mohammed Shemseddin, halfiz, a popular poet of Persia. B. Shiraz, 1300; d. 1390. JHagedorn, Christian Ludwig, hag'eh-dorn, a Ger. author and art critic. B. 1713; d. 17So. Hagedorm von, Friedrich, fon hag'eh-dorn, celebrated writer of Ger. poetry. B. Hamburg, 1708; d. 1754. Hagen, Ernst August, ha'gen, a Ger. art writer. B. Konigsburg, 1797. Hagen von der, Friedrich IIeinrich, fon der ha'gen, a Ger. philoso- pher. B. 17So; d. 1856. Hagenbach, Karl Rudolf, hagen-bak, a Ger. writer of history. B. Basel, 1Sor; d. there, 1874. - IIager von, Joseph, for ha'ger, a Ger. author and prof. of languages. B. Milan, 1750; d. 1820. Haghe, Louis, hag, an Eng. artist. B. 1So2. Hahn, August, han, Ger. Biblical scholar. B. 1792; d. 1863. Hahn, Philipp Matthaus, a Ger. inventor and mechanical genius. B. 1739; d. 1790. Hahnel, Ernst Julius, ha'mel, a sculptor of Germany. B. 1811. Hahn-Hahn von, Ida Marie Luise Sophie Friederike Gustava, countess, fon han'hān, a Ger, composer. B. Tressow, 1805. Hahnemann, Samuel Christian Friedrich, ha'neh-man, a Ger. phys- icist, and founder of the system of medicine known as 1 Iomoeopathy; “Organon of the Healing Art,” “Chronic Diseases, their Peculiar Nature and Homoeopathic Cure.” B. Meissen, 1755; d. Paris, 1843. Haidinger, Wilhelm, hi’ding-er, a Ger. naturalist. B. 1795; d. 1871. Hakluyt, Richard, hak'loot, an Eng. cosmographic historian; trans- lated from the Spanish “Leo's Geographical History of Africa;” his principal works, “Voyages and Discoveries of tit English Nation.” B. Eyton, 1553; d. 1616. Halbig, Johann, hal'big', a Ger, artist. B. Donnersdorf, 1814. Haldane, Robert, hal'dan, a philanthropist of Scotland. B. 1764; d. 1842. Haldeman, Samuel Stehman, hol"de-man, Am. scientist. B. Colum- bia, 1812. Hale, Benjamin, hal, an Am. minister of the Congregationalist denom- ination; prof. in Dartmouth college; pres. Hobart college, Geneva, N. Y. B. Newburyport, Mass., 1797; d. there, 1863. Hale, Edward Everett, hal, an Am, divine and author. B. Bos- ton, 1822. Hale, John Parker, an Am. politician. B. Rochester, 1806; d. Do- ver, 1873. Hale, Sir Matthew, Eng. judge and author; exemplary Christian; wrote “Contemplations, Moral and Divine.” B. Alderly, in Glouces- tershire, 1609; d. there, 1676. Hale, Captain Nathan, a patriotic Am. soldier and officer in the rev. war. B. Coventry, 1755; d. N. Y., 1776. Hale, Nathan, an Am. journalist, son of Capt. Hale; graduate of Williams college; one of the founders of the North American Review, and Christian Examiner. B. Westhampton, Mass., 1784; d. Brook- line, 1S63. IHale, Sarah Josepha, an Am. writer. B. Ncwport, 1795; d. 1879. Hales, John, halz, an Eng. Biblical scholar, called “the ever-memor- able.” B. Bath, 1584; d. 1656. * Halevy, Jacques Francois Fromental Elie., a-la-ve', a Fr. author. B. Paris, 1799; d. Nice, 1862. * Halford, Sir Henry, halford, an eminent Eng, physicist. B. Leices- ter, 1766; d. London, 1844. Haliburton, Thomas Chandler, hal’i-öur-ton, an author, wit and humorist; produced “Sam Slick.” B. Windsor, 1So2; d. Isle- worth, 1865. Halifax, Charles Montagu, earl of, hal’i-faks, an English poet and statesman. I3. Horton, 1661; d. 1715. Halifax, George Saville, marquis of, an English politician. B. 1630; d. 1695. Hall, Anna Maria Ficlqing, hall, an Irish novelist; wife of Samuel Carter Hall, and greatly aided him in his literary labors. B. Dublin, 1805. BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. Hall, Basil, a distinguished Scotch writer and voyager. B. Edinburgh, 1788; d. Gosport, 1844. Hall, Charles Francis, an Am. explorer of the arctic regions; left London in 1S60, in search of Sir John Franklin; became acquainted with Esquimaux life during a two-years' sojourn, and returned from the icy regions to the United States, and prepared liis book on “Arctic Researches, and Life among the Esquimaux,” 1864. Another expedi- tion was made in the next five years, 1864-9; nothing was discovered to show that Franklin's party, or any of it, were still alive. Aided by congress, he set out for the open polar sea, a vessel called the Polaris being fitted for the journey, leaving New York in June, 1871; the steamer reached probably as far north as any expedition has yet gone, by the 30th of Aug., 1871; after terrible and long exposure, the Polaris party, or what was left of it, reached the U.S., 1873, Hall having died in Greenland, 1871. B. Rochester, N. II., 1821. Hall, Dominick Augustine, an Am. lawyer and judge in Louisiana. B. in South Carolina, 1765; d. New Orleans, 1820. Hall, Gordon, an Am. missionary in India; pub. “Appeal in behalf of the Heathen.” B. at West Granville (Tolland), Mass., 1826; d. lately. Hall, James, an Am. advocate and writer. B. Philadelphia, 1793; d. Cincinnati, 1868. Hall, James, an Am. scientist. B. Hingham, 1811. Hall, John, an Am. divine; licensed to preach at 20; preached funcral sermon of chief-justice Chase; universally regarded as an elo- quent preacher. B. Armagh, Ireland, 1829. Rall, Joseph, an English divine and poet. B. 1574; d. 1656. Hall, Lyman, an Am. delegate to congress in 1775; signer of the Dec- laration of Independence, and governor of Georgia in 1783. B. Conn., about 1731; d. in his 60th year. Hall, Marshall, an Eng. physicist. B. 1790; d. 1857. Hall, Newman, an Eng. writer and dissenting clergyman. B. 1816. Hall, Robert, an Eng. dissenting Baptist minister and author. B. Arnsby, 1764; d. Bristol, 1831. * Hall, Samuel Carter, an Eng, composer and journalist. B. Top- sham, 1800. Hallam, Arthur Henry, hal'am, an Eng. writer of poetry, son of II. PIallam. B. London, 1811; d. Vienna, 1833. Hallam, IIenry, an Eng. linguist and historian. B. Windsor, 1777; d. Penshurst, 1859. Halle, Jean Noel, al-la', a Fr. physicist. B. 1754; d. 1822. Balleck, Fitz-Greene, hal'ek, an Am. writer of poetry. B. Guilford, Conn., 1790; d. there, 1867. Halleck, Henry Wager, an Am. author and general. B. Waterville, 1815; d. Louisville, 1872. Haller, von, Albrecht, fon haller, a Swiss anatomist and poet. B. Berne, 17oS; d. there, 1777. Halley, Edmund, a celebrated British astronomer; at age of 19 he gave to the world a direct geometrical method of finding the aphelia and cccentricity of planets, in 16S6 was intrusted with the publication of the Principia by Newton, to which he affixed a copy of Latin verses; in 1608–9 made two extensive voyages to ascertain the varia- tions of the compass; in 1703 employed by the emperor to survey the coast of Dalmatia; in 1705 made public his valuable researches on the orbits of comets, one of which latter is known as Halley's comet; in 1713 was made secretary of the Royal Society, and in 1719 he succeeded Flamsteed as astronomer royal. B. at Haggerston, near London, 1656; d. in his chair, without a groan, in London, 1742. Halliwell, James Orchard, hal’i-wel, an Eng. writer of antiquitics. B. Chelsea, 1820. Hals, Franciscus, hals, a Dutch artist. B. Mechlin, 1584; d. IIaar- lem, 1666. Halstead, Murat, hazvl'sted, an Am. editor; Cincinnati Commercial. B. Ross, Butler co., O., 1829. Halyburton, Thomas, hal-i-bur-ton, a Scottish minister; published “Inquiry into the Principles of Modern Deists.” B. Dupplin, 1674; d. St. Andrews, 1712. Ham, ham, the youngest son of Noah. Africa in general and Egypt in particular, are called the land of Harn. Hamaker, Hendrik Arens, ha'ma-ker, a German Orientalist. B. 17S9; d. 1835. Haman, ha'man, a wicked and ambitious courtier that became prime –=m-" *- ~~~|*r =: minister of Ahasuerus, a Persian monarch; he aimed to destroy Mor- decai, a Jew in an humble station at court, because the latter refused to pay him the homage that his pride and vain-glory craved, and to accomplish his purpose, Haman was willing to sacrifice the whole body of Jews that were then scattered throughout the Persian domin- ions. IIc succeeded, by falsehood and intrigue, in obtaining a decree for this cruel purpose, but the queen interposed for their deliverance, and IIaman ended his career on the very gibbet that he had caused to be prepared for the execution of Mordecai. Hamann, Johann Georg, ha'man, a German writer; wrote under the name of the Magnus of the North. B. Konigsberg, 1730; d. Mun- ster, 1788. Hamberger, Georg Erhard, ham'berg'er, a German physicist. B. 1697; d. 1755. Hamerton, Philip Gilbert, ham'er-ton, an Eng. writer; originated new method of etching. B. Manchester, 1834. Hamilcar Barca, ha-mil'kar bar'ka, the greatest commander of the Carthagenians; IIannibal's father. D. m. c. 229. Hamilton, Alexander, ham'il-ton, a distinguished Am. statesman; sccretary of the treasury under Washington, 1789; commander-in-chief of the army, 1799; mortally wounded in duel by Aaron Burr. B. Nevis, 1757; d. N. Y. 1So!. Hamilton, Count Anthony, a French author, of Irish extraction. B. Ireland, 1646; d. 1720. Hamilton, Sir William, a Scotch ontologist and philosopher; a great metaphysician. B. Glasgow, 1788; d. Edinburg, 1856. Hamilton, Sir William, a Brit. writer of antiquities. B. Scotland, 1730; d. London, 1So?. Hamilton, Sir William Rowan, an Irish student and astronomer. B. Dublin, 1805; d. Dunsink, 1865. Hamlin, Hannibal, ham'lin, an Am. politician and statesman; vice- pres, of U.S. 1S60; M. C. twice; U. S. senator twice; gov. of Maine. B. Paris, Me., 1809. Bamline, Leonidas Lent, ham'line, an Am. bishop; defended the doctrine of sanctification according to Wesley. B. Burlington, Ct., 1797; d. Mt. Pleasant, Iowa, 1865. Hammer, Julius, a German writer on philosophy and aesthetics. B. Dresden, 1810; d. Pilnitz, 1862. Hammerich, Frederik Peder Adolf, ham’eh-rik, a Danish writer. B. 1Soo; d. 1877. Hammer-Purgstall, von Joseph, baron, fon ham'er-poorg'stal, a Ger. linguist and historian. B. Gratz, 1774; d. Vienna, 1856. Hammond, William Alexander, ham'ond, an Am. doctor of medi- cine. B. Annapolis, 1828. Hamon, Jean Louis, a-mon', a Fr. artist. B. Plouha, 1S21; d. 1874. Hampden, John, hamp'den, an Eng. politician; resisted the “ship- money” tax imposed by Charles I. B. London, 1594; d. Thame, 1643. Hampden, Renn Dickson, an English divine and scholar. B. Barba- does, 1793; d. London, 1S68. Hampton, Wade, hamp'den, an Am. maj.-gen. in revolutionary war; M. C. twice, 1794 and 1So2; owned thousands of slaves in S. C., where he was born in 1755; d. Columbia, 1835. - Hampton, Wade, an Am. (confederate) lieut.-gen.; wounded in bat- tles of IBull Run, Seven Pines, and Gettysburg; gov. S. C. twice, 1876 and 1878; U. S. senator. B. Columbia, S. C., March 18, 1818. Hancock, John, han’kok, an influential Am. statesman whose name headed the list on the Declaration of Independence; graduated from Harvard, 1754, being but 17 years of age; at the age of 24 he was sent to London on a commercial mission, and two years later received the in- heritance of his uncle's property, who died one of the wealthiest men of New England. He became a popular leader in society, and in 1766 he received the representation of Boston in the state assembly, and in 1774 delivered the annual oration commemorative of the Boston massacre; after aiding in forming a new constitution for Massachusetts, he was chosen chief magistrate, which position he held most of the remainder of his life; he was called “arch rebel” on account of his wide influence and bold patriotic sentiments. B. Quincy, Mass., 1737; d. 1793. Hancock, Winfield Scott, an American general; educated at West Point; appointed lieut.-gen. for meritorious conduct in battles of Con- treras and Churubusco; wounded at the battle of Gettysburg and re- ceived the thanks of congress for excellent commandership, nominated for the presidency by the Democratic national convention in N. Y. city, 1SSo; defeated by James A. Garfield. B. Montgomery co., Penn., 1824. Handel, George Frederick, han'del, an illustrious Ger, composer; in- tended for a lawyer; practiced by stealth at night on a small clavi. chord; at seven years old his father took him to Weissenfels, where the duke, accidentally hearing him play the organ, interceded with his father, and music was added to his studies; progressed rapidly, and at ten years composed a set of sonatas; at 11 was presented to the king of Prussia, who offered him an education in Italy; at 17 was installed or- ganist at the Halle; in 1703, receiving his mother's sanction, he aban- doned all idea of the law and went to Hanover and IIamburgh, where his first operas were produced; he composed “Rinaldo” in two weeks, the publisher clearing £1,500; in 1713 received a pension of £200 per annum for the Utrecht “Te Deum" and “Jubilate,” losing the king's favor thereby, he regained it by his beautiful “Water Music,” performed during a royal procession; composed Queen Caroline's funeral anthem, one of his grandest works, in five days; “Saul " and “Israel,” 1739; the “Messiah,” first performed in Dublin. While writing “Jepthah” his sight failed, and during its performance in 1752 he was led into the orchestra blind; unequaled in sacred compo- sition; he solved the difficulty of dispensing with scenic effects by the force and raaj-sty of his conceptions; Pope calls him “Giant IIandel,” and Beethoven deemed him the greatest composer that ever lived. B. in IIalle, 1685; d. London, 1759; buried in Westminster Abbey. IIaneberg, Daniel, hān'e-berg, a Ger. prof. of theology, and minister. B. Tanne, 1816. -. Hanel, Gustav Friedrich, ha'mel, a Ger. judge. B. 1792; d. 1878. Hanka, Venceslav, hank'd, a Bohemian scientist. B. 1791; d. 1S61. Hanke, IIenriette Wilhelmine, hank'eh, a Ger. author. B. 1785. Hankel, Wilhelm Gottlieb, hank'el, a Ger. scientist. B. Erms- leben, 1S14. Hannibal, han'ni-bal, a celebrated Carthagenian general, the son of Hamilcar; was brought up in his father's camp, although accustomed to the labors of the field. He subdued all the nations of Spain that op- posed the Carthagenian power, gained the great battle of Cannaea, in 216 B. C., and took Saguntum, after an eight-month siege, 219 B. c. This city was in alliance with the Romans, and its fall was the cause of the second Punic war, which Hannibal prepared to support with cour- age and prudence, and levied three large armies; one he sent to Africa, left another in Spain, and marched at the head of a third toward Italy, crossing the Alps, hitherto deemed impassable, and since accomplished by Napoleon I., under similar military circumstances; defeated Cornelius Scipio on the banks of river Ticinus (Ticino), and crossed the Appen- ines and invaded Etruria; defeated the army of consul Flaminius, and slew 15,000 men; next overthrew Varro, with 40,000 infantry and 2,700 cavalry, the flower of the Roman youth, and sent to Carthage three bushels of gold rings, taken from the hands of 5,630 Roman gentlemen that he had slain. Such was the slaughter that Hannibal had spread in the Roman army, that if he had proceeded immediately to Rome, the commonwealth had been easily destroyed. While wintering in Capua, he gave opportunity to the Romans to recover from their defeats; Mar- cellus, two years later, gave him battle, and conquered, though he himself was killed in an ambush; Hannibal was afterward defeated by Sem- pronius Gracchus, and at last totally overthrown by Scipio near Zama, 202 m. c. This battle ended the second Punic war. To avoid falling into the hands of the Romans, he took poison, which he had kept in a ring for that purpose, and which ended his career, 183 B. c. B. 247 D. c. Hansard, Luke, han'sard, an Eng. printer of parliamentary docu- ments. B. 1752; d. 182S. IIansemann, David Justus Ludwig, han'seh-man, a Pruss, politician and manager of finances. B. 1790; d. 1S64. Hansen, Peter Andreas, han'sen, a Ger. prof. of astron.; became prin. of the Seeburg observatory, near Gotha. B. Tondern, Schleswig, 1795; d. Gotha, 1874. Hanssen, Charles Louis, a Belgian musician. B. Ghent, 1So2; d. 1872. Hansteen, Christopher, han'stan, a Norwegian prof. of astron.; be- came prof. of astron. and mathematics at Christiana. B. Christiana, 17S4; d. there, 1873. Hanway, Jonas, han’wa, an Eng. writer, the first man in Eng. who carried an umbrella in public; “Historical Account of British Trade over the Caspian Sea.” B. Portsmouth, 1712; d. London, 1786. *=__ -—” J- *- BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 267 268 Harbaugh, Henry, har’batv, an Am. divine; originated the Guardian, and edited at the same time the magazine, The Heavenly Home. B. Waynesborough, Pa., 1817; d. Mercersburg, Pa., 1867. IHarcourt, Sir William George Granville Vernon, har’kort, a Brit. lawyer; grad. Oxford; became queen's counsel, and later solicitor gen. B. 1S27. * Hardee, William J., har-dee", an Am. soldier; lieut.-col. of cavalry; a grad. of West Point and brevetted for his gallantry in Mex. war; 1861 entered the confederate army; was at Shiloh, Perryville, Stone River, Chickamauga, and Chattanooga; commanded at Savannah and Charles- ton while held by the Union forces; surrendered with Johnston in N. Carolina; chief compiler of “Rifle and Light Infantry Tactics,” partly a translation from the French, and adopted in 1855. B. Savannah, Ga., 1818; d. Wytheville, Va., 1873. Hardenberg, Friedrich von, baron, fon harden-berg, a Ger. author: studied law, but forsook that profession; was fatally shocked by the death of the lady he loved. B. Wiederstedt, Saxony, 1772; d. there, 1801. Bardenberg, Karl August von, prince, a Ger. politician; became min. of state, and gov. of provinces ceded to Prussia; made prince, 1814. B. Essenroda, Hanover, 1750; d. Genoa, 1822. Hardicanute, har'di-ka-nut, the last Eng. king of the Danish dy- nasty; half brother of Edward the confessor. B. about 1017; d. of apoplexy, 1042. Harding, Chester, harding, an Am. artist; among his best portraits are the presidents Madison, Monroe, and J. Q. Adams. B. Conway, Mass., 1792; d. Boston, 1866. Hardinge, Henry, harding, a Brit. noble, and soldier; served against Napoleon, and lost an arm; became member of parliament, 1820. B. Wrotham, Kent, 1785; d. Southport, 1856. Hardinge, Charles Stewart, a Brit. noble; educated at Eton, and Christ church, Oxford, is noted for his artistic ability. B. 1822. Hardouin, Jean, ar-dwan', a Fr. Jesuit, and teacher of rhetoric; also quite a noted author; preparer of Pliny’s “Nat. Hist.” B. Quimper, Brittany, 1646; d. Paris, 1729. Hardwick, Charles, hard"wik, a Brit. divine; made prof. of theology, in the Queen's College; “Christ and other Masters.” B. Yorkshire, 1821; d. 1859. * Hardwicke, Philip Yorke, first earl; an Eng. lawyer; became solicitor- gen.; later atty.-gen., and in 1754, was made Viscount Roystow. B. Dover, 1690; d. London, 1764. Hardwicke, Philip Yorke, second earl, son of above; one of the writers of the “Athenian Letters.” B. 1720; d. 1796. Hardwicke, Philip Yorke, third earl of this house; became lieuten- ant of Irc. B. 1757; d. 1834. Hardwicke, Charles Philip Yorke, the fourth and last earl of this hous.; entered the navy, became famous, and was lord in waiting to the queen. B. 1Soo; d. 1873. Hare, Julius Charles, har, a Brit. divine, and writer; a large contrib- utor to the “Philological Museum;” became chaplain to the Q., 1853. B. IIerstmonceaux, Sussex, 1796; d. therc, 1S55. * Hare, Augustus William, a member of new coll., Oxford; brother of Julius Charles. B. Herstmonceaux, 1793; d. Rome, 1834. IHare, Augustus Julius Charles, a writer, and a native of Italy; “Epi- taphs for Country Churchyards;” “Walks in Rome,” and others. B. Rome, 1834. Hare, Robert, an Am. prof. of physics and chemistry; prof. of chem. in the med, college of Pa., 1818; inventor of the calorimotor. B. Phila., 1781; d. there, 185S. * IHargraves, Edmund Hammond, har'gravz, Eng. discoverer of the Australian gold fields; traveled for years as a common sailor, and for his discoveries was awarded many public and private gifts. B. Gosport, Eng., about 1816. IHaring, Wilhelm, ha'ring, a Ger. author; served in the army, but de- voted most of his time to the writing of romance. B. Breslau, 1797; d. Arnstadt, 1871. -- Harington, Sir John, har'ing-ton, an Eng. writer of poetry; educated at Eton, and Cambridge; translated “Orlando Furioso,” and others. B. Kelston, near Bath, 1561; d. 1612. Hariri, Abu Mohammed Kasemben Ali, ha-ree'ree, an Arabian writer of poetry; produced “Makamat,” and other poems. B. about 1050; d. 1122. BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. Harless, Gottlieb Christoph Adolf, har’less, a Ger. Biblical scholar and theologian; educated at Erlangen, 1829. B. Nuremburg, 1806; d. 1862. Harley, de Achille, deh ar-la', a Fr. judge; succeeded De Thou, 1582, as first pres. of the parliament of Paris. B. 1536; d. 1616. Harley, Robert, earl of Oxford, har’li, a Brit. politician; reached the height of his power as lord high treasurer of Gt. Britain, 1711; on ac- cession of George I., 1715, was impeached by the house of commons for high treason and committed to the tower; released after two years' con- finement and acquitted. B. London, 1651; d. 1724. IHarmar, Josiah, harmar, an American soldier and officer. B. 1753; d. 1813. Harms, Claus, harmz, a German theological student; son of a miller. B. 1778; d. 1855. Harney, William Selby, har’ni, an American commander. B. 1798. Harold I., har'old, surnamed Harefoot, an Anglo-Saxon king; second son of Canute the Great; conspired with Earl Godwin to destroy the Saxon princes Alfred and Edward; seized the treasure of his father's widow, and became master of England. D. Iojo. Harold II, last king of the Anglo-Saxons; was leader in army of Edward the Confessor. Killed in a battle against the duke of Nor- mandy at Hastings, 1066. *. Haroun-al-Raschid, ha-roon'al-rash'id, fifth caliph of Bagdad; com- manded an army of Persians and Arabs against the Byzantine empire; noted for his conquests and vigorous administration; principal hero of Arabian tales. B. 765; d. Soo. Harper, Robert Goodloe, harper, an American politician, educated at Princeton college. B. Fredericksburg, 1765; d. Baltimore, 1825. Harring, Harro Paul, har'ring, Ger. novelist; “Dolores,” and others. B. 1798; d. 1870. JHarrington, James, har'ing-ton, an Eng. author; political writer; his greatest work, “Oceana,” seized by Cromwcll while in press; afterward pub, and dedicated to Cromwell. B. 1611; d. 1677. Harriot, Thomas, har’i-ut, an English scientist. B. Oxford, 1560; d. 1621. Harris, James, har’iss, an Eng. philosophical writer; secy. and comptroller to the queen; “Music, Painting, and Poetry;” wrote a treatise on “Happiness.” B. Salisbury, 1709; d. 1780. Harris, John, an English theologian; “The Pre-Adamite Earth,” “Man Primeval,” and others. B. Ugborough, 1804; d. London, 1856. Harris, Thaddeus William, a naturalist of America. B. Dorchester, 1795; d. Cambridge, 1856. Barris, Thomas Lake, an Am. reformist; organized the “Independ- ent Christian Society” in N. Y.; member of the “Brotherhood of the New Life.” B. Fenny Stratford, Eng., 1823. Harris, William, an Am. Episcopal divine. B. Springfield, Mass., 1765; d. 1S29. Barris, Sir William Snow, an Eng. doctor of Inedicine and inventor. B. 1792; d. 1S69. IIarris, William Torrey, an Am. scholar and philosopher; educated at Yale college. B. Killingly, Ct., 1835. Harrison, Benjamin, har’i-son, a signer of Declaration of Inde- pendence; an Am. statesman; mem. and then leader of the Va. house of burgesses; refused a seat in executive council offered by the gov. of Va. to secure his support in the stamp act question; mem. of 1st con- tinental cong.; chairman of board of war, and other important com- mittees; was twice re-elected gov.; mem. of state convention of 1788 for ratifying the federal constitution; father of William Henry, 9th pres. of U. S. B. Berkeley, Va., about 1740; d. 1791. Harrison, Benjamin, an Am. senator from Indiana; an influential re- publican; general in army of Cumberland, in Tenn., under Sherman. B. about 1835; now resides in Indianapolis. Harrison, John, an English machinist and inventor; invented chro- nometer for ascertaining longitude. B. Faulby, 1693; d. London, 1776. Harrison, William Henry, har’i-son, 9th pres. of the United States; served under St. Clair and Wayne; 1795, in command of Fort Washing- ton, where Cincinnati now stands; M. C., 1799, and in 1801, gov. of new territory of Indiana; attacked and defeated the Indians at Tippecanoe; by his victory at Perry, recovered Am. territories from the Brit.; pur- sued them into Canada, and routed them in battle of the Thames; U. S. senator, 1824; candidate for president in 1836; in 1839 was nominated ~ | | over Clay and Scott; a stormy campaign followed, during which mass meetings and processions were first employed; the statement of the opponents that Harrison lived in a “log cabin” and drank “hard cider” was used as a campaign cry, and the terms became watchwords of the party; Martin Van Buren received 6o electoral votes, Harrison 234, and was inaugurated; the hopes aroused by the judicious selection of his cabinet were frustrated by his sudden death at Washington, 4th April, 1841. B. in Berkeley, Charles City co., Va., 1773. Hart, James McDougal, hart, an Am. artist; native of Scotland; com- menced life as a coach painter; particularly noted as a painter of cattle and sheep. B. Kilmarnock, 1828. Hart, John, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence; son of a farmer; member of provincial cong. of N.J., and noted for his progressive enactments; in 1776 the N. J. delegates to the continental congress having resigned in consequence of Lee's resolution, Hart was elected, with four others; John De Hart, one of those who resigned, is not the subject of this notice; in 1778 his farm was devastated by the British, from whom he cscaped through the woods, until the defeat of the IIessians insured his safety. B. IIopewell township, N.J., 1708; d. there, 17So. IIart, Joel T., an Am. artist; noted for his artistic models, producing many good likenesses of influential persons; executed marble statue and colossal bronze statue of Henry Clay. B. Clark co., Ky., 1810; d. 1877. * Hart, John Seely, an Am. author and educator; Composition and Rhetoric;” “Manual of Am. Literature,” and others. B. Stockbridge, 1810; d. 1877. Eart, Solomon Alexander, an Eng. artist; noted as a painter of Scenes from Jewish ceremonials, and other Jewish subjects. B. Ply- mouth, 1806. Hart, William, an Am. artist; painter of landscapes; particularly distinguished for his painting of Am. autumn scenery. B. Paisley, Scot., 1823. Harte, Francis Bret, hart, an Am. writer and poet; his production of “The Luck of Roaring Camp,” marks the beginning of his success as a writer; “Outcasts of Poker Flat,” “Heathen Chinee,” and others, widely copied and quoted. B. Albany, N. Y., 1839. Harte, Walter, an Eng. writer, educated at Oxford; tutor to the son of Lord Chesterfield on a tour of the Continent; “History of the Life of Gustavus Adolphus,” his principal work. B. 17oo; d. 1774. IHartley, David, hart'li, an Eng. physician, educated at Jesus col- lege for the ministry. B. Armley, 1705; d. 1757. Hartley, David, son of above, member of parliament; strongly opposed war with Am. colonies. B. 1729; d. 1813. Hartmann, von, Eduard, hart'man, a philosopher of Germany; the publication of several philosophical works placed him among the foremost thinkers of the age. B. Berlin, 1840. Hartmann, Moritz, a Ger. writer of poetry; member of Frankfort parliament. B. 1821; d. 1872. Hartshorne, Joseph, harts' horn, an Am. surgeon and doctor of medicine. B. 1779; d. 1850. Hartsoeker, Nicholaas, hart’soo-ker, a Dutch optician and inventor. B. Gouda, 1656; d. 1725. 1. Hartzenbusch, Juan Eugenio, hart'zen-bush, a Span. composer; son of a Ger, carpenter. B. Madrid, 1806. * Hartzheim, Joseph, harts' heim, a Ger. historian. B. 1694; d. 1763. Harvard, John, har’verd, founder of the college bearing his name; student of Cambridge, Eng.; emigrated to Am., and in 1637 was made a freeman of Mass.; 1638, land allotted him in Charlestown, where he was pastor; and appointed one of the committee “to consider of some things tending toward a body of laws,” nothing more known con- cerning him; bequeathed £750, half of his property, for the building of the college; also over three hundred vols. of books; the alumni erected a monument to his memory at Charlestown, and Edward Everett pro- nounced the inaugural address, Sept. 26, 1828. B. in Eng., probably Middlesex; d. Charlestown, Mass., Sept. 24, 1638. Harvey, Sir George, har'vi, a Scottish artist. B. St. Ninian, 1Soš; d. 1876. s w Harvey, William, an Eng. doctor of medicine; discoverer of the circulation of the blood; graduated at the university of Padua. B. Folkestone, Kent, 1578; d. London, 1657. "- *-__ s—. 'mond co., N. C., 1826. Harvey, William, an Eng. artist, noted for his artistic designing for wood engraving; illustrated “Knight's pictorial Shakespeare,” and others. B. Newcastle-on-Tyne, 1Soo; d. 1866. Hasdrubal, has art-bal, the bro. of Hannibal, a Punic general; def. the Scipios in Spain; def. by Marcus Livius and Nero while crossing the Metaurus; plunged into the Roman ranks and met his death, 207 B. C. SEE SCIPIO. Hassall, Arthur Hill, has'sal, an eminent Eng. physician and ex- perimental philos.; “Food and its Adulterations.” B. Teddington, 1817. Hassan Pacha, has'san pa-shaw', grand vizier of the Ottoman emp.; vanquished Egyptiaa insurgents; took Gaza, Jaffa and Acre, and be- headed Daher, sheik of the latter city, who had for years defied the power of the Porte; twice reduced the beys of Egypt to snbjection, and carried with him vast treasures to Constantinople; in the war between Turkey and Russia, in 1788, Hassan, though 85 years old, was appointed to supreme command of the troops, but owing to age did not succeed so well as before. Died 1790. Rascall, Milo S., has’cal, an Am. brig.-gen., war 1861-5; com. a div. in the great 4 months cam. of '64 that ended in the cap. of Atlanta, Ga. Hasse, Johann Adolf, has'sa, a Ger. musician; author of the opera “Sesostrate.” B. 1699; d. 1783. Hasselquist, Fredrik, a Swedish botanist; pupil of Linnaeus. B. 1722; d. 1752. Hastings, Francis Rawdon, has’tingz, marquis of, Eng. gen.; served in rev. war; gov.-gen. of India. B. 1754; d. near Naples, 1826. Hastings, Warren, Eng. officer and gov.-gen. of India; impeached by Parliament; privy councillor; distinguished orator. B. 1732; d. 1818. Hauch von, Johannes Carsten, fon howk, a Danish writer and sci- entist. B. 1791; d. 1872. Hauff, Wilhelm, howf, a Ger, writer of fiction. B. 1Soz; d. 1827. Hauksbee, or Hawksbee, Francis, hawks'bee, Eng. philosopher and naturalist. B. 1650; d. 1732. Hauptmann, Moritz, howpt'man, a Ger musician; also D.D. B. 1792; d. 1868. Hauser, Kaspar, how'ser, a youth of Nuremberg, mysteriously con- cealed in his early years; of unknown parentage; mysteriously mur- dered. B. 1812; d. 1833. - Hausser, Ludwig, hoiser, Ger, historical author, philologist and pol- itician. B. 1818; d. 1867. IIaussmann, Georges Eugene, oss'nan, a Fr. statesman; name borne by a Paris boulevard. B. 1809. IIautefeuille de, Jean, deh'ote:fui, a Fr. machinist. B. 1647; d. 1724. Hautpoul, d’, Alphonse Henri, marquis, do'pool, a Fr. soldier. B. 1789; d. 1S65. Hauy, Rene Just, abbe, d've', Fr. scientist. B. 1743; d. 1822. Havelock, Sir IIenry, Adv’eh-lok, an Eng. soldier; distinguished in India for his relief of Lucknow, and other brilliant exploits. B. Dur- ham, Eng., 1795; d. near Lucknow, 1857. Haven, Joseph, haven, Am. divine and scientist. B. 1816; d. 1874. Hawkins, Sir John, haw'kins, celebrated Eng. naval officer. B. about 1520; d. 1596. Hawks, Francis Lister, hawkx, Am. divine. B. 179S; d. 1866. Hawley, Joseph Russell, an Am. soldier and journalist; captain at Bull Run; lieut.-col. vols., 1861; col. same year; brig.-gen. vols., 1864; maj.-gen. vols., 1865; during the war he was in many important battles, and proved himself an able officer; gov. Ct., 1866-7. B. Rich- Hawthorne, Nathaniel, hau'thorn, an Am. writer; his fathcr one of a long series of ship-masters; his m. a woman of great beauty, who mourned her husband in absolute solitude for 30 vears. “Mosses from an Old Manse,” written in the same study in which Emerson wrote “Nature;” 1850, “The Scarlet Letter,” a most powerful and popular romance; “IIouse of the Seven Gables;” in 1852 pub. “Life of Frank- lin Pierce,” who, as pres. in 1853, made him consul to Liverpool; trav- eled for two years, and returning home, was found dead in his bed at thc hotel; “The Wonder-Book,” “Marble Faun,” considered his best works; “Our Old Home;” among his posthumous works, “Ameri- can Note Books,” “Elixir of Life,” “The Dolliver Romance,” etc. B. Salem, Mass., 1804; d. Plymouth, N. H., 1864. Sophia Peabody, his wife, made his acquaintance by illustrating his works; edited his “Note Books,” and pub. “Notes in England and Italy.” B. Salem, Mass., –– BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 269 27o BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 1Sro; d. London, Eng., 1871. Julian, their son, Am. writer; rowed in Harvard regatta of 1868; 1870, engineer in N. Y. dock dept. “Bres- sant.” B. Boston, 1846. Bay, John, hay, an Am. journalist and author; private sec. to pres. Lincoln; sec. of legation in Paris and Vienna; “Pike County Ballads.” Hayden, Ferdinand Vandeveer, hay'den, an Am. geologist and wri- ter; spent more than 20 years exploring the West and Northwest; his collections of fossils, etc., are at the Smithsonian Institute in Wash- ington, as well as other scientific institutions in the U.S. and foreign countries; prof. in charge of the U.S. geological survey. B. Westfield, Mass., 1829. Haydn, Joseph, hai’dn, a renowned Ger, composer, original and prolific; son of a small wheelwright near Vienna; first became a chor- ister in St. Stephens cathedral; at 17, however, his treble voice broke, and he was left without a position; became intimate with Esterhazy, who made him his chapel-master, a position held through life; for 30 years he composed and played; visited Eng. twice, the guest of royalty and the recipient of universal praise; left to the world 116 sym- phonies, S3 violin quartos, 15 masses, besides many lesser works; “The Creator,” composed in his 64th year, is his greatest work. His death is attributed to the shock caused by Napoleon's bombardment of Vienna, notwithstanding the great general had given orders that the beloved musician's house should not be touched. B. Rohran, 1732; d. Vicnna, 1809. Haydon, Benjamin Robert, ha'don, an Eng. artist; an admirer of “high art;" devoted considerable time to anat.; “Burning of Rome;” “Curtius Leaping into the Gulf.” B. Plymouth, 1786; d. London, 1846. Hayes, Augustus Allen, M.D., haz, an Am. experimental philoso- pher and chemist; manufactured saltpetre by a novel process; first to apply oxides of iron in refining pig iron. B. Windsor, Vt., 1806. Hayes, Isaac Israel, M. D., an Arm. arctic cxplorer; made important discoveries in the cold zone; his theory was that there is an open sea at the north pole. B. Chester co., Pa., 1832; d. 1881. Hayes, Rutherford Birchard, 19th Pres. U. S.; admitted to the bar in 1846; entered army, 1861; maj.-gen., 1865; gov. of Ohio, 1868-'70; re- publican nominee for president in 1876; the electoral deciding vote being disputed, by the decision of the electoral commission, he was made president. B. Delaware, O., 1822. Haynau, von, Julius Jacob, baron, fon hi-now, an Austrian soldier. B. 1786; d. 1853. Hayne, Friedrich Gottlob, ha'neh, Ger, naturalist. B. 1763; d. 1832. Rayne, Isaac, ha’ne, Am. revolutionary officer; senator of S. Caro- lina; after the final surrender of Charleston, he was compelled to join the Brit. standard, and obtained permission to return to his dying fam- ily by swearing, under protest, allegiance to the royal government; in July, 1771, as colonel of a militia regiment, captured Gen. Williamson, who was re-taken by the Brit., and Hayne also; sentenced to be hanged; interceded for by the ladies and citizens, but executed after 48 hours respite to visit his children. This action of the British com- manders was denounced in the Eng. parliament, and its justification by Lord Rawdon was criticised by R. Y. Hayne. B. S. Carolina, 1745; executed in Charleston, S.C., 1781. * Hayne, Paul Hamilton, an Am. poet; cditor Charleston Literary Ga- zette, and Russell's Magazine; “Avolio and other Poems;” “Legends and Lyrics.” B. Charleston, 1831. Hayne, IRobert Young, Am. statesman, and gov. of S. Carolina; ed- ucated for the bar; served in war of 1812; 1814, elected mem. of the leg- islature, speaker, and then atty.-gen. of the state; 1823, elected U. S. scnator; made a powerful opposition to tariff bill of 1824; also to that of 1S28 which produced the crisis of 1832; in that year denounced Clay's proposition to repeal the duties on imports, and was the first to assert and maintain the right of a state to protest against an unconstitutional law; replied to Webster, and debated the question; the state conven- tion of S. Carolina passed an act of nullification; Dec., 1832, Hayne elected gov., and defied Pres. Jackson's denouncement by a counter pro- clamation; a compromise was afterwards effected; 1835, elected mayor of Charleston. B. in St. Paul’s Parish, Colleton dist., S. C., 1791; d. Asheville, N.C., 1840. * Hayne, John, Eng. gov. Mass., 1635; first gov. Ct., 1639, and from that time every other year until he died; drafted the first constitution ever written in America for a colony. B. Eng.; d. Ct., 1654. Hazard, Rowland Gibson, haz'ard, an Am. writer, and merchant. B. 1801, South Kingston, R. I. Hazen, William B., an Am. brig.-gen. union army in civil war; com- manded a brigade in Sherman's campaign before Atlanta; succeeded Gen. Myer as chief of the U.S. signal service, 18So. Hazlitt, William, haz'lit, an English author and essayist. IB. Maid- stone, Eng., 1778; d. London, 1830. Head, Sir Edmund Walker, baronet, hed, gov.-gen. of Canada. B. 1805; d. 1S6S. Headley, Joel Tyler, hed/li, Am. historian, and doctor of divinity. B. 1814. Healy, George Peter Alexander, hee'li, Am. historical and portrait artist. B. Boston, Mass., 1813. Hearne, Samuel, hern, English explorer in British America. B. 1745; d. 1792. Heath, William, heth, an Am. maj.-gen. in rev. war; the last surviv- ing officer of that rank in the continental army. B. Roxbury, Mass., 1737; d. there, 1814. Rebbel, Friedrich, heb'el, German dramatic author. B. 1813; d. 1863. Hebel, Johann Peter, ha'bel, German political writer. B. 1760; d. 1826. Heber, Reginald, he’ber, bishop of Calcutta, and author of some of the finest hymns in the language. B. 1783; d. 1826. Heberden, William, heč'er-den, English doctor of medicine. B. 1710; d. 1801. Hebert, Jacques Rene, a-ber', French preceptor. B. 1755; d. 1794. Heckewelder, John, hek, e-wel-der', missionary of the sect of Moravi- ans in the U. S. B. 1743; d. 1823. * Becquet, Philippe a-ka’, a French doctor of medicine and writer. B. 1661; d. 1737. Hector, hek’tor, one of the most famous heroes in the Trojan war. Killed by Achilles. Bedding, Elijah, hed'ing, an Am. bishop of the M. E. church; chief founder of the Zion's IIerald, the first paper of that church in Amer- ica. B. Pine Plains, N.Y., 17So; d. Poughkeepsie, 1852. Rederich, Benjamin, ha'der-ik, a German author and philologist. B. 1675; d. 1748. JHedge, Frederick Henry, hej, American professor, orator, minister and writer. B. Cambridge, Mass., 1805. Redlinger, Johann Karl, he'ling-er, Swiss mechanic. B. 1691; d. 1771. Hedwig, Johann, Áed'wig, German naturalist. B. 1730; d. 1799. Beem, van Jan David, van hame', a Dutch still-life artist. B. 1600; d. 1674. Heemskerk, van Jacob, van hamtz’kerk, commander of Dutch fleet. D. 1607. - Heeren, Arnold Hermann Ludwig, ha'ren, Ger. historical writer. B. 1760; d. 1842. Refele, von Karl Joseph, fon halfeh-leh, Ger doctor of divinity. B. 1809. Regel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, ha'gel, a profound Ger. philoso- pher and writer; 1799, inherited an income of 3,000 florins, and joined Schlegel and other illustrious thinkers at Jena; in 1801, issued “De Orbitis Planetarum,” advocating Kepler against Newton; his first lecture had four auditors; in the Fr. invasion of 1Soó, he saved the last sheets of his “Phenomenology,” but left his house to the mercy of the troops; this work claims to furnish a complete system of philosophy; it has been compared to the passage of Dante, from the inferno of sense through the purgatory of the understanding, to the paradise of freedom; his “Encyclopedia,” published in 1817, made his fame uni- versal; Cousin declared he could not grasp his “logic,” in 1821 “Out- lines of the Philosophy of Right,” which excited great controversy; the government indorsed his views, and all Germany looked forward to the reconciliation between philosophy and faith; “Proof of the Being of God;” the Hegelian literature amounts to hundreds of vol- umes. B. Stuttgart, 1770; d. Berlin, of cholera, after one day's ill- ness, Nov. 13, 1831. Heiberg, Johann Ludwig, hi'berg, a Danish poetical and dramatic writer. B. 1791; d. 1860. Heidegger, Karl Wilhelm, baron, hi'dek-ker, a Ger. soldier and painter. B. 1788; d. 1S61. Heilmann, Johann David, hi"man, a Ger. minister and Gr, linguist. B. 1727; d. 1764. ~ *-- * BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 27 I Heine, Heinrich, hi'neh, a Ger, writer, distinguished for his ballads. B. Dusseldorf, Ger., about 1800; d. Paris, 1856. Reineccius, Johann Gottlieb, hi'nek-tse-oos, a Ger. writer and advo- cate. B. 16S1; d. 1741. Heinecke, Samuel, hi'nik-eh, a Ger. teacher. B. 1729; d. 1790. Heinse, Johann Jacob Wilhelm, hin'seh, a Ger. art critic. B. about 1748; d. 1So?. Heinsius, Daniel, hin'se-us, a Dutch linguist and poetical writer. B. 15So; d. 1655. Heinsius, Niklaas, son of above, a Dutch writer of the Latin lan- guage. B. 1620; d. 1681. Heister, Lorenz, his'ter, a German physician. B. 1683; d. 1758. Rell, Maximillian, hel, a Hungarian scientist. B. 1720; d. 1792. Heller, Joseph, hel'er, Ger. art critic. B. 1798; d. 1849. Heller, Stephen, a modern Ger. musician. B. 1814. Helmers, Jan Frederick, hel’mers, Dutch author. B. 1767; d. 1813. Helmholtz, IIermann Ludwig Ferdinand, helm'holts, Ger. naturalist and scientist; commenced his reputation by “On the Conservation of Force;” professor of physiology in Konigsberg; in 1850, demonstrated that thought is not instantaneous; in 1851, invented the opthalmoscope, which has saved the sight of thousands; 1855, professor of anatomy and physiology in Bonn and Heidelberg; in his works he explains the cause of musical harmony, a point of dispute among musicians for over 2,000 years; “Course and Duration of Electric Currents;” “Anal- ysis of Sunlight;” “Intermittent Movements of Liquids,” ctc.; he was designated as “the foremost and greatest naturalist of his age,” with the addition “Nothing is wanting to his glory, but he is wanting to ours.” B. Potsdam, 1821. Helmont, van Segres Jacob, van he/mont, Flemish artist. B. 1683; d. 1726. Belmont, van, Jan Baptista, a Flemish doctor of medicine and chem- istry. B. 1577; d. 1644. Heloise, a'lo-ees', a French abbess; beloved of Abelard. B. 1101; d. 1164. Helps, Sir Arthur, helps, an Eng. author. B. 1817; d. 1875. Helst, van der Bartholomeus, van der helst, a Dutch artist. B. 1613; d. 1670. * Helvetius, Claude Adrien, hel’vee-shi-us, a Fr. litterateur. B. 1715; d. 1771. Hemans, Felicia Dorothea, he’mans, an English poet; was married young and finally separated; her reading was extensive and varied; her imagination rich and glowing; her “Records of Woman,” and “Forest Sanctuary” are poems of high order; she wrote numerous other works of which “Dartmoor,” and “The Vespers of Palermo” are noted. B. Liverpool, 1794; d. Dublin, 1835. Hemsterhuys, Frans, hem'ster-hois, a Dutch author and linguist. B. 1686, d. 1766. Henault, Charles Jean Francois, a'no, a French author of historical and poetical works. B. 1685; d. 1770. Henderson, Thomas, hen/der-son, a Scotch mathematician. B. 1798; d. 1844. Hendricks, Thomas Anderson, hen'driks, an Am, politician; admitted to the bar, 1843; state legislature Ind., 1848; M. C., 1851-55; U.S. senator, 1863-69; gov. Ind., 1872-78; nom. for vice-pres. with S.J. Tilden head- ing the ticket, at democratic nat. convention, held in St. Louis, 1876; ticket def. by R. B. Hayes and W. A. Wheeler. B. Muskingum co., Ohio, 1819. Henfrey, Arthur, hen fri, Eng. naturalist. B. 1819; d. 1859. IIengist, heng'gist, a Saxon prince, first king of Kent. D. 488. Hengstenberg, Ernst William, heng'sten-berg, German theologian. B. 1802; d. 1869. Henke, Heinrich Philipp Konrad, henk'eh, German doctor of divinity. IB. 1752; d. 1Soo. Henkel, Johann Friedrich, henk'el, German scientist. B. 1679; d. 1744. Hennessy, William J. hen'nes-se. Am. artist of Irish birth; painter in oil and water colors; book-illustrator. B. Thomastown, Ireland, 1839. Hennepin, Louis, hen'e-pin, a French Jesuit, first navigator of the Mississippi. B. about 1640; d. about 1701. , Henrietta Anna, hen-ri-et/ta, dau. of Charles I. of England, and q. Henrietta Maria; duch. of Orleans; became a favorite at Fr. court; *=– *-__ -- -—" died under circumstances that suggested poison; Bossuet made the funeral discourse in her case. B. Exeter, 1644; d. St. Cloud, 1670. Henrietta Maria, q. of Eng., dau. of Henry IV. of France by Maria de' Medici, his second w.; married to Charles I. of Eng.; became un- popular on account of her partiality to Catholicism; during the struggle between the k. and the people, in 1644, she was forced to fly to France; retired to a convent that she f. at Chaillot, where she died in 1669, Bos- suet pronouncing her funeral oration. B. Paris, 1609. Henrion de Pansey, Pierre Paul Nicolas, on-re-on'deh pon-sa', Fr. writer and advocate. B. 1742; d. 1829. Henriquez, Crisostomo, en-ree'keth, a Spanish writer. B. 1594; d. 1632. * Henry, hen're, a name borne by numerous kings and other persons of . eminence in various countries, the most remarkable of whom were, - Henry I., hen'ri, surnamed Beauclerc, king of England, 3d son of William the Couqueror, who left him £5,000 in silver, with which he purchased one-third of Normandy; after several quarrels with his brothers, he took advantage of the death of William while hunting, and was proclaimed king. Robert, on returning from the crusades, resigned his pretensions, to the throne, but refused to give up Normandy; a battle was fought, Robert def., and kept 28 years in prison; Henry's power not fully established until 1120; the same year his son was lost in the Eng. channel, and the k. never recovered the shock. B. at Selby, Yorkshire, 1063; d. Rouen, 1135, from eating lampreys. Henry II., grandson of the preceding, and one of the Plantage- net dynasty; the usurpation of his cousin Stephen prevented his acces- sion to the throne until 1154; by marrying Eleanor of France, he added Touraine, Poitou, and Guienne to his other French possessions; his measures of improvement were interfered with by troubles with the church; Thomas a Becket, archbishop of Canterbury, on whom he relied for assistance in reducing the clergy to greater obedience, turned directly against his royal patron; the quarrel lasted 7 years, when Becket was assassinated; Henry, fearing excommunication, protested his innocence of the murder, and was confirmed by a papal bull in the possession of Ireland; family troubles embittered his later years; on the eve of a crusade with the Fr. k., his son Richard rebelled and defeated him, IIenry submitting to the terms proposed. B. in Le Mans, 1133; d. Castle of Chinon, 1189. Henry III., ascended the throne at nine; the evils induced by his father, King John, were speedily overcome by the wise counsels of Earl of Pembroke, appointed protector, who confirmed Magna Charta, def. the Fr., and restored peace. After his death, Simon de Montfort, chief of the barons, twice took the k. prisoner; 1265, Simon called a meeting of parliament, and summoned representatives from each county and city, which proceeding originated the House of Commons; Aug.4, k.'s authority restored; r. 56 yrs., the longest of Eng. sovereigns, except George III. B. 1207; d. Westminster, 1272. Henry IV., first of the House of Lancaster, became k. in 1399, forc- ing Richard II. to resign; to gain favor with the clergy, persecuted the followers of Wycliffe, and revised the statute legalizing the burning of heretics; many efforts made to depose him, culminating in battle of Shrewsbury, 1403, where Percy, surnamed Hotspur, was slain; captured Prince James, of Scotland, on his way to Fr.; Joanna of Navarre, was his second wife. B. Bolingbroke, 1366; d. West- minster, March 20, 1413. Henry V.; second k. of the Lancaster branch of Plantagenets, was proclaimed the day after his father's death; generous to his rivals, but continued persecuting the Lollards; his claiming the crown of France entailed long and bloody wars, for which loans by parlia- ment were first raised; contest between houses of York and Lancas- ter; siege and capture of Harfleur, 1415; Fr. totally def. at Agincourt; Rouen taken 1419, after a long and dreadful siege; agreement that Charles VI, should retain the crown nominally, Henry becoming re- gent, and suc. at his death; peace concluded, and Henry and Cathar- inc married, June, 1420. B. Monmouth, 1388; d. Vincennes, Fr., 1422. Henry VI., last of the house of Lancaster; son of Henry V., com- mcnced his reign at 9 months, as k. of Fr. and Eng., and lord of Ire., under protectorate of his uncle, duke of Bedford; Joan of Arc's suc- cesses checked the career of the Eng.; murder of the duke of Suffolk; insurrection of Jack Cade; 1453, Richard, duke of York, made protec- tor during the temporary illness of the king; first battle of the Roses, |- 272 1455, the Yorkists gaining the day; civil war till 1466, when Henry was captured and imprisoned. B. Windsor, 1421; d., probably killed, in the tower, 1471. Henry VII, first of the house of Tudors; made k. 1845, by the vic- tory of Bosworth and death of Richard III.; “Earl of Warwick,” “Perkin Warbeck,” and other pretenders, disturbed his reign. Henry displayed great avarice, selling pardons, levying fines, and adopting various means to swell his revenue; continued persecuting the Loll- ards, but encouraged commerce and discovery. B. Pembroke castle, S. Wales, 1456; d. Richmond, 1509. Henry VIII., succeeded his father at the age of 18; at first he was popular, but grew capricious and arbitrary. When Luther began his reformation in Ger., Henry published a book against him, which was complimented by the pope, who gave him the title of “Defender of the Faith,” but this affection did not last long; he conceived an at- tachment for Anne Boleyn, and determined to divorce his wife, Cathar- ine of Aragon, to whom he had been married 18 years. His plea for divorce was, Catharine was his brother Arthur’s widow. The Pope refused it; IIenry assumed supreme head of the church, put down the monasteries, and set aside the clerical rights; his marriage with Anne B. followed; he afterward sent her to the scaffold, and mar- ried Lady Jane Seymour. His wife, Anne of Cleves, did not prove agreeable to his expectations; he put her away, and caused Crom- well, earl of Essex, the projector of the match, to be beheaded; his wife Catharine Howard was beheaded; next w. was Catharine Parr, who survived him. See CATII&RINE of ARAGON, and BULLEN, Anne. FRANCE, Henry I., k, of France, son of king Robert; came to the throne 1031; he had the reputation of a brave warrior and benevolent man. D. 1060. Henry II., son of Francis I.; received the crown 1543. D. 1559. Henry III., 3d son of Henry II., succeeded his brother Chas. IX., as king of France, 1573; assassinated, 1589; with him ended the royal branch of the house of Valois. Henry IV., called the Great; succeeded to the crown of France, 1589; in 1593 he entered into a war with Spain, which lasted 5 years; he was stabbed in 1610, and immediately died. * GERMANY., Henry I., hen'ri, emperor of Germany; was the son of Otho, duke of Saxony. D. on his way to Italy with an army. B. 876; d. 936. Henry II, duke of Bavaria; elected to the imperial throne in 1002. D. after a prosperous though unquiet reign of 20 years. Henry III., surnamed the Black, succeeded to the throne in 1039; took up arms against the duke of Bohemia, whom he subdued. Henry IV., called the Great, son and successor of the preceding; said to have been in 62 battles in the course of his life. B. 1050; d. 1106. Henry V., son of the preceding, obtained the crown in 1106; he was haughty, cruel, and avaricious. Henry VI., eldest son of Frederic Barbarossa; ascended the throne, 1190, crowned at Rome; died at Messina, 1197. Henry VII., made cmperor, 1308; he expelled the Jews from Ger- many. B. 1262; d. 1313. Henry the Lion, duke of Bavaria and Saxony. B. 1129; d. 1195. Henry, Joseph, an American scientist; secy. Smithsonian Institute. B. Albany, N.Y., 1797; d. Washington, D.C., 1S78. Henry, Matthew, an English clergyman and Biblical student. B. 1662; d. 1714. - Henry, Patrick, an Am. orator and statesman; his business venturcs in early life proved flat failures; admitted to the bar when 24, but made little or no headway; lived with his father-in-law and assisted in keep- ing his tavern; when 27, he was called in the case of the clergy of Va. against the planters for damages, in which he, by his eloquence, not only won his case, but became the champion of the people; mem. of house of burgesses, 1765, just when Eng. had passed the obnoxious stamp act; was the greatest orator and ablest debater in the country when 29; this was acknowledged when his resolution in the house of burgesses against the stamp act, was argued by himself against the scholarly royal element represented; his fiery utterances and burning words of cloquence for freedom and liberty were irresistible, and the BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. measure passed; del, to the first col. assembly at Phila., 1774, where he was the first to raise his voice for liberty and constitutional rights; in the Richmond conv. 1775, when the lesser lights opposed Henry's reso- lution to put the colonies in a state of defense, he ended his speech and the debate by the renowned words: “I know not what course others may take; but as for me, give me liberty or give me death!” col. of the first militia reg.; first republican gov. of Va.; envoy to France; state senator at the urgent request of Washington and others; died three months after. B. Studley, Hanover co., Va., 1736; d. Red Hill, Char- lotte co., Va., 1799. Henselt, Adolph, hen'selt, a Ger. musician and composer. B. 1S14. IHenslow, John Stevens, henz'lo, English naturalist. B. 1796; d. 1861. Hentz, Caroline Lee, hents, an Am. novelist. B. Lancaster, Mass., 1Soo; d. Mariana, Fla., 1856. Heraclitus, her-a-kli’tus, a Gr. philosopher about 504 B. c.; of a melancholy disposition, he grieved over the follies of mankind, and earned the title of the Crying philosopher; he refused the office of su- preme ruler, and retired to a mountainous retreat where he lived upon the spontaneous products of the earth. B. Ephesus. Herapath, William, her'a-path, an English scientist. B. 1796; d. 1868. Herault de Sechelles, Marie Jean, a ro'deh sa-shel', prominent in Fr. revolution; gullotined. B. 1760; d. 1794. - Herbelot d', Barthelemy, der-blo', a Fr. student of Eastern languages. B. 1625; d. 1695. Herbert, George, an English divine and poet. B. 1593; d. 1632. Herbert, 1Henry William, Am. writer; nom-de-plume, Frank Fores- ter; committed suicide. B. London, Eng. 1So?; d. New York, 1858. Herder, von Johann Gottfried, fon her’der, Ger. divine, scientist and author. B. 1744; d. 1So?. Heriot, George, her'e-ot, court jeweler to James I.; endowed a splen- did hospital in Edinburgh. B. 1563; d. 1624. * Herkimer, Nicholas, her’ke-mer, Am. rev. soldier of capacity and bravery. B. 1725; d. Danube, N.Y., 1777. s Herkomer, Hubert, her'ko-mer, English artist; born in Bavaria; de- signer for London Graphic, his masterpiece, “Chelsea Pensioners.” B. 1849. - Hermann, Johann Gottfried Jakob, her’man, Ger. linguist and author. B. 1772; d. 184S. Hermelin, Samuel Gustavus, her’me-lin, Swedish naturalist. B. 1744; d. 1820. Hermes, Georg, her’mes, a Ger. divine. B. 1776; d. 1831. Hermocrates, her-mok'ra-ter, an ancient soldier and statesman of Syracuse; about 406 B. C. Hernandez, Francisco, ea-man'deth, a Spanish doctor of medicine and scientist. B. 16th century. IHerod, her’rod, surnamed the Great; ancestor of several of that name; gov. of Judaea; Christ born in 33d year of his reign; anticipating this event, Herod had the same year commanded the massacre of the innocents; distinguished for his cruelty. B. 72 B.C.; d. 4 A. D. IIerodian, he-ro'di'an, a Gr. writer; compiled history of Rome. B. 3d century. Herodias, he-ro'di-as, grand-dau. of Herod the Great; being reproved by John the Baptist for her shameful marriage with two of her uncles, and while her first husband was still living, she asked for the cxecu- tion of John, and bore his head triumphantly away. Herodotus, he-rod"o-tus, ancient Gr. historian, the first, and “Father of IIistory,” contemporary with Sophocles, Pericles, Phidias, Euripi- des, and Hippocrates; his work is divided into 9 books, and embraces the most important events of the reign of Cyrus to that of Xcrxes, a period of 240 years; it was received with loud praise, and Herodotus was honored throughout the world; fl., according to Cicero, about 450. Herold, Louis Joseph Ferdinand, ha'rold, a writer of Fr. opera mu- sic. B. 1791; d. 1833. Herophilus, he-rofi-lus, a Greek physiologist. B. about 300 B. C. Herrera de, Fernando, da-er-ra'ra, a Spanish poet of such learning and accomplishments as to obtain the surname of the Divine. B. 1534; d. 1597. EIerrera de, Francisco, one of the most distinguished Spanish paint- ers. B. 1576; d. 1656. * ~ *—- | *=-— -a-9 * - BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 273 Herrera de, Antonio, a noted Spanish historian; wrote “Description of West Indies,” etc. B. 1549; d. 1625. d Herrick, Robert, her’ik, one of the earlier English poets. B. 1591; • 1674. Herring, John Frederick, an English artist; excelled as an animal painter. B. 1795; d. 1865. Iterschel, Caroline Lucretia, her'shel, a female astronomer of great celebrity; member of various scientific societies; sister to Sir Wm. Herschel. B. Hanover, 1750; d. there, 1868. Herschel, Sir William, her'shel, a celebrated Eng. astronomer; he early became a prof. of music; at 14 played in a band of Hungarian regt.; and appointed organist at Halifax. Astronomy occupied his leisure hours, and finding himself unable to purchase a powerful tele- Scope, constructed one, then others of enormous size, giving himself up to astronomical inquiries, and in 1781 discovered a new planet which he named Georgium Sidus; among his discoveries are the lunar vol- canoes, and the 6th and 7th satellites of Saturn, the 6 satellites of the Georgian planet; he drew up a catalogue of stars, numbering 5,000. B. Hanover, 1738; d. Windsor, Eng., 1822. Hertz, Hendrik, herts, a Danish author, and converted Jew; “King Rene's Daughter” is his most popular work. B. 1798; d. 1870. Rervey, James, her/vi, an English author and divine; best known by his “Meditations.” B. 1714; d. 1758. +ferz, Heinrich, herts, a German musician; composer of piano music B. 1806. Hesiod, he'si-od, the earliest Greek poet known except Homer; founder of Boetian school. B. about 8th century B. c. Bess, von Johann Jakob, fon hess, Protestant doctor of divinity in Switzerland. B. 1741; d. 1828. d IHess, von, Heinrich, German painter of historical subjects. B. 1798; • 1871. Beuglin, von, Theodor, Baron, fon hoi'glin, distinguished German explorer. B. 1S24; d. 1876. Hevelius, Johannes, he-wee'le-us, a noted astronomer of the 17th century. B. 1611; d. 16SS. Hewes, Joseph, huz, Am. revolutionary patriot and signer of the Declaration of Independence. B. 1730; d. 1779. IIewson, William, hu’son, English physiologist. B. 1739; d. 1774. Beyden, van der, Jan, van der-hi’den, a Dutch artist. B. 1637; d. 1712. :* Heyne, Christian Gottlieb, hi'neh, a Ger. linguist. B. 1729; d. 1812. Eeyse, Johann Ludwig Paul, hi'zeh, a German writer. B. 1830. IHeyse, Karl Wilhelm Ludwig, German linguist. B. 1797; d. 1855. IIeywood, Thomas, ha'wood, a prolific and versatile English author of the Elizabethan era. D. about 1650. Piezekiah, he-2e-ki'ah, k. of Judah; on succeeding his father, Ahaz, he abolished idolatrous practices and restored the worship of the temple; early in his reign the Assyrians invaded the neighboring king- dom of Israel and carried the ten tribes into bondage; refused tribute . to Assyria, and his dominions were invaded by the Assyrians, as described in Isa., chapters 36-7. Ifickes, George, hiks, an English divine and linguist; dean of Wor- cester. B. 1642; d. 1715. Bricks, Elias, an Am. preacher of the society of Friends; founder of the sect of the Hicksites. B. Hempstead, N.Y., 1748; d. Jericho, N. Y., 1830. Tricks, George E., an English artist; student of Royal Academy; his “Dividend Day at the Bank” gave him celebrity. B. 1814. Hidalgo y Costilla, Don Miguel, e-dal's o e kos-teelya, one of the earliest apostles in the cause of Mexican liberty. D. 1811. +igginson, Francis, hig’in-son, an English clergyman; settled in America when deprived of his benefice on account of religious views. B. 1587; d. Salem, Mass., 1630. +figginson, Thomas Wentworth, descendant of above; Am. author; colonel of 1st regiment South Carolina (colored) volunteers, during the civil war. B. Cambridge, Mass., 1823. * *ilary, Saint, hi'a-ri, or Hilarius, hi-la'ri-us, bishop of Arles. B. about 400; d. 449. * Hilary, or Hilarius, Saint, bishop of Poitiers; distinguished in the Arian controversy; exiled to Phrygia. B. 3oo; d. 367. *ildebrand, Saint, hil'de-brand, Roman cardinal; afterward Pope Gregory VI1.; warred with Henry IV. of Germany. B. 1020; d. 1085. Hildebrandt, Ferdinand Theodor, hi"deh-brant, a German historical and genre painter; illustrator of German ballads. B. 1So;; d. 1874. Hildreth, Richard, hi"dreth, an Am. writer of miscellaneous articles; translator and editor. B. 1So;; d. 1865. Hill, Ambrose Powell, hit, Am. confederate gen. in civil war; in the Mexican and Seminole wars; entered confederate army, 1861; was in battles of Bull Run, Cedar Mt., Antietam, ; succeeded Jackson, and as brig-gen, commanded his corps; participated at Wilderness, Gettys- burg, and at the siege of Petersburg; was killed at the close of the siege. B. Culpepper co., Va., 1825; d. Petersburg, 1865. Hill, Rowland, a celebrated clergyman of Church of Eng.; became a Methodist. B. 1744; d. 1833. Hill, Rowland, Sir, in the English postal service; inaugurator of the penny-rate system of postage. B. 1795; d. 1879. Hill, Thomas, an American minister and writer of educational works. B. New Brunswick, N.J., 1818. Hill, Thomas, an American artist; student of Meyerheim, Paris; painter of Californian scenery, B. Birmingham, Eng., 1829. Hillard, George Stillman, hil'ard, Am. writer, lawyer, and editor. B. Machias, Me., 1808; d. Boston, Mass., 1879. Hiller, von Ferdinand, fon hi'er, Ger. musician, chapel master and writer of oratorios and operas. B. 1811. s Hillhouse, James Abram, hil'howse, Am, dramatist and poetical writer. B. New Haven, Ct., 1754; d. there, 1832. Hilton, William, hi"ton, Eng. artist; royal academician; distin guished for his allegorical paintings. B. 1786; d. 1839. Himmel, Friedrich Heinrich, hin'el, Ger, musician; chapel master to Frederick William II. B., 1765; d. 1814. Hincks, Sir Francis, hinks, prime minister of Canada; also finance minister and political pamphleteer. B. ISO7. IHincmar, hink'mar, a Fr. archbishop of strong character and marked ability. B. 806; d. SS2. Hind, John Russell, hind, astronomer royal in Eng.; author of various astronomical works. B. 1823. Hipparchus, hip'ar-kus, ancient scientist; first classifier of the stars, and inventor of the planisphere. B. 150 B. c. Hippeau, Celestin, ep-po', Fr. philosopher, writer and philologist. B. 1803. Hipocrates, hip-pok'ra-tes, an ancient physician of Greece; called “the father of medicine.” B. 460 B.C.; d. 357 B. c. Hippolytus, Saint, hip-pol’i-tus, a bishop of the 3d century and reli- gious writer. D. about 23S. Hiram, hi'ram, king of Tyre at the time of David and Solomon; greatly increased and beautified his city, and furnished enormous sup- plies of precious minerals, etc., to the Israelitish kings; Fl. about 1090 B. c. Another IIiram, also of Tyre, an eminent workman in gold and and silver; employed in the decoration of Solomon's Temple. Hitchcock, Edward, hitch'kok, Am. naturalist, D.D., and author. B. Vergennes, Vt., 1794; d. Hancock, Ga., 1864. Hittorff, Jacques Ignace, hit'orf, Fr. architectural designer and mech- anician. B. 1793; d. 1867. Hitzig, Ferdinand, hit'zig, a Ger. Biblical student and professor of theology. B. 1So?; d. 1875. Hoadley, Benjamin, hod/li, an Eng. bishop and controversialist. B. 1676; d. 1761. | Hoar, Ebenezer Rockwood, hor, an Am. lawyer; judge of the su- preme court of Mass., and member of the joint high commission in Washington, in 1871. B. Concord, Mass., 1816. t Hoar, George Frisbie, brother of the preceding, Am. jurist and politician. B. 1826. Hobab, ho'bab, son of Jethro and brother-in-law to Moses. Hobart, John Henry, hobart, Am. clergyman; Episcopal bishop of New York. B. Philadelphia, Pa., 1775; d. Auburn, N. Y., 1830. IIobart Pasha, ho'bart pash'aw, Eng. officer in Turkish naval ser- vice; confederate blockade runner during Am. civil war. B. Eng- land, 1822. Hobbes, Thomas, hobs, Eng. author; tutor to the Prince of Wales, afterward Charles II., translator of Iliad and Odyssey. B. 1588; d. 1679. Hobhouse, John Cam, hob'house, Eng. traveler and author; member of parliament; secy. of state for Ireland. B. 1786; d. 1869. * *..."--— *: *=m." '' (5-e- 274 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. author of scientific treatises. Hoche, Lazare, osh, a gen, of the French revolution; statue at Mar- seilles. B. 1768; d. 1797. Hodge, Charles, hof, Am. prof. of theology; editor and commentator. B. Philadelphia, Pa., 1797; d. Princeton, N.J., 187S. Hodgkinson, Eaton, hoj'kin-son, Eng. mechanician; inventor of the Trail. B. 1789; d. 1861. Hoe, Richard March, ho, Am. mechanical inventor; constructor of Lightning printing press. B. 1812. Hoet, Gerard, hoot, Dutch painter of historical subjects. B. 164S; d. 1733. Hoeven, vander, Jan, van-der-hoo’ven, Dutch scientist and student of natural history. B. 1Sor; d. 1S68. - Hofer, Andreas, hofer, Tyrolese soldier and revolutionist. B. 1767; d. 1810. * IHoffman, Charles Fenno, hof'man, Am. poet and editor; became de- mented. B. Baltimore, 1Soó. Hoffmann, Ernst Theodor Wilhelm, Ger. artist, author, musician, and theatrical director. B. 1776; d. 1822. Hoffmann, Friedrich, a German professor of medicine; discoverer of Seidlitz waters; physician to the king of Prussia. B. 1660; d. 1742. Hoffmann von Fallersleben, August Heinrich, fon fallerss-la-ben, German poetical writer and philologist. B. 1798; d. 1874. Hofland, Barbara, hof'land, wife of the artist Hofland; poet and novel- ist. B. 177o; d. 1844. Hofmann, August Wilhelm, German professor of chemistry; a pu- pil of Liebig. B. 1818. Hogarth, William, ho'garth; English painter, famous for his satiri- cal pictures. B. London, 1697; d. 1764. Hogg, James, hog, a Scotch poet, known as the Ettrick Shepherd. B. about 1772; d. 1835. IHohenlohe, ho'em-lo-eh, a German family, descended from the Dukes of Franconia. Hohenstaufen, ho’en-stow'fen, a German family, ancestors of Fred- erick Barbarossa. Hohenzollern, ho’en-tzol-ern, a German family, to which the imperial house of Prussia belongs. Holbach, von, or d’, Paul Henri Thyry, baron, fon hol/bak, a French litterateur, of infidel views. B. 1723; d. 1789. Holbein, IIans, or Johann, holybin, German artist; court painter to Henry VIII., of England. B. 1498; d. 1543. Holberg, von, Ludvig, baron, fon hol’berg, Danish philosopher; dra- matic and miscellaneous author. B. 1684; d. 1754. Holbrook, John Edwards, hol'brook, American professor of anatomy; B. 1796; d. 1871. IIolcroft, Thomas, hol'kroft, English author, translator, and novelist. B. 1745; d. 1Sog. Holinshed, or Hollynshed, Raphael, hol/inz-ked, mediaeval English historian. D. about 15So. IHolland, Sir IIenry, hol/and, English doctor of medicine; physician to Queen Victoria, and medical author. B. 1788; d. 1873. Holland, Henry Richard Vassall Fox, baron; an English writer, diplomat, and chancellor. B. 1773; d. 1840. Holland, Josiah Gilbert, a noted American author; began the study of medicine in 1842; practiced his profession for several years; in 1849 he became associate editor of the Springfield, Mass., Republican; published, in 1855, his “History of Western Massachusetts,” said to be one of the most valuable contributions to local American history yet produced; wrote “The Bay Path,” “Timothy Titcomb's Letters to the Young,” “Scvenoaks,” and the celebrated “Bitter Sweet.” B. Belchertown, Mass., 1819; d. 1881. IHollar, Wenzel, hol/ar, a Boliemian artist and engraver; went to Eng. with the earl of Arundcl. B. 1607; d. 1677. Hollis, Thomas, hol’iss, English patron of Harvard college, founding there a professorship of philosophy and mathematics. B. 1659; d. 1731. Holmes, Oliver Wendell, homs, Am. author and physician; medical professor of Harvard University; author of the “Autocrat of the Breakfast Table.” B. Cambridge, Mass., 1809. Holst, IIans Peder, holst, Danish professor, poetical writer, and nov- clist. B. 1811. IIolstenius, Lucas, hol'stee-ni-us, distinguished Ger. bibliographer, in charge of the Vatican library. B. 1596; d. 1661. Holt, Sir John, holt, Eng. lawyer of prominence; Lord chief-justice of king's bench. B. 1642; d. 1709. Holt, Joseph, Am. lawyer; commissioner of patents; postmaster- general, and judge-advocate-general. B. 1So?. Holty or Hoelte, Ludwig Heinrich Christoph, no!'te, translator of philosophical works, and poet of Germany. B. 1748; d. 1776. Holtzendorff, von, Franz, fon holts'en-dorf, member of German parliament; legal professor and philanthropist. B. 1829. Holub, Emil, hol/ub, Bohemian traveler, scientist and doctor of medicine; has a remarkable collection of natural objects, 10,000 beetles alone. B. 1845. Holyoake, George Jacob, holyok, Eng. free-thinker and reformer. B. 1817. Holyoke, Edward Augustus, holyok, Am. doctor of medicine and centenarian. B. 1728; d. 1829. Homann, Johann Baptist, ho’man, Ger. scientist and engraver of maps. B. 1663; d. 1724. Homberg, Wilhelm, hom’berg, Ger. doctor of medicine and chemi- cal experimentalist. B. 1652; d. 1715. Home, Daniel Douglas, home, an English spiritual medium; secy. of spiritual athenaeum in London. B. 1833. EIome, Sir Everard, Eng. professor of surgery; pres. Royal College of Surgeons. I?. 1756; d. 1832. JHome, Henry, Lord Kames, a Scotch judge and miscellaneous au- thor. B. 1724; d. 1808. Home, or Hume, John, a Scotch lawyer, soldier, minister and dra- matic author. B. 1696; d. 1782. Homer. ho’mer, the earliest Gr. poet, celebrated throughout all ages; seven Greek cities claim the honor of his birth; a schoolmaster in his old age, blind and poor, compelled to wander from city to city reciting his verses; his greatest works are the “Iliad,” and the “Odys- sey;” they were composed before the invention of writing and pre- served by memory for an unknown lapse of time; Pope's English version is the best known. He lived about 1000 B. c. Homer, Winslow, Am. painter, engraver and illustrator of Harper's periodicals during the civil war. B. Boston, 1836. IHonorius, Flavius, ho-no'ri-us, emp. of Rome; ascended the throne on the death of his father, Theodosius the Great. B. 384; d. 423. IIonorius, Pope, celebrated for his position in the Monothelite con- troversy. B. cnd of the 6th century; d. 638. *Iontheim, von, Johann Nicolaus, fon hon"heim, Ger. professor of law, also bishop. B. 1701; d. 1790. Hood, John B., an Am. maj-gen. confederate army in civil war, 1S61-5; graduated at West Point, 1853; in army frontier against the Indians, he was seriously wounded in a fight with Comanches, 1857; resigned his commission in U.S. army, 1S61, and entered Southern army, where he soon rose to the rank of maj-gen.; at Gettysburg he had command of a division in Longstreet's corps; during the fight he lost an arm; after his recovery he rejoined his troops just before they were ordered to Ga.; here they fought the battle of Chickamauga, when, at the head of his troops, he lost a leg, and was rewarded for his bravery and courage by a licut.-gen’s. commission; succeeded General Johnston, 1864, in command of the army against Gen. Sherman; he made three furious attacks on the Union forces at Atlanta, but suffered defeat and evacuated the city; his final war operations were against Gen. Thomas command at Nashville, where his defeat was terrible; soon after he was relieved of his command; at the time of his death he was very poor, and many of his nine children were adopted by friends. B. Bath co., Ky., 1830; d. New Orleans, 1879. Hood, Robin, hood, Eng. hero of romance; Maior calls him the most gentle and princely of thieves; he relieved the poor by despoiling the rich. Lived about the end of the 12th century. Hood, Samuel, British naval commander; fought in the Am. revolu- tionary war, and in the war with France; rear admiral. B. 1724; d. 1816. IIood, Thomas, Eng. poet, editor and miscellaneous writer; his most famous poem, “The Song of the Shirt,” was written during his last illness; the sewing women of London erected a monument to his memory. B. London, 1798; d. London, 1865. Hooft, or Hoofft, Peter Cornelis, hoft, a Dutch judge, and writer of tragedy and history. B. 15S1; d. 1647. * * -: *--- Hook, James Clark, hook, Eng. artist; painter of marine views; Royal academician. B. 1819. Hook, Theodore Edward, English satirist, journalist, and dramatist. B. 17SS; d. 1841. Hooke, Robert, English mechanician, professor of geometry, and mechanics. B. 1635; d. 1703. Hooker, Joseph, hook'er, an Am. gen. in civil war, 1861-5; served in the Mexican and Seminole wars; brig.-gen. of vols., March, 1861; maj.- gen. of vols., May, 1861; wounded at Antietam; brig.-gen. of the army, Sept., 1861; com. of Army of Potomac, 1S63; maj.-gen. by brevet, 1868; called “Fighting Joe,” because in the Peninsula campaign he was al- ways advising battles, always ready to fight, even advising McClellan to disobey the orders of the commander-in-chief, and go on to Rich- mond. B. Hadley, Mass., 1815; d. New York, 1879. Hooker, Joseph Dalton, English naturalist; director of Kew Gardens; distinguished African traveler. B. 1817. Hooker, Richard, English clergyman; author of the celebrated work on “Ecclesiastical Polity.” IB. 1554; d. 1600. Hooker, Rev. Thomas, an early Connecticut settler; minister and author. B. 15S6; d. 1647. Hooker, Sir William Jackson, English naturalist and botanical author. B. 1785; d. 1S65. Hooker, Worthington, Am. doctor of medicine; professor in Yale College, and vice-president Am. medical assn. B. Springfield, Mass., 1Soó; d. New Haven, Ct., 1867. Hooper, John, hoof'er, English bishop of Worcester; burnt at the stake by Q. Mary. B. 1495; d. 1555. Hope, Thomas, Eng. auth. and col. of artistic treas. B. 1770; d. 1831. Hope, Thomas Charles, Scotch professor of chemistry in Edinburgh university; a brilliant lecturer and successful teacher. B. 1766; d. 1844. Hopkins, Edward, hop'kins, colonial governor of Connecticut, and benefactor of early American schools of learning. B. 16oo; d. 1657. Hopkins, Esek, American soldier and first naval commodore. B. Scituate, R.I., 1718; d. North Providence, 1Soz. Hopkins, Johns, Am. banker and philanthropist; founder of Johns Hopkins university in Baltimore, Md. B. 1796; d. Baltimore, 1873. Hopkins, Mark, Am. physician; doctor of divinity, author, and pro- fessor. B. Stockbridge, Mass., 1802. Hopkins, Samuel, Am... theologian, author, and abolitionist. IB. Waterbury, Ct., 1721; d. Newport, It. I., 1803. Hopkins, Stephen, Am. revolutionary patriot; one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence. B. Scituate, R. I., 1707; d. Provi- dence, R.I., 1785. Hopkinson, Francis, hop/kin-son, Am. satirical and political writer; U.S. district judge of Pennsylvania; signer of the Declaration of Inde- pendence; musician, scholar, and artist. B. Philadelphia, 1738; d. 1791. Hopkinson, Joseph, son of above, Am. jurist, and author of “Hail Columbia.” B. Philadelphia, 1770; d. 1842. Hopper, Isaac Tatem, hop/er, Am. benefactor, belonging to the society of Friends. B. 1771; d. 1852. Hoppin, Augustus, hop’in, Am. etcher, wood engraver, and illustrator. B. Providence, R.I., 1828. - Horace, or Horatius, Quintus Flaccus, hor'es, an elegant Roman poet; studied under the best masters of Rome; patronized at Athens by Brutus, who made him a tribune; at the battle of Philippi he threw away his shield and fled; Virgil became his patron; declined advance- ment at hands of Augustus. His odes have been translated into every European language. He was greatly esteemed by the highest people in Rome, particularly Maccenas and Pollio, the former presenting him with the Sabine Farm, whose praises he celebrated in verse. B. Venusia, It, 65 B. c.; d. 8 A. D. Hormayr, von, Joseph, baron, fon hor'mir, Tyrolese revolutionist, and historian. B. 1781; d. 1848. Horn, Gustaf, count, horn, a Swedish field-marshal and diplomat; minister of war in 1652. B. 1592; d. 1657. Horne, Richard IIengist, English essayist, poet, and miscellaneous writer. B. 1So?. Horne, Thomas Hartwell, English clergyman and author of religious works. B. 17So; d. 1862. Horner, Francis, hor'ner English politician; leader of Whig party in parliament. B. 1778; d. 1817. Horne Tooke, John, horn took, a famous Eng. philologist and politi- cian, pamphleteer and clergyman. B. 1736; d. 1812. Horrox, or Horrocks, Jeremiah, hor'oks, an Eng. clergyman and dis- tinguished astronomer. B. 1616; d. 1641. Horsley, Samuel, hors’li, English bishop and controversialist; also secretary of Royal society; theological author. B. 1733; d. 1806. Hortense Eugenie de Beauharnais, or-tonss' uh-zha’ne deh bo'ar-na’, daughter of the Empress Josephine; adopted by first Napoleon; mother of Napoleon III.; queen of Holland. B. 1783; d. 1S37. Hortensius, Quintus, hor-ten'shi-us, a Roman statesman; commenced speaking in the forum at the age of 19; though a rival, professionally, of Cicero, they were on most friendly terms; was made consul in 69 B. c. B. 114, B. C.; d. So, Horus, horus, an IEgyptian deity, representing the rising sun. He was held up as a model for all princes, and as a type of royal virtues. Horvath, Mihaly, hor’vat, a native of IIungary, and a historian of renown; his greatest work being “Twenty-five Years of Hungarian History,” pub. 1863. B. Szentes, 1809. Hosack, David, hos'ak, an Am. physician; received degree of doctor of medicine, 1791; held public medical offices, and wrote various essays on medical science. B. New York, 1769; d. 1835. Hosea, ho-ze'ah, a son of Beeri, and prophet of Samaria; his warn- ings seem to include a period of at least eighty years, and reproved Israel for its wickedness and idolatry. Lived about the 7th or 8th century B. C. Hosmer, Harriet Goodhue, hoz'mer, an Am. sculptor; among her most notable works are a bust of “Beatrice Cenci,” for the public library, St. Louis; a colossal statue of “Zenobia in Chains;” a statue of Thomas H. Benton, in bronze, and a “Sleeping Faun,” for Lafayette Park, St. Louis. B. Watertown, Mass., Oct. 9, 1830. Hottinger, Johann Heinrich, hot'ing-er, a Swiss orientalist and theo- logian; prof. Eastern languages and Bible criticism at Heidelberg; “Thesaurus Philologicus,” and “Etymologicum Orientale.” B. Zurich, 1620; drowned, river Limmath, 1667. Koudetot, Elizabeth Francoise Sophie d', oo'de-to', a Fr. countess; celebrated by her association with Rousseau, and the poet, Saint Lam- bert. B. Paris, 1730; d. 1813. Houdin, Robert, oo'dan, a French conjurer; famous for his success in juggling. B. Blois, 1Soš; d. 1871. Houdon, Jean Antoine, oo'don, a Fr. sculptor; the statues of “Diana” and “Washington,” in the hall of the capitol in Richmond, Va., his most notable works. B. Versailles, 1741; d. Paris, 1828. Houghton, Richard Monckton Milnes, hoton, an Eng. lord and author; made peer 1863; “Memo. of a Tour in Greece;” “Poems of Many Years;” “Memoir with Letters and Literary Remains of John Keats.” B. Yorkshire, 1Sog. Houghton, William, ho'on, an Eng. clergyman; wrote many books; most important, “The Ecclesiastical Hist, of Eng.,” and “Country Walks of a Naturalist with his Children.” B. Norwich, 1807. Houssaye, Arsene, oo-sa', a Fr. author; mgr., and editor La Presse, 1861; one of the most notorious courtiers of the second empire. B. Bruyeres, 1815. Houssaye, Henry, a Fr. author, son of the above; was brought be- fore the public in 1867 by his “Histoire d'Apelles. B. Paris, 1848. Houston, Sam, htt'ston, an Am. gen. ; was soldier during war with Great Britain, 1812; gov. Tenn., 1827; military gen., Texas, 1835; and pres. of the territory, 1836; gov. 1879, Texas being then a state; op- posed to secession, 1861. B. Lexington, Va., 1793; d. IIuntersville, Texas, 1863. - Hoveden, Roger de, de huv'den, an Eng. historian, contemporary with Henry II. B. Yorkshire, middle 12th century. IIovey, Alvah, ho’vey, an Am. clergyman and author; “Life and Times of Backus,” “The Scriptural Law of Divorce,” “Religion and the State,” are prominent among his writings. B. Thetford, Vt., 1820. Howard, Charles, Lord IIoward of Effingham, howard, an English naval officer; lord high admiral 1585; in 1599 was appointed lieut.-gen. of England. B. 1536; d. 1624. Howard, Henry, Earl of Surrey; an English poet. See also Surrey. Howard, John, an English philanthropist, and prison reformer; vide Dixon's “Howard and the Prison World of Europe.” B. Enfield, 1726; d. Kherson, Russia, 1790. - BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 275 276 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. Howard, John Eager, Am. rev. soldier and statesman; participated in battles of Germantown, Camden, and Cowpens. B. Baltimore co., Md., 1752; d. 1827. Howard, Oliver Otis, how’ard, an Am. soldier; grad. West Point 1854; col. vols., May, 1861; for courage and ability at Bull Run, where he commanded a brigade, was promoted to rank of brig.-gen., July, 1861; in McClellan's campaign on the Peninsula, at the battle of Fair Oaks, while gallantly leading a decisive charge, he was wounded twice in the right arm; though his arm was amputated, he was in his saddle again in a few weeks, participating in many battles, notably, Antietam and Fredericksburg; at Gettysburg, taking Hancock's command, he having been wounded, Howard proved himself one of the ablest com- manders of the army; it was mainly by his skill and generalship that Lec's best army was swept away and the battle won. Pres. Lincoln sent him an autograph letter of thanks; with Sherman in his famous march to the sea he won from that leader the highest encomiums; brig.- gen. of U. S. army, 1S64; brev. maj.-gen., 1865; has held many posi- tions of trust under the government since the war. B. Leeds, Ken- nebec co., Me., 1830. Howard, Thomas, third duke of Norfolk; an English gentleman and statesman; quelled insurrection in Ireland. B. about 1473; d. 1554. IHoward, Thomas, fourth duke of Norfolk. See ARUNDEL. Howe, Elias, how, an American, and inventor of the sewing ma- chine. B. Spencer, Mass., 1819; d. Brooklyn, N.Y., 1867. Rowe, George Augustus, Eng. gen. sent to America, 1757. B. 1724; k. Ticonderoga, 1758. * IIowe, John, an Eng. divine; being a nonconformist, was chosen by Cromwell as his chaplain. B. Loughborough, Leicestershire, 1630; d. London, 1705. Howe, Julia Ward, Am. poet; wife of S. G. H.; “Passion Flowers;” “The World's Own,” “Lenore;” also an advocate of woman's rights. B. N. Y., 1819. Howe, Richard, British admiral; served in America during rev. war. B. London, 1725; d. 1799. Howe, Samuel Gridley, Am. philanthropist; founded school for training idiots; wrote “Reader for the Blind,” in raised characters. B. Boston, 1Soi. Howe, William, an English general under Wolfe. B. London, 1729, d. 1814. Howell, James, how'el, a British author, contemporary with Charles I. and Cromwell. B. near Brecknock, Wales, 1596, d. 1666. IIowells, William Dean, how’elz, an American writer; published “Life of Abraham Lincoln;” edited Atlantic Monthly, July, 1871. B. Martinsville, O., 1837. Howitt, William, how it, a British writer; cstablished “Aristocracy of Eng;” “Stories of Eng. Life.” B. Heanor, Derbyshire, 1795. Howitt, Mary Botham, an English author, wife of above; “Birds and their Nests;” - “A Pleasant Life.” B. Uttoxeter, about 1804. Howson, John Saul, how’son, an Eng. divine and writer; “The Life and Epistles of St. Paul.” B. 1816. Hoyle, Edmund, hoil, an Eng. writer on games, whose authority is accepted throughout Eng. and Am. B. 1672; d. 1769. Rubbard, William, hub'ard, an Am. divine and historian; “Memoir of Gen. Denison.” B. Eng. 1621; d. Ipswich, Mass., 1704. Huber, Francois, hoo’ber, a Swiss naturalist; pub. valuable treatise on “Bees, their Habits, etc.” B. Geneva, 1750; d. Lausanne, 1831. Euber, Jean Rodolphe, a Swiss artist and painter, called “The Tin- toretto of Switzerland.” B. Basel, 1668; d. 174S. Huber, Johann Nepomuk, a German divine; prominent opposer of thc papal decree of infallibility. B. Munich, 1830. Huber, Marie, a Swiss writer. B. Geneva, 1695, d. Lyons, 1753. IIuber, Michael, a German savant. B. Froutenhausen, Bavaria, 1727; d. Leipsic, 1804. Huber, Ludwig Ferdinand, a German writer; son of above. B. Paris, 1764; d. Leipsic, 1804. JHuber, Therese, a German author and writer, wife of above. B. Gottingen, 1764; d. Augsburg, 1829. Huber, Victor Aime, a German publicist and professor of literature. B. Stuttgart, 1Soo; d. Wernigerode, 1869. Hubner, Karl, hub'ner, a German artist, excelling in genre pictures- B. Konigsberg, 1814. * Hubner, Rudolf Julius Benno, a German painter of portraits, and historical painting. B. Prussian Silesia, 1806. IIuc, Evariste Regis, uk, a Fr. missionary to China, and traveler. B. Toulouse, 1813; d. Paris, 1860. Hudson, Henry, hud/son, an Eng. explorer and navigator, discovered the river bearing his name, 1609. B. about middle of 16th century. Hudson, Henry Norman, an Am. essayist; editor the Churchman, Saturday Evening Gazzette. B. Cornwall, Vt., IS14. Huet, Pierre Daniel, u-a', a French savant, and bishop of Avranches. B. Caen, 1630; d. Paris, 1721. Hufeland, Christoph Wilhelm, hoofeh-lant, a German physician; en- dowed charitable institutions for poor physicians. B. Langensalza, Thuringia, 1762; d. Berlin, 1836. Rugel, Karl Alexander Anselm, hugel, a German traveler, and nat. historian; his collection of curiosities was purchased for the imperial museum, Vienna. B. Ratisbon, 1796; d. Brussels, 1870. Ifuger, Isaac, yoo-jee', an Am. gen.; was in expedition against Chero- kees, 1760, and the sicges of Savannah and Charleston. B. Limerick, S. C., 1742; d. Charleston, 1797. i> Huggins, William, hug’inz, a British astronomer, delivered the Rede lecture at Cambridge, 1869. B. London 1824. Hugh, Capet, king of France, originator of the Capetian dynasty; crowned at Noyon, 987, B. about 910; d. 996. Hughes, Robert Ball, huz, an Am. sculptor, and lecturer on art. B. London, Eng, 1So; d. Boston, 1868. Hughes, John, an Am. church dignitary; ordained priest, 1825; re- ceived the pallium as archbishop in Rome, 1850. B. county Tyrone, Ireland, 1797; d. New York, 1864. Hughes, Thomas, an Eng. writer; “Tom Brown's School Days at Rugby.” B. Newbury, Berkshire, 1823. - Eugo, Gustav, hoo'go, a German prof. of law; edited Civilistische Magazine 23 years. B. Lorach, Baden, 1764; d. Gottingen, 1844. Hugo, Victor Marie, viscount, tego', a Fr. romance writer and poet; “Les Miserables,” a romance in nine languages. B. Besancon, 1802. Bullin, or IIulin, Pierre Augustin, comte, u-lan', a Fr. commander, appointed gen, of div., 1807, under Bonaparte. B. Paris, 1758; d. 1841. Hull, Isaac, hul, an Am. commodore; lieut., 1798; capt. of Constitu- tion, war 1812; commanded squadrons in the Pacific and Mediterra- nean. B. Derby, Conn., 1775; d. Phila., 1843. Hull, William, Am gen., war 1812; maj. in battles of Trenton, and Monmouth. B. Derby, Conn., 1753; d. Newton, Mass, 1825. Hullah, John, hu'a, a British musical composer; “The Village Co- quettes,” a comic opera; wrote essays on the science and history of music. B. Worcester, 1812. Hultsch, Friedrich Otto, hul'sch, a Ger, linguist, rector of the Kreuz- schule, Dresden; pub. the “Histories” of Polybius, etc. B. Dres- den, 1833. Humbert, Joseph Amable, um-ber', a Fr. general during reign of Na- poleon I. B. about 1755; d. 1823. IIumboldt, Friedrich Heinrich Alcxander von, hum'bolt, a Ger. ex- plorer and naturalist; extended his scientific research into all countries; his “Kosmos” is without equal, in explaining the physical universe, in the domain of natural science; the century of Humboldt's birth was celebrated in Ger and U. S., 1869. B. Berlin, 1769; d. 1859. Humboldt, Karl Wilhelm von, baron; bro. of above; a Ger. states- man; minister to Vienna, ISIo; said to have been the first to make philology a science. B. Potsdam, 1767; d. Tegel, 1835. IIume, David, a celebrated philosopher, historian, and miscellaneous writer; published his “Treatise of Human Nature” at London, 1738; and the first volume of his “History of England” in 1754. B. Edin- burgh, 1711, d. 1776. Kume, Joseph, a British politician; commenced his career as a tory, 1812. B. Montrose, Scot., 1777; d. Norfolk, 1855. Hummel, Johann Nepomuk, hoom'el, a Ger. pianist; pupil of Mozart; excelled as an improvisator. B. Hungary, 1778; d. Weimar, 1837. Humphrey, Heman, humfri, Am. divine and writer; pres. Amherst college, 1823. B Simsbury, Conn., 1779; d. Pittsfield, Mass., 1861. Humphreys, Andrew Atkinson, hum'friz, an Am. soldier and cn- gineer; “Report upon the Physics and Hydraulics of the Mississippi River;” appointed chief of engineers U. S.A., with rank brig.-gen., 1866. B. Pennsylvania, about 1812. ? ~!-- –4. * —w- BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 277 "--— Humphreys, David, an Am. soldier and poet; served during rev. Huskisson, William, hus'kis-on, an Eng. financier; was pioneer in war, and 1812; a “Poem on the Happiness of America;” “The Widow the free-trade movement. B. Birch-Moreton, Worcestershire, 1770; d. of Malabar.” B. Derby, Conn., 1752; d. New Haven, 1818. Eccles, Lancashire, 1830. Hunfalvy, Pal, hoon fol-ve, a Hungarian prof. of belles-lettres. B. Huss, John, huss, a Bohemian reformer; perceived the errors of Nagy-Szalok, 1Sro. popery on reading the writings of Wickliffe, and by his means a reform Hunfalvy, Janos, a Hungarian prof. of statistics and history at was begun in the university of Prague; summoned to appear before polytechnic institute of Buda. B. Gross-Schlagendorf, 1820. council of Constance; degraded and burnt alive by bad faith of mem- Runt, Henry, hunt, a British farmer and politician; an associate bers of that council, 1415. B. Hussinatz, Bohemia, about 1370. contemporary with IIorn Tooke. B. Upavon, Wiltshire, 1773; d. Hutcheson, Francis, hutch'e-son, an Irish metaphysician in Scotland; Alresford, Hants, 1835. * the “System of Moral Philosophy,” his most complete work. B. Ire- Hunt, James IIenry Leigh, an Eng. poet and essayist, contemporary land, 1694; d. Glasgow, 1747. with Byron; “The Feast of the Poets.” B. Southgate, Middlesex, 1784; Hutchinson, Anne, hutch'in-son, an Am. religious enthusiast; Vane, d. Putney, 1859. Cotton, and Wheelwright, were among her partisans. B. Alford, Lin- Hunt, Thornton, son of the above, an Eng. writer; edited the Glas- colnshire, Eng., 1591; d. near New Amsterdam, N.Y., 1643. gow Argus. B. London, 1810; d. 1873. Hutchinson, John, an Eng. Puritan reformer; a memoir of him by Bunt, Richard Morris, an Am. architect; constructed extension of his wife, pub. Soó. B. Nottinghamshire, about 1616; d. Sandown capitol, Washington, 1855. B. Brattleboro. Vt., 1828. castle, Kent, 1664. Hunt, Thomas Sterry, F. R. S., an Am. scientist, chemist, and Hutchinson, John, an Eng. founder of Hutchinsonianism and mineralogist of geole survey of Canada; made F. R. S. London, 1859, opposer of the Newtonian theory of gravitation. B. Spennithorne, and of nat. Academy of U.S. in 1873. B. Norwich, Conn., 1826. Yorkshire, 1674; d. 1737. Hunt, William Henry, an Eng. painter in water-colors; ranked first Hutchinson, Thomas, provincial governor of Mass.; held four high among the painters of the day. B. London, 1790; d. 1S64. offices at one time, viz., judge of probate, councilor, lieut.-gov., and Hunt, William Holman, an Eng. artist; “The Shadow of Death” chief-justice. B. Boston, 1711; d. Brompton, Eng., 17So. sold for 10,000 guineas. B. London, 1827. Hutten, Ulrich von, fon hoot'en, a German poet and theologian; Hunt, William Morris, an Am. artist; “Morning Star,” and “Bugle “Dialogi;” “Fortuna; “Febris.” B. near Fulda, 1488; d. Switzer- Call.” B. Brattleboro, Vt., 1824; d. 1879. land, 1523. Hunter, John, hun'ter, a Scottish anatomist and surgeon; museum Hutton, Charles, hut'on, an Eng. prof. of mathematics; “Tables of named after him. B. Long Calderwood, 1728; d. London, 1793. the Product and Power of Numbers;” “Mathematical Tables.” B. Hunter, Robert Mercer Taliaferro, an Am. politician; favored seces: Newcastle-on-Tyne, 1737; d. 1823. sion, 1S60; expelled from U.S. senate, 1861. B. Essex co., Va., 1809. Hutton, James, a Scotch mineralogist and geologist; “Theory of Hunter, William, a Scottish physiologist; “Anatomia Humani Uteri the Earth.” B. Edinburgh, 1726; d. 1797. Gravidi,” is considered the best medical work of the age. B. Long Huxley, Thomas Henry, huks’li, an Eng. naturalist, lecturer, and Calderwood, 1718; d. London, 1783. author of scientific works; leading authority on zoology; made many Huntingdon, Selina, countess of, hun'ting-don, an advocate of the important and interesting discoveries in this department of science; Eng. Calvinistic Methodists; founded a theological seminary at Trevec- “Man’s Place in Nature;” “Introduction to the Classification of ca, in Wales. B. 1707; d. 1791. Animals;” member of the leading societies of science of the world. Huntington, Daniel, hun'ting-ton, an Am. artist; “The Sibyl;” B. Ealing Middlesex, 1825. “Florentine Girl.” B. New York, 1816. i. Huygens,Christian, LL.D., hi'genz, a Dutch inventor; natural scien- +Iuntington, Jedediah Vincent, an Am. minister; bro. of above; be- tist; invented the pendulum clock, 1658. B. Hague, 1629; d. 1695. came a Roman Catholic, 1849; edited the Leader, in St. Louis. B. N. Hyacinthe, Pere. See Loysox, Charles Pere. Y., 181 5; d. Pau, France, 1S62. Hyde, Thomas, hid, an Eng. divine; master of seven languages, and Huntington, Frederick Dan, an Am. clergyman and writer; “Helps interpreter of Oriental languages to Charles II., James II., William to a Holy Lent,” “Steps to a Living Faith.” B. Hadley, Mass., 1S19. III. B. Shropshire, 1636; d. Oxford, 1703. Huntington, Samuel, a signer of the "Declaration of Independence; Hyde, Thomas, hide, an Eng student and prof. of languages and pres. of continental congress, 1779; gov. of Ct., 1786. B. Windham literature of Asiatic nations; court interpreter of seven Oriental lan- Conn., 1732; d. Norwich, 1796. guages. B. Billingsley, 1636; d. Oxford, 1703. Huntington, William, an Eng. clergyman; pub, a number of dis- Hyde de Neuville, Jean Guillaume, baron, hide-de new/vil, a French courses. B. 1744; d. Tunbridge Wells, 1S13. Bourbon politician; minister to U. S.; ambassador to Lisbon. B. La Hunyady, Janos, hoon'yod-e, a Hungarian commander, especially dis Charitesur-Loire, 1776; d. Paris, 1857. tinguished for his defense of Belgrade. B. 1390; d. 1456. - Hyder Ali, hi’der a'lee, sultan of Mysore, Southern India; waged Huppazoli, Francesco, hoof-a-dzo'le, a centenarian of Piedmont; mar- successful war against the Eng. two years; succeeded by Tippoo ried five times, had 49 children; lived in three centuries. B. Casale, Saib, his son. B. Mysore, 1718; d. 1782. 15S7; d. 1702. s Hygiea or Hygea, hi'ge-a, a Greek character; goddess of health; Hurd, Richard, hurd, an Eng. bishop; was offered the archbishopric usually represented in loose garments, feeding a serpent from a bowl. of Canterbury, by George III., 1783, but declined it. B. Congreve, Staf- Hylas, a mythological deity of the Grecks.. fordshire. 1720; d. Hartlebury, 1SoS. Hymen, the god of marriage; a Grecian deity. Hurlbert, William Henry, hurl'burt, an Am. writer and journalist; Hymeneus, hy-me-ne'us, 2 Tim. ii: 17; thenied the doctrine of res- was on the staff respectively, of Putnam's Monthly, N. 2. Times, and urrection and was condemned therefor. * the World, B. Charleston, S.C., 1827. Hypatia, hi-pai’shia of Alexandria, a math., and phil. B. Alexan- Hurlbut, Stephen Augustus, hurl"but, an Am. gen, during civil war; dria about 370; d. 415. served in Seminole war, 1835; elected M. C. from Ill., 1873. B. Charles- Hyperides, hi-per’i-dees, a Gr. orator; an associate of Demosthenes, ton, S. C., 1815. as head of the anti-Macedonian party; ambassador to Thebes; was one FIurst, John Fletcher, hurst, an Am. theologian and author; elected of the ten leading orators of Attica that are celebrated in history. B. pres. of the Drew theo. sem., at Madison, N.J., 1873; “History of Ra- about 395 B. c, d. Aegina, 322. tionalism;” and other works. B. Salem, Md., 1834. Hyrcanus, John, kir-ca'nus, a Jewish rabbi and high priest of Ju- Hurter, Friedrich Emanuel von, hur-ter, a Swiss historical writer; dea. D. about 106 B. c. r made historiographer of the Emp. of Austria. B. Schauffhausen, 1787; Hyrcanus, a high priest, grandson of John Hyrcanus; tributary d. Gratz, 1865. - - prince in Jerusalem to Pompey; was put to death by command of Husbands, Herman, hus'bands, an Am. political reformer; leader of Herod. B. 109 * B. c.; d. 30. the “regulators,” 1763; connected with the whisky insurrection in Hyrtl, Joseph, heertl, an Austrian physiologist; pub. numerous Pa., 1794. D. near Philadelphia, about 1794. works on comparative anatomy. B. Eisenstadt, Hungary, 1811. ~# .."--- > !-- ~1. – 278 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. -->4C) || @: *r Iamblichus, i-am-ble’kus, a Platonic philosopher that studied under Porphyry, and gaincd many disciples by his eloquence and probity; author of “Life of Pythagoras.” Fl. about 350. Iamblicus, ee'am-blee'cus, a Syrian scholar; lived in 4th century. Iberville, Pierre la Moyne, sieur d’, ee-ber'veel", a Fr. mil. and na- val officer; founder of Louisiana; did great service for the French colonies in their struggle against the English. B. Montreal, 1661; d. Havann, 1706. Ibrahim Pasha, ib-bra-heem' pa-sha', a gen. of Egypt; his army over- ran the whole of the Morea, and committed frightful devastation and cruelties; but the battle of Navarino, 20th Oct., 1827, when the com- bined British, Itussian, and French navies, under the command of Ad- miral Codrington, destroyed the Turco-Egyptian fleet, sent him back to Egypt, shorn of his conquests, and paved the way for the independence of Greece; in 1831, he marched to the conquest of Syria, but was kept out of Constantinople by the intervention of Russia; the sultan, on making a second effort for the recovery of Syria, was utterly over- thrown by Ibrahim, at Nizil, but the European powers interfered, and forced Ibrahim to give up Syria to the sultan. Born in Albania, 17S9; was viceroy two months and 10 days, and died 1S4S. Ibycus, ib'by-citz, a lyric poet of Greece; lived in the middle of 6th century, B. C. Icilius, Lucius, i.si'e-us, a Roman tribune, to whom Virginia was betrothed. When the latter was carried off by the decemvir Appius Claudius, Icilius raised an army against the Decemvirs, and, having caused their fall, was created by the people tribune for the second time, B. c. 449. Sheridan Knowles has founded a tragedy, called “Vir- ginius,” upon these incidents; and Macaulay, in one of his ballads, commemorates the story of Virginius. See CLAUDIUs, Appius, and VIRGINIA. Ictinus, ik-ti'nus, an Athenian architect that lived in the 5th century, B. C., and was employed by Pericles in the erection of the Parthenon; built the temple of Ceres and Proserpine at Eleusis, and the temple of Apollo Epicurus in Arcadia. Ideler, Christian Ludwig, ee'deh-ler, a Ger. astronomer and mathe- matician. B. Brandenburg, 1766; d. 1846. Idris Gawr, i/dris-gour, a Welsh astronomer that ranked with Gwidion ab Don and Gwyn ab Nudd, as the three great astronomers of I}ritain. Iermak, yer'mak, a commander-in-chief of the Cossacks of Don that, near the cnd of the 16th century, invaded Siberia, taking Sibir, the capital. Slain by a Tartar chief, in 1583. Iffland, August Wilhelm, if"land, a Ger. author and actor; director of National theater at Berlin, in 1796. B. Hanover, 1759; d. Berlin, 1814. Iglesias De La Casa, Josef, ig-glee’-see-us da la cas-sa, a Spanish satirist and poet. B. Salamanca, 1753; d. 1791. Ignatieff, Nikolai Paolovitch, ig-na'she-eff, a Russian gen. in Cri- mean war; ambassador to Peking in 1859; amb. to the Porte, 1864. B. St. Petersburg, 1832. Ignatius, St., ig-nai'she-tts, a father of the church, and martyr; sur- named Theophorus, among, the primitive fathers of the church; ac- cording to Eusebius, he was made bishop of Antioch in 69; the “Mar- tyrium Ignatti” says he was a disciple of John, and ordained by the apostles; he faithfully watched over his flock during the persecution of Domitian, and was then condemned to death by Trajan and thrown to wild beasts in the Roman amphitheatre; accredited with the writing of the seven noted epistles cnumerated by Eusebius and Jerome. Suffered martyrdom between 107 and 116. Ignatius, St., patriarch of Constantinople, and son of the emperor Michael I.; his original name was Nicetas; entered a monastery as a eunuch after the deposition of his father by Leo the Armenian; refused the admission of Bardas as a communicant, whereupon he was deposed and suc. by Photius; reinstated, however, by Basil the Macedonian, in 867. B. about 798; d. 87S. Ihre, Johan, ee'reh, a professor of belles-lettres and political science in the university of Upsal, Sweden; writer of important essays on the Eddas and Ulfilas. B. in Lund, 1707; d. 17So. Imad-ed-Din, i-mad'ed-deen', historian and poet of Persia. B. 1125; d. 1201. - Imbert, Barthelemi, im'bair, a Fr. novelist and poet; “Mistakes of Love.” B. Nimes, 1747; d. Paris, 1790. Immerman, Karl Lebrecht, tin’mer-man, a Ger. dramatist, poet, and judicialist. B. Magdeburg, 1796; d. Dusseldorf, 1840. Imola, Innocenzio da, im'o-la, a painter of Bologna that imitated Raphael. B. Imola, latter part of 15th century; d. 1550. Inachus, in-a'cus, a mythological priest and king of Argos. Inchbald, Mrs. Elizabeth, inch'bald, an Eng. author and actress; ran away from home at the age of 16; obtained employment on the pro- vincial stage; married Mr. Inchbald, and continued to play with suc- cess; retired from the stage in 1789, and devoted herself to the produc- tion of plays and editing; she wrote 19 plays in succession, and pub- lished a collection of farces, 42 vols.; best known by two novels, “Nature and Art,” and “A Simple Story,” after writing her autobi- ography and refusing an offer of £1,000 for the MS., she had it de- stroyed. B. Suffolk, 1753; d. 1821. Incledon, Benjamin Charles, ink'el-don, a celebrated English singer; in 1790 he made his debut at Covent Garden theatre, as Dermot, in “The Poor Soldier.” B. 1764, d. 1826. *- Inez de Castro, enais dai kas' tro, a noble lady of Castile, famous for her beauty and misfortunes; was mistress and in succession the wife, and lastly, in death, the crowned queen of Pedro of Portugal, called the Cruel. Alphonso IV., who was k. of Portugal before Pedro, had her murdered in 1355, but the latter on coming to the thronc, in 1357, caused the body of his adored w. to be discntombcd and taken to the monastcry of Alabaca. The corpse was placed on a royal throne, and Pedro with his own hands put a golden crown on its head, while all present knceled before it, kissing the moldering hand, and saluting the form as q. of Portugal. When the procession arrived at Alabaca, this appalling yet pathetic coronation of a moldering carcass was repeated. She was stabbed with poniards in the neck and bosom. Infante, Jose Migucl, een-fan'ta, principal leader in the revolution ending in the independence of Chili in 1810; author of bill for abolition of slavery, enacted in 1823; influential in founding primary schools. B. Santiago, 1778; d. 1884. Ingelow, Jean, inje-lo, an English poet; author of “High Tide on the Coast of Lincolnshire;” “A Sister’s Bye-Hours,” and many others. B. Boston, Lincolnshire, 1830; now resides in London. Ingeman, IBernhard Severin, in'ger-man, a Danish novelist and poet; travelcd in Europe, and wrote romances. B. Torkildstrup, island of Falster, 1789; d. Copenhagen, 1862. Ingenhousz, Johannes, ing'en-hoos, a Dutch chemist and physician. IB. Breda, 1730; d. Bowood, Eng., 1799. Ingersoll, Jared, ing'ger-sul, a Philadelphia lawyer; candidate for vice-president of U. S. in 1812. B. Conn., 1749; d. Phila., 1822. Charles Jared, son of the above, author and politician; M. C., 1813 and 1841. B. Phila., 1782; d. Phila., 1822. Joseph Reed, brother of the preceding; M. C. five terms; min. to Eng. in 1859; lawyer and statesman. B. Phila. 1786, d. Phila., 1868. * Ingersoll, Robert G., an Am. orator; son of a Congregational min- ister of liberal views, whose antagonisms are said to be the cause of his son's opposition toward Calvinistic doctrine; colonel of Illinois cavalry in war 1861-5; attorney-gen. of Ill., 1866; pub. “Mistakes of Moses;” “Gods,” “Ghosts.” B. Dresden, N. Y., Aug. 11, 1833. Ingham, Charles C., ing'um, an Am. artist; pres. Nat, acad. of De- sign, 1845 to 1850. B. Dublin, 1797; d. New York, 1863. Inghirami, Tommaso, in-je-ra'mee, an Italian poet and scholar; canon of St. Peter's at Rome; created poet laureate by Emperor Maximilian; librarian of Vatican, and secy. to Julius II. B. Volterra, Tuscany, 1470; d. Rome, 1516. Inghirami, Cavaliere Francesco, an Italian archaeologist. B. 1772; d. 1S46. Ingleby, Clement Mansfield, ing'ul-by, an English metaphysician and author. B. Edgbaston, near Birmingham, 1823. Inglis, Sir John Eardley Wilmot, in'glis, the “Hero of Lucknow,” a designation conferred in consequence of his defense of the British residency in that city against the insurgents in 1857, having suc. to the com. there on the death of Sir IIenry Lawrence. B. Nova Scotia, 1814. Ingraham, Duncan Nathaniel, ing'gra-am, an officer in Am. navy; served in confederate army, war 1861-5. B. Charleston, S. C., 1802; d. there 1S63. - | -: BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. "--— Ingraham, Joseph H., an Am. writer; “Captain Kyd.” B. Portland, Me., 1Soo; d. 1S65. ingres, Jean Dominique Auguste, angr, a Fr. classical and historical Painter, director of French academy in Rome, 1829. B. Montauban, 1781; d. Paris, 1867. Ingulphus, in-gulfus, sec. to the Duke of Normandy and abbot of Croyland. B. London, 1030; d. Croyland, 1709. Inman, Henry, in man, an Am. historical and portrait painter; en- gaged on a series of historical paintings for the capitol at Washington, when his death occurred. B. Utica, N. Y., 1801; d. N. Y., 1846. Inman, Rev. James, in man, an Eng. math. and astronomer; sailed *ound the world with Flinders, and was wrecked with him. B. 1772; d. 1859. Innes, George, in'es, an Am. painter of landscapes; his work resem- bles the Fr. school in style, and is largely allegorical; since 1870 he has resided in Rome. B. Newburgh, N.Y., 1825. Innes, Cosmo, Scottish writer on antiquities. B. 1799; d. 1874. Innocent, in no-sent, a name assumed by 13 popes, the first of whom Was b. in Albano, and ascended the papal chair in 402; d. at Ravenna, 417. II. ascended the papal throne in 1130, but was driven from Italy by Anacletus II., a rival; on the death of the latter he returned and held the 2d Lateran council in 1139; d. Rome, 1143. III., Lothario • Conti, was elected in 1198; favored the crusades to the Holy Land, laid France under interdict, excommunicated k. John of Eng., and raised papal power to its highest point; b. Anagni, 1160; d. Perugia, 1216. IV. was a Genoese, suc. Celestine IV. in 1243; held the council of Lyons, in which Frederick was excommunicated ; said to have first given the cardinals red hats; d. Naples, 1251. V. was a Dominican; elected pope in 1276, and d. five months after election. VI. was a man of great learning; bish. of Ostia; elected pope 1352; d. Avignon, 1362. VII., with great opposition, ascended the papal chair in 1404; b. Abruzzo, 1336; d. 1406. VIII., a Genoese of noble birth, of Greek ex- traction; obtained the tiara in 14S4; endeavored without success to organize another crusade; b. 1431; d. 1492. IX. suc. Gregory XIV. in 1591, but d. two months afterward; b. Bologna, 1519. X., John Baptist Pampfili, suc. Urban VIII., 1644, at the age of 73; condemned the doctrines of Jansenius; b. 1571; d. 1665. XI. was elected to the ponti- ficate in 1676, and reformed many abuses in the ecclesiastical state; effected a union of Germany, Poland, and Venice against Turkey; b. Como, 1611; d. 1689. XII., Antonio Pignatelli, elected pope 1691; abolished the great distinctions paid by popes to their nephews, and condemned Fenelon’s “Maxims of the Saints;” b. Naples, 1614; d. Rome, 17oo. XIII., Michael Angelo Conti, the 8th pope of his family, elected in 1721; b. 1655; d. of chagrin, having bestowed a cardinal's hat on Dubois, in 1724. Ino, ee'no, a Greek legendary dau. of Cadmus and Harmonia; her story is used by Euripides, Sophocles, Eschylus, and Achaeus in their tragedies. Io, i'o, the Gr. legendary dau. of Inachus; Jupiter was her lover; typifies the moon. Iphicrates, i-fik'ra-tees, a successful gen. in Athenian army; def. the Thebans and Spartans. Fl. between 400 and 360 B. c. Iphigenia, if-i-je-ni'ah, a noted character in Greek mythology; dau. of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra. Iredell, James, ire'del, celebrated judicialist, and justice of the U. S. supreme court; the doctrine of state rights found its germs in his de- cision regarding the case of Chisholm vs. Georgia. B. Lewes, Eng., 1751; d. Edonton, N.C., 1799. James, son of preceding, U.S. senator in 182S, gov. N. Carolina in 1827. B. Edonton, 1788; d. Raleigh, 1853. Ireland, Samuel, ire’land, an Eng. author and engraver; “Picturesque Tours.” B. London; d. there, 1800. Samuel William Henry, son of Samuel; chiefly noted as forger of Shakspearean documents. B. Lon. don, 1777; d. there, 1835. Irenaeus, St., i-re-me'us, bishop of Lyons and disciple of Polycarp; a f of the church, and one of its earliest writers. B. near Smyrna, 135; d. Lyons, 202. Irene, i-re'ne, empress of Constantinople, and a saint of the Greek church; was the w. of Leo IV., after whose death she became sover- cign in conjunction with her son Constantine V., (which see); deprived her own son of sight; banished by the people. B. Athens, about 752; d isle of Lesbos, Sog. – *=- G-e- 279 Ireton, Henry, ire'ton, a colonel in British army during the civil war; son-in-law of Oliver Cromwell, and lord deputy of Ireland. B. Nottinghamshire, 1610; d. Limerick, 1651. Iris, ire'ís, a legendary character, personating the rainbow, and the favorite messenger of the gods. Irvine, William, ir-vin, an Am. brig.-gen.; commanded in the ex- treme West; M. C., in 1787; supt. of military stores in Phila., 1801. B. near Enniskillen, Ire., 1742; d. Phila., 1804. Irving, Edward, ir'ving, a preacher of the Scottish church, deposed for heresy, 1833. B. at Annan, Dumfriesshire, 1792; d. Glasgow, 1834. Irving, John Henry Brodrib, an Eng, actor; made his first appearance as a dramatist in 1856, as “Richelieu” in Sunderland. B. at Keinton, near Glastonbury, 183S. Irving, Theodore, an Am. Episcopal minister; nephew of Washing- ton Irving, and author of several works. B. New York, 1809. Irving, Washington, er'ving, an Am. author; began to write at the age of 19, for the Morning Chronicle, wrote “The Sketch Book,” “Life of Washington,” and many others. B. New York, 17S3; d. 1859. Isaac, "zak, the son of Abraham and Sarah, and 2d ruler of the Hebrews. D. in Canaan, aged 1So. Isaac Karo, is'aik ka’ro, a Spanish rabbi, forced to leave Spain in consequence of the edict of Ferdinand and Isabella in 1499, compelling all Jews to leave the country within four months, or become Christians. Isaac I., Comnenus, is'aik com’ne-nus, a Gr. emperor of the East; crowned, 1057. II., Angelus, made emperor,of the East by the fall of Andronicus, who reigned at Constantinople; in 1195 the emperor was seized, deprived of his sight, and shut up in prison; but in 1203 he was replaced on the throne in connection with his son. Isabella, is'a-bel'la, daughter of Philip le Bel, k, of France; married in 1308 Edward II., k, of Eng.; being neglected, she took her husband prisoner, and he was soon murdered; Isabella had a paramour named Mortimer, who was hanged by her son, and she was imprisoned, and d. 135S. B. 1292. Isabella, daughter of John II., queen of Spain; her brother was obliged to declare her heiress to the kingdom; she married Ferdinand V., king of Aragon; after her brother's death the kingdoms of Aragon and Castile were united, and Ferdinand and Isabella together assumed the royal title of Spain. B. 1451; d. 1504. See ColuMBU's, Christopher. Isabella II., queen of Spain, suc.to.the crown in 1833; her uncle, Don Carlos, refused allegiance, and a civil war broke out, which was ter- minated in 1840, the Carlists being totally defeated; her reign was troubled by repeated insurrections, and, in 1868, she was compelled to quit Spain and retire to Paris. B. Madrid, 1830. Isabella of Aragon, was the dau. of Alphonso, duke of Calabria, the son of Ferdinand, k. of Naples; espoused to John Galeazzo Sforza, whom Luigi, who married Alphonsina, dau. of duke of Ferrara, after- ward poisoned. D. 1524. Isabella, queen of Hungary; her capital was seized by the sultan of the Turks, and she was obliged to retire to Transylvania, which coun- try she was afterward forced to yield to Ferdinand. D. 1561. Isabey, Jean Baptiste, ix-a-by, a Fr. painter of miniature portraits. B. Nancy, 1767; d. 1855. Isabey, Eugene Louis Gabriel, a son of the former; painter of land- scape and marine views. B. Paris, 1804. Isaeus, i-setts, an Athenian orator of the 4th century, B. c. Isaiah, i-sai'ah, one of the four great prophets; son of Amos; ap- pointed prophet, 758 B. C., and crediting the tradition of the Jews, re- tained the office 60 years; he was sawn asunder with a wooden saw. 696 B. C. Isambert, Francois Andre, e-zon'ber, French jurist and politician. B. 1792; d. 1857. Iscanus, Josephus of Exeter, is-ka'nus, a distinguished writer of Latin poetry; has been styled the miracle of his age in classical com- position. D. 1224. Iselin, Henri Frederic, e'za-lan, a sculptor of some note in France. B. Clairegoutte, about 1825. Isidore, St., e'se-dor, bishop of Seville, a Spanish prelate. B. Car- thagena, 566; d. 630. Isidorus, of Charax, is'i-dor’us, a Greck historian and geographer; wrote description of Parthian empire; lived in fore part of first century. - *19—a- Isis, i'sis, an Egyptian goddess. - Isla, Jose Francisco de, is'la, a Spanish satirical poet, author, and preacher. B. Segovia, 1703; d. Bologna, 1781. Ismail Pasha, is'mel pa-sha', an Egyptian khedive; son of Ibrahitn Pasha; took an active interest in the Suez canal. B. Cairo, 1830. Isnard, Maximin, is 'nard, a French writer and revolutionist. B. Grasse, Provence, 1751; d. there, 1830. eminent men of his time were educated at his school. B. 436 B.C.; d. 33S B. C. Israels, Josef, is rels, a Holland painter. B. Groningen, 1824. Isturiz, Francisco Xavier de, is-tu'ris, a Spanish liberalist and statesman; president of the Cortez in 1839. B. Cadiz, 1790; d. 1871. Itard, Jean Marie Gaspard, e'tar, a French author of medical works, and distinguished as a surgeon in Fr. hospitals. B. Oraison, Pro- vence, 1775; d. Paris, 1838. Ittenbach, Franz, it’ton-bok, a German painter of religious pictures. B. Konigswinter, 1813. Iturbide, Augustin, e-toor'be-de, emperor of Mexico; took the capital of that country and usurped the crown; owing to defection he abdi- cated the crown, March 20, 1823; attempted to recover his empire and was shot, July 19, 1824. B. 1784. Ivanoff, Alexander Andreyevitch, e'van-off, a Russian artist; painter of religious pictures. B. St. Petersburg, 1Sor; d. there, 1858. Ives, Levi Silliman, ives, an Am. bishop; joined the Roman church in 1852, and was deposed of his bishopric. B. Meriden, Conn., 1797; d. New York, 1867. Ivory, James, iv'o-ry, a Scotch scholar and teacher. B. Dun- dee, 1765; d. near London, 1842. Ixtlilxochitl, Fernando de Alva, ikst-lel-no'cheetl, a Mex. scholar and historian. B. 156S; d. 1648. - Ixion; ix’ion, a mythical king of Thessaly. Izard, Ralph, iz'ard, an Am. statesman; one of the noblest sons of S. Carolina; he was a republican, and refused to be presented at court, as etiquette would oblige him to bow the knee to the king and queen; he was at Washington when Arnold’s treason was made known; in 1731 elected to continental congress; senator from S. Carolina. B. The Elms, 1742; d. 1804. —£ J 22– Jablonski, Daniel Ernst, ya-blon'skee, a Prussian Protestant thco- logian. B. 1660; d. Berlin, 1741. Jablonski, Paul Ernst, a Prussian theologian and Egyptologist; pub. some 50 treatises on divinity, antiquity, history, and philology. B. Berlin; d. Frankfort-on-the-Oder, 1757. Jachmann, Edward Karl Emanuel, jak'man, a Ger, admiral; com." in-chief of Baltic fleet during Fr.-Ger. war, and made head of imperial navy, 1871. B. Dantzic, 1822. - Jackson, Andrew, jak-son, an Am. gen, and 7th pres, of U.S.; new democratic party; dist. atty. of Tenn.; U. S. senator, 1797; served in Creek war, 1813; maj.-gen. in 1814; gov. of Fla., 1821; elected pres. of U.S., 1828; served two terms; in 1832, South Carolina declared that the tariff acts were unconstitutional, and prepared to resist the national authority; Pres. Jackson, being in office, determined to execute the laws; he sent a war vessel to Charleston, and informed them of his intention to scize and hang them as soon as they fired the first gun against the national authority. Born Waxhaw, N. C., 1767; d. near Nashville, Tenn., 1845. Jackson, Charles, an Am. judge, pub. a “Treatise on the Pleadings and Practice in Real Actions,” 1828. B. Newburyport, Mass., 1775; d. Boston, 1855. James, an Am. physician, bro. of Charles; pres, of the Mass. med. soc.; pub. reports “On Cow Pox and Small Pox.” B. New- buryport, 1777; d. Boston, 1867. Patrick Tracy, an Am. cotton-mill owner and merchant; founded tne city of Lowell. B. Newburyport, 17So; d. Beverly, 1847. Jackson, Charles Thomas, an Am. natural philosopher. B. Ply- mouth, Mass., 1*05. Jackson, John, an Eng. artist; painted the portrait of five persons in , one day for a wager, at 25 guineas each. B. Lastingham, Yorkshire, 1778; d. London, 1831. *I'- 28O BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. Isocrates, i-sok'ra-tees, a Greek teacher and rhetorician; the most Ivan, e-van', the name of sev. Russ. czars in 15th and 16th centuries. Jackson, Samuel, an Am. physician and surgeon; “The Princi- ples of Medicine.” B. Phila., 1787; d. 1872. Jackson, Thomas Jonathan, generally known as “Stonewall Jack- son;” a confederate general; served in the Mexican war; brig.-gen. at first battle of Bull Run; actively engaged at the battle of Fredericks- burg; captured a force of 11,000 men at Harper's Ferry; he was a pro- fessing Christian, and deacon of a Presbyterian church. B. Clarksburg, Va., 1824; d. at Guinea's Station, near Fredericksburg, 1863. Jackson, William, an Eng. musician, organist Exeter cathedral; com- posed various songs. B. Exeter, 1730; d. 1So?. Jacob, a patriarch of the Bible, and son of Isaac and Rebekah. Read Genesis. Jacobi, Abraham, ya-ko'bee, an Am. practitioner, prof. of N. Y. med. college, 1869. B. Hartum, Westphalia, 1830. Jacobi, Friedrich Heinrich, ya-ko'bee, a Ger. metaphysician. B. Dus- seldorf, 1743; d. Munich, 1819. Johann Georg, bro. of F. H. J., a Ger. prof. of belles-lettres. B. Dusseldorf, 1740; d. Freiburg, Baden, 1814. Maximilian, a son of F. H. J., a Ger. medical doctor; pub. various essays on treatment of the insane. B. Dusseldorf, 1775; d. Siegburg, 1858. Jacobi, Karl Gustav Jakob, a Ger, prof. of mathematics; “Funda- menta Nova Theoriae Functionum Elipticarum.” B. Potsdam, 1804; d. Berlin, 1851. Moritz IIermann, a brother of the preceding, and a Ger. physicist; an inventor of electrotyping. B. Potsdam, 1801; d. St. Pe- tersburg, IS74. Jacobs, Christian Friedrich Wilhelm, ya'kups, a Ger, writer; his works comprise about 50 vols. B. Gotha, 1764; d. 1847. Paul Emil, a son of the preceding; a Ger. artist, painted “Resurrection of Lazarus;” “Rape of Proserpine.” B. Gotha, 1802; d. 1866. Jacobs, Jacques Albert Michel, ja'cobs, a Belgian artist; “Shipwreck of the Florida.” B. Antwerp, 1812. Jacobs, Pierre Francois, a Belgian artist; famous for his picture, “The Head of Pompey Presented to Caesar.” B. Brussels, 17So; d. Rome, 1SoS. - Jacobson, William, ja'cob-son, an Eng. prelate; made bishop of Ches- ter, 1865. B. Norfolk, 1803. Jacoby, Johann, ya-ko'be, a Ger. writer and politician; elected a member of the imperial Reichstag, 1874. B. Konigsberg, 1805. Jacoby, Ludwig Sigismund, an Am. divine; wrote a “Hist, of Metho- dism in the whole world down to 1S69.” B. Alt Strelitz, Mecklen- burg, 1811. Jacotot, Joseph, zha-ko-to', a Fr. educationist, pub. various works on literature, 1822-37. B. Dijon, 1770; d. Paris, 1840. Jacquand, Claudius, zha-kon', a Fr. artist; painted “St. Bonaventura declining a Cardinal's Hat,” and “Dante at Rome.” B. Lyons, 1805. Jacquard, Joseph Marie, zha-kar’, a Fr. inventor; made improve- ments in pattern-weaving machinery, and the “Jacquard Loom,” about 1Sor. B. Lyons, 1752; d. Oullins, 1834. Jacqueline of Bavaria, a daughter of William VI., and Margaret of Burgundy; Countess of Hainaut, Holland, Zealand, and Friesland. B. 1400; d. 1436. Jacquemart, Albert, zhak-ınar", a Fr. writer; “Historie de la cer- amique,” 1872. B. Paris, ISOS. - Jacquemont, Victor, zhak-mon', a Fr. cxplorer. B. Paris, 1Sol; d. Bombay, 1832. Jacquier, Nicolas, zhak-keer', a Fr. surgeon; made orthopedy a specialty. B. Troyes, 1790; d. Ervy, 1859. Jacquin, von, Nicholas Joseph baron, fon zha kan', an Austrian prof. of botany and chemistry; traveled through S. A. and the W. Indies. B. Leyden, 1727; d. Vienna, 1817. Jadin, Louis Emanuel, zha'dan, a French musician; composed 39 operas. B. Versailles, 1768; d. Paris, 1853. Jadin, Louis Godefroy, a French artist; celebrated for his representa- tion of packs of hounds. B. Paris, 1805. Jaell, Alfred, ya'el, a German musician and composer; excelled as a pianist. B. Trieste, 1832. * Jagemann, Karoline, yag'e-mon, a German actress; was of great beauty; favorite of Goethe. B. Weimar, 1778; d. Dresden, 1847. Jager, Gustav, ya'ger, a German artist; painted “The Death of Moses,” “The Interment of Christ,” etc. B. Leipsic, 1SoS; d. 1871. Jahn, Friedrich Ludwig, yan, a Prussian patriot; was imprisoned for five years. B. Lauz, Prussia, 1778; d. Freiberg, 1852. ---, –= –=m-* –-am-" . *--__ -— BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 28 I Jahn, Johann, a German theol.; author of Chaldean, Arabic, Syrian, and IIebrew grammars. B. Taswitz, Moravia, 1750; d. Vienna, 1816. Jahn, Otto, a German expounder of archaeology and philology; wrote a biography of Mozart, 1856-9. B. Kiel, 1813; d. Gottingen, 1869. Jahr, Georges Henri Gottlieb, yar, a Ger.-Fr. homeopathic physi- cian, “IIomeopathic Pharmacopoeia.” B. Gotha, Germany, 1son. Jakob, von, Ludwig IIeinrich, fon ya'kup, a German writer; prof. of political science in Halle, 1816. B. Wettin, 1759; d. Lauchstadt, 1827. Jal, Auguste, zhal’, a French writer; especially known by his works on maritime archaeology. B. Lyons, 1795. *... Jalabert, Charles Francois, zha-la-ber', a French artist; painted “St. Luke,” “The Farewell of Romeo and Juliet,” and “Christ Walk- ing on the Sea.” B. Nimes, 1819. Jaley, Jean Louis Nicolas, zha'la, a Parisian sculptor; his best statues include “Pudor,” and “Prayer.” B. Paris, 1So2; d. 1866. James I., a k of Scot, a son of Robert III.; third of the Stuart kings; was captured and imprisoned 19 years, by Henry IV., and Henry V.; liberated and returned to Edinburgh, assuming the admin- istration of government about 1424; assassinated by Sir Robert Gra- ham in a monastery. B. Dunfermline, 1391; d. Perth, 1437. James II., a k. of Scot., son of James I., became k. when a child; assumed supreme power, 1444; stabbed William, Earl of Douglass; received wound from bursting of gun at siege of Roxburgh, causing his death. B. 1430; d. 1460. James III., k, of Scot., son of James II.; warred with his malcon- tent nobles. B. 1453; d. 1488. James IV., k, of Scot., son of James III.; introduced printing in Scotland, 1507; k battle of Flodden. B. 1472; d. 1513. James V., k, of Scot., son of James IV.; persecuted the reformers; father of Mary Queen of Scots. B. Linlithgow, 1512; d. Falkland, 1542. James L., k, of Eng. and VI., of Scot., peace with Spain, 1604; gun- powder plot, 1605; translated the Bible into Eng. B. Edinburgh cas- tle, 1566; d. palace of Theobalds, 1625. James II., k, of Eng., VII., of Scot., son of Charles I.; overthrown by William, Prince of Orange, 1688. B. palace of St. James, 1633; d. St. Germain, Fr., 1701. James, George Payne Rainsford, an Eng. author; historiographer of Png.; among his novels are “Ticonderoga” and “The Old Dominion.” B. London, 1Sor; d. Venice, 1860. James, Henry, an Am. savant; “The Nature of Evil,” “Substance and Shadow.” B. Albany, 1811. Henry, jr., son of the above, an Am writer. B. in N. Y., 1843. James, Sir Henry, a British inventor of new photographic process called photozincography. B. near St. Agnes, Cornwall, 1803. James, John Angell, an Eng. dissenting divine; “The Anxious In- quirer;” “The Family Monitor.” B. Blandford, 1785; d. Birming- ham, 1859. * James, Robert, a British physician; wrote “A Medical Dictionary.” B. Kinverston, Staffordshire, 1703; d. 1776. James, son of Zebedee, and Salome; an apostle; patron saint of . Spain; d. about 44 A. D. James, a son of Cleophas and Mary; a brother of the Lord; was stoned to death about A. D. 62. James Thomas, an Eng. divine; wrote “Bellum Papale.” of Wight, 1571; d. Oxford, 1629. James, Francis Edward Stuart, the Pretender, called Chevalier de St. George; son of James II. of Eng. B. London, 16SS; d. Rome, 1766. Jameson, Anna, ja'me-son, Mrs., mee Murphy, an Irish author; pub. “Sacred and Legendary Art.” B. Dublin, 1797; d. London, 1860. Jameson, Robert, a Scottish scientist; pub. elaborate works' on “Geology” and “Mineralogy;” founded the Edinburgh Philosophical journal, 1819. B. Leith, 1774; d. 1854. Jamesone, George, a Scotch artist; Charles I. was among his sitters, 1633. B. Aberdeen, 1586; d. Edinburgh, 1644. Jami, or Djami, ja'mee, a Persian writer and composer; wrote 50 volumes prose and poetry. B. Jam, in Khorasan, 1414; d. 1492. Jamieson, John, ja'mi-son, a Scottish lexicographer and divine; pub- lished “Etymological Dictionary of the Scottish Language,” 1SoS-9. B. Glasgow, 1759; d. Edinburg, 1838. • Janauschek, Fanny, ya'now-shek, a Bohemian actress; excels in tragedy; favorite in both Europe and America. B. Prague, 1830. B. Isle James, Edmund Stouer, janes, an Am. divine; made bishop, 1844. B. Sheffield, Mass., 1807. Janet, Paul, *ha’ne, a Fr. writer; a member of the academy of moral and political sciences. B. Paris, 1823. Janet-Lange, Antoine Louis, zha'ne-langz, a Fr. artist; “Nero Con- testing the Prize at the Chariot Race.” B. Paris, 1818; d. 1872. Janin, Jules Gabriel, zha'nan, a Fr. dramatic critic; also a novelist of note. B. St. Etienne, 1So; d. Passy, 1874. Jannequin, Clement, zhan-kan', a Fr. musical composer; lived during reign of Francis I. Jan Sahib, Jon'sa-heeb, a IIindoo poet; published a collection of poems, 1846. B. Furruckabad, 1820. Jansen, or Janse'nius, Cornelius, jan'sen, a Dutch bishop; founder of the sect Jansenists. B. Akoi, 15S5; d. Ypres, 1638. Janson, Nicolas, zhon-son', a Fr. printer; invented, Roman type. B. 1428; d. about 1481. Janssens, Abraham, yans'ens, a Dutch historical painter; contem- porary with Rubens. B. Antwerp, 1569; d. 1631. Januarius, Saint, jan-tt-a'ri-us, an Italian Christian martyr; Naples' patron saint. B. Naples, 272; d. Pozznoli, 305. Jana and Janus, Ja'na, Ja'nus, Roman deities; the first month of the year called after Janus. Janvier, Antide, zhon-ve-d', a Fr. watchmaker; invented the balance wheel, and governor movement of the second and quarter sccond hands. B. Paris, 1751; d. 1835. Japetus, ja-pe’tus, a Titan of the Greeks; according to tradition was buried under Isle of Inarime. Japheth, fafeth, eldest son of Noah; 11 sons are assigned to him; progenitors of as many nations. Japix, Gysbert, ya'piks, a Frisian poet. B. 1603; d. 1666. Jardins, des, Marie Catherine, da zhar-dan', a Fr. authoress; “IRo- mances of Imperial Court.” B. 1640; d. 1683. Jarves, James Jackson, far'vez, an Am. writer and traveler; “Hist. of the Hawaiian or Sandwich Islands;” “Art Thoughts.” B. Boston, Mass., 1818. Jarvis I., Abraham, jar/vis, an Am. prelate; consecrated bishop, at New Haven, 1797. B. Norwalk, Conn., 1739; d. 1813. II. Samuel Far- mar, an Am. minister; historiographer of Episcopal church, 1838; son of A. J. B. Middletown, Conn., 1786, d. 1851. Jarvis, Edward, an Am. doctor of medicine; published numerous works relating to vitality and insanity. B. Concord, Mass., 1803. Jasmin, Jacques, 2 has-man', a Fr. poet; called the “Barber poet of Agen;” “The Blind Girl of Castle Cuille.” B. Agen, 1798; d. 1864. Jasper, William, faster, an Am. soldier; served in revolutionary war. B. in S. C., about 1750; d. Savannah, 1779. Jaubert, Pierre Amedee Emillen Probe, 2ho-ber', a French Egyptol- ogist; director Oriental school under Louis Phillippe. B. Aix, 1779; d. Paris, 1847. Jaucourt, de Louis, deh zho-koor', a French philosopher; chemistry his specialty. B. 1704; d. 1779. Jay, John, ja, an Am. jurist; minister to Spain, 1779; first chief- justice U.S., 1789. B. at N. Y., 1745; d. Bedford, N.Y., 1829. Will- iam, son of J. J., an Am. lawyer; founded Am. Bible Society, 1815; published 43 works. B. in N. Y., 1789; d. Bedford, 1858. John, son of W. J., an Am. lawyer; minister to Austria, 1869. B. at N. Y., 1817. Jay, William, an Eng. minister; wrote “Morning and Evening Exercises.” B. Tisbury, Wiltshire, 1769; d. Bath, 1853. Jayadeva, ji-a-da’va, a Hindoo writer of poetry; “Gita Govinda,” only one now in existence. B. about middle of 12th century. Jazet, Jean Pierre Marie, zha-ca', a French artist; made aquatint engravings of works of Vernet and Delaroche. B. Paris, 17SS; d. about 1871. Jeaffreson, John Cordy, Jeffre-son, a British author; “Miriam Copely;” “A Book about Doctors.” B. Framlingham, Suffolk, 1831. Jeanron, Phillippe Auguste, zhon-ron', a Fr. artist; “The Aban- doned Port of Ambletense.” B. Boulogne, 1809. Jefferson, Joseph, Jef'er-son, an Am. actor; gained notoriety by his “Rip van Winkle.” B. 1829. Jefferson, Thomas, third president of the U. S., two terms, 1801-9; democratic-republican; cducated at William and Marys college, Williamsburg; drafted Declaration of Independence, 1776, gov. Va., "-- *=" G-- * *—- | 282 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 1779-81; M. C., 1783; minister to France; secy. state in Washington's cabinet, 1790; vice-pres. of U. S., 1797, and president, 1801; founder of University of Va. B. Shadwell, Va., 1743; d. Monticello, 1826. Jeffre, Francis, jef'ri, a Scotch lawyer and critic; editor of the Edin- burgh Review. B. Edinburgh, 1773; d. Craigcrook, 1850. Jeffreys, George, jef'riz, lord, British judge; lord high chancellor of England, 1685. B. Acton, Wales, 1648; d. in prison, London, 1689. Jeffries, John, jef'riz, an Am. surgeon; crossed English channel in a baloon, 1785. B. Boston, 1744; d. 1819. Jehoshaphat, fe-hosh'a-fat, fourth king of Judah. B. about 950 B.C.; d. about 890. Jehovah, je-ho'va, Hebraic name of the Supreme Being. Jejeebhoy, Sir Jamsetjee, je-jeeb'hoy, a Parsee public benefactor; built hospital in Bombay, 1845. B. Bombay, 1783; d. 1859. Jelf, Richard William, yelf, an Eng. divine; principal, King's Col- lege, London, 1844. B. London, 1798; d. Oxford, 1871. William Ed- ward, an English professor of Oxford College; published a grammar of the Greek language. B. Gloucester, 1811. Jellachich De Buzim, Joseph, yel'a-chitch, baron, commander-in- chief of the Croats, 1849. B. Peterwardein, 1801; d. Agram, 1859. Jenkins, Edward, jenk'inz, an English author; “Ginx's Baby.” B. London, 183S. Jenner, Edward, fen'er, a British physician; the discoverer of vac- cination. B. Berkeley, 1749; d. 1823. Jenner, Sir William, an English pathological anatomist; physician to the Queen; attended Prince Albert until his decease. B. Chat- ham, 1815. Jennings, William, fen'ingz, a British miser; godson of William III., and page to George I. B. 1701; d. 1797. Jenyus, Soame, jen'inz, a British author; published “A View of the Internal Evidence of the Christian Religion.” B. London, 1704; d. 1787. Jephtha, fej'tha, a judge of Israel; ruled Israel six years. Jeremiah, jer'e-mi'ah, the second Jewish prophet; his tomb is shown at Cairo. Jeroboam, I., fer-o-bo'am, originator of the kingdom of Israel. D. about 953 B. c. II., thirteenth ruler of Israel; reigned 41 years, from 823-782 B. C. Jerome, or Hieron'ymus, Sophronius Eusebius, je-rom', a Latin f. of the church; founded monasteries in Italy and Egypt. B. Stridon, about 340; d. Bethlehem, 420. Jerome of Prague, a Bohemian reformer; an advocate of doctrine of Wycliffe, 1402-8. B. Prague, about 1375; d. Constance, 1416. Jerrold, Douglass William, jer'old, an English humorist and au- thor; “Nell Gwynne,” “The Housekeeper,” “The Wedding Gown,” and “Beau Nash,” 1831-36. B. London, 1So; d. 1857. William Blan- chard, an English author, son of D. W. J.; published “At Home in Paris;” “Cupid in Waiting.” B. London 1826. Jerusalem, Johann Friedrich Wilhelm, ye-ru'sa-lame, a German pro- fessor of theology; preacher to Duke Charles, of Brunswick. B. Osnabruck, 1709; d. 1789. Jervas, Charles, fer’vas, a British painter; denounced by Horace Walpole. B. Ireland, about 1676; d. London, 1739. Jervis, Sir John, jer'vis, an English admiral; defeated Spanish fleet, 1797; first lord of admiralty, 1Soi-1. B. Meaford, 1734; d. 1823. Jesi, Samuele, i-e-se, an Italian artist; engraved portraits of Leo X. and Giulio de’Medici. B. Milan, about 1789; d. Florence, 1853. Jesup, Thomas Sidney, jes'up, an American general; served during the Creek and Seminole wars; war 1812; major-general in Mexican war. B. Virginia, about 17SS; d. 1860. Jesse, John Hencage, jes’e, a British author; “Memoirs of the Court of England during the Reign of the Stuarts;” “London, its Celebrated Characters and Places.” B. about 1815; d. 1874. Jeter, Jeremiah B., ge'ter, an American minister; “The Seal of Heaven.” B. Bedford co., Va., 1802. Jevous, William Stanley, jew'ous, a British author; “Elementary Lessons in Logic,” “Theories of Political Economy.” B. Liverpool, 1835. #". John, joo'el, a British prelate; was dedicated bishop of Salis- bury, 1560; published “Apologia Ecclesiac Anglicanae,” 1562. B. Bu- den, Devonshire, 1522; d. Monkton Farleigh, Wiltshire, 1571. Jewsbury, Maria Jane, fooz'bur-i, a British writer; missionary to India, 1833. B. Warwickshire, about 1800; d. Bombay, India, 1833. Geraldine Endsor, sister of M. J. J., an English author; “The IIalf Sisters;” “Constance Herbert.” B. Warwickshire, 1821. Joab, jo'ab, a commander of the army of Israel, in reign of David. D. about 1015 m. c. Joachim, Joseph, yo'a-kim, a German musician; first in rank of living violinists; concert master at Hanover. B. Kittsee, near Pres- burg, Hungary, 1831. Joan of Arc, zhan-dark', the “Maid of Orleans,” an illustrious Fr. woman; at age of 13 believed herself called upon to deliver her coun- try; clad in a suit of armor, and with her sword, placed herself at head of 10,000 troops, and raised the siege of Orleans in one week, 1429; wounded in an attack upon Paris same year; taken prisoner at Compeigne, 1430; tried and condemned to be burned at Rouen, 1431. B. Domreiny, Lorraine, about 1411; d. Rouen, 1431. Joanna I., jo-an'a, a Neapolitan princess; suc. her father as queen of Naples, 1343; caused the assassination of her husband, “1345; de- clared for Clement VII., 1378; captured and sent prisoner to Muro, and by order of the k. of Hungary was smothered to death with pillows. B. about 1327; d. Muro, province of Basilicata, 13S2. II., Q. of Naples, daughter of duke Charles of Durazzo, grandniece of Joanna; the history of her reign is merely a record of intrigues. B. about 1370; d. 1435. Joanny, zho-an'ne, a Fr. play-actor; suc. Talma at Comedie Fran- caise, 1826; retired from stage, 1841. B. Dijon, 1775; d. Paris, 1849. Jobbe-Duval, Armand Maric Felix, zhob'be-du-val”, a Fr. artist; pupil of Delaroche; adjunct mayor of Paris, 1870-71; “The Toilet of a Bride.” B. Carhaix, Finistere, 1825. Jobert, Antoine Joseph, zho-ber', a Fr. surgeon; uterine diseases his specialty. B. Brittany, about 1799; d. Paris, 1867. Jode, Pieter de, zho'da, a Flemish sculptor; engraved his master- piece, “Christ Giving the Keys to St. Peter,” after Rubens. B. Antwerp, 1570; d. 1634. Jodelle, Etienne, zho-del”, sieur de Lymodin, a Fr. dramatist; per- sonated Cleopatra in his tragedy, “Cleopatra Captive.” B. Paris, 1532; d. 1573. Joel, jo'el, a Jewish prophet; second of the twelve minor prophets; supposed to have prophesied about 87o B. c. Jogues, Isaac, zhog', a Fr. Jesuit; Inissionary to Am. B. Orleans, 1607; d. Caughnawaga, N. Y., 1646. Johannes Secun'dus, jo-han'ez, Jan Everard, his true name, a Dutch poet; “Bassia.” B. Hague, 1511; d. Utrecht, 1536. Johannot, Charles Henri Alfred, zho-han'o, a Fr. painter; his “Cing Mars” won him the patronage of Louis Phillippe. B. Offenbach, Hesse-Darmstadt, 1800; d. Paris, 1837. John I., jon, k, of Eng.; fifth son of Henry II.; deprived his nephew, Arthur, of the throne and imprisoned him at Rouen, where he was mur- dered; he made the grant known as Magna Charta, being compelled to do so by the barons; modern Eng."dates from his reign; led the Norman inhabitants of the island to regard the English as their coun- trymen; suc. by his son, Henry III. B. Oxford, 1166; d. 1216. John I., k, of France and Navarre, posthumous son of Louis X.; suc. by his uncle, Philip V. B. 1316. II., surnamed the Good, k, of France after his father, Philip of Valois; gained a victory over the Eng. in 1355, but was taken pris. the year following, and confined in London; by the treaty of Bretigny he was released upon his govt. paying Eng. 3,000,000 crowns and sacrificing eight of her best provinces. B. 1319; d. London, 1364. John I., pope, native of Tuscany; suc. Hormisdas, 523; imprisoned by Theodoric, k. of the Goths; honored as a martyr, and his feast is cel- ebrated by the W. church on May 27. B. in Silena, 470; d. in prison at Ravenna, 526. Jphn II., a Roman successor Boniface II. in 532; opposed the Euty- chians and Nestorians. D. 535. John III., a Roman successor to Palagius I. in 560. D. 574. John IV., native of Dalmatia, clected to suc. Severinus, 649. D. 642. John V., a Syrian, and suc. to Benedict II. as pope in 685. D.6S6. John VI., a Greek, suc. to Sergius I., in 7or; held a council at Rome, to consider the charges against Wilfred, archb. of York, who was ac- quitted. D. 705. - John VII., a Greek, suc. to the foregoing. D. 707. :- * . S-- — E- J BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 283 "--— * . . John VIII., a Rom., elected to the pontificate on the death of Adrian II.; crowned the emp. Charles the Bald in 875; aided a council at Troyes, France; excommunicated Photius, patriarch of Constantinople; his partiality to the French made him odious to the Italians. B. Rome, 820; d. there SS2. Cohn IX., a Rom., became pope in S9S. D. by violence, about 900. Cohn X., Giovanni Cenci, archb. of Ravenna, elected pope in 915; defeated the Saracens who had long ravished Italy; he was a turbulent prelate, and was driven from Rome by Guido, duke of Tuscany; finally imprisoned. B. at Ravenna, 834; suffocated in prison at Rome, 928. John XI., Giovanni Conti, made pope at twenty-five through the in- fluence of his mother, Marozia, w. of Guido, duke of Tuscany; a mere tool, finally dethroned by his bro. Alberico. B. in Rome, betw. 905 and 9io; d. in the castle of St. Angelo, 936. John XII., Ottaviano Conti, son of Alberico; elec. pope in 956, and Was the first who changed his name on that occasion; he implored the aid of Otho the Great against Berenger II., who was then tyrannizing Italy; Berenger was driven out and Otho crowned emp.; John proved false to fidelity and Otho returned to Rome, called a council in which the pope was accused of many misdemeanors, which being proven, he Was deposed; Leo VIII. was chosen in his stead. B. in Rome, 937; d, there 964. John XIII., clected pope in 965, through the instrumentality of the emp. Otho, driven thence by Peter, prefect of Rome; restored again by Otho, and Peter banished. D. 972. * John XIV., bishop of Pavia, and chancellor to Otho II.; became pope after Benedict VII., in 983; sent to the castle of St. Angelo by the "surper, Pope Boniface. D. of poison, 9S4. John XV., ascended the papal chair in 985; he is styled XVI., as it is maintained he suc, one of the same name who d. but a few days after his election. D. 966. John XVII., a Calabrian, nominated to the papal chair by Crescen- tius in 997; Otho III., k. Crescentius and imprisoned John. John XVIII., pope following Sylvester II., in 1003. D. four months after his ascendancy. John XIX., suc. to the foregoing, John XVIII. D. about 1009. John XX., son of Count Gregory of Tuscany; suc. his brother Bene- dict as pope in 1024. D. about 1034. John XXI., a Portuguese, son of a physician; became pope in 1277, but died eight months after his ascendancy. D. about 1278. John XXII., Jacques d’ Euse, an Augustian monk, elected pope at Lyons in 1316; sanctioned the custom of ringing the bells at sunset, and saluting the Virgin with three Ave Marias in honor of the incarna- tion. B. Cahors, France, 1224; d. Avignon, 1334. John XXIII., Baltassara Cossa, created cardinal in 1402; made gov. of Bologna, elec. pope in 1410. B. Naples, about 1360; d. Florence, 1419. John I., surnamed Zimisces, emp. of Constantinople; stabbed the emp. Nicephorus Phocas, in 969, and gained many victories in war. P. of poison, by Basil, the Eunuch, 976. John II., Comnenus, succeeded his f., Alexis Comnenus, in 1118; gained several victories over the Turks and Servians, and governed admirably. D. from a poisoned arrow, in 1143. % John III, Ducas, crowned at Niceus in 1222, when the Latins held Constantinople ; def. the Tartars, Scythians, and Bulgarians, and largely extended his empire. D. 1255. * John IV., Lascaris, son of Theodore the Young, whom he suc. at the age of six, in 1259, but he was soon dethroned and imprisoned for life by Michael Palaeologus. D. 1284. John V., Palaeologus, suc. Andronicus, the Younger, his father; John Cantacuzenus usurped his throne for a long time, and Amurath I., took Adrianople. D. 1391. - John VI., Cantacuzenus, the usurper of John V.; was def. by the Genoese, in conjunction with John V.; wrote a history of the empire and a defense of Christianity vs. Mohammedanism. D. 1411. John VII., Palaeologus, suc. Emanuel, his father; was so sorely Pressed by the Turks that he implored the aid of the Latins, and con- Sented to a union of the two churches. D. 1448. John I., k, of Portugal, son of Peter; def. the Moors of Africa and held his crown against John I. D. 1433. * John II., k, of Portugal, suc. to Alfonse V.; his sagacity and daring *cts caused him to be titled the Great and the Perfect. B. 1455; d. 1495. \ :--— *=" Q-- John III., k., of Portugal, suc, his father Emanuel; encouraged the arts, commerce, and navigation; his seamen discovered Japan; during his reign Lisbon was wrecked by an earthquake and 30,000 peo- ple perished. D. 1557. John IV., the Fortunate, duke of Braganza, and crowned k. of Portugal, in 1640. D. 1656. John V., k, of Portugal, suc. to Peter II.; fought against Spain with Charles of Austria. D. 1750. John VI., of Portugal, 2d son of Peter III.; made regent in 1799, upon his mother's losing her reason; driven to Brazil in 1So?; returned and crowned 1821. D. 1826. John I., son of Henry II., whom he suc, as k. of Castile and Leon; surnamed “Father of his Country;” waged war unsuccessfully against Portugal. D. 1390. John II., son of Henry III., and proclaimed k. of Castile and Leon when less than two years old; he was the father of the celebrated Isabella and Henry IV. B. 1405; d. 1454. John I., suc, his father, Peter IV., as k. of Aragon in 13S7. IIe was a very unjust ruler. John II., son of Ferdinand the Just, k. of Aragon and Navarre; he strove with his son Don Carlos, to whom his m., Blanchc, had left the crown of Navarre; suc. by his son Ferdinand the Catholic. D. 1479. John III., k, of Navarre; married Catherine of Navarre, heir to the crown, and thus obtained the throne in 1494; being without energy he lost all his possessions save Bearn. D. in France, 1516. John, k. of Bohemia, son of emp. Henry VII., elected to the throne at the age of 15; def. the Lithuanians and became k. of Poland; lost an eye in this battle and a Jew doctor, who pretended he could restore it, put out the other; but he continued warring and fell in the battle of Cressey, 1346. John I., k, of Poland, 2d son of Casimir IV., whom he suc. in 1492; was a lover of peace and of letters. B. 1459; d. 1501. John II., Casimir, k. of Poland, son of Sigismund III., of the house of Vasa; his r. was very disastrous to Poland; resigned his crown before the diet of Warsaw, 1668. B. 1609; d. Nevers, Fr., 1672. John III., Sobieski, k. of Poland; educated at Paris, and made grand marshal of the Polish armies in 1665; in 1673 gained the great battle of Choczim, in which the Turks lost 28,000 men; crowned 1674. D. at Warsaw, 1696. John I., or Joanice, k, of Bulgaria by usurpation; fought Boniface, of Montferrat, and the k. of Thessalonica, but was beaten. Assas. by one of his officers in 1207. - John I., k, of Sweden; son of Swerker II., and suc. of Eric II.; last of the royal race of Swerker. D. 1222. John II., k, of Sweden and Denmark; suc. Christian I. on the throne of Denmark; became k. of Sweden in 1483; but the Swedes revolted in 1501. Reigned in Denmark till 1513. * John III, son of Gustavus Vasa, k. of Sweden from 156S till his death; fought successfully against Ivan Vasilivitch. B. 1537; d. 1592. John I., duke of Brittany from 1237 to 1286. John II., suc. of the foregoing, and reigned from 1286 to 1305. John III., called the Good; duke of Brittany from 1312 to 1341; suc. by John de Montfort, Charles de Blois. John IV., bro. of the foregoing; he gained the greater part of Brit- tany from his rival, Charles de Blois, but was forced to surrender to the duke of Normandy. D. 1345. John V., surnamed the Valiant, son of the foregoing and son-in-law of Edward III., of England; def. Charles de Blois at Auray, and became duke of Brittany in 1364; d. 1399. John VI., son of the foregoing; duke of Brittany from 1414 to 1419; was then imprisoned five years by his rival; being released he allied himself with Charles VII. and Henry VI., of England. D. 1442. John, count of Nerves and duke of Burgundy; he caused the assas. of the duke of Orleans, and possessed himself of Paris, where he committed many atrocious deeds. Assas. 1419. John, Johann Nepomuk Maria Joseph, k, of Saxony; son of Maxi- milian; became k. on the death of his bro., Frederick Augustus II. B. Dresden, 1Sol; d. there, 1873. John, secy. to the emp. Honorius; usurped the empire of the west; overran Italy, Gaul, and Spain; def. by Valentinian III. Put to death at Ravenna, 425. - *18—- -v- T_--" 284 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. * John, surnamed Philoponus (the lover of study), Alexandrian scholar Johnson, Sir John, son of Sir William, Brit. officer, and gov. of of the 7th century; edited many of Aristotle's works. D. about 660. Upper Canada. B. 1742; d. Montreal, Canada, 1830. John, of Arras, secy. of the duke de Berry; composed in 1837 the ro- Johnson, Samuel, Eng. lexicographer, author, and critic; son of a mance of “Melusine,” which was printed in 1500. poor bookseller, and prohibited by poverty from taking his degree; John, of Austria, Don, son of emp. Charles V.; was ignorant of his wrote “Life of Richard Savage;” worked seven years on a dictionary, royal birth till his f. on his death-bed revealed the secret to Philip II., which made him a national favorite; his “Meditations,” “The of Spain; def. the Turks at the great battle of Lepanto, and was made || Vanity of Human Wishes,” “Rasselas,” and the “Lives of the Eng. gov. of the Lower Countries. D. probably of poison, 1577, aged 32. Poets,” characterize his ability and indefatigability; as a critic he was John, of Bologna, a Fr. sculptor; he presented Michael Angelo a just; excelled as a biographer; ranked with Steele and Addison as an statue, finished as carefully as he could, and the latter destroyed it, say- essayist; and was fascinating as a moral novelist; in habits, eccentric; ing, “You should learn to carve before you finish;” he did learn, and his name is immortalized by his “Life” by Boswell. B. Lichfield, executed the “Rape of the Sabines.” B. Donai about 1530; d. 160S. 1709; d. London, 1784. - John, of Gaunt, or Ghent, duke of Lancaster; 4th son of Edward III., Johnson, Samuel, an Am. theologian and college pres.; “A System of Eng.; f. of Henry IV., of Eng. B. Ghent, 1340; d. 1399. of Morality.” B. Guilford, Conn., 1696; d. Stratford, Conn., 1772. John, of Paris, celebrated Fr. theologian of the 13th cen. D. 1304. Johnson, Samuel, an Eng. divine, made odious by his aggressive John, of Salisbury, Eng. bishop; said to have had no living supe- writings; “Julian the Apostate.” B. Warwickshire, 1649; d. 1703. rior in learning; wrote works on politics, philosophy, and theology. B. Johnson, Thomas, Eng. botanist. B. Selby, Yorkshire, 1561; d. from Salisbury about 11:19; d. Chartres, 1182. a wound received at siege of Basing House, 1644. John, of Leyden, Gohann Boccold, Dutch religious political fanatic; Johnson, Charles, an Eng. lawyer and dramatist; ridiculed in Pope's joined the Anabaptists in Munster, and became their prophet; ruled in “Dunciad” on account of his unusual size. B. 1679; d. Covent Gar- luxury and lust; captured and killed by hot pincers. B. about 1510; put den, 1748. to death at Munster, 1536. Johnson, Thomas, Eng. scholar; edited an edition of the works of John the Evangelist, one of the apostles, son of the fisherman Sophocles. B. about 1675; d. about 1750. Zebedee; became a follower of Jesus at 25, and he is believed to have Johnson, Maurice, Eng. antiquary. B. Spalding, Lincolnshire, 1687. been the youngest of the apostles; present at the transfiguration, at the d. 1755. last supper, and was the only one of the apostles who accompanied Johnson, Samuel, Eng. dramatist and eccentric performer; wrote Jesus to the crucifixion; arrested and taken to Rome, where he was “Hurlothrumbo.” D. 1773. plunged into a boiling caldron of oil, which did not harm him; then Johnson, Walter Rogers, an Am. natural philosopher. B. Leomin- banished to the isle of Patmos, where he wrote the book of Revelation. ster, Mass., 1793; d. Washington, 1852. B. Bethsaida; d. on the lake of Galilee about 100. Johnson, Sir William, baronet, a Brit. officer; educated to a mercan- John the Baptist, forerunner of Christ, son of Zacharias and Eliza- tile life, but changed his entire course on account of his parents refus. beth, and cousin of Mary, the mother of Jesus; he baptized Jesus in the ing his marriage to a young lady he loved; served under Braddock in river Jordan and publicly declared him “the lamb of God, that taketh Am., and named Lake George, N.Y., in honor of George II., of Eng. away the sins of the world;” censured the marriage of IIerod Antipas B. Warrentown, county Down, Ireland, 1715; d. near Johnstown, to his brother's wife, and was by him beheaded about A. D. 2S. B. at N.Y., 1774. Juttah or at IHebron about 5 m. c. Johnston, Albert Sydney, fons’ton, an Am... gen. in confederate ser- John, of Swabia, or John the Parricide, a Ger. prince that murdered vice, war 1861-5; graduated at West Point; served in Black Hawk and his uncle, emp. Albert I. B. 1289; d. 1313, or 1368. Mexican wars; suc. Gen. Houston as com.-in-chief of army of Texas, Johnes, Thomas, jons, Eng. translator and M. P.; built for himself a took com. of the army of the West in May, 1861. B. Mascon co., Ky., splendid mansion at Cardiganshire, where he had a fine library and a 1So?; killed at the battle of Shiloh, April 6, 1862. complete printing establishment to publish his own works. B. Ludlow, Johnston, Alexander Keith, a geographer to the queen of Scot. B. Shropshire, 1748; d. 1816. Kirkhill, Mid-Lothian, 1So; d. Ben Rhydding, 1871. Johnson, Alexander Bryan, Jon’son, an Am. writer; “Treatise on Johnston, Alexander, a Scottish artist; “Lord and Lady Russell Re- Language, or the Relation which Words Bear to Things.” B. Gos- ceiving the Sacrament in Prison.” B. Edinburgh, 1816. port, Eng., 17S6; d. Utica, N. Y., 1867. Johnston, Arthur, a Scotch doctor and Latin poet. IB. Caskieben, Johnson, Andrew, Am. statesman and 17th pres. of U. S.; son of near Aberdeen, 1587; d. Oxford, 1641. Jacob A., who was town constable, sexton, and porter of the state Johnston, or Johnstone, Charles, an ingenious Brit. writer; most noted bank; Andrew was apprenticed to a tailor at ten; was educated by his from his “Chrysal, or the Adventurce-of a Guinea,” and other satires. wife after marriage; elected state legislator; M. C.; appointed mil. B. in Ireland; d. in British India about 1$oo. gov. of Tenn., and served as vice-pres, under Lincoln, second term, Johnston, George, a Scottish naturalist and zoological writer. B. becoming pres. of the U.S. upon the latter's assassination. B. Raleigh, 1798; d. Berwick-on-Tweed, 1855. N. C., 1808; d. 1875. Johnston, James F. W., an eminent Scot, chemist; being poor, he ob- Johnson, Eastman, an Am. artist, crayon and oil; studied at Dussel- tained his education with difficulty; wrote “Catcchism of Agricultu- dorf and Hague; “The Wounded Drummer Boy,” “The Old Ken- ral Chemistry,” which passed through 36 editions, and has been trans- tucky Home.” B. Lovell, Me., 1824. lated into every European language; “Chemistry of Common Life.” Johnson, Edward, a New Eng. historian; his writings are de- B. Paisley about 1796; d. Durham, Eng., 1855. fective but interesting. B. Kent, Eng., about 1600; d. Woburn, Johnston, Joseph Eccleston, an Am. gen. in confederate service, war Mass., 1672. * 1861-5; graduated at West Point, 1829; engaged in garrison duty till Johnson, Isaac, a Mass. pioneer and supt. of the first settlement of 1834, when he became aide to Gen. Scott in the Seminole war; afterward Boston. B. Clipsham, Rutlandshire, Eng.; d. Boston, 1630. served as topographical engineer under the U. S. bureau; did good Johnson, Reverdy, Am. politician, lawyer, state and U. S. senator; service in the Mexican war, being twice wounded; became quarter- atty.-gen. under Taylor, and min. to Eng. B. Annapolis, 1796. master-gen. in the Utah expedition, in 1860, but resigned and entercd Johnson, Richard Mentor, an Am. politician, state legislator, M. the confederate service in April, 1861; commanded at Bull Run, York- C., col. under Gen. Harrison, and 9th vice-pres. U. S. B. near Louis- town, and Richmond; severely wounded at Fair Oaks, but recovered ville, Ky., 17So; d. Frankfort, 1850. and was appointed commander of the departments of Tenn., and Miss.; Johnson, Richard, M.A., an Eng. grammarian and author; master of attempted to aid Pemberton at Vicksburg but was repulsed, May 14, the new school at Nottingham for 13 years. Drowned himself, 1720. 1863; took command of Bragg's forces after the latter's defeat at Chatta. Johnson, Rev. John, learned Eng. divine and vicar of Crambrook; nooga, and fell back before Sherman to Atlanta; having failed to “The Clergyman's Vade-Mecum.” B. near Rochester, 1662; d. 1725. satisfy the authorities at Richmond, he was superseded by Gen. Hood, Johnson, Martin, a merited landscape painter that flourished in the July 17, 1864; after Sherman's victories along the sea, Johnston was reign of James II., of England; his works are scarce and valuable. ordered to the front again; fought Sherman's forces at Bentonville, -*- --~ =! <-- - ~-8) :- k --~~ —w- BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 285 "--— - N. C., March 18, 1865; was def., and hearing of Lee's surrender and circulation in 1559. B. Great Barrington, Mass., 1798; suicided in knowing it was useless to proceed, surrendered to Sherman at Durham's Houston, Tex., 1858. Station, N. C., April, 26, 1S65. A shrewd flanker, brave general, and Jones, Inigo, Eng. royal architect and designer; was employed by *n estimable man. B. in Prince Edward co., Va. 1307. James I. and became popular in the Eng. courts. B. London about Qohnstone, George, jons’ton, an English naval commander, son of a 1572; d. 1652. Scotch baronet; was at one time gov. of West Florida; took an active Jones, John, Welsh theologian and classical instructor; “Greek and Part in the affairs of the East India Co.; M. P., and fought a duel with English Lexicon.” B. Carmarthenshire; d. London, 1S27. Lord George Germaine. D. 1787. Jones, Jacob, an Am, naval commander; surgeon under Com. John Johnstone, de, Chevalier, a French officer and aid-de-camp to Prince Barry; in 1816 master commandant. B. in Kent co., Del., 1770, d. Phil- Charles Edward; fought at Preston Pans. B. 1720; d. in France at an adelphia, 1850. advanced age. Jones, John Paul, a Scot.-Am. naval hero; right name, John Paul, the Johnstone, James, a Scottish physician and physiological writer. B. Jones having been assumed in after life; engaged awhile in slave trade; Aman, Dumfriesshire, 1730; d. Worcester, 1802. made several trips to the West Indies, making, it is said, a large fort- Joffnstone, Dr. Bryce, a Scotch divine and commentator; “Essay on une; at the outbreak of the Am. revolution he was in Va. and at once the Influence of Religion on Civil Society and Civil Government.” B. entered the Am. naval service; he achieved great success, principally 1747; d. 1Soš. in the Bon IIomme Richard; achieved a victory over two Eng. ships off Johnstone, John Henry, a celebrated Irish comic actor and singer; Flamborough Head, Scot., in Sept., 1779, which immortalized his name married Miss Pottier, an accomplished musician; was again married to as one of the most daring of naval officers; presented with a sword by Miss Boulton, by whom he had a daughter that became Mrs. Wallack. Louis XVI. of France and a gold medal by U. S. cong.; became rear B. 1750; d. 1828. admiral of Russia, but fell, through disappointments and quarrels, into Joinville, de, Francois Ferdinand Philippe Louis Maric d’Orleans, disfavor, and d. in Paris in poverty, 1792. B. Arbigland, on Solway- prince, zhwan-vel", third son of King Louis Philippe of France; rear ad- firth, Scot., 1747. miral; married the sister of Dom Pedro II. of Brazil; in the 'Am. civil Jones, Owen, British architect and designer of St. James IIall in war he and his nephews, Count de Paris and the Duke de Chartres, Piccadilly; first recognized by his “Plans, Elevations, Sections, and aided Gen. McClellan in his Chickahominy campaign. B. palace Details of the Alhambra;” made one of the supts. of the crystal pal- Neuilly, near Paris, 1818. ace, London, in 1851; delivered lectures and received a diploma of Joinville, de, Jean, sire, a Fr. officer, chronicler, and companion of honor at the Vienna exhibition of 1873; on his death a scholarship Louis IX. B. Chateau Joinville, Champagne, about 1224; d. about 1319. was founded to the memory of his genius by the “Owen Memorial ” Jokai, Mor, jok'ai, Hungarian litterateur, and since 1863 editor of the committee. B. in Wales, 1809; d. London, 1874. Daily Fatherland; has published over 150 volumes of his writings; Jones, Thomas Rhymer, Eng. prof. of comparative anatomy and married Rosa Laborfalvi, a noted actress. B. Comorn, 1825. author of “A General Outline of the Animal Kingdom.” B. about 1810. Joliet, Charles, z/to-le-a', a Fr. journalist and author. B. Saint Hip- Jones, William, an eminent Eng. theologian and scholar; originated polyte, department of Doubs, 1832. British Critic, wrote biography of “William Stevens.” B. Lowick, Jolliet, or Joliet, Louis, a Fr. explorer; accompanied Pere Marquette Northamptonshire, 1726; d. Nayland, 1800. westward to the Mississippi; drew maps of great accuracy and value; Jones, Sir William, Eng. scholar versed in the Eastern languages; a sent on an expedition to Hudson bay, in the king's service; was made judge of the supreme court of judicature, Bengal; familiar with 27 royal hydrographer at Quebec; granted the isle of Anticosti, and de- languages, and never before equaled in his knowledge of Arabic, Per- voted himself to its development as Joliet d’Anticosty. B. Quebec, sian, and Sanskrit. B. London, 1746; d. Calcutta, 1794. 1645; d. 17oo. Jonson, Benjamin, fon’son, called Ben Jonson, Eng. dramatic author; Jollivet, Pierre Jules, zhcl-e-wa', a Fr. artist; “Jewels of Cornelia.” posthumous son of a minister and stepson of a master bricklayer B. Paris 1So?. named Fowler, first wrote “Comedy of Humors,” which was recast as Joly, Marie Elizabeth, zho-le', a celebrated Fr. actress. B. 1761; “Every Man in his IIumor,” and produced at Globe theatre with d. 1798. Shakespeare one of the performers; he was an associate of Shaks- Jomard, Edme Francois, zho-mar', a Fr. archaeologist and geog- peare, a member of the Mermaid club, and of the Apollo club at rapher; “Description of Egypt,” to which work he devoted 18 years; Devils’ tavern; k. Gabriel Spenser, an actor, in a duel, for which he induced Mehemet Ali to send a number of young Egyptians to Paris was imprisoned and became a Roman Catholic during his confine- to study. B. Versailles, 1777; d. 1862. ment, but afterward returned to the Protestants; served as masque Jomelli, Nicolo, yo-mei'ee, Italian musical director and celebrated writer for James I. B. Westminster, 1573; d. 1637, and interred in composer. B. Aversa, near Naples, 1714; d. Naples, 1774. Westminster Abbey with the inscription, upon his tomb, “O Rare Jomini, Henri, baron, zho-me-ne', Fr. military author and soldier; Ben Jonson.” * brig.-gen, under Napoleon; gov. of Wilna, and of Smolensk; in 1828 Jonsson, Finn, Icelandic historical writer and bishop of Skalholdt; served against the Turks, and organized the Russian mil. academy in suc. by his son, Hannes Finsson, who edited some of his father's 1830; pub. “Art of War.” B. Payerne, Canton Vaud, Switzerland, unfinished works. B. IIitardal, 1704; d. 1789. - 1770; d. Passy, 1869. Jordaens, Jacob, yor'dans, Flemish artist. excelling in bacchanalian Jonah, jo'na, minor Hebrew prophet the 5th, son of Amittai; fl. in and festive scenes; imitated Rubens; “Pan and Syrinx.” B. Ant- Israel under Jeroboam II.; he received command to go to Nineveh and werp, 1594; d. there, 1678. preach against its great wickedness, but, fearing to attempt the task, Jordan, Camille, thor-don’, Fr. orator and statesman; favored relig- fled from Joppa for Tarshish; but a storm arose and he was cast over- ious liberty, opposed the plans of Bonaparte, and fought the designs board by the sailors as being its cause; was swallowed by a whale, of the directorial government. B. Lyons, 1771; d. Paris, 1821. within which he lived three days and three nights, when the great fish Jordan, Charles Etienne, Fr. writer and clergyman; companion of threw him forth upon the ground; then sent to Ninevah to prophesy Frederick II., of Prussia. B. Berlin, 1700; d. there, 1745. its destruction within 40 days; but upon repentance of the Ninevites Jordan, Dora or Dorothy, fordan, Irish beauty and actor; made the execution of the sentence was foreborne; at this Jonah complained debut in Dublin, in “As You Like It,” as Phebe, at the age of 16; and was reproved. B. in Gath-hepher. appeared in London, 1785, and commanded the attention of Duke of Jonas, Justus, jo'nas, Ger. divine; studied law and theology at Er- Clarence, later William IV., by whom she had ten children. B. near furt, and became prof. at Wittenberg; accepted the doctrines of the ref- Waterford, Ire., about 1762; said to have d. St. Cloud, 1816. ormation and became intimate with Luther, whom he accompanied in Jordan, Rudolph, yor'dan, Ger. artist, proficient in marine and genre his trials; assisted Luther in his translation of the Bible. B. Nord- painting; “Shipwreck on the Coast of Normandy.” B. Berlin, 1810. hausen, 1493; d. Eisfeld, 1555. Jordan, Wilhelm, Ger. translator and poet; mem. of the Berlin national Jones, Anson, jonz, pres. of the Texas republic and secy. ..of state assembly, 1848; visited U.S., 1872, and recited many of his poems in vari- under Pres. Houston; his biography and journal was printed for private ous cities of both the U.S. and Germany. B. Austerburg, Prussia, 1819. * - A- -- --->|r." 286 Jorg, Joseph Edmund, yorg, German writer and agitator of ultra- montaine views. B. Immenstadt, Bavaria, 1819. Jorg, Johann Christian Gottfried, Ger. doctor; prof. of obstetrics in the University of Leipsic 46 years. B. Predel, near Zeitz, 1779; d. Leipsic, 1856. Jorg, Eduard, a Ger. doctor, and writer on tropical diseases; has practised in Penn, and Ill., U.S. B. Leipsic, 1SoS. Jorgenson, Jorgen, yor'gen-son, a Danish adventurer; midshipman of the Brit. navy; gov. of Iceland. B. Copenhagen, 1779; d. New S. Wales, 1830. Jortin, John, for’tun, an Eng. ccclesiastic and author; became widely known as a powerful preacher; pub. many excellent works, among which a volume of Latin poems. B. London, 1698; d. Kensington, 1770. Joseph, jo'sef, son of Jacob and Rachel; at 17 was sold by his breth- ren to a company of Ishmaelites and carried into Egypt. B. Mesopo- tamia, 2256; d. Egypt at 110 years. Joseph I., jo'zef, a Ger. ruler of the house IIapsburg, son Leopold I., crowned k. Hungary, 1687; of Rome, 1690. B 1678; d. 1711. Joseph II., monarch of Germany; son Francis I., prof. languages, mathematics, thoroughly versed in military tactics; ruled by his scep- tre. B. 1741; d. 1790. Joseph, Father, real name Francois Leclerc du Tremblay, maternal relative Lafayette family; attained great eminence as mendicant friar; pub. many important works; author of a Latin poem in favor crusade against the Turks. B. Paris, 1577; d. Rusil, 1638. Josephus, Flavius, jo-see fus, Jewish prof. hist. and Greek; belonged to the highest families of the priesthood; maternally connected with the Asmonean princes; joined the war in defense of Galilee; he assumed the character of prophet, pretending to derive his knowledge from the sacred books, and declared the Roman empire would one day be his; condemned as a traitor; his principal works, “Hist. Jewish War,” and “Jewish Antiquities.” B. Jerusalem, A. D. 37; d. 100. Joshua, josh'u-a, a name said to signify Savior; son of Nun; called minister of Moses; app. by Moses to command the forces of Israel, at 84 passed over Jordan at the head of the hosts of Israel into the land of promise; a series of wars were commenced by the Canaanites that lasted 16 years, in which Joshua and his people were successful. Died at the age of 110 years. Josiah, jo-si'ah, successor of Amon, king of Judah, began to reign at 8; he abolished idolatrous customs, and in his 18th year, began a thorough repair of the temple; assembled his people and published the law, and all united in a solemn vow of obedience; destroyed all images and temples of idolatry, and caused the feast of the Passover to be celebrated; the k. of Egypt arrayed a great army against him, a battle was fought at Megiddo, Josiah fell wounded. D. at Jerusalem. Josika. Miklos, yo'she-koh, a Hungarian author, soldier, and lawyer; distinguished himself in the Austrian army; hanged in effigy in Pesth. B. Torda, Transylvania, 1796; d. Dresden, 1865. Josquín, Des Pres, 2 hos-kdn', a French writer, known as Little Jo- seph, the father of modern harmony; excelled as a composer; chief singer and leader in chapel Louis XII. B. Hainault, Belgium, 1450; d. Conde, France, 1531. Jost, Isaak Markus, yost, a Ger. historian of the Israelites. B. Bernburg, 1793; d. Frankfort, 1860. Joubert, Barthelemy Catherine, zhoo-ber', a Fr. commander who distinguished himself on the Rhine and in Italy; Napoleon gave him the highest praise for his bravery, and sent him to Paris with the tro- phics of his brilliant victories; was placed at the head of the army in Holland, Mentz, and Italy; sent to supersede Moreau, but was defeated and slain in the battle of Novi. B. Pont de Vaux in Bresse, 1769; fell at Novi, 1799. Jouffroy, Theodore Simon, zhoo-frzva', a Fr. eclectic philosopher and professor in College Pontarlier and Dijon; his works translated in Eng- lish by W. II. Channing; “An Introduction to Ethics,” and “Philo- sophical Miscellanies.” B. Les Pontets, Doubs, 1796; d. Paris, 1842. Jouffroy, d'Arbans, de, Claude Francois, deh zhoo-frva-dar-bon', Fr. mechanical discoverer and inventor; acknowledged the first discoverer of steam navigation; he published several works on hist, and inven- tion. B. 1751; d. Paris, 1832. Joule, James Prescott, fool, an Eng. scientist and lecturer; elected fellow of the royal society. B. Salford, 1818. – BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. Jourdan, Antoine Jacques Louis, zhoor-don', a Fr. surgeon and phy- sician. B. Paris, 1788; d. there, 1848. Jourdan, Jean Baptiste, Fr. revolutionary officer; enlisted at 16, served 5 years. B. Limoges, 1762; d. Paris, 1833. Joutel, Henri, zhoo-tel', a Fr. exp:orer and soldier; accompanied La Salle on his expedition to the mouth of the Mississippi. B. Rouen, 1651. Jouvenet, Jean, zhoove'nai, a Fr. artist, descended from an Italian family; passed through all the offices of the Academy and became per- petual rector. B. Rouen, 1645; d. Paris, 1717. Jouy, Victor Joseph Etienne de, deh zhoo-ee', a French writcr and soldier; enlisted in the army when a boy and went to S. Am. and India; major-gen. in French revolution; pub. 38 works, part of which were light comedy. B.Jouy, near Versailles, 1764; d. St. Germain-en-Laye, 1846. Jovellanos, Gasper Melchior de, da ho-vel.ya'nos, a Spanish writer; received his first degree of the clericate at 13, magistrate of the criminal court of Seville; judge of the royal household and court at Madrid; noted alike as patriot and scholar. His compositions were embraced in 12 numbers. B. Gijou, 1744; d. Vega, 1811. Jovian, Flavius Claudius Jovianus, jo'vi-an, a Roman sovereign, son of Varronianus, one of the greatest generals of his age; was captain of the bodyguards of Emperor Julian, who died, and Jovian was declared ruler; found dead in his room, 364, after a reign of 7 months. Jowett, Benjamin, jow'et, an Eng. Greek scholar and prof., wrote the “Dialogues of Plato.” B. Camberwell, 1817. Joze, Antonio, jo'se, a Portuguese writer of comic plays which were very popular; “Don Quixote,” and “Esop.” B. Lisbon early in 18th century, and burned at the stake, 1745. Juanes, Vicente, Joan'es, a Spanish artist of religious subjects; the most renowned of his day. His masterpieces “Baptism of Christ,” in cathedral of Valencia; 6 pieces, “Life St. Stephen,” in royal palace Madrid; “Holy Supper,” at Louvre. B. Fuente la Higuera, Valencia, 1523; d. Bocairent, near Alicante, 1579. Juan y Santacilla, Jorge, hoo-an san-ta-theellya, known Don * 5.orge Juan, Spanish astronomical explorer; made vice-admiral and joined expedition to S. Am. for measurement of degree of the meridian at cquator; pub, a work on his successful expedition. B. Orihuela, Valencia, 1712; d. Cadiz, 1774. Juarez, Benito Pablo, hoo-a'rez, a Mexican pres. and lawyer, of Indian parents; three important acts of his administration were, the suppression of religious orders, the confiscation of the church property, and suspension for two years of payments on account of the foreign debt and of all national liabilities. B. San Pablo, Quetatao, near Tixt- lan, 1Soó; d. Mexico, 1872. Juarros, Domingo, hoo-ar'oz, Central Am. divine, examiner to Arch- bishop Guatemala. D. 1820. * Judah, ju'dah, the 4th son of Jacob and Leah; the tribe of which he was the head was the most powerful of the twelve, and had the first lot in the division of the promised land. B. Mesopotamia, A. M. 2249. Judas, Iscariot, ju’das, one of the 12 chosen disciples of Jesus and his betrayer. His remorse drove him to suicide by hanging. Judd, Sylvester, jud, an American writer and pastor. B. Westhamp- ton, Mass., 1813; d. Augusta, Mc., 1853. Jude, jude, one of the apostles, and brother of James the Less; prob- ably suffered martyrdom in Persia; regarded as author of the epistle Jude. Judith, Mlle. Julie Bernat, ju'dith, a Jewish actress of France; related to Rachel Felix; her great beauty and voice contributed greatly to her success. B. Paris, 1827. Judson, Adoniram, jud/son, an Am. Baptist missionary; he translated a catechism and book of Matthew, then the entire New Testament. At the breaking out of war between government of Burma and E. India co, he was thrown into the “death prison;” his sufferings were intense; the time exceeded 13 months; a memoir of his life was written by Rev. Francis Wayland. D. Boston, 1853. s Juel, Niels, jule, a Danish commander-in-chief of the navy; captured island Gothland. B. 1629; d. Copenhagen, 1697. Juillerat, Clotilde Gerard, zwoo'lie-ra, a French artist of distinction. B. Lyons, 1810. Julian, Flavius Claudius Julianus, fullyan, a Roman monarch, # ->" = s | – – "-– BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONA1*Y. hephew of Constantine the Great; punished the officials for oppressing the people; invaded Persia; was mortally wounded and died next day, ^ p. 363, after a reign 20 months. B. Constantinople, A. D. 331; d. Persia. "ulien, Stanislaus Aignan, zhu'le-an, a prof. languages and literature. * Orleans, 1799; d. France, 1873. Julius, ju'lius, capt. of the Roman guard, to whom Festus committed Paul. B. Rome; d. there, 352. *ulius, Nikolaus Heinrich, a Ger, doctor and explorer; pub. works * medicine and management of prisons. B. Altona, 1783; d. IIam- burg, 1862. *Tullien, Louis George, zhu-le-an’, a French composer of music; at 6 played skillfully on the violin; directed promenade concerts in London. B. Sisteron, Basses-Alpes, 1812; d. Paris, 1S60. "ung, Joachim, yoong, a Ger. mcdical philosopher, and prof. mathe- "tics. B. Lubeck, 1587; d. IIamburg, 1657. Junghuhn, Franz Wilhelm, yoong'hoon, a Ger. philosopher and bot- *ist; assistant surgeon in Prussian army; explored the islands Java and Sumatra. B. Mansfeld, 1812; d. Lembang, Java, 1864. Sungmann, Josef Jakob, yoong'man, a Bohemian philologist; prof. *niversity Prague; pub. a book for the study of the Bohemian lan- guage. B. Hudlitz, Bohemia, 1773; d. Prague, 1847. Jung-Stilling, Johann Heinrich Jung, yoong-stilling, a German prof. claiming to have direct intercourse with the divine spirit. B. Im- Grund, Nassau, 1740; d. Carlsruhe, 1817. Junius, Franciscus, jun'yus, a French Prot, theologian; pub, a Latin translation of the Old Testament. B. Bourges, France, 1545; d. Ley- den, 1602. Sunkin, George, D.D., LL.D., jun'ken, an Am. minister and author; Pres. Lafayette college and Miami university. B. New Kingston, Penn., 1790; d. Phila., 1868. Jurieu, Pierre, zhu're-uh, a French Prot. divine and prof. Hebrew at the academy Sedan; published 12 excellent works. B. Mer, Orleanais, *637; d. Rotterdam, 1713. Juste, Theodore, zhust, a Belgian prof. hist, and secy. board educa- tion; pub. 12 historical works. B. Brussels, 1818. Justi, Karl Wilhelm, yoosttee, a German theologian and author. B. Marburg, 1767; d. there, 1816. * Justin, Flavius Anicius Justinus, justin, a Byzantine monarch. B. : a family of barbarian peasants at Tauresium near Sophia, 450; (1.527. w Justin, Justinus, a Latin historian; little is known of his life; gave *count of Macedonian monarchy; probably lived at Rome in the 3d or 4th century. Justinian, Flavius Anicius Justinianus, jus-tin'i-an, great nephew Justin I., the Byzantine monarch; adopted as co-emperor by the request of senate; reign marked by tyranny. B. Tauresium, near Sophia, in 482 or 483; d. 565. Justin, justin, a martyr; a church father in Palestine; was led to the study of Old Testament writings, and professed Christianity about 132; his feast was celebrated by the Latin and Greek churches. B. Flavia Neapolis, in Samaria, about 105; d. Rome, 165. * Jtivenal, Becimus Junius, ju-we-na'iis, a Roman poet; occupied until "iddle age as a pleader; at So he commanded an army in Egypt, and **on died of vexation and grief. B. latter part 1st century. *uxon, William, juks'on, an Eng. archbishop of Canterbury; was at- *ched to the k., whom he attended in the Isle of Wight, and was the "stupon the scaffold with him for refusing to disclose the last conver- *tion with the king. B. Chichester, 15S2; d. 1663. —=9) K Q =– *aab, Ka'ab, an Arabian writer. D. 662. *ans, Nikolaus, kas, a Dan regent and politician. B. , 535; d. 1594. *ahnis, Karl Friedrich August, a Ger divine, at one time a leader °f the orthodox Lutherans. B. at Greitz, 1814. *alakaua, David, ka-ta-kowa, seventh emp. of the Hawaiian Islands. B. Honolulu, 1836. - *Calckreuth, Friedrich Adolf von, count, kalk’re-tuth, a Ger. officer; **V of Berlin. B. Sotterhausen, 1737; d. Berlin, 1818. *alergis, Demetrius, kal'er-gis, a Grecian officer; adjutant of King Otho. B. Candia, about 1803; d. Athens, 1867. * ~- G= 287 Kalidasa, ka-le-da'sa, a Hindoo writer, called the “Shakspeare of India,” said to have lived at the court of King Vikramaditya in the first century m.c. Kalisch, David, ka-lish, a Ger. humorous writer, of Jewish parents. B. Breslau, 1820; d. Berlin, 1872. Kalkbrenner, Christian, kalk'bren-ner, a Ger. writer of music, and the composer for Prince IIenry of Prussia. B. Minden, 1755; d. Paris, 1Soó. Kalkbrenner, Friedrich, a son; pianist, teacher and composer. B. Cassel, 1784; d. Enghien-les-Bains, 1849. Kalm, Peter, Kalin, a Swedish naturalist and botanist; “Travels in North America.” B. Osterbotten, 1715; d. Abo, 1779. Kamehameha, ka-meh-ha'meh-ha, name of four emperors of the IIawaiian Islands from 1796 to 1863. Kames, Henry IIome, kamz, lord, a Scottish justice and author; a law- yer and a judge for 60 years. B. Kames, Berwickshire, 1696; d. 1782. Rampen, Nickolaas Godfried van, Aamp/en, a Dutch historical writer; edited the Leyden Gazette. B. Haarlem, 1776; d. 1839. Kampfer, or Kaempfer, Engelbrecht, kempfer, a Ger. naturalist and traveler, “Hist, of Japan and Description of Siam.” I. Lemgo, Lippe- Detmold, 1651; d. Detmold, 1716. Kamptz, Karl Albert Christoph IIeinrich von, Kantz, a Prussian justice and voluminous writer in law. B. at Schwerin, 1769; d. at Ber- lin, 1849. Kanaris, Constantine, ka'na-ris, a Grecian politician and naval com- mander. B. about 1790; d. 1877. Kane, Elisha Kent, kam, an Am. explorer of the Arctic regions, son of Judge John K.; traveled in China, Europe, Brazil and parts of Africa; wrote “Second Grinnell expedition in Search of Sir John Franklin;” he received many medals for his efforts as an arctic explorer. B. at Phila., 1820; d. Havann, 1857. Kane, Sir Robert, an Irish prof. of chemistry and author of a text book and several works on the chemical science; pres. of Queen's col- lege, Cork. B. Dublin, 1810. * Kant, Immanuel, kant, a Ger. philosopher of Scotch descent; volu- minous writer on metaphysics, and a great reasoner; “Whoever will tell me of a good deed left undone, him will I thank, though it be in the last hour of my life.” B. Konigsberg, 1724; d. there, 1Sot. Kantemir, kan'teh-mer. See CANTEMIR. Kapnist, Vasili Vasilivitch, kap'nist, a Russian author; translated Horace into Russian. B. in 1756; d. 1S23. Rapp, Friedrich, kap, a Ger. writer and member Reichstag. B. Hamm, Westphalia, 1824. Karajitch, Vuk Stefanovitch, ka'rajich, a Servian collector of songs and secy. to several chiefs in the Servian war for independence. B. 1787; d. 1864. Karamzin, Nikolai Mikhailovitch, ka-ram-zin', a Russian historical writer, and editor of Moscow journal. B. E. Russia, 1765; d. Fauridan Palace, 1826. Karr, Jean Baptiste Alphonse, kar, a Fr. teacher and novelist. B. Paris, 1808. Karpinski, Franciszek, kar'pins-ki, a Polish translator of the Psalms, and poet. B. in the palatinate of Brzesc, Litewski, about 1760; d. at Karpinczyn, 1823. Karsch, Anna Luise, karsh, a Ger. author, called the German Sap- pho. I}. 1722; d. Berlin, 1791. Rarsten, Karl Johann Bernhard, kar'sten, a Ger, scientist and chief of the Prussian mining dept. ministry; left two sons, noted as physi- cists. B. Butzow, 1782; d. near Berlin, 1853. Rarsten, IIermann, nephew, a botanist and traveler; 13 years explor- ing South America. B. 1817. Kastner, Abraham Gotthclf, kest'ner, a Ger. professor of mathe- matics, and poet; “Miscellaneous Writings.” B. Leipsic, 1719; d. Gottingen, 1800. Eater, Henry, ka'ter, an Eng. scientist; determined length of the second pendulum; “Treatise on Mechanics.” B. Bristol, 1777; d. London, 1835. Katkoff, Mikhail Nikiforovitch, kat'kof, a Russian politician, con- nected with Moscow Gazette. I}. at Moscow, 1S20. Katona, Istvan, or Stephen, koto-moh, an Hungarian historical writer. B. 1732; d. 1811. | m"> *. 288 Kauffman, Maria Angelica, kowfman, a Swiss artist; one of the original members of the royal academy. B. Coire, 1741; d. Rome, 1So?. Kaufmann, Constantin Petrovitch, a Russian officer and mil. eng. B. near the Baltic, 1817. Raufmann, Theodor, an Am. artist. “On to Liberty;” “Pacific Railway Train Attacked by Indians.” B. Uelsen, Hanover, 1814. Raulbach, von, William, kow!"bak, a Ger. artist, and 25 years direc- tor of the Munich Academy; “Destruction of Jerusalem by Titus.” B. Arolsen, 1805; d. Munich, 1874. Kaunitz, von, Wenzel Anton, kow'nits, count of Rietberg; prince; Austrian politician; min. of state. B. Vienna, 1711; d. there, 1794. Kavanagh, Julia, kav'a-mah, a British author, educated in France; “Queen Mab,” “Sylvia.” B. Thurles, Ire., 1824; d. 1877. Ravanaugh, Hubbard Hinde, an Am. divine of the M. E. church. B. Clark co., Ky., 1So2. Kaye, Sir John William, kay, an Eng. historian; “Christianity in India,” ctc. B. 1814; d. 1876. Kazinczy, Ferencz, koz'in-tse, an Hungarian compiler and author; edited the Orpheus; inspector of schools. B. in county Bihar, 1759; d. in county Zemplen, 1831. Kean, Edmund, keen, an Eng. tragedian, as Shylock, Rich. III., Hamlet, etc.; came to America but was not allowed to play. B. in London about 1787; d. Richmond, 1833. Kean, Charles John, a son, an Eng. tragedian and stage manager. B. Waterford, Ire., IS11; d. London, 1868. Kean, Ellen Tree, w. of the foregoing, an Eng. actress, leading in both tragedy and comedy. B. London, 1805. Keane, John, keen, first Lord Keane, a British officer; served under Sir E. Pakenham. B. Belmont, Waterford co., Ire., 1781; d. Burton Lodge, IIampshire, Eng., 1844. Kearny, Lawrence, kar’ni, an Am. naval commander; destroyed the Greek pirates. B. Perth Amboy, N.J., 1789; d. there, 1868. Kearny, Stephen Watts, an Am. officer; wrote “Laws for the Gov. ernment of New Mexico.” . B. at Newark, N.J., 1794; d. St. Louis, Mo., 1848. Philip, a nephew, an Am. officer and aid-de-camp to Gen. Scott. B. New York, 1815; k. Chantilly, Va., 1862. Keats, John, keets, an Eng. author; his dictated epitaph, “Here lies one whose name was written in water.” I3. Lon., about 1795; d. Rome, 1821. Keble, John, keeb'l, an Eng, prof. and preacher; author of “The Christian Year,” etc. B. in the vicinity of Fairford, 1792; d. Hamp- shire, at Bournemouth, 1866. Keene, Laura, keen, an Am. actor; excelling as Pauline in “The Lady of Lyons;” and Becky Sharp in “Vanity Fair.” B. in Eng., 1820; d. Montclair, N.J., 1873. Reightley, Thomas, kit'li, a British historian and compiler; “Shaks- peare Expositor.” B. Dublin, 1789; d. near Erith, Kent, 1872. Keill, John, keel, a Scottish physicist, mathematician, and F. R. S. B. at Edinburgh, 1671; d. at Oxford, 1721. * Keim, Theodor, kim, a Ger. divine and prof. of theology. B. Stutt- gart, 1825; d. 1878. * Keiser, Reinhard, ki’zer, a Ger. musician and writer of music. B. 1673; d. 1739. Reith, Alexander, keeth, a British minister and religious author; “Evidences,” etc. B. Keith Hall, 1791. Keith, George Keith-Elphinstone, viscount, a British naval com- mander, and several times a M. P. B. at Elphinstone, Scotland, 1746; d. at Fulliallan, 1823. Keith, George, a Prussian politician and 10th earl marischal of Scot- land. B. Kincardine, Scot., 1685; d. Potsdam, Prus., 1778. James, his brother, a Prus. soldier and gov. of Berlin. B. in Scotland, 1696; killed at Hochkirch, 1758. Ú. Keller, Joseph, kel'er, a Ger, wood-engraver. B. 1811; d. 1873. Kellermann, Francois Christophe, kel'er-man, Fr. ka-ler-man', duke of Valmy, a Fr. officer and politician, Bourbon. B. Strasburg, 1735; d. Paris, 1820. Kellermann, Francois Etienne, son of the foregoing; a Fr. soldier and patriot. B. Metz, 1770; d. 1835. Kellogg, Clara Louisa, kel’og, an Am. vocalist; made her debut in Boston, 19th March, 1S61; sang at Her Majesty's opera, London, at Drury Lane; and in America; most successful in comic opera. B. of New Eng. parents at Sumter, S.C., 1842. BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. Kemble, Roger, kem'öl, a British founder of the Kemble family of actors, and a theatrical manager. B. Hereford, 1721; d. 1So2. John Philip, a son, an Eng. actor; first appearance in “Theodosius”; dis- tinguished as a manager. B. Lancashire, at Prescott, 1757; d. Lau- sanne, Switz., 1823. George Stephen, brother of the foregoing, an Eng. actor as Falstaff and manager. B. at Kington, 1758; d. Durham, 1822. Elizabeth (Mrs. Whitlock), sister of the foregoing and of Mrs. Sid- dons; Eng. actress. B. Warrington, 1761; d. 1836. Charles, 11th son of Roger, an Eng. play-writer and comedian. B. Brecon, S. Wales, 1775; d. London, 1854. Frances Anne (Mrs. Butler), or Fanny Kemble, dau. of the foregoing; an Eng. actress, Shakspearian reader and writer. B. in London, 1811. Adelaide, made a brilliant debut as an Eng. opera singer, but upon marriage to Mr. E. Sartorus, left the stage; “A Week in a French Country House.” B. in London about 1820. Remble, John Mitchell, son of C. K., an Eng. scholar and writer. B. in London, 1So;; d. Dublin, 1857. Kemeny, Zsigmond, kem'e-ny, baron, a Hungarian novelist; “Rough Times.” B. in Transylvania, 1816; d. 1875. Kempelen, Wolfgang von, kem'peh-len, baron, a Hungarian coun- cilor and mechanician; invented automaton chess player. B. Pres- burg, 1734; d. Vienna, 1804. Kemper, Reuben, kem'per, an Am. officer; fought against Spanish in Mexico. B. Fauquier co., Va.; d. in Natchez, Miss., 1826. Kempis, Thomas a, kem'pis, called Little IIammer, a Ger. sub-prior of the monastery of St. Agnes, and ascetic author. B. Kempen, about 1379; d. Mount St. Agnes, 1471. Ken, Thomas, ken, an Eng. chaplain, bishop of Bath and Wales, and devotional author. B. Berkhampstead, 1637; d. Longleat, 1711. Kendall, Amos, ken'dal, an Am. lawyer and political writer; man- aged Prof. Morse's instruments in Am. electro-mag. telegraph. B. Dunstable, Mass., 1789; d. Washington, D. C., 1869. Rendall, George Wilkins, an Am. editor and one of the founders of the N. O. Picayune. B. Amherst, near Mount Vernon, N. H., about 1So?; d. Oak Spring, Tex., 1867. Kendrick, Asahel Clark, ken'drik, an Am. linguist and writer; “Commentary on the New Testament.” B. Poultney, Vt., 1809. Rennedy, Benjamin Hall, Ken'e-di, an Eng. preacher and classical writer; “Public School Latin Grammar.” B. at Summer IIill, 1804. Charles Rann, a brother; an Eng. law author, and poet. B. Birming- ham, 1SoS; d. 1S67. Rennedy, Grace, a Scottish author, religious and moral. B Ayr- shire, 1782; d. 1825. Hennedy, John Pendleton, an Am, politician and writer; “Horse- shoe Robinson.” B. Baltimore, 1795; d. Newport, R. I., 1870. Kennicott, Benjamin, ken'ni-cot, an Eng. theologian and critic. B. 1718; d. 1783. Kenrick, Patrick, ken'rik, an Am. Roman Catholic divine; archb., founder of the St. Charles Borromed,"Philadelphia. B. Dublin, 1797; d. Baltimore, 1863. Peter Richard, an Am. Roman Catholic benefactor and archb. of St. Louis; “Anglican Ordinations.” B. in Dublin, 1806. Kensett, John Frederick, ken'set, an Am. painter; one of the direct- ors of the ornamentation of the U.S. capitol; “Sunset in the Adiron- dacks.” B. at Cheshire, Conn., 1818; d.; in N. Y., 1872. Rent, Edward Augustus, kent, duke of, son of Geo. III., and father of Queen Victoria, of Eng. B. 1767; d. 1820. Kent, James, an Am. scholar and author of “Kent's Commentaries.” B. Philippi, N. Y., 1763; d. New York, 1847. Kent, William, an Eng. painter, sculptor and founder of the Eng. modern style of landscape gardening. B. Yorkshire, 1685; d. 1748. Kenton, Simon, ken’ton, an Am. officer and pioneer; companion of Daniel Boone. B. Fauquier co., Va., 1755; d. Logan co., O., 1836. Kenyon, John, ken’yon, Eng. author and private benefactor. B. in Jamaica Island about 1783; d. Cowes, Isle of Wight, 1856. Kenyon, Lloyd, lord, Brit. justice and author of “Lives of Chief- Justices.” B. at Gredington, 1732; d. at Bath, 1So2. Kepler, Johann, kep'ler, a Ger. astrologist.and astronomical author; “Epitome of the Copernician Astronomy,” “IIarmonies of the World.” B. Magstatt, Wurtemburg, 1571; d. Ratisbon, 1630. Keppel Augustus, kep'el, viscount, an Eng. naval commander, lord of the admiralty, and M. P. B. 1725; d. 1786. George Thomas, carl the 6th of Albemarle, M. P., and secy. Lord John Russell. B. 1799. * |-- | s *= "_ * "---— Keppler, Joseph Ferdinand, an Am. caricaturist and founder of Puck. B. in Vienna, Austria, 183S. Rer, John, ker, an Eng. theologian. B. 1740; d. 1So!. Rerartry, Auguste Hilarion de, ka-ra-tre', a Fr. writer. B. 1769; d. 1859. s |Herguelen-Tremarec, Yves, Joseph de, ker-ga-lon' tra-ma-rek, a Fr. explorer. B. in Brittany, 1745; d. 1797. Kerner, Andreas Justinus, ker'ner, a Ger. doctor and poet. B. Lud- wigsburg, Wurtemberg, 1786; d. Weinsberg, 1862. • d Ressels, Matthias, kes'els, a Dutch engraver and sculptor. B. 1784; • 1836. Retteler, Wilhelm Emmanuel von, het'el-er, baron, a Ger. prelate and Roman Catholic enthusiast; a voluminous writer. B. Munster, West- phalia, 1811; d. 1877. Eey, Francis Scot, kee, an Am. author; “Star Spangled Banner;” there is a monument to him in San Francisco, toward which $150,000 was given by James Lick. B. in Fredericks co., Md., 1779; d. in Bal- timore, 1843. Key, Thomas Hewitt, an Eng. scholar, educator and philological writer. B. Southwark, 1799. Keyser, Nicaise de, ki’zer, a Belgian artist. werp, 1813. Kheraskoff, Mikhail, ker'a-shof, a Russian author; “Rossiad;”“Vlad- imir.” B. 1733; d. Moscow, 1So?. Rhosru, or Khosrou I., kos-roo’, Jassanide, an emp. of Persia. Fl. about 570. II., a grandson, an emp. of Persia. Fl. about 625. Ridd, William, kid, an Am. pirate; commonly known as Captain Kidd; turned pirate while searching pirates for Great Britain. B. in Scotland; executed in London, 1701. Ridder, Daniel Parish, kid'er, an Am. preacher, missionary to Brazil, and Biblical prof.; preached first Protestant sermons on the Amazon. B. Darien, N.Y., 1815. Eillmeyer, Karl Friedrich von, keel’mi-er, a Ger. zoologist and writer on natural history. B. 1765; d. 1844. s Kien Lung, or Kien Loung, ke-en-loong", a sovereign of China. B. 1710; d. 1799. s Riepert, Heinrich, kee'fert, a Ger. geographical scholar, publisher of maps. B. Berlin, 1818. Rieswetter, Rafael Georg. kis'e-wet-er, a Ger. writer on music, and referendary of the aulic military council of Vienna. B. at Holleschan, Moravia, 1773; d. at Vienna, 1850. Eilbourne, James, kil-borne, an Am. pioneer and founder of the Scioto society; 35 years pres. of the board of trustees of Washington college. B. New Britain, Conn., 1770; d. at Worthington, O., 1850. Rilian, Lucas, kee-le-an, a Ger. wood-engraver. B. 1539; d. 1637. Eilligrew, Sir William, ki/e-grew, an English author; gentleman usher to Charles I. and II. B. Hanworth, Middlesex, 1605; d. in London, 1693. Thomas, a brother, an Eng. play-writer and companion of Charles II. B. at Hanworth, 1611; d. London, 1682. Henry, bro. B. Sandvliet, Ant- of the preceding, an Eng. writer and chaplain to the duke of York. B. at Hanworth, 1612. Anne, an Eng. beauty and artist; subject of an ode by Dryden. B. London, 1660; d. 1685. Kilpatrick, Judson, Kilpat-rik, an Am, gen.; commander of cavalry, war 1861-5; in 1864 made a raid near Richmond to release union prisoners confined on Belle Isle and in Libby prison, taking 500 con- federates, but could not reach the suffering prisoners; was an inde- fatigable officer in the eastern and western departments. B. in 1832. Rimball, Richard Burleigh, Kim'bal, an Am, writer and lawyer. B. at Plainfield, N. H., 1816. *:erly John Wodehouse, earl of, kim'ber-li, an Eng. politician. • 1826. Rimhi, or Kimchi, David, Kim'kee, a Hebrew linguist, of family noted for learning; fl. in S. France in the 13th century. d Eind, Johann Friedrich, kint, a Ger. author, Dr. Freischutz. B. 1768; 1843. Ring, John Crookshanks, king, an American bust sculptor, and camco artist. B. Kilwinning, Scot., 1806. Ring, Peter, lord, nephew of the philosopher Locke, an Eng. states- man; chancelor. B. Exeter, 1669; d. Ockham, Surrey, 1734. King, Philip Parker, an Eng. naval officer. B. Norfolk Isl., 1793; d. Grantham, Australia, 1855. "--— *=-mT |-- BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. .- 289 King, Rufus, an Am. politician and earnest patriot; M. C.; min. to Eng. B. Scarborough, Me., 1755; d. Jamaica, L.I., 1827. King, Thomas Starr, an Am. theologian and patriotic writer. B. in New York, 1824; d. San Francisco, 1864. King, William Rufus, an Am. politician; 13th vice-pres. of the U.S.; min. to France; enthusiastic Democrat. B. Sampson co., N.C., 1786; d. Dallas co., Ala., 1853. Iting, William, an Irish archb.; dean of St. Patricks; copious writer on religious subjects. B. Antrim, 1650; d. Dublin, 1729. Kinglake, Alexander William, king'lak, an English historian, and writer on travels; “Eothen.” B. Taunton, 1802. John Alexander, a cousin, an Eng. jurist; M. P. B. Taunton, 1805; d. London, 1870. Kingsborough, Edward King, viscount, kings'êur-o, an Eng. archae- ologist, “Antiquities of Mexico.” B. 1795; d. Dublin, 1837. Kingsley, Calvin, king2'li, an Am. divine; editor Western Christian Advocate; “Resurrection of the Human Body.” B. Amesville, N.Y., 1812; d. Beyrout, Syria, 1870. Kingsley. Charles, kingz'li, an Eng. clergyman and author; “Hypa- tia;” “Westminster Sermons;” lyric poet. B. Holne, Devonshire, 1819; d. 1875. Henry, bro. of preceding, an Eng. author; correspond- ent in Franco-German war. B. Holne, 1824. Ringsley, James Luce, an Am. prof. of languages; pub. hist. of Yale college; “Life of Ezra Stiles.” B. Windham, Conn., 1778; d. New Haven, 1852. Kingston, Elizabeth Chudleigh, duchess of, king2'ton, an Eng. beau- ty, satirized by Foote; tried for bigamy. B. 1720; d. near Paris, 1788. Kinkel, Johann Gottfried, kink'el, a Ger, poet, patriot and prof.; im- plicated in rev. of 1848-9. B. Oberkassel, 1815. Kip, William Ingraham, kip, an Am. bishop; “Lenten Fast;” “Cat- acombs of Rome,” etc. B. N. Y. city, 1811. Rippis, Andrew, kip'iss, an Eng. dissenting clergyman; “Biographia Britannica; ” “Life of Captain J. Cook,” etc. B. Nottingham, 1725; d. London, 1795. * Kirby, William, ker'bi, an Eng. entomologist; “Monographia Apium Angliac,” the first work of its kind in Eng.; “Habits and Instincts of Animals,” etc. B. Witnesham, Suffolk, 1759; d. Barham, 1850. Kircher, Athanasius, kirker, a Ger. prof. and writer; “Prodromus Coptus Sive AEgyptiacus;” collector of a valuable museum for the Jesuits' coll. at Rome. B. near Fulda, Hesse-Cassel, 1602; d. Rome, 16So. Kirchhoff, Gustav Robert, kirk'hof, a Ger. physicist and prof.; famous for discovering the cause of lines in solar spectrum; invented with R. W. Bunsen, the method called spectrum analysis. B. Konigsberg, IS24. Kirchoff, Johann Wilhelm Adolf, Ger, philologist, published edition of Plotinus, Euripides and others. B. Berlin, 1826. Rirk, Edward Norris, kirk, an Am. divine and writer; established Am. Protestant worship in Paris. B. N. Y., 1802; d. Boston, 1874. Kirk, John Foster, an Am, author, assisted Prescott in hist writing; editor Lippincott's Magazine. B. Fredericton, N. B., 1824. Kirkbride, Thomas S., kirk'brid, an Am. physician and med, writer; “Rules and Regulations for the Insane,” etc. B. near Morrisville, Bucks co., Pa., 1Soo. Kirke, Sir David, kirk, an Eng. colonial adventurer, knighted by Charles I.; colonized Newfoundland. B. Dieppe, France, 1596; d. Ferryland, Newfoundland, 1655-6. Kirkes, William Senhouse, kirks, an Eng. physician and lecturer to St. Bartholomew’s Hospital; wrote some important medical works. B. about 1820; d. 1S64. Hirkland, Caroline Matilda, kirk'land, an Am. authoress. B. in N. Y., 1Sol; d. there, 1S64. Kirkland, John Thornton, an Am. divine, son of the famous Indian missionary; pres. of Harvard college. B. Little Falls, N.Y., 1770; d. Boston, 1840. s Kirkland, Samuel, a missionary to the Indians, and of Hamilton col- lege. B. 1744; d. 1SoS. Kirkwood, Daniel, kirk'wood, an Am. mathematician and prof.; advanced some important theories on the solar system. B. Harford co., Md., 1814. Eirwan, Richard, ker'wan, an Irish chemist and pres. of the Roy. Irish academy; wrote several important works. B. county Galway, about 1750; d. Dublin, 1812. Kisfaludy, Karoly, kish'foh-loodi, a Hungarian dramatist. B. Tete, > - - *|*—- -–2 29O BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. county of Raab, 17SS. Sandor, bro. of preceding; a Hungarian poet. Kniaznin, Franciszek Dyonizy, neaz'nin, a Polish poet, afterward B. Sumeg, 1772; d. there, 1844. deranged. B. Vitebsk, 1750; d. Konskawola, near Pulawy, 1So?. ! Riss, August, kis, a Ger. sculptor; “St. George and the Dragon;” Knight, Charles, nit, an Eng. publisher and author; “Penny Maga- “Frederick the Great,” etc. B. near Pless, Prussian Silesia, 1802; zine;” “Pictorial Shakespeare.” B. Windsor, 1791; d. Adellestone, d. 1S65. Surrey, 1873. Ritchiner, William, kitch'in-er, an Eng. physician and author, Knight, Richard Payne, an Eng. author on art and politics; “An- among other works, the “Cook's Oracle.” B. London, about 1775; d. alytical Inquiry into the Principles of Taste.” B. Wormsley Grange, there, 1827. Herefordshire, 1750; d. London, 1824. Thomas Andrew, bro. of pre- Ritto, John, kit'o, Eng. biblical scholar and writer; rose from poverty ceding, vegetable physiologist. B. 1758; d. London, 1838. to cminence, and was pensioned for his useful labors. B. Plymouth, Rnipperdolling, Bernhard, knip'er-dol’ing, a German Anabaptist, 1So; d. Cannstatt, Germany, 1854. tortured for his part in Munster riots. B. Munster, at close of 15th Kittlitz, F. H. von, baron, kit'litz, a Ger. naturalist, painter, en- century; executed, 1536. graver, and officer in the Prussian army. B. 1798; d. Mentz, 1S74. Knobelsdorff, Hans Georg Wenzeslaus von, kno'bels-dorf, a Ger. Klapka, Gyorgy, klop'koh, a Hungarian soldier, afterward general; architect and baron; described “Sans Souci” at Potsdam. B. near obtained victories over the Austrians. B. Temesvar, 1820. Krossen, Brandenburg, 1697; d. Berlin, 1753. Klaproth, Martin Heinrich, klap'rot, a German chemist and prof.; Rnoblecher, Ignaz, knob'leck-er, a German traveler and explorer in discovered several new substances. B. Wernigerode, 1743; d. Ber- Egypt. B. Carniola, 1819; d. Gondokoro, Africa, 1858. lin, 1817. Heinrich Julius von, son of the preceding, a Ger. traveler, Knowles, James, nolz, an English writer and architect; builder of St. orientalist, and author. B. Berlin, 1783; d. Paris, 1835. Stephen's church, Clapham, and Tennyson's house at Aldworth; editor Kleber, Jean Baptiste, kle'her, or kla'ber, a Fr. gen, under Na- A/ineteenth Century. B. 1831. poleon; gained several brilliant victories, and took possession of Enowles, James Davis, an Am. divine and prof. B. Providence, Egypt. B. in Strasburg, 1753 or 4; assassinated in Cairo, Egypt, 1800. R.I., 1798; d. Newton, Mass., 1838. Xlein, Jakob Theodor, klin, a Ger. naturalist. B. 1685; d. 1759. Knowles, James Sheridan, English dramatist, afterward Baptist Kleist, Ewald Christian von, fon klist, a Ger, poet; an officer under preacher. “Virginius,” “IIunchback;” “Love Chase,” etc. B. Cork, Frederick the Great; “Der Fruhling” his greatest work. B. Zeblin, Ireland, 1784; d. Torquay, England, 1862. Pomerania, 1715; d. Frankfort-on-the-Oder, 1759. Enox, Henry, moks, an Am. general in revolution; in New Jersey Eleist, Heinrich von, a German poet, called “the poetical Werther campaign and subsequent battles; arranged surrender of New York. of his age.” B. Frankfort-on-the-Oder, 1776; d. by suicide, near Pots- B. Boston, 1750; d. Thomaston, Me., 1806. dam, 1811. Enox, John, a Scotch reformer; imprisoned in France; chaplain to Klemm, Friedrich Gustav, klem, Ger. historian and writer. B. Edward VI.; sent to be burned as a heretic but was rescued; left Edin- Chemnitz, Saxony, 1So2; d. Dresden, 1869. burgh to avoid the enmity he excited there. His doctrine combined the Klengel, Johann, Christian, kleng'el, a Ger. landscape painter; prof. créed of Calvin with the policy of Presbyterianism; his preaching was of Dresden academy... B. near Dresden, 1751; d. 1824. distinguished by impetuous and stern vehemence. B. Gifford, Had- Elenze, Leo von, fon klen'tsch, Ger. architect of the Wahalla and dington, 1505; d. Edinburgh, 1572. * other public buildings of Munich. B. Hildesheim, 1784; d. Mu- Knox, Vicesimus, an Eng. divine; master of Tunbridge school; “Ele- nich, 1S64. gant Extracts.” B. Newington Green, Middlesex, 1752; d. Tunbridge, Kliefoth, Theodor Friedrich Dethlef, klee'foth, a German theo- Kent, 1S21. logian. B. Korchow, Mecklenburg, 1810. Enyphausen, baron, £nip/how-zen, a German soldier; took part in Klinger, Friedrich Maximilian von, kling'er, a Ger. poet and officer. battle of Long Island and in capture of Fort Washington; made inef- B. Frankfort, 1753; d. St. Petersburg, 1831. fectual attempts to re-enlist disaffected Americans. B. Alsace, about Klopp, Onno, klop, a Ger. historian. B. Leer, East Friesland, 1822. 1725; d. Berlin, 1789. Klopstock, Friedrich Gottleib, Álop'stok, a Ger. poet and sacred Robell, Franz von, fon ko'bel, a German miner and prof.; popularized dramatic writer; his death lamented as a national calamity. B. Qued- the science by elaborate publications. B. Munich, 18o3. linburg, 1724; d. Hamburg, 1803. Roch, Joseph Anton, kok, a Ger. artist in Rome. B. 1768; d. 1839. Klotz, Christian Adolph, klots, a Ger...scholar and critic. B. 173S; Roch, Karl Heinrich Emanuel, Ger, traveler and scientist. B. Wei- d. 1771. mar, 1809. Knabl, Joseph, knable, a Tyrolese sculptor, chiefly of religious sub- Rochanowski, Jan, ko'ka-nows-ke, a Polish poet surnamed the Polish jects. B. Fliess, 1821. Pindar. B. in the palatinate of Sandcmir, 1532; d. Lublin, 1584. Knapp, Albert, knap, a Ger, poet. B. Tubingen, 1798; d. Stutt- Rock, Charles Paul de, kok, a Fr. novelist and dramatic writer; his gart, 1864. numerous works are very popular in France. B. Passy, near Paris, Knapp, Georg Christian, a Ger. theologian and professor. B. Halle, 1794; d. Paris, 1871. Henri de, son of preceding, novelist and dramatist 1753; d. there, 1825. of the same caliber. B. Paris, 1821, Knapp, Jacob, map, an Am. divine; his preaching was so powerful Roekkoek, Bernard Cornelis, kook'kook, a Dutch landscape artist; that the civil authorities interfered. B. Otsego co., N. Y., 1799; d. awarded Paris medal of 1855; brother of Marianus, Adrian, and Her- Rockford, Ill., 1874. man, also noted artists. B. Middleburg, 1803; d. Cleves, 1862. Knapp, Ludwig Friedrich; a Ger, chemist and writer; made some Ronig, Friedrich, ko'nig, Ger. inventor steam printing press. B. remarkable investigations in tanning. B. Michaelstadt, Hesse-Darm- 1775; d. 1833. stadt, 1814. Koenig, Heinrich Joseph, ko'nig, a Ger, historian and novelist. B. Knapp, Samuel Lorenzo, nap, an Am. author and lawyer. B. New- Fulda, 1790; d. Wiesbaden, 1869. buryport, Mass., 1784; d. Hopkinton, Mass., 1838. Rohl, Johann Georg, kol, Ger. traveler and author; printed valuable Knaus, Ludwig, knowz, a Ger. portrait and genre painter. B. Wies- publications on maps and surveys of Am.; and scientific treatises, baden, 1829. translated into English. B. Bremen, 1808; d. 1878. Knatchbull-Hugessen, Edward, match'bul-hezvjess-en, an Eng, prose Rohlrausch, Heinrich Friedrich Thcodor, kol"rawsch, a Ger, author writer; “Crackers for Christmas.” B. Mersham Hatch, Kent, 1829. and teacher. B. near Gottingen, 1780; d. Hanover, 1867. Enebel, Karl Ludwig von, kna'bel, a Ger. author and friend of Kolb, Georg Friedrich, kolb, Ger, author and journalist; member of Gocthe. B. Wallerstein, Bavaria, 1744; d. Jena, 1S34. Bavarian chamber; opposed Franco-German war, and advocated right Kneeland, Samuel, mee’land, an Am. naturalist and writer of Am. of suffrage for people of Alsace-Lorraine. B. Spire, 1808. cyclopedia. B. Boston, 1821. Rolbe, Adolf Wilhelm Hermann, kol'bai, a Ger. chemist; assisted Kneller, Sir Godfrey, nell'er, an Eng, painter chiefly of court beau- Bunsen and Playfair. B. near Gottingen, IS18. ties and celebritics; left Soo unfinished portraits. B. Lubeck, Ger., Kolbe, Karl Wilhelm, a Ger. painter; “Albert Achilles;” “Vintage 1648; d. London, 1723. Festival.” B. Berlin, 1781; d. there, 1853. ~ : -*-C) ~ +- "---- "--— *Colcsey, Ferencz, Kol’cha-e, a Hungarian author; defended Wessel- *nyi against Austrian gov. B. county of Middle Szolnok, 1790; d. sud- denly, Pesth, 1s28. * Koldewey, Karl, kol"de-vai, Ger. explorer; commanded 1st and 2d *rctic expedition by Dr. Petermann, and published results. B. Bucken, Hanover, 1s57. * * Hollar, Jan, kollar, a Slavic poet and scholar; prof. of archeology in Vienna. B. in N. W. Hungary, 1793; d. Vienna, 1852. Rolliker, Rudolf Albert, kol"e-ker, Ger. physiologist and microscop- ist; his works are among the highest authorities of science. B. Zur- ich, 1S17. * Honigsmark, Philip Christopher, count of, von, fon ko'nigs-mark, a Swedish adventurer; induced Princess Sophia Dorothea to fly with him to France. B. about 1650; assass., 1691. Maria Aurora, sister of preced- *ng; one of the most beautiful and accomplished women of her day; m. of Marshal Saxe. B. probably in Stade about 1670; d. Quedlinburg, 1728. Kopisch, August, ko-pish', Ger, poet and painter; discovered “blue- grotto” in Capri. B. Breslau, 1799; d. Berlin, 1S$3. Eopitar, Bartholomaus, ko-pi-tar', a prominent Slavic philologist and scholar. B. Repnje, Carniola, 17So; d. Vienna, 1844. Eopp, Joseph Eutych, kop', a Swiss historian and prof.; mem. of coun- cil of state and president of board of education. B. Beromunster, Lu- Cerne, 1793; d. 1S65. Röppen, Friedrich, kop'en, a Ger. philosopher and prof., published a disquisition on Schelling, and endeavored to £econcile critical philoso- phy and Christianity. B. Lubeck, 1775; d. Erlangen, 1858. Röppen, Peter von, a Russian archbishop; published chart of Europe and Russia. B. Kharkov, 1793; d. Karabagh, Crimea, 1864. Rörner, Karl Theodor, kor'ner, a Ger. poet; took part in war of free- dom against Napoleon, was mortally wounded; wrote the patriotic. songs set to music by Weber. B. Dresden, 1791; killed near Rosen- burg, Mecklenburgh, 1813. Eortum, Johann Friedrich Christoph, Ger. historian and prof. at Basle, Berne, and Heidelberg. B. Eichhorst, Mecklenburg-Strelitz, 1788; d. Heidelberg, 1858. - Rortum, Kari Arnold, Ger, poet and physician; humorist and satirist. B. Muhleim on the Ruhr, 1745; d. Bochum, IS24. Rosciuszko. Thaddeus, kos-si-us'ko, a Polish patriot of noble Lithu- anian family; an officer of engineers in America; planned encampment of army at Saratoga and West Pt. works; imprisoned at St. Petersburg and released by the emperor Paul, who offered him his own sword; 1797 visited U. S.; refused to aid Napoleon against Russia; 1816 freed all his serfs; died by fall from horse, over a precipice; buried by emp. Alexander in Cracow, by the side of Poniatowski, and Sobieski; a ... mound raised to his memory by the Polish people, Poland. B. near Novogrudek, Lithuania, 1746; d. Solothurn, Switzerland, 1817. Rosegarten, Johann Gottfried Ludwig, ko’zeh-gar-ten, Ger. oriental- ist and writer. B. Altenkirchen, 1792; d. Greifswald, 1860. Rossuth, Louis, kos'suthe, a Hungarian patriot, imprisoned for pub-. lishing debates of the Diet; after his liberation, founded a protective union; restored Hungary to independence, was made secy, of finance, instituted many reforms; in 1849 he was imprisoned, then liberated and embarked for the U.S.; was enthusiastically received in Eng, and Am.; 1852 returned to Eur., and acted with Mazzini, and Ledru Rollin, the plan for attacking Austria defeated by the treaty of Villa Franca, and Kossuth retired into exile. B. Monok, county of Zemplen, 1So2. Rotschy, Theodor, Rot'ski, Ger, botanist and explorer of Asia Minor; numerous works. B. Ustron, Austrian Silesia, 1813; d. 1S66. Rotzebue, August Friedrich Ferdinand von, fon kot'zeh-boo, a Ger. dramatist arrested for writing against the emp. Paul, and banished to Siberia; stabbed by Ger, students for ridiculing their secret associa- tions; wrote 211 dramatic pieces. B. Weimar, 1761; assas. in Mann- heim, 1819. Otto von, son of preceding, Russian traveler. B. Revel, 1787; d. 1846. Moritz von, bro. of preceding; a Russian gen.; member of Polish division of the Russian senate. B. 1789; d. Warsaw, 1861. Paul, a bro. of preceding, a Russian soldier; gov.-gen. of Bessarabia *nd South Rus. and commander of Odessa. B. 1790. Alexander von, bro. of preceding, an artist. B. Konigsberg, 1815. Erasicki, Ignacy, kra-shin'skee, a Polish prelate called the Polish "Voltaire,” wrote poems and satires; “War of Monks.” B. Dubiecko, Galicia, 1734; d. Berlin, 1Soi. = BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. – 29 I Krasinski, Waleryan, kra-shin's kee, Polish writer; introduced stereo- type printing in Poland; exiled to London. B. in Polish province of White Russia, 17So; d. 1855, in Edinburgh. Zygmunt Napoleon, count, a Polish writer of preceding family; refused advancement in the Russian service. B. Paris, 1812; d. there, 1859. Kraszewski, Jozef Ignacy, kra-shev's kee, a Polish writer and lecturer; 3oo vols. historical novels and travels. B. Warsaw, 1812. Kraus, Christian Jacob, krowss, a Ger economist. B. 1753; d. 1So?. Krause, Karl Christian Friedrich, Árow'zeh, a Ger. philosopher; entertained a scheme for the association of all mankind; pub. several works. B. Eisenberg, 1781; d. Munich, 1832. Krauth, Charles Porterfield, krawth, an Am. divine, pres, of general Lutheran council; “Conservative Reform and its Theology.” B. Mar- tinsburg, Va., 1823. Krudener, Juliane de Vietinghoff, baroness, deh, Āru'deh-ner, a Russian novelist and mystic, beautiful and witty. B. Riga, 1764; d. Karasu-Bazar, Crimea, 1824. Krug, Wilhelm Traugott, kroog, a German philosopher; follower of Kant; prof. at Leipsic; published several important works. B. Radis, 1770; d. Leipsic, 1842. \ Krummacher, Friedrich Adolf, kroom'a-ker, a German theologist and voluminous writer; “Cornelius the Centurion;” “Life of St. John.” B.Tecklenburg, Westphalia, 1763; d. Bremen, 1845. Gottfried Daniel, brother of preceding, preacher and author. B. 1774; d. Elberfeld, 1837. Friedrich Wilhelm, son of Friedrich Adolf, an eloquent preacher; “Elijah the Tishbite,” “Last Days of Elisha,” translated into English. B. Duisburg, 1796; d. Potsdam, 1868. Rrupp, Friedrich, kroop, a German iron manufacturer; sent to Paris exhibition a crucible block of 40 tons; enormous works at Essen; em- ployed in 1874 about 20,000 men and 1,100 furnaces; privy councilor. B. early in present century, at Essen, Rhenish Prussia. D. 1826. Krusenstern, Adam Johann, von, kroo'sen-stern, a Russian naval explorer of the N. Pacific coasts of Am. and Asia. B. Haggud, Estho- nia, 1770, d. Bsthonia, 1846. Kryloff, Ivan, kre-lof', a Russian writer of comedies and fables; secretary to P. Galitzin, counselor of state. B. Moscow, 1768; d. St. Petersburg, 1844. s Kublai Khan, in Chinese Shetsu and Hupeli, koo'bli kan', grandson of Genghis Khan, and founder of the Mongol dynasty; in 1260, drove out the Tartars, and assumed title of emperor. B. commencement of 13th century; d. Peking, 1294. Eugler, Franz Theodor, koog’ler, Ger. writer on history and art; also a poet of rank. B. Stettin, 1SoS; d. Berlin, 1858. Kuhn, Adelbert, koon, a German prof. of and writer on philology; founder of the science of Indo-Germanic mythology. B. Konigsberg, Brandenberg, 1812. Kuhne, Ferdinand Gustav, ku'neh, a German writer of fiction. B. Magdeberg, 1806. - Kuhner, Raphael, ku'ner, a German linguist; author of many text books. B. Gotha, 1802; d. 1878. Kung, Prince, koong (Kung-Chien-Wang), a Chinese political leader. B. 1835. Rung-fu-tse, Koong-foo'tseh, see CoNFUCIUs. Eunth, Karl Sigismund, koont, a Ger. professor of and writer on bot- any. B. Leipsic, 1788; d. Berlin, 1850. Kukolnik, Nestor, kuk'o-link, a Russian dramatist and novelist; “Torquato Tasso.” B. in 1808. Kurz, Heinrich, koorts, a Ger, writer; was two years in prison for political offenses. B. Paris; d. Aarau, Switzerland, 1873. Kurtz, Johann Heinrich, koorts, a Ger. divine. B. 1809. Kutuzoff, Mikhail, koo-too/zof, a Russian officer, prince of Smo- lensk. B. 1745; d. Bunzlau, Prussian Silesia, 1813. Kutzing, Friedrich Traugott, kut'zing, a Ger. zoologist and prof. at Nordhausen; he foresaw the Darwinian theories. B. Ritteburg, Thuringia, 1807. Kutzner, Johann Gottlieb, Kut'zner, a Ger. prof. and author. B. Pohl- schildern, 1822; d. Hirschberg, 1872. Ruyp, or Cuyp, Albert, koip, a Dutch artist; his work was princi- pally landscape painting. B. 1606; d. about 1683. Kyrle, John, kirl, an Eng. financier and benefactor; “Man of Ross.” B. 1664; d. 1754. . 292 -----, - .. —49 I-9––– Labadie, de, Jean, la-ba-de', a Fr. founder of a society of mystics, called Labadists. B. at Bourg-en-Guienne, 1610; d. Altona, Hol- stein, 1674. Labanoff de rostov, Alexander, a Russian writer and aid-de-camp to Alexander I. and Nicholas; he presented his large library to his country. B. 17SS. f Labat, Jean Baptiste, la-ba', a Fr. preacher and head of missions. B. Paris, 1663; d. there, 1738. Labbe, Philippe, lab, a Fr. polygrapher and Jesuit. B. 1607; d. 1667. Labe, Louise, la-ba', a Fr. author; La belle Cordiere. B. 1526; d. 1566. La Bedolliere, de, Emile Gigault, deh ba-dol-yer', a Fr. journalist, writer, and translator. B. Paris, 1814. La Bedoyere, de, Charles Angelique Francois Huchet, count, deh la beh-dwa-yer', a Fr. officer; served at Waterloo; was subsequently shot by order of Louis XVIII. B. 1786; shot at Grenelle, 1$15. La Billardierre, de, Jacques Julien Houton, la be-yar-de-er', a Fr. writer on natural history; collected over 3,000 specimens before un- known. B. Alencon, 1775; d. Paris, 1834. Labiche, Eugene Marin, la'be-she, a Fr. play-writer; wrote princi- pally for Paris theatres. B. Paris, 1815. Labienus, Titus, a distinguished Roman officer, under Caesar; he joined Pompey and was killed in battle against Caesar at Munda, 45 B.C. Lablache, Luigi, la-blash', an Italian vocalist; at one time singing master of the q. of Eng. B. Naples, 1794; d. there, 1858. La Blanchere, Pierre Rene Marie Henri Moullin, de, a Fr. photog- rapher and naturalist. B. La Fleche, Sarthe, 1S21. Laborde, de, Alexandre Louis Joseph, count, deh la-bord’, a French statesman and writer; aid-de-camp to Louis Philippe. B. Paris, 1774; d. there, 1842. Laborde, Leon Emmanuel Simon Joseph, count, son of the fore- going; a Fr. scholar and founder of the museum of archives in the hotel de Soubise. B. Paris, 1807; d. 1S69. Laborde, Jean Joseph, marquis de, Fr. director of finance; he fur- nished money to dispatch troops to aid in the Am. war; he was a warm friend of Voltaire. B. Jaca, Arazon, 1724; guillotined in Paris, 1794. Laborde, Jean Benjamin de, a Fr. writer of music and author of works on history, geography, and chronology. B. Paris, 1734; guil- lotined, 1794. - Laborde, Henri, Viscount de, son of Gen. Henri Francois de L., a Fr. artist; “Hagar in the Wilderness.” B. Rennes, 1811. Labouchere, Henry, la-boo-sher', Baron Taunton, an Eng. politician; leader of the British party of liberalists. B. London, 1798; d. 1869. IIenry Du Pre, an Eng. statesman, a kinsman of the foregoing, lib- eral M. P. B. London, 1831. Labouchere, Pierre Antoine, a Fr. historical artist; “Death of Luther;” “Charles V.” B. Nantes, about 1818. Ia Bouere, Antoine Xavier Gabriel de Gazean, la' boo-er, a French artist; “Ruins of Karnak.” B. at La Bouere, dept. of Maine-et-Loire, 1801. Laboulaye, Edouard Rene Lefebvre, la-boo-la', a French writer of history; author of tales and short novels. B. Paris, IS11. Laboulaye, Charles Pierre Lefebvre, a Fr. inventor; author of sev- eral works on mechanics and industrial art. B. Paris, 1813. Labourdonnais or Labourdonnaie, de, Bertrand Francois Mahe, la-boor:don-ma', a Fr. naval commander. B. St. Malo, 1699; d. about 1755. I abrouste, Pierre Francois Henri, la-broost', a Fr. architect; designed the library of Ste. Genevieve. B. Paris, 1Sor; d. 1875. La Bruyere, Jean de, la bru-e:yer', a Fr. moral writer and teacher of history to the grandson of Conde. B. Paris, 1644; d. Versailles, 1696. LaCaille, de, Nicolas Louis, deh la-ka'y, a Fr. astronomer, “South- ern Starry Heavens.” B. Rumigny, near Rheims, 1713; d. Paris, 1762. Lacehede, Bernard Germain Etienne de la Ville, count de, deh la sa- had a Fr. politician and author; pres. of the senate; minister of state. B. Agen, 1756; d. near St. Denis, 1825. LaCerda, la-ther'da, an ancient family of Spain. LaChaise, or Lachaise, d'Aix, Francois de, la-shaz-daks; Pere La- chaise; a Fr. Jesuit, teacher of philosophy and theology. B. Chateau of Aix, Forez, 1624; d. 1709. - T= BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. –– * Lachmann, Karl, lak’man, a Ger. prof. and critic. B. Brunswick, 1793; d. Berlin, 1851. * Lachner, Franz, lak'ner, a Ger. writer of music. B. Rain, Davaria, "Sot. Ignaz, brother of foregoing; violinist and composer. B. Rain, 1So?. Vincenz, brother of foregoing, a musician; author of numerous compositions for the orchestra. B. Rain, 1811. Laclos, Pierre Ambrose Francois Choderlos de, la-Ālo', a Fr. author of works on military tactics, and revolutionist. B. Amiens, 1741; d. Taranto, 1803. Lacombe, Francis, la-kome, a Fr. journalist and author; fought a duel with Charles Blanc, and was saved by a five-franc piece in his pocket. B. Toulouse, 1817; d. Arcachon, 1867. Lacordairie, Jean Baptiste IIenri, la-kor-der', a Fr. theologian of the Roman Catholic faith. B. Receysur-Ource, Cote d'Or, 1So2; d. Soreze, 1861. Jean Theodore, bro. of the foregoing, a Fr. scientific writer and traveler. B. Recey-sur-Ource, 1Son; d. Liege, 1870. Lacretelle, Pierre Louis de, Ja-kreh-te", a Fr. lawyer and author. B. Metz, 1751; d. Paris, 1824. Jean Charles Dominique de, bro. of the foregoing, a Fr. writer of and lecturer on history. B. in Metz, 1766; d. near Macon, 1855. IIenri de, a Fr. writer of poetry and romance; son of the foregoing. B. Paris, 1816. Lacroix, Paul la-krwa, a Fr. philologist and writer of novels; “Le Bibliophile Jacob,” keeper of the arsenal library. B. Paris, 1806. Jules, bro. of the foregoing, novelist and poet; also translator. B. Paris, 1809. Lacroix, Sylvester Francois, a Fr. prof. and writer of a prize treatise on maritime insurance. B. Paris, 1765; d. there, 1843. Lacroix, Paul Joseph Eugene, foster bro. of Napoleon III., Fr. designer and architect of the Elysee. B. Paris, 1814; d. there, 1873. Lactantius, Lucius Coelius Firmianus, lak-tan'shi-us, one of the founders of the Latin church. B. either in Firmium, Italy, or Africa, about 26o; d. Treves, about 325. Lacruz, de, Juana Inez, da la-krooth, a Mexican writer of poetry. B. 1651; d. 1695. Ladd, William, lad, an Am. financier and philanthropist; edited the JHarbinger of Peace. B. Exeter, N. H., 1778; d. Portsmouth, 1841. Ladislaus I., St., sometimes written Ladislas and Vladislas, Ja'dis- laus, k, of Hungary; reduced the Bohemians; expelled the Huns, and conquered part of Bulgaria and Russia; def. the Tartars. D. in 1095 and canonized. III. was a debauch, and was assassinated in 1290. IV. fought the Turks. D. in battle of Varna, in 1444. V. was zealous against Hussites, and probably poisoned by them, 1458. VI., king of Hungary, had a turbulent reign, being constantly at war with the Turks and other powers. D. 1516. Ladislaus, or Lancelot, king of Naples, called Liberal and Vic- torious; took Rome, and beat the Florentines. B. 1376; d., perhaps of poison, at Naples, 1414. * Ladislaus I., k, of Poland, def. armies of Prussia and Pomerania. D. 1102. II., k, of Poland, fought his brothers, and was driven from his throne. D. Oldenburg, 1159. - Ladislaus T., reckoned by some as first of his name, or IV., k, of Poland, pillaged his subjects and seized the goods of the clergy, for which he was expelled, and the crown given to Wencelaus, k. of Bo- hemia; afterward recalled. D. 1333. There were others of this name, one of whom def. Turks and repulsed the Russians, Ladmirault, de, Louis Rene Paul, a Fr. officer; military governor of Paris. B. 1SoS. Laelius, Caius, li'lus, a Roman officer and friend of Scipio. B. about 235 m. C. Iaelius, Caius Sapiens, a Roman politician, son of the foregoing; tribune, praetor, and consul. B. about 186 B. c.; d. 115. Ladvocat, Jean Baptiste, lad-vo-ka’, a Fr. author and Hebraist. B. 1709; d. 1765. Laemlein, Alexandre, lan-lan' a Fr. artist and prof. of drawing; “Jacob's Ladder;” “Hope.” B. Hohenfield, Bavaria, 1813. Laennec, Rene Theodore Hyacinthe, lan-nek', a Fr. doctor and medical writer; discovered mediate auscultation and invented the stercoscope. B. Quimper, Brittany, 17S1; d. there, 1826. Ia Farge, John, la farth, an Am. painter of landscapes and figure pieces; executed frescoes in Trinity Church, Boston. B. New York, 1840. ~'s w- r: .* -* w** W "--~m" BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 293 "- * La Farge, Marie Cappelle, a Fr. writer; poisoned her husband, B. Villiers-Hellon, 1816; d. Ussat, in the Pyrenees, 1852. Ila Farina, Giuseppe, Ja-fa-ree'na, an It. writer of history and travels. B. Messina, 1815; d. 1863. - Lafayette, or La Fayette, Marie Jean Paul Roch Yves Gilbert Motier marquis de lafaiyet, or lafa-et', a distinguished officer of the Am revolution, and Fr. patriot, wounded at the battle of Brandy- wine; commander the National Guards of Paris; leader of the consti- tutional party in Europe; distinguished himself in Virginia and at the siege of Yorktown. His energy and ability were cast for the founda- tion of the government of the United States. Strongly opposed to Napoleon's ambition, La Fayette took no part in public affairs during the consulate and the empire of France. In 1824 he visited the U.S., where his journey was a perpetual ovation. B. Chavagnac, in dept. Haute-Loire, 1757; d. Paris, 1831. Lafitau, Joseph Francois, la-fe-to', a Jesuit Fr. missionary; wrote memoirs. B. Bordeaux, 167o; d. there, 1746. Laffitte, Jacques, la-fet’, a Fr. capitalist and banker of Napoleon and Louis XVIII. B. Bayonne, 1767; d. Paris, 1844. Lafitte, Jean, la-fit', a Fr. smuggler and privateer of Louisiana and the Gulf of Mexico. B. in France, about 17So; d. probably at sea, 1817. Lafonte, Pierre Chere, la-font', a Parisian actor of the comic school; became popular at home as well as abroad. B. Bordeaux, 1sor; d. Paris, 1873. La Fontaine, de, Jean, deh la fon-tan', a Fr. fable writer and poet; first literary efforts were in poetic direction, but is renowned for his fables. B. Chateau-Thierry, 1621; d. Paris, 1695. La Forge, Anatole, de, deh la-forg", a Fr. journalist and writer; prominent in advocating the independence of Poland and Italy; “His- tory of Cardinal Richelieu.” B. Paris, 1821. Lafosse, de, Charles, deh la-foss', a Fr. artist, celebrated for his his- torical subjects. B. 1610; d. 1716. La Fuente, Modesto, la-fwen'ta, a Spanish historical writer and journalist. B. 1806. La Fuente Y Alcantara, Miguel, a Spanish historian and atty.- gen. in Cuba; as a historian he is best known. B. Malaga, 1817; d. 1Iavana, 1850. - - Lagrange, de Joseph Louis, count, deh Ja-gronzh', a Fr. mathema- tician and astronomer; spent many years in Berlin, Frederick the Great being his patron and friend; returned to Paris after Frederick's death, where he was received with great honors; Napoleon called him the “high pyramid of mathematical sciences.” B. Turin, 1736; d. Paris, 1813. La Grange, de Joseph de Chancel, a Fr. writer of poetry. B. about 1676; d. 1758. La Harpe, Frederic Cesar, la arp', a Swiss statesman and gen. in Russian army. B. Rolle, 1753; d. Lausanne, 1838. La Harpe, Jean Francois de, a Fr. dramatic author, critic, and lect- urer. B. Paris, 1739; d. there, 1So?. Lahire, de, Philippe, deh la-er', a Fr. geometrician and scientist. B. 1640; d. 1718. - La Hontan, Armand Louis de Delondarcede, baron, dek la-on-ton', a French traveler and explorer in America. B. Gascony, 1667; d. Han- over, 1715. * Laine, Joseph Henri Joachim Viscount, la-na', a Fr. politician, one of the leading orators of his day. B. 1767; d. 1835. Laing, Alexander Gordon, lang, a Scottish traveler; opposed the slave trade; headed the African exploring expedition, 1825; was killed by Arabs. B. Edinburgh, 1791; d. near Timbuctoo, Africa, IS26. Laing, Malcolm, a Scottish historical author; M. P.; “Hist, and Life of James VI.” B. Orkneys, 1762; d. there, 1818. Lake, Gerard, viscount, laik, an Eng. soldier; served in American Wars; gen, during Irish rebellion, 1797; transferred to India service as com.-in-chief. B. 1744; d. 1808. Lake, IIenry Atwell, an Eng. col. in Crimean war; stationed at Kars; captured by Russian forces and held as prisoner of war until after peace was restored. B. 1Soo. Lalande, de, Joseph Jerome Le Francais, deh Ja-lond", a Fr. astrono. mer and lecturer; announced his calculations of the distance between the sun and the earth. B. Bourg-en-Bresse, 1732; d. Paris, 1So?. Talemant, Charles, lal-mon', a Fr. missionary in Canada; opened the first Jesuit school in Quebec. B. 1587; d. Paris, 1674. Lalemant, Jerome, a Fr. Jesuit missionary in Canada; bro. of above; headed the Dominion missions, 1644-'50. B. 1593; d. Quebec, 1673. Lalemant, Gabriel, a Fr. missionary of the order of Jesus, in Canada; nephew of above; tortured to death by Indians. B. 1610; d. 1649. Lallemand, Claud Francois, a Fr. surgeon and medical writer. B. Metz, 1790; d. Marseilles, 1854. Lally, Thomas Arthur, count la!'i, a Fr. gen. in India scrvice; gov.- gen. of Fr. possessions in the East; through villainy he was beheaded. B. Dauphiny, 1702; d. 1766. Lally-Tollendal, Trophime Gerard, marquis de, deh la-lee'tol-lon-dal", a Fr. politician; son of the above; spent years to secure release of his father. B. Paris, 1751; d. 1830. Lamar, Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus, la-mar', an Am. senator; elected to congress, 1856 and ’5S; colonel in confederate army, war 1861-5; de- livered an able oration on the death of Charles Sumner. B. Jasper co., Ga., 1826. Lamarck, Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, chevalier, deh la'mark, a Fr. botanist and zoologist; father of the theory of the varia- tion of species. B. Picardy, 1744; d. Paris, 1829. Lamarmora, Alfonso di, marquis, de la-mar'mo-ra, an It, gen. and statesman; min. of war; premier; gov. Rome. B. 1804; d. 1878. Lamarque, Maximilien, count, la-mark', a Fr. officer, and politician; distinguished himself in many wars and battles. B. St. Sever, 1770; d. Paris, 1832. * Lamartine, Alphonse Marie Louis de, deh la'mar-teen, a Fr. author, poet, and orator; did good service for his country by wise counsel and just legislation. B. Macon, 1790; d. Paris, 1869. Lamb, Charles, lam, an Eng. author and humorist; confined in luna- tic asylum for several weeks when he was twenty years old; his sister's madness led her to kill her mother; after this he consecrated his life to the care of his afflicted sister; his literary productions marked a char- acter strong, generous, yet very sad. B. London, 1775; d. Edmon- ton, 1834. Lamballe, Marie Therese Louise de Savoie-Carignan, princess of, deh Jon-ball, a member of the Fr. nobility; great friend of Marie Antoinette; murdered in Fr. revolution B. Turin, 1749; d. in La Force prison, Paris, 1792. - Lambert, Daniel, lam'bert, an Eng. giant of great bulk; was five fect 11 inches high, weight 739 pounds, nine feet four inches round his body. B. Leicester, 1769; d. Stamford, Soo. - Lambert, Francois, lon-ber', a Fr. reformer of religion. B. 1487; d. 1530. Lambert, Johann Heinrich, lam'bert, a Ger. anthropologist; was at the head of scientific writers. B. Muhlhausen, Alsace, 1728; d. Ber- lin, 1777. - Lambert, John, Eng. soldier; maj.-gen. after battle of Worcester; mem. first Cromwell parliament; banished, 1662. B. Kirby-Malham- dale, 1619; d. Island of Gurnsey, 1692. Iambruschini, Luigi, Jam-broos-kee'nee, an Italian cardinal; secy. of the state; librarian of the Vatican; after death of Gregory XVI., he received the highest number of votes for the successor. B. Genoa, 1776; d. Rome, 1854. Iamennais, Hugues Felicite Robert de, deh la-men-na', a Fr. author, teacher, and political writer; at first a great favorite with the Pope. B. St. Malo, 1782; d. Paris, 1854. Iameth, dc Alexandre Theodor Victor, count de, deh la-ma", a French agitator and leader in the revolution in France. B. 1760; d. 1S29. La Mettrie, Julian Offray de, deh la ma-tre', a Fr. philosopher; expelled from IIolland, he became reader to Frederick the Great. B. St. Malo, 1709; d. Berlin, 1751. Lamoignon, de, Chretien Francois, deh la-in-wan-yon', a Fr. states- man and writer. B. 1644; d. 1709. - Lamoriciere, de, Christophe Louis Leon Juchault, deh la-mo-re-se-er', a Fr. soldier; gov.-gen. of Algeria; after nearly a score of cam- paigns in Africa, he reached the rank of lieut.-gen. B. Nantes, 1806; d. near Amiens, 1865. La Motte-Fouque, de, Friedrich Heinrich Karl, baron, de, deh Ja- mot foo-ka', a Ger. historian, novelist and poet; author of “Undine.” dine.” B. Brandenburg, 1777; d. Berlin, 1842. Lamotte-Valois, Jeanne de Luz de St. Remy, la-mot', countess dc, a Fr. adventurer. B. 1756; d. 1791 =E- 294 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. –==* — ==" –=-" Lancaster, Sir James, lank'as-ter, an Eng. navigator;.commanded the first Eng. East India Co. expedition; knighted by Q. Elizabeth. B. 1550; d. 1620. Lancaster, Joseph, an Eng. educator and benefactor; established schools on the plan of mutual instruction. B. London, 177S; d. New York, 1838. Lance, George, lanss, an Eng. artist; restored most of the renowned “Boar Hunt” in the British museum. B. Little Easton, 1$o2; d. 1864. Lancelot, Dom Claude, lonss-lo', a French grammarian and author; wrote Latin, Italian, Spanish and Greek grammars. B. Paris, 1615; d. Quimperle, 1695. Dancisi, Giovanni Maria, lan-chee'see, an Italian physician and natural philosopher. B. Rome, 1654; d. there, 1720. Landen, John, lan'den, an English mathematician and writer; “Re- sidual Analysis.” B. Peakirk, 1719; d. 1790. Lander, Richard, lan'der, an English explorer and traveler; dis- covered the course of Niger river; made many successful explorations in Africa; died from the effects of a wound in a battle with the natives. B. Cornwell, 1So; d. island of Fernando Po, 1834. Ilandi, Ortensio, lan'dee, an Italian writer of comedy. B. about 1500; d. about 1560. Landini, Christoforo, lan-dee'nee, an Italian scientist. B. 1424; d. 1504. Landon, Letitia Elizabeth, lan'don, an English author; sometimes adopting L. E. L. as her signature; “Golden Violet.” B. near London, 1So2; d. Africa, 1838. Landor, Walter Savage, lan'der, an English prose writer; “Count Julian;” “Imaginary Conversations.” B. Ipsley Court, Warwickshire, 1775; d. Florence, Italy, 1864. Landseer, John, land'seer, an English engraver; engraved Moore's “Views in Scotland.” B. Lincoln, 1769; d. 1852. Landseer, Sir Edwin, an Eng. artist; the most celebrated animal Spainter of the age; knighted, 1850; his productions arc too well known to require enumeration. B. London, 1803; d. there, 1873. Lane, Edward William, lane, an Eng. orientalist and lexicographer; translated “Arabian Nights,” his best work was the “Arabic Lexicon.” B. Hereford, 1Sol; d. 1S76. Lane, Sir Ralph, one of the early colonial governors of Va. B. about 1530; d. 1604. * Lanfranc, lan'frank, an Eng. prelate and theological writer; arch- bishop of Canterbury. B. Pavia, about 1005; d. Canterbury, IoS9. Langfranco, lan'fran-ko', an It. artist; famous for his frescoes. B. Parma, 1581; d. Rome, 1647. * Lanfrey, Pierre, Jon-fra', a Fr. historical writer; celebrated for his truthfulness; senator, 1845; “History of Napolcon I.” B. Chambery, 1828; d. 1877. Lang, Heinrich, lang, a Ger, clergyman and author; established a paper, its object being the advancement of liberal Christianity. B. Wurtemberg, 1826; d. 1876. Langbaine, Gerard, lang'bain, an Eng. journalist and scholar; pro- vost of Queen's college and keeper of the archives. B. Westmoreland, 1603; d. 1658. * Langbein, August Fredrich Ernst, lang'bin, a Ger. writer; censor of belles lettres publications; held many other positions under the Rus- sian gov. B. Dresden, 1757; d. Berlin, 1835. Langdon, John, lang'don, an Am. statesman and soldier; continental congressman when the U. S. constitution was framed; gov. N. H.; U. S. senator, 17S9 to 1Sol. B. Portsmouth, N. H., 1739; d. there, 1819. Lange, Johann Peter, lang'eh, a Ger, theologian and author; prof. church history and dogmatics at Zurich. B. Sonnborn, 1So2. Lange, Ludwig, a Ger. archaeologist and writer. B. Hanover, 1825. Ianger, Robert von, fon lan'er, a Ger. artist, making frescoes and book illustrations specialties. B. Dussclaiorf, 17S3; d. Haidhausen, 1846. Langevin, Hector Louis, lan'gevin, a Canadian politician; mayor of Quebec, 1857-9; secy. of state in the Dominion cabinet, 1867, and min. of public affairs, 1869. B. Quebec, 1820. Langhorne, John, D.D., lang'horn, an Eng. poet and scholar; received the degree of D.D. for a poem in defense of the Scotch. B. Westmoreland, 1735; d. Somersetshire, 1779. Ianglande, lang’land, an Eng. ecclesiastic; famed as the author of the “Vision of Piers Plowman,” lived in the 14th century. - Langles, Louis Matthieu, Ion-glass', a Fr. scholar, proficient in oriental languages. B. near St. Didier, 1763; d. 1824. Langlois, Jean Charles, lon-g/wa', a Fr. painter, oldier and writer. . B. Beaumont-en-Auge, 1789; d. Paris, 1870. Langlois, Victor, a Fr. linguist, especially of ancient Asiatic lan- guages. B. Dieppe, 1829; d. 1869. Langtoft, Peter, lang'toft, an Eng. chronologist; “Chronicle of England,” from beginning of history to the end of reign of Edward I. lived in 13th century. - - Langton, Stephen, lang'ton, Archbishop of Canterbury; was first to divide the books of the Bible into chapters. B. Devonshire, 1160; d. Sussex, 1228. Languet, Hubert, lon'ga', a Fr. writer on political subjects. B. 1518; d. 1581. Lanigan, John, D. D., lan'i-gan, an Irish divine; prof. Hebrew at Pavia; later was crazy. B. Cashel, 1758; d. Finglas, 1828. Lamjuinais, Jean Denis, count, lon-zhwe-na', a Fr. politician; mem- ber chamber of deputies; created peer by Louis XVIII. B, Rennes, 1753; d. Paris, 1827. Lankester, Edwin, lank'es-ter, an Eng. physician and author; con- tributed many scientific articles to the periodicals of his day. B. Mel- ton, 1814; d. 1874. Iankester, Edwin Ray, Jank'es-ter, an English naturalist and physi- cist; son of Dr. Edwin Lankestcr; prominent in prohibiting scientific experiments on animals. B. London, 1847. Lannes, Jean, lan, duke of Montebello; marshal of France; was with Napoleon in Italy and Egypt; minister to Lisbon; in war with almost every nation; killed in war with Ger. B. Guienne, 1769; d. Vienna, 1809. La Noue, de Francois, deh la moo’, a Fr. field marshal and author; dis- tinguished for daring and humanity. B. Nantes, 1531; d. Lamballe, 1591. Lansac, Francois Emile, lan sak', a French equestrian artist. B. Tulle, 1Soš. / Lansdowne, Henry Petty Fitzmaurice, marquis of, lanz'down, an Eng. statesman and reformer; held many important positions under the government. B. 1780; d. 1863. Lansdowne, William Petty, first marquis of, and earl of Shelburne, an Eng. statesman and soldier. B. 1737; d. 1Soš. Lanza, Giovanni, lan'za, an It. politician; minister of the interior . under Lamarmora; premier. B. Piedmont, 1S15. Lanzi, Luigi, lan'zee, an It. writer and antiquary; wrote a history of thc various schools of Italian painting. B. near Fermo, 1732; d. Flor- ence, ISIo. Laocoon, la-o-koon', a legendary hero and priest of Troy; protested against the woodcn horse being taken into Troy; was killed with his sons, by sea serpents sent by Minerva. Lao-tse, Ja'o-tseh, a Chinesc philosopher; among the representative scholars of his time. Lived 550 B. C. La Perouse, Jean Francois de Galaup, count de, deh la-pa-rooz', a Fr. explorer and navigator; in revolutionary war on the side of the colo- nies; supposed to have been lost at sea or murdered by natives. B. Guo, 1741; d. about 1789. Lapham, Increase Allen, lap'am, an Am. natural philosopher; Wis. state geologist. B. Palmyra, N.Y., 1811; d. Oconomowoc, Wis., 1875. Lapito, Louis Auguste, la-feet', a Fr. artist, making landscape as a specialty. B. near Paris, 1805; d. Goulogne, 1874. Laplace, Cyrille Pierre Theodore, la-plass', a Fr. navigator and ad- miral; head of two expeditions around the world. B. at sea, 1793; d. 1875. Laplace, Pierre Simon, marquis de, deh la-plass', a Fr. mathemati- cian and astronomer; with assistance invented the calorimeter; his “Mecanique Celeste” is a book “without a model or an equal,” es- teemed as the greatest astronomer since Newton. B. Lower Nor- mandy, 1749; d. Paris, 1827. Lappenberg, Johann Martin, lap/en-berg, a Ger historian and poli. tician; member of the senate; his works relate to the antiquities of Germany. B. Hamburg, 1794; d. 1S65. Larcher, Pierre Henri, lar'shur, a Fr. author; profound Gr. scholar, best known for his trans. of Herodotus. B. Dijon, 1726; d. Paris, 1812. Larcom, Lucy, lar'com, an Am. poet; a factory girl at Lowell for several years; author of “An Idyl of Work, a Story in Verse.” B. Mass., 1826. ~-" ~-8) r+M. | | *. .** 3. & *# = g =k- BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 295 "--— == s Lardner, Dionysius, lard/ner; an Irish scientific writer and mathe- "tician; his works are widely known. B. Dublin, 1793; d. Paris, 1859. Lardner, Nathaniel, an Eng. clergyman and author; “Credibility of the Gospel History.” B. Hawkshurst, 1684; d. there, 1768. * ra Rive, Charles Gaspard de, deh la reev', a Swiss chemist and pol- *ician; national museum of natural history; first to construct a large galvanic battery. B. Geneva, 1770; d. there, 1834. La Rive, Auguste de, son of the above; made inventions pertaining to galvanoplasty. B. Geneva, 1801; d. Marseilles, 1873. Larned, Sylvester, larn'ed, an Am. divine; founded a church at New Orleans, and was very successful; victim of yellow fever. B. Pitts- field, Mass., 1796; d. New Orleans, 1820. ..i.a Rochefoucauld, de Francois, deh la rosh-foo-ko', prince of Mar- sillac; a Fr. author and politician; wrote “Memoires” and “Maximes.” B. Paris, 1613; d. 16So. Tia Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, de, Francois Alexandre, Frederic, duke, deh la rosh-foo-koo'le-on-koor', a Fr. politician and benefactor; established the first savings bank in France. B. 1747; d. Paris, 1827. Ta Rochejaquelein, Henri du Verger, count de, deh la rosh-zhak-lan, * Fr. royalist and Vendean leader; at twenty-one, was leader of the *oyalist cause in western France. B. Poiton, 1772; killed, 1794. Laromiguiere, Pierre, la-ro-me-ge-er', a French metaphysical philosopher; he modified Condillac's system. B. Guienne, 1756; d. Paris, 1837. * Darrey, Dominique Jean, baron, la-ra', a French physician and army surgeon; killed his own horses to make soup for the wounded men; 'Napoleon willed him looooo francs. B. Baudean, 1766; d. Lyons, 1842. La Salle, la-sal", Jean Baptiste, a French priest and founder of the order “Brothers of the Christian Schools.” B. Rheims, 1651; d. Rouen, 1719. La Salle, Robert Cavelier, sieur de, a French discoverer and explorer; founded a little village at Peoria, Ill., 16So; explored Michigan, Illinois, and several states farther south; was finally killed by his followers. B. Rouen, 1643; d. Texas, 1687. Lasca, Antonio Francesco Grazzini, las'ka, an Italian dramatic poet; founder of the academy at Florence. B. 1503; d. 1583. Lascaris, Andreas Johannes, las'ka-ris, a Greek scholar, of royal family. B. Phrygia, about 1445; d. Rome, 1535. . Las Casas, las ka-sas, Bartolome de, a Spanish missionary to the Am. Indians. B. Seville, Spain, 1474; d. Madrid, 1566. Las Cases, las ka'sas, Emmanuel Augustin Dieudonne, count de, a Prench author and companion to Napoleon at St. Helena; author of “Memorial de Sainte-Helene.” B. near Revel, 1766; d. 1842. Lasker, Eduard, las'ker, a German statesman; member of the Prus- sian chamber, later of the German imperial parliament; became leader in the Richstag. B. Jarocin, Posen, 1829; d. New York, 1883. Laski, Jan, las'kee, a Polish clergyman; founded the first Protestant church in Emden. B. Warsaw, 1499; d. Pinczow, 1560. Lassen, las'en, Christian, Norwegian philologist; translated many Valuable works of the Hindoo philosophers. B. Bergen, Norway; d. Bonn, 1876. Lasso, Orlando, di, de las'o, a musician and composer of Belgium. B. 'Mons, 1520; d. Munich, 1594. Lasteyrie, de, Ferdinand Charles, count, deh las-te-ier', a Fr. antiqua- ry and archaeologist; author of many scientific works. B. Paris, 1810. Latham, John, la'tham, an Eng. natural historian; “General History of Birds.” B. Kent, 1740; d. Romsey. 1837. Latham, Robert Gordon, an Eng. scientist, making the races of man- kind with their various languages a special study. B. Lincoln- shire, 1812. Lathbury, Thomas, lath'berry, an Eng. divine and historian; wrote the history of various sects and denominations. B. 1798; d. 1865. Lathrop, Joseph, D.D., la'throp, an Am. Congregational clergyman; published his autobiography. B. Norwich, Ct., 1731; d. West Spring- field, Mass., 1820. Latimer, Hugh, latti-mer, an English martyr and prelate; bishop of Worcester; resigned his bishopric, and on the fall of Lord Cromwell was confined in the Tower; remained there till the accession of Ed- ward VI.; was again committed to the Tower, when Mary came to the throne; was sent, in company with Ridley, to Oxford to hold confer- "----- ence with some popish divines, at the end of which, sentence to be burned was passed upon him and Ridley. After calming himself he spoke thus to Ridley: “We shall this day, my lord, light such a candle in England as shall never be extinguished.” His sermons have often been reprinted. B. Leicestershire, 1472; d. 1555. Latini, Brunetto, la-ti'ne, an It, poet and philosopher. B. Florence, 1230; d. there, 1294. Latour d'Auvergne, de, Theophile Malo Corret, deh la-toor do-varn', a Fr. officer, leader of “the infernal column,” so called for the terror it caused the enemy. B. Brittany, 1743; killed in battle, in Bavaria, 1800. Latreille, Pierre Andre, la-tral', a Fr. priest and entomologist; author of works on insects. B. Brives, 1762; d. Paris, 1833. Latude de, Henri Masers, deh la-tud', a state prisoner of France; thrown into prison by Mme. de Pompadour. B. 1725; d. Paris, 1805. Laube, Heinrich, low'beh, a Ger. author and "miscellaneous writer; founded the court theatre in Vienna. B. Sprottau, 1806. Laud, William, lawd, archbishop of Canterbury; falsely impeached for high treason and executed. B. Reading, 1573; d. Towerhill, Lon- don, 1645. Lauder, Robert Scott, lawd'er, a Scottish painter; his chief works are from Scott's novels. B. near Edinburgh, 1Sox; d. 1869. Dauder, William, a British literary plagiarist; was securing quite a reputation when his piracies were discovered. D. Barbadoes, 1771. Lauderdale, James Maitland, earl of, law-der-da!", a Scottish states- man and writer. B. 1759; d. 1S39. I audon, Gideon Ernst, baron, law'don, an Austrian marshal; in many wars, notably the seven years war. B. Trotzen, 1716; d. Moravia, 1790. Laugier, Auguste Ernest Paul, lo'zhe-a', a Fr. mathematician and astronomer; first to define the correct motion of the solar spots. B. Paris, 1812; d. there, 1872. Laugier, Cesar de Bellecour, count de, deh lo-she-a', an It soldier and author; min. of war. B. Elba, 1789. Launitz, van der low/nits, Nikolaus Karl Eduard Schmidt von der; a Ger. sculptor; executed the Gutenberg monument. B. Grobin, 1797; d. Frankfort, 1869. Laurens, Henry, law’renss, an Am. politician; pres. continental con- gress, 1776-8; captured by the English; taken to London and im- prisoned. Born S. C., 1724; d. there, 1792. Laurens, John, an Am. soldier in Revolutionary war; one of Wash- ington's aides, killed in a skirmish with the British. Born S. C., 1756; d. there, 1782. Lauriston, Jacques Alexander Bernard Law, marquis de, dah lo-res- ton', a Fr. marshal; gov. of Braunau; peer; represented Fr. at Rus- sian court. B. India, 1768; d. Paris, 1828. Lauzunde, Antonin Nompar de Caumount, duke, deh lo-run', a Fr. courtier and adventurer. B. 1633; d. 1723. Iavalette de, Antoine Marie Chamans, count, deh la va-let’, a Fr. officer and postmaster-gen.; private aide and secy. to Napoleon. B. Paris, 1769; d. there, 1830. Laval-Montmorency, Francois Xavier de, la-val” mon-mo-ron-se', a Fr. priest; first Catholic bishop of Quebec. B. Laval, France, 1622; d. Quebec, 1708. Lavater, Johann Kaspar, la-fa'ter, a Swiss mystic. B. Zurich, 1741; d. there, 1801. Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent, la-vva-ze-a', a Fr. chemist and experi- mental philosopher. B. 1743; guillotined, 1794. Law, John, law, a Scotch financier; an expert mathematician and ac- countant; he killed a person in a duel, for which he was compelled to quit England; wandered over Europe, deriving his living from the gaming table; in 1716 went to Paris, and succeeded in gaining the con- fidence of the Regent Orleans, who established a bank and appointed him manager; it was created the Royal bank, 1718; every one seemed anxious of converting their gold and silver into paper currency; at length the bubble burst, and many once wealthy families were reduced to poverty; he was obliged to leave France, and after wandering about for several years, died. B. Edinburgh, 1681; d. Venice, 1729. Law, William, an Eng. clergyman, author and mystic. B. North- amptonshire, 16S6; d. there, 1761. Lawrance, John, law'ranss, an Am. jurist and statesman; first N. Y. representative in congress; judge U. S. court of N. Y. B. Corn- wall, Eng., 1750; d. New York, 1810. -> 296 Lawrence, Abbott, an Am. merchant and philanthropist; successful in business; used his wealth for the benefit of the poor. B. 1792; d. 1855. Lawrence, Amos, an Am. merchant and philanthropist, bro. of the above; spent large sums of money in various charities. B. Groton, Mass., 17S6; d. Boston, 1852. Lawrence, James, an Am. naval captain; in war with Tripoli; in war with Eng. 1812; renowned for his courage and victories; killed in battle. B. Burlington, N. J. 1781; d. 1S13. Lawrence, St., archdeacon of Rome, under Valerian, emp. of Rome; was broiled to death on a large gridiron. D. 258. Lawrence, Sir Thomas, an Eng. artist; the first portrait painter of his time; his most celebrated works were generals in the battle of Waterloo. B. Bristol, 1769; d. London, 1830. Lawrence, Sir William, an Eng. surgeon and writer; prof. of anat- omy in royal college. B. Cirencester, 1783; d. London, 1867. Lawrence, William Beach, an Am. lawyer and politician; author of many law books. B. New York, 1800. Layard, Austen Henry, la'ard, an Eng. archaeologist and student of oriental languages. B. Paris, 1817. Laynez, Diego, li-neth', a Spanish gen.; twice offered the cardinal's hat. B. Castile, 1512; d. Rome, 1565. Lea, Isaac, lee, an Am. naturalist and writer; made many collections of minerals, shells and fossils. B. Wilmington, Del., 1792. Leach, William Elford, leech, an Eng. naturalist and writer; took especial delight in taming wild animals. B. Plymouth, 1790; d. Pied- mont, 1836. Lear, Tobias, leer, an Am. diplomat; private secy. to Gen. Wash- ington; 1802 consul-general at San Domingo and Algiers. B. Ports- mouth, 1762; d. Washington, D. C., 1816. Learchus, le-ar'kus, a Greek sculptor, between 650 and 700 m. c.; a statue of Jupiter at Sparta, made of hammered brass, erected in his honor. Leathes, Stanley, lee'these, an Eng. divine and prof.; Bampton lec- turer at Oxford; prominent in New York conference of 1873. B. Ellesborough, Buckinghamshire, 1830. r Leavitt, Joshua, lev'it, an Am. journalist and abolitionist; first lec- turer sent out by the Am. Temperance Society. B. Heath, Mass., 1794; d. Brooklyn, N.Y., 1873. t Lebas, Jean Baptiste Apollinaire, leh-ba', a Fr. engineer and mem. of the admiralty; in 1836 removed the great obelisk of Luxor from Egypt to Paris. B. 1797; d. 1873. # Le Bas, Louis Hippolyte, a Fr. architect; Notre dame de Lorette. JB. Paris, 1782; d. there, 1S67. Le Bas, Philippe, a Fr. archaeologist; tutor to Prince Louis Napo. lcon; made discoveries in Greece and Asia Minor. B. Paris, 1794; d. 1S61. Lebeau, Charles, leh-bo', a Fr. poet and historian. B. 1701; d. 177S. Lebert, Herman, leh-bair', a Ger. physician and professor. B. Breslau, 1813. Leblanc, Urbain, leh-blon', a Fr. veterinary surgeon; introduced various new instruments. B. near Bressuire, 1796. Leboeuf, Edmond, Jeh-beef", a Fr. gen.; served in the Crimea; min- ister of war; marshal; served under Bazaine. B. Paris, 1809. Lebrun, Charles Francois, leh-brun', duke of Piacenza, a Fr. states- man; imprisoned during the reign of terror. B. St. Sauveur-Lendelin, Normandy, 1739; d. Dourdan, 1824. Lebrun, Marie Louise Elizabeth, a celebrated Fr. artist; painted Lady Hamilton as a bacchante, Byron, Mme. de Stael, and over Goo other portraits. B. in Paris, 1755; d. there, 1842. Lebrun, Pierre Antoine, a Fr. poet and mem. of senate; for poem on the battle of Austerlitz, the government gave him 1,200 francs. B. Paris, 17S5; d. there, 1873. Lebrun, Ponce Denis Ecouchard, a Fr. poet; after the monarchy he celebrated the republic. B. Paris, 1729; d. there, 1So?. Lechevalier, Jean Baptiste, sheh’va-le-a, a Fr. archaeologist; explored the Troad and lectured on Troy. B. Normandy, 1752; d. Paris, 1836. Lecky, William Edward Hartpole, lek'i, a British author; “History of European Morals,” translated into German. B. near Dublin, 1838. Leclear, Thomas, Jeh-cleer', an Am. portrait painter; “Edwin Booth as Hamlet.” B. Owego, 1818. BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. Leclerc, Jean, le-klair', a Fr. Protestant theologian and divine; pub. many erudite works. B. Geneva, 1657; d. Amsterdam, 1736. Leclerc, Sebastien, a Fr. engraver and artist after Lebrun. B. Metz, 1637; d. Paris, 1714. Leclerc, Victor Emmanuel, a Fr. gen.; distinguished in siege of Toulon and Italian campaigns; in 1801 capt.-gen. of San Domingo. B. Pontoise, 1772; d. near Santo Domingo, 1So2. Le Conte, John, leh kont', an Am. naturalist and engraver. B. near Shrewsbury, 1784; d. Phila., 1860. John Lawrence, an Am. naturalist and physician, son of the preceding. Born N. Y., 1825. Le Conte, John, an Am. physicist of Huguenot descent; a prof. and lecturer. B. in Liberty co., Ga., 1818. Joseph, an Am. physicist, bro. of the preceding; a student under Agassiz; his writings include curious scientific papers. B. Liberty co., Ga., 1823. Lecoq, Henri, leh-kok, a Fr. naturalist; pub. numerous works and made donations to public institutions. B. Avesnes, 1802; d. Clermont- Ferrand, 1871. * Lecouvreur, Adrienne, leh-koo-wrur', a Fr. actress, the first of her day; said to have been poisoned by her rival in love, the duchess of Bouillon. B. Lamery, 1690; d. Paris, 1730. Leda, a legendary mistress of Jupiter, who visited her under the form of a swan; mother of Castor and Pollux. Dedebour von, Karl Fricdrich, fon Ja'deh-boor, a Ger, botanist and travelcr; explored the Altai mountains and published the result; “Flora Rossica.” B. Stralsund, 1785; d. Munich, 1851. Ledru-Rollin, Alexandre Auguste, leh-drit-rol-lan', a Fr. lawyer and socialist; editor of Le Droit; one of the provisional government of 1848; accused of plotting against Napoleon III.; finally pardoned and returned to France. B. Paris, 1SoS. Ledyard,John, left’ard, an Am. traveler, accompanied Cook on his last voyage; afterward started an expedition to the northwest coast; his sudden death was a great loss to science. B. Groton, Conn., 1751; d. Cairo, 1789. Dedyard, William, an Am. soldier; uncle of the preceding; col. of militia; forced to yield Ft. Griswold, on the Ct. coast, and delivered his sword to the British tory, Bromfield, who ran him through on the spot. B. Groton, Conn., 1750; k. at Ft. Griswold, 1781. Lee, Richard, devoted to the Stuarts; emigrated to Va. in the reign of Charles I. Lee, Richard Henry, son of preceding, an Am. statesman; opposed slavery and the stamp act; joined Patrick Henry for reform; through his efforts the “first congress” met at Phila., Sept. 5. 1774. B. Stratford, Va., 1732; d. Chantilly, 1794. Iee, Francis Lightfoot, son of Richard; a signer of the Declaration of Independence; insisted on the right to northern fisheries and naviga- tion of the Mississippi in the treaty with Eng. B. Stratford, Va., 1734; d. Richmond, 1797. Lee, Arthur, youngest son of Richard; an Am. statesman and law- yer; “Junius Americanus,” “Appeal to the Eng. Nation;” once at- tributed to Lord Chatham. B. Westmoreland co., Va., 1740; d. Mid- dlesex co., 1792. Lee, Alfred, an Am. Episcopal divine; bishop of Delaware; author of religious biographies. B. Cambridge, Mass., 1807. Lee, Ann, founder of Shaker sect in Am.; in 1774 emigrated to N. Y. to establish a church. B. Manchester, Eng., 1736; d. Watervliet, N. Y., 1784. Lee, Charles, an Am. maj.-gen. in revolutionary army; held a com- mission at 11; accompanied the British army into Portugal; entered the Am... army, but was recaptured by the British; accused of treason; 1778 was exchanged for Gen. Prescott; led the advance at Monmouth, where his disobedience to orders provoked Washington. B. Dernhall, Eng., 1731; d. Phila., 1782. Lee, Charles Alfred, an Am. physician and prof. W. 2 journal of Medicine. B. Salisbury, Conn., 1Sol; d. Peckskill, 1872. Iee, Eliza Buckminster, an Am. author; “Life of Jean Paul Rich- ter,” “Parthenia.” B. Portsmouth, N.H., 1790; d. Brookline, Mass., 1864. Lee, Ezra, an Am. revolutionary soldier; his attempt to fix an infer- nal machine to the British ship Eagle was unsuccessful. B. Conn., 1749; d. Lyme, 1821. Lee, Hannah F., an Am. writer; “Three Experiments of Living.” B. Newburyport, Mass., 1780; d. Boston, 1865. • Lee, Henry, an Am. soldier in Va.; called “Legion Harry,” for his *pid and daring movements, his gallantry at Paulus Hook, in Greene's *ctreat, and at battles of Guilford Court House, and Eutaw; highly es- tecmed by Greene and Washington. B. Westmoreland co., Va., 1756; d. Cumberland Island, Ga., 1818. Lee, Jesse, a Methodist preacher; chaplain to house of representa- tives and senate, “History of Methodism.” B. Prince George co., Va., 1758; d. Baltimore, 1816. Lee, Leroy Madison, an Am. divine; Richmond Christian Advocate. D. Petersburg, Va., 1808. Tee, Luther, an Am. preacher, lecturer and writer; True Wesleyan. D. Schoharie, N.Y., 1Soo. Lee, Nathaniel, an Eng. dramatic writer; was insane four years; assisted Dryden in “GEdipus.” B. Hatfield, Hertfordshire, 1657; k. in riot, London, 1691. Lee, Mrs. R. Bowdich, an Eng. writer, chiefly on natural history. B. 1Soo; d. 1856. Lee, Robert Edward, an Am, commander-in-chief; military engineer; graduate of West Point, 1829, later became supt. there; chief-engineer of army during the Mexican war, under Gen. Scott; during the civil war, 1861-5, he achieved fame, and lost a fortune, being the most prominent confederate general, serving, he claimed, his native State, Virginia, and his home; took command of the army of Va. in 1862, and the same year, through his successful operations, during the seven days' battle, he compelled McClellan to raise the siege of Richmond; this was fol- lowed by the indecisive battle of Antietam, Sept. 16-17, and a victory at Fredericksburg, 13th Dec.; the campaign of 1863 opened with a victory for his forces at Chancellorsville, May 2-4, but he was defeated by Meade at Gettysburg, July 1-3; after this, his army being badly dis- abled, he fell back into Va., where was fought the Battle of the Wil- derness, 5-6 May, 1864; Spottsylvania, 12 May, 1864; after defending Richmond for some time, was compelled by Grant to evacuate the place, retreating to Appomattox, where, being hemmed in by Grant's forces, was compelled to surrender, 9th April, 1865. At the close of the war, Lee sought retirement, and became pres. of Washington college, 1865. B. Stafford, Westmoreland co., Va., 19 Jan., 1So?; d. of paraly- sis, at Lexington, Va., 12 Oct., 1870. G. W. Custis, son of preceding, an officer in the confederate army; aid-de-camp to Davis. B. 1833. W. H. F., second son, was general of cavalry in the confederate army. Robert E., third son, was confederate cavalry officer. Fitz- hugh, a nephew, was also a cavalry officer in the confederate service. Lee, Samuel, D.D., an Eng. scholar and linguist; “Hebrew, Chal- daic, and English Lexicon.” B. Longnor, 1783; d. Barley, 1852. Lee, Sophia, an Eng. writer and school teacher; “Young Lady's Tale” in Canterbury Tales.” B. London, 1750; d. Clifton, near Bris- tol, 1824. Harriet, a sister, was an Eng. writer; “Canterbury Tales,” from which Byron took his plot of “Werner.” B. London, 1756; d. Clifton, 1851. Lee, William, an Irish archdeacon and prof.; “Progress of As- tronomy.” B. 1815. + - Leech, John, leech, an Eng. caricaturist; “Punch;” “Comic History of England;" excelled in delineating horses. B. London, 1817; d. 1864. Leemans, Conradus, le/manz, a Dutch archaeologist; established the museum at Leyden. B. Zalt Boemel, Gelderland, 1809. Lees, Frederick Richard, leeze, an Eng. temperance lecturer; took the £100 prize for argument for prohibition; “History of Alcohol.” B. Meanwood Hall, near Leeds, Yorkshire, 1815. Leeser, Isaac, lee'zer, an Am. rabbi; a learned contributor to litera- ture. B. Neukirch, Westphalia, 1806; d. Phila., 1808. Leeuwenhoek, Antonius van, van luk’ve-hook, a Dutch naturalist; discovered the red globules in the blood. B. Delft, 1632; d. there, 1723. Lefebvre, Charlemagne Theophile, leh-favr', a Fr. traveler and naval officer; explored Abyssinia; his account of it was published. B. Nantes, 1811; d. Paris, 1859. Lefebvre, Francois Joseph, duke of Dantzic, marshal of France; distinguished at the battle of Fleurus, under Napoleon. B. Ruffach, Alsatia, 1755; d. Paris, 1820. Lefebvre-Desnouettes, Charles, count, leh-favr'da-noo-et, a Fr. gen., aid-de-camp to Bonaparte at Marengo; fought Waterloo; condemned to death; fled to U. S. B. Paris, 1773; perished at sea, near Kinsale, Ireland, 1882. BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 297 Lefebvre, Pierre, a Savoyard Jesuit and reformer; founded colleges in Spain; called “Blessed” by the people, and canonized. B. Villaret, Upper Savoy, 1506; d. Rome, 1546. Ie Flo, Adolphe Emmanuel Charles, leh flo', Fr. soldier; minister of war; opposed Louis Napoleon as emperor. terc, 1804. Iefort, Francois, leh for', a Russian gen., of Swiss family; fought the Turks under Alexis; made many improvements during the rule of Peter the Great. B. Geneva, 1656; d. Moscow, 1699. B. Lesneven, Finis- Lefuel, Hector Martin, leh-fu-el', a Fr. architect; palaces of Mendon. and Fontainebleau; new Louvre. B. Versailles, 1810. Legare, Hugh Swinton, Yeh-gra’, an Am. statesman and lawyer of Scotch descent; in 1830, elected atty.-gen.; achieved his fame in case of Pell and wife. B. Charleston, S.C., 1797; d. Boston, 1843. Degendre, Adrien Marie, leh-zhondr", a Fr. mathematician; con- nected the observatories of Greenwich and Paris by triangles. B. Tou- louse, 1752; d. Paris, 1833. Leggett, William, leg'et, an Am, writer; Critic and N. Y. JEvening Post. B. New York, 1802; d. 1839. Legouve, Gabriel Marie Jean Baptiste, leh-goo/va, a Fr. poet, “La Mort d’Abel;” became deranged. B. Paris, 1764; d. there, in asy- lum, 1812. Legouve, Ernest Wilfrid, son of the preceding, a dramatic writer; “Adrienne Lecouvreur.” B. Paris, 1So?. Legrand du Saulle, Henri, leh-gron' du sol”, a Fr. physician of the Bicetre Hospital. B. Dijon, 1830. Lehmann, Charles Ernest Rudolphe Henri, Jeh-man', a Fr. painter; pupil of Ingres; fine colorist. B. Kiel, Holstein, 1814. Rodolphe, bro. of preceding, an artist in genre and landscape subjects. B. 1819. Leibnitz, Gottfried Wilhelm, Iceb'nitz, a celebrated Ger. philosopher and writer; his philosophy is a medium between Descartes and Locke. B. Leipsic, 1646; d. Hanover, 1716. Leichhardt Ludwig, lik'hart, a Ger. explorer, chiefly in Australia; “Journey of an Overland Expedition.” B. Trebatsch, Prussia, 1813; d. in Australia during a mutiny of his men, 1848. Leidy, Joseph, li'di, an Am. naturalist and biologist; prof. of Swarth- more college; made over Soo contributions to scientific works. B. Phila., 1S23. Leigh, Benjamin Watkins, lee, an Am. Senator; acted with Clay on the “occupying claimant's law.” B. Chesterfield co., Va., 1781; d. 1849. Leighton, Frederick, la'ton, an English artist; at 18 produced “Cimabue finding Giotto.” B. Scarboro’, 1830. Leighton, Robert, a Scotch bishop; “Practical Commentary on 1st General Epistle of St. Peter.” B. Edinburgh, 1611; d. London, 1684. Leisler, Jacob, lis’ler, an Am. soldier and adventurer; captured by Moorish pirates; dispatched first fleet sent from N. Y.; charged with treason, and condemned. B. Frankfort, Germany; executed in New York, 1691. Legros, Alphonse, le:gro', a French artist; his first work was his father's portrait, which brought him into notice. B. Dijon, 1837. Leitner, Gottlieb William, lit'ner, a British linguist and instructor; of German descent; founder of more than 70 cducational institutions; a speaker, reader, and writer of twenty-five languages. B. Pesth, Hun- gary, 1840. Lejean, Guillaume, leh-zhon', a French explorer of European Turkey, the Nile and Abyssinia. B. Plouegat-Guerand, Finistere, 1825; d. there, 1871. Lejeune, Henry, leh-jun', an English artist; “Una and the Lion.” B. London, 1819 Lejeune, Louis Francois, baron, a French gen. and artist; promoted for valor at Marengo and Austerlitz; risked his life in a boat to carry orders from Napoleon which decided the battle of Wagram. B. Stras- burg, 1775; d. Toulouse, 184S. * Lekain, Henri Louis Cain, leh-kan, a French actor; attracted notice of Voltaire, in whose tragedies he was scarcely equaled by Talma or Rachel. B. Paris, 1728; d. 1778. Leland, Charles Godfrey, Hee’land, an Am. humorous writer; “Poetry and Mystery of Dreams.” B. Phila., 1824. Ieland, John, an Eng. Presbyterian D. D.; “Divine Authority of the Old and New Testament.” B. Wigan, Lancashire, 1691; d. Pub- lin, 1766. i. 298 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. ==== —=ms" –=== Leland, John, an Am. Baptist preacher; delivered many thousand ser- mons. B. Grafton, Mass., 1754; d. North Adams, 1841. Lelewel, Joachim, lel-ev'el, a Polish historian and revolutionist; “History of Poland.” B. Warsaw, 1786; d. Brussels, 1861. Leleux, Adolphe, leh-lu’, a Fr. landscape and genre painter. B. Paris, 1812. Leleux, Armand, brother of preceding, and painter of same style. B. 1818. Leleux, Emilie Giraud, w. of Armand L.; Swiss genre painter; “Marriage Contract.” B. Geneva, 1834. Lely, Sir Peter, lee'le, renowned Eng. portrait painter; Charles I., and Cromwell both sat to him. B. Soest, Westphalia, 1617; d. Eng. land, 1680. Lemaire, Nicolas Eloi, leh-mair', a Fr. scholar; delivered Latin im- provisations in Italy. B. Triancourt, Champagne, 1767; d. 1832. Lemaire, Philippe Henri, a Fr. sculptor; his colossal group, “Christ pardoning Mary Magdalene.” B. Valenciennes, 1798. Lemercier, Louis Jean Nepomucene, leh-mer'se-a’, a Fr. dramatist. B. 1771; d. 1840. Lemery, Nicolas, la-meh-re', a Fr. chemist and popular lecturer. B. Rouen, 1645; d. Paris, 1715. There were two sons Louis and Jacques, physicians and authors. Lemoinne, John, Emile, le'mown, a Fr. journalist; editor of the Journal des Debats, and writer Revue des deux Mondes; B. Lon- don, 1814. Lemon, Mark, lem'on, an Eng, writer; assistant editor of Punch; “The Serious Family.” B. London, 1809; d. Crawley, 1870. Ie Monnier, Pierre Charles, leh-mon'ne-à, a Fr. astronomer; wrote several works. B. Paris, 1715; d. Her!c, near Bayeux, 1799. Le Moyne, Charles, leh-mwan’, a Canadian; appointed commissary; captured by Iroquois. B. Normandy, 1626; d. Montreal, 1683. The following of his eleven sons attained eminence: Charles, served in the Fr. army in Flanders, in 17oo; gov. of Montreal and baron; developed colonization and rebuilt Fort Niagara. B. Montreal, 1656; d. there, 1729. Paul, cxercised great influence in the Iroquois nation. B. Montreal, 1663; d. 1704. Joseph, surveyed the coasts of Louisiana; took part in capture of Pensacola. B. Montreal, 1668; d. Roche- fort, Fr., 1734. Antoine, fought against Eng., in 1706. B. Montreal, 1683; d. Itochefort, Fr., 1747. Jacques, served under his brother, Iberville; mortally wounded in defense of Quebec, 1690. B. 1659. Francois, b. 1666; k. in battle with the Iroquois at Repentigny, 1691. Louis, en- gaged in capture of Fort Monsonis; mortally wounded in assault on Fort Nelson. B. 1676; d. 1694. Lempriere, John, lem-preer', an Eng. scholar; “Classical Dictionary.” B. Jersey, about 1760; d. 1824. Lenau, Nikolaus, la'now, a Ger, poet; “Don Juan.” Hungary. 1802; d. Oberdobling, near Vienna, 1850. L'Enclos, Ninon, or Anne de, deh lon-klo', an elegant Fr. courtesan; some of the most distinguished persons of the time her friends and lovers, the great Conde, La Rouchefoucauld and D'Estrees; retained beauty and admirers to the age of 80; two sons, one distinguished in the navy, the other, aged 19, blew out his brains on finding the woman he loved, then 56 years old, was his mother. B. Paris, 1616; d. there, 1706. Lenepveu, Jules Eugene, leh-nep'vu, a Fr. artist; “Death of Vitel- lius,” “Venetian Wedding.” B. Angers, 1819. Lennep, Jacobus van, van len'ep, Dutch dramatist and novelist, the Walter Scott of IIolland. B. Amsterdam, 1802; d. 1868. Lennox, Charlotte, len’oks, an Eng. writer; befriended by Dr. John- son and Richardson. B. New York, 1720; d. England, 1So!. Denoir, Alexandre, leh-nwar', a Fr. archaeologist and writer; during revolution saved upward of 500 works of art from the mob; restored many public monuments. B. Paris, 1761; d. there, 1839. Alexandre Albert, son of preceding, a Fr. architect. I?. Paris, 1Sol. Ienoir, Charles Pelage, a Fr. abbe and writer; friend of Lamartine. B. Creances, Marche, 1819, Lenormand, Marie Anne Adelaide, leh-nor-mon', a Fr. fortune tel- ler; popular for 40 years; foretold Josephine's destiny. B. Alen- con, 1772; d. Paris, 1843. Lenormant, Charles, a Fr. prof. of Egyptology and author. B. Paris, 1So2; d. Athens, 1859. Amclie, his wife, niece of Madame B. Csatad, - Recamier; wrote memoirs of Madame de Stael and others. Francois, son of the preceding, an archaeologist. B. Paris, 1835. Lenz, Jacob Michael Reinhold, lens, a Ger. dramatical writer; asso- ciate of Goethe and Herder; became insane. B. Sesswegen, Li- vonia, 1750; d. Moscow, 1792. Leo, le'o, thirteen popes of this name; the most noted are, Leo I., called the Great; combatted Nestorian heresy; attended personally to the distressed; wrote many sermons and letters. B. Rome, about 390; d. there, Nov., 461. III., St., elected 795; 799 attacked by two nephews of Adrian I., and imprisoned; 816, after great earthquake, established litanies of the Rogations. B. Rome, about 750; d. there, 816. IV., St., elected 847; fortified Vatican against threatened invasion of Sara- cens; built city of Porto. B. Rome, about 800; d. there, 855. X., family name Giovanni de'Medici; second son of Lorenzo the Magnifi- cent; 1512 commanded papal troops against Fr. at Ravenna; def. the Fr. at Novara, June 6, encouraged all branches of art and learning; opened 5th general Lateran council; created 31 new cardinals; Leo sum- moned Luther to Rome, condemned his writings; endeavored to expel the Fr. and Spanish from Italy; employed Michael Apgelo and Raphael in their greatest works; “golden age of Italian art and literature;” gov- erned with wisdom and justice. B. Florence, 1475; d. Rome, suddenly, it is said of poison, 1521. XII., Annibale della Genga, suc. Pius VII., 1823; suppressed brigandage and secret societies, and favored progress; attacked the Bible societies through a circular letter; aimed at reform of church and state. B. Spoleto, 1760; d. 1829. XIII., pope, count Pecci, received priestly orders in 1837; Pius IX. chose him cardinal, 1877; proclaimed pope at the next conclave, 1878, assuming the name of Leo XIII.; crowned in Sistine chapel. B. Carpineto, Italy, 1810. Leo I., Flavius, called the Great and “the Thracian,” a Byzantine emperor in 457; in 468 arranged expedition against Genseric, which was unsuccessful. B. Thrace, 400 A. D.; d. Jan, 474. Leo III., Flavius, the Isaurian, Byzantine emperor, 718; raised siege of Constantinople, which had lasted two years, and routed the Saracens. B. Isauria, about 6So; d. 741. Leo V., Flavius, the Armenian, Byzantine emperor, proclaimed 813; one of the most violent of Iconoclastic princes. Assas., 820. Leo VI., Flavius, the Philosopher, a Byzantine emperor, commenced his reign 886; 4 years war with Saracens; also with Bulgarians. B. about 865; d. 911. Leo, Andre, la'o, real name Leonie Champseix, a French writer and lecturer on woman's rights. B. Champagne, Vienne, about 1832. Deo, Heinrich, a German historian and disciple of Hegel, whom he afterward opposed. B. Rudolstadt, 1799. Ieo Africanus, real name Al-Hassan Ibn Mohammed, le'o af-ri-ka'- nus, a Moorish traveler. B. Granada, Spain, about 1485; d. 1526. Leochares, le-o-kar-es, an Athenian sculptor, “Tomb of Mausolus;” employed by Philip of Macedon. Fl. in 4th century. Leonardo da Pisa, Leonardi Bonacci,-la'o-mar-do, an It. mathemati- cian; first introduced algebra into Europe. B. Pisa, about 1170. Leonhard, von, Karl Caesar, la'on-hart, a Ger. geologist and prof. at Heidelberg. B. Rumpelheim, 1779; d. Heidelberg, 1862. Gustav, his son, also prof. at Heidelberg. B. Munich, 1816. Leonidas, le-on’i-das, k. of Sparta, a celebrated hero that fought the whole Persian host of Xerxes, who invaded Grecce, at the straits of Thermopylae, and checked the progress of the invader. At last a de- tachment of the Persians, by a secret path up the mountains, came down on the rear of the Spartans, and killed 299 of the little army of 300. On the spot was erected a monument, bearing these words: “Stranger, tell the Lacedaemonians that we lie here, obeying their laws.” This battle occurred 4So B. C. See XERxits. Leopold I., lee'o-pold, emp. of Ger., also k. of IHungary; was en- gaged in continual warfare. B. 1640; d. Vienna, 1705. . Leopold II., emp. of Ger., son of Francis I. and Maria Theresa; in- troduced liberal reforms; made alliance with Prussia. B. 1747; d. sud- denly, 1792. Leopold.I., Georges Chrctien Frederic, k. of Belgians; in service of Russia, took part in many battles; married Princess Charlotte of Eng. B. Coburg, 1790; d. Lacken, near Brussels, 1865. Leopold II., k, of Belgians, son of the preceding; Belgian senator. B. Brussels, 1835. Leopold II., gr. duke Tuscany and archduke of Austria; granted in > * |* | *== "----" * "--- *847 a constitution; relinquished his title and joined the popular move "ent against Austria. B. 1797; d. Bohemia, 1870. . . Leopold I., prince of Anhalt-Dessau, a Ger. soldier; invented the *on ramrod. B. Dessau, 1676; d. there, 1747. Peosthenes, le-os'the-nees, Greek gen.; defeated Macedonians near "hermopylae, received a wound from which he died. Flourished 3d century B. c. Tepaute, Nicole Reine Etable de Labricrè, madame, leh-pote', Fr. math. B. Paris, 1723; d. St. Cloud, 1788. *epidus, lef/i-dus', a Roman family. M. Emilius, one of three guardians of infant Ptolemy V.; practor and consul. D. 152 B. c. M. Emilius Porcina, consul in 137; called the most eloquent orator of his age. M. Emilius, espoused cause of Sulla, then of Marius; practor *nd consul; advanced against Rome and was defeated by Pompey, 77 B. c. M. Emilius, triumvir and practor; governed Rome during Cesar's absence, while pretending to aid Pompey in Sicily, he gained over eight of Pompey's legions. D. 13 B. c. Le Play, Pierre Guillaume Frederic, leh pla-ee, a Fr. writer and military cngineer; “Ouvriers europeens.” B. Honfleur, 1806. * Le Poitevin, Edmond Modeste Eugene, leh parat-van’, Fr. artist; “Reapers;” “Shipwreck in the Polar Seas.” B. Paris, 1806. Lepsius, Karl Richard, lep/se-oos, a Ger. Egyptol.; mem. of Roman *rchaeological institute; in 1866 brought to light an important inscrip- tion in hieroglyphics and Greek. B. Naumberg, 1810. Lequesne, Eugene Louis, leh-kain', a Fr. sculptor; “Dancing Faun;” “Lesbia;” “Pegasus,” Paris. B. Paris, 1815. Termontoff, Mikhall, Jer’mon-tof, a Russian officer; poet of the Cau- casus; “A Hero of our Time;” killed 1841, in a duel. B. 1814. Ieroux, Pierre, leh-roo’, a Fr. philosophical writer on social prob- lems; one of the editors of the Globe and Revue Encyclopedigue. B. Paris, 1798; d. there, 1871. Leroy, Julien, leh-rwa', a Fr. clock-maker and writer. B. 1686; d. 1759. Julien David, son of preceding, a Fr. architect. B. 1724; d. 1803. Pierre, son of Julien, a Fr. watchmaker. B. 1719; d. 1785. Leroy, d'Etiolles, Jean Jacques Joseph, leh-rwa'da-te-o!", a Fr. sur- geon; invented instrument for the operation of lithotrity; was awarded 6coo francs for the forceps used. B. Paris, 1798; d. there, 1860. Leroy de Saint Arnaud, Jacques Achille, dah san-tar-no', a Fr. sol- dier in the Vendean war; jailor of Duchess of Berry; 1851, minister of War. B. Paris, 1801; d. at sea, 1854. Le Sage, Alain Rene, leh sazh', a French author; was offered $20,000 to suppress “Turcaret,” a play reflecting on the vices of financiers; wrote 100 comic operas. B. Sarzeau, Brittany, 1668; d. Boulogne, 1747. Lescarbot, Marc, les-kār-bo’, a French writer; aided in establishing Port Royal; “History of New France.” B. Vervins, about 1570; d. about 1630. Lescot, Pierre, les-ko', a French architect of the Louvre. B. about *Sio; d. 1571. Lescure, de, Louis Marie, Marquis, deh la-kur', a French leader in La Vendee. B. 1766; d. 1798. r Lesdiguieres de, Francois de Bonne, duke, deh la-de-ge-er', a French gen. B. 1543; d. 1626. Lesley, John, lex'li, a Scotch prelate, bishop of Ross and Contances; espoused cause of Mary and was imprisoned for it. B. 1527; d. Brus- sels, 1596. Lesley, John Peter, an Am. pastor and geologist; “Manual of Coal;” “Iron Manufacturers' Guide.” B. Philadelphia, 1819. Leslie, Alexander, earl of Leven, Jez'li, a Scotch general. D. 1661. Leslie, Charles Robert, an Eng, painter of historical and humorous subjects, “Anne Page and Master Slender;” “Sir Roger de Coverley going to Church,” prof. drawing at West Point, 1833. B. London, 1794; d. there, 1859. George Dunlop, his son, also an artist and R. A.; “Bethlehem,” “The War Summons.” B. London, 1835. Bliza, sister of R. C. ILeslie, an Am, writcr and journalist; “Domestic Cookery,” “Mrs. Washington Potts.” B. Philadelphia, 1787; d. Glou- cester, N.J., 1858. Leslie, Henry, an Eng. musician and composer; f. a famous choral society; author of various symphonies, overtures, etc. B. London, 1822. Leslie, John, a British bishop; a favorite of Charles I.; last to sur- render to Cromwell; 50 years bishop. B. Balquhain, Scotland, about 1570; d. Clogher, Ireland, 1671. Charles, son of the preceding, a theo- -- BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 299 logical writer; refused allegiance to William; “Short and easy Methods with the Deists.” B. Raphoe, about 1650; d. Glaslough, Monaghan, 1722. Leslie, Sir John, a Scotch mathematician and tutor; translated Buf- . fon's “Natural History of Birds,” “Experimental Inquiry into the Na- ture of Heat.” B. Largo, Fifeshire, 1766; d. Coates, same co., 1832. Lespinasse de, Julie Jeanne Eleonore deh les-pe-mass', companion to Mme. du Deffaud, who became jealous of and dismissed her. B. Lyons, 1732; d. Paris, 1776. * Iesseps de, Ferdinand, viscount, deh la-seps', a Fr. diplomatist and minister to Spain; obtained protection for the Christians at Alexandria; formulated the Suez canal project, and obtained charter for 99 years; in 1870 received emp. Eugenie's prize of 10,000 fr. B. Versailles, Nov. 19, 1805. ressing, Gotthold Ephraim, les'ing, a Ger. dramatist and author; called the Luther of the Ger, drama; admired Kant; opposed Klopstock and Wieland; editor of the Human Race. B. Camenz, 1729; d. Bruns- wick, 17S1. * Dessing, Karl Friedrich, grand nephew of preceding, Ger., artist; “Battle of Iconium,” “Huss Before the Council of Constance.” B. Vertemberg, Silesia, 1SoS. Lester, Charles Edwards, an Am. writer; U. S. consul at Genoa; “The Glory and Shame of England;” “Artists of America;” “Life and Public Services of Charles Sumner.” B. Griswold, Conn., 1815. Lestocq, Jean Herman, count, les-tok', a Fr. physièian in service of Peter the Great, who exiled him on account of his immorality; recalled by Catherine I.; charged with treason, and again exiled; recalled by Peter III. B. Celle, Hanover, 1695; d. Livonia, 1767. I'Estrange, Sir Roger, les-tranj', a zealous Eng. royalist; imprisoned and sentenced as a rebel, but reprieved. B. Hunstanton Hall, Norfolk, 1616; d. London, 1704. Lesueur, Eustache, leh-su-ur', a Fr. artist, surnamed the French Raphael; “St. Paul Healing the Sick.” B. Paris, 1617; d. there, 1655. Iesueur, Jean Baptiste Ciceron, a Fr. architect, and prof. of fine arts; “Chronology of Kings of Egypt.” B. near Rambouillet, 1794. - Le Sueur, Jean Francois, a Fr. musician and composer; chapel mas- ter to Napoleon, produced five operas, and many masses. B. Drucat- Plessiel, 1760; d. Paris, 1837. • Letronne, Antoine Jean, leh-tron', a Fr. archaeologist chosen by gov. to translate Strabo, prof. of history, and keeper of antiquities and ar- chives in 1840. B. Paris, 1787; d. there, 1848. Leu, August Wilhelm, luh, a Ger, artist and prof. in Dusseldorf academy. B. Munster, 1819. Leucippus, luh-sip'us, a Greek philosopher of the 5th century; fol. lower of Pythagoras, Melissus, and Zeno; instructed Democritus in the first principles of his own atomic theory. • Ieuckart, Karl Georg Friedrich Rudolph, loi’kart, a Ger. zoologist and helminologist. B. Helmstedt, 1823. Leuret, Francois, luh-ra', a Fr. medical writer; director of the Bicetre hospital for the insane, and wrote several works on methods of treatment. B. Nancy, 1797; d. there, 1851. Deusden, Jan, Jus’den, a Dutch orientalist. B. 1624; d. 1699. Ieutze, Emanuel, loit'seh, a Ger.-Am. historical painter; “Columbus in Chains,”“Washington Crossing the Delaware.” B. Gmund, Wur- temberg, 1816; d. Washington, 1868. Le Vaillant, Francois, leh va!yllawn, a Fr. traveler; went to Cape of Gocd Hope to study habits of birds; explored interior of Africa; published over 12 folio illustrated vols. B. Paramaribo, Dutch Guiana, 1753; d. Sezanne, France, IS24. Leveque, Jean Charles, la-vek', a Fr. philosopher and teacher; in 1873, vice-pres. of academy of moral and political science; his principal work is on aesthetics. B. Bordeaux, 181S. Lever, Charles James, le’ver, an Irish physician and prolific novel writer; physician to British embassador at Brussels, where he wrote “Harry Lorrequer;” “Tom Burke of Ours;” vice consul at Spezia, and L.L. D. at Dublin. B. Dublin, 1Soó; d. Trieste, 1872. Leverett, Frederick Percival, lever-et, an Am. scholar; wrote “Lex- icon of the Latin Language,” the last sheet sent to press the morning of his death. B. Portsmouth, N. H., 1803; d. Boston, 1836. Leverett, Sir John, an Am. colonial gov. Mass.; aided in terminating favorably the war with k. Philip; knighted by Charles II. B. England, 1616; d. Boston, 1679. * ~-> * G 3OO BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. Leverrier, Urbain Jean Joseph, leh-va're-a', or pron., le-ver’i-er, an eminent Fr. astronomer who first attracted attention in 1839 by investi- gating the irregularities of the heavenly bodies; June 1, 1846, announced a new planet which was named after him; 1853 succeeded Arago as di- rector of observatory. B. St. Lo, 1811; d. 1877. Le Vert, Octavia Walton, leh-ver', an Am, writer and reader; re- ported debates at Washington; Clay, Calhoun and others said to have frequently read their speeches from her notes. B. Augusta, Georgia, about 1810. Levesque, Pierre Charles, la-vek', a Fr. translator and historical writer. B. 1736; d. 1812. Levi, lee'vi, third son of Jacob and Leah; he and his bro. Simeon avenged their sister Dinah's wrongs by massacre of the Shechemites and pillage of their city; the curse thereby entailed upon his descend- ants mitigated in consequence of their opposition to idolatry; they were set apart for priestly office and peculiarly privileged. B. in Mesopotamia. Levi, Leone, a naturalized British writer; organized the Liverpool Chamber of Commerce; “Commercial Law; “History of British Commerce.” B. Ancona, Italy, 1821. * Ievy, Emile, la’vee, a Fr. artist; first received Roman prize in 1854; “Noah Cursing Canaan,” purchased by Goot; “Ruth and Naomi.” B. Paris, 1826. Levis de, Francois, duc deh la-ve', a Fr. marshal. B. 1720; d. 17S7. Levizac de, Jean Pons Victor Lecoutz, abbe, deh leh-ve-zak', a Fr. grammarian. D. 1813. Dewald, Johann Karl August, la'walt, a Ger. writer; secy. to Gen. Rosen in campaigns of 1813-15; edited Deutsche Chronik, and became Roman Catholic. B. Konigsberg, 1792; d. Munich, 1871. Fanny, cousin to the preceding, a Ger. writer; 1828, embraced Christianity; wrote on social and political reforms; satire on Countess Hahn-Hahn; “Benedict.” B. Konigsberg, 1811. Lewes, George Henry, Wu'is, a Eng. writer on philosophy and sci- ence; founded Fortnightly; “Biographical History of Philosophy;” “Foundations of a Creed;” “Life of Goethe.” B. London, 1817. Marian Evans; w. of the preceding, better known as George Eliot, an Eng. author of remarkable power; “Scenes of Clerical Life;” “Adam Bede;” “The Mill on the Floss;” “Romola;” “Felix Holt;” “Middlemarch;” in these the close following of individual character fulfils one of the highest purposes of fiction; translated Strauss' “Life of Jesus,” and Feuerbach’s “Essence of Christianity.” B. in Warwickshire about 1820; d. lately. Lewin, Thomas, lu'in, an Eng. lawyer and writer; “The Law of Trusts,” “Life and Epistles of St. Paul;” B. 1Sos. * Iewis, John, lu'is, an emigrant from Ireland, after killing his land. lord in resisting eviction; of IIuguenot descent; located in 1732, at Bellefonte, Va., being the first white resident. Andrew, the most noted of his four sons; a revolutionary gen.; noted in frontier en- counters; with Washington, at Fort Necessity, Braddock's defeat, and Sandy Creek; made prisoner at Fort du Quesne; at Point Pleasant, def. a formidable Indian force; brig.-gen; drove Lord Dumore from Gwynn's Island. B. Ulster, Ire., about 1730; d. Bedford co., Va., 1780. Thomas, another son, mem. Va. house of burgesses; advocated reso- lutions of Patrick IIenry in 1765; delegate state convention which ratificd the federal constitution. B. Dublin, Ire., 1718; d. 1790. Will- iam, another son, colonel; served under Andrew in French and Indian wars, and distinguished himself during the revolution. B. Ire., 1724; d. Va., 1811. Charles, colonel, another son; served with distinction under Andrew L. in frontier conflicts. B. Va.; k. at battle of Point Pleasant, 1774. Lewis, Dio, an Am. writer on hygiene; advocate of physical exercise and dict instead of drugs; “New Gymnastics,” “Weak Lungs;” “Our Girls.” B. Auburn, N. Y., 1823. Lewis, Enoch, an Am. Quaker and mathematician; “Life of Will- iam Penn.” B. Radnor, Chester co., Pa., 1776; d. Phila., 1856. Lewis, Estelle Anna Blanche (Robinson), an Am. writer and poet; “Sappho.” B. near Baltimore, 1824. Lewis, Edmonia, lit' is, an Am. sculptor; had received but little in- struction when she placed on exhibition a bust of Robert G. Shaw; “The Marriage of Hiawatha,” bust of Henry W. Longfellow. B. near Albany, N. Y., 1845. ===msm-m' Lewis, Ida (Mrs. Wilson), an Am. lady, distinguished for her bravery; father was light-house keeper of Lime Rock, Newport har- bor; she became a skillful swimmer and rower; when but 18 years old, saved four young men from drowning, who were upset in a boat. B. Newport, R. I., 1841. Lewis, Francis, an Am. patriot; at Fort Oswego was aid-de-camp to Col. Mercer, and taken prisoner to France; received 5,000 acres of land for his services; delegate to continental congress in 1775; signed Declaration of Independence. B. Llandaff, Wales, 1713; d. New York, 1803. Lewis, Sir George Cornewall, an Eng. statesman and historian; financial secy. of the treasury; editor of the Edinburgh Review; chancelor of the exchequer under Palmerston; succeeded Lord Her- bert in the war department; “Credibility of Early Roman History;” “Dialogue on the best form of Government,” etc. Born Radnorshire, Wales, 1Soó; d. 1863. Lewis, John Frederick, an Eng. artist; pres. of the society of water color painters and royal academician; “Roman Peasants at a Shrine;” “Harem;” “Portrait of an Armenian Lady.” B. in London, 1So5; d. 1876. - Iewis, Matthew Gregory, English writer and M. P.; “The Monk” caused his prosecution; “Timour, the Tartar.” B. London, 1775; d. at sea, 1818. * Lewis, Meriwether, an Am. navigator and explorer; 1804 started, with a small company, to ascend the Missouri and thence through the mountains and over the plains of the western slope; returned to St. Louis after long absence; was of a very despondent nature, and during one of these seasons put an end to his life. B. Charlottesville, Va., 1774; d. Nashville, Tenn., 1809. Lewis, Morgan, an Am. maj.-gen.; signed the Declaration of Indc- pendence; gov. New York, 1804. B. New York, 1754; d. there, 1844. Lewis, Tayler, an American jurist and scholar, well versed in Latin, Greek, and foreign languages. B. Northumberland, Saratoga co., N. Y., 1So2; d. 1877. Leyden, John, li’den, a Scotch author and orientalist; “Historical Ac- count of Discoveries and Travels in Africa.” B. Denholm, Roxburgh- shire, 1775; d. Batavia, 1811. Leyden, van, Lucas, called Lucas Dammesz, a Dutch painter; “Last Judgment.” B. Leyden, 1494; d. 1533. Leys, Jean Auguste Henri, lice, or la, a Belgian historical painter; “Mary of Burgundy giving Alms to the Poor,” sold in London for 1,000 guineas. B. Antwerp, 1815; d. there, 1S69. L'Hopital, or L'Hospital de, Michel, deh lo-pe-tal", a Fr. politician; refused to sign the sentence of death against prince of Conde; his com- plete works edited by Dufey in 1824. B. Aigueperse, Auvergne, 1505; d. near Etampes, 1573. Libanius, li-bai'ne-us, a Gr, rhetorician and sophist; taught rhetoric at Constantinople. B. Antioch, A. D. 314; d. there near end of the century. Libelt, Karol, lee'belt, a Polish philosophical and political writer. B. Posen, 1Soy; d. 1877. Iiberius, li-be’ri-us, a Roman Catholic pope; condemned the acts of the council of Rimini; built the basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore, which is called after him Liberiana; his feast is celebrated by the Latin church on Sept 23. B. Rome, 300; d. there, 366. Libri-Carrucci Della. Sommaia, Guillaume Brutus Icile Timoleon, lee-bre-kar-root/chee, count, an It.-Fr. mathematician; accused of steal- ing valuable books from different libraries; found guilty and sentenced to ten years' imprisonment. B. 1803; d. 1869. Lichtenberg, George Christoph, lik'ten-berg, a Ger. physicist. B. Oberramstadt, near Darmstadt, 1742; d. Gottingen, 1799. Lichtenstein, Martin Heinrich Karl, lik'ten-stin, a Ger. naturalist; professor of zoology. B. IIamburg, 17So; d. on a steamer, 1857. Lick, James, an Am. philanthropist; contributed $150,000 for a mon- ument for Francis Scott Key, the author of “The Star-Spangled Ban- ner.” B. Fredericksburg, Lebanon co., Pa., 1796. Liddell, Henry George, lid'el, an Eng. scholar; prepared a Greek lexicon. B. about 1811. s Liddon, Henry Parry, lid-on, an Eng, prelate; published “Lenten Sermons;” “Some Words for God.” B. 1S30. Lieber, Francis, lee’ber, an Am. politician; wrote on the subject of “Government,” believed in free trade. B. Berliń, 1Soo; d. N. Y., 1872. - *- * Oscar Montgomery, son of the preceding, author of “The Assay- cr's Guide;” joined the confederate army, war of 1861-5. B. Boston, # d. Richmond, from a wound received in battle of Williamsburg IS62. Liebig, von, Justus, fon Wee'big, a Ger. physician and chemist; in 1841 furnished the organic portion of Doctor Turner’s “Elements of Chem- "stry,” gave much attention to the subject of the sewage of cities; gained wide publicity by his “Essence of Meat.” B. Darinstadt, 1So;; d. Munich, 1873. Lightfoot, John, lit foot, an Eng. Hebraist and theologian; master of Catherine hall, Cambridge. B. Stoke-upon-Trent, 1602; d. Ely, 1675. Lightfoot, Joseph Barber, an Eng. prelate; tutor of Trinity col- lege, 1857. B. Liverpool, 1828. - * Idgier, Pierre, a 1 r. tragedian; made his first appearance in Paris in 1819. B. Bordeaux, 1797; d. there, 1872. Ligne, Charles Joseph, prince de, deh leen', an author and Austrian general; became captain in 1756; licut.-gen. in 1771. B. Brussels, 1735; d. Vienna, 1814. Eugene Lamoral, a Belgian politician, grandson of the preceding, ambassador to France. B. Brussels, 1Sot. Liguori, Alfonso Maria da, da le-groo-o'ree, It. bishop and founder of the order Redemptorists, named the order “Most Holy Redeemer.” B. Marianella, near Naples, 1696; d. Nocera, 1787. Lilburne, John, lil'burn, an Eng. political agitator; betrayed by an *ssociate, arraigned, condemned, received 5oo lashes, confined in prison. B. Thickney, Puncharden Durham, 1618; d. 1657. Lillo, Jil'o, George, an Eng. dramatist. B. London, 1693; d. 1739. Lilly, John, lili, an Eng. writer of wit; produced eight plays for Court entertainments; B. Kent, 1553; d. 1600. Lilly, William, an Eng. astronomer; practiced with eminent suc- cess and taught. B. Diseworth, 1602; d. Walton-upon-Thames, 1681. Lily, William, Willi, an Eng. grammarian; pub. Lily's grammar, which passed through many editions. B. Odiham, Hampshire, 1466; d. London, 1523. Limborch, Philippus van, van lim'bork, a Dutch theologian; ranked inext to Arminius; distinguished for learning and liberality. B. Amster- dam, 1633; d. there, 1712. Linacre, Thomas, Jin'a-ker, an Eng. physician and scholar; tutor to Prince of Wales; f. college of physicians in London. B. Canterbury, 1460; d. London, 1524. + Lincoln, Abraham, link'on, sixteenth-president of the United States, and martyr to American democracy; was taught common branches by his mother in Spencer co., Ind., afterward by his step-mother; made a voyage at 19 to New Orleans on a flat-boat; from Indiana the family removed to Decatur, Ill., in 1830, where Abraham split rails and aided his f. in making a farm; in 1832, was capt. in Black Hawk war on Mis-. sissippi border; def. in contest for seat in state general assembly; be- came storekeeper, postmaster, and a surveyor; elected to the general assembly in 1834; studied law, and became member of the bar in 1837, at age of 28; again served in the legislature, as a whig; elected to con- gress in 1846; stumped the state of Illinois, jointly with Stephen A. Douglas for the senatorship. The joint debates of Lincoln and Doug- las in opposition to each other were the ablest and greatest efforts of any ever made in the domain of politics; hundreds of thousands of peo- ple heard them with earnest interest; Lincoln was a stalwart speaker and political philosopher, while Douglas, the Little Giant, as the people affectionately called him, was one of the greatest stump orators that the world has produced. Douglas afterward became senator, but Lincoln defeated him in the race for the presidency, and was inaugurated 4th March, 1S61. From the political upheaval that took place in 1856 and thereon to 1860, when the republican party took its rise, Lincoln made a number of great speeches which, together with his contest with Douglas and the public exigency, sent him straight to the presidential chair. His election was made a pretext for war, since the abolitionists had aided him. For the great principle of American democracy, he stood unfalteringly in the breach made by the parting of the southern states from the union,—stood to the end of the mighty civil war of 1861-5, which he successfully prosecuted, and until the inception of his second term as president. B. in Hardin co., Ky., 12th Feb., 1809; assassinated at Washington, by John Wilkes Booth, a political enemy, 14th April, 1865, dying early on the morning of the 15th. The funeral of Lincoln was the most impressive of any man in a republican nation. -: *-_ Beautiful and costly monuments were raised in honor of the two illus- trious men here named, one of which, on the shore of Lake Michigan, overlooks the city of Chicago from the south-side, where rests the Lit- tle Giant; the other at Springfield, Ill., where are inurned the ashes of the martyred president. The blacks at the south all but worshiped Lincoln, and called him Massa Linkum; called Old Abe, in the north. See Doug LAS, Stephen A. Lincoln, Robert T., son of Abraham, secy, of war, under Arthur. B. Springfield, Ill., 1st. Aug., 1843. Lincoln, Benjamin, an Am. general and active member of the pro- vincial congresses of Mass.; joined Washington in the battles White Plains, and Morristown; a member of the commission which formed a treaty with the Creek Indians. B. Hingham, Mass., 1733; d. there, ISIo. I incoln, Enoch, an Am. statesman; served in U. S. congress eight years, and elected governbr of Maine and twice re-elected with scarcely any opposition. B. Worcester, Mass., 17SS; d. Augusta, Me., 1829. • Lincoln, John Larkin, an Am, traveler and tutor; prof. of Latin in Brown university. B. Boston, 1817. Lincoln, Levi, an Am. jurist and author of numerous patriotic works. B. IIingham, Mass., 1749; d. Worcester, 1820. Lind, Jenny, lind, a Swedish vocalist of remarkable talent; her first public entertainments were given at the age of Io; at 16 she was the reigning prima donna of the Stockholm opera; at 29 came to America with P. T. Barnum and gave a scries of 150 concerts; she was without a rival. B. Stockholm, 1821. Linde, Samuel Bogumil, lin'deh, a Polish lexicographer; “Diction- ary of the Polish Language.” B. Thorn, 1771; d. Warsaw, 1847. Lindley, John, lind"li, an Eng. author and botanist; had charge cf the colonial department of the international exhibition of 1862. IX. Catton, near Norwich, 1799; d. near London, 1865. - Lindpaintner, Peter Joseph von, Wind"faint-ner, a Ger. composer of music and leader of the orchestra, Stuttgart. B. Coblentz, 1791; d. Nounenhorn, 1856. Lindsay, Alexander William Crawford, lin'zi, a Brit. writer and publisher. B. 1812. Lindsay, Sir David, a Scottish writer and servitor to the prince and James V.; known as a Protestant champion. B Garmylton, 1490; d. about 1567. * Lindsey, Theophilus, an Eng. minister and author. B. Middlewich, 1723; d. London, 1808. Ling, Peter Henrik, Wing, a Swedish writer and founder of curative gymnastics. B. Ljunga, Smaland, 1776; d. Stockholm, 1839. Lingard, John, ling'gard, an Eng. historian; “History of England.” B. Winchester, 1771; d. Hornby, 1851. I inley, Thomas, lin'li, an Eng. musical writer. B. Wells, 1725; d. London, 1795. William, son of the preceding, a composer. B. 1767; d. 1835. - Linn, John Blair, lin, an Am. theologian and author. B. Shippens- burg, 1777; d. Phila., 1Sot. Linnaeus, Carl von, Winne', a Swedish scientist and physician; at the time of his death the king of Sweden erected a monument to his mem. ory. B. Smaland, 1707; d. Upsal, 1778. Iinnell, John, lin'el, an Eng. artist of portraits; gained the prize at the British institution for best work. B. London, 1792. Linton, William, lin'ton, an Eng. engraver, traveler, and writer. B Liverpool, 1790. Linton, William James, an Eng. artist and writer. B. London, 1812. Lippi, Fra Filippo, lip'ee, an It. artist; the greatest of the artists before Raphael, and first to design the human figure in life size; at 18, while on a sea excursion near Ancona, was seized by a Barbary cor- sair and made captive, drawing a sketch of the master in charcoal procured his release. B. Florence, 1412; d. Spoleto, 1469. Lippincott, Sarah Jane, lip'in-kot, an Am. writer known as Grace Greenwood; pub. 14 works. B. Pompey, N.Y., 1823. Iisle, Guillaume de, deh-leel', a Fr. geographer; known as “first geographer to the king;” pub. 134 maps and constructed a celestial and terrestrial globe. B. Paris, 1675; d. 1726. List, Friedrich, list, a Ger. politician and U.S. consul at Hamburg. B. Reutlingen, 1789; d. by his own hand in Kufstein, 1846. Lister, Thomas Henry, lis'ter, an Eng. writer and register-gen. of births. B. 1Soo; d. 1842. BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 3OI "------— 3O2 Liston, John, lis'ton, an Eng. comedian of character and popularity. B. London, 1776; d. there, 1846. Liszt, Franz, list, a Hungarian musician and composer; at eight per- formed in public concerts; critics, in enumerating the distinguished qualities of Paganini, Thalberg and Liszt as pianists, observed: “Thal- berg is first, but Liszt is the only one;” Liszt contributed $12,000 for a monument to Beethoven in Bonn, 1S39; his works number several hundred, and belong to almost every department of the art. B. Raid- ing, 1811. Lithgow, William, lith'go, a Scotch traveler and writer; was arrested as a spy at Malaga, Spain, and subject to the severest torture; when he obtained his liberty, was a helpless invalid. B. Lanark, 1583; d. there, 1640. Litta, Mdme. Maric, litta, right name Von Elsner, Am. vocalist; educated in Europe, where she sang one year with success; returned to America, and was rapidly coming to the front with the world's greatest singers, when she contracted a severe cold, that caused her death. B; Bloomington, Ill., about 1859; d. there, 1883. Litta, Pompeo, leet'a, an Italian historian; minister of war, and com- mander national guards of Milan. B. Milan, 1781; d. there, 1852. Littledale, Richard Frederick, lit'l-dale, an Irish divine and editor. B. Dublin, 1833. Littlejohn, Abram Newkirk, lit'l-yon, an Am. Episcopal bishop, lecturer, and teacher. Appointed bishop of all the Am. Episcopal churches of Europe. B. Montgomery co., N. Y., 1824. Littleton, Sir Thomas, lyt'1-ton, an English statesman, and judge of the court of palace of the king's household. B. Dcvonshire, early in 15th century; d. Frankley, 1481. Dittre, Maximilien Paul Emile, le-tra', a French philologist and phy- sician; mingled actively in politics, and held the office of councilor of Paris. B. Paris, 1Sor. - Dittrow, von, Joseph Johann fon litro, a German astronomer, and prof. in university, Vienna. B. Bischof-Teinitz, Bohemia, 1781; d. Vienna, 1840. Livermore, Abiel Abbott, liv'er-more, an American minister, and president of the theological seminary at Meadville, Pa. B. Wilton, N. II., 1811. * Liverpool, Charles Jenkinson, liver-pool, a British statesman; secy. of the treasury, afterward secy. of war. B. 1727; d. 1SoS. Liverpool, Robert Banks Jenkinson, a British politician, son of the preceding; contributed to retard the emancipation of slaves in West India colonies. B. 1770; d. 1828. Livia, Drusilla, livia, wife of the emperor Augustus. B. 56 B.C.; d. A. D. 29. Livingston, John, living-ston, an Am. preacher and descendant of the 5th Lord Livingston; procured the fitting out of the ship with which Captain Kidd restrained the excesses of the pirates. B. 1603. Livingston, Philip, great-grandson of John, a member of the 1st and 2d continental congresses. B. Albany, N.Y., 1716; d. York, Penn., 1778. Livingston, William, governor N.J., brother of the preceding. B. in N. Y., 1723; d. Elizabethtown, N.J., 1790. Livingston, Brockholst, soldier and jurist, son of William. B. at N. Y., 1757; d. Washington, 1823. Livingston, Robert R., a statesman and jurist; one of the five ap- pointed to draft the Declaration of Independence; member of congress; leader of the convention which framed the first constitution of N. Y. B. in N. Y., 1746; d. 1813. Ilivingston, Edward, an Am. jurist, and brother of the preceding; representative in congress, and author; minister to France. B. Clermont, 1764; d. Rhinebeck, N. Y., 1S36. * Livingston, John H., an Am. minister and lawyer; grandson of Gil- bert. B. Poughkeepsie, 1746; d. New Brunswick, N. J., 1825. Livingstone, David, liv'ing-ston, a British traveler and missionary. . In 1852 started on an exploring expedition, passed over a distance of 11,000 miles; “Travels and Researches in S. Africa;” provided by government and private subscriptions, he started on a second expedi. tion; discovered Zambesi and its tributaries, and buried his wife. On his fourth trip, after enduring great hardships, succumbed to disease, and died; was buried with distinguished honors in Westminster Ab- bey. B Blantyre, Scotland, 1813; d. Itala, Central Africa, 1873. Livry, Emma, liv'ri, a Fr. dancer; made her debut at 16, in Paris; at BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 20, while rehearsing, her dress caught fire, and she died in great agony; the government presented her mother with $8,000. Livy, liv'i, a Roman historian and author. B. Patavium in 59 B. c.; d. A. D. 17. Llorente, Don Juan Antonio, lyo-ren'ta, a Spanish historian. B. Calahorra, 1756; d. Madrid, 1823. Lloyd, Henry, loid, an Eng. gen.; distinguished himself in the siege of Silistria, and in Sweden; after 30 years successful service returned to England. B. Wales, 1729; d. Huy, in the Netherlands, 17S3. Lobau, George Monton, lo-bo’, a Fr. marshal and soldier of France. B. Pfalzburg, 1770; d. Paris, 1838. Lobeira, Vasco de, lo-be'ra, a Portuguese author. B. Oporto, 1270; d. 1325. Lobo, Jeronimo, lo'bo, a Portuguese traveler and teacher; later, a publisher and translator. B. Lisbon, 1595; d. there, 1678. Lock, Matthew, lok, an Eng, writer of opera and the church. B. Ex- eter, 1635; d. London, 1677. Locke, David Ross, lok, an Am. editor, publisher and lecturer on po- litical topics. B. Vestal, N. Y., 1833. Locke, John, an Eng. statesman and physician; his whole life was a warfare against the enemies of freedom in speculation, freedom in wor- ship, and freedom in political restraint. B. Wrington, Somersetshire, 1632; d. Oates, 1704. * Locker, Frederick, lok’r, an English poet. B. Greenwich Hospital, 1824. Iockhart, John Gibson, lok’art, a Scottish writer and critic; favored by Sir Robert Peel. B. Cambusnethan, 1794; d. Abbotsford, 1854. Lockroy, Joseph Philippe, lok'roy, a Fr. dramatist; with Alexander Dumas; “Conscience,” a drama. B. Turin, 1803. Lockyer, Joseph Norman, lok'yer, an Eng. astronomer; chief of an eclipse expedition sent to Sicily by the English government in 1870. B. Rugby, 1836. Lodge, Thomas, lo”, an Eng, writer, actor, and dramatist; physician in London. B. Lincolnshire, 1556; d. London, 1625. Loftus, William Kennett, loftus, an Eng. geologist and author; pub. travels and researches in Chaldea and Susiana, with engravings. B. Rye, 1820; d. in traveling from India to Eng., 1858. Logan, James, lo'gan, an Am. author, and secy. of William Penn, in Pa. B, Lurgan, Ireland; d. Stanton, near Phila., 1751. Logan, John, a Scottish writer and minister at Leith. B. near Edin- burgh, 1748; d. London, 1788. Logan, John Alexander, an Am. Senator; maj.-gen., war 1S61-5; quar- termaster in the Mexican war;-elected to Illinois general assembly, 1852-3-6-7; M. C. four times; U.S. senator twice, his second term cx- piring in 1885; entered army as colonel, and rose to maj.-general, serv- ing in western department. B. in Jackson co., Ill., 1826. Logan, Sir William Edmond, a Canadian geologist. B. Mon- treal, 1798. • Doher, Franz von, lo'er, a Ger. writer and prof. in the university of Munich. B. Paderborn, 1818. t; Loison, Pierre, loi’son, a French sculptor; “Hero,” “Spring,” and “Nymph.” B. Mer. Loir-et-Cher, 1821. - Lokman, lok’man, an Abyssinian philosopher of humble origin; it is said that he was a slave, whose freedom was secured by his master giving him a bitter melon to cat, and his master asked him how it was possible for him to eat such nauseous fruit? He replied, “So many favors from the kindness of my master.” * Lola Montez, lo'la mon'tes, a Creole ballet dancer and adventurer, who by her beauty and accomplishments captivated the heart of the Ba- varian king. B. Bavaria, 1S24; d. Astoria, N. Y., 1S61. Lolli, Antonio, lol’i, an It. violinist; acquired his knowledge without a teacher; became concert master to the duke of Wurtemberg. B. Bergamo, 1728; d. Sicily, 1802. Dombard, Peter, lom'bard, an It, theologian; tutor bishop of Paris; was designated “master of sentences.” B. Novara, beginning of 12th century; d. Paris, 1160. Lomenie, Louis Leonard, lo-ma-ne', a Fr. writer; comptroller of finances, and prime minister. B. St. Yrieix, Haute-Vienne, 1818. Lomonosoff, Mikhail, lom-o-no'sof, a Russian poet and grammarian. B. Kholmogor, in the government Archangel, 1711; d. St. Peters- burg, 1765. ims. 1 k : +- -—” --~~ p BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 3O3 "---— *ong, George, long, an Eng. classical scholar and author. B. Poul- ton, Lancashire, 1800. Tong, Roger, an Eng. clergyman; astronomer, vice-chancellor, and *ster of Pembroke hall. B. Norfolk, 16So; d. Cambridge, 1770. *ong, Stephen Harriman, an Am. engineer-in-chief of the Westernand Atlantic R. R. in Ga. B. Hopkinton, N.H., 1784; d. Alton, Ill., 1864. *onget. Francois Achille, lon-zha', a French physician and clectri- cian; officer of the Legion of Honor, and consulting physician to Na- poleon III. B. St. Germain-en-Laye, 1811; d. Bordeaux, 1871. Tongfellow, IIenry Wadsworth, long'fel-o, an eminent Am. poet and lawyer; prof. modern languages and belles-lettres at Harvard univer- sity. In Europe he was everywhere the recipient of marked honors, especially in England, where his works are prized more highly than any other American author’s. “Spanish Student,” “Evangeline;” “Song of Hiawatha.” B. Portland, Me., 1807; d. 1882. Longhi, Giuseppe, longee, an It, engraver; prof. at the school in Mi- lan. B. Monza, near Milan; d. Milan, 1831. * Tonginus, Dionysius Cassius, Won-ji'nus, a Gr. philosopher and critic. • Athens, about 213 A. D.;..exccuted at Palmyra, 273. Longman, Thomas, long'man, an Eng: publisher; “Chamber's Cy- clopaedia of Arts and Sciences.” B. Bristol, 1699; d. London, 1755. Longman, Thomas, nephew of the preceding; partner of his uncle, *nd first to export books to America. B. London, 1731; d. Hemp- stead, 1797. Longman, Thomas Norton, son of preceding, and partner in publish- ing and bookselling for 50 years; largest publishing business in Eng. * London, 1771; d. Hempstead, 1842. Tongstreet, James, long'street, an American confederate lieut.-gen.; served in the principal battles of the Mexican war; on frontier duty in Texas as paymaster with rank of major. In 1861 entered confederate service as brig.-gen. under Beauregard and Bragg; bore an important Part in 7 of the severest engagements; was a member of the last coun- cil of war, held by Lee in the woods on the night of April 8, 1865. B. S. Carolina, 1820. longstreet, William, an Am. inventor; constructed a small model boat, which was propelled on the Savannah river against the stream at the rate of five miles an hour. B. New Jersey, 1760; d. Ga., 1814. Longueville de, Anne Genevieve de Bourbon, deh long-vel", a Fr. Political agitator; after dissensions and difficulties of the most trying *ature, she renounced the world and retired to convent life; styled “Mother of the Church.” B. France, 1619; d. 1679. Longus, lon'jis, a Greek sophist, supposed to have lived about A. D. 4oo. * Longworth, Nicholas, an Am. lawyer and horticulturist; manufact- "red wine of two species, Catawba and Isabella; at his death his property “stimated $15,000,000. B. Newark, N.J., 1782; d. Cincinnati, 1863. Lonnrot, Elias, lon'rot, a Finnish prof. university of Abo, and drug- gist. B. Sammati, 1802. - Toomis, Elias, loo'mis, an Am. mathematician and prof. natural phi- losophy in N. Y. university, later in Yale college; “Transactions of the Am. Philosophical Society.” B. Tolland co., Conn., 1811. Topez, Charles Antonio, lopes, president of Paraguay. B. Asuncion, *790; d. there, 1862. * Lopez, Francisco Solano, son of the former, and president; com- "ander-in-chief of the Paraguayan army; engaged in warfare with the dictator Rosas, of Buenos Ayres. B. near Asuncion, 1827; killed in battle, 1870. * - Topez, Narcisco, a Cuban revolutionist and explorer of coppermines. B. Venezuela, 1799; garroted in Havana, 1851. Iord, Nathan, lord, an Am. clergyman and author. B. Berwick, Me., *793; d. Hanover, N. H., 1870. Lorenz, Ottaker, lo-rens', a Ger. historian and publisher. B. Iglau, Moravia, 1832. Lorinser, Karl Ignaz, lo'rin-ser, a Ger. physician and author of 70 Works on epidemic and cattle diseases. B. Bohemia, 1796; d. Patschkau, Prussian silesia, 1853. Loris-Melikoff, Count Mikhail Tariclovitch, lor'is-mei'i-kof, a Rus- sian minister and general, of Armenian ancestry; colonel in the Cri- "can war; adjutant-general to the grand duke, Michael, commanding the army of the Caucasus, 1877; made minister of the interior, 1880. B. ranscaucasia, 1826. .."---— --~~ * * = Lorne, John George Edward Henry Douglas Sutherland Campbell, Horn, a Frenchman, governor-general of Canada; a liberal member of parliament; married Princess Louise, fourth dau. of Queen Victoria, in 1871. B. London, 1845. Lorraine, de, Charles, lor-ran', a French statesman; at 13 received the archbishopric of Rheims; a liberal patron of letters, and founder of the university of Rheims. B. Joinville, 1525; d. 1574. Lortzing, Albert Gustav, lort'sing, a Ger, composer, and chapel- master at the Friedrich-Wilhelmstadt theatre. B. Berlin, 1803. Lossing, Benson John, los'ing, an Am. historian and engraver; among his 17 illustrated works are, “Life of Washington,” and “Out- line History of the Fine Arts.” B. Beckman, N.Y., 1813. Lothaire, lo-ther', emp. of Germany; dethroned his father and im- prisoned him in a monastery. B. 797; d. Prum, 855. Lothaire Dr., monarch of Germany and duke of Saxony; made expe- dition against King Roger, of Sicily. B. near Cella, 1075; d. Bretten, near Trent, I 137. Lotta (Lotta Crabtree), a celebrated Am. actress; sang in public in California when eight years old; when 11, played the part of Gertrude in “Loan of a Lover.” Gained her reputation by playing “Little Marchioness.” Born, N. Y. city, 1847. Iotze, Rudolf Hermann, lot'seh, a Ger. philosopher and prof. of medicine. B. Bautzen, Saxony, 1817. Loudon, John Claudius, lov'don, a Scottish horticulturist and bota- nist. B. Cambuslang, Lanarkshire, 17S3; d. London, 1843. Lough, John Graham, luf, an Eng. sculptor, self-taught; statues of Queen Victoria in the royal exchange, and Prince Albert in Lloyd's. B. Greenhead, Northumberland, 1804. Louis I., Ludwig Karl August, k, of Bavaria, suc. to throne, 1825. B. 1786; d. Nice, 1868. Louis IV., the Barvarian, emp. of Ger.; proclaimed sovereign under name of Frederick III. B. 1285; d. of poison, near Furstenfeld, near Munich, 1347. Louis I., surnamed le Debonnaire, loo’e, the pious k, of France; emp. of the West; suc. his father, Charlemagne, in 814; the principal events of his reign were wars with his sons and kinsmen, regarding posses- sions. B. 778; d. on an island of the Rhine, near Mentz, S40. Louis II., the Young; grandson of L.I.; made king of Italy, 844, ascending the imperial throne,855. B. about 822; d. 875. Louis III, the Blind, son of Boson, k, of Provence; suc, his father at 10; contesting the imperial throne, in 900, with Berenger, who put out his eyes. D. about 923. Louis IV., son of the Emp. Arnulphus, and last Ger. prince of the Car. lovingian race. D. about 911. Louis V., called Louis of Bavaria, son of Louis the Severe, duke of Bavaria; clected emp. 1314; constant strife characterized his reign. K. by a fall from his horse, 1347. Louis II., son of Charles the Bald; called the Stammerer; crowned k. of Aquitaine, 867; suc. his father as k. of France, 877. B. 846; d. Compiegne, 879. Louis Irr, son of the above, and brother of Carloman, with whom he shared the kingdom; def. Hugh the Bascard, and opposed the Nor- mans. D. 8S2. Louis IV., son of Charles the Simple; took the throne in 936; def. and imprisoned by the Normans; regained his liberty by ceding Nor- mandy to Richard, and Laon to Hugh. Killed by a fall from his horse, 954. * Louis V., surnamed Faineant, or Do-Nothing, suc. his father Lotha- rius in 986; took Rheims. Poisoned by his queen, it is said, in 987. Louis VI., the Fat, son of Philip J., succeeding to the throne, 1108; began war with Eng., which lasted three centuries. D. 1137. Louis VII., son and suc. of the above; excommunicated by Pope : Innocent II., on account of a dispute between them; def. Thibault, of Champagne, and in turn was def. by Saladin; his divorced wife, Eleanor, married Henry II., of England, and thus a new war was pro- voked between Fr. and Eng., lasting 21 years. B. 1120; d. 1180. Louis VIII., surnamed Coeur-de-Lion, son of Philip Augustus, suc. to the throne in 1223; took Avignon and Rochelle. B. 1187; d. of a pestilential disease in camp, 1226. Louis IX, called St. Louis, son of above, by Blanche of Castile; crowned, 1226; warred successfully against Eng.; fought, from avowal, ~-> k f 3O4. the infidels in the Holy Land till his death. B. Poissy, 1415; d. 1270. Louis X., surnamed Hutin (quarrelsome), suc, Philip the Fair in 1314; recalled the Jews to his kingdom, and warred successfully against the count of Flanders. B. Paris, 1289; d. Vincennes, 1316. Louis XL, son of Charles VII., rebelled against his father, who died of a broken heart; strove with vassals and lost much of his power; favored the middle classes. B. 1423; d. 1483. Louis XII., Father of his People, son of Charles, duke of Orleans; suc. Charles VIII., 1498; def. by a coalition of the Eng., Venetians and Swiss. D. 1515. Louis XIII., son of Henry IV., whom he suc. at the age of 9; began a 25 years' war with Spain. D. 1642. Louis XIV., son of the above, and called the Great, suc. his father at the age of 5; continual war with rival nations, and with brilliant suc- cess for 72 years, characterized his reign; “Works of Louis XIV.” B. 1638; d. 1715. Louis XV., great grandson of the foregoing, suc. him in 1715, at the age of 5; war of the Polish succession; war with Eng., which closed by treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, in 1848; abolished the Jesuit order. B. Fon- tainebleau, 1710; d. 1774. Louis XVI., son of Louis the Dauphin and Marie Josephine; married Marie Antoinette in 1770; crowned, 1774; found the government in a crumbling state, and made Vergennes secy. of state and Turgot mana- ger of finances; always jealous of Eng., sided with the Am. colonies in revolution of 1775; this occasioned a disastrous war with Eng.; was a man of virtue, and an accomplished prince, but lacked the qualities of a great sovercign. B. 1754; guillotined, 1793. Louis XVII., 2d son of preceding, styled monarch after his father's death. B. 1785; d. prematurely, 1795. Louis XVIII., suc. Napoleon. B. 1755; d. 1824. Louis Philippe, k. of the French; escaped the clutches of the Com- mittee of Safety by flight; sailed for the U. S. in 1796; called to throne in 1830; r. 17 yrs, then fled to England in 1848. B. Paris, 1773; d. Claremont, Eng., 1850. Louisa, Luise Auguste Wilhelmine Amale, q. of Prussia; married crown prince of Prussia, who came to throne in 1797 as Frederick Wil- liam III. B. IIanover, 1776; d. palace of Hohenzieritz, near Strelitz, 1810. Louisa Ulrica, q. of Sweden, sister Frederick the Great; married crown prince of Sweden. B. Berlin, 1720; d. Stockholm, 1782. Louvet, de Couvray, Jean Baptiste, loo-va' deh koo-vra', a French revolutionist and editor. B. Paris, 1760; d. 1797. Louvois, Francois Michael Letellier, loo-vva, a French statesman and minister of state; possessed absolute power; armies advanced or retreated at his pleasure. B. Paris, 1641; d. there, 1691. Lovat, Simon Fraser, Juv'at, a Scottish Jacobite conspirator; became 13th Lord Lovat and chicf of the Frasers. B. near Inverness, 1670; be- headed on Towerhill, London, 1747. Lovelace, Richard, luv'lass, an Eng. poet and soldier. B. Woolwich, Kent, 1618; d. London, 1658. Lover, Samuel, Juver, an Irish writer; his debut in public occurred at a dinner given to Thomas Moore in Dublin, 1818. Lowe, Sir IIudson, lo'weh, a British soldier and governor; took part in the expedition to Corsica; organized the Corsican rangers; led the advance of the army at Cairo. B. Galway, Ireland, 1769; d. 1844. Lowe, Johann Karl Gottfried, lo'zveh, a German composer. B. Lobe- jun, near IIalle, 1796; d. Kiel, 1S69. Lowe, Robert, an English statesman; M. P. and paymaster general. B. Bingham, Notts, 1S11. * Lowe, Sophie, a German singer of magnificent voice and imposing style of beauty. B. Oldenburg, 1815; d. Pesth, 1866. Lowell, John, lo'el, an Am. statesman and jurist; founder of Lowell institute, Boston. B. Newburyport, Mass., 1743; d. Roxbury, 1802. Lowell, John, an Am. lawyer, traveler, and political writer. B. New- buryport, 1769; d. Boston, 1840. Francis Cabot, an Am. merchant; brother of the preceding; established a cotton manufactory at Waltham. B. Newburyport, 1775; d. Boston, 1817. John, son of the preceding, bequeathed $250,000 for the maintenance in Boston of annual courses of free public lectures. B. Boston, 1799; d. Bombay, 1836. Lowell, Charles, an Am. clergyman, lawyer and writer; prof. modern languages and belles-lettres in Harvard college. B. Boston, 1782; d. Cambridge, 1861. . BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. Lowell, Robert Traill Spence, an Am. writer and theologian. B. Boston, 1816. Lowell, James Russell, an Am. poet and lecturer; “Commemoration Ode.” B. Cambridge, Mass., 1819. Maria, an Am. poet, wife of the preceding; a volume of her poems were privately printed in Cambridge in 1855. B. Watertown, Mass., 1821; d. Cambridge, 1S53. Lower, I?ichard, lower, an English anatomist; the first to successful- ly perform the operation of transfusion of blood upon the living animal, which he did upon a dog in 1665. B. Cornwall, 1631; d. London, 1691. Lowndes, Rawlins, lowndez, an Aim. lawyer, and statesman. B. British W. Indies, 1722; d. Charleston, S. C., ISoo. Lowth, William, lowth, an English theologian and publisher; bishop of Winchester. B. London, 1661; d. Buriton, IIampshire, 1732. Lowth, Robert, an Eng. bishop, author and critic. B. Winchester, 1710; d. Fulham, near London, 1787. Loyola, St. Ignatius de, loi'o-la, a Spaniard; founder of the order of Jesuits. B. Castle Loyola, Spain, 1491; d. Rome, 1556. Loyson, Charles, lwa-zon', a French pulpit orator; earnestly pro- tested against the declaration of the infallibility of the pope by the council, 1870. I?. Orleans, 1S27. Lubbock, Sir John William, bart., lub'ok, a noted Eng. astronomer. IB. 1So?; d. 1S65. Lubin, Augustin, lu’bin, an Augustin friar, “Notes on the Roman Martyrology.” B. Paris, 1624; d. there, 1695. Lucan, Marcus Annaeus, lu'can, a noted Roman poet; excited the anger of Nero by reciting one of his compositions in public. B. Cor- duba, Spain, A. p. 37; d. 65. Lucian, lit'shan, a Ger. author; procurator of the province of Egypt. B. Samosata, the capital of Comagene, 120; d. about 200. Lucilius, Caius, lu-sil’i-us, a Roman satirist; served under Scipio in his expedition against the Numantians. B. about 148 B. c.; d. Naples, 103 B.C. Lucius I., ltt'ci-us, pope, suc. Cornelius, 253; suffered martyrdom, 254. II., made pope, 1144; d. soon after. III., a native of Lucca; the first pope elected by the cardinal alone. Fl. 12th century. Lucretia, lu-kree'shi-a, a Roman woman noted for her virtue; com- mitted suicide by stabbing herself with a dagger, which was the cause of Roman liberty. Lucretius, Titus Carus, lu-kree'shi-us, an ancient Roman philoso- pher and poet, “De Rerum Natura.” B. 98 B. c.; d. 55 m. c. Lucullus, Lucius Licinius, lu-kul’us, a Roman commander; def. IIamilcar in two naval battles; subdued Mithridates. B. 115 B. c.; d. 49 B. c. * Ludlow, Edmund, ludlo, an Eng. republican leader; instrumental in the restoration of the Long parliament; opposer of Cromwell. B. Maiden Bradley, Wilts, 1620; d. Vevay, Switz., 1693. Lully, Raymond, lul'i, a Spanish scholar: styled “Doctor Illumina- tus”; a religious ascetic. B. Palmq, in Majorca, 1235; d. 1315. Lussan, Margaret de, da looth'an, a Fr. author; “Anecdotes of Francis I.” B. 1682. Luther, Martin, lu'ther, the great reformer; delivered lectures on the ethics of Aristotle; while walking one day, his companion Alexis was struck dead by lightning; this made such an impression upon him, that he concluded to devote himself to the monastic life; he became a preacher and theologist; condemned the sale of indulgences; printed a translation of the New Testament; in 1529 the emperor assembled a diet at Spires, to check the Protestant progress; here the name Protes- tant arose. B. Eisleben, Lower Saxony, 1483; d. there, 1546. Lutti, Benedict, lut’ti, an It, painter; pres. of the academy of St. Luke, Rome. B. Florence, 1666; d. 1724. Luxembourg, Francis Henry de Montmorenci, duke of, deh Juks-on- boor', a Fr. gen.; scrved under prince of Conde; beheaded during reign of Louis XIII. B. 1628; d. 1695. Lycophron, ly-coff'ron, a Gr, poet; one of the seven Pleiades; fl. in age of Ptolemy. Lycurgus, li-kur'gus, a Spartan legislator; his laws were of the most rigid character. I}. S98 B. C.; d. 813 B. c. Lydgate, John, lid'gat, an Eng. poet, “Siege of Troy.” B. 1375; d. about 1461. Iyman, Phineas, li’man, an Am. maj.-gen.; in 1755, com-in-chief of Connecticut forces. B. Durham, 1716; d. 17SS. > #== "----- "-- d. 1789. :- *=" * | -—9 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 3O5 *ynch, Thomas, linch, a signer of the Declaration of Independence; established numerous charitable institutions. B. Brooklyn, N.Y., 1810. "ember of continental congress of 1776. Born S. C., 1749; d. 1779. McClure, Sir Robert John Le Mesurier, ma-klur', Irish navigator; Lyon, George Francis, li’on, a British naval officer; 1821, commanded accomplished what is known as the northwest passage. B. Wexford, the IIecla, one of the ships of Capt. Parry's expedition to the Polar Ireland, 1So?; d. London, 1873. seas. B. Chichester, 1795; d. 1832. * McCosh, James, ma-kosh', a Scotch speculative scientist; was chosen Lyonnet, Peter, li-on-net', a Ger. naturalist. B. Maestricht, 1707; pres. of the New Jersey college, at Princeton. B. Ayrshire, 1811. McCrea, Jane, mak-kra', an Am. lady, of Scotch parentage; captured *yons, Israel, li’onz, an astronomer; son of a Polish Jew; one of the by the Indians and scalped. B. Lamington, N.J., 1754; killed near Ft. calculators of “Nautical Almanac.” B. 1739; d. 1775. Edward, N. Y., 1777. Lysander, li-san'der, a Spartan gen.; def. the Athenian fleet; ended McCrie, Thomas, ma-kree', a Scotch writer and clergyman. B. Dunse the 27 years' war, fell in battle B. c. 396. 1772; d. Edinburgh, 1835. *ysias, lis’i-as, a Gr. orator. B. Athens, 459 B. c.; d. 378 m. c. McCulloch, John, ma-ku"oh, a British geologist and physician. B. *ysippus, li-sippus, a celebrated Grecian sculptor; made numerous Island of Guernsey, 1773; d. Penzance, Cornwall, 1835. figures of Alexander the Great. McCulloch, John Ramsay, a Scotch political economist; his publica- Dysimachus, li-sin'a-kus, a Greek gen., and k. of Thrace. B. 360 tions are quite numerous. B. Whithorn, Wigtownshire, 1789; d. West- B. C.; d. 281 B. c. minster, 1864. Lyttleton, George, lord, littl-ton, an Eng. politician and author; Macdiarmid, John, mak-di-r’mia, a Scotch writer; “Lives of British “History of Henry II.” B. Hagley, Worcestershire, 1709; d. 1773. Statesmen.” B. Weem, Perthshire, 1779; d. London, 1SoS. - MacDonald, Etienne Jacques Joseph Alexandre, mak-don'ald, of —49 M Q-— Scotch descent; duke of Taranto, and marshal of France; his noted Maas, or Mass, Niklaas, mas, a Holland artist, that excelled in por- attack on the Austrian center gained him his title. B. Sancerre, 1765; traits and genre subjects. B. Dort, 1632; d. Amsterdam, 1693. d. near Guise, 1840. *tabillon, Jean, ma'be-yawng, a Fr. author and historian; by some MacDonald, Flora, mak-don'ald, an heroic Scotch lady; assisted considered as f. of school of antiquarian historians. B. St. Pierre- Charles Edward Stuart, an unfortunate adventurer, to escape, disguised du-mont, Champagne, 1632; d. Paris, 1707. as a woman. B. Isle of South Uist, 1720; d. 1790. Mably, de, Gabriel Bonnot, Abbe deh ma'ble, Fr. author of law MacDonald, George, a Scotch writer and preacher; lectured in U. S. Works; prepared code of laws for Poland. B. Grenoble, 1709; d. in 1872-3. B. IIuntley, Aberdeenshire, 1824; now residing in London. Paris, 1785. MacDonald, James Wilson Alexander, an Am. artist and sculptor; Mabuse, de, Jan, deh ma-buz’, a Flemish artist; possessed great gen- commenced study of art when 14 years of age; his first work was a ius; “The wise Men's Offering.” B. Maubeuge, Hainaut, 1499; d. marble bust of Thos. H. Benton, 1754; he erected a statue of Gen. Cus- about 1562. ter at West Point, in 18So. B. Steubenville, O., 1830. Macadam, John London, mak-ad'am, a British engineer and inventor; MacDonald, James, an Am. surgeon and physician; a visiting phy- invented a system known as macadamizing, which he presented to the sician of Bloomingdale insane asylum. B. White Plains, N.Y., 1Sog. government. B. Ayr, Scotland, 1756; d. Moffat, Dumfriesshire, 1836. d. Flushing, L. I., 3849. McArthur, Duncan, mak ar'thur, Am. gen. in war 1812; M. C. 1823; McDonough, Thomas, mak-don'oh, an Am. commodore; 1804 he gov. Ohio, 1830. B. Dutchess co., N. Y., 1772; d. Ohio, 1839. served in the schooner Enterprise, during the attacks upon Tripoli, B. Macartney, Georgc, earl of, ma-kart'ni, an Irish politician and diplo- Newcastle co., Del., 1783; d. on his voyage home, 1825. "at; envoy to Russia; first envoy to China, from Eng. B. Lissa- McDougall, Alexander, mak-doo'yal, an Am. maj.-gen.; commanded moure, near Belfast, 1737; d. Chiswick, Eng, 1806. in the battle of Germantown, 1777. B. Scotland, 1731; d. N. Y., 1786. Macauley, Catharine, ma-kaw'li, an Eng. author; friend of Gen. McDowell, Irvin, mak-dow'el, an able Am. general; commanded at Washington and America during rev. war; “ History of England from the first battle of Bull Run and was defeated by the confederate general: Revolution to Present Time.” B. Kent, 1733; d. Binfield, 1791. Beauregard; in 1865 was promoted major-general of the U.S. army. B. Macauley, Thomas Babington, baron, an Eng. historian, essayist Franklin co., O., 1818. See BEAUREGARD. and statesman; M. P. several terms; ranked with the foremost English McDowell, Patrick, an Irish sculptor of considerable note. B. Bcl- writers; “History of England;” “Warren Hastings.” B. Rothley fast, Ireland, 1799; d. 1870. Temple, Leicestershire, 1800; d. Kensington, London, 1859. McDuffie, George, mak-duff, an Am. jurist and politician; was in- MacAuley, Catherine E., "na-kaw'li, an Irish benefactor; founded volved in a political controversy with Col. William Cummings, which the celebrated order of the Sisters of Mercy. B. 1787; d. 1841. resulted in a duel, in which he was severely wounded. B. Columbia Macbeth, mak-beth', k. of Scotland, 1039; killed by Macduff of the co., Ga., 1788; d. Sumter, S. C., 1851. *ng forces, and was succeeded by Malcolm; Shakspeare has immor- Mace, Jean, a French historian and scholar. B. Paris, 1815. talized him in his works. Lived in the 11th century. Macedo, de, Joaquin Manoel, da ma-sa’do, a Brazilian novelist and McCarthy, Justin, ma-car’ty, an Irish journalist and author; “Con poet. B. San Joao, 1820. Amore;” “Modern Leaders.” B. Cork, 1830. * McEntee, Jervis, an Am. artist. B. Rondout, N.Y., 1828. McCheyne, Robert Murray, mak-shan'; a Scottish Presbyterian divine MacFarren, George Alexander, mak-far'en, a great Eng. musician; and writer. B. Edinburgh, 1813; d. Dundee, 1843. became totally blind. “Don Quixote.” B. London, 1813. McClellan, George Brinton, mak-kle!'an, an Am. gen. and engineer: McFerrin, John Berry, an Am. prelate; editor of the Southwestern capt. in Mexican war; maj.-gen., 1st May, 1861; commander-in-chief Christian Advocate. B. Rutherford co., Tenn., 1807. of the army, 1st Nov., 1861; relieved, 1852, of all but the army of the McGee, Thomas D'Arcy, ma-gee', an Irish poet and journalist; editor Potomac, relieved of all command latter part of 1862; nominated for of The Pilot. B. Carlingford, Ireland, 1825; killed by Wheaten, Ot- president by democratic convention, 1864; gov. of New Jersey. B. tawa, Canada, 1868. Phila., 1826. MacGeoghegan, James, mak-gee'gan, an Irish author. B. near Mul- McClintock, Sir Francis Leopold, LL.D., ma-klin'tok, an Irish ad- lingar, Westmeath, 1698; d. Paris, 1760. miral and Arctic explorer; commanded the Lady Franklin expedition in McGillivray, William, inak-gi'i-vra, a Scotch author and ornitholo- search of her husband, Sir John; was received with great honor on his gist; published a “Manual of Geology.” B. Isle of Harris, 1796; d. *cturn; knighted, 1860; raised to the rank of rear admiral, 1871. B. Aberdeen, 1852. Dundalk, Ireland, 1S19. McGillivray, Alexander, mak-gi'i-vra, the son of a Scotch Indian McClintock, John, D. D., LL.D., an Am. Methodist clergyman and trader; chieftain of the Muscogee or Creek Indians; appointed brig.- writer; pres. Drew Theological Seminary; “Cyclopaedia of Biblical, gen. B. Wetumpka, Ala., 1740; d. Pensacola, 1793. Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature.” B. Phila., 1814; d. Madi- MacGregor, John, ma-greg'or, a British prof. of statistics; established son, N.J., 1870. the Royal British bank; M. P. for Glasgow. B. Stornoway, Ross-shire, McCloskey, John, ma-klos'ki, an Am. Roman Catholic archbishop; 1797; d. Boulogne, 1857. --> 306 McGuffey, William Holmes, ma-gufi, an Am. prof. of mental science; prepared the “Eclectic” series of school books. B. Washington co., Pa., 1800; d. Charlottesville, Va., 1873. McHale, John, an archb. of Irish descent; a successful promoter of the education of Catholic children. B. Tubbernavine, county Mayo, 1790. Machiavelli, Niccolo, mak-e-a-vel'ee, a Florentine statesman and political writer; “Art of War;” “History of Florence.” B. Florence, 1469; d. there, 1527. McIlvaine, Charles. Pettit, mak-il-van', an Am. bishop; published “Lectures on the Evidences of Christianity.” B. Burlington, N.J., 1798; d. Florence, Italy, 1873. McIntosh, John, an Am. military officer; exhibited his bravery at the battle of Brier Creek, 1779. B. McIntosh co., Ga., 1755; d. 1826. McIntosh, Lachlam, an Am. soldier, of Scotch parentage; commanded the 1st regt. organized in Ga., 1776. B. Borlam, near Inverness, Scot- land, 1725; d. Savannah, Ga., 1Soó. McIntosh, Maria J., *nak'in-tosh, an Am. writer; “Charms and Coun- ter Charms;” “The Lofty and the Lowly.” B. Sunbury, Ga., 1So?. Mackay, Charles, ma-ki’ or na-ka’, a British poet; his romance “Longbeard” is quite popular. B. Perth, 1812. Mackean, Thomas, ma-keen', an Am. jurist and patriot; signed the Declaration of Independence; pres. of congress in 1781. B. Chester co., Pa., 1734; d. Philadelphia, 1817. McKeever, Isaac, ma-kee’ver, an Am. commander; made lieutenant in 1814, and commanded one of the five gunboats, captured by a British cxpedition on Lake Borgne, La. B. Penn., 1793; d. Norfolk, Va., 1856. McKendree, William, ma-ken'dree, an Am. soldier and bishop; served in the revolution. I. King William co., Va., 1757; d. 1835. Mackenzie, Sir Alexander, ma-ken'zi, a Scotch cxplorer in British America; the river which he traversed from Slave Lake to the ocean, bears his name. B. Inverness about 1760; d. 1820. Mackenzie, Alexander Slidell, an Am. writer and naval officer; lieutenant in 1825, and commander in 1841. B. New York, 1803; d. Tarrytown, N.Y., 184S. Mackenzie, Henry, a Scotch novelist; wrote “The Man of Feeling.” B. Edinburgh, 1745; d. 1831. * Mackenzie, Robert Shelton, a British and Am. journalist; editor of Philadelphia Press. B. Drew's Court, county Limerick, Ireland, 1Sog. Mackenzie, William Lyon, a Canadian statesman; leader of Canadian insurgents, 1837. B. Dundee, Scotland, 1795; d. Toronto, Canada, 1861. Mackey, Albert Gallatin, an Am. scholar and author; published a “Lexicon of Freemasonry,” and “Principles of Masonic Law.” B. Charleston, S. C., 1807. Mackie, John Milton, an Am. writer; tutor at Brown university. B. Wareham, Mass., 1813. Mackintosh, Sir James, mak’in-tosh, a Scotch writer and politician; judge of the admiralty court, 1Soó. B. Aldourie, near Inverness, Scot- land, 1765; d. London, 1832. * Macklin, Charles, mak’lin, an Irish actor and dramatist; famous for his role of Shylock, at Drury Lane Theatre. B. Westmeath, 1690; d. London, 1797. MacKnight, James, mak’nite, a Scotch writer and commentator. B. Irvinc, Argyleshire, 1721; d. Edinburgh, 18oo. MacLane, Louis, mak-lan', an Am. politician; chosen sen., 1827; min- to Great Brit., 1829. B. Smyrna, Kent co., Del., 1786; d. Baltimore, 1857. Maclaurín, Colin, mak-law'rin, a Scotch prof. of mathematics. B. Kilmodan, Argyleshire, 1698; d. Edinburgh, 1746. MacLean, John, mak-lan', an Am. politician and jurist; appointed postmaster-general. IB. Morris co., N.J., 1785; d. Cincinnati, 1861. McLeod, Alexander, mak-lowd’, an Am. prelate; assistant editor of Christiun Magazine. B. Island of Mull, Scotland, 1774; d. N. Y., 1833. Xavier Donald, an Am. writer, son of the above; 1857, ordained priest; wrote “Life of Mary, Queen of Scots.” B. New York, 1821; killed by railway accident, near Cincinnati, 1865. Macleod, Henry Dunning, a Scotch jurist and political economist. B. Edinburgh, 1821. Macleod, Norman, a Scotch prelate; missionary to India. B. Edin- burgh, 1812; d. Glasgow, 1872. Maclise, Daniel, ma-kleese', an Irish portrait painter; many of his paintings are taken from scenes of Shakspeare; “The Seven Ages.” B. Cork, Ireland, 1811; d. London, 1870. BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. Maclure, William, ma-klur', a Scotch geologist; father of American geology. B. Ayr, Scotland, 1763; d. San Angel, near City of Mexico, 1840. MacMahon, Marie Edme Patrice Maurice, mak’ma i-hon', Duc de Magenta, president of France; of Irish ancestry; aide-de-camp of Gen. Achard at the siege of Antwerp, went to the Crimea as com- mander of a division, 1855; on the reopening of the assembly, it was urged that the presidential term be extended to ten years; MacMahon did not approve, and chose a term of seven years; he has exhibited his loyalty in guarding the chief interests of the nation. B. chateau. of Sully, near Autun, 1803. McNab, Sir Alan Napier, mak-nab', a Canadian politician; prime minister under the earl of Elgin. B. Niagara, 1798; d. Toronto, 1862. Macneil, Hector, mak-neel', a Scotch poet. B. Rosebank on the Esk, 1746; d. Edinburgh, 1818. McNeil, John, an Am. general; commandcd at the battle of Chip- pewa, 1814. B. Hillsborough, N. H., 1784; d. Washington, 1850. McNeile, Hugh, mak-nee", an Irish prelate; noted for his eloquence. B. Ballycastle, co. Antrim, 1794. - Mac Neven, William James, mak-nev'en, an Irish patriot, surgeon and physician. B. Ballynahowne, Galway, 1763; d. N. Y., 1841. Macnish, Robert, mak’neesh, a Scotch physician and author; “A Ramble through Switzerland.” -B. Glasgow, 1802; d. there, 1837. Macomb, Alexander, ma-koom', an Am. soldier; commissioned maj.- gen. in 1814; became commander-in-chief of the army, 1835. B. Detroit, 17S2; d. Washington, 1841. Macon, Nathaniel, ma'kon, an Am. politician; M. C. for 37 years; pres pro tem. in senate, 1825 to 1827. B. Warren co., N. C., 1757; d. there, 1837. Macpherson, James, mak-fer’son, a Scotch poet and author; 1763, was appointed secy. to Gov. Johnstone, of Pensacola. B. Ruthven, Inverness-shire, 1738; d. Bellevue, 1796. McPherson, James B., an Am. maj.-gen.; graduate from West Point in 1853; captain at beginning of civil war, 1861-5; brigadier-general in 1S62; major-general, Oct., 1862; brigadier-general in regular army 1S63, for services in the capture of Vicksburg; active in capture of Forts Henry and Donelson; in battle of Shiloh; operations around Cor- inth; battle of Iuka, and 2d battle of Corinth; repulsed confederates at Canton, Miss.; second in command to Gen. Sherman in expedition to Meridian, in 1864, and commanded the 17th army corps in great 4-months campaign of 1864, that ended in the capture of Atlanta, Ga. B. Clyde, Sandusky co., O., 1S28; killed near Atlanta, 22 July, 1864. Macready, William Charles, mak’reed-e, an English tragedian; pro- nounced by Hazlitt one of the best actors; 1843-4 played a series of en- gagements in the U. S. B. London, 1793; d. Weston-super-Mare, Somersetshire, 1873. Macrobius, Ambrosius Aurelius Theodosius, mak-ro'be-us, an ancient Latin author; little is known of his history, but from his writings sup- posed to be Greek; fl. fifth century. McTyeire, Holland Nimmons, mak-tire', an Am. prelate, and profes- sor of mathematics; editor Christian Advocate, Nashville, Tenn. B. Barnwell, S. C., IS24. s McWhirter, John, mak-whur’tur, a Scotch painter; his works include “Out in the Cold,” and “Salt Lake City, Utah.” B. Edinburgh, 1839. McWhorter, Alexander, mak-whur’tur, an Am. prelate; present at the passage of the Delaware and surprise of the Hessians. B. New- castle co., Del., 1734; d. Newark, N.J., 1807. Madden, Sir Frederick, mad'en, an English antiquary. B. Ports- mouth, 1Sor; d. London, 1873. Madden, Richard Robert, an Irish writer; employed in the civil ser- vice from 1833 to 1847. B. Dublin, 1798. Madison, James, mad/i-son, fourth president of the U.S.; two terms, 1809-'17; graduated at Princeton, N.J., 1771; a delegate to congress, 1779; took his scat in March, 1780, where he remained three years; M. C., 17S9; elected president by a vote of 122 out of 175; he entered upon his duties at a very critical point in public affairs, U.S. and Great Britain being on the verge of war; all efforts to re-establish friendly relations between the two countrics failed, and war was declared; the contest was commenced in Feb., 1813; in 1814, a British force of 5,000 men marched into Washington, burned the capitol and other public build- ings; a treaty of peace was signed by U. S. commissioners, at Ghent, > * ~ * BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. "--— 1814. B. King George, Va., 1751; d. Montpelier, near Orange Court- IIouse, Va., 1836. Madison, James, an Am. bishop, second-cousin of pres. Madison; * professor of moral, natural, and political philosophy. B. Rocking- ham co., Va., 1749; d. 1812. Madler, Johann Heinrich, med/ler, a Ger. astronomer. B. Berlin. 1794; d. Hanover, 1874. Madoc, ma-doc', or mad'ok, a legendary Welsh prince and navigator; said to have discovered America more than three centuries before Co- lumbus. Madon, Jean Baptiste, ma'don, a Belgian painter and engraver. B. Brussels, 1796; d. is 7. Madoz, Pascual, ma-doth', a Spanish politician and writer; appointed governor of Barcelona. B. Pamplona, 1806; d. 1870. Madrazo, Jose Madrazo y Aguda, ma-dros'o, a Spanish artist. B. Santander, 1781; d. Madrid, 1859. Frederico Madrazo y Kunt, a Span- ish portrait painter; son of the above. B. Rome, 1815. Madvig, Johann Nikolai, mad"vig, a Danish philologist. B. Svanike, Island of Bornholm, 1Sot. Maecenas, Caius Cilnius, maece'nas, a Roman politician and anti- quarian. B. between 63 and 73; d. 8 B. c. Maerlant, Jakob, van, mar'Jant, a Dutch poet; called the father of Dutch poetry. B. Flanders, 1235; d. Damme, near Bruges, 1300. Maffei, Francesco Scipione, maffa'ee, marquis, an Italian writer; in the Bavarian service against Spain. B. Verona, 1675; d. there, 1755. Magalhaens, Domingos Jose Goncalves de, da ma-gal-ya'ens, it. Brazilian poet and philosopher; the head of school of Brazilian poetry. B. Rio de Janeiro, 1810. Magalhaens, or Magellan, Fernando, a Portuguese navigator; sailed along the coast of Brazil and entered the strait which now bears his name. B. Oporto, 1470; k. Macton, 1521. Magendie. Francois, ma-zhen'de, a celebrated Fr. physician and physiologist; proved that the veins were organs of absorption. B. Bordeaux, 1783; d. Paris, 1855. Magini, Giovanni Paolo, ma-jee'nee, an It. violin maker. B. Brescia; fl. 16th and 17th centuries. - Maginn, William, ma-gin', an Irish writer; editor of the London Standard, in 1842 was put in prison for debt; died in poverty. B. Cork, 1793; d. Walton on Thames, near London, 1842. Magliabecchi, Antonio, magłye-a-baik'ke, a great Italian scholar; devoted his life to the study of literature; had a library of 30,000 vols. B. Florence, 1633; d. there, 1714. - Magnan, Bernard Pierre, man-yon', a French commander in Spanish campaign; became lieut.-gen., 1845; senator in 1852; commanded the army of Paris, 1859. B. Paris, 1791; d. there, 1865. Magnan, Valentin, a French physician and temperance lecturer. B. Perpignan, 1835. Magnentius, Flavius Popilius, mag-nen'she-tts, a Roman emperor of the west, was given the title of Augustus, and acknowleged emperor of the west; was def. at a battle at Mursa, and committed suicide, 353. Mahaffy, John Peytland, ma-hafft, an Eng. prof. educated in Ger. and Ire.; a sportsman; “Rambles and Studies in Greece.” B. Chafon- naire, Switzerland, 26 Feb., 1839. s Magnus, Eduard, mag'noos, a Ger. artist. B. Berlin, 1799; d. 1872. Magnus, Heinrich Gustav, mag'noos, a German druggist; prof. physics and technology. B. Berlin, 1So2; d. 1870. • Magnusson, Finn, nag'noo-son, an Icelandic prof. B. Skalholt, 1781; d. 1847. Magoon, Elisha L., mag-oon', an Am. clergyman and writer; B. Lebanon, N.H., 1810. Magyar, Laszlo, modyor, a Hungarian naval officer and traveler. B. Szabadka, 1817; d. 1864. Mahan, Asa, ma-han', an Am. clergyman and prof. philosophy and theology. B. Vernon, N. Y., 1799. * Mahan, I. Dennis Hart, "na-han', an Am. military engineer. B. New York, 1So2; drowned, IS71. Mahan, Milo, an Am. divine; prof. of religious history in the Episco- pal theological college, 1851; “Exercise of Faith.” B. Suffolk, Nanse- mond co., Va., 1819; d. Baltimore, 1870. Mahmoud I, ma-mood", a sultan of Turkey, made so by the janizaries for which he promised them to continue the war with Persia, but his =l- * 307 military movements were generally disastrous. B. Constantinople, 1696; d. 1754. II., a sultan of Turkey; succeeded his brother to the throne; engaged in warfare with adjoining nations, in which he was unsuc- cessful; had his brother Mustapha strangled; improved condition of his country by establishing postal service and making roads, but his reign was one of continual revolt and financial ruin to the nation. B. Con- stantinople, 1785; d. there, 1839. Mahmoud, "na-mood", a Mohammedan conqueror in India. Mahomet I., ma-hom'et, emp. of the Turks, suc. to his bro. Mousa in 1413; re-established the glory of the Ottoman empire, and fixed the seat of government at Adrianople, where he died 1421, aged 47. II., suc. his father Amurath II.; made many conquests and assumed the title Grand Seignor; a free thinker and ridiculed the established relig- ion. B. 1 #29; d. 1431. III., suc. his father Amurath III., and began his reign by strangling nineteen of his brothers and drowning ten of his father's wives; ravaged the Christians and was very great in con- quest, but was finally compelled to sue for peace. D. 1603. IV., be- came emp, in 1649, suc. his father Ibrahim I.; won the isle of Candia after a loss of 100,000 men, and then gained possessions from the Po- lands; finally defeated at Choczim; deposed by the janissaries, and imprisoned. D. 1691. Mahomet V., or Mahmond I., son of Mustapha II., ascended the throne at Constantinople in 1730. B. 1696; d. 1754. Mahony, Francis ma-ko'ni, an Irish editor; pub. cight works. B. Cork, 1805; d Paris, 1856. Mailath, Janos Nepomuk, mi-lat’, a Hungarian historian and poet. B. Pesth, 1786, d. 1855. Maimbourg, Louis, mam'borg, a Fr. eccl. historian; “History of Arianism.” B. Nancy, 1620; d. Paris, 16S6. Maimonides, Moses, mai-mon'i-dees, or Moses Ben Maimon, a ccle- brated Jewish rabbi; prof., math., medicine and theology. B. Cor- dova, Spain, 1135; d. Cairo, Egypt, 1204. Maine, Sir Henry James Sumner, mane, Eng. prof. jurisprudence; author Roman and ancient law and legal education. B. 1822. Maine de Biram, man deh be-ron', a French metaphysician and coun- cilor. B. Grateloup, near Bergerac, 1766; d. 1S24. Maintenon, Frances d'Aubigne, Marchioness de, man'te-nawng, the mistress, and afterward w. of Louis XIV.; f. of institution for worthy girls at St. Cyr. B. Niort, 1635; d. St. Cyr, 1719. Maisonneuve, Jules Germain Francois, ma-zon-nuv', French surgeon, lecturer, and writer. B. Nantes, 1810. Maisonneuve, Paul de Chomedey, deh ma-zon-nuv', first gov. Mon- treal, Canada; entered Fr. army at 13; in 10 years retired. B. Cham- pagne, France; d. Paris, 1676. Maistre, Joseph, deh metr, count de, Italian statesman and writer; B. Chambery, Savoy, 1754; d. Turin, 1821. Maitland, Sir Richard, mat’land, attorney and writer; “Creation and Paradisc Lost.” B. Lethington, 1496; d. 1586. Maitland, Samuel Roffey, nat'land, Eng. clergyman and lawyer. B. London, 1792; d. Lambeth palace, 1866. Major, Richard Henry, major, an Eng. prof. of geography; over- seer of the maps and charts in the British museum; discovered that: the Portuguese had the honor of first discovering Australia. B. London, 1818. Makart, IIans, mak’art, a Ger. artist; prof. in Vienna. “Roman Ruins.” B. Salzburg, 1840. * Malachy, St., *nal/a-ki, a monk and archbishop of Armagh; f. various Romish institutions. B. Armagh, 1095; d. Clairvaux, France, 1148. Malan, Cesar Henri Abraham, ma-lon', a Swiss clergyman and lin- guist. B. Geneva, 17S7; d. 1864. Malbone, Edward G., mal'bon, an Am. artist. B. Newport, R.I., 1777; d. Savannah, Ga., 1So?. Malcolm, Sir John, mal'kom, a British gen. and historian. B. Eskdale, Dumfriesshire, 1769; d. London, 1833. Malcolm, IIoward, mal'kom, an Am. clergyman and traveler; also a celebrated writer. B. Phila., 1799. Malebranche, Nicolas, mal-bronsk', a Fr. philosopher and theologist; an illustrious disciple of Des Cartes. B. Paris, 1638; d. 1715. Malesherbes, de, Chretien Guillaume Lamoignon, deh mal-zerb’, a Fr. statesman. B. Paris, 1721; executed, 1794. Malet, de, Claude Francois, ma-la', a Fr. conspirator. B. Dole, 1754; executed, 1812. ~- £, (5-e- Y. - *|9–- s T. G. — ==" 3O8 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. Malibran, Maria Felicia, mal-e-brun', a Spanish vocalist and accom- Manlius Capitolinus, Marcus, kap-i-to-li'nus, a celebrated Roman plished linguist; could speak and sing the chief languages of Europe. consul and commander that preserved the Roman capital from sudden B. Paris, 1SoS; d. Manchester, Eng., 1836. attack by Gauls at night; the dogs in the building made no noise, but Mallet, David, ma-la”, a British writer; “Life of Lord Bacon.” B. the geese, by their cries, awoke Manlius, who had just time to repel Crieff, Perthshire, 1700; d. London, 1765. the enemy; geese from that period were always held sacred among Mallet, Paul Henri, a Swiss historian. B. Geneva, 1730; d. 1So?. the Romans, and Manlius was honored by the surname of Capitolinus; Malmesbury, William of, mans'ber-e, an Eng, writer and historian. afterward tried to obtain the sovereignty of Rome, for which he was B. Somersetshire, 1095; d. Malmesbury, 1143. thrown from the Tarpeian rock, 3S1 B. c. * Mallock, William Hurrell, mal’ok, an Eng. writer; awarded the Manlius Torquatus, tor-kzvai'tus, a famous Roman that accepted a prize for English poetry; “Every Man his own Poet,” “Is Life challenge from one of the Gauls during a war with them, and having worth Living.” B. Devonshire, 1849. slain his enemy, took his chain (torques) from his neck, and assumed the Maltby, Edward, mal/bi, an English divine; became bishop of Chi- name of Torquatus; first Roman advanced to dictatorship without being chester, 1831; “Sermons.” B. in Norwich, 1770; d. 1859. previously a consul; fl. 340 m. c. Malone, Edmond, na-lon', an Irish dramatist; edited and published Mann, IIorace, man, an Am. educator, tutor in Latin and Greek; works of prose and history. B. Dublin, 1741; d. London, 1812. subsequently a lawyer, at Litchfield, Conn.; senator from Boston for Maltebrun, mawl-te-brun', a Danish geographer; author of several four years, and secy. Mass. board education 11 years; caused a thorough miscellaneous works. B. Thisted, Jutland, 1775; d. Paris, 1826. reform in the school system; lectured; held conventions to educate Malthus, Thomas Robert, mal/thus, an Eng. political economist; teachers, and founded normal schools; pres. Antioch college till his prof. of history and political economy in East India college at Heiley- death. B. Franklin, Mass., 1796; d. Yellow Springs, O., 1859. bury. B. Albury, Surrey, in 1766; d. Bath, 1834. Manners, John.James Robert, man'ers, an Eng, politician; M. P., 1841; Maltitz, von, Apollonius, mal-teez’, a Ger. traveler and writer. B. privy councilor, 1852; postmaster general, 1874; “A Plea for National Konigsburg, 1795; d. Weimar, 1870. Holidays.” B. Belvoir castle, Leicestershire, 1818. Maltzan, Heinrich Karl Eckardt Hellmuth, mal-zam, baron and Ger. Manning, IIenry Edward, man'ing, an Eng. cardinal and author. I?. traveler. B. Dresden, 1826; d. Pisa, Italy, 1874. Totteridge, Hertfordshire, 18oS. Malus, Etienne Louis, ma-luss, a Fr. engineer and physicist; an offi- Manning, James, man'ing, an Am. minister, and prof. of languages. cer under Napoleon. B. Paris, 1775; d. 1812. B. Elizabethtown, N.J., 1738; d. Providence, R.I., 1791. Malvoisine, William de, ma/vo-sene, a Scottish divine; established Mansart, Francois, mon-sar', a Fr. architect; superintended the many Dominican and other convents. B. France; d. 1238. building of all the royal palaces. B. Paris, 1598; d. 1666. Mame, Alfred Henri Armand, mam’a, a Fr. printing manufacturer; Mansel, Henry Longueville, man'sel, an Eng. philosopher and among his publications were several richly illustrated works by Dore. author. B. Cosgrove, Northamptonshire, 1820; d. 1871. B. Tours, 1811. Mansfield, William Murray, manz'feeld, a British earl; chief-justice Mamiani, Terenzio della Rovere, ma-me-a'nee, an Italian philoso- of Eng.; at his death his title and property descended to his nephew, pher and poet. B. Pesaro, 1800. * Viscount Stormont. B. Scone, Perthshire, 1705; d. London, 1793. . Manasseh, na-nas'seh, head of one of the tribes of Israel; term of Mant, Richard, mant, an Eng. bishop; and writer. B. Southampton, his reign was 55 years. 1776; d. 1848. s Manby, Charles, man'bi, a celebrated English engineer; directed the Mantegna, Andrea, man-tan'ya, an It, painter. B. Padua, 1431; d. construction of the Paris gas works; one of the commission appointed Mantua, 1506. by M. de Lesseps to contemplate the project of the present Suez canal. Mantell, Gideon Algernon, man'tel, an Eng. prof. and writer of 67 B. 1804. volumes. B. Lewes, Sussex, 1790; d. London, 1852. Manby, George William, man'be, an Eng. officer of rank and an Manteuffel, Otto Theodore, man’/oi-fel, baron, Prussia; prime min. inventor; historical writer. B. Hilgay, 1765; d. Southtown, 1854. of foreign affairs. B. Lubben, 1805. Mancini, Pasquale, man-chee'nee, an Italian prof., statesman and Manuel, Palacologus, ma-noo-el', politician and leader of an army of poet. B. Naples, 1815. Hungarians, Germans and French. B. 1348; d. 1425. Manco-Capac, man'ko-ka'pak, first inca of the empire of Peru; pre- Manutius, Aldus, ma-nu'shi-us, printer, and inventor of the type tended that he was born of the sun; after his death he was worshiped called italics. B. Bassiano, 1449; d. Venice, 1515. as a deity; fl. about 1025; his dynasty became extinct after the con- Manzoni, Allessandre, mian-dzo'nee, count, and It. writer; “Hist. of quest of Peru by Pizarro. the French Revolution.” B. Milan, 1784; d. 1873. Mandeville, Sir John, man'de-vil, an Eng. traveler and author; Mapes, Walter, maps, an Eng. Lattin writer and satirist. B. Here- wrote his travels in Latin, French and English, and dedicated them to fordshire; d. 1210. Edward III. B. St. Albans, 1300; d. Liege, 1372. Maquet, Auguste, ma-ka’, a Fr. writer and literary partner of Alex. Manetho, mai-ne'tho, an Egyptian historian that fl. in time of Ptol- Dumas. B. Paris, 1813. emy Philadelphus; pub. work on influence of the stars. Marat, Jean Paul, ma-ra’, a leader of the most violent of the French Manfred, man'fred, prince Tarentum, and k. of the two Sicilies; twice revolutionary factions in 1789; declared in print that France could not married, first to Beatrice of Savoy, and next to Helena, a Greek prin- be happy till 270,000 heads had been struck off by the guillotine; most cess. B. Sicily, 1233; fell in the battle Benevento, 1266. atrocious murders were caused by him. B. Baudry, Switz., 1744; Mangles, James, man'guls, a British traveler and commander; trav- stabbed to death by Charlotte Corday. See Corp.AY. eled in Egypt, Nubia, Syria and the Holy Land. B. 1785; d. 1861. Maratti, Carlo, ma-rat'ee, an Italian artist; masterpiece, “Martyr- Manin, Daniel, ma-neen', an illustrious Italian patriot, formerly dom of St. Biagio,” at Genoa. B. Ancona, 1625; d. Rome, 1713. president of the Venetian republic; a reform leader; Venice besieged Marbeau, Jean Baptiste Francois, mar-bo', a Fr. philanthropist and by Austrians in 1848-9, and surrendered when Manin, its defender, author. B. Brives, 179S. retired to Paris. B. Venicc, 1Sot; d. Paris, 1857. Marbeck, John, mar’bek, an Eng, writer. B. early in the 16th cen- Manley, John, man'li, an American naval commander; commanded tury; d. 1585. schooner Lee during revolutionary war; commissioned captain by con- Marble, Manton, mar’bl, an Am. composer, contributing to three gress; deserted; was chased and captured and imprisoned in Halifax; papers in N. Y. B. Worcester, Mass., 1835. after a rigorous confinement, was put in command Hague frigate, Marcello, Benedetto, mar-chel'o, an Italian musical composer; stood which, after lying in peril on a sand bank off Guadeloupe for three second to none as a master and poet. B. Venice, 1 S6; d. Brescia, 1739. days, contrived to cffect her escape; this exploit closed the maritime Marcellus, Marcus Claudius, mar-sel"/tts, a Roman consul and con- operations of the U. S. during the revolutionary war. B. Torbay, queror of Syracuse; commanded an expedition against the Gauls, and Eng., 1734; d. Boston, 1793. k. with his own hand Viridomarus, k. of the enemy; first Roman to Manley, Mary man’le, an Eng. dramatic and political writer of dis- obtain any advantage over IIannibal; attacked Syracuse, but the effect tinction. B. Guernsey, 1672; d. London, 1724. s of the inventions of Archimedes, used against him, caused his defeat, -á --~ - f f ~ *nd baffled the efforts of the Romans for three successive years, when Marcellus at last won; opposed Hannibal a second time; killed in an *mbuscade, near Venusia in Apulia, in 208. B. 26S B. C. *farcellus I. and II, popes. The first died, 31o; second, 1555. • March, Charles W., an Am. writer; “Daniel Webster and his Con- *mporaries, or Reminiscences of Congress.” B. Portsmouth, N.H., *5; d. Alexandria, Egypt, 1864. Marchesi, Pompeo, mar-ka'see, an Italian artist and prof. of fine arts; his “Celebration of Good Friday” was presented by the emp. Francis to the city of Milan. B. 1790; d. Milan, 1858. Marchisio, Carlotta, mar-ke'zo, an Italian singer of celebrity. B. Turin, 1835; d. 1S72. Marcou, Jules, mar’ko, a Fr. writer and explorer; “Geological Map of U.S.” B. Salins, 1824. Marcy, William Learned, mar'si, an Am. politician and traveling Correspondent with Austrian government; writer and diplomat of "emarkable ability. B. Southbridge, Mass., 1786; d. Ballston Spa, 'N. Y., 1857. Marenzio, Luca, mar-en'zeo, an Italian writer and tutor; one of the greatest composers of the 16th cen. B. Brescia, 1550; d. 1599. * Maresch, J. A., mar-esh', a Russian musician and master of 37 *struments; the first trial of his musical ability was made in 1755, in presence of the imperial court, near Moscow. B. Bohemia, 1709; d. St. Petersburg, 1794. Marezoll, Gustav Ludwig Theodor, mar'e-zol, an eminent professor *nd writer. B. Gottingen, 1794; d. Leipsic, 1873. Margaret, marga-ret, dau. of Waldemar III., k, of Denmark, and W. of Haco VII., k, of Norway, was placed on the throne of both kingdoms on the death of her son, Olaf IV., in 1387; by the union of Calmar, she became sovereign of Denmark, Sweden and Norway, a limited monarchy; violated conditions of her trust, and was called the Semiramis of the North. B. Copenhagen, 1353; d. Flensburg, 1412. Margaret, daughter of Rene of Anjou, king Sicily, and wife of Henry VI, king of England; in civil wars between the houses of York and Lancaster, she displayed the character of * heroine. Her husband being taken prisoner, in 1455, by earl of Warwick, she levied forces, set Henry at liberty, and entered Lon- don in triumph; but in 1460, her army was def. at Northampton, and Henry again became a prisoner; she however escaped to Scotland, raised another army, and marched against the duke of York, who fell in the battle of Wakefield; she next def. Warwick at 2d battle of St. Albans, but was routed in the bloody battle at Towton; afterward defeated at IIexham, and in 1471 sustained a final defeat at Tewkes- bury, where she and her son were taken prisoners; her brother, Louis XI., of France, purchased her liberty. Her husband was sent to the Tower, where, it is believed, he was slain by Richard, duke of Glou- cester, 1471. Margaret was born Pont-a-Mousson, 1429; d. in France, 1482. Margaret, (Beaufort), countess of Richmond and Derby, dau. of duke of Somerset; married Edmund Tudor, earl of Richmond, by whom she had a son, afterward Henry VII. B. 1441; d. 1509. r Magaret of Valois, q. of Navarre, and sister to Fraticis I., k, of France; married Henry d'Albret, k, of Navarre, by whom she had Jeanne d'Albret, m. of Henry IV.; encouraged the Protestants. B. Angouleme, 1492; d. chateau Odos in Bigorre, 1549. Margaret, queen and saint of Scotland; founded several churches. B. Hungary, Io;6; d. Edinburgh, 1093. Margaret of Austria, daughter Maximilian I., emp. Germany. B. in the Low Countries, 14So; d. 1530. *- Margaret, Parma, daughter of Charles V., lady of a noble Flemish family, and a woman of great ability as a ruler. B. Brussells, 1522; d. Ortona, Italy, 1586. Margaret, of France, queen of Navarre, daughter of Henry II., a beautiful and talented woman; married Henry, then prince of Bearn, but afterward King of France; the marriage was dissolved, and she lived in splendor and dissipation at Paris, till her death in 1615. B. 1552. Margaritone, D'Arezzo, da-ret'so, an Italian poet and painter. B. Arezzo, about 1236; d. 1313. • Marheineke, Philip Konrad, nar-hi'neh-keh, a German writer and professor. B. Hildesheim, 17So; d. Berlin, 1846. Maria Christina, ma-ree'a kris-tee'na, queen of Spain, and daughter of Francis I.; 4th wife of Ferdinand VII. B. Naples, 1806. Maria da Gloria, ma-ree'a da glo're-a, queen of Portugal, and dau. of John VI. B. Rio Janeiro, 1819; d. Lisbon, 1853. Marie de Medici, me-de'che, daughter of Francis I., grand duke of Tuscany, married Henry IV., of France, in 16oo; an unhappy union, she being jealous, obstinate, and violent; Richelieu forced her to quit France. B. Florence, 1573; d. Cologne, in destitution, 1642. Maria. Theresa, tai rai'sa, archduchess of Austria, q. of Hungary and Bohemia, and empress of Austria; was the dau. of the Emperor Charles VI., and of Elizabeth Christina, of Brunswick-Wolfenbuttel. She married, in 1736, Francis Stephen of Loraine, afterward emp. by name of Francis I.; in 1740 her f. died, which event plunged Europe into war; after cight years of war a peace was concluded at Aix-la- Chapelle, by which Maria. Theresa was secured in her rights; after another war, peace was concluded in 1763; was one of the most ener- getic and noble of rulers, and won the name of mother of her country. B. Vienna, 1717; d. Vienna, 17So. Maria Louisa, ma-ri’a loo-e'sa, ex-empress of the French, and sec- ond w. of Napoleon Bonaparte; was eldest dau. of Francis I., emp. of Austria (who must not be confounded with Francis I., emp. of Ger- many); in 1814 she refused to accompany Napoleon to Elba. B. 1791; d. 1847. Marie Antoinette, ma're an’t woi-net, was the dau. of emp. Francis I. and of Maria Theresa. When the Fr. revolution burst forth, 1789, the public fury was directed against her, but she supported herself amidst the vilest indignities and brutal scenes, with unshaken fortitude; she suffered and cndured to the bitter end nearly all that ever fell to the lot of mortal,—a sacrifice to promote friendly alliance between France and Austria; she was one of the most beautiful and virtuous queens of the last century. Sec ANToINETTE, Marie. Marie Amelie, ma-re' a-ma-le', queen Caserta, dau. Ferdinand I. B. near Naples, 1782; d. Claremont, Eng., 1866. Marie, Charles Francois Maximilien, ma-re', a Fr. mathematician and explorer. B. Paris, 1819. Mariette, Auguste Edouard, ua-re-et', a Fr. orientalist and teacher of arts. B. Boulogne, 1821. - Marina, Malintzia, ma-ree'nee, an Indian woman of noble blood; interpreter to conqueror Spain. D. Tehuantepec, 1550. Marini, Giambattista, ma-ree'nee, an Italian writer. B. Naples, 1569; d. 1625. Mario, Giuseppe, ma're-o, an Italian singer and composer. B. Cag- liari, Sardinia, 1810. Marion, Francis, mar'e-on, an Am. brig.-gen.; served against the Cherokees in 1761; he continually surprised and captured parties of the British and the royalists by the secrecy and rapidity of his movements. B. Winyaw, S.C., 1732; d. Eutaw, 1795. Mariotte, Edme, ma-re-ot', a French scientist and inventor; date, and place of birth unknown; d. 1684. Marius, Caius, ma'ri-us, a Roman gen., and seven times consul; a successful warrior; noted for his cruelty to the vanquished, specially the women. B. Arpinum, 157 B. c.; d. Rome, 86. Marivaux, Pierre Carlet de Chamblain de, deh ma-re-vo', an Italian comedy writer, and mem. French academy. B. Paris, 16SS; d. 1763. Marks, Henry Stacy, marks, an Eng. artist; “Slender's Courtship;” “Spider and the Fly.” B. London, Sept. 13; 1829. Mark, St., teacher and preacher of the gospel; suffered martyrdom. in Alexandria, where he was first bishop. Venice claims to possess his body. - Markham, Clements Robert, mark'am, Eng. scholar and secy, royal geographical society. B. Stillingfleet, near York, 1830. # Marlborough, John Churchill, duke of, marl'bur-o, an illustrious Eng. gen, and statesman; served at siege of Tangier, against the Moors; served under the great Turenne, who called him the “Hand- some Englishman;” served at siege of Maestricht; aided in suppressing Monmouth's rebellion; went over from king James to William of Orange; king William appointed him earl in 16S9, and made him chief in command of Eng. army in the Low Countries; he next served in Ireland, and reduced Cork, with other strong places, in a campaign vs. France and Spain; in 1702 took a number of strong towns; fought France and Bavarians at Blenheim, and was victorious; in 1706 fought +== —a—912 - "--- " --r- BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 309 "--— * 6-e- 3 IO BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. ––a–sm" ---> --amisms the famous battle of Ramilies; in 1709 def. Marshal Villars at Mal- plaquet. I3. Ashe, Devonshire, 1650; d. London, 1722. Marliani, Aurelio, ow-ra'le-o, an Italian poet. B. Lombardy, 1So;; killed Bologna, 1849. Marlowe, Christopher, mar’lo, an Eng. dramatist; wrote second and third parts IIenry VI., Shakespeare. B. Canterbury, 1564; killed Dept- ford, 1593. Marmont, Auguste Frederic Louis Viesse, d’, deh mar-mon', duke and marshal of France; aide-de-camp under Bonaparte, 1796. B. Chatillon- sur-Seine, 1774; d. Venice, 1852. Marmontel, Jcan Francois, mar’mton-tel”, a celebrated French writer of tragedies; author several poems. B. Bort, Limousin, 1723; d. Able- ville, 1799. Marochetti, Carlo, ma-ro-ket'ee, a Sardinian sculptor. B. Turin, 1805; d. Paris, 1867. Marot, Clement, ma-ro', a French writer and translator. B. Cahors, 1495; d. Turin, 1544. Marquette, Jacques, mar-ket', a French explorer of the Mississippi; missionary to Canada in 1666; started from Mackinaw and went to Wis- consin river by way of Grcen Bay, reaching the Mississippi river in June, 1673; returned from about the mouth of Arkansas river, travers- ing the Illinois river, and reached Green Bay, after traveling 2,500 miles in open canoes. B. Laon, France, 1637; d. on east shore of Lake Michigan, in presence of two French attendants, 1675. Marracci, Ludovico, mar-rat'chee, an Orientalist in Italy; prof. of seven languages. IB. Lucca, 1612; d. Itome, 1700. Marryat, Frederick, mar're-dt, a celebrated Eng. novelist; “King's Own,” “Poor Jack.” B. London, 1792; d. Norfolk, 1848. Mars, Anne Francois IIippolyte Boutet, mars, a French actress; without a rival 30 years on the French stage. B. Paris, 1779; d. 1847. Marsden, William, marz'den, a British prof. of languages and litera- ture; “Grammar and Dictionary of Malay Language.” B. Dublin, 1754; d. London, 1836. Marsh, Anne, marsh, an Eng. author of 20 works. B. Lindleywood, near the close of the last century; d. 1874. Marsh, Dexter, an Am. naturalist. B. 1806; d. Greenfield, Massa- chusetts, 1853. Marsh, George Perkins, an Am. philologist and diplomatist. B. Woodstock, Vt., 1Sol. Marsh, Herbert, an Eng. and Ger. writer, prof. to the nobility Eng- land. B. London, 1757; d. Peterborough, 1839. Marsh, James, an Am. tutor and prof. of modern languages; pres. university Vermont; author several books on education. B. Hartford, Vt., 1794; d. Colchester, 1842. Marsh, Othniel Charles, an Am. naturalist, prof. Yale college, and author several scientific publications. B. Lockport, N.Y., 1831. Marshall, Humphrey, mar'shal, an Am. politician and jurist. B. Frankfort, Ky., 1812; d. Louisville, 1872. Marshall, John, an Am. jurist and author; wrote verses at age 14; at 20 was capt. in rev. army. B. Fauquier, Va., 1755; d. Philadelphia, 1835. Marshall, Thomas Francis, a nephew of chief-justice Marshall; politician and lawyer; historian, and temperance lecturer. B. Frank- fort, Ky., 1801; d. near Versailles, 1864. Marshall, William Calder, a Scottish artist. B. Edinburgh, 1813. Marshman. Joshua, an Eng. missionary and Chinese scholar, aided in preparing several publications. B. Westbury, Leigh, 1767; d. Ser- ampore, India, 1837. Marsigli, Luigi Ferdinando, mar-see'lyee, an It. prof. mathematics and hist.; served in imperial army. B. Bologna, 1658; d. 1730. Marston John, mar'ston, an Eng. writer and lecturer. B. 1570; d. 1634. Marston, Westland, mar'ston, an Eng. dramatic author. B. Bos- ton, 1820. Marstrand, Wilhelm, mars' tra, a Danish artist, and prof. at Copen- hagen. B. Copenhagen, 1810; d. 1873. Martens, Georg Friedrich, mar'tens, a Ger. prof. of jurisprudence. B. Hamburg, 1756; d. Frankfort, 1821. Martial, Marcus Valerius, Martialis, mar'shi-al, a Latin poet and historical author. B. Bilbilis, Spain, 43; d. there, 104. Martin, Alexander, mar-tan', an Am. senator; state senator, 1779-'82; gov. N. C. Born in N.J., 1740; d. Danbury, N. C., 1So?. Martin, Arthur, mar-tan', a Fr. Jesuit, and author several illustrated works; f. of St. Mary's college, Canada. venna, IS56. Martin, Francois Xavier, an Am. jurist; practiced 20 years in N. C.; transferred to Orleans, cutled the father of jurisprudence of La., jus- tice supreme court 32 years, ten years of which, he was almost entirely blind. B. Marseilles, France, 1764; d. New Orleans, 1846. Martin, John, an Eng. artist. B. Hayden Bridge, Northumberland, 1789; d. Douglas, 1354. Martin, Luther, an Am. lawyer and publisher; “Genuine Informa- tion to Legislature of Md.” B. in N.J., 1744; d. N. Y., 18.6. Martin I., Pope, mar’tin, suc. Theodore in 649; held council at Rome that offended emp. Constantius, who caused Martin to be sent to Con- stantinople, and then to the Crimea, where he died of ill-usage in 655. II. Suc. John VIII. in SS2; condemned Photius, patriarch of Constanti- nople; d. 884. III., a Roman, suc. Stephen VIII. in 942. IV., a French- man, suc. Nicholas III. in 12S1; excommunicated emp. Michael Palaco- logus, and Peter I., k, of Sicily; d. 1285. V. (Otho Colonna), persecuted followers of Huss in Bohemia, and closed the council of Constance, in 1417; d. 1431. - Martin, St., a military prof. of Constantine the Great, at 15; St. Mar- tin is first in Latin church to whom was given title of Confessor. B. Sabaria, Pannonia,316; d. Cande, Touraine, 4oo. Martin, Theodore, a British writer and lawyer. B. Edinburgh, 1816. Martineau, Harriet, mar'te-no, an Eng.-French authoress; wrote tales and tracts up to 1830; pub. “Illustrations of Taxation,” and “Poor Law and Paupers;” “Society in America,” 1837; “Comte's Pos- itive Philosophy.” B. Norwich, 1802; d. 1876. Martínez, De La Rosa, Francisco, mar-tee'neth, a Spanish politi- cian and prof. of languages; senator. B. Granada, 1789; d. 1S62. Martius, Karl Friedrich Philip von, mart'se-oos, a Ger. botanist and traveler. B. Erlangen, 1794; d. Munich, 186S. Martyn, Henry, mar-tat', an Eng. traveler and educator. B. Truro, 1781; d. Tokat, 1812. Marvell, Andrew, mar'vel, an Eng. writer and lecturer; B. Kings- ton-upon-Hull, 1620; d. London, 1678. Marx, marx, Adolph Bernhard, a Ger. socialist, and journalist. B. Halle, 1799; d. 1866. Marx, Karl, a Ger, composer; “Philosophy of Jurisprudence.” B. Treves, 1818. Mary, the mother of Jesus, cousin to Elizabeth, the m. of John the Baptist; present at the marriage in Cana, and also at the crucifixion of Jesus. Mary I., better known as bloody Queen Mary; queen of Eng.; mar- ried the Emperor Charles V. B. Greenwich palace, 1516; d. St. James’ palace, 1558. Mary II., w. of William III., q. of Great Britain; daughter James II. B. St. James, 1662; d. Kensington palace, 1694. Mary of the incarnation, Marie Guyard, Ursuline nun; named St. Theresa of New France. B. Tours, France, 1599; d. Quebec, 1672. Mary Magdalene, so named from Magdala, a town in Galilee; a wo- man believed to be of unblemished character, having been relieved of demoniacal possession. Mary, Stuart, q. of Scots, daughter of James V., seventh king of Stuart family. On the accession of Elizabeth to the throne of England, Mary put in her claim to that dignity, on the plea of Eliza- beth's illegitimacy. This step proved fatal to Mary, it being the princi- pal cause of those misfortunes that afterward befel her; condemned to death, 1583, and executed after she had suffered in captivity nearly 19 years at Fotheringay castle, Northamptonshire, Eng., 1587. B. 1542. Masaccio, Tommaso Guido, ma-sat'cho, an It, artist; his subjects were all Biblical. B. San Giovanni, near Florence in 15th century; d. 1443. Masham, Abigail, mash'am, a lady of the Eng. court; favorite of Queen Anne. B. 1675; d. 1734. Mason, Francis, ma’son, an Am. missionary at Calcutta, pub. and translator. B. York, Eng., 1799; d. Rangoon, Burmah, 1874. Mason, Jeremiah. an Am. jurist, and officer in revolutionary army. B. Lebanon, Conn., 1768; d. Boston, 1848. Mason, John, an army officer of Conn.; “Pequot War.” B. Eng., 1600; d. Norwich, Conn., 1672. Mason, John Mitchell, an Am. minister, N.Y., and projector of several magazines. Born in N. Y., 1770, d. 1829. B. Auray, 1801; d. Ra- = t | —l. BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 3 II *ason, Lowell, an Am. writer of books and music. B. Medfield, Mass., 17~" d. Orange, N.J., 1872. *ason, William, an Eng. writer of prose, poetry, and music. B. Hull, 1725 d. York, 1797. ** Mason, George Hemming, ma’son, an Eng. artist; “IIarvest Moon;” Girls Dancing by the Sea.” B. at Witley, Staffordshire, 1818. *Tasse, Gabriel, mas'a, a French councilor and editor; translated several Fr. works. B. Poitiers, 1807. *Tassena, Andre, ma-sa-na", prince of Essling, and officer of France. B. Nice, 1758; d. Paris, 1817. s *Tassey, Gerald, mas'i, an Eng. writer of poems, dwelling on educa- tion, and intemperance. B. near Tring, Hertfordshire, 1828. Massillon, Jean Baptiste, mas'sil-lon, a French orator and teacher, made bishop of Clermont, 1717; preacher of the funeral sermons of the royal families. B. IIyeres, Provence, 1663; d. 1742. Massinger, Philip, mas'in-jer, an Eng. actor, and writer; “Virgin Martyr;” “Duke of Milan.” B. Salisbury, 1584; d. London, 1640. Masson, David, mason, a Scottish critic and writer. B. Aber- deen, 1822. * Masudi, Abul-Hasen Ali ben Husein ben Ali, na-soo'dee, an Arab hist, and prof. of sciences. B. Bagdad, 890; d. Cairo, 956. Mather, Richard, math'er, an Am. theologian and writer. B. Low- ton, Lancashire, 1596; d. Dorchester, Mass., 1669. Mather, Theobald, an Irish temperance orator and writer; made scv- cral thousand converts to the total abstinence society. B. Thomas- town, Ireland, 1790; d. 1856. Mathews, Charles, math'uz, an Eng. artist and writer. B. Lon- don, 1776; d. Plymouth, 1835. Mathews, Cornelius, an Am. writer, on politics and of fairy tales. B. Port Chester, New York, 1817. Mathias, mat-tee'as, Thomas James, an Eng. writer and professor in the royal household. B. near Naples, 1750; d. Naples, 1835. Matsys, Quintin, nat-sis', a Flemish artist; “Descent from the Cross,” in Windsor Castle, and the “Misers,” are master productions that have never been equaled. B. Louvaine, 1460; d. Antwerp, 1530. Matteucci, Carlo, mat-ta'oot-chee, an Italian author and professor of literature, made experiments in electro-physics. B. Forli, 1811; d. Leghorn, 1868. Matthew, St., math'u, author of the first gospel of New Testament, supposed to have been written five years after the ascension. Matthew, Paris, an Eng. hist., prof. and writer. B. 1195; d. 1259. Matthias, mat-tee'as, emp. of Germany, grandson of Charles V. and son of Maximilian II. B. 1557; d. 1619. Mattison, Hiram, mate-son, an Am. preacher and teacher of Meth- odism. B. Norway, N. Y., 1811; d. Jersey City, New Jersey, 1868. Maturin, Charles Robert, mat/yoo-rin, an Irish preacher and novel- ist; assisted by Lord Byron. B. Dublin, 1782; d. there, 1824. Maudsley, Henry, mawda'li, an Eng. physician, surgeon and editor. B. near Settle, Yorkshire, 1835. Maurer von, Georg Ludwig, fon mow'rer, a Ger. statesman and coun- cilor. B. Erpolsheim, Rhenish Bavaria, 1790; d. Munich, 1872. Maurice, maw’riss, a Ger, ruler of Saxony. B. Freiburg, 1521; d. Sievershausen, 1553. * Maurice, maw’riss, second son William I., Orange, count Nassau; at the age of 17 gov. and capt.-gen. of Holland and Zealand. B. Dil- lenburg, 1567; d. Hague, 1625. Maurice, John Frederick Denison, an Eng. ecclesiastic; author of many Christian works. B. London, 1805; d. there, 1872. Maurice, Thomas, an Eng. minister and librarian to the British museum. B. Hertford, 1755; d. London, 1824. Mauricius, Flavius Tiberius, maw’riss-i-us, a Byzantine commander- in-chief. B. Arabissus, Cappadocia, 539; executed, 602. Maury, Jean Siffrein, mo-re', cardinal and orator of France. B. Val- reas, Venaissin, 1746; d. 1817. Maury, Louis Ferdinand Alfred, a French writer and professor of sciences. B. Meaux, 1817. Maury, Matthew Fontaine, an Am. hydrographic engineer and mid- shipman. B. Spottsylvania, Va., 1805; d. Lexington, Va., 1873. Mavrocordatos, Alexander, mav-ro-kor-da’tos, a Greek politician of liberal tendencies; in 1850 amb. at Paris. B. Constantinople, 1791; d. Egina, 1865. Maxcy, Jonathan, max'ci, an Am, minister and prof. divinity. B. Attleborough, Mass., 176S; d. Columbia, S. C., 1820. Maximilian I., maks-i-milyan, monarch of Germany, son of emp. Frederick III.; author of several botanical works. B. Neustadt, near Vienna, 1459; d. Wels, 1519. Maximilian, Ferdinand Maximilian Joseph, prince of Austria and monarch of Mexico; married Charlotte, sister of king of the Belgians. B. Vienna 1832; shot, Queretaro, Mex., 1867. Maximilian, Joseph, duke, and journalist of Bavaria. berg, 1808. Maximin, Caius Julius Verus Maximinus, maks-i-min', a Roman monarch, besieged Aquileia; executed by his own soldiers. B. Thrace, latter part 2d century; put to death, 238. May, Samuel Joseph, an Am. minister of Boston; traveled and lectured extensively; “Recollections of the Anti-Slavery Conflict.” B. Boston, 1797; d. Syracuse, N.Y., 1871. May, Sir Thomas Erskine, an Eng. writer and translator; “IIistory of Democracy in Europe.” B. 1815. Mayer, Alfred Marshall, ma'er, an Am. prof. of physics, chemistry and astronomy. B. Baltimore, 1836. Mayer, Brantz, an Am, writer and lawyer, paymaster in U. S. army. B. Baltimore, ISO9. Mayer, Johann Tobias, a Ger prof. mathematics; made valuable dis- coveries. B. Marbach, 1723; d. Gottingen, 1762. Mayer, Constant, an Am. artist; “Good Words;” “Riches and Poverty;” “Maud Muller.” B. Besancon, France, 1831. Mayer, Julius Robert, a German prof. physics. B. Heilbronn, Wur- temberg, IS14. Mayer, Karl, a German musician and composer; most graceful and masterly composer for the piano of his day. B. Clausthal, 1799; d. Dresden, 1862. Mayer, Karl Friedrich Hartmann, a German composer and lawyer. B. Neckar, Bischofsheim, Wurtemberg, 1786; d. Tubingen, 1870. Mayhew, Jonathan, ma'htt, an Am. controversialist, and clergyman. B. Martha's Vineyard, Mass., 1720; d. Boston, 1766. Mayo, Amory Dwight, ina'o, an Am. minister and prof. theology; author of eight publications. B. Warwick, Mass., 1823. - Mayo, Richard Southwell Bourke, a British jurist, and chief secy. Ireland. B. Dublin, Ireland, 1822; assassinated, Pt. Blair, Andaman islands, 1872. Mayo, William Starbuck, an Am. writer and physician; pub. hist. of travels in Barbary states. B. Ogdensburg, N.Y., 1812. Mayo, Isabella, an Eng, writer (Edward Garret); “The Crust and the Cake,” White as Snow.” B. London, 1843. Mazarin, Jules, maz-a-reen', prime minister of Louis XIV.; became absolute ruler of Fr. B. Piscina, Naples, 1602; d. Paris, 1661. - Mazeppa, Jan, ma-zep'a, commander-in-chicf of Cossacks; his ability gave him great influence; attained favor with Peter the Great. B. 1645; d. Bender, Turkey, 1709. Mazzini, Guiseppe, mat-see'nee, an Italian revolutionist; master of languages. B. in Genoa, 1Soš; d. Pisa, 1872. Mazzolini, Lodovico, mat-soo-li'ne, an Ital. artist. B. Ferrara, 14S1; d. therc, 1530. Mead, Larkin Goldsmith, meed, an Am. artist of celebrity; modeled in snow a statue of “Recording Angel,” cut in marble in 1855; exe- cuted statue figures for Lincoln monument, and several other notable pieces of art. B. Chesterficlá, N. H., 1835. Meade, George Gordon, need, son of Richard W., a citizen of Phila- delphia, an Am. maj.-gen.; graduated at West Point, 1835, and began active service in the Seminole war in the same year, as 2d lieut.; from 1836 to 1S42 he was engaged in civil engineering; during the Mexican war served as 2d lieut. of topographical engineers; for gallantry at Palo Alto and Monterey, he was made 1st lieut., 1846; upon the call to arms in 1861, he was made brig.-gen., soon afterward major of topo- graphical engineers; fought valiantly at Mechanicsville, Gaines' Mills, and at Cross Roads, Va., where he was wounded; at Antictam he took charge of Gen. Hooker's corps upon the latter's being wounded, and at Fredericksburg commanded 2d div. 1st army corps; in 1863 he was made maj.-gen., and on June 28, 1862, a messenger from Washington arrived on the field with orders for Meade to relieve Hooker as com- mander of the Army of the Potomac, on July 1 he met Lee at Gettys- B. Bam- -M- =r- ~!!- —B- *| G= * | 8|r, T. – —==" 312 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. burg, where the greatest battle of the war was fought; after Grant as- sumed command as lieut.-gen., Meade still held immediate command of the Army of the Potomac, and led it on the bloody fields of Cold Har- bor, Spottsylvania, Wilderness, and the region about Richmond and Petersburg during 1864-5. B. at Cadiz, Spain, during the temporary residence of his parents there, 1815. Mead, Richard, an Eng. experimentalist, and member of the royal society. B. Stepney, near London, 1675; d. London, 1754. Meade, Richard Kidder, meed, an Am. gen.; later a Prot. Epis. min- ister and writer. B. Nansemond co., Va., 1750; d. Frederick co., in early part 19th century. Meade, Richard Worsam, an Am. merchant and speculator; engineer in government survey of the delta of Mississippi. B. Chester co., Penn., 1778; d. Washington, D.C., 1828. Meagher, Thomas Francis, ma'her, an Irish gen., secy. Montana ter. B. Waterford, 1823; drowned, upper Mo., near Ft. Benton, 1867. Mechain, Pierre Francois Andre, ma-shan’, a Fr. astronomer, prof. mathematics. B. Laon, 1744; d. Castellon, Spain, 1805. Mede, Joseph, meed', an Eng. prof. of theology, B. Berden, Essex, 1586; d. Cambridge, 1638. Medhurst, Walter Henry, med'hurst, an Eng. missionary and Chinese scholar; “China, its State and Prospects.” B. Lon., 1796; d. there, 1857. Meek, Alexander Beaufort, meek, an Am. writer. B. Columbia, S. C., 1814; d. Columbus, Miss., 1865. Meek, Fielding Bradford, meek, an Eng. student of antiquity; ob- tained specimens from the Bad Lands of Dakota. B. Madison, Ind., 1817; d. in Washington, D.C., 1876. Mehemet, Ali, me!he-met, pasha of Egypt; destroyer of the Mame- lukes and Wahabees; an extraordinary man and wise ruler; his rise due to his intelligence and courage, assisted by intrigue and assassina- tion. B. Cavalla, Roumelia, 1769; d. Cairo, 1849. Mehul, Etienne Henri, ma-ull, a Fr. writer; composed 42 opcras, besides ballet and instrumental music. B. Givet, Ardennes, 1763; d. Paris, 1817. Meiggs, Henry, mega, an Am. merchant and contractor; builder of bridges; in two years cleared $1,326,000, by contract with Chilian gov. for building a railroad. B. Catskill, N. Y., 1811. Meigs, James Atkins, mega, an Am. prof. of medicine and author of scientific works. B. Phila., 1829. Meigs, Return Jonathan, an Am. colonel of revolutionary fame; dis- tinguished at Sag Harbor, for which he received a sword from con- gress. B. Middletown, Conn., 1740; d. in Ga., 1S23. Meiners, Christoph, mi’mers, a Ger. historian. B. Hanover, 1747; d. Gottingen, 1810. Meissner, Alfred, miss’ner, a Ger, poetic writer, B. Teplitz, 1822. Meissonier, Jean Louis Ernest, mison'e-air, a Fr. artist of miniature subjects of exquisite finish and delicacy. B. Lyons, 1813. Mejia, Tomas, ma-hee'a, a Mexican soldier, entitled “king of the mountains;” 20 years connected with Mexican revolution; captured with Maximilian at Queretaro, and executed, 1S67. B. about 1812. Mekhitar, mek'e-tar, an Armenian reformer; translator of standard European works. B. Sebaste, Asia Minor, 1676; d. 1749. Mela, Pomponius ma'la, a Roman writer of a methodical treatise em- braced in three books, giving description of the world, as known by the Romans. Fl. in the early part of 1st century. Melancthon, Philip, me-lank/thon, the reformer and friend of Luther; author of “Augsburg Confession of Faith;” B. Bretten, 1497; d. Wittenberg, 1560. Melbourne, William Launb, mel'burn, an Eng. statesman, first lord of the treas., and head of the whig party. B. London, 1779; d. there, 1848. Melchizedek, mel-kiz'ze-dek, mentioned before the institution of Aaronic order as a priest of the most high God; his birth and gene- alogy are concealed. Melchthal, Arnold von, fon melk'tal, legendary Swiss patriot. B. Unterwalden latter part 13th century; d. 1572. Melendez Valdez, Juan Antonio, ma-len'deth val/deth, a Spanish prof. and poet; his works were published at Madrid. 1820. B. Ribera del Fresno, 1754; d. Montpellier, France, 1S17. Meletius, me-lee'shi-tts, a philosopher of Samos. B. Egypt, 26o; d. . Lycopolis in Thebais, 326. Meletius, a bishop, author, and poet of Antioch; principal accuser of Socrates. B. Melitene, near Euphrates, 31o; d. Constantinople, 381. Meli, Giovanni, ma'lee, a Sic. poet. B. Palermo, 1740; d. there, 1815. Mellen, Grenville, mel'len, an Am, writer and lawyer. B. Bidde- ford, Me., 1799; d. N. Y., Cuba, 1840. Mellin, Gustaf Henrik, mel-Jon, a Swedish writer, prof. and transla- tor. B. It evolax, Finland, 1So?. Melloni, Macedonio, mel-lo'nee, an It prof.; made discoveries in radi- ation of lunar heat. B. Parma, 1801; d. Portici, near Naples, 1853. Melmoth, William, me!'moth, an Eng. writer and classical translator. B. London, 1666; d. 1743. Melo, Francisco Manuel de, da-ma'lo, a Spanish hist, and poet. B. Lisbon, 1611; d. there, 1665. Melville, Andrew, me/vil, a religious reformer of Scotland; commen- tary on the epistle Paul to the Romans, by him is still extant. B. Baldovy, 1545; d. Sedan, Fr., 1622. Melville, Herman, an Am. traveler and novelist; at 18 cmbarked as a sailor for the Pacific coast. Born, N.Y., 1819. Melville, Sir James, a Scottish officer in the service of Montmorency; “Memoirs of Sir James Melville. B. Raith, Fifeshire, 1535; d. Hal- hill, 1607. Membre, Zenobius, mem-bra', a French missionary explorer, and writer. B. Bapaume, France, 1645; killed, Texas, 1687. Memling, Hans, mem'ling, a Flemish artist of celebrity. B. Bruges, 1425; supposed to have died in Spain, at beginning of 16th century. Memminger, Charles Gustavus, mem'in-ger, an Am. statesman and publisher, member legislature, and reformer school system. B. Wurtemberg, Ger., 1803. Memnon, mem'non, a Greek hist, and daring gen. of Darius, son of Eos, ruler of Ethiopians; served in defense of Troy against Greeks. Menage, Gilles, "na-nazh', a French scholar, critic, and writer, law- yer, and priest. B. Angers, 1613; d. Paris, 1692. Menander, or the most distinguished poet of Athens; author of the “New Comedy.” B. 342 B. c.; drowned, 291. Menard, Rene, me-nard', a French traveler and preacher; suffered great cruelty from the Indians. B. Paris, 1604; d. Lake Superior, 1661. Mendelssohn, Moses, men'dels-son, a Ger. scholar and prof. languages. B. Dessau, 1729; d. 1786. Mendelssohn Bartholdy, Felix, men'dels-son bar-to"dee, a Ger. musical author. B. Hamburg, 1809; d. Leipsic, 1847. Mendez Pinto, Fernam, men'dez pen'to, a Portuguese adventurer. B. Coimbra, 1510; d. near Lisbon, 1583. Menendez de Aviles, Pedro, ma-nen"deth, da a-vee'les, a Spanish admiral and colonizer of Florida. B. Aviles, 1519; d. Santander, 1574. Mengs, Anton Rafael, mengs, a Ger, artist and author. B. Aussig, Bohemia, 1728; d. Rome, 1779. Menshikoff, Alexander Danilovitch, men'shi-kof, a Russian states- man and major-gen. B. Moscow, 1672; d. Berezov, Siberia, 1729. Menzel, Adolf Friedrich Erdmänn, men'tsel, a Ger. historian and artist. B. Breslau, 1815. Menzel, Karl Adolf, a Ger. prof. of hist. B. Grunberg, Silesia, 1784; d Breslau, 1S55. Menzel, Wolfgang, a Ger. composer, and volunteer officer, 1815. B. Waldenburg, Silesia, 1798; d. Stuttgart, 1873. Mercadante, Saverie, mer-ka-dan'ta, an It. writer of drama; his first works appeared at 13; author of 40 operas and director Royal conserva- tory, Naples. B. Altamura, 1797; d. Naples, 1870. Mercator, Gerard, mer-ka’tor, a Flemish designer and pub. of maps of the world; his method of laying down charts and maps is still in use. B. Rupelmonde, 1512; d. Duisburg, 1594. Mercer, IIugh, mer'ser, an Am. officer and army surgeon of the revo- lution. B. Scotland, 1720; d. active service, Princeton, N.J., 1777. Merck, Johann Heinrich, merk, a German prof. and translator. B. Darmstadt, 1741; d. 1791. Merian, Matthaus, ma’re-an, a Swiss artist and naturalist; his best known views and designs are of Heidelberg, Stuttgart. B. Basel, 1793; d. Frankfort, 1651. * Merimee, Prosper, ma-re-ma', a Fr. novelist and historian. B. Paris, 1803; d. Cannes, 1S70. Merivale, John Herman, mer'e-val, an Eng. writer and translator of poems. B. Exeter, 1779; d. 1844. s U - * f :- k |~* BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. \ Merle D'Aubigne, Jean Henri, merl do-ben-ya', a Swiss historian and minister. B. Eaux Vives, near Geneva, 1794; d. Geneva, 1872. Merode, Francois Xavier Marie Frederic Ghislain de, deh ma-rod", a Roman Catholic prelate and philanthropist; descends from Raymond Berenger V. B. Brussels, 1820; d. Rome, 1874. Merrick, James, mer'ik, an Eng, poet and writer; “Messiah, a Divine Essay;” “Chameleon,” best known of his works. B. Read- *ng, 1720; d. there, 1769. Merritt, Timothy, mer'it, an Am. minister of M. E. church. B. Bark- hamstead, Conn., 1775; d. Lynn, Mass., 1845. Mery, Joseph, ma-re, a French eccentric and satirical writer. B. Les Aigalades, near Marseilles, 1798; d. Paris, 1866. Mesmer, Friedrich Anton, mes'mer, originator of mesmerism and Popular Ger. physician. B. Meersburg, Baden, on lake of Constance, 1733; d. there, 1815. * Meszaros, Lazar, med'za-ro, a Hungarian gen. and lawyer. B. Baja, co. Bacs, 1796; d. Eywood, Herefordshire, Eng., 1858. Metastasio, Pietro Antonio Domenico Bonaventura, ma-tas-ta'se-o, an Italian writer; could write and speak off-hand verse at the age of 10, and excelled all others. B. Rome, 1698; d. Vienna, 1782. Metcalf, Frederick, met/caf, an Eng. clergyman and master Brighton college; sketched domestic lives of Romans and Greeks. B. 1817. Meteyard, Eliza, net-e-yard, an Eng. writer; “A Group of English- men,” “Life of Josiah Wedgewood.” B. about 1810. Metternich, Clemens Wenzel Nepomuk Lothar, fon meter-nik, an Austrian statesman; minister foreign affairs in war between Austria and France. B. Coblentz, 1773; d. Vienna, 1859. Metzu, Gabriel, met'zu, a Dutch genre painter. B. Leyden, 1615; d. 1658. Meulen, Antoine Francois van der, van der muh'len, a Flemish painter of battles, hunting scenes and cavalcades. B. Brussels, 1634; d. Paris, 1690. Meyer, Johann Heinrich, a Ger. writer and director academy of art. B. Stafa, Lake Zurich, 1759; d. Weimer, 1832. Meyerbeer, Giacomo, mi'er-bair, a Ger. writer on music; original name, Jakob Meyer Beer; in his fifth year played spontaneous tunes on the piano. B. Berlin, 1794; d. Paris, 1864. Meyerheim, Friedrich Eduard, mi'er-him, a Ger, artist and prof.; “Little Milkmaid sitting at the Roadside, counting her Earnings.” B. Dantzic, 1Sos. Meyr, Melchior, mir, a Ger. writer. B. Nordlingen, 1810. Mezeray, Francois Endes de, deh-maz-ra', a Fr. prof. and historian. B. Ry, near Argenten, 1610; d. Paris, 1683. Mezieres, Alfred, mez-e-air', a distinguished French writer. B. Rchon, Department Moselle, 1826. Mezzofanti, Guiseppe Gaspardo, med-so-fan'tee, an Italian prof. of languages; mastered 10; at the time of his death was acquainted with * 14 languages. B. Bologna, 1774; d. Rome, 1849. Miall, Edward, mi’al, an Eng. editor and publisher of 9 celebrated works. B. Portsmouth, 1809. - Miaulis, Andros, mi-au/is, commander-in-chief of Greek revolution- ists. B. island Negropont, 1770; d. Athens, 1835. Michael, me-kel, the angel who disputed with Satan about the body of Moses; was consecrated by the Mohammedans as guardian angel of the Jews. Michaelis, Johann David, me-ka-a'lis, a Ger. Biblical critic and his- torian; lecturer. B. Halle, 1717; d. Gottingen, 1791. Michaud, Joseph, me-sho’, a Fr. hist, and journalist. B. Albens, SQ., 1767; d. Passy, 1839. Michaux, Andre, me-sho’, a Fr. botanist and traveler. B. Versailles, 1746; d. Madagascar, 1802. Michel, Francisque Xavier, me-shel', a Fr. journalist; his most im- portant work was philosophical researches. B. Lyons, 1Sog. Michelet, Jules, me-sheh-la', a French miscellaneous writer and hist. B. Paris, 1798; d. Hyeres, 1874. Michelet, Karl Ludwig, a Ger. scientist, and editor. B. Berlin, 1801. Michelis, Friedrich, me-ka'lis, a Ger, prof. of theology, and author of several works written against Darwin's theories. B. Munster, 1815. Mickiewicz, Adam, mits-kya'vitch, a Polish writer and prof. of literature; finest ballads in the Polish language are from his pen. B. Novogrodek, Lithuania, 1798; d. Constantinople, 1855. -—” 3 I 3 Mickle, William Julius, rai:'), a Scottish writer and translator. B. Langholm, Dumfriesshire, 1734; d. Wheatley, Oxfordshire, 17SS. Middleton, Thomas, mid/l-ton, an Eng. composer; “The Witch;” supposed that Shakspeare borrowed the witch incantations in Mac- beth. B. the latter part 16th century; d. 1627. Middleton, Thomas Fanshawe, an Eng. theologian, and bishop Cal- cutta. B. Kedleston, Derbyshire, 1769; d. Calcutta, 1822. Miel, Jan, mee', a Flemish painter; was appointed first painter to the court of Savoy. B. Antwerp, 1599; d. Turin, 1664. Mieris, Frans, mee’ris, a Dutch artist. B. 1635; d. Leyden, 1681. Mieroslawski, Ludwik, myeh-ro-slav'skee, a Polish commander and author; took brief part in Polish insurrection, 1863; def. and returned to France, where he issued several publications on political dissensions among Polish emigrants. B. Nemours, France, 1814; d. 1878. Mifflin, Thomas, "if"Win, an Am. patriot and gen.; first aid-de-camp to Washington on his trip to Cambridge; distinguished in battle Long Island; assisted in framing the federal constitution; chosen gov. of Penn. B. Phila., 1744; d. Lancaster, 1800. Migme, Jacques Paul, meen, a Fr. writer and priest; edited and pub. over 200 biblical works, and three series of dictionaries. B. St. Flour, Cantal, 1800. Mignet, Francois Auguste Marie, men:ya', a Fr. hist. and jurist; min. foreign affairs; in 1837 chosen perpetual secretary to the French academy. B. Aix, 1796. Miguel, Dom Maria Evaristo, merge!', a Portuguese prince. B. Lis- bon, 1So2; d. Brombach, Baden, 1866. Miklosich, Franz, von fon, mik'lo-shich, a Slavic author and prof. in high school, Vienna. B. Luttenberg, Styria, IS13. Milburn, William Henry, blind preacher; at the age 20 became M. E. divine, in U. S.; during several years of itineracy traveled more than 200,000 miles. B. Phila., 1S23. Mill, James, mil, a British economist and journalist; prof. Greek and metaphysics. B. Logie, Pert, 1773; d. Kensington, 1$36. Mill, John Stuart, son of James, an Eng. journalist; his general principles were associated with practical applications; aimed at a strict course of scientific reasoning; his ideas embraced on the most impor- tant topics, discussions, political, philosophical, and historical; were compiled in four vols., from 1859 to 1867. B. London, 1Soó; d. Avignon, France, 1873. * Millais, John Everett, mil-la', an Eng. artist; at 17 he obtained the gold medal for best oil picture; “Tribe of Benjamin Seizing the Daugh- ters Shiloh.” B. Southampton, 1829. Millard, David, mil'ard, an Am, minister and teacher; when 17 edited several magazines, and wrote “True Messiah in Scripture Light.” B. Ballston, N.Y., 1794; d. Jackson, Mich., 1873. Milledge, John, millege, an Am. revolutionary officer and statesman; in 17So became atty."gen., and frequently served in the legislature; f. University of Ga.; gov. of Ga. B. Savannah, 1757; d. Sandhills, 1818. Miller, Edward, "ne'er, an Am. prof. and physician; pub. first Am. medical journal at N. Y. B. Dover, Del., 1760, d. N. Y., 1812. Miller, Hugh, a Scottish geologist and writer; unequaled as a jour- nalist; his principal works have been republished in Am. B. Cromarty coast, Scotland, 1802; shot by his own hand in a fit of delirium from overwork, Portobello, near Edinburgh, 1856. Miller, James, an Am. gen, and jurist; fought at Chippewa and Lundy's Lane, his command capturing a British battery; received gold medal from Congress; gov. Ark. territory, 1819 to 1825; collector cus. toms, Salem, Mass., 1825 to 1849. B. Peterborough, N. II., 1776; d. Temple, N. H., 1851. Miller, James, a Scottish surgeon; prof. university Edinburgh more than 20 years. B. 1812; d. 1864. Miller, Joaquin, real name Cincinnatus Heine Miller; an Am. author; “Songs of Sierras.” B. in Indiana, 1841. Miller, Joseph, an Eng, stage artist; compiled a book of jests. B. London, 1684; d. 1738. Miller, Samuel, an Am. minister and prof. history; one of the de- bators in the controversy which resulted in the division of the Presby- terian Church. B. Dover, Del., 1769; d. Princeton, N.J., 1850. Miller, Thomas, an Eng. writer of fiction; edited and pub. 20 works; B. Gainesborough, 1807; d. London, 1874. Miller, William, an Am. officer in war of 1812, afterward traveling G-e- *::= 3 I4. BIOGRAPIHICAL DICTIONARY. preacher; his disciples were counted at from 30,000 to 50,000. B. Pitts- field, Mass., 1781; d. Low IIampton, N. Y., 1849. Miller, William Allen, an Eng. druggist and chemist; prof. of the sciences. B. Ipswich, 1817; d. Liverpool, 1870. Millet, Aime, me.ya', a Fr. artist; statue of “Apollo.” B. Paris, 1816. Millet, Jean Francois, a Fr. artist; celebrated for his genre land- scapes. B. 1815; d. 1875. Millet, Pierre, a Fr. traveler and preacher; was taken captive by In- dians and held four years. B. 1631; d. Quebec, 1708. Millot, Claude Francois Xavier, me-lo', a Fr. divine and prof. his- tory; cdited and published 27 works. B. Ornans, 1726; d. Paris, 1785. Mills, Charles, milz, an Eng. historian and lawyer. B. Greenwich, 1788; d. London, 1825. Mills, Clark, an Am, artist; sculptured the design of Jackson for Lafayette square, Washington, statue “Washington and Liberty,’” to be seen in the dome of the Capitol. B. Onondaga, N. Y., 1815. d. Washington, 1883. • Mills, Samuel John, Jr., an Am. minister and member 1st foreign missionary organization in America. B. Torrington, Conn., 1783; d. at sea, 1818. Milman, Henry Hart, mil’man, an Eng. poet, historian, and prof. of poetry in Oxford University; completed 6o celebrated works before his death. B. London, 1791; d. 1S68. Milne, William, mil’n, an. Eng. author and missionary; “Retrospect of the Protestant Mission to China.” D. in China, 1822. Milne-Edwards, Henri, a French scientist; succeeded F. Cuvier, in the academy sciences. B. Bruges, Belgium, 1800. Milner, John, mil"ner, an Eng. scholar and writer of the Romish Church. B. London, 1752; d. Wolverhampton, 1826. Milner, Joseph, an Eng. historian, lecturer, and prof. experimental philosophy. B. near Lecds, 1744; d. Hull, 1797. Milnor, James, mil/nor, an Am. lawyer, and minister to St. George's church, N. Y. B. Philadelphia, 1773; d. N. Y. 1844. Miltiades, mil-ti'a-dees, a celebrated Athenian gen. that suc. his bro. in thc government of the Athenian colony in the Chersonese, B. c. 513; def. Persians at Marathon, 490 B. c.; fl. beginning of 5th century. D. B. c. 4S9. Milton, John, Mil/ton, an Eng. musical artist and poct; from his ap- pearance, which was beautiful, and his serene, thoughtful, manly, and innocent life, he was designated “the lady of Christ's" in the univer. sity; “Paradisc Lost;” “Paradise Regained,” “Comus,” “L’Allegro,” “Il Penseroso,” “Lycidas,” “History of England,” “Areopagitica.” The last two of which are prose. B. London, 1608; d. there, 1674. Milutin, Nikolai Alexeyevitch, milyou-tun, a Russian politician, born same day grand duke Alexander, and became his confidential ad- viser; his chief works were the introduction of jury system, criminal code, and press law. B. 1818; d. Moscow, 1872. * Mind, Gottfried, mint, Raphael of Cats, a Swiss artist. B. Bern, 1768; d. there, 1814. Miner, Alonzo Ames, ini’mer, an Am. divine; principal scientific and military academy Unity, N. H. B. Lempster, N. H., 1814. Miner, Thomas, an Am. doctor and professor; author essays on “Fevers.” B. Middletown, Conn., 1777; d. Worcester, Mass., 1841. Minghetti, Marco, men-get'ee, an Italian politician and journalist. B. Bologna, 1818. Minie, Claude Etienne, me-ne-a’, a Fr. inventor and soldier; first in- ventor and manufacturer firc-arms. B. Paris, 1Sos. Minot, George Richards, min-ot', an Am. philosopher and lawyer; judge probate and municipal court, Boston. B. Boston, 1758; d. 1So2. Minto, Gilbert Elliot, min'to, an Eng. politician, son 3d baronet Sir Gilbert Elliot of Roxburghshire, Scotland; amb. at Vienna, and gov.- gen. Bengal 6 years. B. 1751; d. 1814. Minuit, Peter, min’u-it, first gov. New Netherland; purchased Man- hattan island and built Fort Amsterdam. B. Wesel, Germany, latter part of 16th century; d. Fort Christiana, Dcl., 1611. Minutoli, von, Heinrich Menu, min-u-to'lee a Ger. prof.; led an expedition to Egypt under the Prussian gov. B. Geneva, 1772; d. Lausanne, 1846. Miolan, Carvalho, Caroline Marie Felix, me-long', a Fr. artist; obtained first prize as leading prima donna; played with brilliant success in London as successor of Mme. Bosio. B. Marseilles, 1831. Mirabeau de, Honore Gabriel Riquette, count, deh me-ra-bo’, the great Fr. orator; eloped with the wife of a Fr. nobleman, for which he was imprisoned; “IIistory of Prussia under Frederick the Great,” styled the Alcibiades of the Revolution. B. Bignon, near Nemours, 1749; d. 1791. . Miramon, Miguel, me-ra-mton, a Mexican gen.; on account of his daring and success in several actions, he became the idol of the church party. B. City Mexico, 1832; killed at Queretaro. 1S67. Miranda, Francisco, me-ran'da, a Venezuelan politician; cntered Spanish army at 17; served in Am. revolution. B. Caracas, 1754; d. in prison, Cadiz, Spain, 1816. Mirandola, Giovanni Pico della, me-ran'do-la, an Italian scholar and prof. of languages. B. Mirandola, Modena, 1463; d. Florence, 1494. Mirbel, de, Charles Francois Brisseau, a Fr. scientist and lecturer; appointed by Louis Bonaparte private secretary and councilor. B. Paris, 1776; d. 1S5t. Miriam, mir’i-am, sister Moses and Aaron; 12 years older than Moses; appointed to watch the ark of bulrushes in which her infant brother was laid; disguised her relation when Pharaoh's daughter came down and discovered it; she is called prophetess, and led the song of victory. D. Kadcsh. Mistral, Frederic, mis-tral”, a Fr. writer and poct; comic opera. B. Maillane, St. Remy, 1830. * Mitchell, John, mitch'el, a Irish politician and editor; succeeded Thomas Davis in the editorship of the Nation. B. Dungiven, co. Derby, 1815. Mitchel, Ormsby Macknight, an Am. gen., and astronomer; com- missioned brig.-gen. in war 1861-5, died of yellow-fever. B. Union co., Ky., 1810. Mitchell, Donald Grant, an Am. editor and lawyer; author 22 books. B. Norwich, Conn., 1822. Mitchell, Elisha, an Am. minister, prof. chemistry and civil engi- neer; to settle a dispute in which he maintained that the mountains of N.C. were the highest east of the Rockies, he reascended them in 1857, lost his way, fell down a precipice and was killed. B. Washington, Litchfield co., Conn., 1793. Mitchell, John Kearsley, an Am. chemist and physician; traveler and poet. B. Shepherdstown, Va., 1798; d. Phila., 1858. Mitchell, Maria, an Am. scientist; first female member Am. academy of arts and sciences; prof. astronomy at Vassar college; engaged in observations connected with the coast survey; discovered a telescopic comet, and received a gold medal from the k. of Denmark. B. Nan- tucket, 1818. Mitchell, Sir Thomas Livingstone, a British deputy surveyor-gen. of Australia. B. Stirlingshire, Scot., 1792; d. Sydney, Australia, 1855. Mitchell, Samuel Latham, an Am. prof. chemistry and history; twice M. C.; pres. of Rutgers medical college. B. N. Hempstead, L. I., 1794; d. N. Y., 1831. * Mitford, Mary Russell, mitford, an Eng. writer; “Julian;” “Our Village.” B. Alresford, IIampshire, 1786; d. Reading, 1855. Mitford, William, an Eng. historian and lawyer. B. London, 1744; d. Hampshire, 1827. - Mithridates, mith'ri-da'tees, the name of six kings of Pontus, of the first five of whom there is nothing particular to record. VI. was the most determined of the enemies of the Romans, suc. to the throne m. c. 120; ordered Romans in his dominions to be massacred; def. Aquilius; def. by Sylla; conquered Bithynia; def. Romans in two combats at Cyzicum, but was vanquished in a third; defeated by Pompey, near Euphrates, m. c. 65. B. about 131 D. c.; killed himself, B. c. 63. <> Mitscherlich, Eilhard, mitch'er-lik, a Ger, chemist and author; re- ceived the medal of the royal society of London for the discovery of law of isomorphism. B. Neuende, near Jever, 1794; d. Berlin, 1S63. Mittermaier, Karl Joseph Anton, mit'er-mi-er, a Ger. prof. jurispru- dence. B. Munich, 17S7; d. Heidelberg, 1867. Mivart, St. George, mi’vart, an Eng. prof. of natural history; “Man and Apes,” “Lessons from Nature.” B. London, 1827. Moberly, George, mó'ber-lee, an Eng. divine. B. 1So?. Mobius, August Ferdinand, mo'be-oos, a Ger. prof. mathematics. B. Schulpforta, near Naumburg, 1790; d. Leipsic, 1868. Modjeska, Helena Benda, mo-jes'ka, a celebrated Polish actress; member of a family of actors and musicians; made her first appear- — ==" *i- . == | --~~ s BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. "--— *ce on the stage, 1861; made a permanent engagement with the impe- rial theatre at Warsaw, 1869; finally she, with the family, came to America, 1876, where she made a decided success in Shakspeare, "Camille,” and “Frou-Frou.” B. Cracow, 1844. *offat, Robert, noffet, a Scottish teacher; sailed as missionary to Africa; prepared a version of the New Testament and psalms in the Bechuana language. B. Inverkeithing, Fifeshire, 1795. did Mogila, Peter, mo-ge'la, Russian writer and officer of Polish army; Confession of Faith;” it became the first symbolic book of the *tern church, and has continued to be the standard book of the °logy. B. Moldavia, 1597; d. 1616. *ohammed, in Turkish, Mahonet, mo-ham'med, or mai’ho-met, the *under of the Mussulman religion; a camel driver till his 25th year; "rried Khadijah, a rich widow; made the “Koran,” or Mahometan bible; called himself the apostle of God; forced to quit Mecca, and his retreat therefrom the Mohammedans called the Hegira, that is, the "light or Persecution, being the 16th day of our July, 632 A.D., cruelly "eated the Jewish Arabs, made a treaty with inhabitants of Mecca, in *7, which he violated in two years, storming the place with fire and *Word; made himself master of Arabia, and extended his conquests *to Syria. Poisoned, 632, aged 62. , Mohl, Hugo von, fon-mol, a Ger. prof. of botany, and the sciences. B. * Stuttgart, 1805; d. Tubingen, 1872. Mohler, Johann Adam, mo'ler, a Ger. prof. of theology; an ordained Catholic priest, became dean of Wurzburg. B. Igersheim, Wur- *mburg, 1796; d. Munich, 1838. Mohs, Friedrich, mos, a Ger. prof. of mineralogy; author of a system for the classification of minerals. B. at Gernrode, Anhalt, 1773; d. Agordo, Venctia, 1839. Moigno, de Villebeau Francois Napoleon Marie, mwan'yo, a Fr. writer * the sciences; discovered a new rule for the equation of tangential planes, 182S. B. Gucmene, Morbihan, 1So!. Moir, David Macbeth, moir, a Scotch writer and surgeon. B. Mus- selburgh, 1798; d. Dumfries, 1851. Moivre, Abraham de, deh mwavr, a Fr. prof. of mathematics; "Philosophical Transactions;” “The Doctrine of Chances.” B. Vitry, Champagne, 1667; d. London, 1754. Moleschott, Jacob, mo-leh-shot, a Ger. anatomist and prof of medi- cine; a graduate of Heidelberg. B. in Holland, 1822. Molesworth, William Nassau, mo/s/worth, an Eng. writer; “A New System of Moral Philosophy.” B. Millbrook, 1816; d. 1877. Moliere, Jean Baptiste, mol/e-air, a celebrated French comic poet; justly called the French Aristophanes. B. Paris, 1622; d. 1672. Molinos, Miguel de, da-no-lee'nos, a Spanish spiritualist; author of “The Spiritual Guide,” for which he was imprisoned for life. B. in Saragossa, 1627; d. in Rome, 1696. Molique, Wilhelm Bernhard, no-leek', a Ger, musician; prof. of "usic in the royal academy of music in London. B. Nuremberg, 1So2; d. Cannstadt, 1869. Moller, Georg, mo'ler, a Ger. builder. B. at Diepholz, Hanover, 1784; . d. 1852. Mollhausen, Baldiun, mol-haw'sen, a Ger. explorer, and novelist; visited Western U.S. with Lieut. Whipple's expedition. B. Bonn, 1825. Moloch, or Molech, mo'lek, an idol god, worshipped by the Ammon- ites with human sacrifices. Moltke, IIelmuth Karl Bernhard von, fon molt'keh, an eminent Ger. statesman, and general; served 10 years in the Prussian army; became chief of the general staff; in 1859, lieut.-gen.; for services during the Franço-Prussian war, was made life member of the upper house, and general field marshal. B. Mccklenburg, 1Soo. * Mommsen, Christian Mathias Theodor, mom'sen, a Ger. historical writer. B. Garding, Schleswig, 1817. Monboddo, James Burnet, mon-bod/o, a Scotch lawyer; made judge 1767; “Ancient Metaphysics.” B. Monboddo, 1714; d. Edinburgh, 1799. Moncreifr, Wellwood, Sir Henry, mon-kreef", a Scotch clergyman. B Blackford, Perthshire, 1750; d. Edinburgh, 1827. Mone, Franz Joseph, mon, a Ger prof. of statistics at Louvain. B. Baden, 796; d. Carlsruhe, 1871. *- Ironge, Gaspard, monzh, a Fr. prof. of mathematics; new method de- scriptive geometry; later was made count of Pelusium, but the fall of Napoleon also ruined him. B. Beaune, 1746; d. 1818. t ---— *-m- -- 3 I 5 Monk, George, munk, an Eng. duke and general; served in Am. several years, about 1630; for his military and political acts received the titles of Duke of Albemarle, and Earl of Torrington. B. Potheridge, Devonshire, 1603; d. London, 1670. Monk, James Henry, an Eng. writer; bishop of Gloucester; “Life of Bentley.” B. Huntingford, IIerts, 17S$; d. Stapleton, 1856. Monnard, Charles, mo-nar', a Swiss writer; an advocate of Swiss independence. B. Bern, 1790; d. Bonn, Ger. 1865. Monmouth, James Scott, mon'muth, an Eng. duke, natural son of Charles II., k, of Eng.: signalized himself against the Dutch. I?. Rotterdam, 1649; executed in London, 1685. Monod, Jean, mo-no', a Fr. divine; pastor of the Reformed church of Paris. B. Geneva, 1765; d. Paris, 1836. Frederic Joel Jean Gerard, like his father, the preceding, was a clergyman; founder of the Free church of France. B. in Switzerland, 1794; d. Paris, 1S63. Monro, Alexander, mun-ro', an Eng. prof. of anatomy, and medicine. B. London, 1697; d. Edinburgh, 1767. Monroe, James, "nun-ro', an Am. statesman, and fifth president of U. S.; educated at William and Mary college; became a commander in the army during the revolution; the federal constitution of the Am. states originated with him; became member of congress, 1783; U. S. senate, 1790; later became minister to France, invested with power to transact all business between that nation and the U. S., during which time he made the purchase of the ter. of New Orleans, and district of Louisiana for his government at the cost of $15,000,000; after this he was made minister to Eng., and also to Spain; was the confidential ad- viser of Pres. Madison, and served as secy. of state during the latter's administration; in 1817, was elected president of U.S., which office he filled with much prudence and discretion. B. Westmoreland co., Va., 28 April, 1758; d. New York, 4th July, 1831. Montagu, Basil, mon'ta-gu, an Eng. jurist; became accountant gen- cral. B. London, 177o d. Boulogne, 1851. Montagu, Edward Wortley, an Eng. writer and traveler; M. P., 1747. B. Wharncliffe, Yorkshire, 1713; d. Padua, 1776. Montagu, Elizabeth, an Eng, writer; wife of Edward M., grandson of the first earl of Sandwich. B. York, 1720; d. London, 1Soo. Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley, a celebrated Eng. lady and author. B. Thoresby, Nottinghamshire, about 1690; d. 1762. Montague, Charles, an Eng. politician, and earl of Halifax; M. P., 1690; later urged the establishment of the bank of England. B. Horton, Northamptonshire, 1661; d. 1715. Montaigne, Michel, inon-tan', a Fr. writer, in whom indolence and love of freedom were the prevailing qualities; excellent Latin scholar. B. Perigord, at the chateau of Montaigne, 1533; d. there, 1592. Montalembert, Marc Rene de, deh mon-tal'em-bair, a Fr. noble and engineer; served in the Italian, Flanders and Austrian wars; devoted much time to military science, and originated the system of detached forts. B. Angouleme, 1714; d. 1Soo. Charles Forbes Rene de, a Fr. politician and founder of some religious societies, one to uphold the cause of Swiss Sonderbund. B. London, ISIo; d. Paris, 1870. Montalvan, Juan Perez de, mont-al-van’, a Spanish dramatic com- poser; wrote over 50 plays. B. Madrid, 1602; d. 1638. Montcalm, De Saint-Veran Louis Joseph, mont-Aam’, a Fr. noble, and commander; made col. during the war for the Austrian succes- cession; later came to Canada to com. the Fr. troops; killed at the battle of Abraham Heights, 1759. B. chateau of Candiac, 1712. Montecuculi, or Montccuccoli, Itaimondo, mon-ta-koo'koo-le, an Aus- trian military commander; served in the thirty years' war; made field marshal, 1644; finally became prince of the German empire; k by the falling of a beam. B. near Modena, 1608; d. Linz, 1681. Montefiore, Sir Moses, mon-te-fe-o're, a Jewish benefactor; expended money in the interest of the Jews of the east. B. London, 1784. Montegut, Emile, mon-ta'ge, a Fr. writer; translated “Macaulay's Hist. of Eng.,” and Shakspeare's works. B. Limoges, 1826. Monten, Dietrich, mon'tan, a Ger. painter; “The Death of Gustavus Adolphus.” B. Dusseldorf, 1799; d. Munich, 1843. Montespan, Francoise Athenais de Rochechouart de Mortemart, non- tes-pan', a mistress of Louis XIV.; for many years had great control over him, but they were finally separated. B. chateau of Tonnay- Charente, 1641; d. Bourbon-l'Archambault, 1707. Montezuma I., mon-te-roo’ma, a Mexican emperor; being a very -T-J- k -"r- --" 316 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. successful general, was the cause of the confederacy of several Mexi- Moore, Jacob Bailey, an Am. writer; a descriptive, historical, and bio- can provinces under his rule. B. about 1390; d. 1464. graphical author. . B. Andover, N.H., 1797; d. Bellows Falls, Vt., 1853. Montezuma II., the last ruler of the Aztec empire; was very fortu- Moore, John IIenry, an Am. writer, son of the preceding; became nate in war until taken captive by the Spaniards; k by a stone thrown at librarian of the historical society in N. Y. B. Concord, N. H., 1823. him by his own people, while he was addressing them in the cause of Moore, John, a Scottish writer; “Zeluco;” “View of Society and Spain. B. about 14So; killed, 1520. Manners in France, Ger., and Switzerland.” B. Stirling, 1729; d. at Montfort, Jean de, montfort, a Fr. duke; distinguished himself in Richmond, ncar London, 1So2. wars between Edward III. of England and Philip of Valois. B. 1293; Moore, Sir John, an Eng. soldier, and son of the preceding; fought in d. Hennebon, 1345. Minorca, Am., Corsica, West Indies, IIolland, Egypt, and Portugal, Montfort, Simon de, a Fr. military officer; leader of a crusade against also Sweden, to defend that country against Napoleon; k. in battle at inhabitants of Southern France; cruel to captives; had 20,000 of the Corunna, Spain, 1809. B. Glasgow, 1761. populace of Beziers put to death. Slain before Toulouse, 1218. Moore, Nathaniel F., an Am. prof. of Greek and Latin in Columbia Montfort, Simon dc, son of the preceding, and earl of Leicester; college, N. Y. B. Newtown, L.I., 1782; d. N. Y., 1872. through some shrewd work became, for a short time, ruler of Eng., but Moore, Richard Channing, an Am. divine; for some time a medical was finally killed by the forces of Prince Edward, whose father he had student; bishop of the State of Virginia, 1814. Born N. Y., 1762; d. dethroned. B. about 1200; killed, 1265. Lynchburg, Va., 1841. Montgolfer, Jacques Etienne, mon-go'fe-ai, a Fr. inventor; invented Moore, Zephaniah Swift, an Am. divine; prof. of languages at Dart- air-balloons. B. 1745; d. 1799. mouth college, 1811; later president of Williams college. B. Palmer, Montgomery, James, mont-gum'er-i, an Eng. poet; in his carly days Mass., 1770; d. 1823. was noted for laziness; at the age of 14 commenced an epic poem en- Moore, Thomas, a celebrated Irish poet; as a writer of short poems, titled “The World;” edited the Sheffield Iris, and was imprisoned for odes, and ballads, he had no superior; upon the suggestion of one of his it; composed “Prison Amusements.” B. Irvine, Ayrshire, 1771; d. friends, he composed his “Irish Melodies,” which for popularity sur- near Sheffield, 1854. s pass anything of the kind ever published in the Eng. language; “Sacred Montgomery, Richard, an Am. soldier; served in Eng. and French Melodies,” “National Airs,” “Legendary Ballads,” “Lalla Rookh;” wars in Canada; also in the expedition against Havana and Martin- wrote a biography of Lord Byron. The late years of his life were filled ique; colonial congressman, 1775; brig.-gen. in the army of the colo- with domestic sorrow, his family having all died with mental derange- nies in the same year, later in 1775 maj.-gen.; killed before Quebec the ment. B. Dublin, 1779; d. at Sloperton cottage, Devizes, Wiltshire, 1852. same year. B. near Raphoe, Ire., 1736. Morales, Luis de, mo-ra'les, a Spanish artist; for the reason that Montgomery, Robert, an Eng. poetical writer; edited the Inspector; sacred subjects seemed to be his choice he was called the divine. His published the Stage Coach. B. Bath, 1807; d. Brighton, 1855. masterpieces are “Toledo,” “Burgos,” and “Granada.” B. Badajos, Montholon, or Montholon-Semonville, Charles Triston, mon-to-lon' 1509; d. there, 1586. sa-non-veel”, a Fr. noble and soldier; distinguished himself in Ger., Moran, Thomas, mo-'ran', a celebrated Am. landscape artist; “Balboa Italy, and Poland. B. Paris, 1783; d. 1853. discovering the Pacific,” “Childe Roland.” B. Bolton, Lancashire, Monti, Vincenzo, mon-tee' an Italian poetical writer; “Vizion of Ez- Eng., 1837. Peter, an Am. animal painter, bro. of the preceding; “A ekiel.” B. Fusignano, near Ferara, 1754; d. Milan, IS2S. Quarrelsome Family,” B. Bolton, 1842. Montmorency, Matthew dc, mont-mo-ren'se, a Fr. gen.; distinguished Morata, Olympia Fulvia, mo-ra'ta, an It, lady of education and himself at battle of Pont-a-Bouvines, in 1214; took several places from ability; writer of Greek and Latin poems. B. Ferrara, 1526; d. Heidel- the English. B. Paris, 1767; d. there, 1826. Anne de, a descendant of berg, 1555. preceding, a Fr. duke; disgraced through the intrigues of Catherine de' Moratin, Nicolas Fernandez, mo-ra-teen', a Spanish poetical writer Mcdici. B. Chantilly, 1493; d. 1567. Henry, dnke de, grandson of pre- and lawyer, with ability as a dramatist. B. Madrid, 1737; d. there, 17So. ceding; gov. Languedoc. B. Chantilly, 1595; beheaded, Toulouse, 1632. Morazau, Francisco, mo-ra-saw', the last president of the Central Montpensier, Anne Marie Louise d’Orleans, deh mawnt'pa'se-ai, a American republic, which office he filled with effect and success for Fr. princess, and dau. of a duke of Orleans; famed for her military some time, but, being overruled by the ignorant classes in his domin- ability; later was exiled, when she amused herself writing her “Mem- ions, was abandoned; afterward tried to restore the old confederation, oirs.” B. Paris, 1627; d. there, 1693. but was unsuccessful, made prisoner, and shot. B. Honduras, 1799; Montpensier, Antoine Marie Philippe Louis d’Orleans, a French shot in Costa Rica, 1842. . prince and soldier; married the sister of Isabella II., of Spain; later More, Hannah, more, an Eng. writer, and founder of many schools; became candidate for the throne; a lover of fine art. B. Neuilly, 1824. wrote “Percy,” “The Bleeding Rock,” “Florio.” B. Stapleton, Montrose, James Graham, mont-roz', a Scotch noble, and a general; Gloucestershire, 1745; d. Clifton, 1833. became the king's lieut.-gen. in Scotland, 1644; led a very successful More, Sir Thomas, an Eng. politician, lawyer, and Latin scholar; ad- career, but was finally taken prisoner, and hanged by the Highlanders mitted to the bar, he rose quickly to eminence, having the largest prac- at Edinburgh, 1650. B. at the estate of Auld Montrose, 1612. tice of law in London; lord chancellor, 1529; wrote “Apology,” 1533; Montucla, Jean Etienne, non-tu-kla'', a Fr. prof of mathematics and for refusing to comply with some of the king's wishes he was impris- astronomy. B. Lyons, 1725; d. Versailles, 1799. oned, and later beheaded. B. London, 14So; executed there, 1535. Q Montyon, or Monthyon, Antoine Jean Baptiste Robert Auget, mon'te- Moreau, Jean Victor, mo-ro', a Fr. soldier; was first supporter and on', a Fr. public benefactor. B. Paris, 1733; d. there, 1820. later opposer of the parliament of Brittany; served in the war with Morcroft, William, moor-croft', an Eng. explorer; tried to introduce Holland; made com.-in-chief of the army of the Rhine, 1796, and from and forward the breeding of fine horses in Bengal. B. Lancashire, this time took an active part in all the Fr. wars up to 1801; wounded at about 17So; d. in India, 1825. the battle of Dresden, and died in Bohemia, 1813. B. Morlaix, 1763. Moore, Alfred, moor, an Am. lawyer, and soldier; served in the Am. Morelos, Jose Maria, no-ra'los, a Mexican patriot; distinguished in revolution; attorney-general of U.S., 1790. B. Brunswick co., N.C., the wars of his country; taken prisoner, 1815. B. 17So; shot in the City 1755; d. Belfont, N. C., 1810. of Mexico, 1815. - Moore, Benjamin, an Am. clergyman of the Episcopal church; bishop Moreto, Augustin, mo-ra'to, a Fr. dramatic author; fl. in the 17th of N. Y. state, 1Sol. B. Newtown, L. I., 1748; d. Greenwich, Ct., 1816. century; a comedy, “Disdain Met with Disdain.” B. about 16oo; d. Moore, Clement Clarke, an Am. prof., son of the preceding, prof. of Toledo, 1669. Hebrew, Greek, and Oriental literature in the Protestant Episcopal col- Morfit, Campbell, morfit, an Am. prof. of chemistry and manufact- , lege at N. Y. B. New York, 1779; d. Newport, R.I., 1863. urer of commercial chemicals; assisted Prof. Booth, of Philadelphia, in Moore, Edward, an English poetical writer; “Fables for the Female editing the “Encyclopaedia of Chemistry.” B. Herculaneum, Mo., 1820. Sex.” B. Abingdon, Berkshire, 1712; d. London, 1757. Morgagni, Giovanni Battista, mor-gran'yee, an It, prof.; supposed Moore, IIcnry, an Irish divine, of the Wesleyan faith; became John founder of pathological anatomy. B. Forli, 1682; d. Padua, 1771. Wesley's private counselor. B. in Dublin, 1751; d. 1843. Morgan, Daniel, morgan, a distin-uished Am. general; served gal- *—4– –- -*- =--> g- . ~ =- -—9 E- < BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 3 I7 "- "ntly during all the years of the Am. revolution; made brig.-general, "So, after which he fought many successful battles, that of Cowpens being one, and for which congress gave him a gold medal. B. New Jersey, 1736; d. winchester, Va., isoa. *organ, Sir Henry, a British pirate, a tribe of which he was leader. * about 1637; d. Jamaica, 1690. *organ, Lewis Henry, an Am. writer and lawyer; practiced for 20 *rs; during that time wrote and published “The League of the Iro- *ois.” B. Ledyard, Cayuga co., N.Y., 1818. *Torgan, Sidney, an Irish lady, and writer; traveled extensively in Rurope; “St. Clair;” “O’Donnell.” B. about 1783; d. London, 1859. *Torgan, Sir Thomas Charles, an Eng, writer, “Sketches of the Phil- *phy of Life.” B. London, about 1783; d. there, 1843. *forgenstern, Christian, morjen-stern, a Ger artist, “Oaks near a Swamp.” B. Hamburg, 1805; d. 1S67. *orghen, Raffaelle Sanzio, morgen, an It, sculptor; completed his *ducation in Rome, commenced the “Transfiguration” of Raphael, 1705, °ompleted 1S12; “The Last Supper.” B. Florence, 1758; d. there, 1833. *Torhof, Daniel George, nor'hof, a Ger. prof. of poetry and history. B. Wismar, 1639; d. Lubeck, 1691. Morier, James, mori-er, an Eng. writer and orientalist; “Travels in Persia, Armenia, and Asia Minor to Constantinople;” “The Mirza.” * about 17So; d. Brighton, 1849. * Morike, Edward, more-keh, a Ger. poet; studied for the ministry, but lost his health; became one of the finest of Swabian poets. B. Lud- wigslust, Wurtemberg, 1So; d. 1875. Morland, George, mor’land, an Eng. artist. B. London, about 1764; d. there, 1804. Morley, Henry, mor'li, an Eng writer, assisted Dickens in editing "Household Words,” “Sunrise in Italy,” and others. B. London, 1822. Morley, John, an Eng. writer, edited the Fortnightly Review; “The I-imits of the 11istoric Method.” B. Blackburn, Lancashire, 1838. Morley, Thomas, an Eng. composer of music; fl. in the 16th cen- tury; gentleman of Queen Elizabeth's chapel, 1 592. D. London, very old, about 1604. * Morny, Charles Auguste Louis Joseph de, deh-mor-ne', a Fr. noble and politician of considerable ability; served in the Algerian war; minister of the interior, 1852. B. Paris, 1811; d. there, 1865. Moro, Attoni, mo-ro', a Flemish artist; became famous as a portrait painter; was in the service of Philip II. and the duke of Alva; ap- pointed receiving general of revenues of West Flanders. B. Utrecht about 1520; d. Antwerp, 15So. Morphy, Paul Charles, morphi, an Am. practitioner of law and the "most famous chess player that ever lived; after defeating all the great players of the world, returned to Am., and resumed his law practice in 'New Orleans. B. New Orleans, 1837. Morris, Charles, nor’iss, an officer in the Am. navy; took an active Part in the war with Eng., 1812 to 1814, as commander of the frigate Constitution, later of the Adams. B. 1784; d. Washington, D.C., 1856. Morris, Clara, an Am. actress; commenced her career as one of the ballet corps in a Cleveland, O., theatre; first appeared as a leading lady at Wood's theatre, Cincinnati; from this time, 1869, she rose to eminence on the stage. B. Cleveland, O., 1850. Morris, George P., an Am. author, contributed to the New York Gazette; founded the Home journal; wrote songs “Long Time Ago;” “Whip-poor-Will,” and the drama, “Briercliff.” B. Phila., 1802; d. N. Y., 1S64. Morris, Gouverneur, an Am. politician; continental congressman, 1775; by an accident he lost one of his legs, 17So; minister to France. 1792; later, became U.S. senator. B. Morrisania, Westchester co., N. Y., 1752; d. there, 1816. Morris, Lewis, a signer of the Declaration of Independence; fol- lowed farming on a large scale at his home, Morrisania. B. Mor- risania, Westchester co., N.Y., 1726; d. there, 1798. Morris, Philip Richard, an Eng. artist; “Peaceful Days;” “The Battle Scar;” “The widow's IIarvest.” B. Devonport, 1838. Morris, Robert, an Am. manager of finances and a signer of the Peclaration of Independence; engaged in commercial life at a very early age; became a public financier, and had the handling of large sums of money for the government; was the founder of the bank of 'N. A., which greatly relieved the government of its financial embar- *=- -- rassments; his late years were passed in prison, having been im- prisoned for debt. B. Lancashire, Eng., 1734; d. Phila., 1806. Morris, Thomas A., an Am. divine; became bishop, 1834; was first editor of the Western Christian Advocate, at Cincinnati. B. Kanawha co, Va., 1794; d. Springfield, Ohio, 1874. Morris, William, an Eng. poetical writer, style somewhat legend. ary; “The Earthly Paradise,” composed of 24 romantic stories; “The Life and Death of Jason,” 1867. B. near London, 1834. Morrison, Robert, mor’i-son, an Eng. theologist; the first Protestant missionary to China; translated the Scriptures into Chinese. B. Mor- peth, Northumberland, 1782; d. Canton, 1834. Morse, Edward S., morss, an Am. prof. of natural history; studied for a mechanical cngineer; several years designer for the Portland locomotive works; one of the founders of the Salem academy of natu- ral history. B. Portland, Me., 1838. Morse, Jedediah, an Am. prof. of geography; publisher of several large geographies of U. S.: appointed by the U.S. to visit the In- dians of the N. W. B. Woodstock, Conn., 1761; d. New Haven, 1826. Morse, Samuel Finley Breese, an Am. sculptor and inventor, son of the preceding; graduate of Yale college; went to Europe to pursue his artistic tastes; returned and received a medal for his first attempt at sculpturing, “Dying IIercules;” abandoned art to follow his inventive genius, by which he and the public were rewarded by wonderful devel- opments which terminated in the invention of Morse's electric tele- graph, 1832; it was successfully demonstrated to the public, 1835; public use, 1844; for this invention it is fair to suppose that Morse's name will be handed down in history for centuries; he was presented with valu- able gifts by nearly all the crowned heads, and the invention made him immensely wealthy. B. Charlestown, Mass., 1791; d. N. Y., 1872. Morse, Sidney Edwards, an Am. author, bro. of the preceding; with the help of Henry A. Munson, invented cerography; the inventor of bathometer. B. Charlestown, Mass., 1794; d. New York, 1871. Mortier, Edouard Adolphe Casimir Joseph, mor-te-a', a Fr. duke and general; distinguished himself while serving under Napoleon; con- quered Hanover, and was made marshal of the empire; minister to Russia, 1831; prime minister, 1834; while riding by the side of Louis Philippe, was killed by the explosion of an “infernal machine.” B. Chateau-Cambresis, 1768; d. Paris, 1835. Mortimer, Roger, m r tim-er, an Eng. earl, a favorite of Isabella, wife of Edward II.; was found guilty of disloyalty to Edward II., the king, but his life was spared; finally he and Isabella were the cause of having the king dethroned, and Edward III, put in power, and they governed in the name of the young prince; but the lords, becoming dis. gusted, tried, and convicted him of treason; executed at Smithfield, 1330. Morton, James Douglas, mor’ton, a Scottish noble and regent of Scotland. B. Dalkeith, 1530; executed in Edinburgh, 1581. Morton, Oliver Perry, morton, an Am. senator; governor of Ind., 1860; noted for having been one of the “war governors,” 1S61-5; elected U. S. Senator, 1867; was one of the republican candidates for nomina- tion for the presidency of U.S., at the convention held in Cincinnati, 1876; received a stroke of paralysis, 1865, which crippled him for life. B. Wayne co., Ind., 1823; d. Indianapolis, 1877. Morton, John, an Am., for some years a surveyor; member of what was known as the stamp act congress; high sheriff of his co.; later a judge of the supreme court of Penn.; signer of the Declaration of In- dependence. B. Ridley, Chester co., Pa., 1724; d. 1777. Morton, Nathaniel, an Am. colonist; secretary of Plymouth colony, 1645, attained a reputation as a writer of religious history. B. in Eng., 1612; d. in Plymouth, 1685. Morton, Samuel Georg, an Am. prof. of anatomy and nat. hist.; had the largest collec. of skulls in existence. B. Phila., 1799; d. there, 1851. Morton, William Thomas Green, a celebrated Am. prof. of dental surgery; made many important discoveries in dentistry, the art of mak- ing science the master of pain by converting the patient into a state of unconsciousness with the use of anaesthesia being his most important discovery. B. Charlton, Mass., 1819; d. New York, 1S6S. Moscheles, Ignaz, mosh’eh-les, a Ger. musician and composer; “Life of Beethoven.” B. in Prague, 1794; d. 1870. Mosen, Julius, moz'en, a Ger, dramatist and poet; became writer of drama for the court theatre at Oldenburg, 1844. B. Mariency, Saxony, 1Soy; d. 1S67. * 3.18 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. Mosenthal, Salomon Hermann, mo'zen-tal, a Ger, dramatic writer. B. Cassel, 1821; d. 1877. Moser, George Michael, mo'zer, an Eng, enamelist, painter, and sculp- tor. B. Schaffhausen, Switzerland, about 1705; d. in Eng., 1783. Moser, Justus, a Ger. writer, and prof. of law; was made govern- ment atty., 1747; for many years was adviser of the regent. B. Osna- bruck, 1720; d. there, 1794. IMotley, John Lothrop, mot'li, an Am prof. of history and writer of romance; practiced law for a short time; “Merry Mount, a Romance of the Mass. Colony;” “The Rise of the Dutch Republic.” B. Dor- chester, Mass., 1814; d. in England, 1877. Mott, Lucretia, nee Coffing, mot, an Am. minister and reformer, of the Society of Friends; active in opposition to slavery and intemper- ance. B. Nantucket, R. I., 1793; d. Phila., 18So, aged SS. Mott, Valentine, an Am. surgeon, author and lecturer; f. Rutger's Medical college. B. Glen Cove, L. I., 1785 ; d. N. Y., 1865. Motteville, Francois Bertaut de, mot'veel, a Fr. author; spent much of her life at the court of Anne of Austria. B. about 1621; d. 1689. Mottez, Victor Louis, mot-tez, a Fr. painter of religious and mytho- logical subjects. B. Lille, 1809; latest work dates 1S69. Mould, Jacob Wrey, mold, an Am. architect; has many works in and about New York. B. in England, 1S25. Moulton, Louise Chandler, mol/ton, an Am. author. B. Pomfret, Conn., 1835. Moultrie, William, moo-tri, an Am. revolutionary general; “Memo- ries of the Revolution.” B. S. Carolina, 1731; d. Charleston, 1805. Mount, William Sidney, mont, an Am. painter; excelled in humor- ous, rustic, and negro life. B. Setauket, L.I., 1807; d. there, 1868. Mountford, William, mont/fort, an American Unitarian minister and author; educated in England. B. Kidderminster, Eng., 1816. Movers, Franz Karl, mov'ers, a German priest and author; was pro- fessor in the Catholic faculty of Breslau. B. Westphalia, 1Soó; d. Breslau, 1856. Mowatt, Anna Cora, (Ritchie) nee Ogden, mov'at, an Am. actress and author. B. Bordeaux, Fr., 1819; d. England, 1870. Mozart, Johann Georg Leopold, mo-'zart', a German musician; court composer, and originator of the modern method of violin playing. B. Augsburg, 1719; d. 17S7. Mozart, Johannes Chrysostomus Wolfgang Amadeus, son of the above and one of the world's greatest composers. B. Salzburg, 1756; d. Vienna, 1791. Mozier, Joseph, mo'zher, an Am. sculptor; “Esther,” “Jephtha's Daughter." B. Burlington, Vt., 1812; d. Switzerland, 1870. Mozley, James Bowling, more'li, a British clergyman and author. B. Lincolnshire, 1813. Mucke, Heinrich Karl Anton, mu'eh, a German painter. B. Bres- lau, 1SoG. * Muggleton, Ludowick, mug'1-ton, an Eng. religious fanatic; founder of the sect of the Muggletonians. B. 1609; d. 1697. Muhlenberg, Henry Melchior, mu’lem-berg, founder of the American- German Lutheran church. B. 1711; d. 1787. Peter John Gabriel, son of preceding, a revolutionary general; U. S. senator. B. Trapp, Pa., 1746; d. near Philadelphia, 1807. Muhlenberg, Gotthilf Henry Ernst, an Am. minister and professor of botany; a member of various philosophical societies, and writer of valuable works. B. New Providence, Pa., 1753; d. Lancaster, 1815. Muhlenberg, William Augustus, great-grandson of Henry M., an Am. clergyman and writer of hymns. B. Philadelphia, 1796. Mulgrave, Constantine John Phipps, lord, British Arctic explorer. B. Liege, Belgium, 1744; d. 1792. Henry Phipps, carl and British sol- dier; bro. of preceding. B. 1755; d. 1831. Muller, Friedrich, mu'ler, a poet and painter of Germany; “Niobe.” is his best drama. I?. Creuznach, 1750; d. Rome, 1825. Muller, Friedrich, German prof. of philology and ethnology. B. Bo- hemia, 1834. Muller, Friedrich Max, an Eng. writer and prof. of philology, son of Wilhelm M. B. Dessau, Germany, 1823. Muller, Gerhard Friedrich, historian, of Russia. B. Herford, West- phalia, 1705; d. Moscow, 1783. Muller, Johann Gotthard, von, a German engraver; f. a school of art at Stuttgart. B. Bernhausen, 1747; d. Stuttgart, 1830. Muller, Johan IIeinrich Jacob, German prof. of physical sciences. B. Cassel, 1809. Muller, Johannes, a German medical prof.; had over a hundred pub- lications on physiology. B. Coblentz, 1801; d. Berlin, 1858. Muller, Johannes von, fon muller, a Swiss historian and Greek prof. B. Schaffhausen, 1752; d. Cassel, 1Sog. Muller, Karl Otfried, German prof. of archaeology, and lecturer on art. B. Brieg, Silesia, 1797; d. Athens, Greece, 1840. Muller, Otto Frederik, a Danish naturalist whose original observa- tions have added much to science. B. Copenhagen, 1730; d. 1784. Muller, Peder Erasmus, a Danish prof. of theology, editor and bishop. B. 1776; d. 1834. Muller, Sophie, one of the most distinguished German actresses of her day. B. 1803; d. 1830. Muller, Wilhelm, a German poet and linguist; father of Max. B. 1794; d. 1827. - Muller, William John, an English landscape painter; his valuable works were unappreciated until after his death. B. 1812; d. 1845. Muller Von Konigswinter, Wolfgang, fon ko'nigs-win'ter, a Ger. poet and physician; author of many poems and novels. B. 1816. Mullner, Amadeus Gottfried Adolph, mul"ner, a Ger. author, best known by his dramatic works. B. 1774; d. 1829. Mulready, William, mul/red-i, an Irish painter; a careful student of nature and good colorist; left many works. B. 1786; d. 1863. Mummius, Lucius, mum’mi-us, a Roman warrior and pro-consul of Greece, after conquering it. Lived in the 2d century B. c. Munch, von, Ernst Hermann Joseph, moonk, a Ger. prof. of history and law, and a royal librarian. B. 1798; d. 1841. Munch, Friedrich, a Ger, author who came to the states in 1833 and settled in Missouri; senator in that state from 1862-6. B. 1799. Munch, Peter Andreas, Norwegian royal historian and philologist. B. 1810; d. 1863. Andreas, cousin of Peter A., poet and editor. B. 1810. Munch-Bellinghausen von, Eligius Franz Joseph, fon munk'bel- ling-how-zen, a Ger. dramatic poet and member of the Austrian liouse of lords. B. 1806; d. 1871. Munchhausen, von, Hieronymus Karl Friedrich, nun-chaw'sen, a Ger. cavalry officer; author of many marvelous stories and romances. B. 1720; d. 1797. Mundt, Theodor, moont, a Ger. novelist; also editor of Luther's po- litical works. B. 1808; d. 1S61. Klara (Muller), well known as Luise Muhlbach, wife of the above; a popular novelist and writer on social questions. B. 1814; d. 1873. Munk, Salomon, munk, a Jewish oriental writer; prof. of languages in the college of France. B. 1Sos; d. 1867. Munnich, Burkhard Christoph, nun'nik, a Russian count and sol- dier; exiled to Siberia by Elizabeth; recalled by Peter III. B. 1683; d. 1767. * Munro, Alexander, nun-ro', an Eng. sculptor; executed an immense statue of James Watt. D. 1S71. • Munsell, Joel, mun'sel, an Am. publisher; a practical printer, who has made the art preservative a special study. B. 1SoS. Munter, Balthasar, mun'ter, a celebrated German writer and pulpit orator. B. 1735; d. 1793. Friedrich, son of Balthasar, prof. of theol- ogy; writer; bishop. B. Lubeck, 1761; d. Copenhagen, 1830. Munzer, Thomas, mum'zer, a German political fanatic. B. Stolberg, 1490; beheaded, Thuringia, 1525. s Murat, Joachim, mu-ra', a brave French soldier and king of Naples; his eventful life was ended by a court-martial. B. near Cahors, 1771; d. in Calabria, 1815. Napoleon Achille, eldest son of Joachim, came to U. S.; married grand-niece of Washington; writer on American institutions. B. 1781; d. near Tallahassee, 1847; Napoleon Lucien Charles Joseph Francois, 2d son of Joachim, married in America; made pretensions to the throne of Naples. B. Milan, 1So?. Joseph Joachim Napoleon, son of the preceding, colonel in Fr. army. B. Paris, 1834. Muravieff, moo-ra-wyef, an old Russian family, many of whom have been distinguished soldiers, especially Nikolai, general. B. Riga, 1768; d. Moscow, 1840. Murchison, Sir Roderick Impey, mur'Ki-son, a British geological cx- plorer. B. Scotland, 1792; d. London, 1871. #. * "- Murdoch, James Edward, mur'dok, an Am. prof. of elocution; author of a work on voice-culture. B. Phila., 1811. Murdock, James, D. D., mur'dok, an Am. prof. ancient languages *nd ecclesiastical history. B. Westbrook, Conn., 1776; d. Columbus, A[iss., 1856. *ture, William, mure, a Scottish classic writer; lord rector of Glas- £9W university. B. Ayrshire, 1799; d. London, Eng., 1860. *Turet, Theodore Cesar, moo'rai, a Fr. historical and dramatic writer. * Geneva, Isos; d. near Paris, Isfa. Murillo, Bartolome Esteban, moo-reelyo, an eminent Spanish painter of religious subjects, well known by his “Immaculate Conception.” B. Seville, 1618; d. there, 1682. Murner, Thomas, moor'ner, Ger. writer of satire, especially against Luther and the reformation. B. Strasburg, 1475; d. Heidelberg, 1536. * Murphy, Arthur, murfi, an Irish dramatic author; took part in po- litical controversies. B. Ireland, 1727; d. London, Eng., 1SoS. Murray, Alexander, mur'i, an Am. officer in continental navy; senior Sommander of navy-yard at Philadelphia. B. Maryland, 1755; d. Phila., 1S21. Murray, or Moray, James Stuart, a Scottish regent; half-brother of Queen Mary. B. about 1533, k. at Linlithgow, 1570. Murray, John, an Am. minister; the father of Am. Universalism; *my chaplain. B. New Hampshire, 1741; d. Boston, Mass., 1815. Murray, John, an eminent Scotch physician, and writer. I. Edin- burg, 1778; d. there, 1S2O. - Murray, John, a well-known English publisher; established the £2uarterly Review; published the works of Byron and many other celebrities. B. London, 1778; d. 1843. Murray, Lindley, an English prof. of grammar. B. Lancaster, Pa., *745; d. near York, Eng., IS26. * Murray, Nicholas, an Am. minister; “Preachers and Preaching,” and “Romanism at Home.” B. Ire., 1803; d. Elizabethtown, N.J., 1S61. Murray, Patrick, fifth baron Elibank, a Scotch writer on political economy; loyal to the house of Stuart. B. 1703; d. 1778. Murray, William IIenry Harrison, an Am. clergyman and writer. B. Guilford, Ct., 1840. * Musaeus, mu-sa-tts, a Greek poet of prehistoric times; II., a Greek poet and grammarian of the 6th century; author of “The Loves of IIero and Leander.” Musaus, Johann Karl August, moo-za'oos, a Ger. political writer and professor at the Weimar gymnasium. B. Jena, 1735; d. Weimar, 1787. Muspratt, James Sheridan, mus' prat, Irish chemist. B. Dublin, 1821; d. Liverpool, IS71. * Musset, de, Louis Charles Alfred, deh mu-sa', a Fr. lyric poet. B. Paris, 1810; d. there, 1857. Mussey, Reuben Dimond, muz'i, an eminent Am. professor of sur- gery. B. New Hampshire, 17So; d. Boston, 1866. Muzzey, Artemas Bowers, muz'i, an Am. clergyman and author. B. Lexington, Mass., 1802. Myer, Albert J., mi'ur, an Am. meteorologist; brevet brig.-general U. S. signal service; “Manual of Signals for the United States Army and Navy.” B. Newburgh, N. Y., 1828. * Myron, mi'ron, a Greek sculptor, who excelled in posing the human figure in difficult attitudes; also in modeling animals. Lived about 4So B. C. •0->=9 N g=-0. Naaman, na-a'man, a Syrian gen. in Benhadad's army; Elisha advised him to wash in Jordan for leprosy, and he was cured; after- Ward voluntarily renounced idolatrous practices. 2 Kings, v. 1, 9, 13. Nabal, na'bal, a rich churlish citizen of Maon; David asked him for supplies, and Abigail, the beautiful wife of Nabal, responded to his wants; after the death of her husband, Abigail married David. * Sam., xxv. 3. Nachtigal, Gustav, mak’ti-gal, a Ger. explorer and military physi- cian; visited many unexplored regions. B. Prussian Saxony, 1834. Naevius, Cneius, na'vi-us, a Roman dramatic and epic poet; “Punic War.” B. about 270; d. about 204 m. c. • 'Nadab, na'dab, son and suc. of Jeroboam, k. of Israel; corrupt *eign; assas, siege of Gibbethon, a Philistine city. 'Nadir Shah, or Kuli Khan, na'der shah, a Persian warrior and S- G-e- BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. * 3 I 9 usurper; gained victories over Afghans and Turks. B. in Khorasan, 16SS; assas., 1747. * Nana Sahib, "ta'na sa’hib, leader of the Sepoy insurrection. about 1824. Napier, Sir Charles, na'pe-er, a British naval officer; won many honors for service in Great Britain and Portugal. B. Stirlingshire, 17S6; d. 1860. Sir Charles James, cousin of Sir Charles, a soldier; five years governor of Cephalonia. B. London, 1782; d. Oaklands, 1853. Sir Willian Francis Patrick, bro. of Sir Charles, writer of military history. B. Ireland, 1785; d. 1S60. Napier, John, a Scotch laird; originator of logarithms, and other important inventions. B. near Edinburgh, 1550; d. there, 1617. Napier, Macvey, a Scottish author and prof. of conveyancing. B. 1776; d. Edinburgh, 1847. Napier, Robert, a Scotch engineer and constructor of war ships. I}. Dumbarton, 1791; d. 1S76. Napier of Magdala, Robert Cornelius Napier, na'pe-er of mag'da-la, a Brit. gen.; commander-in-chief of the queen's forces in India. B. Ceylon, 1810. Napoleon. See BonAPARTE, Napoleon. Narcissus, nar-cis’tts, a legendary youth of wonderful beauty, but not susceptible to love; Echo died of grief because of his indifference to her; to punish him, Nemesis caused him to become enamoured of his own reflection, as he saw it in the water; he pined away, and was transformed into the flower Narcissus. Narcissus, a Roman secretary of the emp. Claudius. century. Narcissus, a Roman athlete; strangled his patron, the emp. Com- modus; for his crime was fed to the lions, in 193. Nares, James, mars, an Eng. composer of anthems, still sung in Eng- land and Ireland. B. Middlesex, 1715; d. 1783. t Narses, mar'ses, a Byzantine slave of Justinian; promoted to rank of general. B. about 473; d. about 568. Naruszewicz, Adam Stanislaw, na-roo-shek'witch, a Polish historian and poet, known as the “Polish Tacitus.” B. Lithuania, 1733; d. Janowiec, Galicia, 1796. - Narvaez, Pamfilo de, da-marva'eth a Spanish soldier and explorer of New Mexico and California. B. Valladolid, about 14So; d. off the coast of Louisiana, 1528. Narvaez, Ramon Maria, a Valencian duke and Spanish politician; def. Carlist general Gomez. B. Andalusia, 1Soo; d. Madrid, 1S6S. Nash, Joseph, nash, an Eng. water-color painter; painted historical scenes from Shakspeare. B. about 1813. Nash, Thomas an Eng. dramatic writer; imprisoned for satire in the interest of prelates. B. Suffolk, 1560; d. London, 1601. Nasmyth, Alexander, na’smith, a Scottish artist. B. 175S; d. 1840. Nasmyth, James, a Scottish inventor; constructed telescopes of great power for examining the moon. B. 1SoS. Nast, Thomas, mast, an Am. artist; cartoonist; well known by his war sketches and caricatures of public men. B. Landau, Bavaria, 1840. Naumann, Johann Friedrich, now’man, a Ger, prof. of ornithology; engraved his own illustrations. B. Ziebigk, 17So; d. Kothen, 1857. Naumann, Johann Gottlieb, a Ger, composer of church and operatic music. B. near Blasewitz, 1741; d. Dresden, 1Soi. Karl Friedrich, son of the foregoing, a prof. of mineralogy and gecgnosy and privy coun- selor of mines. B. Dresden, 1797; d. Leipsic, 1874. Navarrete, Juan Fernandez, a Spanish painter; a deaf mute; pupil of Titian. B. Logrono, 1526; d. about 1575. Navez, Francois Joseph, ma-va', a Belgian artist of Bible subjects. B. Charleroi, 1787; d. Brussels, 1869. Naylor, James, na'ler, an Eng. fanatic preacher; imprisoned and tortured by parliament. B. Yorkshire, about 1616; d. Huntingdon- shire, 1660. * Neal, Daniel, meel, an Eng. prof. of history; wrote history of New England and the Puritans. B. London, 1678; d. Bath, 1743. Neal, John, an Am. author; wrote sketches of the first five presi- dents. B. Portland, Me., 1793; d. 1876. Neal, Joseph Clay, an Am. humorous writer; “Charcoal Sketches.” B. Greenland, N. II., 1807; d. Phila., Pa., 1848. Neale, John Mason, an Eng. high-church divine; noted for hymns, sacred poems and church literature. IBorn Lived in first – B. London, 1818; d. Sussex, 1866. | *—a- --> 32O BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. Neander, Johann August Wilhelm, me-an’der, a celebrated Ger. writor; the “father of church history,” his library is in the theological sem, of Rochester, N. Y. B. Gottingen, 1789; d. Berlin, 1850. Nearchus, ite-ar'kus, a Greek naval commander; Alexander bestowed upon him a crown of gold. Lived in the 4th century, B. c. Nebuchadnezzar, neb-tt-kad-mez'ar, a Babylonian king ; captured Judea, and rebuilt the cities of the empire with great splendor; their ruins beur inscriptions of his name. B. about 645; d. 561 B. c. Necho or Neco, Pharaoh Necho, ne’ko, an Egyptian king; defeated Josiah, k, of Judah; took Jerusalem; deposed k. Jehoahaz. R. 610 to 594 B.C. Necker, Jacques, nek'er, a Fr. minister of finance and statesman; a wise administrator; Mme. de Stacl was his daughter. B. Geneva, Switzerland, 1732; d. Coppet, 1Sot. Necker, Mme. Susanne Curchod de Nasse, w, of Jacques; dau. of a Fr. Protestant refugee; highly educated; founded a hospital; wrote against divorce. B. Geneva, 1739; d. Coppet, near Geneva, 1794. Neef, or Neefs, Picter, meef, an Antwerp painter; excelled in per- spective and architectural designs. B. Antwerp, about 1570; d. 1651. Neele, 1 [enry, neel, an Eng, poet and romancer; became insane and committed suicide. I?. London, 1789; d. 1S2S. Nees Von Esenbeck, Christian Gottfried Daniel, nas fon az’en-bek, a Ger. prof. of botany, of high degree. B. Odenwald, 1776; d. Bres- lau, 1858. Neff, Felix, nef, a Swiss independent minister; missionary in the Alpine glens. B. Geneva, 1798; d. there, 1829. Negrelli, Aloys von, fon ma-gre!'ee, an Austrian cngineer; con- structed first Swiss railway; had charge of Austrian railroads. B. Tyrol, 1779; d. Vienna, 1858. Nehemiah, ne-he-mi'ah, gov. of Judea under Persia; cup-bearer to the king; rebuilt the walls of Jerusalem. First mentioned, 445 B. c. Neher, Bernhard von, na'her, a Ger. fresco painter; director of the art schools at Leipsic and Stuttgart. B. Biberach, Wurtemberg, 1805. Nehlig, Victor, na-li, an Ain. artist; member of the national academy of design; “IIiawatha and Minnehaha.” B. Paris, 1830. Nelaton, Auguste, na-la-ton', a Fr. prof. of surgery; favorite sur- geon of Napoleon III. B. Paris, 1807; d. there, 1S73. Nelson, David, mel’son, an Am. Presbyterian minister; surgeon in war of 1S12; f. cducational institute at Quincy, Ill. B. Tennessee, 1793; d. Oakland, Ill., 1844. * Nelson, IIoratio, viscount, a cclebrated British admiral; served under Lord Hood, at Toulon, sieges of Bastia and Calvi; at the last named he lost an eye; distinguished himself in the victory of Cape St. Vin- cent, in 1797; in 1798 gained the victory of Aboukir, destroying the Fr. fleet; def. Danes at battle of Copenhagen; in Oct., 1Soš, was killed in the famous victory Trafalgar; “England expects every man to do his duty.” B. Norfolk, 1758. Nelson, Samuel, an eminent Am. justice, associate of the U. S. supreme court. B. IIebron, 1792; d. Cooperstown, N.Y., 1873. Nelson, Thomas, an Am. gen. and statesman; assisted in framing a constitution for Virginia; offered a resolution in State convention that Virginia delegates to congress propose a declaration of independence; was a signer of that instrument; used his ample fortune to supply the army and navy of his State. B. York co., Va., 1738; d. there, 1789. Nemesianus, Marcus, Aurelius Olympius, ne-me-si-a'nus, a Latin court poet; supposed native of Africa of the third century A. D. Nemesis, men'e-sis, a goddess of the Greeks that dispensed happi- ness and misery to mortals; opposed to excessive riches; punisher of crimes; a daughter of night. Nemesius, men-e-si’tts, bishop of Emesa, a Greek philosophical writer. Lived about 400 A. D. Nemours de, Louis Charles Philippc Raphael, d’Orleans, Duc, deh meh-moor', second son of the Fr. king, Louis Philippe. B. Paris, 1814. Neoptolemus, ne-of-tol"e-mus, called Pyrrhus, son of Achilles and Deidamia; one of the warriors concealed in the wooden horse. Slew Priam. Neoptolemus, an officer of Alexander; a distinguished warrior. Slain in battle about 330 B.C. Nepomucen, John, na-po-mu'cen, a Bohemian saint of the Romish church; chaplain to the Empress Johanna. B. Bohemia, 1330; d. Prague, 13S3 or '93. % Nepos, Cornelius, nee'poss, a Roman writer; “Excellentium Impera- torum Vitae;” trans. into nearly all European languages. Lived time of Augustus. Neptune, nep/tune, a Greek god of the sea; son of Saturn; brother of Jupiter. Nereus, ne're-us, a divinity of Rome; dwelt at the bottom of the sea; had 50 daughters, the Nereids. Neri de', Filippo, St., da na'ree, a Romish theologian; life and writings devoted to young people. B. Florence, 1515; d. IRome, 1595. Nero, Lucius Domitius Caesar, ne’ro, emp. and tyrant of Rome; St. Paul appealed to him, Feb., A. D. 6o; in 66, Nero condemned both Paul and St. Peter to death; persecuted the Christians in 64, probably firing Rome himself, and charging it against the Christians, whom he killed off in the most shocking manner. Killed himself in consequence of a successful revolt in 68. Nero was apparently not hated more than Tiberias, Caligula, or Domitian. Nerva, Marcus Coccius, ner'va, a Roman emp. that ruled with wis- dom, economy and kindness. B. Umbria, 32; d. Rome, 98. Nesselrode von, Karl Robert, fon nes'el-ro-deh, a Russian politician; secured to Russia her present high diplomatic position. B. Lisbon, 17So; d. St. Petersburg, 1862. Nestor, nes’tor, a Greek legendary hero; commander of 60 ships at siege of Troy, after ruling three generations of men. Nestor, the earliest Russian historian. B. 1056; d. about 1114. Nestorius, mes-to'ri-tus, a Syrian bishop; f. of sect. Nestonians; an- athematized by Pope Celestine. D. Lybia, about 440. Netscher, Gaspar, or Kaspar, net'sher, a Dutch painter; f. of two eminent painters, Theodore and Constantine. B. Heidelberg, about 1639; d. at the IIague, 1684. Theodore, was born at Bordeaux, 1661; d. 1732. Constantine, was born in 1670; d. 1722. Nettement, Alfred Francois, net’mon, a Fr. writer, histcrical, bio- graphical, and political. B. Paris, 1805; d. there, 1869. Francis, bro. of the preceding; author of a history of the revolution of 1779, and other works. B. 1808, - Nettleton, Asahel, net’tle-ton, an Am. evangelist; “Village Hymns.” B. N. Killingworth, Conn., 1783; d. 1844. Neuhof von, Theodor, fon noi/hof, a Ger. baron; elected king of Corsica, as Theodor I.; fled to Eng. when the Corsicans were subdued by French. B. 16S6; d. London, 1756. Col. Frederick, son of Theo- dore; in service of duke of Wurtemberg. Shot himself in Westmin- ster abbey, 1796. Neukomm von, Sigismund, chevalier, fon noi'kom, a Ger. composer; pupil of Haydn and guest of Talleyrand; wrote more than Soo compo- sitions. B. Salzburg, 1778; d. Paris, 1858. Reumann, Karl Friedrich, noi'man, a Ger. prof. of languages; col- lected 12,500 vols. in China and brought them to Europe. B. Bamberg, 1798; d. Berlin, 1S7o. - Neureuther, Eugen, noi'ru-ther, a Ger. painter; illustrated the works of Goethe. I3. Munich, 1806. Revin, John Williamson, nev'in, an Am. prof. of theology; origina- tor of Mercersburg system of theology. B. Franklin co., Pa., 1So?. Newberry, John Strong, nu’ber-ry, an Am. prof. of geology; state geologist of Ohio. B. Windsor, Ct., 1822. Newcastle. William. Cavendish, duke of, nu'kas-l, an Eng. gen; fond of music, poctry, and the accomplishments of life. B. 1592; d. 1676. Margaret, w. of the foregoing, duchess of Cavendish, an Eng. . writer; wrote two vols. of plays. about 1625; d. 1673. Newcastle, or Newcastle-under-Lyme, Thomas Holles Pelham, duke of, an Eng. politician; held office about forty years. B. 1693 or 1694; d. 176S. Henry Pelham Frennes Pelham Clinton, duke of, a British poli- tician; leader of the Peelites in parliament. B. London, 1811; d. there, 1S64. Newcomb, Harvey, nu'kum, an Am. preacher, teacher, editor, and author; wrote 178 books, many of them for children; 14 on church hist. B. Thetford, Vt., 1So?; d. Brooklyn, N. Y., 1863. Newcomb, Simon, an Am. astronomer; was contractor for the great telescope authorized by congress, planning and supervising the dome in which it is mounted; member of the royal astronomical society of England; made tables of Neptune and Uranus. B. Wallace, Nova Scotia, 1835. B. St. Johns, near Colchester, Essex, 2. * ~ * +- "----" 'Newcomb, William, an Eng, archbishop; “Harmony of the Gos- Pels;” a distinguished teacher. B. Berkshire, 1729; d. Dublin, 1Soo. 'Newcomen, Thomas, nu-kom'en, an English master mechanic, and * inventor of a steam engine. Lived about 1700. 'Newell, Robert Henry, nu'el, an Am. humorous writer; “Orpheus C. Kerr;” editor Hearth and Home. B. New York, 1836. - 'Newell, Samuel, nu'el, an Am. missionary; sailed with Judson, in 1812; “The Conversion of the World, or the Claims of Six Hundred Millions.” B. Durham, Me, 1784; d. Bombay, India, 1821. Harriet Atwood, w. of Samuel N.; her “Memoir” has been translated into *rious languages. B. Haverhill, Mass., 1793; d. Isle of France, 1812. 'Newman, Edward, nu'man, an Eng. writer on natural history; “Il- lustrated Natural History of British Moths.” B. Hampstead, 1Sor. Newman, John Henry, an Eng. clergyman and writer; left Protest- ant for the Romish faith. B. London, 1Sor. Francis William, bro. of John Henry, miscellaneous and theological writer. B. London, 1805. 'Newport, Christopher, nu'port, one of the first scttlers of Jamestown, Va., 1606; “Discoveries in America,” was pub. 1S60. - Newton, Charles Thomas, nu'ton, an Eng. prof. of archaeology; while at Mytilene discovered site of the Mausoleum; furnishcd sculp- tures, inscriptions, etc., to British museum. B. Herefordshire, 1816. The wife of the above, an artist, died 1856. Newton, Gilbert Stuart, an Eng. painter; “Shylock and Jessica;” "most of his pictures have been engraved. B. Halifax, N. S., 1794; d. Chelsea, Eng., 1835. * Newton, Sir Isaac, nu'ton, a renowned English philosopher, like Kepler, a posthumous and only child; was a dull boy, but becoming "shamed, applied himself diligently, and soon led his class; invented his binomial theorem in 1664, and wrote a treatise on optics; invented the reflecting telescope in 1668; in 1669 became prof. of mathematics *t Cambridge, and while there he made his three great discoveries, of fluxions, the nature of light and colors, and the laws of gravitation; “Principia” brought him into universal recognition; wrote 400 "npublished manuscripts, chiefly on theological subjects; in old age he Was corpulent; never wore spectacles, and lost but one tooth; his hair was white as snow. B. Woolsthorpe, Lincolnshire, 1642; d. Kensing- ton, a suburb of London, 1727. Newton, John, an Eng, clergyman, who took part in the Wesley and Whitefield religious movement; assisted Cowper in writing the “Olney Hymns.” B. London, 1725; d. there, 1So?. Newton, Robert, an Eng. clergyman; advocated cause of British and foreign Bible society and missions. B. Yorkshire, 17So; d. 1854. Newton, Thomas, an Eng. bishop and author; criticised Milton's poetical works; “Dissertations on the Prophesies.” B. Litchfield, 1704; d. 1782. - Ney, Michel, na', duke of Elchingen, the bravest of Napoleon's marshals; assisted in the various French victories; at Hohenlinden, *Soo; at Elchingen; at Friedland, and at Moskwa, but fell a sacrifice to changes of government, in 1815, and was shot 7th December of that year. B. Sarre Louis, 1769. - Nicander, Karl August, ni-kan'der, a Swedish writer who was exe cuted. B. 1799; d. 1839. Nicander, a Greek poetical writer and priest of Apollo. Lived in 2d century B. c. * Niccoli, nek'o-lee, an It. scholar. B. 1364; d. 1437. Niccolini, Giovanni Battista, mek-o-lee'nee, an It, poet; professor of history and mythology; a dramatic writer. B. near Pisa, 1735; d. Florence, 1861. Niccolo da Pisa, nek'o-lo da pee'sa, an It, sculptor and professor of architecture. D. about 1278. Nicephorus I., ni-sef’o-rus, emp, of the East, ascended throne in So2; slain in battle, 81 1. His skull afterward set in gold, served as a drinking cup to the conquerer. II., was popular; his virtues elevated him to the throne of Constantinople in 963. D. 7th year of his reign, *ged 57. III., raised to the throne by his army, 1078; deposed after a reign of three years, 1081. D. shortly afterward. Nichol, John Pringle, nik'l, a Scottish professor of astronomy; a pop- ular lecturer and profuse writer. B. Brechin, 1804; d. Rothesay, 1859. Nicholas I., the Great, and St., nik'o-las, a pope of Rome, led a spot- less life. B. Rome, about Soo; d. there, about 867. Nicholas V., Tommaso Parentucelli, pope of Rome; the last of the "--— *=" -- BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 32 I five popes named Nicholas; restored peace to Italy. B. near Genoa, 139S; d. Rome, 1455. * Nicholas I., Nikolai Pavlovitch, a Russian emperor; his engines of government were priestcraft, soldiery and spies, B. St. Petersburg, 1796; d. there, 1855. Nicholas I., emp. of Russia, ascended the throne in 1825; defeated shah of Persia; aided Greeks to gain their independence; in 1828 war broke out between Russia and Turkey, the latter power was defeated, sand the treaty of Adrianople concluded in 1829; repressed insur- rection in Poland in 1830, the brave Poles being roughly treated, and in 1832 the kingdom of Poland became extinct; in 1839, war was de- clared against the Circassians; Russian arms were defeated in the Crimea, at Alma, at Inkermann and Sebastopol. The object of Nich- olas was to possess Constantinople and the territories of the sultan. B. Petersburg, 1796; d. there, 1855. Alexander II., surnamed Nicho- laewitch, eldest son of Nicholas, succeeded to the throne and is now, 1SS4, emperor of Russia. s Nicholas, St., bishop of Myra; the patron saint of the sailors merchants, travelers, captives, and children. D. about 340. Nichols, Ichabod, nik'olz, an Am. clergyman; vice-president Am. academy fine arts and sciences; “Hours with Evangelists.” B. Ports- mouth, N.H., 1784; d. Cambridge, Mass., 1859. Nichols, John, an Eng, publisher; editor Gentleman's Afagazine; “Literary Anecdotes of the 18th Century:” assisted by his son, John Iłoyer Nichols. B. Islington, 1745; d. London, 1826. John Gough, grandson of John N., antiquarian. B. 1Soó; d. 1873. Nicias, nic’i-as, a Greek general; a successful warrior; put to death with Demosthenes, 5th century, B. c. Nicodemus, nik-o-demus, a member of the Jewish Sanhedrim; came to Jesus with questions; assisted in preparing his body for burial. Nicol, Erskine, nik'ol, a British artist; “Renewal of the Lease Re- fused;”“Waiting for the Train.” B. Leith, 1825. Nicolai, Christoph Friedrich, nee'ko-lt, a Ger. writer and editor; asso- ciated with Lessing and Moses Mendelssohn. B. Berlin, 1773; d. 1811. Nicolai, Karl Otto Ehrenfried, a Ger. composer; “Festival Over- ture.” B. Konigsberg, 1Sio; d. Berlin, 1849. Nicolas, Sir Nicholas Harris, nik'o-las, an English antiquarian; “Chronology and History,” “Cabinct Cyclopaedia.” B. Cornwall, 1799; d. Boulogne, 1848. * Nicole, Pierre, me-kol', a Fr. prof. and author; fled from persecution in Paris in 1677. B. Chartres, 1625; d. Paris, 1695. Nicollet, Jean Nicholas, me-ko-la', a Fr. scientific explorer; came to U. S., 1832, and explored Mississippi and other rivers. B. Savoy, 1786; d. Washington, 1843. Nicomachus, ni-com'a-cus, a Gr, painter; extolled by Plutarch; lived about 4th century B. C. Nicomachus, a philosophic follower of Pythagoras, of the 1st cen- tury. B. Gerasa, Palestine. Nicomedes, nic-o-me'des the name of three Bithynian kings that lived in the 1st to 3d centuries, B. C. Nicot, Jean, ne-ão', a French diplomat; tobacco was named nicotiana in his honor. B. 1530; d. Paris, 1600. Niebuhr, Barthold Georg, nee'loor, a Ger. historian; lectured on ancient Roman history. B. Copenhagen, 1776; d. Bonn, 1S31. . Niebuhr, Karstens, a Ger. explorer in Africa; honored by Danish government. B. Lauenburg, 1733; d. Holstein, 1815. Niedermeyer, Louis, mee’der-mi-er, a Swiss composer; successful in masses, and other music. B. Nyon, Switz., 1802; d. Paris, 1861. Niel, Adolph, ni'el, a Fr. minister of war and marshal; with Napo- leon at siege of Sebastopol; gained the victory at Solferino. B. Haute- Garonne, 1So2; d. Paris, 1S69. Niemann, Albert, nee’man, a Ger. tenor singer of rare power; sang Wagner’s “Tannhauser;” married a Ger. actress, Maria Seebach. B. near Magdeburg, 1831. Niemcewicz, Julian Ursin, myem-tseh'vitch, a Polish writer; left 12 volumes popular poetical works. B. Lithuania, 1757; d. Paris, 1841. Niemeyer, August Hermann, nee’mi-er, a distinguished Ger. writer, theologian and teacher. B. Hallc, 1751; d. Magdeburg, 1828. Niepce, Joseph Nicephore, ne-eps', a Fr. prof of chemistry; invented photography and assisted Daguerre in perfecting the invention. B. Chalon-sur-Saone, 1765; d. 1833. Q * - --> 322 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. Niepce de Saint Victor, Claude Maric Francois, a Fr. chemist; im- proved his uncle's photographic process, and discovercd ways of trans- ferring and changing colors. B. St. Cyr, 1805; d. Paris, 1870. Nieuwentyt, Bernardus, nu’ven-tit, a famous Dutch orator, physician, magistrate, philosopher, and mathematician; “Natural Theology.” B. N. Holland, 1654; d. Purmerend, 1718. Rightingale, Florence, mit'in-gal, an Eng. philanthropist; in 1849, entered the Kaiserswerth hospital at Dusseldorf as voluntary nurse; f. sanatorium, in London, for English invalid ladies; became famous on account of her heroic devotion to the sick and wounded soldier in the Crimea, from 1854 to 1856; “Notes on Nursing.” B. Florence, It., 1820. Niles, Hezekiah, milr, an Am. editor; compiler of “Principles and Acts of the Revolution.” B. Chester co., Pa., 1777; d. Wilmington, Dcl., 1839. Niles, Nathaniel, an Am. politician; invented wire-making from bar iron; “History of the Indian Wars.” B. S. Kingston, R.I., 1741; d. W. Fairlec, Vt., 1828. Nilsson, Christine (Madame Rouzaud,) mil’son, a Swedish prima donna and oratorio singer; posesses range and purity of voice and perfection of tone. B. Hussaby, near Wexio, 1843. Nilsson, Swen, a Swedish prof. of natural history; “Stone Age;” “Dronze Age.” B. Landskrona, 1787. Nimrod, nim'rod, chief builder of Babylon and Nineveh; tradition makes him a great hero. Gen. x. 8-12. Niobe, mi’o-be, a Gr. legendary; wept herself to stone because of the slaying of her six children by Apollo and Diana. Nisard, Jean Marie Napoleon Desire, ne-zar', a Fr. writer; “Diction- ary of Conversation.” B. Chatillon-sur-Seine, 1Soó. Maric Edouard Charles, bro. of foregoing, author and imperial journalist. B. Chatil- lon-sur-Seine, 1808. Nitzsch, Friedrich August Berthold, nitsh, a Ger. prof. of theology; university of Giessen. B. Bonn, 1832. Nitzsch, Karl Ludwig, a Ger, theologian; director of seminary for preachers. B. Wittenberg, 1751; d. there, 1831. Karl Immanuel, a son, prof. theology and university preacher. B. Borna, 1787; d. Berlin, 1S6S. Gregor Wilhelm, bro. of Karl L., prof. philology. B. Wittenberg, 1790; d. Leipsic, 1S61. Karl Wilhelm, son of foregoing; prof. of history. B. Zerbst, 1818. Each published works in German. Noah, no'ah, a scriptural patriarch; built the ark; father of nations since the flood; tradition accords with Bible record concerning him. Noah, Mordecai Manuel, an Am. editor; “Gleanings from a Gathered Harvest.” B. Phila., 1785; d. New York, 1851. Noailles, no'ail, the name of a family of French dukes, celebrated in literary as well as military life. Antoine de, b. 1504; d. Bordeaux, 1562. Anne Jules, b. Paris, 1650; d. Versailles, 1708. Adrien Maurice, b. Paris, 1678; d. there, 1766. Louis Marie, b. Paris, 1756; d. Havana, 1Sot. Paul, b. Paris, 1So2, Emmanuel Victurnien Henri, b. chateau of Maintenon, 1830. The latter was minister at Washington, D. C., 1772 to '74; transferred to Rome. Noble, Louis Legrand, mo'ble an Am. clergyman and author; “Home;” “After Icebergs with a Painter.” B. Otsego co., N.Y., 1S11. Noble, Mark, an Eng. divine and writer; “Lives of the Eng. Regi- cides;” “Biographical Hist. of England.” B. about 1750; d. Kent, 1827. Noble, Samuel, an Eng. engraver and editor; pub. Swedenborg's writings. B. London, 1779; d. there, 1853. Nobunaga, no-bu-nog'a, a Japanesc warrior and political leader; broke the power of Japanese Buddhism. B. 1533; d. 15S2. Nodier, Charles, no-de'a, a Fr. writer of novels and poetry; gram- marian and bibliographer. B. Besancon, about 1782; d. Paris, 1844. Noel, Baptist Wriothesley, no'el, an cloquent Eng. divine; a Bap- tist dissenter; “Union of the Church and State.” B. 1799; d. Lon- don, 1873. Noggerath, Jacob, mogr-e-rath’, a Ger. professor of mineralogy and geology. B. Bonn, 1788. Noir, Victor, new-ar', a Fr. journalist on La Marseillaise; shot by Prince Pierre Bonaparte in a quarrel. B. Attigny, 1848; d. Au- teuil, 1 S70. Noldeke, Theodor, neul'da-ke, a Ger. orientalist. B. Harburg, 1836; d. 1875. Nollekens, John, no!'e-kenz, a popular Eng. sculptor; “Venus Comb. ing her Hair.” B. London, 1737; d. there, 1832. Nollet, Jean Antoine, Abbe, no-la', a Fr. professor of natural phil- osophy. B. 17oo; d. 1770. Noodt, Geraert, note, a Dutch jurist and lawyer. B. 1647; d. 1725. Nordenskjold, Adolph Erik nor’den-shold, a Swedish northern ex- plorer and professor of mineralogy. B. Helsingfors, 1832. Nordhoff, Charles, nord'hoff, a prolific Am. author; “Man of War Life,” “The Union Indissoluble.” B. Prussia, 1830. Mormanby, Constantine Henry Phipps, marquis, norman-by, an Eng. politician; advocated claims of papacy in parliament; suppressed insurrection in Jamaica. B. Yorkshire, 1797; d. S. Kensington, 1863. Morris, John, nor'ris, an Eng. Platonic divine; “Theory and Regula- tion of Love.” B. Wiltshire, 1657; d. Bemerton, 1711. North, Francis, Lord Guilford, an Eng. chief-justice; author of scientific and miscellaneous papers. B. 1637; d. 1685. Frederick, Lord North, second earl of Guilford, great grandson of Lord Guilford; was M. P. 30 years; supported the stamp act, and the right of Eng. to tax the Am. colonies. B. 1733; d. 1792. Northcote, James, north'kote, an Eng. portrait painter; “Murder of the Princes in the Tower,” “Death of Wat Tyler.” B. Plymouth, 1746; d. 1831. Northcote, Sir Stafford Henry, an Eng, politician; held many high offices; “Twenty Years of Financial Policy.” B. London, 1818. Norton, Andrews, nor’ton, an-Am... writer and tutor; “Translation of the Gospels.” B. Hingham, Mass., 1786; d. Newport, R. I., 1853. Charles Eliot, son of Andrews, author and joint editor with James Russell Lowell, of Worth American Review, “Notes of Travel and Study in Italy.” B. Cambridge, Mass., 1827. Norton, Caroline Elizabeth Sarah (Sheridan), an Eng author; “Sor- rows of Rosalic,” “Lost and Saved.” B. 1SoS; d. 1877. Norton, John, an Am. Puritan preacher; made a cruel attack upon the Quakers. B. Hertfordshire, Eng., 1606; d. Boston, 1663. Northumberland, John Dudley, Duke of, and Eng. peer; Lady Jane Grey, in her 15th year, married Lord Guilford Dudley, son of the duke. B. 1502; sent, with his three sons, the Lady Jane, the duke of Suffolk, Bishop Ridley, and others, to the Tower, and was, together with Sir John Gates and Sir Thomas Palmer, beheaded, 1553, by order of q. Mary. Nostradamus, Michel de, deh mos-tra-dai'-mus, a Fr. astrologer; said to be the author of the first almanac. B. Provence, 1503; d. Salon, 1566. Nott, Eliphalet, not, an Am. theologist and instructor; pres. Union college; graduated over 3,700 students; invented first stove for Anthra- cite coal; “Lectures on Temperance.” B. Ashford, Ct., 1773; d. Schenectady, N.Y., 1866. Nott, Josiah Clark, an Am. ethnological writer; established medical college in Mobile, “Indigenous Races of the Earth.” B. Columbia, S. C., 1So; d. Mobile, 1873. Nour-eddin Mahmoud, moor-ed/din, or noor-ed-deen, sultan of Egypt; distinguished himself against the Christians in time of the crusades; made himself master of Egypt; said to have first employed pigeons to carry messages. * Nour-eddin Ali, eldest of the 17 sons of the celebrated Salah-eddin (the Saladin or Christian writers); deprived of his kingdom, Damascus, Southern Syria, and Palestine, by his bro. and uncle. Nour-eddin Ali, second sultan of the Tartar Mamelukes in Egypt; deposed by the emir Kotuz, in 1259. Novalis, Frederick von Hardenberg, now-al'ís, a celebrated Ger. writer, died prematurely, but displayed a boundless imagination; “IIymns to Night.” B. Manfeld, 1772; d. 1Sor. Novatian, no va’shi-an, a pagan philosopher; convcrtcd to Roman- ism, then to anti-popery. I.ived in 3d century. Novella, no-vel/a, a beautiful and educated Italian lady. B. 1312; d. 1366. Novello, Vincent, no-vel'o, an Eng. musician; composed much. B. London, 1781; d. Nice, 1861. Clara Anastasia, a soprano singer, dau- of Vincent. B London, 1818. Novikoff, Nikolai Ivanovitch, uov'e-kof, a Russian writer; estab- lished first circulating library in Russia. B. near Moscow, 1744; d. there, 1SIS. Nowell, Alexander, mou'el, an Eng. divine; “Greater and Lesser;" catechisms in Latin. B. Readhall, 1507; d. Oxford, 1602. Noy, William, noi, an eminent Eng. lawyer; “Complete Lawyer.” B. about 1577; d. 1634. –-" |- :- == ~! $-- Noyes, George Rapall, noiss, an Am. learned in scriptures. B. New- buryport, Mass., 1793; d. Cambridge, 1868. Noyes, John Humphrey, an Am. preacher; became a perfectionist, which led to his founding the Oneida Community. B. 1811. Nugent, Thomas, nu'jent, an Irish author and compiler; “Travels through Germany.” D. 1772. Nugent, Robert Craggs, earl of, an Eng.: poet; “Verses to the Queen.” D. 17SS. Nugent, George Grenville, lord, an Eng. politician and writer. B. 1788; d. 1851. Numa Pompilius, nu'ma pom-pil’i-us, supposed second k of Rome; reigned 715 to 672 B. c. Numenius, nu-me'ni-us, a Greek Christian philosopher of the 2d century. Nunez, Alvar, Cabeca de Vaca, noon/yeth, a Spanish explorer. B. about 1490; d. Seville, 1 564. Nunez, Fernan de Guzman, moo'naith, a Greek prof.; works mostly annotations on classic authors. B. Valladolid, about 1470; d. 1553. d Nunez, Pedro, moo'nez, a Portuguese prof. of mathematics. B. 1492; • 1577. Nuttall, Thomas, nut'al, an Am. naturalist; explored great lakes and rivers. B. Yorkshire, England, 1786; d. in Eng., 1859. Nye, Philip, mi, an Eng. Puritan divine; went to Holland, then re- turned to Eng. B. about 1593; d. 1672. Nystem, Peter Hubert, misten, an eminent Fr. physician and medical £ “New Dictionary of Medical Surgery and Botany.” B. 1771; • 1818. -0-->g O Q-4- Oakes, John Wright, okes, an Eng. landscape artist; “An Old Sand Pit;” “Water Meadows, Sandwich.” B. Cheshire, 1822. Oates, Titus, oats, a clergyman of the church of Eng.; originated the popish plots; confessed to have discovered a scheme to kill Charles II.; alleged that a rising of the Roman Catholics was to take place in vari- ous parts of the country, and that every means would be adopted for the extirpation of the Protestants. On the accession of James II., he * was tried for perjury, and convicted, the whole story he had concocted being exposed; whipped and pilloried; pardoned and pensioned, “Nar- rative of the Popish Plot.” B. about 1619; d. London, 1705. Obadiah, o-ba-di'ah, 4th in order of the minor prophets of the He- brews; the book of Obadiah contains but 21 verses, being the shortest in the Old Testament. Fl. about 588 B. c., or about the time of the captivity of Babylon. Oberlin, Jean Frederic, o'ber-lin, a Fr. public benefactor, both as to the moral and temporal welfare of his people. B. Strasburg, 1740; d. Waldbach, in the Steinthal, 1826. . Obrenovitch, Milosch, o-breh-no'vitch, an officer and prince of Servia. B. 17So; d. 1860. O'Brien, William Smith, o-bri'en, an Irish politician and patriot; M. P. for many years; opposed passage of the Irish arms act in 1843; joined the “Young Ireland” party in 1846; tried to bring about an uprising among the Irish but was thwarted on every side, and convicted of high treason at Clonmel in 1348; banished, but under the general pardon of 1856, zeturned to Eng.; visited U.S. in 1859; favored secession of South- ern states, and advised the Am. Irish to that effect. B. county Clare, 1803; d. 1864. . O'Callaghan, Edmund Bailcy, o-ka/a-han, an Irish-Am. journalist and author; edited the Montreal Vindicator from 1834 to 1837; member assembly of Lower Canada, 1836; removed to New York, “History of New Netherland.” B. co. Cork, at Mallow, Ire., about 1804. Occam, or Ockham, William of, ok'am, called the “invincible doc- tor;” an English philosopher and theologian; he became a formidable enemy to papacy, and was the champion of the Franciscans vs. the Dominicans; copious writer. B. Occam in Surrey, about 1270; d. Munich, 1347. Occom, Samson, ok!om, an Indian teacher and preacher; first Indian preacher that visited Eng., which he did in 1766 as an agent for Moor's Indian charity school. B. Mohegan, Conn., about 1723; d. New Stock- bridge, N.Y., 1792. O'Connell, Daniel, o-kon'nel, an Irish politician; patriot; cntered the bar, and became a successful advocate; favored political reform in "----— *=__ -- * Ireland; fought a duel with D'Esterre, of Dublin government, and his antagonist died; M. P.; appeared as speaker at several monster mect- ings; acquired the name of liberator. B. Carhen, near Cahirciveen, co. Kerry, 1775; d. Genoa, 1847. O'Connor, Arthur, o-kon'er, an Irish leader in 1798, and lieut.-gen. under Napoleon in 1So!; member Irish parliament; married a dau. of the philosopher Condorcet; “Present State of Great Britain,” 1804. IB. 1763; d. near Nemours, Fr., 1852. O'Connor, Feargus Edward, an Irish politician and champion of the poor class; M. P. several times, and editor Worthern Star. B. Dangan Castle, co. Meath, Ire., 1796; d. in an insane asylum, 1855. O'Connor, William Douglas, an Am. journalist and author; editor Saturday Evening Post, Philadelphia; “The Good Gray Poet.” B. Boston, 1833. O'Conor, Charles, o-kon'er, an Am. jurist; leading lawyer in the slave Jack case, 1835; Forrest divorce case, 1S51; Mason will case, 1853, and many other suits involving large amounts; noted “ring” prose- cutor in New York, 1873; received over 29,000 votes for pres. of U.S., in 1872, against his will, from the labor reform and the straight-out democrat factions. Born, N.Y., 1804. Octavia, oc-ta'via, sister of the sovereign Augustus and wife of Mark Antony; one of her daughters became the mother of Nero. B. about 70 B. c.; d. 11 B. C. o'Curry, Eugene, orkur'ry, an Irish prof. and archaeologist; first modern scholar able to translate and explain the ancient Brehon laws. B. Dunaha, near Carrigaholt, co. Clare, 1796; d. Dublin, 1862. Odescalchi, Marc Antonio, o-des-ka/kee, a Romish philanthropist. B. 1620; d. 1670. Odevaere, Josephus Dionysius, o-de-vair, a Flemish artist; “Battle of Waterloo;” “Peace of Utrecht.” B. Bruges, 1778; d. Brussels, 1830. odier, Louis, o-de-a', a Swiss doctor. B. 1748; d. 1817. Odoacer, o-do-a'ser, k. of Italy. B. in the early part of the 5th cen- tury; executed, 493. o'IDonnell, Leopold, o-don'el, (Sp. O'Donel Leopoldo), a Spanish officer, count of Lucena, and duke of Tetuan; served on the young queen's side during the Carlist war, and later became prominent in the cause of the queen mother Christina; afterward turned and headed a revolt at Vicalbaro; issued a manifesto calling for the emancipation of Queen Isabella, the banishment of the mother queen, and the renewing of the constitution of 1837; created marshal, and suc. Espartero as pres. of the council, but was obliged to resign through the plotting of Nar- vaez. B. Santa Cruz, isle of Teneriffe, 1809; d. Biarritz, France, 1867. O'Donovan, John, o-don’o-van, an Irish prof. of history and archae- ologist, “Annals of Ireland, by the Four Masters, from the earliest Historic Period to A. D. 1616.” B. Antatee More, co. Kilkenny, 1809; d. Dublin, 1861. CE.colampadius, or Oekolampad, Johannes, ek-o'-lam-pa'di-us, or o-ko- lam-pat’, real name IIussgen, or Heussgen, a Ger. religionist; stood about midway between Luther and the Romish faith; called the Me- lancthon of Switzerland. B. Weinsberg, Swabia, 1482; d. Basel, 1531. Oeder, Georg Ludwig, o’der, a Ger. prof. of botany, and author of “Flora Danica.” B. 1728; d. 1791. Oehlenschlager, Adam Gottlob, o/len-shlag-er, a Danish poet; “Hak- on Jarl,” “Palnatoke,” wrote 24 tragedies; translated “Midsummer Night's Dream.” B. Copenhagen, 1779; d. there, 1850. Oersted, Anders Sandoe, or 'sted, a Danish politician and jurist; made att'y-gen. in 1825; prime minister, 1853; wrote autobiography and several works on philosophy. B. Rudkjoping, island of Langeland, 1778; d. Copenhagen, 1860. Oersted, IIans Christian, brother of the foregoing, a Danish physi- cist; discovered the identity of magnetism and electricity in 1819-20. B. Rudkjoping, 1777; d. Copenhagen, 1851. Oertel, Philip Friedrich Wilhelm, better known as W. O. Von IIorn, a Ger. ecclesiastic and voluminous story writer. B. Horn, near Sim- mern, 1798; d. Wiesbaden, 1867. Oeser, Friedrich, o'zer, a Ger. modeler and artist. B. 1717; d. 1790. Oesterley, Karl, o'ster-ly, a Ger. artist and prof. at Gottingen; painter to the court of IIanover; “Daughter of Jephtha.” B. Gottingen, 1805. Oetinger, Friedrich Christoph, o'ting -er, a Ger. divine; converted to the doctrines of Jacob Boehm, and tried to arrange a system of theology on the mystical interpretation of scripture; he condemned Wolf and * -—9b." =>a "-----> I BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 323 "--— 324. BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. gave his own views in his “Heavenly and Earthly Philosophy.” B. Olga, o/ga, a Russian saint of the Greek church, and princess; her Goppingen, Wurtemberg, 1702; d. Murrhardt, 17S2. festival is celebrated July 11. D. 969. Oettinger, Eduard Maria, ot'ing-er, a Ger. bibliographer, journalist, oliepde Verneuil, Jean Jacques, a Fr. father, of Roman Cutholic and author; “Grammar of Marriage.” B. of Jewish parents, Breslau, church; f. seminary of St. Sulpice in 1645. B. Paris, 1608; d. there, 1657. 1SoS; d. 1872. Olin, Stephen, o'lin, an Am. Methodist clergyman, and president of Offa, a Mercian king, in Britain; reigned in the latter part of the 8th the Middletown, Conn., Wesleyan university; “Greece and the Golden century; an invincible ruler, and compiled the laws of his dominions Horn.” B. Leicester, Vt, 1797; d. Middletown, Conn., 1851. himself. Oliphant, Carolina, ol’i-fant, Baroness Nairne, a Scottish poet, called Offenbach, Jacques, oft’en-bak, a French musician and composer of in her youth “The Flower of Strathearn,” from her great beauty. B. comic operas; orchestral leader and theatrical director; “Whittington mansion of Gask, Perthshire, 1766; d. there, 1845. and his Cat.” B. Cologne, of Ger. Jewish parents, 1819. Oliphant, Laurence, an Eng. author and noted traveler; “Minnesota, Ofterdingen, Heinrich von, ofter-ding -en, a Ger. minstrel and hero or the Far West.” B. Eng., 1829. of an unfinished romance by Novalis. Fl. about 1200. Oliphant, Margaret (Wilson), an Eng. novelist of Scotch descent; Oggione or Uggione Marco da, ood-fo'na, an Italian artist; copied “Liliesleaf;” “A Rose in June,” B. Liverpool, about 1820. Da Vinci’s “Last Supper.” B. Oggione, near Milan, about 1470; Oliva, Alexander Joseph, ol-i-va', a Fr. modeler and sculptor; exe- d. 1530. cuted statue of Abbe Degucrry in the Madeleine. B. Saillagouse, Ogilby, John, o'gil-bi, a Scottish geographer and poet; published dept. Pyrenees-Orientales, about 1824. metrical translation of Homer. B. Edinburgh, 1600; d. London, 1676. Olivarez, Gasparo de Guzman, o-le-va'reth, a Sp. politician and Ogilvie, John, o'g''l-vi, a Scottish author, critical, theological and third count of and duke of San Lucar. B. Rome, 1587; d. Toro, where poetical; “Day of Judgment.” B. Aberdeen, 1733; d. Midmar, Aber- he had been banished, 1645. deenshire, 1814. Oliver, Andrew, ol’iver, an Am. statesman; lieutenant-governor of Oglethorpe, James Edward, o'g'l-thorp, a British officer and founder Mass., 1771; aided British cause and was removed. B. Boston, 1706, of the Am. colony of Georgia; M. P. from Hazelmere 32 years, speaking d. there, 1774. Peter, brother of foregoing, an Am. politician and boldly for the poor; obtained grant to found the colony of Georgia, and chief-justice of Mass.; in the revolutionary war he sided with the extended invitation to the oppressed Protestants of all nations to come; tories. B. 1713; d. Birmingham, Eng., 1791. for ten years he governed the colony, and then returned to England and Olivet d’, Joseph Thoulier, abbe, do-le-va', a Fr. critic and author. was made maj.-gen., and later gen. of all the sovereign’s forces. B. B. 1682; d. 1768. - London, 16SS; d. Cranham hall, Essex, 17S5. Olivier, Guillaume Antoine, o-le-ve-a’, a Fr. ctomological author Ogyges, ogly-ges, a legendary king of Greece; during his reign occur- and scholar; spent 6 years in Persia in service of his government. B. red the Ogygian deluge, and the oldest gate of Thebes is called, in his Les Arcs, 1756; d. Lyons, 1814. honor, the Ogygian gate. Olivier, Juste Daniel, a Swiss professor and poet; his works com- Ohlmuller, Joseph Daniel, ol"mu-ler, German designer and architect. prise numerous volumes of both prose and poetry. B. Eysins, B. 1791; d. 1839. Vaud, 1So?. Ohm, George Simon, om, a German natural philosopher; discovered olivier, Theodore, a Fr. teacher and mathematical author, descriptive the law upon which is based the mathematical theory of electricity- geometry being his specialty. B. Lyons, 1Soo; d. there, 1853. “Ohm's Law.” B. Erlangen, 1787; d. Munich, 1854. Martin, brother Ollendorff, Henri Godefroy, ol’en-dorf, a Ger. grammarian and cele- of the foregoing, a German mathematician and lecturer; wrote several brated educator. B. 1803; d. 1S65. mathematical works. B. Erlangen, 1792; d. Berlin, 1872. Ollivier, Emile, ol-le-ve-a’, a Fr. statesman and advocate; made min- Ohmacht, Landolin, a German sculptor and modeler; “Venus Leaving ister of justice by Napoleon, but became odious and had to resign. B. her Bath.” B. Wurtemburg, about 1761; d. Strasburg, 1834. Marseilles, 1825. Ojeda, Alonzo de, o-ha'da, a Sp. explorer with Columbus. B. about Olmsted, Denison, um'sted, an Am. physicist and inventor of the 1465; d. probably in the first quarter of the 16th century. Olmsted stove; executed first Am. state geographical survey in 1824-5. O'Keefe, John, o-keef", an Irish dramatic author; 12 years an actor; B. East Hartford, Conn., 1791; d. New Haven, 1859. wrote over 50 comedies, comic operas and farces. B. Dublin, 1747; d. Olmsted, Frederick Law, an Am. landscape gardener and horticultural Southampton, Eng., 1833. author; “Cotton Kingdom.” B. Hartford, Conn., 1822. Oken, or Ockenfuss, o'ken, a Ger. naturalist and prof. ordinary of Olney, Jesse, ol’ni, an Am. cducator and text-book writer. B. 1798; sciences; cditor of the Isis; delivered his celebrated inaugural address d. 1872. . at Jena before Gaethe. B. in Wurtemburg, 1779; d. Zurich, 1851. Olozaga, Don Salustiano ol-o-tid'ga, a Sp. politician. B. about 1803; olar, St., o'laf, or Olaus, o-la'us, emp. of Norway; at 16 he had been d. 1873. in nine great battles; a zealous Christian; he burned heathen temples Olshausen, Hermann, ols'how-zen, a Ger, divine and commentator. and built churches on the ruins. B. in the latter half of the 10th cen- devoted himself especially to the exegesis of the New Testament. B. tury; k. in battle, 1030. Oldeslohe, Holstein, 1796; d. Erlangen, 1839. olbers, Heinrich Wilhelm Matthaus, o!'berss, a Ger. physician. and Olympias, dau. of Neoptolemus I., wife of Philip of Maccdon, and astronomer; discovered new method of calculating the orbits of mother of Alexander the Great. Lived in 4th century B. c. r comets. B. near Bremen, 1758; d. Bremen, 1840. Omar I. (Abu Hafsah Ibn al-Khattab), o'mer, second of the caliphs, oldcastle, Sir John, old'kas', baron Cobham, an Eng. religionist and captor of Jerusalem, and champion of the Moslems, tooks:0,000 castles reformer; “Twelve Conclusions Addressed to the Parliament of from the infidels. B. about 5S1; assassinated, 644. England.” B. reign of Edward III.; hanged in chains on a gibbet, Omar II. (Abu Hafs), 8th caliph of the Ommiades; great grandson and roasted to death, London, 1417. of the preceding. Poisoned, 720. Oldenburg, Henry old'en-boorg, a Ger.-Eng. author; “Grubendol.” o'Mara, Barry Edward, o-ma'ra, an Irish surgeon and writer; B. about 1626; d. 1678. “Exposition of the Treatment of Napoleon Bonaparte.” B. 17So; d. Oldham, John, old'am, an Eng. poetical satirist, known as the Eng- London, 1836. lish Juvenal. B. Shipton, Gloucestershire, 1653; d. Holme, Pier- Omer Pasha (Michael Lattas), a Turkish gen., son of an Austrian point, 1683. civilian; appointed generalissimo of all the Turkish armies at the out- Oldmixon, John, old"miks-on, an Eng. political and historical author; break of the Crimean war; gov. of Bagdad. B. Plaskia, Croatia, 1806; conspicuous in Pope's “Dunciad.” B. 1673; d. London, 1742. d. Constantinople, 1871. oldys, William, o!'dis, or oldt, an Eng. bibliographer and antiquary. Omphale, om'fale, legendary dau. of Jardanus, k, of Lydia, and wife B. 1687; d. 1761. of Tmolus; she had several children by IIercules, who was her slave. Ole Bull. See BULL, Olc. Oncken, John Gerhard, on'ken, a Ger. Baptist missionary; wrote Olearius, Adam, o-la-a’ree-oos, or Olschlager, ol’shla-ger, a German and preached 50 years throughout Central Europe. B. Varel, Olden- traveler and specialist in Eastern languages. B. about 1599; d. 1671. burg, about 1800. f —-" ~ : [g- ~-3) *- * 4: der.” -—912" *- BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 325 Onderdonk, Henry Ustick, on'der-donk, an Am. divine and Prot. Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 1837; fought Abd-el-Kader at pass of Mouz- Episcopal bishop; suspended for intemperance; “Episcopacy Tested aiah, 1840. B. Palermo, 1810; d. near Paris, from effects of a fall, 1842. by Scripture.” Born N. Y., 1789; d. Phila., 1858. Benjamin Tredwell, | IIelene Louise Elizabeth, his wife, was disappointed on the failure of bro. of the foregoing, an Am. bishop; suspended for immorality. her son to gain the Fr. throne. B. Ludwigslust, 1814; d. Richmond, Born N. Y., 1791; d. there, 1861. Eng., 185S. See AUMALE, duke de. * O'Neall, John Belton, o-meal", an Am. jurist and head of the Sons of Orleans, Maid of. Sec JoAN of ARC. Temperance in North America in 1852. B. on Bush River, S.C., 1793; Orloff, Ivan, or’/of a name adopted by the f. of a Russian family. d. near Newberry, 1863. Grigori Grigorievitch, a grandson of Ivan; favored "by Catharine II., O'Neil, Henry, a British artist; historical and genre painting; was the means of deposing her husband, Peter III., and at last exiled by “Modern Art in England and France.” B. St. Petersburg, 1817. her. B. 1734; d. Moscow, 1773. Alexei, count, a Russian naval O'Neill, Eliza, o-nee", an Irish actress, excelling as Juliet; married officer, bro. of preceding, supposed to have strangled Peter III. in baron William Wrixon Becher. B. about 1795; d. Ballygiblin, near prison; admiral. B. 1737; d. Moscow, 1SoS. Fedor, gen.-in-chief; a Mallow, 1872. bro. of Alexei, served against Turks. B. 1741; d. Moscow, 1796. Onslow, Arthur, onz'lo, an Eng. statesman; speaker of the house 33 Alexei, count, a Russian gen., son of the preceding; distinguished in years. B. 1691; d. 1768. s war; first amb, to Paris. B. 1787; d. St. Petersburg, 1861. Nikolai, son Onslow, George, a Fr. composer of operas, quartets, and quintets. of last named; a prince and soldier; lost an eye in the Crimea. B. 1827. B. Clermont, Auvergne, 1784; d. there, 1S53. Orme, Robert, orm, an Eng. historian and writer; historiographer of Oort, Adam van, van art, a Flemish artist. B. 1557; d. 1641. Past India company. B. India, 1728; d. Ealing, Eng., 1801. Oost, Jacob van, van ost, the elder, Flemish artist. B. 16oo; d. 1671. Ormond, James Butler, first duke of, or mond, an Eng. politician; Opie, John, opi, an Eng. historical artist; brought to London by Dr. lord.-lieut. of Ireland. B. London, 1610; d. Kingston hall, 1688. Wolcott of Truro (Peter Pindar), and was called the “Cornish Won- Orsay, de, Alfred Guillaume Gabriel, count, dor-sa', a Fr. beau and B. St. Agnes, near Truro, Cornwall, 1761; d. London, 1So?. gallant. B. 1Sor; d. 1852. Amelia, nee Alderson, second wife of the above, an Eng. author; Orsini, Felice, or-see'nee, an Italian libertine and revolutionist; at- “Father and Daughter,” etc. B. Norwich, 1769; d. there, 1853. tempted to assassinate Napoleon III.; executed. B. Meldola, 1819. d. Opitz, Martin, opits, ennobled as Opitz von Boberfield, a Ger. author Paris, 1858. and founder of the first Silesian school; historiographer of k. Ladi- Ortelius, Abraham, or-tee'le-us, a Ger. geographer and writer. B. las IV., of Poland. B. Bunzlau, Silesia, 1597; d. Dantzic, 1639. 1527; d. 1598. Oppert, Jules, offert, a Ger.-Parisian orientalist; studied cuneiform Orton, James, an Am. clergyman and naturalist; discovered the first inscriptions 20 years. B. of Jewish parents, Hamburg, 1825. fossils found in the Amazon valley. B. Seneca Falls, N.Y., 1830. Opzoomer, Carolus Wilhelmus, op'zo-mer, a Dutch metaphysician; Osborn, Sherard, oz'burn, an Eng. author and admiral; in the Arctic attacked Christianity in his “Letter to Da Costa.” B. Rotterdam, 1S21. expedition in search of Sir John Franklin. B. 1S22; d. 1875. Orange, William, prince of, or'anj, called the Silent; founded the Oscar I., Joseph Francis Bernadotte, os'kar, k. of Sweden and Nor- Putch republic. B. 1533; assassinated, 1584. way, abjured Catholicism for Lutheranism; created duke of Suder- Orbigny, Alcide Dessalines, d', dor-ben-ye', a Fr. naturalist and anti- mania; grand admiral and gen. of artillery; suc. to throne, 1844. B. quarian, made large collections of animals and birds in S. America. B. Paris, 1799; d. 1859. II., k, of Sweden and Norway, 3d son of Joseph; Coueron, Loire-Inferieure, ISo2; d. near Paris, 1857. made reforms; married Sophia, dau. of William, duke of Nassau. Orcagna or Orgagna, Andrea di Cione, or-kanya, an It. painter and B. 1829. - sculptor, famous for his frescoes; his style was greatly admired and Osceola, os-se-o'la, one of the principal chiefs of the Seminole In- studied by Michael Angelo, and Raphael. B. Florence, 14th century; dians in the second Seminole war; seized during a truce and im. d. about 13So. - prisoned. B. in Ga., 1So; d. Ft. Moultrie, 1838. Ord, Edward O. C., ord, an Am. gen. that served in the Mexican Osgood, Frances Sargent, oz'good an Am. poet; “Casket of Fate.” War, and civil war of 1S61-5. B. Allegheny co., Md., 1818; d. 1SS3. B. Boston, 1811; d. IIingham, 1850. * Orellana, Francisco, o-ral-ya'na, a Sp. explorer and adventurer; was Osgood, Samuel, an Am. divine; “Studies in Christian Biography.” with Pizarro in the conquest of Peru; while executing an order of B. Charlestown, Mass., 1811; d. Hingham, Mass., 1850. Pizarro, he discovered the Amazon, and his was the first European ship Osiander, Andreas, o-ze-an’der, a Ger. Protestant clergyman; parti- ever on that river. B. 16th century; d. Brazil, about 1550. san of Luther in the great reform movement. B. 149S; d. 1552. Orelli, Johann Kaspar, o-rel'ee, a Swiss philologist and writer. B. Osiris, o-si'ris, the great Egyptian divinity, husband of Isis; “ruler Zurich, 1787; d. there, 1849. of eternity;” traveled abroad and spread the blessings of civilization. Orense, Jose Maria d'Albaida, marquis, o-ren'sa, a Sp. politician; ac- Isis was goddess of the moon. See Io. tive in trying to effect a confederation of the Latin nations; arrested Osius, osi-us, bishop of Cordova, in Spain; became the confidant of and banished a number of times. B. 1So2. Constantine, who by his persuasions convened in 325 the council of Orfila, Mateo Jose Bonaventura, or-fee'la, a French chemist and toxi- Nice; the emp. Constantius II. persecuted him. B. 257; d. about 358. cologist. B. Port Mahon, 1787; d. Paris, 1853. * Osman or Othman I., os'man, the Victorious; founder of the dynasty Origen, or’i-jen, surnamed Adamantius; a patriarch of the church; at present reigning at Constantinople. I}. Sukut, Bithynia, 1259; d. his teachings were most powerful, and vast multitudes accepted his 1326. II., sultan of the Turks; war vs. Poland, 1621, and was defeated; doctrines; was persecuted and banished many times. B. probably in deposed, and Mustapha took the throne. Osman was strangled in Alexandria, about 185; d. in Tyre, 254. 1622. Osman III. became sultan in 1754, and reigned in a cruel manner Orleans, the name of a numerous family in France; the principal three years. D. 1757. Mustapha III. was suc. by his brother Abdul members are as follows: Louis, the head of the house of Orleans-Valois, Ahmed, in 1774, the latter being suc. by his nephew, Selim III., a son lieut.-gen. of Fr., 1404; assassinated by command of the duke of Bur- of Mustapha. Selim III. died 1So; and was suc. by Mahmoud II. gundy, which brought about civil war between these rival houses. B. Abdul Medjid, son of the preceding, became sovereign after death of 1371; d. 1407. Jean Baptiste Gaston, youngest son of Henry IV.; an his father. Abdul Medjid died in 1861, and was suc. by Abdul Aziz, open enemy to Richelieu, which culminated in the assassination of that who committed suicide, and was suc. by Murad, or Amurath V., son minister; exiled. B. 1603; d. Blois, 1660. Philippe II., duke, regent of of Abdul Medjid; being an imbecile, Murad was suc., in 1876, by France, for Louis XV.; a military commander, prime minister. B. St. Abdul Hamid II., who is the present reigning sultan of Turkey. Cloud, 1674; d. Paris, 1723. Louis Philippe Joseph, duke of Chartres, Osmond, St., os'mond, a Norman prelate; reformed the liturgy of an enemy of Marie Antoinette; was a revolutionist and opposed to the Salisbury. B. in Normandy, 11th century; d. in Eng., Io99. reigning power; finally condemned on frivolous grounds, and executed. Ossian, osh'an, a legendary Celtic poet, supposed to have lived in the B. St. Cloud, 1747; d. Paris, 1793. Ferdinand Philippe Louis Charles second or third century. * IIenri Joseph, grandson of the foregoing, cldest son of k. Louis Phil- Ossoli, Sarah Margaret Fuller, os'so-le, a modern Am. authoress; ippe, duke of Orleans; served at siege of Antwerp, married Helena of taught Latin, German, Italian, and French, in a school at Rhode Island; - °—- 326 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. —--" ====" --~~m" joined Brook Farm community; contributed to Emerson's Dial, mar- ried an Italian at Rome, 1847; on a voyage to America, herself, husband and child, were drowned. B. in Mass., 1810; wrecked on coast of Long Island, 1850. Ossory, Thomas Butler, earl of, os'o-ri, an Eng. officer; lieut.-gen. forces in Irc.; afterward admiral. B. castle of Kilkenny, 1634; d. 16So. Osuna, or Ossuna, Pedro Tellez y Giron, duke of, os-soo'na, an It. gov.; viceroy of Naples. B. 1579; d. 1624. Ostade van, Adrian, van os' ta-deh, a Flemish artist; his pictures were small, but very valuable. B. Lubeck, 1610; d. Amsterdam, 16S5. Osterwald, Jean Frederic, os’ter-walt, a Swiss minister. B. Neufcha- tel, 1663; d. there, 1747. Oswald, St., os'wald, k. of Northumberland; def. Cerdowalla, k, of the Britons, who lost his life. Oswald reunited the two kingdoms of Northumberland, but was slain in a battle with Pendia, k, of Mercia, 643 A. D. Otfried, ot"fret, a Ger. monk and poet. Lived in 9th century. Othman Ibn Affan, oth-man'ib’n affan', third caliph; follower of Mohammed; first caliph who ordered an authentic and accurate trans- cript of the Koran. Killed in Medina, 656. Otho, Marcus Salvius, o'tho, a Roman emperor; committed suicide after a reign of three months. B. 32; d. 69. Otho I., the Great, o/to, emp. of Germany; his reign characterized by long and terrible wars; crowned k. of Italy, and emp. of the West. B. 912; d. Memleben, 973. Otho II., the Bloody, suc, his f., the preceding emperor; repulsed the Danes and Bohemians. B. 951; d. 983. III., son of preceding, twice regulated affairs in Italy. B. 9So; d. 1002. r otho IV., the Superb, excommunicated by the pope for seizing the lands that the Countess Matilda bequeathed to the Holy Sex; displaced by Frederic, k. of Sicily. D. 1218. Otho I., k, of Greece, son of Louis I., of Bavaria; accepted the of- fice of k. of Greece, but, eventually becoming despotic, was deposed. B. Salzburg, 1815; d. Bamberg, 1867. Otis, IHarrison Gray, o'tis, an Am. politician, leader of federal party in congress; mayor of Boston. B. there, 1765; d. 1848. Otis, James, an Am. statesman, orator and patriot. B. Great Marshes, 1725; d. Andover, 1783. otterbein, Philip William, a Ger. minister; founder of the church of the United Brethren in Christ, in America. B. 1726; d. 1813. ottley, William Young, ot'li, an Eng, writer on fine arts, and critic. B. 1771; d. 1836. Otto, Friedrich Julius, ot'o, a Ger, chemist and author. B. Saxony, 1809; d. Brunswick, 1870. Ottocar II., ot’to-kar, the Conqueror, suc. Wenceslaus III., and united the kingdoms of Bohemia, Austria, and Styria, in 1253; f. of cities, encouraged trades and manufactures; deprived of Austria. B. about 1230; killed in battle of Marchfeld, 1278. Otway, Thomas, ot'wa, an Eng. poet and dramatist; “Venice Pre- served.” B. Trotton, Sussex, 1651; d. London, 16S5. Oudinot, Nicholas Charles, oo-de-no', duke of Reggio, a Fr. officer; marshal after Wagram. B. Bar-sur-Ornain, 1767; d. Paris, 1847. Oudry, Jean Baptiste, oo-dre', a Fr. artist, making a specialty of animals. B. 16S6; d. 1755. Ouseley, Gideon, ooz'li, an Irish minister; “Old Christianity and Papal Novelties.” B. Dunmore, Galway, 1762; d. 1S39. Ouseley, Sir William, an Eng. student proficient in oriental lan- guages. B. Monmouthshire, 1771; d. 1842. Outram, Sir James, oo'tram, an Eng. soldier; gen. in India; com- mander of troops in Sepoy rebellion. B. Derbyshire, 1So?; d. Pau, France, 1863. Ouvrard, Gabricl Julien, oo-vrar', a Fr. banker and financier. B. near Clisson, 1770; d. London, 1847. ovando, Nicholas, o-van’do, a Spanish governor of San Domingo. B. about 1460; d. 1518. Overbeck, Friedrich, over-bek, a Ger. artist; historical, fresco and sacred pieces, seemed to have been his specialties. B. Lubeck, 1789; d. Rome, 1S69. Overbury, Sir Thomas, o’ver-ber-i, an Eng. poet, author and phi- losopher; poisoned by the earl of Somerset. B. Warwickshire, 1581; d. London, 1613. 1564; d. Abyssinia, about 162o. Overweg, Adolf, o’ver-wag, a Ger.exp. and trav. in Africa; made im- portant discov. B. Hamburg, 1822; d. near Lake Tchad, Africa, 1852. Ovid, Publius Ovidius Naso, ov'id, a celebrated Latin poet; educated for the forum, but had little bent in that direction; after producing a few pieces, he was banished by Augustus for some unknown reason; “Metamorphoses;” “Art of Love.” B. Sulmo, 43 B. c.; d. Tomi, 18 A.D. Oviedo y Valdez, de, Gonzalo Fernandcz, o-ve-ai’do e val/daith, a celebrated Spanish historian; accompanied Columbus on his first voy- age to Hispaniola; his book “General History of the Indies,” is one of immense learning. I'. Madrid, 1478; d. Valladolid, 1557. Owen, John, D. D., o'en, an Eng. clergyman and author; his pub- lished works are numerous, and on many subjects. B. Oxford- shire, 1616; d. near London, 1683. Owen, Richard, a British physiologist and anatomist; made extensive researches. B. Lancaster, 1804. Owen, Robert, an Eng. reformer; spent much time and a fortune to introduce his peculiar views, but his efforts proved failures. B. New- ton, Wales, 1771; d. there, 1858. Owen, Robert Dale, an Am. writer, son of the above; regent of Smithsonian institute; min. to Naples; a prominent and conspicuous spiritualist; “Footfalls on the Boundary of Another World.” B. Glasgow, 1801; d. 1877. Oxenford, John, oks'en-ford, an Eng. play-writer; “Twice Killed.” B. Caimberwell, near London, 1812. Oxenstiern, Axel, oks’en-steerm, a statesman of Sweden; member of the senate; after Gustavus Adolphus' death he continued the religious war in Germany; ruler of Sweden during the minority of q. Christiana. B. Fano, 1583; d. Stockholm, 1654. Oxford, oxford, earl of. See HARLEY, Robert. Ozanam, Antoine Frederic, a Fr. writer; one of the founders of St. Vincent de Paul. B. Milan, 1813; d. Marseilles, 1853. Ozeroff, Vladislas Alexandrovitch, os'er-ov, a Russian tragic poet; “Polyxena.” B. 1770; d. 1816. •0–~ P G =-8. Paalzow, Henriette von, fon pal/zow, a Ger. author of fiction; “God- wie Castle.” B. Berlin, 17SS; d. there, 1847. Paca, William, pak'a, a signer of the Declaration of Independence; M. C., 1775-77; gov. of Maryland. B. Harford co., Md., 1740; d. 1799. Pacca, Cardinal, min. of Pius VII., re-established order of Jesuits in Rome, in 1S16. B Benevento, 1756; d. 1844. Paccard, Alexis, pac-car, a Fr. architect and writer; prof. architect ture in Paris. B. Paris, 1813; d. there, 1867. Pacchioni, Antonio, pak-kyo'nee, an It, physician and anatomist; first to describe certain little glands attached to the membrane of the brain, called Glandulae Pacchioni in his honor. B. Reggio, about 1665; d. Rome, 1726. Pacino, Giovanni, pa-chee'nee, an It composer of opera music. B. Catania, 1796; d. near Pescia, 1867." Packard, Alpheus Spring, Jr. M. D., pack'ard, an Am. entomologist and naturalist; “A Guide to the Study of Insects.” B. Brunswick, Me., 1839. Pacheco, Francisco, pa-cha'ko, a Sp. artist and poet; “Archangel Michael Expelling Satan from Paradise.” B. Seville, 1571; d. there, 1654. Pachomius, St., pa-ko'me-us, founder of the first monastic community. B. Upper Egypt, 292; d. about 34S. Pacuvius, Marcus, pa-cu-vi-us, an eminent Latin tragic poet. B. Brundusium, 219 B. c.; d. there about 130. Padilla, Juan Lopez de, da pa-deelya, a Sp. revolutionist; executed without trial. B. about 1490; d. Villalar, 1521. Paer, Ferdinando, fa-er', an It. composer of operas; his first when ten years old. B. Parma, 1771; d. Paris, 1839. Paez, Francisco, pa-eth, a Sp. missionary in Abyssinia and other portions of Africa; successful in establishing missions. B. Olmedo, Paez, Jose Antonio, a revolutionary leader in Venezuela against the Spanish; afterward acted under the great Gen. Bolivar; clected pres. of Venezuela, 1S30; he was afterward exiled, and went to New York. B. province of Barinas, 1790; d. New York, 1873. Pagan, de Blaise Francois, Count, deh pa:gon', a Fr. engineer in military service. B. 1604; d. 1665. -----" —-m=" 2- . |-- | 4 k * * = == ------ BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. "--— *ganini, Nicolo, pa-ga-nee'nee, a wonderful It. violinist; at the age "f six he handled the instrument with great skill; the greatest of his *ge. B. Genoa, 1784; d. Nice, 1840. *age, William, paj, an American artist, making a special study of Portraits, for which he is celebrated. B. Albany, N. Y., 1811. *aget, Sir James, paffet, an Eng. physician and surgeon; surgeon *traordinary to the queen. B. Great Yarmouth, 1814. Pahlen, Peter Louis, count, £ag'len, a Russian gen., politician, and °onspirator; mil. gov. of St. Petersburg; principal favorite of Paul I.; took part in the conspiracy which resulted in the Czar's assassination. B. about 1750; d. 1826. *aine, Martyn, pain, an American physician and medical author; “Medical and Physiological Commentaries.” B. Williamstown, Vt., 1794; d. New York, 1877. Paine, Robert Treat, a signer of the Declaration of Independence; delegate to congress, 1774-S; judge supreme court, Mass. D. latter part 18th century. Paine, Seth, senior, an Am. philanthropist; f. first home for worthy Working women in Chicago; detective on staff Gen. McClellan, civil War, 1861-5. B. Rutland, Vt., 1816; d. 1872. Paine, Robert Treat, jr., an Am. author and journalist; “Ruling Passion.” B. Taunton, Mass., 1773; d. Boston, 1811. Paine, Thomas, an Eng. political writer, and an infidel; as a writer he did much for the colonies during the rev. war; “Age of Reason.” B. Thetford, Eng., 1737; d. New York, 1839. Paisiello, Giovanni, pi-ze-el'o, an Italian composer of operas and oratorios. B. Taranto, 1741; d. Naples, 1816. Paixhans, Henri Joseph, paks-anz, a French military officer and in- Ventor; invented a canon called Paixhan gun. B. Metz, 1783; d. near there, 1854. * Pajou, Augustin, pa-zhoo’, a French sculptor; executed more than *oo pieces of statuary. B. Paris, 1730; d. there, 1809. Pakenham, Sir Edward, pak'en-am, an Eng. gen, commanding at battle at New Orleans. Killed in battle, 1815. Palacky, Frantisek, pa-lats'kee, a Bohemian historical writer; “His- tory of Bohemia.” B. Moravia, 1798; d. 1876. Palafox y Melzi, Jose, pa-la-foh e me!"the, a Spanish patriot. B. Aragon, 17So; d. Paris, 1847. Palestrina da, Giovanni Pietro Aloisio, da pal'es-tree'na, an Italian musician; chapel-master of St. Peter's at Rome. B. Palestrina, Italy, 1524; d. 1594. Paley, William, pa'leh, an Eng. clergyman; “Evidences of Christi. anity.” B. Peterborough, 1743; d. 1805. Palfrey, John Gorham, pawl"free, an Am. editor and abolitionist; prof. sacred literature at Harvard university. B. 1796. Palgrave, Sir Francis, pawl"grave, an Eng. lawyer, translator and editor; changed his name from Cohen. B. 1788; d. 1861. Francis Turner, an Eng poetical and biographical writer, son of preceding. B. 1824. William Gifford, son of Sir Francis, an Eng. soldier; resigned to enter Catholic priesthood; miss. to Syria and Arabia; auth. B. 1826. Palikao de, Charles Guillaume Marie Apollinaire Antoine Cousin- Montauban, Count, pa-le-ka-o', prime minister and soldier of France. B. 1796; d. 1878. Palisot, de, Ambroise Marie Francois Joseph Beauvois, a French botanist; refugee in America, where.he taught music. B. 1752; d. 1820. Palissy, Bernard, pal-ee-see', a French scientist and manufacturer of Porcelain; burned his household furniture to keep up the heat necessary to perfect his inventions. B. near Agen, 1510; d. 1590. Palladio, Andrea, pal-la'de-o, an Italian; founder of the Palladian style of architecture. B. 1518; d. 1580. Pallas, Peter Simon, pal/as, a celebrated Prussian scientist, traveler, and author. B. 1741; d. 1811. Pallavicino, Sforza, pal-a-we-chee'no, an Italian jesuit, cardinal, and writer. B. 167; d. 1667. Palliser, Sir William, pal’i-ser, an English soldier and military in- ventor. B. 1830. Palma, Jacopo, pal"ma, an Italian artist of the Venetian school. B. about 1500. s- Palmblad, Vilhelm Fredrik, palm'blad, a Swedish editor and writer; pres. Swedish literary society. B. 1788; d. 1852. Palmer, Erastus Dow, pam'er, an Am. artist; carved the “Angel at 327 the Sepulchre,” in Albany cemetery; modeled for the State of New York the statue of Robert Livingstone that adorns the old hall of Representatives in Washington. B. Pompey, N.Y., 1817. Palmer, Ray, an Am. religious poet; Congregational minister. B. Little Compton, R.I., 1808. Palmer, Roundell, Lord Selbourne; atty.-gen. and Lord chancellor of Eng. B. Oxfordshire, Eng., 1812. Palmerston, Henry John Temple, Viscount, pa'mer-ston, a modern Eng. statesman; conspicuous as a M. P.; secy. war, 1Soo; foreign secy, under whig administration, until 1834; during six years ending 1841 became celebrated as foreign minister; from 1841 to 1846 opposed conservative ministry of Sir Robert Peel; foreign secy, under whig admin. of Lord John Russell; after fall of the coalition ministry in 1855, was prime minister; gave way to conservative ministry of Lord Derby, returning to power in 1859. B. Broadlands, Hampshire, 1784; d. London, 1865. Pamphilus, Saint, pam#-lus, early Christian author; martyred for re- fusing to make offerings to the gods. D. 309. Panini, pan-ee'nee, a learned Sanscrit writer of the 4th century, B. c. Panizzi, Sir Anthony, fa-neet'see, prof. Italian literature in London university; librarian British museum. B. 1797; d. 1879. Paoli, di Pasquale, de pow’lee, a famous Corsican patriot; appointed by Louis XVI., military commander in Corsica; at the outbreak of the Revolution went to Eng.: buried in Westminster abbey. B. Rostino, Corsica, 1726; d. near London, 1807. Papillon, Fernand, pa-pe:yon', a French chemical physiologist, essayist, and metaphysician. B. 1847; d. 1874. Papineau, Louis Joseph, pa-pe-no', a Canadian lawyer, and speaker of Parliament. B. 1789; d. 1871. Pappenheim von, Gottfried Heinrich, Count, fon pap/en-hem, a Ger. military commander; celebrated regiment of Pappenheimers named after him. B. 1594; d. 1632. Paracelsus, Philippus Aureolus, Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim, par-a-sel'sus, a Swiss doctor and chemist; supposed to have found the philosopher's stone. B. 1493; d. 1541. Pardoe, Julia, pardo, an Eng. poetical and historical writer; pensioned ‘by the crown. “Life of Marie de Medici;” “The Confessions of a Pretty Woman.” B. 1806; d. 1862. Pare, Ambroise, par'eh, a French provost of surgical college; im- prover of surgical methods. B. 1517; d. 1590. Paredes, Mariano, par-a'des, a Mexican officer, and president of the republic. B. about 1790; d. 1849. Pareja de, Juan, da par-a'ha, a Spanish artist; formerly slave to Velasquez; emancipated by Philip IV. B. 1610; d. 1670. Parepa Rosa, Euphrosyne, pa-rep'a ro'za, an Eng. vocalist; dau. of a Wallachian noble, and Elizabeth Seguin; w. of Carl Rosa, violinist. B. Edinburgh, 1836; d. 1874. Paris, John Ayrton, paris, an Eng. physician; “Philosophy in Sport made Science in Earnest.” B. Cambridge, 1785; d. London, 1856. Paris de, Louis Philippe d'Orleans, Comte, da pa're, prince of the house of Bourbon; fought in Am. civil war on McClellan's staff. I’. Paris, 1838. Park, Edwards Amasa, an Am, theologian; prof. Amherst and Andover colleges. B. Providence, 1808. Park, Mungo, a Scotch explorer; suffered great tortures from Afri- can savages; explored the Nile. B. Fowlshiels, Scotland, 1771; d. Africa, 1806. Parker, Matthew, par’ker, an Eng. prelate of Canterbury; chaplain to Anne Boleyn. B. Norwich, 1504; d. London, 1575. Parker, Theodore, an Am, doctor of divinity, historian, and linguist. B. Lexington, Mass., 1810; d. Florence, Italy, 1860. Parker, Sir William, an Eng. naval officer and politician, commanded the Mediterranean fleet during the rev. of 1848. B. Almington IIall, Staffordshire, 1781; d. 1866. Parkhurst John, park'hurst, an Eng. divine and lexicographer. B. Caesby, Eng., 1728; d. Surrey, Eng., 1797. Parkman, Francis, park’man, an Am. historical writer; prof. of horticulture in Harvard university. B. Boston, 1823. * Parmigiano, il, eel par’miya-no, an It, artist; “Vision of St, Jerome” in the British national gallery. B. Parma, 1503; d. Casal, Maggiore, 1540. 328 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. Parmell, Thomas, far-nell', Irish archdeacon and poet; assisted Pope marricq in London, 1868, to Marquis de Caux; since separated. B. to translate Homer. B. Dublin, 1679; d. Chester, Eng., 1717. Madrid, 1843. * Parnell, Charles Stewart, par-nel", a British M. P.; leader of the Paul, St., fall, the apostle of the Gentiles; a Pharisee; converted by Irish faction; his mother a daughter of Am. Commodore Stewart; pres. a vision on his journey to Damascus; of great force of character and Land league. B. about 1846, co. Wicklow, Ireland. learning; believed to have suffered martyrdom. B. about 1o in Tarsus. Parr, Catherine, far, sixth wife of Henry VIII.; a friend of the Paul I., Petrovitch, emp. of Russia, son of Catherine II.; liberated Reformation; wrote religious pieces. See HENRY VIII. Kosciusko; murdered in his chamber by nobles, for refusing to abdi- Parr, Samuel, an Eng. clergyman and politician. B. Harrow-on- catc. B. 1754; d. 1Sor. * the-IIill, Eng.; d. 1825. Paul I., pope, engaged in disputes with D&siderius, k. of the Longo- Parr, Thomas, an extremely old Englishman; first imarried at So bards. D. 767. II., suc. Pius II., 1464; shut up an academy that had years of age; again at 120; buried in Westminster abbey. B. Winning been formed for teaching Greek and Roman learning. D. 1471. III., ton, Eng., 14S3; d. London, 1635. Alexander Farnese; excommunicated IIenry VIII., and instituted Parrhasius, far-ra'shi-us, a Gr. artist of clegant style; celebrated inquisition in Naples. B. Canino, 1468; d. Rome, 1549. IV., Giovanni for his paintings of the extremities of the human body. B. Ephesus Pictro Caraffa, an oriental linguist; cardinal; Bishop of Naples. B. about 400 B.C. Capriglia, 1476; d. Rome, 1559. V., Camillo Borghese, excommunica- Parrish, Joseph, par'rish, an Am. physician, of Quaker descent; ted the Doge and It. senate; embellished Rome. B. Rome, 1552; d. wrote various medical works. B. 1779; d. 1840. there, 1621. Parrot, Robert Parker, par’ot an Am. army officer; inventor of the Paul, Vincent dc, van-son' deh pol, originator of the order of sisters Parrot gun; served as judge in Putnam co., N.Y.; in the Creek, and of charity; chaplain to Margaret de Valois. B. Pony, 1576; d. St. civil wars. 13. Lcc, N. II., 1804. Lazare, near Paris, 1660. Parry, Sir William Edward, par’i, an Eng. navigator and explorer; Paulding, Hiram, pawl"ding, an Am. admiral; battle of Lake Cham- explored Barrow strait, Prince Regent inlet, and Parry or Melville plain; commander New York navy yard; port admiral of Boston; author. sound. B. Bath, 1790; d. Ems, Germany, 1855. B. Westchester co., N. Y., 1797. Parsons, Theophilus, par’sons, an Am. lawyer and chief-justice. B. Paulding, James. Kirke, an Am. writer; secy. navy; wrote essays, Byfield, Mass., 1759; d. Boston, 1813. Theophilus, son of preceding, comedies, and biographies; “Salmagundi.” IX. Dutchess co., N.Y.; d. an Am. lawyer, essayist, and professor; cmbraced Swedenborgianism. there, 1S60. B. Newburyport, Mass., 1797; d. 1882. Paulus, Heinrich Eberhard Gottlob, pow'loos, a Ger. theological Parton, James, parton, an Am. biographical and miscellaneous writer. B. 1761; d. 1851. writer and lecturer. B. Canterbury, Eng., 1822. Sara Payson Willis, Paulus, Lucius AEmilius, pawl"tts. See AEMILIUs. wife of the preceding, sister of N. P. Willis; an Am. popular author Paul, Veronese, Paolo Cagliari, a celebrated It. artist; contemporary (Fanny Fern); first husband, Charles Eldridge, cashier Merchants' of Titian and Tintoretto; his masterpiece, the “Marriage at Cana,” con- bank, Boston. B. Portland, Mc., 1811; d. New York, 1842. tains 150 figures, 30 ft. long, 20 fect high. B. Verona, 1532; d. 15SS. Partridge, Aldcn, partridj, an Am. soldier; prof. mathematics at Pausanius, paw-sa'ne-tts, a Greck soldier; guardian of the young West Point; surveyor-general of Vermont. B. Norwich, Vt., about king, Plistarchus, leader of the Greeks at Platea. D. about 468 B. c. 1785; d. there, 1854. * Pausanius, a Greek geographer; “Itinerary of Greece.” B. Lydia, Pascal, Blaise, pas'cal, a celebrated Fr. mathematician, inventor and about 175 B. c. philosopher; at 19 he invented an arithmetical machine, which, though Pauthier, Jean Pierre Guillaume, po-te-a', a French orientalist, and simple, was unequaled; solved a problem proposed by Mersennus, that translator. B. Besancon, 1Sor. had perplexed all the mathematicians in Europe; called by Boyle “one Pauw van, Cornelis, van pow', a Dutch historical writer; reader to of the sublimest spirits in the world.” B. Clermont, 1623; d. Paris, 1662. Frederick II., of Prussia. B. Amsterdam, 1739; d. Xanten, 1799. Paschal, pas'kal. There were three popes of this name. Pauwels, Ferdinand, powels, a Belgian artist; painter of historical Paskevitch, Ivan Fedovitch, pas-ke'vitch, a Russian gen.; prince of subjects; “Banished by Alva.” B. Eckeren, 1830. Warsaw; count of Erivan; gov. Georgia and Poland. B Pultawa, Paxton, Sir Joseph, paks’ton, an Eng. botanist and architect of crystal 1782; d. Warsaw, 1856. palace; M. P. for Coventry. B. Bedfordshire, 1803; d. Sydenham, 1865. Pasquier, Etienne Denis, duke, pas-ke-ai’, a Fr. councilor; minister Payen, Anselme, payan, a manufacturer and scientist. B. Paris, 1795; of justice, and forcign affairs. B. Paris, 1767; d. there, 1862. d. there, 1871. Passaglia, Carlo, Pas-sa/le-a, an Italian Jesuit; prof. moral philosophy Payne, John Howard, an Am. author; “Home, Sweet Home,” and and theology; opponent of papal infallibility. B. Lucca, 1812. various dramas; Am. consul at Tunis; remains brought from there at Passavant, Johann David, pa-sa-von', a Ger. painter and art-critic; the expense of W. W. Corcoran, the Washington banker and philan- inspector of Stadel museum in Frankfort. B. there, 1787; d. 1861. thropist, in 1883, and followed to the grave by a large procession of Passow, Franz Ludwig Karl Friedrich, pas'o, a Ger. linguist and representative men of all nations, professions, and grades of life. B. etymologist. B. Ludwigslust, 17S6; d. Breslau, 1833. N.Y., 1792, d. Tunis, 1852. Pasta, Giuditta, pasta, an It, vocalist of Heorew descent; for whom Peabody, Andrew Preston, pee-bod’ee, an Am. doctor of divinity; Bellini wrote “Somnambula,” and “Norma.” B. Saronno, 1798; d. tutor of mathematics in Harvard college; editor N. Am. Review. IB. Lake Como, 1865. Beverly, Mass., 1811. Pasteur, Louis, pas-tur', a Fr. scientist and discoverer; celcbrated Peabody, George, an Am. capitalist, merchant of Washington and for his researches in fermentation, and germ theory. B. Dole, 1822. Baltimore, banker of London; f. many educational institutions; en- Paterson, William, pat'er-son, a Scotch banker; originator of the dowed the Peabody institute, Baltimore with $1,000,000; gave $2,000,000 bank of Eng., M. P. B. Dumfriesshire, about 1660; d. 1719. for Southern education; $2,500,000 for lodging houses for London poor; Patkul, Johann Reinhold, pat'kool, a Swedish revolutionist and declined a baronetcy from Queen Victoria; died in London, and his scientist; broken on the rack and beheaded. B. in prison Stockholm, remains were brought to Am. by a British man-of-war. B. Danvers, about 1600; d, Kazimierz, 1707. Mass., 1795; d. London, 1869. * Patmore, Coventry Kearsey Dighton, pat’mor, an Eng. poetical Peacock, Thomas Love, an Eng. writer of prosc and poetry; friend writer; assistant librarian of British museum. B. Woodford, Essex, 1823. of Lamb and Shelley; Shelley's executor. B. 1775; d. 1S66. Paton, Sir Joseph Noel, pat’on, an Eng. artist; fresco painter; mem- Peale, Charles Wilson, peel, an Am. portrait painter; one of the ber of Royal academy. B. Dunfermlinc, Scotland, 1821. founders of Penn. academy fine arts. B. Chesterton, Md., 1741; d. Patrick, St., pat’rik, Irish patron saint and missionary; original name Philadelphia, 1527. Rembrandt, son of preceding, an Am. portrait Succath; called Patricius by Pope Celestine; suppressed slavery. D. artist; pupil of Benjamin West. B. Bucks co., Penn., 1778; d. Phila- Down, Ulster, 493 or 495. delphia, 1860. Patti, Adelina Maria Clorinda, pat'ee, a distinguished vocalist; sang Pearson, John, peer’son, an Eng. prelate; prebendary of Ely; Bishop at the age of eight; made her debut in opera at sixteen in New York; of Chester. B. Snoring, 1613; d. Chester, 16S6. * - *- *eck, John Mason, pek', an Am. Baptist minister; principal of Rockspring theological seminary. B. Litchfield, Conn., 1789; d. Rockspring, Ill., 1858. *edro I, Don Antonio, pedro, or pai'dro, emp. Brazil; had the "own of Portugal; family fled to Brazil on invasion of Portugal by Fr. in 1So?; waived his Portuguese title in favor of his daughter; ab- dicated Brazilian throne in favor of his son. B. Lisbon, 1798; d. there, 1834. II., Don John Charles, emp. of Brazil, son of preceding, #"eatly improved his country by building railways, filling the treasury, "d directing many useful improvements. B. Rio de Janeiro, 1825. V., k, of Portugal, son of Donna Maria II., and Fernando of Saxe- Coburg-Gotha, king consort; married princess Stephanie Wilhelmina Antoine, of IIohenzollern Sigmaringen, who died soon afterward. B. 1837; d. 1861. *eel, Sir Robert, an Eng. M. P., and cotton spinner; in 1803 had *er 15,000 employes. B. near Lancaster, 1750; d. Staffordshire, 1830. *ir Robert, son of preceding, an Eng. M. P., and secy. 9f state; es- tablished Irish constabulary; opponent of Disraeli; thrown from his horse and killed. B. I}ury, Lancashire, 17S3; d. London, 1850. *eele, George, an Eng. actor, dramatic and poetical writer. B. Dev- onshire, about 1553, d. about 1598. Peet, Harvey Prindle, instructor of deaf-mutes in Hartford asylum. * Bethlehem, Conn., 1793; d. New York, 1873. *elagius I., fe-lai'ji-us, pope, suc. Virgilius in 555. D. 560. II., *c. Iłenedict I., in 578; opposed John, patriarch of Constantinople. P. of the plague, 590. Pelagius, the f. of Pelagianism in the 5th century; real name Mor- gan; maintained doctrine of free will; his opinions were condemned by the council of Carthage. B. in Britain near close of 4th century. D. perhaps in Wales, 432. Pelissier, Amable Jean Jacques, pa’le-se-a, a Fr. gen.; Duke of Malakoff, suffocated 6oo Arabs in a cave; commander in Crimean war; gov.-gen. of Algeria. B. Maromme, 1794; d. 1864. Pelletan, Pierre Clement Eugene, pel-ton', a Fr. member national *ssembly; journalist and novelist. B. Royan, 1813. * Tellico, Silvio, pelle-ko, an It. dramatist and journalist; imprisoned * Milan and Venice, on account of his revolutionary opinions; “My Prisons.” B. Saluzzo, Piedmont, 1789; d. near Turin, 1s54. Pelopidas, pe-top/e-das, a Gr. gen., one of the Boetarchs; killed at Pharsalus. D. about 364 1. c. *elouze, Theophile Jules, pa-loos', a Fr. professor of chemistry, co- 9perator with Liebig in the discovery of oenanthic ether. B. Va- lognes, Soy; d. Bellevue, 1867. Pemberton, John C., fem'ber-ton, an Am. confederate general; aid- de-camp of Gen. Worth in Mexican war; col. of confederate cavalry, War 1861-5; lieut.-gen. and commander in Northern Mississippi; shut up in Vicksburg by Gen. Grant; capitulated, 4th July, 1863. B. Phila. delphia, 1817. Pendleton, George H., pen'dle-ton, an Am. senator from Ohio; a prominent member of the democratic party; colleague of senator Sher- In ln. Pendleton, Edmund, an American rev. patriot; pres, committee of safety; speaker of house of burgesses. B. Caroline co., Va., 1721; d. Richmond, Soj. Penn, Sir William, an Eng. admiral; took Jamaica from Spaniards; Commissioner of the navy, and gov. of Kinsale. B. Bristol, 1621; d. Wanstead, Essex, 1670. William, son of preceding, a convert to Quakerism; imprisoned for his opinions; released by Duke of York, Preached in the strects; trustee of New Jersey colonies; obtained patcnt for territory, now Pennsylvania; wished to call it Sylvania, but the name Penn was added in compliment to his father, Admiral Penn; *ounded city of Philadelphia about 16s2; made treaty with Indians, prisoned; was paralyzed and died. B. London, 1644; d. Ruscombe, Berkshire, 1718. * Pennant, Thomas, pen'ant, an Eng. zoologist, and author. B. Down- "g, Flintshire, 1726; d. there, 1798. . Pepe, William, paipai, an Italian gen.; def. by Austrians; “Narra- tive of Scenes and Events in Italy, Including Siege of Venice,” 1847-9. B. Calabria, 1782; d. 1S55. *epin, the Short, pop/in, a Frankish king; son of Charles Martel, who always revered and trusted him; returned to England; again im- . conquered the Alemanni; f. the temporal power of the popes by giving Stephen III, the exarchate of Ravenna and the Pentapolis; famous for his strength; f. of Charlemagne. B. about 715; d. St. Denis, 768. Pepoli, Gioachino, pep'o-li, an It. politician; amb. to St. Petersburg; grandson of Caroline Bonaparte and Prince Murat. B. Bologna, 1825. Pepperell, Sir William, pep'er-el, Am. colonial soldier; knighted for his successful enterprise against Louisburg. B. 1696; l. 1759. Pepusch, Johann Christoph, papoosh, a Ger. musician; “Beggar's Opera.” B. Berlin, 1667; d. London, 1752. Pepys, Samuel, feeps, an Eng. naval clerk; known by his diary, a book depicting the times of Charles II. B. 1663; d. 1703. Perceval, Spencer, pur'se-val, an Eng. atty.—gen. and prime minister; shot by John Bellingham in H. C. B. London, 1762; d. there, 1872. Percival, James Gates, pur'se-val, an Am. poet and scientist; prof. chemistry at West Point; geologist of Wisconsin. B. Berlin, Ct., 1795; d. IIazel Green, Wis., 1856. Percy, Henry, per'si, an Eng. noble; fought against Henry IV. of Eng.; Shakespearean hero, surnamed Hotspur, k, in the battle of Shrewsbury, 1403. B. 1364; d. 1403. Percy, Thomas, an Eng. vicar, author, and translator; “Relics of Eng. Poetry.” B. Bridgenorth, Eng.; d. Dromore, Ireland, 1811. Pereira, Jacob Rodriguez, fe-ri'ra, a Spanish deaf-mute teacher of Hebrew descent. B. Estremadura, Sp., 1715; d. Paris, 1780. Pereira, Jonathan, an Eng. physician; “Food and Diet.” B. Shore- ditch, London, 1So; d. 1853. Pereire, Emile and Isaac, peh-rar', brothers; French capitalists and contractors, of Hebrew descent; originators of the Credit Mobilier. Emile, B. Bordeaux, 1800; d. Paris, 1S75. Isaac, B. Bordeaux, 1806. Perez, Antonio, fa’reth, a Sp. statesman; confidant of Philip II.; tortured and imprisoned by him. B. Aragon, about 1539; d. Paris, 1611. Pergolesi, Giovanni Battista, far-go-la'see, an It. musical composer; chapel-master in Loreto. B. Jesi, 1710; d. near Naples, :736. Periander, per-i-an-der, the tyrant of Corinth, called by his flat- terers, one of the seven sages of Greece; according to Aristotle, he was the first that reduced despotic rule to a system; put to death his wife, Melissa. D. 5S5 B. C. Pericles, per'e-clees, an Athenian, politician and administrator; im- proved the commerce and finance of the city. B. Athens, about 495 B. C.; d. there, 429. Perier, Casimir, pa’re-a, a Fr. potitical leader; middle-class party. B. Grenoble, 1777; d. of cholera, Paris, 1832. Perkins, Elisha, per'kins, an Am. M. D.; invented metallic tractors, instruments for relieving pain; fell a victim to yellow fever. B. Nor- wich, Ct., 1741; d. New York, 1799. s Perkins, George Robert, an Am. surveyor and mathematician; writer of educational books. B. Otsego co., N.Y., 1S12; d. 1876. Perkins, Jacob, an Am, inventor; invented gun propelled by steam. B. Newburyport, Mass, 1766; d. London, 1849. Perkins, Justin, an Am, theologian; Persian missionary. B. West Springfield, Mass., 1805; d. Chicopee, Mass., 1869. Perkins, Thomas Handasyd, an Am. philanthropist and merchant; f. Perkins institute, Mass., asylum for the blind. B. Boston, 1764; d. Brookline, 1854. Perrault, Charles, fa'ro, a Fr. advocate and writer of fairy tales; burlesques and biographies. B. Paris, 1628; d. there, 1703. Claude, brother of preceding, a Fr. architect; originator of new Louvre and the observatory. B. 1613; d. 16SS. . Perrot, Georges, pa'ro, a Fr. prof. of rhetoric and traveler. B. Villeneuve-St.-Georges, 1832. Perry, Christopher Raymond, per'ree, an Am, revolutionary officer; ancestor of distinguished naval commanders. B. S. Kingston, R.I., 1761; d. Newport, 1818. Oliver Hazard, an Am. commodore, son of preceding; hero of battle of Lake Erie; died of yellow fever at Port Spain, Trinidad. B. Newport, 1785; d. 1819. Matthew Galbraith, bro. of preceding, an Am. naval officer; commander Brooklyn navy yard, and Japan expedition. B. Kingston, R.I., 1795; d. New York, 1858. Perseus, per'se-us, the last k. of Macedonia; son of Philip V.; persuaded his father to kill his younger bro. Reigned 179 to 16S B. c. Persigny de, Jean Gilbert Victor de Fialin, Duc, per-seen'yi, a Fr. statesman; Bonapartist; friend and aid-de-camp of Louis Napoleon; married dau. of Marshal Ney. B. Dept. Loire, 1848; d. Nice, 1872. -—? E- (> BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 329 "--— - * - M- |-- ~-of", Persius, Aulus Flaccus, per'si-us, a Latin satirical poet; studied with Lucan, under Cornutus, the Stoic. B. Etruria, 34; d. 62. Persons or Parsons, Robert, per'sons, an Eng. Roman Catholic divine; cducational institutions. B. Somersetshire, 1546; d. Rome, 1610. Perthes, Friedrich Christoph, per'tes, a Ger. bookseller and pub- lisher; one of the f. of Leipsic book exchange. B. Rudolstadt, 1772; d. Gotha, 1843. Pertinax, Publius Helvius, per’ti-nār, a Roman emp.; suc. Commo- dus in 193; was a great improvement compared with Commodus, but the Practorians killed him in a few months. B. about 126. Perty, Joseph Anton Maximilian, per’te, a Ger. zoologist and sci- entist. B. Bavaria, 1Sot. Perugino Il, Pietro, eel pa-ru-gee'no, an It, painter; adorned the Sistine chapel; real name Vannucci. B. Umbria, 1446; d. there, 1524. Peruzzi, Baldassare da Siena, pa-root'see, an It, painter and archi- tect; inventor of architectural perspective painting; built Farnesina palacc. B. near Siena, 1481; d. Rome, 1536. Peschel, Oskar Ferdinand, pa'shel, a Ger. journalist and geographi- cal writer. B. Drcsden, 1826. Pestalozzi, Johann Heinrich, pes-ta-lot'see, a Swiss educational reformer. B. Zurich, 1746; d. Brugg, 1827. Peter I., Alexeievitch, pe'ter, the Great, czar of Russia; married when 17; reformed the government; 1703 founded the city of St. Petersburg; following year declared war against Charles XII. of Sweden; gained victory of Pultowa, subdued Pomerania; Voltaire says: “IIe gave a polish to his people, and was himself a savage;” he lives in their memory as the “father of his country.” B. Moscow, 1672; d St. Petersburg, 1730. Peter II., emp. of Russia, grandson of Peter the Great; suc. in 1727 the empress Catharine; during his r. the prime minister Menschi- koff was banished to Siberia. B. 1714; d. 1730. III., son of Charles Frederick, and of Anna Petrowna, dau. of Peter the Great; suc. cmpress Elizabeth in 1762; dethroned by his wife Catherine, who caused him to be strangled. B. 1726; strangled, 1762. Peter, the Cruel, k. of Castile; suc. his f. Alfonso XI., in 1350; awarded bad treatment to his mistresses and wives; murdered by his bro. Henry, 1369. Peter I., of Aragon, pe'ter, suc, his father in 1094; gained battle of Alcaraz; subdued Barbastro. D. 1104. II, son and suc. of Alfonso or Alphonso II., in 1196, def. the Almohades at Tolosa; def. and slain at Muret, 1213. III., suc. his bro. James I., in 1276; married the dau. of Manfred, k. of Sicily; contrived the terrible massacre known as the “Sicilian Vespers,” or the murder of all the French in the island of Sicily at the hour of vespers, on Easter-day, 1282. D. 1285. IV., son and suc. of Alfonso IV.; fought the Moors of Portugal and Castile; troubled by revolts. D. 1387. Reter, the Hermit; originator of the first crusade; led the crusade himself; defeated by Turks at Nice, founded abbey of Neufmoutier; statue in Amiens. B. 1050; d. 1115. IPeterborough, Charles Mordaunt, earl of, fee'ter-bur-ro, an Eng. officer; captured Barcelona; gov. of Minorca; friend of Swift, Pope, and Dryden. B. 165S; d. Lisbon, 1735. Petermann, August Heinrich, pee'er-man, a Ger, writer of gco- graphical works. B. Prussian Saxony, 1822. Petermann, Julius Heinrich, a Ger. oriental scholar; prof. oriental literature in Berlin; consul at Jerusalem. B. Saxony, 1806. Peters, Christian Henry Frederick, a Ger. astronomer; member U.S. coast survey; prof. mathematics in Hamilton college. B. Schleswig, 1832. £r. or Peter, Hugh, an Eng. non-conformist clergyman; came to New Eng, after being imprisoned for his principles; suc. Roger Wil- liams as pastor of Salem church. B. Cornwall, 1599; d. London, 1660. Peters, John Charles, an Am. doctor of medicine; one of the founders of New York pathological society. B. New York, 1819. Petigru,James Louis, pet'e-grit, an Am. jurist; atty.-gen. S. C.; op- posed secession, and continued a unionist throughout the war. B. Abbe- ville dist., S.C., 1789; d. Charleston, 1863. Petion, Anne Alexandre Sabes, pay-te-on', a Haytien soldier and president. B. Port-au-Prince, 177o; d. there, 1838. Petion, or Pethion de Villeneuve, Jerome, pate-on deh vi'nuv, a Fr. .* . *—a- --—” ~ 6 33O BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. found dead, mangled by wolves. B. Chartres, 1753; d. Gironde, 1794. Peto, Sir Samuel Morton, pee'to, an Eng. architect and contractor; built a railway at his own expense from Balaklava to Sebastopol, for which he was knighted. B. Woking, 1Sog. Petoff, Sandor, peh'to-fee, a Hungarian lyric poet and revolutionist; patriotic songs. B. 1823. Petrarch, or Petrarca, Francesco, pee’trark, an Italian poet laureate, archdeacon, and diplomat; his learning was unbounded; he cherished through life a romantic passion for Laura, wife of Hugues de Sade. B. Arezzo, 1304; d. Arqua, 1374. Petty, Sir William, pet'ee, an Eng, writer on political economy. B. 1623; d. 1687. Peyer, Johann Konrad, pi'er, a Swiss professor of anatomy; Peyer's glands. B. Schaffhausen, 1653; d. 1712. Peyronnet, Charles Ignace, count de, pa'ron-na, a French lawyer; minister of justice; imprisoned in Ham; “History of France.” IX. Iłordeaux, 1778; d. Monferrand, Gironde, 1854. Pfeiffer, Ida Madame, fifer, a celebrated German traveler; wrote many books of travel; made journeys to nearly every country of the world. B. Vienna, 1797; d. there, 1858. Phelps, Almira Hart Lincoln, felps, an Am. instructress and writer; associate of her sister, Mrs. Willard, in the female seminary at Troy, N. Y. B. Berlin, Ct., 1793. * Phelps, Anson Greene, an Am. capitalist and philanthropist; pres. N. Y. blind asylum, left large legacies to various charitable objects. B. Simsbury, Ct., 1781; d. New York, 1858. Phelps, Elizabeth Stuart, an Am. writer of Sunday-school books and miscellaneous stories. B. Andover, Mass., 1815; d. Boston, 1852. Elizabeth Stuart, daughter of preceding, writer of prose and poetry; “Gates Ajar,” “Beyond the Gates.” B. Andover, 1844. Phidias, fid'e-as, a famous Greek artist; one of his most celebrated statues was that of Minerva in the Parthenon, which was formed of ivory for the flesh, while the armor and clothing were of solid gold; thrown into prison for impiety in placing his portrait and that of Pericles on Minerva's shield; supposed to have died in captivity. B. Athens, d. there, about 432 B. c. Philaret, Basil Drozdoff, fe-lar-et', a Russian archbishop; metropol. itan of Moscow; urged Alexander II. to emancipate the serfs. B. Moscow, 1782; d. there, 1867. Philip, fillip, a New England Indian chief; war of King Philip; d. 1676. Philip II., eighteenth king of Macedon, father of Alexander the Great, wounded at Methone and lost sight of one cyc. B. B. c. 382, assassinated at ZEgae, 336. Philip V., Augustus, king of Macedon; distinguished for his moder- ation and generosity. B. B. c. 237; d. 179 B. c. Philip I., the Handsome, king of Spain, son of Maximilian I., emp. of Germany; obtained crown of Castile by marriage. B. 1498; d. Burgos, 1506. *. ". Philip II., king of Naples and Sicily; his f. resigned to him the crown of Spain, in 1556; made war against France; employed fire and sword against heresy in his Italian possessions; the Netherlands re- sisted the attempt to establish the inquisition, and seven provinces threw off the Spanish yoke; his famous Invincible Armada, 130 ships, for in- vasion of England, was almost totally destroyed by storms or by Eng. ships; was a cold-hearted bigot. B. 1527; d. 1598. Philip III., son of Philip II., and of Anne of Austria; suc, his f. at 20 years; under his r. Spinola took Ostend after a siege of three years, but with a loss of Soooo Spaniards; Moors were banished, Spain losing over a million inhabitants. B. 1578; d. 1621. IV., suc. his f., Philip III., at the age of 16; declared war vs. France, and met with disasters. B. 1605; d. 1665. V., k, of Spain in 1700; he was opposed by the grand alliance; the war of the Spanish succession was begun and proved disastrous to Philip, who lost Aragon, Gibraltar, the islands of Min- orca and Majorca, also Sardinia and Naples; by the victories of the Duke de Vendome and Marshal Villars, Philip was however con- firmed on the throne, and the peace of Europe was restored by the treaty of Utrecht, in 1713; abdicated in favor of his son Louis, in 1724; after his son's death, he resumed the government. B. 1683; d. 1746. Philip I., k, of France, suc. his f., Henry I., 1060, under the regency *- deputy of the revolution; pres. of the assembly; mayor of Paris; | of Baldwin V. B. 1053; d. 1108. IL, surnamed Augustus, suc. his f., —-m-" —-m-t" ~-Ö * "=" --- BIOGRAPHICAL IDICTIONARY. "--— Louis VII., in 1180, at age of 15; expelled the Jews; aided Prince Ar- £ur against his Uncle John, k. of England. B. 1165; d. Mantes, 1223. Philip III, the Hardy, k. of France, on the death of his f. in 1270; *ched against Peter of Aragon, who occasioned the horrible mas- *re of the French in Sicily, called the Sicilian Vespers, taking several *"ns, but died of fever on his return at Perpignan, 12S5. B. 1245. ” the Fair, suc, his f., the preceding monarch, in 1285; became k. * Navarre, by marriage with Joan, dau. of Henry I., waged war * Edward I., k, of England; in 1302, lost the battle of Courtrai, Where perished the count of Artois, with 20,000 men; in 1304, gained that of Mons-en-Puelle; this victory was followed by a peace, but was *ortly afterward embroiled in a contest with Po pe Boniface VIII. B. *; d. 1314. V., the Long, younger son of Philip IV., suc, his bro. *ouis Hutin, made war vs. Flanders; alliance with Scotland, ex- pelled the Jews; leprosy prevailed. B. 1294; d. 1322. *hilip VI, or Philip of Valois, bro. of Philip the Fair, ascended the throne of France, 1328; def. by Edward III. at battle of Cressy, where the French lost near 30,000 men; lost Calais; his disasters were com- pleted by a terrible pestilence. B. 1293; d. near Chartres, 1350, Philip, duke of Suabia, elected emperor on the death of his bro. Henry VI., in 1 197, but another party of the electors chose Otho, duke of saxony, which occasioned a civil war. B. 17S; assas. at Bamberg, 120S. *hilip, Marcus Julius, called the Arab; in 244 he assassinated the "peror Gordianus, the Younger, and seized the throne, and became Popular at Rome; tolerant to the Christians; def. by Decius, near Ver- *, and assas. by his soldiers, in 249. Philip, the Bold, duke of Burgundy, displayed much wisdom in his *dministration. B. 1342; d. Hainout, 1401. Philip, called the Good, duke of Burgundy; formed an alliance with Henry V., of England, against Charles II., of France, and his suc- Cessor; def. the dauphin at the battle of Mons, in 1421, and by war Compelled the countess of Hainault to acknowledge him as her heir; t was during this war that Joan of Arc was captured and burnt. See JoAN or Arc. B. Dijon, 1396; d. Bruges, 1467. Philip, the Magnanimous, a Ger. noble of Hesse that suc. his father, William II.; one of the earliest champions of the reformation. B. Marburg, 1 504; d. Cassel, 1567. st Philips, Ambrose, fiPips, an English writer of poetry and dramas; The Distressed Mother.” B. 1671; d. London, 1741. Phillimore, John George, fil’i-mor, an Eng. judge; “Introduction to the Study of Roman Law.” B. Oxfordshire, Soo; d. there, 1865. Phillimore, Sir Robert Joseph, an Eng. advocate; judge; delivered "any important opinions. B. London, 1S10. Phillips, Adelaide, fillips, an Am. songstress; made her debut at Brescia; participated in the great Boston jubilee, 1869. B. Bristol, 1833. Phillips, Georg, a German writer of legal history. B. Konigsberg, "So!; d. Salzburg, 1872. Phillips, John, an Eng. geologist; invented self-discharging elec- trophorus, and maximum thermometer. B. 1Soo; d. Oxford, 1874. Phillips, John, an Am. merchant; contributed $31,000 to Phillips academy, Andover; f. Phillips academy, Exeter, and endowed it with $134,000. B. Andover, 1719; d. Exeter, 1795. Phillips, Samuel, Jr., nephew of preceding; State senator 20 years; pres. of senate 15 years; one of the founders of Am. academy of arts *nd sciences, Boston. B. North Andover, 1751; d. there, 1802. Phillips, Watts, an Eng. dramatist; artist; “The Dead Heart.” B. 1828; d. 1874. . Phillips, Wendell, an Am. orator; prominent leader of abolition- sts; advocated woman suffrage, prohibitory liquor laws, prison re- form; opposed capital punishment; candidate for gov. of Mass., 1870; delivered many public speeches and lectures; “The Lost Arts;” called the silver-tongued orator. B. Boston, 1811; d. there, SS4. Philopoemen, fil-o-pe'men, a Greek general; def. AEtolians and Eteans against Elis, and killed their leader with his own hands; also slew the Spartan king at Mantinea; B. B. c. 252; d. 183, by poison. Phips, or Phipps, Sir William, fips, gov. of Mass., 1692; recovered £300,000 from a wrecked Spanish treasure ship; high sheriff of New Eng. B. Woolwich, Me., 1651; d. London, 1695. *hocion, an Athenian general and statesman; clected gen. 45 times '.Philip of Macedon at Tamynae; opposed Demosthenes. B. 402 B. C.; • 317. 3.31 Photius, fo'shi-us, a patriarch of Constantinople; author of Greek schism. Date of birth, unknown; d. about 891. Physick, Philip Syng, fiz'ik, an Am. surgeon and doctor of medicine. B. Philadelphia, 1768; d, there 1837. * Piatt, John.James, pi-at, an Am. poet. B. Dearborn co., Indiana, 1835. Piazzi, Giuseppe, £e-at'see, an It, astronomer; discovered Ceres, the first of the asteroids. B. Ponte, 1746; d. Naples, 1826. Picard, Jean, £e-kar', a Fr. astronomer; assisted Gassendi in obser- vations of solar eclipse, 1645; observatory at Paris established through his exertions. B. La Fleche, 1620; d. 1682. Picard, Louis Benoit, a Fr. play-writer. B. 1769; d. 1828. Picard, Louis Joseph Ernest, a Fr. politician; opponent of Louis Napoleon; member of legislative body many years. B. Paris, 1821. Piccini, Nicolo, pet-chee'nee, an It. musical composer; produced over 300 operas; marked by purity and simplicity of style. B. Bari, 1728; d. near Paris, 1Soo. Piccolomini, Alessandro, pik-o-lo'mee-nee, an It. philosopher and prelate. B. 1503; d. 1578. Piccolomini, Marietta, an It. singer; “La Traviata” composed for her by Verdi; retired from stage 1861. B. Siena, 1836. Piccolomini, Ottavio; an Austrian general; drove the Fr...from the Netherlands; prince of Nuremberg, 1649. B. 1599; d. Vienna, 1656. Pichegru, Charles, pesh-gru', a Fr. commander; taught mathematics at Brienne while Bonaparte was student; def. the Eng. and Dutch many times, organized Batavian republic; arrested for conspiracy, 1797, and banished to Cayenne; escaped, 1798; planned with Cadoudal to assas. Napoleon; both arrested and jailed; Pickegru strangled. B. Arbois, 1761; d. Paris, 1804. Pichler, Aloys, pik'ler, a Ger. writer; director imperial library, St. Petersburg. B. Burgkirchen, 1833; d. Siegsdorf, 1874. Pichler, Von, Karoline, a Ger, author; produced 60 vols. B. Vienna, 1769; d. there, 1843. Pichon, Pierre Auguste, pe-sha', a Fr. artist; known as a painter of historical and religious subjects. B. Sorreze, 1805. Pickens, Andrew, pik'enz, an Am. soldier and officer; def. royalists at Kettle Creek; commanded militia at Cowpens; congress voted him a sword; took British forts at Augusta, Ga., after two weeks siege; M. C. B. Paxton, Pa., 1739; d. Tomassee, S.C., 1817. s Pickens, Frances W., an Am. politician; M. C., 1834-44; minister to Russia, 1857; gov. S. C., 1860. B. Toogadoo, S.C., 1807; d. Edgefield, 1869. Pickering, John, pik'er-ing, an Am. Scholar; originator Am. Oriental society; “Greek and English Lexicon.” B. Salem, 1777; d. Boston, 1846. Pickering, Charles, an Am. naturalist; “Races of Man, their Geo- graphical Distribution.” B. Susquehanna co., Pa., 1Soš; d. Boston, 1878. Pickering, Timothy, an Am. Senator; P. M. general; secy. of war; secy. of state. B. Salem, 1745; d. there, 1829. Pickersgill, Frederick William, pik'erz-gil, an Eng. artist; “Burial of Harold.” B. London, 1820. Pickersgill, IIenry William, an Eng. portrait painter. B. London, 1782; d. there, 1875. * Picot, Francois Edouard, pe-ko', a Fr. painter; “The Death of Jacob.” B. Paris, 1786; d. there, 1868. Picot, Michel Joseph Pierre, a Fr. author. B. 1770; d. 1841. Pierce, Franklin, peerss, 14th pres. of the U. S.; mem. State legisla- ture, 1829-’33; speaker of the house; M. C., 1833-7; opposed internal improvement policy, West Point appropriation, and anti-slavery meas. ures; youngest U. S. senator, 1837; resigned, 1842; joined the army, 1847; commissioned brig.-gen. under Gen. Scott; injured at battle of Contreras by the falling of his horse; fainted at Churubusco, but refused to leave the field; after the ending of the war, he resumed the practice of law; nominated for the presidency by the democrats at Baltimore, 1852; def. Gen. Winfield Scott, the whig candidate. B. Hillsborough, N. H., 1804; d. Concord, 1S69. Pierce, George Foster, an Am. bishop; first pres. Georgia female college; pres. Emory college; “Incidents of Western Travel.” B. Greene co., Ga., 1811. Pierer, Heinrich August, pee'rer, a Ger, editor and publisher. B. Altenburg, 1794; d. 1S50. Pierer, Johann Friedrich, a Ger. publisher; studied law and medi- cine. B. Altenburg, 1767; d. 1832. |-- *.N.' - * —- © RX/ --—? -T— * —==" 33 3. Q. Djogi APHICAL DICTIONARY. \ses" ce i ! -l. * | Pierpont, John, peer'pont, an Am. writer of poetry; minister; chap- Pisistratus, pi-sis'tré-tus, an Athenian tyrant. B. B. c. 612; d. 527. lain in civil war, 1861-5. B. Litchfield, 1785; d. Medford, Mass., 1866. Pitkin, Timothy, pit/kin, an Am. writer of history; member of state Pierson, Abraham, peer’son, an Am. doctor of divinity; first pres. of legislature; M. C. 14 years. B. Farmington, Conn., 1766; d. New Yale college. D. 1611; d. 1707. Haven, 1847. w Pignotti, Lorenzo, pen-yot'ee, an It, historian and poetical writer. Pitman, Benn, pit’man, an Eng. inventor; invented a system of short B. 1739; d. 1812. hand similar to that of his brother, Isaac, most in use among short- Pike, Albert, pike, an Am. writer of poetry; walked from head of hand writers in U. S.; reported the trials of the assassins of Pres. Lin- Red River to Ft. Smith, Ark., 500 miles; served in Mexican war; coln, in 1865. Isaac, Eng. inventor of the system of short-hand writing. commandcd body of Cherokee Indians on confederate side in civil war, B. Towbridge, 1813. 1861-5. B. Boston, 1Soo. Pitt, William, an Eng. noble; first earl of Chatham; opposed Sir Pike, Zebulon Montgomery, an Am. gen.; explored the Mississippi; Robt. Walpole's ministry; dismissed 1755; restored to office, 1757, as lost on an expedition to Louisiana, and taken prisoner by Spanish; prime minister; many victories gained in the seven years war during served in war 1812. B. Lamberton, 1779; d. York, IS13. his ministry; opposed the American stamp act; fell in a convulsive fit Pillans, James, pil/anz, a Scottish educationist. B. 1778; d. 1864. after an animated speech against a motion to acknowledge the inde- Pillow, Gideon Johnson, pil'o, an Am. brig.-gen.; siege of Vera pendence of America. B. Boconnoc, 1708; d. Hayes, 1778. Cruz; Cerro Gordo; Churubusco; commanded confederates in civil war Pitt, William, an Eng. orator; wrote a tragedy at 14; M. P. at 21; 1861-5, at Belmont; second in command under Gen. Floyd at Fort chancellor of exchequer at 23; most popular minister known to Eng. Donelson; Floyd and Pillow escaped during surrender of Fort Donel- for many generations at 25; at 27, made a six hours speech on redemp- son; served under Beauregard. B. Williamson co., Tenn., 1Soñ; d. 187S. tion of national debt by the creation of a sinking fund; nego- Piloty von, Karl Theodor, fon pee'lo-te, a Ger, artist: “Establish- tiated liberal treaty with France, 1786; secured the passage of a ment of thc,Catholic League.” B. Munich, 1826. bill in opposition of some of his own colleagues, abating slavery; Pim, Bedford Capperton Trevylian, an Eng. officer of the navy; quelled the revolutionary spirit in the British Isles; held the reins of made voyage round the world, 1845-'51. I. Biddeford, 1826. government from 1786 to 1Sol, during the most stormy period of history; Pinckney, Charles, pink’ni, an Am. politician; prisoner at capture of news of surrender of Austrian army at Ulm said to have hastened his Charleston during the revolution; gov. S. C., four times; U. S. sena- demise. B. Hayes, 1759; d. Putney, 1806. tor, 1798; minister to Spain, 1802. B. Charleston, 1758; d. there, 1824. Pius I., Saint, pee'o or pi'us, pope; condemned the heresy of Valen- Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth, an Am. statesman and officer; served tinian. B. Aquileia, 90; d. Rome, 157. at the capture of Fort Donclson war 1S61-5; minister to France, 1796. Pius II., Eneo Sylvius Picolomini; made a cardinal by Calixtus III., B. Charleston, 1746; d. there, 1S25. after whose death he became pope. B. Corsignano, Siena, 1405; d. Pinckney, Thomas, an Am. advocate; minister to Great Britain, 1792; Ancona, 1464, - minister to Spain, 1794; there negotiated treaty, securing free navign- Pius III., elected pope, 1503, but died in less than a month afterward. tion of the Mississippi; M. C. 1797. B. Charleston, 1750; d. there, 182S. Pius IV., Gianangelo de Medici; created a cardinal, 1549; disliked Pindemonte, Giovanni, an It. dramatist. B. Verona, 1751; d. 1S12. by the Romans for his severity and exactions. B. Milan, 1499; d. Pinel, Philippe, pe-mei", a Fr. doctor of medicine, celebrated for his Rome, 1565. successful treatment of the insane, by gentle measures; his method Pius V., Michele Ghislieri, cardinal and supreme inquisitor, 1557; generally adopted in all civilized countries. B. at the chateau de elected pope, 1566; suppressed bull fights in Rome; excommunicated Rascas, 1745; d. Paris, 1826. Q. Elizabeth, 1570, advised a union for the enthronement of Mary Pinelli, Bartolommeo, pe-mei'ee, a Fr. artist. B. 1781; d. 1835. Stuart. B. Bosco, 1504; d. Rome, 1572. Pingre, Alexandre Gui, pan-gra’, a Fr. scientist; devoted chiefly to Pius VI., Gianangelo Braschi. created cardinal, 1775; organized free astronomy. B. Paris, 1711; d. 1796. school system; started asylums for destitute women. B. Cesena, 1717; Pinkerton, John, pink'er-ton, a Scotch writer; “History of Scotland d. Valence, 1799. from the Accession of the House of Stuaft to that of Mary.” B. Edin- Pius VII., Barnaba Luigi Chiaramonti, made cardinal and archb. burgh, 1758; d. Paris, 1826. 1785; elected pope, 1Soo; re-established Catholic worship in France; Pinkney, Edward Coate, pink’ni, an Am. writer of poetry; “Ro- crowned Napoleon, 1804. B. Cesena, 1742; d. Rome, 1823. dolph, and other Poems.” B. London, 1So2; d. Baltimore, 1828. Pius VIII., Cardinal Castiglione, was pope after Leo XII., in 1829. Pinkney, William, an Am. senator; descendant of the Pinckneys D. 1830. of S. C.; atty.-gen. of S. C., also of the U. S.; minister extraordi- Pius IX., Giovanni Maria Mastai Ferretti, archb. of Spoleto, 1827; nary to England; corps commander war 1812; M. C.; minister to Rus- gov. of Spoleto and Perugia; cardinal, 1839; elected pope, 1846; refused sia; minister to Naples. B. Annapolis, 1764; d. 1S22. to declare war against Austria; imprisoned in the quirinal; escaped as Pinturicchio, Bernardino, an It. artist; “The Discovery of the True a simple priest in the Bavarian minister's carriage, to Gaeta; re-en- Cross.” B. Perugia, 1454; d. Siena, 1513. tered Rome, 1850; created Roman Catholic hierarchy in the U. S.; Pinzon, Francisco Martin, pen-thon', a Spanish navigator; pilot of canonized more persons than any predecessor. B. Sinigaglia, 1792; the Pinta in first expedition of Columbus. Martin Alonso, eldest of 3 d. 187S. brothers; family of wealthy navigators; accompanied Columbus in Pizarro, Francisco, fe-zar’o, a Spanish commander and adventurer; his discovery of America. D. 1493. Vicente Yanez, 2d brother; first f. Lima; conquered Peru. B. Trujillo, 1471; assas. in Lima, 1541. expedition of Columbus; first European discoverer of Brazil in 1500; Pizarro, Gonzalo, a Spaniard, gov. of Quito; discovered the head discovered Yucstan. D. 1523. waters of the Amazon. B. Trujillo, 1506; executed, Cuzco, 1548; Piombo, Fra Sebastiano, del, pe-om'ào, an It, artist; chiefly portrait Hernando, clder brother of the two preccding; aided in conquest of painter; “Itaising of Lazarus.” B. Venice, 1485; d. Rome, 1547. Peru; prisoner 20 years; released when about 100 years old. B. 1465; Piozzi, Hester Lynch, pe—ot'see, an Eng. novelist; friend of Dr. Samuel d. 1565. Johnson; “The Three Warnings.” B. Bodocl, 1740; d. Clifton, 1821. Plana de, Giovanni Antonio Amadeo, da pla'na, baron, an It. scientist; Piranesi, Giovanni Battista, pe-rd-nd'see, an It. designer and carver. prof. of astronomy; senator. B. Voghera, 1781; d. Turin, 1861. B. 1720; d. Rome, 1778. Planche, James Robinson, plon'sha, an Eng. play-writer; “Charles Piron, Alexis, pe-ron' a Fr. dramatic author; a brilliant wit; re- XII.,” and 200 others. B. London, 1796. garded himself as equal to Voltaire. B. Dijon, 16So; d. Paris, 1773. Planck, Gottlieb Jakob, plank, a Ger. Biblical scholar. B. 1751; d. Pisano, Giovanni fe-sa/no, an It. designer; design of the Campo 1833, Santo in Pisa. I}. Pisa, 1240; d. 1320. Plantagenet, plan-taffe-net, the surname of Eng. kings, from the Pisano, Nicola, an It. cngraver; “St. Patrick’s Well.” B. Pisa, time of Henry II. to Richard III.; the last named fell at battle of Bos- 1200; d. 1278. worth, 1485. Pise, Charles Constantine, pise, an Am. divine; chaplain of U.S. Platen, August, Count, pla'tan, a Ger. author; acquired a reputation scnate. B. Annapolis, 1802; d. Brooklyn, 1866. as a poet. B. Anspach, 1796; d. Syracuse, 1835. ~~16- ~-3) * *- * : - BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 333 *ato, plato, an illustrious Greek philosopher, original name, Aris- tocles; pupil of Socrates; f. the academic sect; styled the Divine by the *ncients; visited Magna Graccia and Egypt in search of knowledge; '. one of his three visits to Sicily, he so greatly offended the elder Dionysius, that the tyrant had him seized on his way home, and sold ** slave; owed his liberation to Aniceris of Cyrene. B. Athens, n.c. 429; d. 348. Platon, Matvei Ivanovitch, platof, count, a Russian commander-in- chief. B. 1760; d. isis. •. *aton, Levshin, platon, a Russian bishop and historian. B. Mos- *W, 1737; d. there, 1812. *lautus, Titus Maccius, plazv’tus, a Roman play-writer. B. Sarsina, *54 n.c.; d. 181. Playfair, John, Pla'far, a Scottish philosopher; “Elements of Geom- etry.” IR. Benvie, 1748; d. Edinburgh, 1819. Playfair, Lyon, an Eng. professor of chemistry; M. P.; post-master- 8°neral in Gladstone's administration. B. Meerut, Brit. Ind., 1819. Pleasanton, Alfred, plex'on-ton, an Am. soldier and officer. B. 1824. *lessis, Joseph Octave, ples'ee, a Canadian bishop; f. Nicolet college. B. Montreal, 1762; d. Quebec, 1825. Pleyel, Ignaz, pli’el, a German composer of music. B. Ruppelsthal, £757; d. Paris, 1831. Joseph Etienne Camille, son of the preceding, a German musical composer; invented improvements for making pianos. B. Strasburg, 1792; d. Paris, 1S55. Marie Felicite, wife of preceding, a Ger. pianist; an accomplished perf. B. Paris, 1811; d. Brussels, 1875. Pliny, Caius Plinius Secundus, plin'ee, an ancient Roman writer and *entist; procurator of Spain; lost his life in witnessing the eruption * Vesuvius, suffocated by fumes of sulphur; called The Elder. B. *3; d. 79. Caius Plinius Caecilius Secundus, nephew of preceding, *lled the Younger; a Roman tragic and epistolary author; orator and advocate; practor and military tribune. B. Comum, about 62. *lotinus, ploti-nus, an Egyptian philosopher; founder of the eclectic school. B. about 204. *lowden, Edmund, plowden, an Eng. jurist and M. D.; an accurate *Porter of English law. B. about, 1517; d. 1584. Pluche, Antoine, Abbe, plush, a French writer and scientist. B. .*646; d. 1704. Plumer, William, plum'er, an Am. senator; gov. of N. H.; wrote for *ious periodicals. B. Newbury, N. II., 1759; d. Epping, N.H., 1850. Plumer, William Swan, an Am. theologian; pastor of churches in *ichmond and Baltimore. B. Griersburg, Pa., 1802. Flumptre, Edward Hayes, plump'ter, an Eng. divine; chaplain of King's College, London; prebendary of St. Paul's. B. 1821. ... Plunkett, William Conyngham, baron, plunket, an Irish jurist; solic- *or gen.; one of the crown lawyers to prosecute Emmet, chief justice common pleas; B. Enniskillen, 1764; d. 1854, Flutarch, plu'tark, an ancient Gr. writer; magistrate and priest of Apollo; “Lives” taking alternately a celebrated Roman and Greek and °omparing them in a biographical notice. Lived about 66. s Pocahontas, po'ka-hon'tas, an Indian girl that interceded to save thc life of Capt. John Smith; dau. of Powhatan; married John Rolfe, an Englishman; was received in high honor at court; ancestress of several irginian families. B. about 1595; d. Gravesend, Eng., 1617. *ocock, Edward, po'kok, an Eng. oriental linguist; prof. of Hebrew; * Oxford, 1624; d. there 1691. Podlebrad, George, k, of Bohemia, pod-ye'örad, a follower of Huss; fought against Albert of Austria; elected k. 145S; excommunicated by Pius II. B. 1420; d. I471. Poe, Edgar Allan, po, an eccentric Am. poet; edited Gentleman's *agazine; “The Raven” and “The Bells;” quite popular. B. Boston *09; d. Baltimore, 1849. Poerio, Carlo, baron, po-a're-o, an It. politician; prefect of police; "ce-president Turin parliament. B. Naples, 1So?; d. Florence, 1867. *oggendorf, Johann Christian, pog'em-dorf, a Ger. pharmaceutist and scientist. B. Hamburg, 1796. Poggio Bracciolini, Giovanni Francesco, poff'o brat-cho-lee'nee, an It. historical and classical writer; apostolic secy. to several popes. B. Terra Nuova, 13So; d. Florence, 1459. - *oindexter, George, poyn'deks-ter, an Am, jurist and atty.-gen, k, a Prominent merchant, Abijah Hunt, in a duel; gov. of Miss. B. Louisa * Va., 1779; d. Jackson, Miss., 1853. #= * Poinsett, Joel Roberts, poin'set, an Am. jurist and diplomat; minister to Mexico, under Adams, and secy. of war under pres. Van Buren. B. Charleston, S.C., 1779; d. Statesburg, S.C., 1851. Poirson, August Simon Jean Chrysostome, pvar’son, a Fr. historian; governor of the college of Charlemagne. B. Paris, 1795; d. 1871. Poisson, Simeon Denis, pva-son', a Fr. mechanician; prof. of Poly- technic institute; peer of France. B. Pithiviers, 1781; d. Sceaux, 1840. Poitevin, Prosper, frvat-van', a Fr. artist; executed the fine statues in the new palace of the Louvre; “Judith.” B. La Fere, 1819; d. 1873. Pole, Reginald, an Eng. prelate; related to Henry VIII. ; made archb. of Canterbury by q. Mary; chancellor of Oxford and Cambridge. B. Staffordshire, 1500; d. 1558. Polevoi, Nicolai Alexievitch, po-leh-voi", a Russian merchant and author; cditor Moscow Telegraph, which was suppressed; produced dramas. B. Irkutsk, Siberia, 1796; d. St. Petersburg, 1846. Poli, Giuseppe Saverio, palee, an It, geographer and anatomist; di- rector of military academy at Naples. B. Molfetta, 1746; d. Naples, 1825. Polignac de, August Jules Armand Marie, prince, £ok'leen-yac, a Fr. noble and politician; favorite of Marie Antoinette; amb. to Lon- don. B. Versailles, 17So; d. Paris, 1847. Camille Armand Jules Marie, a Fr. prince of the same family; fought on the confederate side in Am. war, 1861-5. B. 1832. Politian, Angelus, or Poliziano, polish-yan, an It, poetical writer; prof. Greek and Latin at the Lyceum of Florence. B. near Florence, 1454; d. Florence, 1494. Polk, James Knox, pok’, 11th pres. U. S.; the name was originally Pollock, of Irish origin; a supporter of Jackson and opponent of John Quincy Adams; speaker of house of representatives in 1835, and 1837; after serving 14 years in congress he declined being re-elected; gov. of Tennessee; elected pres. U.S., 1844; war with Mexico began during his administration, and Wisconsin admitted to the Union; the indepen- dent treasury system adopted during his term. B. Mecklenburg co., N. C., 1795; d. Nashville, Tenn., 1849. Polk, Leonidas, an Am. soldier on confederate side, war 1861-5; Protestant Episcopal minister; missionary-bishop of Ark.; maj.-gen. in confederate service, 1861; division commander at Shiloh, killed by a cannon ball while reconnoitering the federal position at Pine Mountain, Ga. B. Raleigh, N. C., 1806; d. near Marietta, Ga., 1864. Pollnitz von, Karl Ludwig, baron, fon powl'nits, a Ger. biographical writer; grand master of ceremonies to Frederick the Great. B. near Cologne, 1692; d. Berlin, 1775. Pollock, Sir George, pol’lok, an Eng. field-marshal, and East Indian general; commanded British troops in Afghanistan; constable of the tower of London. B. London, 1786; d. Walmer, 1872. Pollok, Robert, fol'lok, a Scotch writer and minister; “Tales of the Covenanters,” “Course of Time;” 20 editions of this work have ap- peared in the United States. B. Renfrewshire, Scotland, 1799; d. near Southampton, 1S27. Polo, Marco, po'o, an It, traveler in the East; gov. of various cities in Cathay, or China; the first to give any account of Japan to Europe- ans; commander of a ship sent against the Genoese. B. about 1254; d. about 1324. Polybius, po-lib’ee-us, a Greek writer; friend of Scipio; exiled; fought in the third Punic war; “Roman History.” B. about 204 m. c.; d. about 122. . . Polycarp, St., pol'e-carp, one of the first Christian bishops; a disci- ple of St. John; burnt at the stake for refusing to blaspheme the Deity. B. 1st century; d. about 168. Polycletus, pol-e-klee'tus, a Grecian artist, fellow-pupil of Phidias. B. about 430. Polygnotus, pol-ig-no'tus, a Greek painter; the first to vary the expression of the countenance. B Thasos, 493 B. c.; d. about 426. Pombalde, Scbastian Jose de Carvalhoe Melho, marquis, da pom-bal", a Portuguese diplomat; prime min. B. Lisbon, 1699; d. Pombal, 1782. Pompadour, de, Jeanne Antoinette Porsson, Marchioness, a favorite of Louis XIV. of France; presented by the king with various chateaux and estates. B. Paris, 1721; d. Versailles, 1764. Pompey, Cneius Pompeius Magnus, pompey, the Great, a Roman general; joined Catullus in his expedition against Lepidus; defeated Lepidus; in 67, commander-in-chief of fleet sent against the Mediter- 4. $–= --> 334 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. ranean pirates; commander in war of Mithridates, whom he defeated; conquered Asia Minor, Phoenicia, and Judea; Mithridates committed suicide, in consequence of which, Pompey returned to the Black sea and instituted a royal funeral; def. by Caesar at Pharsalia; fled to Egypt; pursued and stabbed by Septimus, and his head sent to Caesar. B. 106 B. c.; d. Egypt, 4S. See CAESAR, Julius. Ponce, Pedro, pon'tha, a Benedictine monk of Spain, first teacher of the deaf and dumb. B. Valladolid, 1520; d. Castile, 1584. Ponce de Leon, Juan, pon'tha da la-on', a Spanish soldier; fought against the Moors; accompanied Columbus to the New World in 1493; governor of Porto Rico; discovered Florida; badly wounded by natives, and returned to Cuba. B. Leon, 1460; d. Cuba, 1521. Ponce de Leon, Luis, Spanish poet and priest; charged with Luther- anism and brought before the Inquisition. B. Granada, about 1527; d. Madrigal, 1591. Poncelet, Jean Victor, pon'ce-la, a French soldier, mathematician and .inventor; taken prisoner by Russians, 1812, retained until peace was declared; invented hydraulic wheels. B. Metz, 1788; d. 1S67. Pond, Enoch, an Am, Congregational minister; editor, controversial- ist, and lecturer. B. Wrentham, Mass., 1791. Pond, John, an Eng. royal astronomer; devoted his time principally to the fixed stars. B. about 1767; d. Blackheath, 1836. Poniatowski, Jozef Antoni, po-ne-a-too'skee, a Polish general; marshal of France; served under Kosciusko; drowned in the Elster while covering the retreat of the French. B. Warsaw, 1762; d. 1813. Poniatowski, Stanislas Augustus, uncle of preceding; elected king of Poland, 1764; d. St. Petersburg, 1798. Pons, Jean Louis, pon, a Fr. scientist; director of the observatory of Marseilles; discovered 37 comets. B. Dauphiny, 1761; d. Flor- ence, 1831. Ponsard, Francois, pon-sar', a Fr. dramatic author and translator; librarian of the senate. B. Vienna, 1814; d. Paris, 1867. Ponson du Terrail, de, Pierre Alexis, viscount, pon-son' du ter-ray, a Fr. sensational writer; “Dramas of Paris.” B. Montmartre, 1829; d. Bordeaux, 1871. Ponte, da, Giacomo, da pon'ta, a celebrated It, painter; * Rural Scenes.” B. Bassano, 1510; d. 1592. Pontiac, an Am. Indian, chief of the Ottawas; believed to have been at the battle near Fort Du Quesne, which resulted in Braddock's defeat; killed while drunk by an Illinois Indian. B. 1712; d. 1769. Pontoppidan, Erik, pon-top/e-dan, a Scandinavian author and doctor of divinity; bishop of Bergen. B. Aarhuus, 1698; d. Bergen, 1764. Pontormo II, Jacopo Carucci, pon-to"mo, an It, artist; pupil of An- drea del Sarto; “Visitation of Our Lady.” B. Pontormo 1493; d. 155S. Poole, John, pool an Eng. writer of comedies; author of “Paul Pry.” B. 1786; d. near London, 1872. Poole, Paul Falconer, an Eng. artist; member of Royal Academy; “Edward III's. Generosity to People of Calais.” B. Bristol, 1810. Pope, Alexander, an Eng. poet; whipped at school for writing lam- poons on his teacher; wrote his ode on “Solitude” when only 12 years of age; the publication of his “Pastorals” gave him the rank of the first poet of his time; translated the “Iliad;” wrote the “Dunciad;” died of dropsy; bur. in par. church, Twickenham. B. London, 1688; d. 1744. Pope, John, an Am. general; fought in the Florida war, Monterey and Buena Vista; topographical engineer in Minnesota and New Mexico; in charge of Pacific R. R. survey, and of an expedition to procure water on the Llano Estacado; brig.-gen. volunteers, war 1861-5; commander of army of Mississippi; fought at Cedar Mountain, Bris- toe station, the second battle of Bull Run; made brig.-gen. regular army, 1S62; maj.-gen., 1865. B. Kaskaskia, Ill., 1823. Poppig, Eduard, pep'ich, a Ger. scientist; explored S. Am., Cuba, and U. S.; first to accomplish the ascent of Antuco volcano; f. the zoological museum, Leipsic. ...B. Saxony, 1798; d. near Leipsic, 1S6S. Porphyry, por fe-ree, a Syrophoenician philosopher; wrote a treatise against the Christian religion, which was publicly destroyed by Theodosius II. B. Tyre, about 233; d. Rome, about 305. Porson, Richard, por’son, an Eng. professor and translator of Gr.; as a critic he is unsurpassed in England; buried in Trinity college, Cambridge. B. Norfolk, 1759; d. 1SoS, Porta della, Giambattista, del'lah for'tah, an It. philosopher; in- vented the camera obscura. B. Naples, about 1540; d. there, 1615. Portaels, Jean Francois, portalss, a Belgian artist; “A Drouth in Egypt;” “The Gypsy.” B. Vilvoorden, 1820. Portalis, Jean Etienne Marie, portal-ees, a Fr. advocate and politi- cian; senator. B. Beausset, Provence, 1745; d. Paris, 1So?. Portalis, Joseph Marie, count, son of preceding, a Fr. diplomat; pres. imperial court at Angers; amb. to Rome 1S18. B. 1778; d. 1856. Porter, David, porter, an Am. commodore; 1813, sailed for Valpar- aiso, to destroy the Eng. whale fishery in the Pacific; captured 2 Peru- vian privateers which had captured a number of Am. fishermen; took 12 British ships and 400 prisoners; entered the Mexican service; appointed consul-general to Barbary; remains interred at Phila. naval asylum. B. Boston, 17So; d. Pera, Turkey, 1843. David Dixon, son of the pre- ceding, an Am. admiral; served ten years in the Mediterranean; in the Mexican war; 1S61 he was ordered to command the Powhatan to rein- force Fort Pickens; appointed acting rear-admiral in charge of the Mississippi fleet, numbering 125 vessels and nearly 1,400 officers; took part in the Red river expedition and bombarded Fort Fisher; pro- moted to vice-admiral in 1866; admiral on the death of Farragut, 1870. B. Phila., 1813. Porter, FitzJohn, an Am. gen., present at the siege of Vera Cruz; at Cerro Gordo; wounded in the attack upon the City of Mexico; brevet- ted captain and major; col. of regular army and brig.-gen. of vols. in 1861; superintended the siege of Yorktown; commander at Malvern Hill; was censured for his conduct at Bull Run, whereupon he was ar- raigned and convicted by a court-martial; cashiered and disqualified from holding any office under the government; measures are pending (1884) for his relief. B. 1823. Porter, Jane, an Eng. authoress; “Thaddeus of Warsaw;” “Scottish Chiefs.” B. Durham, 1776; d. Bristol, 1850. Porter, Noah, an Am. philologist, essayist and metaphysician; pres. Yale college; principal editor of the new edition of Webster's diction- ary. B. Farmington, Conn., 1811. Porter, Peter Buel, an Am... gen.; M. C., 1808; prepared the celebra- ted report of 1S11, recommending war with Great Britain; commanded in Smythe’s “army of invasion;” twice permitted to lead the front line of army into Canada, and recalled twice before reaching opposite shore; his comments concerning this, led to a duel between him and Gen. Smythe, was one of the projectors of Erie canal; secy.-of-war, 1828. B. Salisbury, Ct., 1773; d. Niagara Falls, 1844. Porter, Sir Robert Ker, an Eng. painter; “Siege of Acre.” B. Dur- ham, 1775; d. St. Petersburg, 1S42. Porus, por’us, an East Indian sovereign, conquered by Alexander the Great; opposed him with an army in which were more than 200 trained elephants; said to have been five cubits high. Fl. 317 B. c. Posey, Thomas, po'see, an Am. soldicr; fought against the Indians under Lord Dunmore, 1775; capt. in 7th Virginia regt.; distinguished himself at Stillwater; present at surrender of Yorktown; U.S. senator from Louisiana in 1S12; gov. of Indiana in 1816. B. on banks of Poto- mac, Va. 1750; d. Shawneetown, Ill., 1818. Posidonius, pose-do'ne-us, a Gr. philosopher; amb. to Rome, and head of the Stoics; instructor of Cicero. B. Syria, about 135 B.C.; d. about 51. Potemkin, Grigori Alexandrovitch, prince, po-tem'kin, a Russian soldier; favorite of Catherine II., and virtual ruler of the empire; con- quered the Crimea. B. Smolensk, about 1739; d. 1791. Potocki, Stanislas Kostka, count, po-tots'kee, a Polish politician, and educator; minister of public instruction. B. 1757; d. 1821. Pott, Percival, an Eng. physician, surgeon of St. Bartholomew's hos- pital; an expertin diseases of the spine. B. London, 1713; d. 17SS. Potter, Alonzo, pot/ter, an Am. Prot. Episcopal minister and bishop; prof. moral philosophy in Union college; B. Beckman, N.Y., 18oo; d. San Francisco, California, 1865. Horatio, brother of preceding, an Episcopal clergyman, prof. of mathematics in Trinity college, Hart- ford. B. Beckman, N. Y., 1So2. Potter, Hazard Arnold, an Am. physician, celebrated for his success" ful surgical operations during the war of 1861-5. B. Yates co., N.Y., 1810; d. Gencva, N. Y., 1869. Potter, de Louis Joseph Antonie, a Belgian politician; fierce opponent of the government; sentenced to imprisonment, and fined; afterward banished from the country. B. Bruges, 1786; d. there 1859. Potter, Paul, a Dutch artist, celebrated for his animal painting. B. Enkhuysen, 1625; d. Amsterdam, 1654. 2. , * --- BIOGRAPHICAL "--— Pouchet, Felix Archimede, pou-sha, a Fr. scientist and M. D.; in- "entor of aeroscope. B. Rouen, 1800; d. there, 1872. *oujoulat, Jean Joseph Francois, poo-joo-lah',a Fr. writer of memoirs, and historian; biographer of illustrious personages. B. La Fare, 1SoS. *ounds, John, Apownds, a philanthropic Englishman; f. charity schools for poor children. B. 1766; d. 1839. *oussin, Nicholas, a French artist of the 17th century; painter to Louis XIII. of France; returned to Rome, on account of the Jealousy of his rivals; “Death of Germanicus,” “Finding of Moses.” B. Normandy, about 1594; d. Rome, 1665. . Powell, Baden, powel, an Eng. scientist and mathematician; Savil- * prof. of geom. at Oxford university. B. London, 1796; d. there, 1860. Powell, John Wesley, an Am. soldier and naturalist; lost right arm *battle of Shiloh; explored Colorado river. B. Mt. Morris, N.Y., 1834. Power, Tyrone, power, an Irish comedian; unrivaled in Irish characters; came to the U. S., 1833; embarked for Europe in the ill- fated steamer President. B. co. Waterford, Ire., 1795, lost at sea, 1841. Powers, Hiram, powers, an Am. sculptor; “Fisher Boy,” “Greek Slave,” and busts of Calhoun, Webster and others. B. Woodstock, Vt., 1Soš; d. Florence, 1873. *owhatan, pow'hat-an, an Am. Indian, chief of thirty tribes; his *me, Powhatan, comes from a place on the James river, where he re- sided; his early name was Wahunsonacock; father of Pocahontas. B. about 1 550; d. Virginia, 1618. See PocationTAs. Pownall, Thomas, pow’nal, an Eng. statesman; gov. of Mass. bay; gov. of S. Carolina. B. Lincoln, Eng., 1722; d. Bath, 1Soš. Pozzo di Borgo, Carlo Andrea, count, pot'so de bor'go, a Russian diplomat; native of Corsica; member of the French assembly from Corsica; pres. of Corsican council and sec. of state; amb. from Russia; signed treaty of Paris. B. Corsica, 1764; d. Paris, 1842. Pradier, Jean Jacques, pradlee-a, a Fr. artist; his statues adorn "any of the public buildings of Paris. B. Geneva, 1792; d. near Paris, 1852. Pradt de, Dominque Dufour, abbe de, da prat, a Fr. priest and diplomat; minister at Warsaw; instrumental in accomplishing the "bdication of Charles IV., of Spain. B. Allanches, 1759; d. 1837. Praed, Winthrop Mackworth, an Eng. poet; M. P. for Cornwall. * London, So2; d. 1839. . * Pram, Christian Henriksen, a Danish poet; editor. B. Norway, 1756; d. St. Thomas, 1821. Praslin, Cesar Gabriel, count de Choiseul, duke de, deh pra-lan', a r. statesman; signed the treaty which ended the seven years' war. B. Paris, 1712; d. there, 1785. Charles Laure Hughes Theobald, descendant of preceding; married dau. of Marshal Sebastiani; 1847, her body was found in her room cut to pieces; he was arraigned and sent to prison, where he committed suicide by poison. B. Paris, 1805; d. there, 1847. * Prati, Giovanni, prat'ee, a modern Italian poet; advocate and M. P. B. near Trent, 1805. Praxiteles, prax'it-e-lees, a famous Gr. sculptor; the delicacy of his statues is unsurpassed; “Venus.” B. about 4th cent. B. c. Preble, Edward, preb’1, an Am. naval officer; when 21 years of age he boarded an Eng. vessel in company with 14 men, captured it, and carried her off under the fire of a neighboring battery; commander of the Tripoli squadron in 1803; sent a ship captured from the enemy and loaded with powder, shells, and shot into the harbor, intending to explode it by a train; it exploded prematurely, killing all its volunteer crew, including Capt. Somers and Lieut. Wadsworth. B. Falmouth eck, now Portland, Me., 1761; d. there, 1807. Prentice, George Denison, pren'tiss, an Am. journalist and writer; prin. of a public school at the age of 14. B. Preston, Ct., 1802; d. I-ouisville, Ky., 1870. Prentiss, Sergeant Smith, an Am. jurist and statesman; M. C. from fississippi. B. Portland, Mc., 1808; d. Natchez, Miss., 1850. Prescott, Oliver, pres'kot, an Am. maj.-gen; influential in the sup- Pression of Shays' rebellion. B. Groton, Mass., 1731; d. there, 1So!. William, bro. of preceding, an Am. politician; commanded at battle of Bunker Hill. B. Groton, Mass., 1726; d. Pepperell, Mass., 1795. Wil- liam, son of preceding, an Am. senator from Mass. B. Pepperell, 1762; d. Boston, 1844. William Hicking, an Am. author; deprived of the sight of one eye by a classmate playfully throwing a crust of bread ~- *-m- |-- DICTIONARY. 335 at him; “History of the Conquest of Mexico.” B. Salem, Mass., 1796; d. Boston, 1859. Pressense de, Edmond Dehoult, da pra-san-sa', a Fr. Protestant doc- tor of divinity, and author. B. Paris, 1824. Preston, Thomas Scott, pres’ton, an Am. clergyman; “Lectures on Christian Unity.” B. Hartford, Ct., 1824. Preston, William Campbell, an Am. senator; a leader of the nullifi- cation party; bequeathed his library of 3,000 volumes to Columbia lyceum, which he established. B. Philadelphia, 1794; d. Columbia, S. C., 1860. Preuss, Johann David Erdmann, proiss, a Ger. teacher and historiog- rapher; “Biography of Frederick the Great.” B. Landsberg, 1785; d. Berlin, 1868. r Prevost, Pierre, pra-vo', a Swiss prof. of philosophy, and naturalist. B. Geneva, 1751; d. there, 1839. Prevost d'Exiles, Antoine Francois, pra-vo d'egs-eel, a Fr. abbe; escaped from a convent, but returned on account of an unsuccessful love affair; “Familiar Letters,” “Life of Cicero.” B. Hesdin, 1697; d. near Chantilly, 1763. Prevost Paradol, Lucien Anatole, pra'vo para-dol, a Fr. journalist; prof. of Fr. literature at Aix. B. Paris, 1829; committed suicide at Washington, D.C., 1870. Price, Richard, an Eng. author; “Justice and Policy of the War with America.” B. Glamorganshire, 1723; d. London, 1791. Prichard, James Cowles, prick'ard, an Eng. ethnological writer; “Researches.” B. Herefordshire, 1786; d. London, 1848. Prideaux, Humphrey, prid'o, an Eng. clergyman; “Life of Ma- homet.” B. Padstow, Cornwall, 1648; d. Norwich, 1724. Priestley, Joseph, preest/lee, an eminent Eng. naturalist and linguist; prof. of belles-lettres in Warrington academy; Franklin furnished him books to aid him in his “History of Electricity;” discoverer of oxygen gas. B. Yorkshire, 1733; d. Northumberland, Penn., 1Sot. Prim, Juan, Count of Reus and Marquis de los Castillejos, preem, a Spanish commander; gov. of Porto Rico; com. Spanish army in Mex- ico; conspired to dethrone Q. Isabella; became marshal and pres, of the council. B. Catalonia, 1814; d. Madrid, 1870. * Prime, Samuel Irenaeus, prime, an Am. prelate; “Life in New York.” B. Ballston, N.Y., 1812. Edward Dorr Griffin, bro. of pre- ceding, an Am. author; “Around the World.” B. Cambridge, N.Y, 1814. William Cowper, bro. of preceding, an Am. jurist and journal- ist; “I go a-Fishing.” B Cambridge, N.Y., 1825. Prince, Thomas, prince an Am. clergyman; author of “Annals of New England.” B. Sandwich, Mass., 1687; d. Boston, 1758. Pringle, Sir John, pring', a Scotch naturalist and physician. B. 1707; d. 1782. Pringle, Thomas, a Scotch lawyer and poet; secy. to Eng. anti- slavery society. B. Teviotdale, 1789; d. 1834. Prior, Matthew, pri’or, Eng. author and ambassador; “Alma, or the Progress of the Mind.” B. Wimborne-Minster, Dorsetshire, 1664; d. at Wimpole, Cambridgeshire, 1721. Priscianus, prish-i-an’us, a Rom. linguist and teacher. FI. about 500. Priscillian, leader of a religious sect in Gaul and Spain, the doc- trines of which were a mixture of Gnosticism and Manichaeism; con- demned to death for heresy. B. near Cordova; d. Treves, 385. Probus, Marcus Aurelius, pro'bus, a Roman emperor; commanded the third and tenth legions; the death of Florianus left him at the head of the Roman world; recovered 7o towns from the Germans, and destroyed 400,000 invaders B. Sirium, Pannonia, 230; assas, there, 2S2. Procaccini, Guilio Cesare, pro-kat-chee'nee, painter of Bologne. B. 1548; d. 1626. Procida di, Giovanni, de pro'che-da, conspirator of Sicily. B. about 1225; d. about 1303. Proclus, pro'klus, a Nee-Platonic philos. of Greece. B.412; d. 485. Procopius, pro-co'pi-us, a Byzantine writer of history; received from Justinian the title “Illustris.” B. in Cesarea, Palestine, about 500; d. about 565. Procopius I., Andrew, the Great, head of the Hussites; he devas- tated Lower Bavaria and Franconia in 1430; called the order of monks an invention of the devil. B. about 1390; d. at Bohmisch-Brod, Bohemia, 1434. II., the Small, head of the Hussites of Orphanites; associate of Procopius the Great. D. in battle. * g- BIOGRAPHICAL IDICTIONARY. "-– don, '851. Dante Gabriel, a gifted Eng, painter and poet, son of pre- ceding. B. London, 182S; d. 1883. Christina Gabriella, sister of the preceding, a poet; “Commonplace.” B. London, 1830. *ossetti, William Michael, an Eng. art critic, author and lecturer; * of Gabriele; active in the pre-Raphaelite movement. B. Lon., 1829. Rossi, Giovanni Battista de, ros'see, an It. scholar, celebrated for his discoveries in the catacombs, the inscriptions of which amount to *ore than 11,000. B. Rome, 1822. Rossi, Pellegrino, count, an It. jurist and statesman; made peer by Louis Philippe, 1839; appointed prime minister by the Pope, 1848; soon *fter k by a mob. B. Carrara, 1787. Possini, Gioacchino, ros-see'nee, an It. musician and famous com- *r; his operas are about 30 in number. B. Pesaro, 1792; d. Paris, 1868. Rostoptchin, Fedor, count, ros-tof/cheen, a Russian soldier and minister of foreign affairs under Paul I.; military gov. of Moscow, 1812; believed to have been the instigator of the burning of that city. B. *bout 1765; d. Moscow, 1826. Rothe, Richard, rot'eh, a Ger. prof. of theology; chaplain of the Prussian embassy at Rome. B. Posen, 1799; d. Heidelberg, 1867. *othermel, Peter F., roth'er-mel, an Am. historical painter; “De Soto Discovering the Mississippi;” “Columbus before Isabella;” and “The Battle of Gettysburg;” in the capitol at Harrisburg. B. Luzerne co., Pa., 1817. *othschild, Mayer Anselm, ros'child, a Ger, capitalist and banker; on the flight of elector William in 1Soó, he was left in charge of $5,000,- * and the judicious investment of this proved the source of the im- *nse fortune since accumulated. His five sons became heads of bank- "g houses in chief cities of Europe. B. Frankfort, 1743; d. 1812. *othschild, Lionel Nathan, the eldest son of the London banker; M. P., 1858; the first Jew that ever sat in the Eng. H. C. B. 1SoS; d. 1879. Rotteck, Karl von, fon rot’ek, a Ger. historian; statesman; cdited a Political dictionary. B. Baden, 1775; d. 1840. Rouaire, Armand Taffin, marquis de, roo-aire', a French soldier; served in the Am. rev. under Cornwallis; brig.-gen.; B. 1756; d. 1793. *oubiliac, Louis Francois, roo-bil’i-ak, a French sculptor; a statue of Shakspeare in the British museum. B. Lyons, about 1695; d. London, 1762. Rouge, Olivier Charles Camille Emmanuel, roo-jai', a French archae- °logist and Egyptologist. B. 1811; d. 1872, or 1873. Rouget, Georges, roo-zhai', a French artist, “Death of Napoleon.” B. Paris, 1781; d. 1869. Rouget de l'Isle, roo-zhai de lee", a French musician and poet; wrote “Marseilles Hymn.” B. 1760; d. 1836. * Rouher, Eugene, rou’ai, a French politician and minister of justice *nder Louis Napoleon III.; prominent in all the affairs of the second Smpire; fled on its downfall; returned, and was elected to the assembly. B. 1814. Rousseau, Jean Baptiste, roo-so', a French dramatic poet, sentenced to perpetual banishment for slanderous writing. B. Paris, 1670; d. Brussels, 1741. * Pousseau, Jean Jacques, a celebrated French author; produced a dis- Sourse upon “Origin of Inequality among Mankind;” wrote romance, “New Heloise;” B. Geneva, 1712; d. near Chantilly, 1778. Rousseau, Philippe, a French painter of still life and animals. B. Paris, ISOS. Housseau, Theodore, a French landscape painter. B. Paris, 1821; d. "car Fontainebleau, 1867. Powe, Nicholas, ro, an Eng. dramatic writer; created laureate on the *ccession of George I.; pub. an edition of Shakspeare containing the first biog. of the poet. B. Little Beckford, Bedfordshire, 1673; d. 1718. Rowley, William, role, an Eng. comedian and dramatist of the Ilizabethan age. D. during the reign of Charles I. *oxana, rox'a-na, the wife of Alexander the Great; celebrated for her beauty; had a son that was named Alexander the Younger. Cas- *nder put to death both the mother and son, 312 B. c. Roy, William, a British maj.-gen.: “Military Antiquities of the omans in N. Britain:” made a survey from Greenwich to Dover, to determine the difference in longitude and latitude between Paris and Greenwich. B. Scotland, 1726; d. London, 1790. Royer-Collard, Pierre Paul, rolyai-ko-lar, a distinguished Fr. states- ~- 343 man and philosopher; a liberal royalist; succeeded Laplace in the French academy. B. Sompuis, 1763; d. 1845. Rubens, Peter Paul, roo'bens, a celebrated Fl. painter; excelled in nearly every branch of the art; famous for his rich coloring; real- istic, many of his saints being taken from Flemish women. B. Siegen, Ger., 1577; d. Antwerp, 1640. Rubini, Giovanni Battista, roo-bee nee, an It, tenor singer; voice of remarkable purity and sweetness. B. Romano, 1795; d. 1854. Reubenstein, Anton, roo'ben-stine', a Russian composer, and musi- cian; began the study of music at the age of 6, and at 9 gave his first concert; f. and Supt. of conservatory at St. Petersburg; first appear- ance in America in 1872. B. 1830. Ruckert, Friedrich, roo’kert, a Ger. lyric poet and journalist. B. 1788; d. 1866. Rudolph I., of Hapsburg, ru'dolf, f. of the imperial house of Aus. tria, and cm.p. of Germany; def. Ottocar, k, of Bohemia. B. about 1218; d. 1291. II., an emp. of Germany; son of emp. Maximilian II.; reign marked by wars with the Turks and Transylvania; an insurrec. tion in Hungary and among the Ger. states, as well as by dissensions between Protestants and Romanists; his reign the most brilliant in Bohemian literature; Kepler, and Tycho Brahe flourished in his time; “Rudolphine Tables” drawn up by Kepler. B. Vienna, 1552; d. 1612. Ruge, Arnold, roo'geh, a Ger. author; elected, 1848 to the Frankfort parliament; founded in 1849, in conjunction with Ledru-Rollin and Mazzini, the European democratic committee. B. 1803. Rugendas, Georg Philippe, roo.gain'doos, an eminent Ger battle painter; “Siege of Augsburg.” B. Augsburg, 1666; d. there, 1742. Rumford, Benjamin Thompson, count, rumford, an Am. natural philosopher; in the contest between Eng. and Am., espoused the royal cause. B. Woburn, Mass., 1752; d. near Paris, 1814. Rumsey, James, rum'zy, an Am. inventor of machinery for propel- ling boats by the use of steam as a motive power. B. Maryland, 1743; d. London, 1792. Runjeet Singh, room'geet-sing, the founder and sovereign of the empire of the Sikhs; distinguished for his military achievements. B. Gujerawala, north of Lahore, 17So; d. 1839. Rupert, Prince Robert of Bavaria, ru'pert, a Ger. officer in the Eng. civil war; under his Uncle Charles; first commanded flect under Charles II. Rupert is stated, but erroneously, to have been the inventor of mezzotint engraving. B. 1619; d. London, 1682. Ruppell, Wilhelm'Peter Eduard Simon, roo'pel, a Ger. explorer; made valuable collections which he presented to his native town for an an- nuity of 1,000 florins. B. 1796. Rurik, roo'rik, a Scandinavian prince; founded the Russian Empire. Ruschenberger, William S. W., roo'shen-berger, an Am. surgeon and-naturalist; circumnavigated the globe and published valuable notes of his journeys. B. in N. J., 1So?. Rush, Benjamin, an Am. physician and chemist; professor of chem- istry in the medical college in Philadelphia; one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence; physician gen. of the army in 1777; president of the abolition society. B. near Phila., 1745; d. Phila., 1813. Richard, son of the preceding, an Am. diplomatist and statesman; atty.-gen. of Penn., and comptroller of U. S. treasury; atty.-gen. of U. S.; minister to England; secretary of treasury under President Adams; first of the foreign ministers to recognize the new republic. B. Phila., 17So; d. there, 1859. James, a brother of the pre- ceding; a physician and philanthropist. B. 1786; d. 1869. Ruskin, John, rats'kin, a modern Eng. art critic; wrote numerous lec- tures; “Seven Lamps of Architecture,” 1849. B. London, 1819. Russ, John Denison, rus, an Am. physician and inventor of a pho- netic alphabet for the blind; he simplified their mathematical characters and made a new system of maps, still in use. B. in Mass., 1Sor. Russell, Benjamin, rus'el, an Am. editor; Columbian Sentinel; an influential organ of the New England federal party for 40 years. B. Boston, 1761; d. 1845. • Russell, John, earl, an Eng. prime minister and statesman; advocate of various reform measures in parliament. D. London, 1792; d. 187s. Russell, John Scott, a British civil engineer and natural philosopher; claims the discovery of the “wave principle;” employed in building the Great Eastern steamship. B. Clyde, Scotland, 1SoS. Russell, William, lord, an Eng. statesman and leader of the Protes- | - - *le—- –2 -v- __.----" 344 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. tant party under Charles II.; tried and executed for political reasons; 1706. George, first viscount; officer and statesman; Lord George Ger- has been called “the greatest ornament of his age.” B. 1639; bc- main; directed the Am. war. B. 1716; d. 1785. headed, 1683. - Sacy, de, Antoine Isaac Sylvestre, deh sa-se', baron, an orientalist of Russell, William, a British historian; “History of Am.;” “Hist, of France. B. Paris, 1758; d. there, 1838. Samuel Ustazade Sylvestre de, Modern Europe.” B. Scotland, 1741; d. 1793. son of the preceding, a French writer. B. Paris, 1Sor. Russell, William Howard, a British reporter and journalist; corre- Sadler, Sir Ralph, sad"ler, an Eng. politician; prison guard of Mary spondent of the London Times. B. in Ireland, 1821. Queen of Scots. B. Hackney, 1507; d. Standon, 1587. Russell, William, an Am. clocutionist and cducator. B. 1793; Sadlier, MaryAnne, sad-leer', an Am. writer. B. Cootehill, Ire., 1820. d. 1873. Sadoleto, James, sad’o-lai-to, an It. cardinal and author. B. Modena, Rustige, Heinrich von, rou-stidg, a Ger. artist and poet; prof. in the 1477; d. Rome, 1547. school of art in Stuttgart, 1844; his work is mostly historical. B. Werl, Safford, Truman, Henry, saford, an Am. scientist, noted for mental Westphalia, 1810. powers of calculation in childhood; prof. of astronomy, Chicago uni- Rustow, Wilhelm, roo'stow, a Ger. officer of engineers, and military versity; B. Royalton, 1836. writer. B. Brandenburg, 1821; d. 1878. * Saint Albans, Harriet Mellon, sant-a!"bans, duchess of; formerly a Rutgers, Colonel Henry, rut'gerz, an Am. philanthropist and patriot. comic actress. B. 1775; d. 1837. B. 1746; d. 1830. Saint Anthony. See ANT11ox'Y, St. Rutherford, Daniel, ru'ther-ford, a nat. phil. and physician of the Saint Arnaud, sant-ar'no. See LEROY DE SAINT ARNAUD. University of Edinburgh; discoverer of nitrogen, and first to show Saint Aubin, de Augustin, deh-san-to-ban', a Fr. designer. B. 1736; that oxygen gas was the principal constituent of all acids. B. 1749; d. 1So?. d. 1819. Saint Clair, Arthur, sant klar', an Am. commander, in battles of Rutherford, Lewis Morris, an Am. astronomer and inventor; gave Trenton and Princeton; govenor N. W. ter., 1790-1802, B. Thurso, his time to astronomical photography, for which he invented a number Scotland, 1734; d. Greensburg, Penn., 1818. # of valuable instruments. B. Morrisania, N. Y., 1816. Saint Cyr, san-ser. See Gouvion, Saint-Cyr. Rutledge, John, rut'ledge, an Am. advocate and statesman, of Irish Sainte Aldegonde, de Philip Van Marnix, deh san-tal-deh-gond", parentage; associate judge of the supreme court; prominent in early baron, a Flemish politician and author. B. 1538; d. 1598. continental times, and in the State of S. Carolina. B. Charleston, 1739, Sainte Beuve, Charles Augustin, sant-buz', a Fr. literary writer, d. 1800. Edward, bro. of preceding, an Am. lawyer; signer of the distinguished as a critic. B. Boulogne, 1So; d. Paris, 1869. Declaration of Independence; mem. of continental congress; gov. of S. Sainte Claire Deville, sant-klar deh-vel'. See DEv1LLE. Carolina, from 1798 till his death, in 1Soo. B. 1749. Sainte Croix, de Guillaume Emanuel Joseph, deh sant &raw', baron, Ruysdael, Jacob, rois'dail, a Dutch marine and landscape painter. a Fr. antiquarian. B. 1746; d. 1809. * B. Haarlem, 1625; d. there, 1681. Sainte Marthe, de Scevole, mart, a Fr. writer of Latin poetry. B. Ruyter, Michael Adriaenszoon de, deh roi'ter, a gallant Dutch ad- 1536; d. 1623. miral; raised to nobility by the k. of Denmark in 1659, for services ren- Saint Evremond, Charles Marguetel de Saint Denis, aivrmont, dered him in his trouble with Sweden. B. 1607; d. 1676. a Fr. writer; a man of wit and ingenuity. B. Coutances, Normandy, Ryerson, Adolphus Egerton, ri'er-son, a Canadian clergyman, editor, 1613; d. London, 1703. and teacher; pub. a history of Canada. B. 1803. Saint Germain, de, count, ther-man', a Paris adventurer; a supposed Ryland, John, ri-land, an Eng. clergyman of the Baptist denomina- spy; d. 1795. tion; prominent in missionary work. B. 1753; d. 1825. * Saint Hilaire de, Auguste, desan te-lar', a Fr. florist. B. Orleans, Rymer, Thomas, ri’mer, an Eng. antiquarian and historiographer to 1799; d. there 1853. king William; left books and manuscripts now in the British museum. Saint-Hilaire, Geoffroy. See GEoFFRAY SAINT-HILAIRE. B. 1640; d. 1713. Saintine, san-ten', assumed name of Joseph Xavier Boniface, a Fr. Ryle, John Charles, rile, an Eng. clergyman, and author; first bishop writer; “Picciola.” B. Paris, 1798; d. there, 1865. of the see of Liverpool. B. in 1816. Saint John, James Augustus, an English novelist and traveler; “Weighed in the Balance.” B. Cacrmarthenshire, 1801; d. 1875. Percy *—-> S g-–t. Bolingbroke, son of preceding, an author; traveled in A'. “Good Saad-ed-Din, Mohammed Effendi, sa'ad-ed-deen', a Turkish writer of as Gold.” B. Plymouth, 1821. Bayle, brother of preceding, a writer history; “Crown of Histories.” B. 1536; d. Constantinople, 1599. and traveler. B. London, 1822; d. there, 1859. Spenser, brother of pre- Saadi, Sheik Moslih ed-Din, sa'dee, an illustrious Persian poet; ceding, a Malay linguist. B. London, 1826. Horace Roscoe, brother “Gulistan.” B. Shiraz, 1175; d. 1291, aged 116. of preceding, editor and author; “Life of Columbus.” B. Nor- Saadia, Ben Joseph Saadias-Gaon, sa'de-a, a Jewish author; translated mandy, 1830. Hebrew scriptures into Arabic. B. Egypt, 892; d. Babylonia, 941. Saint John, Oliver, an Eng. judge. B. 1598; d. 1673. Saavedra y Faxardo, Diego, sa-a-va'dra e fa-hardo, a Spanish Saint Just, de, Antoine Louis Leon, san-zhoost', a Fr. revolutionist; writer; diplomatist 34 years. B. Algezares, 1584; d. 1648. urged the reign of terror. B. Decize, 1767; guillotined, Paris, 1794. Sabellius, sa-bel/i-us, an African clergyman; originator of Sabellian- Saint-Lambert, de, Charles Francois, lon-ber', a Fr. poetical writer, ism; lived in 3d century. friend of Voltaire. B. Nancy, 1716; d. Paris, 1803. Sabina, Julia, sa'bi-na, the wife of the emperor Adrian, and celebrated Saint-Leonards, Edward Burtenshaw Sugden, baron, Jen'ards, an for her private and public virtues. When Adrian found his end ap- Eng. judge and politician; lord chancellor of England. B. London, proaching, he compelled her to take poison, that she might not survive 17S1; d. therc, 1875. him, A. D. 13S. Saint-Marc Girardin. See G1 RARDIN, Marc. Sabine, Sir Edward, sab’in, a British physician; made magnetic dis- Saint-Martin, Jean Antoine, mar’td, a learned Fr. writer; “Memoirs coveries. B. Dublin, 17SS. upon Armenia.” B. Paris, 1791; d. 1832. Sabine, Lorenzo, an Am. writer; M. C., 1852-3. B. Lisbon, 1803. Saint Martin, de Louis Claude, marquis, a Fr. philosopher. B. Sacchi, Andrea, sak'ee, an Italian artist of the Roman school. B. Amboise, 1743; d. Paris, 1803. 1598; d. 1661. Saint-Pierre, de, Charles Irenee, pe'air, a Fr. author; “Project for Sacheverell, Henry, sa-shever-el, an English preachcr; favored by Universal Peace between the Powers of Europe. B. Barfleur, 1658; d. Queen Anne. B. Marlborough, 1672; d. London, 1724. Paris, 1743. Sachs, Hans, zaks, a Ger. writer of poetry; cobbler; called “Honest / Saint-Pierre, de, Jacques Henri Bernardin, a Fr. writer and traveler; Hans Sachs.” B. Nuremberg, 1494; d. 1576. loved a Polish princess, who deserted him, and he became a rover; Sackville, Thomas, sak'vil, carl of Dorset, an Eng. writer and states- \ wrote “Paul and Virginia.” B. Havre, 1737; d. Eragny-sur-Oise, 1841. man; “Gorboduc,” first tragedy in Eng, language. B. Buckhurst, 1536; Saint-Priest, de, Alexis, pre-est', count, a Fr. historical writer and d. London, 160S. Charles, sixth earl of Dorset, a wit. B. 1637; d. Bath, diplomatist. B. 1805; d. 1851. --&- --~~ 2- –==" === Saunderson, Nicholas, sdn'der-son, an Eng. scientist; a mathemati- cian; lost his sight when young; invented method of working exam- ples by touch. B. Thurleston, 16S2; d. 1739. Sauppe, Hermann, sow'peh, a philologist of Germany; produced many classical works; “Don Carlos.” B. Wesenstein, 1Sog. Saurin, Jacques, so-ran’, a Fr. Protestant divine; a cadet in the Eng. service. B. Nimes, 1677; d. Hague, 1730. Saussure, de Horace Benedict, deh so-seer', an erminent Swiss natural- ist; invented the cyanometer. B. Conches, 1740; d. Geneva, 1799. Savage, Marmion W., sav'if, an Irish author. D. Torquay, 1872. Savage, Richard, an Eng. author and poet; illegitimate son of Anne, countess of Macclesfield, who disowned him; “The Wandercr.” B. London, 1698; d. Bristol, 1743. Savary, Anne Jean Marie Rene, sa-va-re', duke of Rovigo, a Fr. gen. B. Marcq, 1774; d. Paris, 1833. Savary, Jacques, a Fr. financier. B. 1622; d. 1690. Savigny von Friedrich Karl, fon sa-ven-ye', a Ger. judge. B. Frank- fort, 1779; d. Berlin, 1861. Saville, George, sav'il, marquis of Halifax, an Eng. politician; chief of a party called trimmers; “Character of a Trimmer.” B. Yorkshire, 1630; d. London, 1695. Savonarola, Girolamo, sa-vo-nd-ro'la, a religious reformer of Italy; his scriptural versions were censured by the court; tried, executed, and his body burned. B. Ferrara, 1452; d. Florence, 1498. Sawyer, Thomas Jefferson, saw'yer, an Am. preacher. B. Reading, Vt., 1804. Caroline, his wife, an Am. author; “Rose of Sharon.” B. Newton, 1812. Saxe, Hermann Maurice, saks, count of, a marshal of France; en- tered the army at 12; gained many victories; siege of Tournay. B. Germany, 1696; d. Chambord, 1750. Saxe, John Godfrey, an Am. writer of humorous poetry. B. High- gate, 1815. Saxton, Joseph, saks'!on, an Am. genius. B. 1799; d. 1873. Say, Jean Baptist, sa, a Fr. writer on political economy. B. Lyons, 1767; d. Paris, 1832. Say, Thomas, a naturalist of America; explored the coast of Georgia. B. Phila., 1787; d. New Harmony, 1834. Scaevola, Caius Mucius, sev’ola, a legendary hero of Rome. Fl. in the 6th cen. I. C. Scanderbeg, scan’der-beg', proper name, George Castriota, an Al- banian chief. IB. 1410; d. 1467. Scarlatti, Alessandro, skar-lat'ee, an It. musical composer; produced 3,000 cantatas. B. Trapani, 1649; d. Naples, 1725. Domenico, son of preceding; also a composer piano-forte music. B. Naples, 1683; d. Madrid, 1759. Scarpa, Antonio, scarpa, an It surgeon. B. La Motta, 1747; d. Pavia, 1832. scarron, Paul, ska'ron, a Fr. humorous writer; “L’Eneide Tra- vestie.” B. Paris, 1610; d. 1660. Scaurus, Marcus AEmilius, scatt’rtts, a Roman statesman; consul; practor; quaestor, under Pompey. B. 163 B.C.; d. 89. Schadow, Johann Gottfried, sha'dou, a Ger. sculptor; made statues of Frederick the Great, and Field-Marshal Blucher. B. Berlin, 1764; d. there, 1850. Friedrich Wilhelm, von Schadow-Godenhaus, fon sha-do- go'den-hows, son of the preceding, a painter; “Wise and Foolish Vir- gins.” B. Berlin, 1789; d. Dusseldorf, 1862. Schafer, IIcinrich, shafer, a Ger. writer of history. B. Schlitz, 1794; d. Giessen, 1869. Schaff, Philip, shaf, a Swiss Biblical scholar and writer of church history in Am. B. Coine, Switz., 1819. Schalken, Godfrey, shal'ken, a Dutch artist; excelled in candlelight scenes. B. Dort, 1643; d. Hague, 1706. Schamyl, sha'mil, the prophet and supreme military chieftain of the Circassians; proclaimed a holy war against the Russians in 1836, which he sustained nearly 25 years; was at last captured in 1859, and Russia became mistress of his territory. B. Himry, Daghestan, 1797; d. 1871. Schauffler, William Gottlieb, shov'f'ler, a Ger.-Am. missionary; trans- lated the Bible into Turkish and Hebrew-Spanish. B. Stuttgart, 1798. Scheele, Karl Wilhelm, sha'leh, a Swedish prof. of chemistry; dis- covered tartaric acid; manganese, chlorine, and other substances. B. Stralsund, 1742; d. Koping, 1786. on his system of philosophy. B. Leonberg, 1775; d. Ragatz, 1S54. Scheffer, Ary, shef'er, a French artist; painted a historical picture when 12 years old; “Temptation;” “Faust.” B. Dort, 1795; d. 1858. Henri, his brother, painted “Battle of Cassel.” B. Hague, 1798; d. Paris, 1862. Scheiner, Christophe, shi'ner, a mathematician of Germany. B. 1575; d. 1650. Scheller, Emmanuel Johann Gerhard, shel'er, a German dictionarian. B. 1735; d. 1So3. Schelling von Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph, fon shelling, a celebrated philosopher of Germany; departed from Fichte idealism, and lectured Schenck, Robert Cumming, shenk, an Am. politician; M. C.; minister to Brazil; minister to England; wounded at Bull Run. B. Franklin, O., 1809. Schenkel, Daniel, shenk'el, a German Biblical scholar, of Swiss origin; founded German Protestant union. B. Dogerlin, 1813. Scherr, Johannes, sher, a German writer; prof. of history in Zurich. B. Hohenrechberg, 1817. Scherzer von Karl, fon sher-tser, a German traveler; visited U. S., Central Am., W. Indies, Japan, Smyrna; sailed around the world. B. Vienna, 1821. Schick, Gottlieb, shik, a German artist; “David before the Angry Saul.” B. Stuttgart, 1779; d. there, 1812. Schiller von, Johann Christoph Friedrich, fon shiller, a celebrated German writer; ordained for a preacher; studied law, but practiced medicine; “History of the 30 Years' War;” “Wallenstein;” “William Tell.” B. Marbach, 1759; d. Weimar, Sos. Schilling, Johannes, shilling, a German artist and sculptor; “Amor and Psyche.” B. Mitteveida, 1S28. Schinkel, Karl Friedrich, shink'el, a German artist and designer; celebrated for architectural works and historical paintings. B. Neu- Ruppin, 1781; d. Berlin, 1841. * Schlagintweit, Hermann, Adolf, and Robert, shla'grin-twit, three brothers, German explorers; were the first to ascend Monta Rosa; ex- plored the Himalayas extensively. B. the first, in Munich, 1826; the second, 1829, and killed in Kashgar, 1857. Schlegel, von August Wilhelm, fon shlagel, a German writer; translator of Shakspeare. B. Hanover, 1767; d. Bonn, 1845. Schlegel, von Karl Wilhelm Friedrich, brother of preceding, a Ger- man lecturer, author, and critic. B. Hanover, 1772; d. Dresden, 1829. Schleicher, August, shli'ker, a Ger. linguist, and philological author. B. Meiningen, 1S21; d. Jena, 186S. Schleiden, Mathias Jakob, shli’den, a German botanical professor and writer. B. Hamburg, 1So!. Schleiermacher, Friedrich Daniel Ernst, shli'er-ma'ker, a celebrated Ger theologian and philologist; produced best translation of Plato. B. Breslau, 1768; d. Berlin, 1834. Schliemann, IIeinrich, shlee’man, a German explorer and archaeolo- gist; an extraordinary linguist; believed to have discovered the site of ancient Troy. B. Kalkhorst, 1S22. Schlosser, Friedrich Christoph, shloser, a Ger, historical writer; prof. history at Heidelberg. B. Jever, 1776; d. Heidelberg, 1861. Schlozer von, August Ludwig, fon shlot'ser, a Ger, historical writer; minister to Mexico, and U. S. B. Gaggstedt, 1735; d. Gottingen, 1Sog. Schmid, Leopold, shmit, a Ger. Roman Catholic priest; writer of theological works. B. Zurich, 1808; d. Giessen, 1869. Schmidt, Heinrich Julian, shmit, a Ger. writer and journalist. B. Marienwerder, 1818. Schmitz, Leonhard, shmits, a Ger. linguist, of Edinburgh. B. 1So?. *Schneider, Conrad Victor, shni"der, a Ger, doctor of medicine, and physiologist; the membrane lining the cavities of the nose was first described by him, and is called after his name. B. 1610; d. 1680. Schneider, Hortense Catherine, a Fr. actress. B. about 1835. Schneider, Johann Gottlob, a Ger, lexicographer; numerous works in philology and natural history. B. Saxony, 1750; d. Breslau, 1S22. Schnorr von Karolsfeld, Julius, shmorfon ka'rolss-felt, a Ger. painter; designed windows for St. Paul's cathedral, London. B. Leipsic, 1794; d. Dresden, 1872. Schoffer, Peter, shoffer, one of the improvers of the art of printing; employed in the establishment of Guttenburg and Faust, at Mentz; by one account he is said to have discovered the method of casting f :- & * *~13–- F- J- -*- --- -- - BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 347 "--— *tal types; when Faust and Guttenburg separated, in 1455, Schoffer in second battle of Bull Run; U. S. senator from Missouri in 1869; * the partner of the former; his three sons also became eminent speeches, “Irrepressible Conflict;” “The Doom of Slavery,” oration * printers. Died about 1502. on Charles Sumner. B. Liblar, near Cologne, Prussia, S29. Schofield, John McAllister, sko"feeld, an Am. maj.-gen.; commanded Schuyler, Philip, ski’ler, an Am. revolutionary patriot, member of dept. of Ohio, which included E. Tenn. and eastern part of Ky., war of continental congress, and U. S. senator. B. Albany, New York, 1733; * 5; commander army of the Ohio during the great four-months’ d. there, 1804. $"paign of 1864 that ended in the fall of Atlanta; secy. of war, 1868. Schwab, Gustav, shwap, a Ger, clergyman and poet; ranks next to • 1831. Uhland. B. Stuttgart, 1792; d. there, 1850. Scholl, Maximilian Samson Friedrich, showl, a Ger, historical writer. Schwanthaler, Ludwig Michael, schwan'ta-ler, a Ger. artist; sculp- B. 1766; d. 1833. tured the statue of Mozart in Salzburg. B. Munich, 1So2; d. there, 1848. *chomberg, Frederick Armand Hermann de, shom'bairg, a soldier Schwartz, Marie Sophie, shwartz, a Swedish writer of fiction. that fought under Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange, and his son, B. 1819. William; served also in France, and rose to rank of marshal. In Schwarzenberg von, Karl Philipp, prince, fon shwartz'en-bairg, an 1689 was shot by mistake while crossing the Boyne. B. about 1619; Austrian general; negotiated the marriage of Napoleon Bonaparte • 1690. with the Archduchess Maria Louisa. B. Vienna, 1771; d. Leip- Schomberg, Henri, count de, marshal of France; def. Eng. at the sic, 1820. - *le of Re; def, rebels in Languedoc, at the famous battle of Castel- Schweigger, Johann Solomon Christoph, shwiger, a Ger, professor *udary; gov. of that province. B. Paris, 1583; d. Bordeaux, 1632. of chemistry and physic; invented electro-magnetic multiplier. B. Schomburgk, Sir Robert Hermann, duke of, shom'burk, an Eng. Erlangen, 1779; d. Halle, 1857. #"grapher of Ger, birth; explorer and discoverer of the Victoria regia Schweinfurth, Georg August, a Ger. explorer and naturalist; pene- lily, B. F. reiburg-on-the-Unstrut, Prus., 1804; d. near Berlin, 1865. trated into the interior of Africa. B. Riga, 1836. Schonbein, Christian Friedrich, a Ger. scientist, discoverer of ozone Schweinitz von, Lewis David, fon shwi.nits, an Am. Moravian *nd gun-cotton. B. Metzingen, 1799; d. Baden-Baden, 1868. minister and naturalist; author of botanical works. B. Bethlehem. Schoolcraft, Henry Rowe, skool/kraft, an eminent Am. philologist Pa., 17So; d. there, 1834. "d traveler; in 1817, made a journey of exploration through Missouri; Schwenkfeld von, Kaspar, fon shwenkfelt, a Silesian noble, promi- *y to an Indian conference in Chicago, in 1821; “Am. Indians, their nent in the Reformation and originator of the sect of the Schwenk. *istory, Condition and Prospects.” B. Hamilton, N.Y., 1793; d. 1864. felders. B. Ossig, 1490; d. Ulm, 1561. schopenhauer, Arthur, shopen-hower, a Ger. philosophical writer, Schwerin von, Kurt Christoph, count, fon shzva'reen, a Pomeranian **sayist, and lecturer. B. Dantzic, 1783; d. Frankfort, 1860. general; won the battles Mollwitz, and Prague. B. Pomerania, 1684; Schopflin, Johann Daniel, shop fleen, a Ger. historical writer. B. 1694; d. Prague, 1757. d. 1771. * Scipio, sip'i-o, the name of an illustrious Roman family, the most Schouvalorr, Peter Andreievitch, count, shoo’va-lof, a Russian soldier celebrated of which were: Publius Cornelius, surnamed Africanus, a and diplomat. B. 1827. celebrated general that is said to have made his first campaign at the Schrevelius, Cornelius, shre-vel/i-ns, a Dutch prof. and lexicographer, age of 17; saved his father's life at battle of Ticinus, B. c. 218. After “Lexicon,” Greek and Latin. B. Haarlem, 1615; d. Leyden, 1664. the battle of Cannae, he prevented the Roman youth from abandoning Schrockh, shrok, Johann Matthias, a Ger. writer of ecclesiastical his- their country; obtained command in Spain, and def. the enemy, taking tory. B. Vienna, 1733; d. Wittenberg, 1808. New Carthage; crossed to Africa, and def. Hasdrubal, and Syphax, Schroder, shroder, Friedrich Ludwig, a Ger. actor and dramatic also Hannibal, B. c. 203; gained the battle of Zama, which secured author. B. Schwerin, 1744; d. Hamburg, 1816. peace between Rome and Carthage; his enemies endeavored to work Schroder, Antoinette Sophie, a celebrated Ger. tragic actress. B. him harm, but Scipio stated before the senate, the manner in which he Paderborn, 1781; d. Munich, 186S. Wilhelmine Schroder-Devrient, a had served his country and thus triumphantly vindicated himself; he daughter of the above, a Ger. vocalist and operatic actress. B. Ham- was father of Cornelia, mother of the Gracchi. B. about 234 B. c.; d. burg, So;;d. Gotha, 1860. about 183. See HANNIBAL. Schrodter, Adolph, shro'ter, a Ger, artist; prof. at the polytechnic Scipio, Lucius Cornelius, surnamed Asiaticus, brother of the preced- school of Carlsruhe. B. Schwedt, 1805. ing, with whom he served in Spain and Africa; consul, B. c. 190; def. Schroter, Christoph Gottlieb, a Ger. musician; invented the piano- Antiochus, in Asia, on the plains of Magnesia. forte. B. 1699; d. 1782. Scipio, Publius AEmilianus, son of AEmilius Paulus, and adopted by Schubart, Christian Friedrich Daniel, shoo'bart, a Ger. journalist; the son of Scipio Africanus; called Africanus the Younger, in conse- "usical director, and poet. B. Obersontheim, 1739; d. Stuttgart, 1791. quence of his victories over the Carthagenians; took Numantia, B. c. Schubert, Franz, shoo'bert, a Ger. musician; famous for his songs. 133; took Carthage, B. c. 146; consul twice; assassinated in his bed B. Lichtenthal, 1797; d. Vienna, 182S. B. c. 129, probably by direction of the triumvirs that feared he might Schubert, von, Gotthilf Heinrich, a Ger. idealist; prof. of natural become dictator. B. about 185 B. c. Scipio Nasica, cousin of the pre- sciences at Munich. B. Hohenstein, 17So; d. Laufzorn, 1860. ceding, was consul. Schulte, Johann Friedrich, shoo!'tah, a Ger, priest; opposed the doc- Scipio, Metellus, father-in-law of Pompey; def. by Caesar at Thapsus, trine of papal infallibility. B. Winterberg, 1827. and fell in battle. Schultens, Albert, skul/tens, a Dutch Hebrew scholar, and student Scoresby, William, skors'be, an Eng. arctic navigator and whaling of the Bible. B. 16S6; d. 1750. capt. B. Crapton, near Whitby, 1760; d. 1829. Rev. William, son of Schultz-Schultzenstein, Karl Heinrich, shoolts-shoolts'en-stin, a Ger. preceding, an arctic navigator; “Memorials of the Sea;” chaplain of *turalist, psychologist, and physiologist. B. Alt Ruppin, 1798; d. the mariners’ church at Liverpool. B. Cropton, Yorkshire, 1790; d. Berlin, 1871. Torquay, 1857. Schultze, Max, a Ger. physiologist; prof. at Bonn university; proto- Scot, Reginald, skot, an Eng. writer; “Discourse upon Devils and plasm theory. B. about 1825; d. Bonn. 1874. Spirits.” B. carly in 16th century, near Smeeth, in Kent; d. 1599. Schulze, Ernst Konrad Friedrich, shool-tseh, a Ger. soldier and poeti- Scott, David, skot, a Scottish historian; “History of Scotland.” B. *l writer. B. Celle, 1789; d. there, 1817. East Lothian, 1675; d. 1742. Schumacher, Heinrich Christian, shoo’ma-ker, a Danish professor of Scott, Michael, a Scotch wizard, lived at the court of the emperor *stronomy in the university of Copenhagen. B. 17So; d. 1850. Frederick II.; Dante introduces him in the Inferno; lived and died in Schumann, Robert, a Ger, musician; director of music at Dusseldorf. the 13th century. Zwickan, 1810; d. Endenich, 1856. Scott, Thomas, an English minister; “A Commentary on the Bible.” Schurz, Carl, shoortz, a Ger. Am. politician, formerly European B. Braytoft, Lincolnshire, 1747; d. Aston, Sandford, 1821. *volutionist; came to Am. in 1852; was active in the presidential cam- Scott, Sir Walter, an illustrious Scotch author; at the age of two paign of 1856; minister to Spain, 1861; made brig.-gen. of vols., 1862; years, lost the right leg; at eight attended high school of Edinburgh; 2- 348 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. commenced business with his father at 15; “Wild Huntsman;” “The Betrothed;” “Waverly.” B. Edinburgh, 1771; d. at Abbotsford, 1832. Scott, Winfield, an Am. gen.-in-chief, distinguished for his services in war, 1812-14; lieut.-col., 1812; fought at battle of Queenstown, won the day, then lost, and was taken prisoner, but shortly after exchanged, and fought in the battle of Lundy's Lane, where he made himself famous for his heroic scrvice. After the war he was made maj.-gen.; led the Black Hawk war, 1832; being named commander-in-chief of the Am. army in the war with Mexico in 1847, he in a single campaign defeated Santa Anna in several engagements, took Vera Cruz and Jalapa, and marching into the city of Mexico, compelled the enemy to sign a treaty of peace. At the outbreak of the civil war, 1861-5, he was relieved. B. Petersburg, Va., 1786; d. West Point, N. Y., 1866. Scougal, Henry, sko'gal, a Scottish divine; prof. of philosophy in Aberdeen, 1669. B. Saltoun, East Lothian, 1650; d. Aberdeen, 1678. Scribe, Augustin Eugene, skreb, a Fr. dramatic author; writer of some fine comedies. B. Paris, 1791; d. 1861. Scrivener, Frederick IIenry, skriv'ner, an Eng. divine; became principal in Falmouth school; one of the revisers of the New Testa- ment, 1870. B. Fermondsey, Surrey, 1813. Scudder, John, scud'der, an Am. preacher of Christianity to the heathen; 19 years in Ceylon. B. New Brunswick, N.J., 1793; d. Wyn- berg, Cape of Good Hope, 1855. Seabury, Samuel, see'berry, an Am. divine; rector of St. James’ church, New London; made bishop of Conn., 1784. B. Groton, Conn., 1729; d. 1796. Samuel second, grandson of foregoing, an Am. divine; cditor of the Churchman. B. New London, Conn., 1801; d. N. Y., 1872. Sears, Barnas, seers, an Am. divine; prof. of theology at Newton seminary; later pres. of Brown university. B. Sandisfield, Mass., 1802. Sears, Edmund Hamilton, an Am. divine; pastor of the Unita- rian church at Weston, Mass., 1865. B. Sandisfield, Mass., 1810. Sebastian, Dom, se-bast'yan, a Portuguese ruler; commanded in several wars; a very heroic man, but a poor soldier. B. Lisbon, 1554; k. in African war, 1578. Sebastian, St., a Roman martyr; killed by the order of emperor Diocletian on account of religious differences. B. Narbonne, in Gaul, about 255; k. Itome, 2SS. Sebastiani, Francois IIorace Bastien, se-bas-ti-a'na, a Fr. soldier; distinguished himself in Napoleon's war with Russia. B. near Bastia, Corsica, 1775; d. Paris, 1851. * Secchi, Pietro Angelo, sek'ee, an It, prof. of astronomy; teacher of astronomy in the religious schools of Rome. B. Reggio, in Emilia, 1818. Seckendorf, Veit Ludwig, von, fon sek'em-dorf, a Ger. prof. and writer; became chancellor of the IMalle university. B. near Erlangen, 1626; d. Halle, 1692. Friedrich Heinrich, a Ger. maj.-gen., nephew of the foregoing; distinguished himself in the war of the Spanish suc- cession. B. Konigsberg, Franconia, 1673; d. Meuselwitz, 1763. Secker, Thomas, sek'eer, an Eng. clergyman; educated for the dis- senting church, but was dissuaded from such intentions. B. Sib- thorpe, Nottinghamshire, 1603; d. London, 1768. Sedaine, Michel Jean, se/dane, a Fr. dramatic author, and musical composer. B. Paris, 1719; d. there, 1797. Sedgwick, Adam, sej'wik, an Eng. professor of geology; became professor of that study at Trinity college, Cambridge, 1818. B. Dent, Yorkshire, about 1785; d. Cambridge, 1873. • Sedgwick, John, an Am. maj.-gen. of vols., war 1861-5; wounded in battle of Antietam, 17 Sept., 1862; held important positions at the bat- tles of Frederickburg, and also at Chancellorsville; commanded the left wing of the army at Gettysburg, 2-3 July, 1863; took active part in the battle of the Wilderness, 5-6 May, 1864; killed by a sharp- shooter while preparing for the battle of Spottsylvania Court House. B. Cornviall, Conn., 1813; k. 1864. Sedgwick, Theodore, an Am. politician and soldier; served in the Am. revolution; M. C., 1789-'96, U.S. senator, 1796-9. B. IIartford, Conn., 1746; d. Boston, 1813. Theodore, son of foregoing, an Am, lawyer, and political writer, “IIints to my Countrymen.” B. Sheffield, Mass., 17So; d. Pittsfield, 1839. Catherine Maria, an Am, writer, and sister of the preceding; “The Linwoods,” “Means and Ends.” B. Stock- bridge, Mass., 1789; d. near Roxbury, 1867. Theodore, an Am. lawyer, nephew of the preceding; practiced in New York. B. Albany, N. Y., 1811; d. Stockbridge, Mass., 1859. g- Sedley, Sir Charles, sed"ly, an Eng. poctical writer; M. P.; an opposer of James II. B. Aylesford, Kent, 1639; d. 1701. Seebach, Marie, se-bak, a Ger. operatic actress; played in Hanover nine years; made a trip through U. S., 1870. B. Riga, 1835. Seeley, John Robert, see'li, an Eng. wirter; prof. of modern history at Cambridge, 1869. B. London, 1834. Seemann, Berthold, see'man, a Ger. prof. of natural history; “Popu- lar History of the Palms.” B. Hanover, 1825; d. Nicaragua, 1871. Segneri, Paul, sig-nee'ra, an It, public speaker; preacher to the papal court. B. Nettuno, 1624; d. Rome, 1694. Seguin, Edward, seh-gan', a Fr. prof. of medicine; treated idiots. B. Clamecy, department of Nievre, 1812. Segur, Philippe IIenri, marquis de, deh-sa-gur', a Fr. soldier; dis- tinguished in the seven years' war; became marshal, 1783. B. 1724; d. Paris, 1801. Louis Philippe, a Fr. prof. of history, son of foregoing; member of the senate, 1812. B. Paris, 1753; d. there, 1830. Philippe Paul de, a Fr. prof. of history, son of the foregoing; a favorite of Na- poleon. B. Paris, 1780; d. there, 1873. Sejanus, Lucius AElius, saf-an’us, a Roman soldier and conspirator; commander of the praetorian guard. B. Volsinii, in Etruria; put to death, A. D. 31. Sejour, Victor, see for, a Fr. dramatic writer. B. Paris, 1816; d. there, 1874. * Selden, John, sel'den, an Eng. writer, and lawyer; known as “the great dictator of learning of the Eng. nation.” B. Salvington, Sussex, 15S1; d. London, 1654. Seleucue, Nicator, or the Victorious, se-lu'us, cstablisher of the kingdom of Syria, and the dynasty of Seleucida; was very successful in warfare, and increased his empire until it covered 1,000,000 sq. miles; the dynasty of Seleucida lasted 247 years. B. about 358 B. c.; assas. at Lysimachia, 2So. Selim I., se’lim, emperor of the Turks, 2d son of Bajazet II., whom he dethroned and put to death, as he did his two brothers subsequently; turned his arms successfully against Egypt and Persia; conquered Egypt completely and put an end to the dominion of the Mamelukes, which had lasted above 260 years. B. 1467; d. 1520. II., grandson of the foregoing, suc, his f. Solyman II. in 1566, lost battle of Lepanto. D. 1574. III., younger son of Mustapha and bro. of Abdul-Hamid, whom he suc. in 1789; commencement of r. troubled, his army being def. by allied Austrians and Russians, the latter taking Bender and Ismail; in 1792, he lost the Crimea, which was incorporated with Russia; his army was subsequently annihilated by Bonaparte; the province of Egypt, however, was restored to the Porte by the English; made re- forms; deposed, and his nephew Mustapha IV. took the throne; in 1808, strangled by order of Mustapha. B. 1761. Selkirk, Alexander, sel"Kerk, a Scotch sailor, was the solitary inhabi- tant of the island of Juan Fernandez, for four years. B. Largo, Fife- shire, about 1676; d. on board II. B. M. ship Weymouth, 1723. Selwyn, George Augustus, sel"win, an Eng. divine; made bishop of New Zealand, 1841. B. 1Soo. - Semler, Johann Salomo, sem’ler, a Ger. prof. of theology; prof. of theology at Halle, 1752. B. Saalfeld, 1725; d. 1791. Semmes, Raphael, semz, a confederate naval officer; midshipman, 1826; commander, 1855; commanded the memorable confederate blockade runner, Alabama, which was sunk by the U. S ship Kearsage off the shore of France, 19.June, 1864. B. Charles co., Md., 1Soo; d. 1877. Semper, Gottfried, semper, a Ger. architectural writer; prof. of archi- tecture in Dresden, 15 years. B. Hamburg, 1804. Karl, a Ger. explorer, and prof. of zoology; nephew of the foregoing. B. Altona, 1832. Semple, Robert Baylor, sem'fel, an Am. divine; took an active part in missionary work. B. Rose Mount, King and Queen co., Va., 1769; d. Fredericksburg, Va., 1831. Senac, Jean Baptiste, sen'ak, a Fr. prof. of medicine; first physician to Louis XV. B. near Lombez, Gascony, 1693; d. Paris, 1770. Gabriel Senac de Meilhan, son of foregoing; a Fr. politician and writer. B. Paris, 1736; d. Vienna, 1803. Seneca, Marcus Annaeus, sen'e-ca, a Rom. prof. of rhetoric; a mem. ber of the equestrian order. B. Corduba, (Cordova), Spain, about 6: ".. c.; d. in Italy, about A. D. 35. Lucius Annaeus, a Roman prof. of philosophy; fl. in the 1st century. B. Corduba a few years B. c.; d. Rome, A. D. 65. * | – "--— += – BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. Senefelder, Aloys, sa'neh-fel-der, a German; the inventor of lithog- raphy. B. Prague, 1771; d. Munich, 1834. Senior, Nassau william, see’”yur, an Eng. politician; author of sev- eral works on political economy; “American Slavery,” B. Uffington, Berkshire, 1790; d. 1864. *pulveda, Juan Ginez de, da sa-pool’va-da, a sp. prof. of history; *me historiographer to Charles V. B. Pozoblanco, near Cordova, *490; d. 1574. .*geant, John, saròent, an Am. lawyer, elected to congress six times. B. Phila., 1779; d. there, 1852. *rrano y Domínguez, Francisco, Duke de la Torre, ser-rano, a P. politician and soldier; distinguished in several Spanish wars; attained the rank of capt.-gen. of New Castile; took an active part * the insurrection of 1868, as leader of the insurgents. B. San Fer- *ndo, near Cadiz, 1810. * *rtorius, Quintus, ser-tori-us, a Roman soldier and politician; dis- tinguished for his cruelty. B. at Nursia, in the country of the Sabines, about 121 B. c.; slain at a banquet, to which he had been invited by Perperna, 72 B.C. Servetus, Michael, ser-vee’tus, a Spanish writer; discovered the true *thod of the circulation of the blood; burned at the stake for revis- *g a new edition of the Bible. B. Villaneuva, near Saragossa, 1509; "rned at the stake, Geneva, 1553. Seton, Elizabeth Ann, see ton, an Am. public benefactress; f. of sis- ters of charity in U. S. Born N.Y., 1774; d. Emmettsburg, Md., 1821. Severus, Lucius Septimus, se-vee'rus, a Roman monarch; a very *ccessful warrior, but exhibited marked cruelty to the vanquished. B. * Leptis, Africa, A. D. 146; d. Eboracum (York), Eng., 211. Bevigne, Marie de Rabutin-Chantal, marquise de, deh sa-ven-ya', a Fr. letter writer; admired for her wit, wealth and beauty. B. Paris, *26; d. Grignan, 1696. Seward, Anna, su'ard, an Eng. writer; elegies on Capt. Cook and Maj. Andre. B. Eyam, Derbyshire, 1747; d. Litchfield, 1809. Seward, William Henry, an Am. statesman; secy. of state in Lin- coln's cabinet; his political carcer commenced 1S24; N. Y., state sena- tor 1830; candidate for governor of N. Y., 1834, and defeated; nomina- *d again, 1838, and elected, his administration being a very beneficial * to the state; elected U. S. senator, 1849; the greatest opposer to *very that the South had to contend with, and he made many bitter *emies, among the Southern representatives; when appointed by Lin- coln as secy, of state, 1861, he took the office under the most trying cir- cumstances, the nation being on the eve of the war of 1861; at the close of the war, after rendering the most valuable services, his life Was attempted by an assassin, on the same night that Lincoln was **sas., 14 April, 1865; retired from pub. life, 1869; published an account of his travels, in book form; “William II. Seward's Travels Around the World.” B. Florida, Orange co., N. Y., 1Sol; d. Auburn, New York, 1872. s Sewell, William, su'el, an Eng. divine; principal of St. Peter's col- lege, 1852. B. in the Isle of Wight, about 1805; d. at Leachford hall, hear Manchester, 1874. Elizabeth Missing, an Eng. writer; sister of the foregoing; “Margaret Percival.” B. isle of Wight, 1815. Seymour, Lady Jane, se’ moor, the third w. of Henry VIII., and m. of Edward VI.; first maid of honor to Anne Boleyn, whom she supplanted in 1536. D. in 1 537. Edward, bro. of foregoing, and uncle of Edward VI., was created viscount Beauchamp and duke of Somerset. Be- headed, 1552. Sforza, sfort'sa, the name of an It. family. Giacomuzzo Attendolo, a Warrior, and a man of great muscular strength. B. Cotignola, in the Romagna, 1369; d. 1424. Galeazzo Maria, duke; led a life of dissipa- tion, and was assas., 1476. B. 1444. Ludovico, bro. of the foregoing, distinguished in wars with France. B. 1451; d. 1508, or 1510. Massimi- liano, son of the foregoing, made duke by the “holy league;” was de- throned by the French, 1513. B. 1491; d. 1530. Francesco, second, bro. of the foregoing, made duke by Charles V. B. 1492; d. 1535. Shadwell, Thomas, shad"wel, an Eng. dramatic author; wrote for the stage, in London. B. Norfolk, 1640; d. 1692. Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper, shafts'ber-i, first earl of, M. P. during Cromwell's reign. B. Wimborne, St. Giles, Dorsetshire, 1621; d. Amsterdam, 1683. Anthony Ashley Cooper, third earl of, M. P.; a philanthropist, and a free thinker. b. London, 1671; d. Naples, 1713. * *- : 6-e- 349 Anthony Ashley Cooper, seventh earl of; for several years a M. P. B. 1801. Shakspeare, William, shakspeer, the glory of the British drama; acquired all the education he had at the free school of his native place; married at the age of 18, to a yeoman's daughter, who was considerably older than himself; was compelled to leave home, on account of some acts of misdemeanor to Sir Thomas Lucy, for which he was prosecuted; from home he went to London where, it is said, he was employed as prompter's call boy in the theatre; next he became an actor, but with poor success; his first dramatic attem pt, the first part of “Henry VI.,” is supposed to have been written, 1589; he enjoyed the friendship of his most eminent literary contemporaries; was favored by Elizabeth, and James I.; became manager and proprietor of the Globe theatre, from which he made an immense fortune; purchased an estate at Strat- ford, and resided there several years. B. at Stratford-upon-Avon, 1564; d. there, 1616. Sharp, Granville, sharp, an Eng, public benefactor; practiced law for some time; devoted his time to the overthrow of slavery; “The Law of Retribution.” B. Durham, 1734; d. London, 1813. Sharp, James, a Scottish divine; archbishop of St. Andrews. B. in the castle of Banff, 161S; assas. on Magus Muir, near St. Andrews, 1679. Sharp, John, an Eng. divine; chaplain to Charles II., and dean of Canterbury. B. Bradford, Yorkshire, 1644; d. Bath, 1714. Shaw, Lemuel, shaw, an Am. lawyer; state senator in Mass., 1821; drafted the charter of the city of Boston. B. Barnstable, Mass., 1781; d. Boston, 1861. Shays, Daniel, skaz, an Am. soldier; served in the Am. revolution; and became captain; leader of the rebellion in Mass., which bears his name. B. Hopkinton, Mass., 1747; d. Sparta, N.Y., 1825- Shea, John D. Gilmary, sha, an American historical author; “Wash- ington's Private Diary.” Born, N.Y., 1824. Shedd, William Greenough Thayer, shed, an Am. divine and prof. of English literature; “A Manual of Chutch History.” B. Acton, Mass., 1820. Shee, Sir Martin Archer, she, an Eng. artist; became pres. of the academy, 1830; “Rhymes on Art.” B. Dublin, 1770; d. Brighton, 1850. Sheil, Richard Lalor, sheel, an Irish public speaker; a dramatic writer; “Adelaide.” B. near Waterford, 1791; d. Florence, 1851. Shelby, Isaac, shel'bi, an Am. soldier; col. in the revolution; gov. of Kentucky, 1792. B. near Hagerstown, Md., 1750; d. Lincoln co., Ky., 1826. Shelley, Percy Bysshe, she/i, an Eng, poet; a student of chem- istry, to which he devoted nearly all his time; with assistance he composed “Ahasuerus, or the Wandering Jew;” a noted philan- thropist, always seeking to serve the poor; his “Queen Mab” is one of his greatest efforts. B. at Field Place, near Horsham, Sussex, 1792; drowned in the bay of Spezia, 1822. Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin, second wife of the foregoing, and writer of romance; “Franken- stein;” “The Last Man,” “Lodore.” B. London, 1797; d. there, 1851. shelton, Frederick William, shelton, an Am. novelist; “Chrystal- line, or the IIeiress of Fall Down Castle.” B. Jamaica, Long Island, N. Y., about 1814. Shenstone, William, shen'ston, an Eng. poetical writer; writer of odes and ballads; “Schoolmistress.” B. Leasowes in Hales-Owen, Shropshire, 1714; d. there, 1763. Shepard, Charles Upham, shef/ard, an Am. prof. of botany and chemistry; has the finest collection of meteorites and minerals in U. S. B. Little Compton, R.I., 1So!. Sheridan, Philip Henry, sher’i-dan, an Am. lieut.-gen., and gradu- ate of West Point; served in civil war 1861-5; from army in S. V. Mo., was transferred to army of the Cumberland, and for his success- ful operations at the battle of Murfreesboro, was made maj.-gen. of volunteers; in spring of 1864, took command of the cavalry corps of the army of the Potomac, was in battle of the Wilderness, and in the fall of 1864 was made maj.-gen.; in the spring of 1S65, through his successful operations at the battle of Five Forks, and others, the con- federates were compelled to abandon Petersburg and Richmond; present at the surrender of Lee, at Appomattox, 9th April, 1865; in 1869 he was made lieut.-gen., and assigned to the command of the Missouri division, with headquarters at Chicago, which position he still holds, (1SS4). B. Somerset, Perry co., Ohio, 1831. + *—a- ----> 35O BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. Sheridan, Thomas, an Irish divine and author; “Philocletes.” B. in county Cavan, about 1684; d. Dublin, 1738. Thomas, an orator, son of the foregoing; for some years an actor in England. B. Quilea, the residence of Dean Swift, near Dublin, 1721; d. Margate, 1788. Fran- ces, a writer of romance, and wife of the foregoing; “Eugenia and Adelaide.” IB. Ireland, 1724; d. Blois, France, 1766. Richard Brins- ley, an Eng, dramatic writer and politician; “The Rivals; “Farce of St. Patrick's Day;” M. P. several times, and financially ruined by the burning of Drury Lane theatre. B. Dublin, 1751; d. London, 1816. Sherlock, William, sher'lok, an Eng. divine; dean of St. Paul's 1691. B. Southwark, about 1641; d. Hampstead, 1707. Thomas, an English bishop, and son of the foregoing; became bishop of London, 174S. B. London, 1678; d. thcre, 1761. Sherman, Roger, sher’man, an Am. politician and professor of as- tronomy; M. C., 1774–91, later U. S. senator; one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence. B. Newton, Mass., 1721; d. New Haven, Conn., 1793. Sherman, William Tecumseh, com.-in-chief of the U. S. army; graduate of West Point; assistant adjutant-gen. in California, 1840-'50; was a banker in San Francisco, for some time; made colonel in the U. S. army, 1861, and the same year became brig.-gen. of vols.; commanded in the Tennessee and Mississippi campaign, war 1861-5; wounded in the battle of Shiloh, 6-7 April, 1S62; actively engaged in the siege of Vicksburg, and became brig.-gen. in the regular army in 1863; his operations at and near Chattanooga forced Longstreet to raise the siege of Knoxville; he assumed command of the military division of Missis- sippi in 1864; organized an army of 100,000 men, and commenced his famous march to the sea, one of the grandest exploits in military his- tory; this completely deprived the confederates of their source of sup- plies, and destroyed a vast amount of wealth in their country; made maj.-gen. in the U. S. army, 12 Aug., 1864; after the war he suc- ceeded Grant, as lieut.-gen.; obtained leave of absence, 1871, and traveled in Europe for a year, when he returned and assumed the po- sition of com.-in-chief of the U.S. army, which position he still holds, 1884, with his headquarters at St. Louis; pub. “Memoirs of W. T. Sherman, by Himself.” B. Lancaster, O., 1820. John, an Am. senator, bro. of the foregoing; M. C., 1854; elected senator, 1861. B. Lan- caster, O., 1823. Sherwood, Mary Martha, sher'wood, an Eng. writer of romance; “Susan Grey.” B. Stanford, Worcestershire, 1775; d. Twickenham, near London, 1851. Shipp, Albert M. ship, an Am. divine; prof. of church history at Vanderbilt college, Nashville, Tenn., 1874. B. Stokes co., N.C., 1819. Shirley, James, shir’li, an Eng. dramatic writer; wrote 33 plays when parliament forbade theatrical performances; his “Traitor” became quite popular. B. London, 1594; d. 1666. Shore, Jane, shor, the Eng. mistress of k. Edward IV.; caused to do penance in public; accused of witchcraft; Rowe has written her his- tory in a tragedy; said to have died of starvation. Short, William, short, an Am. statesman; secy. of legation to Fr. under Jefferson; appointed minister to Spain, by Washington. B. 1759; d. 1850. Shovel, Sir Cloudesley, shuv'el, a noted Eng. admiral; began as a cabin-boy; commanded fleet at Barcelona; shipwrecked at Scilly, 1707. B. 1650; buried in Westminster abbey. . Shrewsbury, Charles Talbot, duke of, shrooz'ber-i, a British states- man and poet. B. 1660; d. 1718. Shubrick, John Templar, shoo'brik, an Am. naval officer; received medals from congress for his services. B. in S. C., 1778; lost at sea with the Epervier, 1815. William Branford, brother of above, naval officer; took part in defense of Norfolk and the Gosport navy yard; captured three ships of war; senior lieutenant on the Washington, first ship of the line that completed her cruise under American colors; com- missioned rear admiral, 1862. B. in S. C., 1790; d. Washington, 1874. Shuckford, Samuel, shuk'ford, an Eng. scholar and divine; preben- dary of Canterbury; “History of the World.” D. 1754. shuttlewood, Right Rev. Philip Nicholas, shuttl-wood, bishop of Chichester; “Discourse on Revelation;” an anti-Puseyite. B. Kirk- ham, 1782; d. 1842. Sibour, Marie Dominique Auguste, see-boor', a French divine; canon and archbishop of Paris; stabbed to death while commencing service; charitable and zealous. B. St. Paul-trois-Chateaux, Drome, 1792; killed, 1857. Sicard, Roch Ambroise Cucuron, abbe, se-kar', a French priest and lecturer; teacher of deaf mutes; improved methods of instruction. B. Foussert, 1742; d. Paris, 1S22. Sichel, Julius, sik'el, or French se-shel', a Ger.-Parisian oculist. B. 1802; d. 1868. Sickingen, Franz von, fon sik'ing-en, a distinguished German soldier; offered an asylum to Luther; avenged a private dispute with the arch- bishop of Treves by bringing 12,000 soldiers to lay waste his territories; besieged in his castle and surrendered; the right of private warfare died with him. B. Sickingen, Baden, 1481; killed in his castle of Land- stuhl, 1523. Sickles, Daniel Ephraim, sik'lz, an Am. lawyer and gen.; secy. of legation to Eng.; state senator, and M. C.; tried for shooting his wife's paramour, Philip Barton Key, but acquitted; suc. IIooker in command, and led at Antietam and Fredericksburg; maj.-gen. in 1862, and lost a leg at Gettysburg; amb. to Spain, 1869. B. in New York, 1822. Siddons, Sarah, sid’onz, an Eng. actress, one of the Kemble family; began her career at the age of 13; married at 1S; first failed as Portia, but on her second attempt electrified her audience and ever after main- tained her pre-eminence. B. Brecknock, S. Wales, 1755; d. Lon- don, 1831. Sidi Mohammed, se’de no-hdm/ed, son of Abd-er-Rahman and emp. of Morocco; the reforms which he strove to introduce nearly cost him his throne. B. 1803; d. 1873. Sidney, Algernon, sid’ni, an Eng. statesman; gov. of Dublin, and of Dover castle; one of the king's judges, but did not sign the death warrant; endeavored to gain the assistance of France and Holland in forming a republic, but failed; in 1683, Sidney and the illustrious Lord Russell were accused of being concerned in the Rye House plot, and condemned to death, which they met with great heroism. B. about 1622; executed on Tower Hill, London, 1683. Sidney, or Sydney, Sir Philip, an accomplished Eng. nobleman and writer; in high favor with Queen Elizabeth. B. Penshurst, Kent, 1554; d Arnhem, 1586. Mary, countess of Pembroke, his sister, wrote an elegy on him. D. 1621. Sidonius Apollinaris, Caius Sollius Modestus, si-do'ne-us a-fol-i-na’. ris, a Latin saint and scholar, a firm opposer of Arianism. H. Lyons, about 431; d. Clermont, about 484. Siebold, von, Philipp Franz, see'bolt, a Ger, botanist and traveler; “Fauna Japonica.” B. Wurzburg, 1796; d. Munich, 1866. Karl Theo- dor Ernst, von, brother of preceding, a Ger. physiologist; B. Wurz- burg, 1804. Sigel, Franz, see'gel, an Am. maj.-gen., war 1861-5; labored for Ger. unity and republicanism; expelled by Swiss government, and in 1850 came to Am.; col. of Third Mo. vols.; present in many im" portant engagements. B. Zinsheim, Baden, 18th Nov., 1824. Siegen, von, Ludwig, fon see'gen a Ger. inventor of mezzotinto en- graving. B. 1609; d. about 16So. Siegert, Karl August, see'gert, a German genre artist; professor at Dusseldorf; “Dinner Hour.” B, Neuwied, 1820. Siegfried, seeg'freed, or Ger. seeg'freet, a Norse adventurer; hero of the “Niebelungen-Lied.” Siemens, Ernst Werner, see'menz, or Ger. see'men'ss, a Ger, artillcry officer and inventor; made researches in electro-metallurgy; directed government works at Berlin; perfected electric telegraph; first to try the explosion of sub-marine mines by electricity. B. Lenthe, near Hanover, 1816. Karl Wilhelm, brother of above, civ. eng., and chief inventor of the regenerating gas furnace; invented a bathometer, hy- draulic brake, and pyrometer. B. Lenthe, 1823. Sieyes, Emmanuel Joseph, count, selyas, a Fr. revolutionist; deputy to the general states; organized the national guards; voted for the death of the king; minister to Russia, and one of the directory. B. Frejus, 1748; d. Paris, 1836. Sigismund, sif'is-mund, last of the Luxemburg emperors of Ger.: crowned k. of Hungary, 1837; betrayed the confidence of the reformer, Huss, and incited his followers to war; crowned k. of Lombardy in 1433; he sold Brandenburg to Frederick, burgrave of Nurnberg, whom he also created elector; this was the foundation of the kingdom of Prussia. B. 136S; d. Znaym, Moravia, 1437. ~--ó) *- ~! +-- Sigismund I., the Great, k, of Poland, drove the Muscovites out of Lithuania; expelled the Wallachians that had invaded his territories. B. 1466; d. 1 54S. II., surnamed Augustus, son and suc. of preceding; '' Livonia; effected union of Lithuania and Poland. B. 1520; * 1572. SigismundrLI., son of John III., k, of Sweden, and ascended throne of Poland in 1587, to the exclusion of Maximilian, of Austria; unsuc- *ssful in war. B. 1566; d. 1632. Siguenza y Gongora, Carlos de, se-gu-en’za e gon'go-ra, a distin- *shed Mexican scholar; cosmographer and hist. B. 1645; d. 17oo. £d Sigourney, Lydia IIoward Huntley, sig’ur-ni, a popular Am. writer; Pleasant Memories.” B. Norwich, Conn., 1791; d. Hartford, 1865. 8thon, a k, of the Amorites, who, refusing to allow the Hebrews to P*s through his dominions, was slain in battle, his capital taken, and territory distributed among the Israelites. Ps. cxxxv., 10-12. Silas, si'las, a native of Antioch and mem. of the Christian church; called one of the chief brethren; fellow prisoner with Paul at Philippi. Acts XV., 40. Silhouette, de, Etienne, deh se-loo-et', a Fr. financial economist; shadow-portraits named after him. B. 1709; d. 1767. Silliman, Benjamin, sil’i-man, an eminent Am. scientist; made sur- Yey of part of Conn., and a chemical analysis of the great meteorite that fell in Conn. in 1So;; increased the number of known possible bodies by experiments,with Dr. R. Hare, on the oxyhydrogen blow-pipe; “stablished several important facts in clectricity; founded Silliman's 3ournal ; “Geology;” “Chemistry.” B. Trumbull, Conn., 1779; d. New Haven, 1864. Benjamin, Jr., son of foregoing, a scientist and lecturer; “First Principles of chemistry.” B. New Haven, 1816. Silloway, Thomas William, sillo-wa, an Am. architect, preacher and Writer; built or reconstructed over 200 churches; designed the new *pitol at Montpelier, Vt. B. Newburyport, Mass., 1828. Silvestre, de Augustin Francois, baron, deh sel-vestr', a Fr. econo- mist. B. 1762; d. 1857. Simeon, sim'e-on, son of Jacob and Leah; punished for murdering the Shechemites; of his posterity only 22,200 out of 59,300 entered the promised land. Simeon, Charles, an Eng. pastor of Trinity church, Cambridge; pub. series of commentary sermons. B. 1759; d. 1836. Simeon, a man of singular piety residing at Jerusalem, to whom it Was revealed that he should see the Christ; when the infant was brought into the temple, thanked God, and gave utterance to a remark- able prediction. Simeon Stylites, sim'e-on sti-litez, a Syrian ascetic who resided on top of a pillar, and ate but once a week. B. about 390; d. 4 59. Simmias, sim'mi-as, a Theban phil.; friend of Socrates, and one of the interlocutors of the “Phaedron.” Simms, William Gilmore, simz, a prolific Am. writer and poet; edited Charleston Gazette, in which he opposed nullification. “Guy Rivers;” “Southward IIo!" B. Charleston, Soó; d. there, 1870. Simon, si'mon, a famous Samaritan sorcerer that professed Chris- tianity to obtain apostolic gifts. Acts viii. 9. Simon, the Canaanite, one of the 12 disciples; several others of this name in the Bible. Matt. x. 4. Simon, Jules, a Fr. philosopher and reformer; suc. Cousin as prof. *t the Sorbonne; advocated popular education, free trade, abolition of *pital punishment, and other reforms; pensioned by the government. B. Lorient, 1s14. Simon, Richard, a Fr. philosopher and critic; “Histoire Critique,” etc. B. Dieppe, 1638; d. there, 1712. Simonides, si-mon'i-dees, a Gr, lyric poet; at So years of age was crowned for excellence in a poetical contest; celebrated for his patri- otic odes and elegies; “Lament of Danae.” B. in isl. of Ceos, about 556 m. c.; d. Syracuse, about 467 B. c. Simonin, Louis Laurent, se-mon-dn', a Fr. geologist and writer; “xplored the islands of Reunion and Madagascar. B. Marseilles, 1830. Simpson, Sir James, simp/son, an Eng. Crimean general. B. 1792; d. 1868. * Simpson, Sir James Young, a Scotch M. D. and writer; “Homocop- athy.” B. Bathgate, 1811; d. Edinburgh, 1870. Simpson, Mathew, an Am. bishop of M. E. church, and pres. Asbury university. B. in Ohio, 1810. T-------. *="- |-- BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 35 I ... as a boy, kept swine; at the death of Gregory XIII, the cardinals s T Simpson, Thomas, an Eng. mathematician and F. R. S.; “Miscel- laneous Tracts.” B. Market-Bosworth, 1710; d. there, 1761. Simrock, Karl, sim'rok, a Ger. writer; prof. at IBonn; translated Shakspeare. B. Bonn, 1802. Sims, James Marion, simz, an Am. surgeon; established, and support- ed for years, a hospital for women. B. in Lancaster district, S. C., 1813. Sims Reeves, J., an Eng. tenor singer; at 19 made his first appearance in “Somnambula.” B. Woolwich, 1821. Sinclair, Sir John, sin'klar, a Scotch agriculturist, and M. P. for 30 years; established the board of agriculture. B. Caithness, 1754; d. 1835. Sir George, son of foregoing, a Scottish writer; “Letters to the Protes- tants of Scotland.” B. Edinburgh, 1790; d. 1S6S. John, bro. of George, archdeacon of Middlesex. B. 1797; d. 1875. Catharine, sister of the foregoing, published children's books. B. 1Soo; d. 1864. Singleton, Henry, singel-ton, an Eng. historical artist; an exhibitor for 50 years. B. London, 1766; d. 1839. Sirmond, Jacques, seer-mawnd', a Fr. Jesuit, chief of his order; ex. amined the Vatican MSS.; confessor to Louis XIII. B. Riom, France, 1559; d. 1651. Sismondi, Jean Charles Leonard Simonde de, sis-mon'de, a Fr. his- torian; a friend of Mme de Stael; “Fall of the Roman Empire.” B. Geneva, 1773; d. there, 1842. Sisyphus, six’i-fus, legendary, son of Æolus, and f. of Ulysses; ask, of Corinth, encouraged commerce and navigation; condemned for his wickedness to be perpetually pushing up hill a huge stone, which constantly rolled down again. Sivori, Ernesto Camillo, se-vo're, an It. violinist and composer; gave concerts when ten years old; visited the U.S. with Herz. B. Geneva, 1817. #" I, pope, six’tus, the first of five of the name; suc. Alexander I., in 119; martyred, 127. Sixtus II, suc. to Stephen I.; an Athenian philosopher and pagan; became a Christian and suffered martyrdom under Valerianus, 258. Sixtus III., suc. Celestine I., in 432; acted as mediator in the contro. versy between John of Antioch and Cyril of Alexandria. Sixtus IV., son of a Genoese fisherman; rose to the rank of cardinal; and in 1471 to the papacy. B. 1414; d. 1484. Sixtus V., Felice Perretti, or Montalto, son of a gardener of Ancona; united in choosing Montalto, as apparently the most infirm of their body; he was no sooner elected, than he threw away his crutch, and loudly entoned the Te Deum, declaring that he had been seeking the keys of St. Peter, and having found them, had no more occasion to stoop; instituted immediate and sweeping reforms; excommunicated Q. Elizabeth; ordered a new version of the Bible in Latin; founded Vatican library. B. 1521; d. 1590. Skeat, Walter William, skeet, an Eng. philologist. B. 1835. Skelton, John, skel"ton, an Eng. poet; tutor to Henry VIII. B. 1460; d. Westminster, 1529. Skene, Col. Philip, skeen, a British officer in America. D. 1810. Skinner, Thomas Harvey, skin'er, an Am. divine, prof. of sacred rhetoric and theology; “Religion of the Bible.” B. Harvey's Neck, N. C., 1791; d. in N. Y., 1871. Slade, Sir Adolphus, K. C. B., slaid, an Eng. officer; served under the Turkish flag in order to introduce reforms; “Records of Travels.” B. 1807. Slater, Samuel, sla'ter, an Am. cotton manufacturer; invited to intro- duce the new process in America; established the first Sunday-school in U. S. B. Belper, Derbyshire, Eng., 1768; d. Webster, Mass., 1835. Sleidan, Johann, sli'dan, a Ger. diplomatist and writer; employed by the Fr. k., Francis I.; and attended the council of Trent for Strasburg. B. near Cologne, 1506; d. Strasburg, 1556. Slidell, John, sli-del”, an Am. lawyer; U. S. senator; amb. to Mex- ico in 1845; supported the confederates, and was appointed commis- sioner to France; captured at Havana, by Captain Wilkes; released through British interference. B. in N. Y., 1793; d. London, 1871. Sloane, Sir Hans, slone, a British naturalist and physician, F. R. S.; his library of 50,000 vols., and collection of plants, were purchased by government for $1oo,000, and formed the nucleus of the British mus- eum. B. Killyleagh, co. Down, Ireland, 1660; d, Chelsea, near Lon- don, 1753. - & - *le—- -–2 352 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. Smart, Christopher, smart, an Eng. writer; translated Horace; be- Smith and his partner, Rigdon, were tarred and feathered for fraudu- came insane through trouble and excesses. B. Shipborne, Kent, 1722; lent banking; fled to Missouri; built the Nauvoo temple and intro- d. in king’s bench prison, London, 1770. duced polygamy, which created riots, and caused the death of Joseph Smeaton, John smee’tun, an Eng. civil engineer, and maker of and his brother. B. Sharon, Vt., 1Soś; k. at Carthage, Ill., 1844. mathematical instruments; invented a method of measuring a ship's Smith, Joseph Mather, an Am. physician; “Elements of the Etiol- way at sea; made improvements in hydraulic machinery. B. Aus- ogy and Philosophy of Epidemics.” B. New Rochelle, N. Y., 1785; thorpe, near Leeds, 1724; d. there, 1792. d. in N. Y., 1866. Smet, Peter John de, smet, an Am. Jesuit missionary and writer; f. Smith, Robert Payne, an Eng. divine, and oriental scholar. B. the Saint Louis university; “Letters and Sketches.” B. Dendermonde, Gloucestershire, 1818. Belgium, 1801; d. St. Louis, 1873. Smith, Samuel Stanhope, an Am. Presbyterian minister; “Causes Smibert, John, smi'bert, a Scotch portrait painter. B. Edinburgh, of Variety in the Human Species.” B. Pequea, Pa., 1750; d. Prince- about 1684; d. JBoston, Mass., 1751. ton, N.J., 1819. Smiles, Samuel, smiles, a British writer; editor of the Leeds Times. Smith, Seba, an Am. author; “New Elements of Geometry.” B. B. Haddington, Scotland, 1816. Buckfield, Me., 1792; d. Patchogue, L. I., 1863. Smirke, Sir Robert, smurk, an Eng. architect and royal academician; Smith, Sydney, an Eng. clergyman and writer; associate editor of designed the IBritish museum; “Specimens of Continental Architect- the Edinburgh Review; lecturer on moral philosophy; “Wit and Wis- ure.” B. London, 17So; d. Cheltenham, 1S67. Sidney, younger bro. dom of Sydney Smith.” B. Woodford, Essex, 1771; d. London, 1845. of preceding, an Eng. architect; “Suggestions on Architectural Im- Smith, Thomas Southwood, an English physician, distinguished in provements.” sanitary improvements. B. Martock, Somersetshire, 1788; d. Flor- Smith, Adam, smith, a Scottish metaphysician ; prof. of logic in ence, Italy, 1861. Glasgow; a friend of Hume; his “Wealth of Nations” has been trans- Smith, William; father of English geology. B. Churchill, Oxford- lated into almost all European languages. B. Kirkcaldy, Fifeshire, shire; 1769; d. Northampton, 1839. 1723; d. Edinburgh, 1790. Smith, William, an Eng. scholar and writer; “Dictionary of Chris- Smith, Albert, an Eng. humorous writer and dramatic critic of the tian Antiquities.” B. London, 1814. Illustrated London News; a contributor to Punch. B. Chertsey, 1816; Smith, William Andrew, an Am. Methodist minister and college d. Fulham, near London, 1S60. president. B. Fredericksburg, Va., 1So2; d. Richmond, 1870. Smith, Alexander, a Scotch pattern designer, and poet. B. Kilmar- Smith, Sir William Sidney, an Eng. admiral and captain in the nock, 1830; d. Wardie, near Edinburgh, 1867. Swedish service; led the celebrated defense of St. Jean d'Acre against Smith, Eli, an Am. missionary and scholar; accompanied Dr. Robin- Napoleon; one of the earliest advocates for abolition. B. Midgham, son to Palestine; translated the Bible into modern Arabic. B. North- Sussex, 1764; d. Paris, 1840. ford, Conn., 1Sor; d. Beyrout, Syria, 1857. Smithson, James Lewis Macie, smith’son, an Eng. natural philoso- Smith, George, an Eng. orientalist and explorer; cxplored the valley pher; founder of the Smithsonian institute. B. 1765; d. Genoa, 1829. of the Euphrates. B. about 1825. Smollett, Tobias George, smo"et, an Eng. author; educated for phy- Smith, Gerrit, an Am. philanthropist; assisted in the exodus of sician, but devoted himself to. literature, operas, and history; B. colored people to Africa; in 1848 donated 200,000 acres of land, in 50 | Dalquhurn house, Dumbartonshire, 1721; d. Monte Nero, near Leg- acre lots; M. C.; a friend of John Brown; assisted the union cause horn, 1771 o during the civil war; signed, with Greeley, the bail freeing Jefferson Smyth, Thomas, smith, an Am. minister and lecturer; pastor of the Davis; “Speeches in Congress,” “Theologies.” B. Utica, N.Y., 2d Presbyterian church, Charleston, S.C., 41 yrs. B. Belfast, Ire., 1808; 1797; d. New York, 1874. d. Charleston, 1873. Smith, Goldwin, a prolific Eng. writer; prof. Eng. history in Cornell Smyth, William Henry, a British naval officer; pub. “A cycle of university; “Lectures on Modern History.” B. Reading, 1823. Celestial Objects,” for use of naval, military and private astronomers. Smith, Henry Boynton, an Am. divine, and prof. of philosophy; a B. Westminster, 1788; d. Aylesbury, 1865. Charles Piazzi, son of promoter of ecclesiastical reunion; founder of the American Theo- preceding, astronomer royal of Scotland, and author; maintained the logical Review. B Portland, Maine, 1815. pyramids to be memorials of a system of weights and measures, in- Smith, James, an Am. lawyer, and a signer of the Declaration of tended to be perpetual. Independence; mem. of continental congress. B. in Ireland, about Snell, Willebrord, snel, a Dutch mathematician, traveler and writer; 1719; d. York, Pa., 1806. professor in the university of Leyden. B. Leyden, 1591; d. there, 1626. Smith, James and Horace, brothers; English writers, associated to- Snelling, Josiah, snel'ing, an Am. soldier and inspector general. B. gether, chiefly known as authors of the “Rejected Addresses,” de- Boston, 1782; d. Washington, D. C., 1828. clined by Murray at $100, but purchased by him after 16 editions. Snorri Sturlason, or Snorre Sturluson, snor'e stoor'Woo-son, an Ice- James, b. London, 1775; d. there, 1839; Horace, b. London, 1779; d. landic politician, historian and poet; through marriage he became the Tunbridge Wells, 1849. wealthiest man in Iceland. B. on the shores of IIvammsfiord bay, 117S, Smith, Sir James Edward, an Eng, botanist; founder and president murdered, Reykholt, 1241. of the first London Linnaean society; “English Botany,” 36 vols., Snyders, Francis, sni’ders, a Flemish painter of animals and hunting illustrated. B. Norwich, 1759; d. there, 1828. scenes. B. Antwerp, 1579; d. there, 1657. Smith, John, the founder of Virginia; served in the Netherland, Turk- Sobieski. See JoiiN III., Sobieski. - ish, and Hungarian wars; in 1606 he joined an expedition of three vessels Socinus, Laelius, so-si'nus, an Italian religious reformer; friend of and 105 men to found a colony in America; taken prisoner by the In- Melanchthon and Calvin. B. Siena, 1525; d. Zurich, 1562. Faustus dians, and rescued by Pocahontas; made president of the colony, and nephew of the preceding, an Italian theologian and author. B. defeated an attempt to dispossess him; governed wisely, and with Siena, 1539; dragged into the street and destroyed by a mob in Cra- energy. B. Willoughby, Lincolnshire, 1579; d. London, 1631. cow, 1604. Smith, John Augustin, an Am. physician; pres. of N. Y. college of Socrates, sok'ra-ter, the most celebrated of all the ancient philoso- physicians, and editor of the Medical journal. B. Westmoreland co., phers; son of a sculptor, which profession he followed until he became Va., 1782; d. in N. Y., 1865. imbued with the belief that he was inspired to teach; he founded no Smith, John Lawrence, an Am. mineralogist and chemist; invented school, but taught through conversation, everywhere; opposed by the the inverted microscope. B. near Charleston, S. C., 1818. thirty tyrants and others, but befriended by Plato and the populace. Smith, John Pye, an Eng. divine and tutor; F. R. S. B. Sheffield, Finally condernned to death in his 70th year, and while waiting the ex- 1774; d. Guildford, Surrey, 1851. ecution of his sentence, drank a cup of hemlock and died in compos- Smith, Joseph, a Scottish-Am. religionist; founder of the Mormon ure 399 B.C. It must be conceded that Socrates is the founder of formal church; proclaimed the discovery from angelic revelation of the logic. I?. Attica, B. c. 467. “Book of Morinon,” and crected a church in Manchester, N.Y., IS3o; Solander, Daniel Charles, so'lan-der, a Swedish naturalist; accom- 2- * 1 .. : k += -—° -- BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 353 "--— P"ied Capt. Cook in his first voyage around the world. B. Norr- Soubise, Benjamin de Rohan, deh soo-beez’, a Fr. soldier and bro. of land, 1736; d. London, 1782. Henri de Rohan, the Huguenot leader. B. La Rochelle, 1583; d. Lon. Solger, Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand, solfer, a Ger. writer and professor don, 1642. of philosophy at Berlin. B. Schwedt, Prussia, 17So; d. Berlin, 1819. Soule, Joshua, soo-la, an Am. M. E. bishop, and editor Methodist . tf #" de Antonio, da so-leess', a Spanish historian and dramatist; Magazine. B. Bristol, Me., 1781; d. Nashville, Tenn., 1867. Pretty Gypsy Girl.” B. Alcala de IIenares, 1610; d. Madrid, Soule, Pierre, an Am. politician and U.S. senator; visited Europe as 16S6. diplomatic agent of the confederate government. B. Castillon, France, Solis, de, Juan Diaz, a Spanish navigator and co-discoverer of Yuca- 1Sor; d. New Orleans, U.S., 1870. tan; suc. Amerigo Vespucci as pilot-major of Spain; explored the La Soulie, Melchior Frederic, soo-le-a', a Fr. novelist; pub. 150 volumes. Plata, S. A., and was there killed and eaten by the natives, in 1516. B. Foix, 1Soo; d. Bievre, near Paris, 1847. B. in the latter half of the 15th century. Soulouque, Faustin, soo-look', emp. of Hayti; born a slave. B. 1789; $ it Solly, Samuel, souli, an Eng. surgeon and physiological author; d. in France, 1867. r Surgical Experiences.” B. 1Soś; d. London, 1871. Soult, Nicolas Jean de Dieu, soolt, duke of Dalmatia, marshal of Fr.; Solomon, king, solo-mon, son and successor of David as king of com.-in-chief of an army in Spain. B. St. Amans-la-Bastide, Guienne, Israel; his court was magnificent, dominions and revenue vast, per- 1769; d. there, 1851. See WELLINGTON. sonal character exalted, wisdom unequaled, and his reign renowned South, Robert, south, an Eng. clergyman, a champion of passive for a brilliancy of wealth and splendor on every hand. He erected obedience, and the divine right. B. Hackney, Middlesex, 1633; d. Lon- the temple at Jerusalem called Solomon's temple, and did many won- don, 1716. derful things. Sce 1 Kings, vi-viii. Southampton, Henry Wriothesley, suth-amp/ton, third carl of, an Solomon Ben Gabirol, a Jewish philosopher and poet; “Crown of Eng, statesman; took part in colonizing Am.; the only man from whom Royalty.” B. Malaga, Spain, 1ozo; d. Valencia, 1075. Shakspeare acknowledges having received a benefit. B. 1573; d. in Solomon Ben Isaac, a Jewish commentator of the Bible and Talmud. 1Iolland, 1624. B. Troyes, France, 1040; d. there, 1105. Southcott, Joanna, sowth'kot, an Eng. religious fanatic; pub. proph- Solon, so lon, the Athenian sage and lawgiver; gained distinction by ecies and warnings. B. Gittisham, 1750; d. London, 1814. his poems, and from his political wisdom, was reckoned one of the Southern, Thomas, suth'ern, an Eng. dramatist; “Isabella, or The *ven wise men of Greece. B. Isle of Salamis, 638 B. c.; d. Athens' Fatal Marriage.” B. Oxmantown, Ireland, 1660; d. Westminster, 1746. 559. Southey, Robert, sowth'i, an Eng. writer; a life-long friend of Sir Solyman II., or soleiman, called the Magnificent, sol’i-man, or soo- Walter Scott, at his death left one of the most remarkable private lib- *man', an ottoman sultan, son of Selim I., whom he suc. in 1520; raries in Eng. B. Bristol, 1774; d. Greta hall, near Keswick, 1843. took Rhodes from the Knights of St. John, invaded Hungary, but lost Southwell, Nathaniel, sowth-vel, an Eng. scholar and writer; secy.- sooo men in an attempt to take Vienna; he raised the Ottoman empire gen. of priesthood at Rome. B. Norfolk, 1&o: d. Rome, 1676. to its highest military prestige. B. 1495; d. of apoplexy, before Southwell, Robert, an Eng. author; Jesuit at Rome; rector of the Sziget in Hungary, 1566. - Eng. college; “Triumph Over Death.” B. Horsham St. Faith's, Nor- Somers, John, sum'erz, an Eng. statesman and lawyer; atty.-gen.; folk, 1560; executed at Tyburn, 1595. lord chancellor. B. Worcester, 1651; d. 1715. Southworth, Emma D. E. (Nevitt), south'wurth, an Am.. novelist; Somerset, Robert Carr, more properly Ker, viscount Rochester, and “Spectre Lover;” “Bride of an Evening;” pub. 35 vols. B. Wash- afterward earl of, sum'er-set, a favorite of James I., married the profli- ington, D.C., IS18. **te countess of Essex, in 1613. Sir Thomas Overbury opposed the Souvestre, Emile, soo-vestr', a French writer and lecturer. B. Mor- *rriage and satirized it, and through the machinations of the countess, laix, 1806; d. Paris, 1854. Verbury was committed to the Tower, where he died. Somerset and Sowerby, James, sow'er-bi, an Eng. artist and naturalist; “Eng. Bot. his countess were found guilty of causing the death of Overbury; they any, or colored Figures of all the plants natives of Great Britain.” B. *caped, while their agents were executed. D. 1645. See Over BURY. Lambeth, 1757; d. 1822. George Brettingham, son of preceding; “Gen- Somerville, Mary, sum'er-vil, an eminent modern scientific writer; era of Recent and Fossil Shells.” B. Lambeth, 1788; d. 1854. dau, vice admiral Sir william Fairfax. B. Jedburgh, Scotland, 17So; Soyer, Alexis, soi'er, a French cook of the reform club, London; " Naples, Italy, 1872. “Cookery for the People.” B. Soo; d. in Eng., 1858. Somerville, William, an Eng. poet; “Chase;” “Field Sports.” B. Spada, Lionello, spa'da, an It, artist; “San Domenico burning the Edston, 1692; d. 1742. proscribed Books of the Heretics.” B. Bologna, 1576; d. Parma, 1622. Sommering, Samuel Thomas von, som/mer-ing, a Ger. physiologist; Spagnoletto, spa-myo-let’o, real name Jose Rivera, a Spanish artist. Physician to the k. of Bavaria. B. Thorn, 1755; d. Frankfort, 1830. B. San Felipe de Jativa, 1588; d. Naples, 1656. Sonnini de Manoncourt, Charles Nicolas Sigisbert, so-nee'ne deh Spalding, Lyman, spawl"ding, an Am. physician, lecturer, and writer; **on-koor', a Fr. naturalist and marine engineer, in Cayenne. B. established a medical school at Dartmouth college. I?. Cornish, N. II., "uneville, 1751; d. Paris, 1s12. 1775; d. Portsmouth, 1821. Sonntag, William Louis, son'tag, an Am. artist; exhibited in Cincin- Spalding, Martin John, an Am. prelate; established a colony of Trap- *ti, Italy, and New York, his “Sunset in the Wilderness.” B. in pist monks at Gethsemane, near Bardstown, Ky. B. in Marion co., Pennsylvania, 1822. Ky., 1810; d. Baltimore, 1872. Sontag, Henrietta, son'tag, Countess Rossi, a Ger. singer, the most Spallanzani, Lazaro, spal-lan-dza'nee, an It. naturalist; prof. of logic, distinguished of her age; appeared on the stage before her 6th year, metaphysics, and Greek. B. Scandiano, 1729; d. 1799. * *nd before 18, was the prima donna of the Berlin stage. B. Coblentz, Spangenberg, August Gottlieb, spang'em-berg, a Prussian, f. of *Soó; d. Vera Cruz, Mexico, 1S54. * Moravian church in Am. B. Klettenberg, Prussia, 1704; d. Berthels- Sophia, Dorothea, so:fi'a, crown princess of Hanover, and dau. of dorf, Saxony, 1792. duke George William of Brunswick. B. Hanover, 1666; d. 1726. Spangenberg, Friedrich, a Ger. artist; “Triumph of the Union,” sophocles, sofo-klez, a Greek tragic poet; selected for his beauty and commemorating the close of the civil war in the U. S. B. Gottingen, "sical skill in his 16th year to lead naked, anointed, and with lyre in 1843; d. while ascending Mt. Vesuvius, 1874. hand, the chorus which danced and sang around the trophy in the cele- Spanheim, Ezechiel, span'hime, a Ger. writer and statesman; at 20, bration of the victory of Salamis. B. in the Attic village Colonus, 496 min. of state. B. Geneva, 1629; d. in Eng., 1710. * C.; d. in his 95th year from excessive joy in consequence of his suc- Sparks, Jared, sparks, an Am. biographical writer; “Unitarian cess in writing 31 plays and 81 dramas. Christianity.” B. Willington, Conn., 1789; d. Cambridge, Mass., 1866. Sophocles, Evangelinus Apostolides, an Am. scholar, writer, and Spartacus, spar'ta-kus, a Thracian shepherd, famous for his "rictories Prof. of Greek. B. Mt. Pelion, 1807. over the Romans; in a bloody contest with Crassus was slain, I. c. 71. Sothern, Edward Askew, suth'ron, an Am. actor; known as Douglas Spaulding, Levi, spa/ding, an Am. missionary and writer. B. Jaf- Stewart; “Lord Dundreary.” B. Liverpool, England, 1830. frey, N. H., 1791; d. Ceylon, 1873. ~ |-- ---> - – --" 3.54 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. ------" – Speke, John Hanning, speek, an Eng. explorer of Africa. B. Somer- setshire, 1827; d. near Bath, 1864. * Spelman, Sir Henry, spel’man, an Eng. historian and antiquary; land commissioner to Ireland. B. Congham, 1562; d. London, 1641. Spence, Joseph, spence, an Eng. divine writer; prof. history, univer- sity of Oxford. B. IIampshire, 1699; drowned at Byfleet, Surrey, 1768. Spence, William, an Eng. entomologist; made observations relative to the circulation of blood in insects. B. 17S3; d. London, 1S60. Spencer, Ambrose, spen'ser, an Am. statesman, atty.-gen., and chicf- justice; author of the law abolishing the punishment of death in all cases except treason and murder. B. Salisbury, Conn., 1765; d. Lyons, N. Y., 1848. Spencer, John Canfield, an Am. jurist, son of the preceding; master in chancery and several times senator; secy. war under Tyler. B. Hudson, N.Y., 1788; d. Albany, 1855. Spencer, George John, an Eng. scholar, known as Viséount Althorp, chancellor of the exchequer; established the royal society of agricult- ure in Eng. B. 1782; d. 1845. Spencer, Herbert, an Eng. metaphysician and experimentalist; father of the doctrine of evolution; a voluminous writer of essays, scientific, political, and speculative. B. Derby, 1820. Spencer, Ichabod Smith, an Am. minister; “Pastor’s Sketches.” B. Rupert, Vt., 1798; d. Brooklyn, N.Y., 1854. Spencer, Jesse Ames, an Am. minister and traveler; prof. Latin and oriental languages in Burlington college, N. J. B. Hyde Park, Dutch- css co., N.Y., 1816. s Spener, Philipp Jakob, spa’ner, a Ger. divine and author of about 300 false doctrines; headed the Pietists. B. Rappoltsweiler, Alsace, 1635; d. IBerlin, 1705. Spenser, Edmund, spen'ser, an Eng, poet, and a master of musical language; “Faerie Queen.” B. E. Smithfield, London, 1553; d. West- minster, 1599. Speranski, Mikhail, speh-ran'ske, a Russian statesman; secy. to council of the empire. B. Vladimir, 1772; d. St. Petersburg, 1839. Speusippus, spu-sip'pus, a Greek philosopher of dialectics, ethics, and physics; suc. of Plato. B. Athens, about 3So B. c.; d. there, 339. Spiegel, Friedrich, spee'gel, a Ger. orientalist; edited Persian works. B. Kitzingen, 1820. Spielhagen, Friedrich, speel"ha-gen, a Ger. novelist and translator. B. Magdeburg, 1829. Spiess, Hcinrich, speess, a Ger. artist; “Jacob Wrestling with the Angel.” B. Munich, 1832; d. there, 1875. Spindler, Karl, spind"ler, a Ger. novelist; his complete works com- prise 102 volumes. B. Breslau, 1796; d. Freiersbach, Baden, 1855. Spinola, Ambrosio, marquis of, spe-no'la, a celebrated It gen. that took Ostend in 1604, after a desperate siege. B. Genoa, 1569; d. 1630. Spinoza, Benedict, spe'no-za, son of a Portuguese Jew; excommu- nicated for scepticism; professed Christian religion; invented a systein of metaphysics called by his name; “Matter is eternal, the universe is God.” B. Amsterdam, 1632; d. at the lingue, 1677. Spofford, IIarriet Elizabeth, spofurd, an Am. author; “New England Legends.” B. Calais, Me., 1835. Spohr, Ludwig, spor, a Ger. mus. comp. and chapel master at Gotha; leader in the philharmonic concerts. B. Brunswick, 1784; d. Cassel, 1859. Spontini, Gasparo Luigi Pacifico, spon-tee’nee, an Italian composer; director general of music at the court of Prussia for 22 years. B. Majo- lati, 1774; d. there, 1851. Spotswood, John, spots' wood, archbishop of Glasgow, Scot.; Charles I made him lord high chancellor of Scotland. B. Edinburgh, 1565; d. London, 1639. Sprague, Charles, sprag, an Am. prize poet; “Curiosity.” IB. Boston, 1791; d. there, 1875. Sprague, William Buell, an Am. clergyman and author; “Letters to Young People.” B. Andover, Conn., 1795; d. Flushing, N.Y., 1876. sprat, Thomas, sprat, an Eng. prelate and writer; chaplain to the duke of Buckingham and Charles II. B. Tallaton, Devonshire, 1636; d. Bromley, 1713. Sprengel, Kurt, streng'el, a Ger. physician and botanist. B. Bolde- kow, Prussia, 1766; d. Halle, 1833. Sprenger, Aloys, spreng'er, a Swiss orientalist, government inter- preter, and secy. of the Asiatic society. B. Nassereut, Tyrol, 1813. Spring, Samuel, spring, an Am. clergyman and author; originated the Am. board of commissioners for foreign missions. B. Northbridge, Mass., 1746; d. Newburyport, 1819. Spring, Gardiner, an Am. minister and author: “Obligations of the World to the Bible.” B. Newburyport, Mass., 1785; d. in N. Y., 1873. Spurgeon, Charles Haddon, an Eng. divine; a chapel capable of seating 6,000 people was erected for his congregation in Newington, Butts; received more than 13,000 persons into his church, and erected 36 chapels in London; “Sword and Trowel.” B. Kelvedon, Essex, 1S34. Spurzheim, Johann Gaspar, spoorts'him, a Ger, physician and phre- nologist; “Anatomy of the Brain, with a General View of the Nervous System.” B. Longwich, 1776; d. Boston, Mass., 1S32. Squier, Ephraim George, skwir, an Am. antiquist, engineer, and journalist; explored the ancient monuments of the country, and was U. S. consul general to Honduras. B. Bethlehem, N.Y., 1821. Staal, de, Marguerite Jeanne Cordier de Launay, stal, baroness and auth.; “Memoirs.” B. Paris, 1690; d. Gennevilliers, near Paris, 1750. Stael-Holstein, dc, Anne Louise Germaine Necker, Mdme. stal hol”- stin, a Fr. author and celebrated leader of society; her talents were so early recognized that it is said of her she never was a child; first admired and then opposed Napoleon, and was driven from her country, and could not return till the restoration of the Bourbons; she wrote 17 works, of which “Delphine” and “Corinne” are the more worthy. B. Paris, 1766; d. there, 1317. Staempfii, Jakob, stempffee, a Swiss statesman, vice-president and minister of war. B. Schupfen, canton of Bern, 1820. Stafford, William Howard, stafurd, an Eng. statesman. B. 1612, beheaded, Tower Hill, 16So. Stahl, Georg Ernst, a Ger. scientist, and royal physician in Berlin. B. Anspach, 1660; d. Berlin, 1734. Stahr, Adolf Wilhelm Theodor, star, a Ger. writer and teacher of gymnastics. B. Prenzlau, Prussia, 1Soš. Standish, Miles, standish, captain of the New England pilgrims; commanded frequent expeditions against the Indians. B. Lancashire, Eng., 1584; d. Duxbury, Mass., 1656. Stanfield, Clarkson, stan feeld, an Eng. marine artist; “Wreckers of Ft. Rouge.” B. Sunderland, 1793; d. Hampstead, 1867. Stanford, John, stan ferd, an Am. minister and author; “Aged Chris- tians Companion.” B. Wandsworth, Eng., 1754; d. in N. Y., 1834. Stanhope, James, stan'op, an Eng. statesman; in disastrous cxpedi- tions to the Spanish peninsula; made commander-in-chief of the British forces. B. 1673; d. London, 1721. Charles, grandson of preceding, a British whig, and inventor of a printing press, and calculating ma- chines; called “The minority of one.” B. 1753; d. 1816. Philip Henry, grandson of preceding, a British M. P.; author; member of thc Cabinet with the Duke of Wellington. B. Walmer, 1Soš; d. Bourne- mouth, Hampshire, 1875. . Stanhope, Lady IIester Lucy, stan'hop, an accomplished Eng. astrologist; an eccentric niece of William Pitt. B London, 1766; d. Lebanon, Syria, 1839. • Stanislas, Leszczynski, stan'is-las, k. of Poland; his brilliant court at Luneville and Nancy became celebrated. B. Lemberg, 1677; d. Luneville, France, 1766. Stanley, Arthur Penrhyn, stan'/i, an Eng. clergyman; dean of West- minster; leader of the “Broad Church” party, and author. B. Alderly, Cheshire, 1815. Stanley, Henry M., an Am. cxplorer of Africa; found Dr. Living- stone, on Lake Tanganyika. B. near Denbigh, Wales, 1840. Stanley, Thomas, an Eng. writer and translator. B. Hertfordshire, 1625; d. London, 1678. Stanton, Edwin McMasters, stan’ton, an Am. statesman; attorney U. S. Supreme Court, and atty.-gen. of the U. S., under the administration of Pres. Buchanan; many of the most successful movements of the war were originated by him, while secretary of war, under Lincoln; an as- sociate justice of the supreme court at the time of his death. B. Steu- benville, O., 1814; d. Washington, D.C., 1869. Stark, John, stark, an Am, revolutionary general; scrved at Ticon- deroga, Lexington, and Bunker Hill; led the van in the attack upon Trenton and Princeton; served in R.I., N.J., and West Point; member of the court martial that condemned Andre. B. Londonderry, N.H., 1728; d. Manchester, N. H., 1822. *- * |- v- BIOGRAPHICAL IDICTIONARY. 355 "- : Publius Papinius, stai'shi-us, a Roman poct. B. Naples, 61; Staunton, Howard, stan’ton, an Eng. author, and chess champion of Paris. B. 1Sio; d. London, 1874. Staupitz, Johann, stau'pits a Ger. monk; approved the thesis of Luther against papal indulgences, but not publicly. B. Meissen; d. Salzburg, 1524. - Stedman, Edmund Clarence, sted’man, an Am, writer; private secy. to *tty.-gen. Bates at Washington. B. IIartford, Conn., 1833. Steedman, James B., steed'man, an Am. maj.-gen. in civil war 1861-5; ad command of military district of northern part of Georgia to protect herman's communications. B. in Ohio, 1S16; d. Toledo, O., ISS3, aged 67. steele, Sir Richard, steel, an Eng, essayist and M. P. B. Dublin, 1671; d. Langunnor, near Carmarthen, Wales, 1729. steen, Jan, stan, a Dutch artist; “Representation of Human Life;” P*inted in all 300 pictures. B. Leyden, 1636; d. Dolft, 16S9. *evens, George, stee’venz, an Eng. editor of Shakspeare; as- *ociate of Johnson. B. Stepney, 1736; d. Hampstead, 1800. Steffens, IIeinrich, stefenss, a Norwegian philosopher and writer; a disciple of Schelling. B. Stavanger, 1773; d. Berlin, 1845. Stein, IIeinrich Friedrich Karl, stin, a Prussian statesman and writer; outlawed by Napoleon. B. Nassau, 1757; d. Frucht, near Nassau, 1831. Stein, Charlotte Albertine Ernestine von, fon stin, a Ger. baroness "d writer. B. Weimar, 1742; d. there, 1827. - Stein, 1.orenz, a German jurist and political economist; professor of Political sciences at Kiel. B. Eckernforde, S15. *teno, Nicolas, sta'no, a Danish anatomist, and physician to the *nd duke of Tuscany. B. Copenhagen, 1638; d. 1686. Stephen, stee’ven, the name of ten popes; I succeeded Lucius, 253; d. *57; II., elected 752; d. three days after; III., a Roman, elected pope 752; f, the temporal sovereignty of the church of Rome; d. 757; IV., * Paul I, 768, and was succeeded by Adrian I.; d. 772; V., suc. Leo III, in S16; d. the same year; VI. suc. Adrian III., 855; contributed to- '*d the relief of the Roman people during the terrible famine; d. 891; VII. suc. Benedict VI., 896; caused the body of Pope Formosus to be "sinterred and cast into an ordinary grave; soon after, the partisans of '*rinosus seized Stephen and strangled him, S97; VIII. suc. Leo VI., *9; d. 930; IX, suc. Leo VII., during a revolt of the Roman populace '*'s crippled for life; d. 943; X, suc. Victor II. as pope, 1057; previously "filled the office of pope at the court of Constantinople; d. oss. Stephen I., St., k, of Hungary; suc, his f. Geisa, 997; introduced Christianity into his kingdom; d. 1038; II., k, of IIungary; suc. Kolo- * 1114; invaded Poland and Austria, but was unsuccessful; d. 1131; III, made k of IIungary, 1161; deposed by the nobles; regained the *wn and reigned till 1173; IV. ascended the throne, 1161; defeated by the preceding. - Stephen, an Eng. k., last of the Anglo-Norman line; crowned, 1135; *nfirmed the laws of Henry I. and of Edward the Confessor; secured P*ce with Scotland until 1138, after which the country was devastated "Y continual warfare; twice made prisoner; his r. the most deplorable * Eng. history. B. about 11oo; d. 1151. Stephen, Bathori, clected k. of Poland in 1575; victorious over the * Tuscovites and re-captured Polotzk; his progress checked by Jesuitical *igues; improved civil administration; the greatest of Polish mon- *chs. B. Hungary, 1533; d. Grodno, 1586. - Stephen, Sir James, an Eng. lawyer; prof. of history in Cambridge university. B. London, 1789; d. Coblentz, 1859. Fitzjames, his son, a *ist; “General view of Criminal Law.” B. 1829. * Stephens, the name of several French printers in 16th and 17th cent- uries. IIenry, founder of the family, started a printing establishment **502, and published scientific works of great accuracy. B. about *5; d. about 1520. Robert, his second son, edited the Bible with notes, and was censured by the Sorbonne; Francis I. protected and appointed him printer to the crown; 382 works issued from his press. B. Paris, '593; d. Geneva, 1559. Charles, Henry, Paul, and Anthony, which latter died very poor in Paris, 1592, were all noted printers in their day. Stephens, Alexander IIamilton, an Am. lawyer and statesman; state *tor; M. C.; opposed secession, was a member of the Southern *gress, and, in 1861, vice-pres. of the confederacy; in his speech at Savannah, he declared slavery to be the corner-stone of the new govern- ment; supported Pres. Johnson in his restoration policy; “A Constitu- tional View of the late War.” B. Taliaferro co., Ga., 1812; d. Atlanta, Ga., 1SS3. Stephens, Ann Sophia, an Am. novelist; “Fashion and Famine.” B. Derby, Conn., 1813. Stephens, John Lloyd, an Am. traveler and writer; minister to Cen- tral America in 1839; the first Am. line of transatlantic steamboats were established through him; pres. and superintendent of the Panama railroad. B. Shrewsbury N.J., 1Soš; d. in N. Y., 1852. Stephenson, George, ste’ven-son a celebrated Eng. engineer; in 1814 completed his first locomotive; 1815, constructed a miner's lamp, simul- taneously with the “safety lamp” of Sir Humphrey Davy; his first railway, cight miles long, opened in 1822. B. Wylam, Northumber- land, 1781; d. Tapton park, near Chesterficld, Derbyshire, 184S. Robert, his son, an engineer, constructed the tubular bridge over the St. Law - rence. B. Willington, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 1So; d. London, 1859. Sterling John, ster’ling, a Brit, writer; f. the Sterling club, including Carlyle and Tennyson. B. Kames castle, Isle of Bute, 1806; d. Vent- nor, Isle of Wight, 1844. Sterne, Lawrence, stern, an Eng. writer; “Tristram Shandy.” B. Clonmel, Ireland, 1713; d. London, 176S. Stosichorus, sta'ze-kor'us, a Greek lyric poet. B. Himera, Sicily, 632 B. c.; d. about 555 B. C. Steuart, Sir James Denham, stu’art, a Scotch political economist, and Jacobite; partisan of the Pretender. B. Edinburgh, 1713; d. 17So. Steuben, Frederick William Augustus, baron, stu'ben, an Am. maj.- gen.; in 1777, offered to join Washington's army as voluntecr; 1778, appointed maj.-gen.; present at battle of Monmouth and siege of York. town. B. Madgeburg, Prussia, 1730; d. near Utica, N. Y., 1794. Stevens, Abel, ste'vuns, an Am. Methodist preacher and writer; “Women of Methodism.” B. Phila., 1815. Stevens, Alexander Hodgdon, an Am. Surgeon; prof. in the N. Y. college of physicians, and 1843-'55 pres, of the same. Born, N. Y., 1789; d. there, 1869. * Stevens, George Alexander, an Eng. burlesque writer; “The His- tory of Tom Fool.” B. London, in beginning of 18th century; d. Baldock, Hertfordshire, 1784. Stevens, John, an Am. inventor; invented circular iron-clad bat- teries. Born, N.Y., 1749; d. Hoboken, N.J., 1838. Robert Livingston, son of preceding, an inventor; introduced mechanical and naval im- provements, including the T rail. B. Hoboken, N.J., 1788; d. there, 1856. Edwin Augustus, brother of preceding, established steam and tow-boats on the Hudson. B. Hoboken, 1795; d. Paris, Fr., 1868. Stevens, Joscph, a Belgian artist, son of a Fr. officer, and self- taught. B. about 1819. Alfred, his brother, a genre painter. B. Brus- sels, 1828. Stevens, Thaddeus, an Am. statesman; opposed election of Jackson; opposed slavery; elected M. C. three times; a republican leader, and advocate of negro emancipation; took part in the impeachment of President Johnson. B. Peacham, Caledonia co., Vt., 1793; d. Wash- ington, D.C., 1868. Stevinius, Simon, ste-win’i-us, a Flemish mathematician; “Statics and Hydrostatics.” B. Bruges, about 1550; d. the Hague, about 1630. Stewart, Alexander Turney, stu’art, an Am. merchant; began his career as a small store-keeper in New York in 1823; sent a ship-load of provisions to the Irish famine sufferers in 1846, and aided the Chicago fire sufferers in 1871; chairman of the honorary com. sent by the U.S. to the Paris exposition, in 1867; built a home for working girls in New York at an expense of $1,000,000, and founded Garden City, Long Island. B. near Belfast, Ireland, 1802; d. New York, 1876. His body was stolen from the family vault, 1878; the robbers offered to return it for $250,000, but this proposition was refused. Stewart, Balfour, a British physicist, and superintendent of Kew observatory; “Physics Primer.” B. Edinburgh, 182S. Stewart, Charles, an Am. rear admiral; began as a cabin boy; cap- tured several important French and English vessels, and two English ships of war. B. Phila., 1778; d. Bordentown, 1869. Stewart, Dugald, a Scotch philosopher and mathematician; his works are chiefly of a moral and practical tendency. B. Edinburgh, 1753; d. there, 1S2S. Stewart, John, an Eng. pedestrian called “Walking Stewart;” vis- |-- * O- 2- * + *—a- ––2. G –=" 356 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. } ited Persia, Abyssinia and U. S.; was in service of Hyder Ali. B. Shakspeare; about 3,000 of his designs are engraved. B. London, London, about 1740; d. there, 1S22. 1755; d. there, 1834. Charles Alfred, son of preceding, draughtsman Stieglitz, Christian Ludwig, steeg'litz, a Ger. architect and writer. to the antiquarian society. D. 1786; d. 1821. B. Leipsic, 1756; d. there, 1836. Heinrich, nephew of above, a Ger. Stow, Baron, sto', an Am. Baptist divine and writer; “Memoir of poet, whose wife committed suicide to rouse him from the mental Harriet Dow.” B. Croydon, N. H., 1Sor; d. Boston, 1S69. apathy that afflicted him. B. Arolsen, 1803; d. Venice, 1849. Stow, John, an Eng. antiquary; “Survey of London.” B. London, Stieglitz von, Ludwig, baron, a Russian banker of Jewish descent; 1525; d. 1605. amassed an enormous fortune. B. Arolsen, Ger., 1778; d. St. Peters- Stowe, Calvin Ellis, sto', an Am. educational writer; prof. of burg, 1843. languages and Biblical literature. B. Natick, Mass., 1802. Stiles, Ezra, sti’les, an Am. divine, orientalist and scientist; pres. of Stowe. See BEEcIIER, Harriet Elizabeth. Yale college in 1777. B. North Haven, Ct., 1727; d. New Haven, 1795. Stowell, William Scott, baron, sto'el, an Eng. jurist; brother of lord Stilicho, Flavius, stil/e-ko, a Roman general, guardian of Honorius; Eldon. B. Heworth, Durham, 1745; d. 1836. * defeated Alaric in 402. Beheaded, Itavenna, Italy, 408. Strabo, stra'bo, a Greek geographer; his “Geography” contains all Stille, Alfred, stilla, an Am. physician and medical writer; “Hum- that was then known on the subject. B. Amasia, in Pontus, Asia boldt's Life and Character.” B. Phila., 1813. Moreton, brother of Minor, about 54 B.C.; d. about 24 A. D. - foregoing, an Am, resident physician of the Penn. hospital. B. 1S22; Stradella, Alessandro, stra-dela, an Italian violinist, singer and d. 1855. composer; married his pupil and took her to Rome; while performing Stillingfleet, Edward, stil'ling-flete, an Eng. prelate and writer; there in his own oratorio, assassins, hired by a former lover, became chaplain to Charles II; disputed with Locke. B. Cranborne, Dor- affected by his music, confessed their purpose, and fled; next year both set, 1635; d. London, 1699. himself and wife were murdered. B. Naples about 1645; assassinated, Stimpson, William, stim'sun, an Arm. naturalist, assistant of Agas- Genoa, 167S. siz; his collection and works, results of 20 years’ labor, were destroyed Stradivari, Antonio, stra-de-va'ree, an Italian maker of violins of in the Chicago fire, 1871. B. Roxbury, Mass., 1832; d. Ilchester Mills, beauty of finish aud superiority of tone; valued at from $1,000 to $3,000 Md., 1872. cach. B. Cremona, 1644; d. there, 1737. Stobaeus, James, sto-be'us, a Greek compiler, through whom we have Strafford, Thomas Wentworth, earl of, strafurd, Lord lieutenant of extracts from several hundred authors, otherwise unknown. B. prob- Ireland; “I lay down my head as cheerfully as if going to repose.” B. ably at Stobi, Macedonia, in 5th century. London, 1593; executed, Tower Hill, 1641. *" Stockhardt, Julius Adolf, stok'hart, a Ger. agricultural chemist ; Stratford de Redcliffe, Stratford Canning, viscount, stratfurd de doubled the growth of grain in Saxony. B. Rohrsdorf, Saxony, 1809. red'klif, an Eng. diplomatist to Switzerland, Washington and St. Pet- Stockmar, Christian Friedrich, baron, stok'mar, a Ger. physician, ersburg; distinguished in Crimean war; “Why am I a Christian?” B. secy. to Prince Leopold; negotiated two royal marriages. B. Coburg, London, 1788. 17S7; d. there, 1863. Stratico, Simone, count, stra'le-ko, an Italian mathematician. B. Stockton, Richard, stok'ton, a signer of the Declaration of Independ- about 1730; d. 1824. ence, an Am. lawyer, and judge of the supreme court; captured by the Strauss, strowss, a father and three sons of this name, all German British, whose severity caused his death. B. near Princeton, N.J., musicians. Johann, the father, a member of Lanner's orchestra; gave 1730; d. there, 1781. Robert Field, grandson of preceding, an Am, na- concerts throughout Germany. B. Vienna, 1804; d. there, 1849. Johann, val officer, and U.S. senator; a partisan of Gen. Jackson. B. Prince- eldest son, conducted the orchestra of 1,000 members at the peace ton, N.J., 1796; d. there, 1866. jubilee in Boston. B. Vienna, 1825. Josef, left nearly 300 compositions. Stockton, Thomas IIewlings, an Am. Methodist divine and author; B. Vienna, 1827; d. there, 1870. Eduard, an orchestral leader in Vi- chaplain of the house of representatives, and of the senate in 1862. B. enna. The compositions of the four number 1,100. * Mt. Holly, N.J., 1SoS; d. Phila., 1868. Strauss, David Frederic, a Ger, theologian. B. Ludwigsberg, Wur- Stoddard, Richard Henry, stod’ard, a voluminous Am. writer; temburg, 180S; d. Berlin, 1874. “Abraham Lincoln.” B. IIingham, Mass., 1825. Elizabeth, wife of Street, Alfred Billings, strete, an Am. poet; “Frontenac.” B. IS11. foregoing, novelist and editor. B. Mattapoisett, Mass., 1823. Strickland, Agnes, strik'land, an Eng. writer of historical novels; Stoddard, Solomon, an Am. divine; Jonathan Edwards was his “Queens of England.” B. Suffolk, 1796; d. London. 1S74. grandson and co-minister. B. Boston, 1643; d. Northampton, 1729. Strickland, William Pcter, an Am. divine and writer; “History of Stokes, George Gabriel, stokes, a British mathematician; “On the the American Bible Society.” B. Pittsburgh, Pa., 1809. Change of the Refrangibility of Light.” B. Skreen, Ireland, 1819. Stringham, Silas Horton, string'an, an Am. rear admiral; assisted Stolberg, Friedrich Leopold, count, stol’berg, a Ger, poet; compan- in capture of Forts IIatteras and Clark. B. Middletown, N. Y., 1793; ion of Goethe and Klopstock; Danish amb. to Berlin. B Bramstedt, d. Brooklyn, 1876. Holstein, 1750; d. near Osnabruck, 1819. Christian, bro. of foregoing, Strong, Caleb, strong, an Am. statesman; one of the first U. S. scn- shared in his labors. B. Hamburg, 1748; d. near Eckernforde, Schles- ators from Mass. B. Northampton, Mass., 1745; d. there, 1819. wig, 1821. Strong, James, an Am. author and theologian; “Cyclopaedia of Stone, Thomas, stone, an Am. lawyer, and signer of the Declaration Biblical, Theological aud Eccl. Literature.” B, New York, 1822. of Independence; three times M. C. B. Pointon Manor, Charles co., Strossmayer, Joseph George, stros'ma-er, a prelate of Croato-Sla- Md., 1743; d. Port Tobacco, Md., 1787. vonia, who, at the Vatican council, maintained the inexpedicncy of de- Stone, William Leetc, an Am. printer and writer; “Border Wars.” fining papal infallibility. B. Eszek, 1815. B. New Paltz, N.Y., 1793; d. Saratoga Springs, 1844. William Leete, Strother, David Hunter, stroth'er, an Am. artist and humorous Jr., son of preceding, onc of the editors of the School journal, “His- writer; brigadier-general. B. Martinsburg, Va., 1816. tory of N. Y. City.” B. in N.Y., 1845. Strousberg, Bethel Henry, called Doctor, strowz'berg, original name Stone, William Oliver, an Am. artist; excelled in portraits of Buruch Hirsch, a Ger. adventurer, of Jewish descent; obtained con- women and children. B. Derby, Conn., 1830; d. Newport, R.I., 1875. cessions for several railways, and established factories and public en- Storrs, Richard Salter, stors, an Am. divine; editor of Independent. terprises employing more than 100,000 persons; failed in 1875, and was B. Braintree, Mass., 1821. imprisoned at Moscow for fraud. B. Neidenburg, E. Prussia, 1823. Story, Joseph, storie, an Am. jurist; judge of the supreme court; Strozzi, strot'see, a Florentine statesman. B. 1488; d. 1538. Jefferson attributed the repeal of the embargo act mainly to his efforts; Struensee, Johann Friedrich, count, fon stroo’en-zd, a Danish states- “Commentaries on the Conflict of Laws;” “Equity Plcadings.” B. man, physician of Christian VII., and favorite of Queen Carolina Ma- Marblehead, Mass., 1779; d. Cambridge, 1845. William Wetmore, an tilda, through whom he was appointed prime minister; his relations Am. sculptor and author, son of preceding; busts of Edward Everett with her caused his execution at Copenhagen, 1772. B. La IIalle, 1737. and of Theodore Parker. I}. Salem, 1819. Strutt, Joseph, strut', an Eng. antiquary, painter and engraver. Stothard, Thomas, sto'thard, an Eng. artist, R. A.; illustrated B. Springfield, Essex, 1742; d. London, 1802. .* " " --> - --~~ * |-- --~ *- GY --~ BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 357 "--— Struve, von, Friedrich Georg Wilhelm, struve, a Russian astrono- * builder and director of the Pulkova observatory. B. Altona, 1793; d. St. Petersburg, 1864. Otto Wilhelm, son of preceding, suc, his father as director; discovered over 500 new double stars and a new **tellite of Uranus. I. Dorpat, 1819. Struve, Georg Adam, a Ger. jurist, regent of the duke of Weimar. * Magdeburg, 1619; d. Jena, 1692. Burkhard Gotthelf, son of fore- #*g, a prof. of law and history; ruined himself and bro. searching for the philosopher's stone. B. Weimar, 1671; d. Jena, 1738. Strype, John, strip, an Eng. divine and writer; “Memoirs of Cran- ”” B. London, 1613; d. 1737. Stuart, or Stewart, stu’art, the family name of various English and Scotch Sovereigns. Stuart, Arabella, lady, cousin of James I.; indirect heir to Q. Eliza- beth; the subject of various intrigues; secretly married to William Seymour, both imprisoned; she escaped by feigning illness, but re-im- *oned and died insane. B. about 1575; d. tower of London, 1615. stuart, Sir Charles, a Brit. gen; served in Am. war; expelled the Fr. from Corsica; defended Portugal against the French. B. 1753; d. 1Sor. Stuart, Charles Gilbert, an Am. artist, assisted by Benjamin West; the first after Copley, of American artists. B. Narragansett, R.I., 1756; d. Boston, 1s28. Stuart, Dudley, Coutts, lord, an Eng. political reformer; M. P., and *pporter of the reform bill. B. Sož; d. Stockholm, 1854. Stuart-Wortley, Lady Emmeline, dau. of the duke of Rutland, an Eng. writer; “Keepsake.” D. Beyrout, near Jerusalem, from the kick of a mule, 1855. B. 1Soó. Stuart, Gilbert, a Scotch writer; “View of Society in Europe;” "History of Scotland.” B. Edinburgh, 1742 or 6; d. Musselburgh, 1786. Stuart, IIenry Benedict Maria Clement, last of the Stuarts; took or- *s in the Roman Catholic church ; made cardinal by Benedict XIV. B. Rome, 1725; d. Frascati, 1807. .*tuart, James, called Athenian Stuart, an Eng. antiquary; “An- "quities of Athens.” B. London, 1713; d. 1788. .*tuart, Moses, an Am, writer and preacher; professor of sacred literature. I3. Wilton, Conn., 17So; d. Andover, Mass., 1852. Stuckley, de, William, stewk-li, an Eng. antiquary, called the Arch Pruid. B. Holbeach, Lincolnshire, 16S7; d, 1765. - .Sturgeon, William, stur jun, an Eng. electrician and officer of ar. tillery; invented the electro-magnetic coil. B. Whittington, Lanca- shire, 1783; d. 1850. Sturm, James Charles Francis, stoorm, or sturm, Swiss mathemati- *n; discoverer of “Sturm's Theorem.” B. 1803; d. 1855. Sturm, Johann, a Ger, classical writer, called the German Cicero. * near Cologne, 1507; d. 1589. Sturm, John Christopher, a Ger. mathematician and prof, of phil. *ophy: “Course of Mathematics,” and a translation of Archimedes. B. Hippelstein, Bavaria, 1635; d. Altdorf, 1703. His son, Leonard Christopher, published “A Complete Course of Architecture.” B. Altdorf, 1669; d. 1719. Sturt, Sir Charles, sturt, a British explo: traveled in Australia. D. Cheltenham, 1S69. Stuyvesant, Petrus, sti’ve-sant, a Dutch cxplorer, soldier and colo- *ial settler. B. in Holland, 1602; d. in New York, 16S2. Suarez, Francisco, swa’reth, a Spanish theologist. B. Granada, 1543; d. Lisbon, 1617. Suchet, Louis Gabriel, su-sha', a Fr. general; duke of Albufera. B. Lyons, 177o; d. Marseilles, 1826. Suckling, Sir John, suck'ling, an Eng. poetic writer; M. P., and *ember of the court of Charles I.; “Poems, Plays and Remains.” B. Whitton, Middlesex, 1609; d. Paris, about 1642. Sucre de, Antonio Jose, da soo'kra, a S. Am. gen.; pres. of Boli- * 1825. B. Cumana, Venezuela, 1793; assas. in Ecuador, 1830. . Sue, Marie Joseph Eugene, su, a Fr. author of fiction; several years "the French army as surgeon. B. Paris, Sot; d. Annecy, 1857. Suetonius Tranquillus, Caius, swe-to'ni-tts, a Roman professor of history; “Classical Library.” B. about 72 A. D.; d. about 140. sulla, or sylla, Lucius Cornelius (Felix), su'a, a Roman ruler; com- *nded in several Roman wars. B. 138 B. c.; d. 7S. m. c. Sullivan, Arthur S., sullivan, an Eng. musician; “The Sapphire ecklace.” B. London, 1844. Sullivan, John, an Am. soldier; M. C., 1774; served in American revolution; atty."gen. of N. H. B. Berwick, Me., 1740; d. Durham, N. H., 1795. James, gov. of Mass., and brother of the foregoing; served in the American revolution; M. C., 1783. B. Berwick, Me., 1744; d. Boston, 1803. William, son of the foregoing, an historical author and lawyer, “Historical Causes and Effects, from the Fall of the Roman Empire to the Reformation, 1517.” B. Saco, Me... 1774; d. Boston, 1839. John Langdon, an Am. inventor and engineer, brother of the foregoing; invented the steam tow-boat. B. Saco, Me., 1777; d. Boston, 1865. Sullivant, William Starling, su!'i-vant, an Am. professor of botany; “A Catalogue of Plants in the Vicinity of Columbus, Ohio.” B. Franklinton, O., 1803; d. Columbus, 1823. Sully, de, Maxmilien Bethune, su!'i, a Fr. baron and politician; chief adviser of Henry of Navarre; marshal of France. B. Rosny, near Mantes, 1560; d. near Chartres, 1641. Sully, Thomas, an Am. artist; “Washington Crossing the Dela- ware.” B. Horncastle, Lincolnshire, Eng., 1783; d. Phila., 1872. Sulpicius Severus, sit!-pish'i-us, a Rom. lawyer and historical writer; “The Chronicle of Sulpicius Severus.” B. near Toulouse, about 363; d. Marscilles, about 410. Sumarokoff, Alexei Petrovitch, soo-ma-ro'kof, a Russian dramatic author; founder of first national theatre at St. Petersburg. B. Mos- cow, 1727; d. there, 1777. Summerfield, John, summer-field, an Am. divine of American tract society. I3. Preston, Eng., 1798; d. in N. Y., 1825. Summers, Thomas Osmond, sum’mers, an Am. divine; assisted to establish the M. E. conference in Texas. B. Dorsetshire, Eng., 1812. Sumner, Charles, sum’ner, an Am. statesman and senator; graduate of Harvard; aimed to improve the laws of nations, which to a great extent he accomplished; an extensive European traveler; first great oration, “True Grandeur of Nations;” took an active part in the presi- dential campaign, 184S, supporting the free-soilers; U.S. senator, 1851; re-elected until his death; was a strong abolitionist; at the beginning of he war, 1861-5, he was made chairman of the committee on foreign affairs. B. Boston, 1811; d. Washington, D.C., 1874. Sumner, John Bird, an Eng. divine; bishop of Chester, and arch- bishop of Canterbury. B. Kenilworth, Warwickshire, 17So; d. Lon. don, 1862. Sumter, Thomas, sum'ter, an Am...gen.; served in Am. revolution, as lieut.-col.; M. C. B. Va., 1734; d. near Camden, S.C., 1832. Sunderland, Robert Spencer, sun'der-land, an Eng. earl and politician; amb. to Spain; secy, of state, underJames II. B. Paris, about 1641; d. Althorp, 1702. Charles Spencer, an Eng. earl and politician; son of the foregoing; M. P., and lord lieut. of Ireland. B. 1674; d. 1722. Surrey, Henry Howard, sur’t, earl of, an Eng. poet; governor of Boulogne. B. about 1516; beheaded, Tower Hill, London, 1547. Surville, Marguerite Eleonore Clotilde de Vallon-Chalys de, survil, a Fr. authoress. Fl. in the 15th century. --Sutherland, George Granville Leveson Gower, suth'er-land, duke of, an Eng. lord; amb. to Paris. B. 1758; d. 1834. Sutton, Amos, sut'on, an Eng. missionary; thirty years in India; “Family Chaplain.” B. Sevenoaks, Kentucky, 1793; d. Cuttack, India, 1854. Suvaroff, or Suvoroff, Alexei Vaselievitch, count, soo-va'rof, a Rus- sian prince and gen.; served in the seven years war, and against the Turks; became general-in-chief. B. 1729; d. St. Petersburg, 18oo. Svertchkoff, Nikolai, svar-tak-off’, a Russian painter; good in painting horses; “A Russian Horse Market.” B. St. Petersburg, 1818. Swain, Charles, swan, an Eng. poetic author, known as the Man- chester poet; “Rhymes for Childhood.” B. Manchester, 1803; d. near there, 1874. Swainson, William, swan’son, an Eng. prof. of natural history; traveled extensively in S. Am.; “Fly Catchers.” B. Liverpool, 1789; d. 1855. Swammerdam, Johannes, swam'er-dam, a Dutch naturalist; “Natu- ral History of Ilees.” B. Amsterdam, 1637; d. about 16So. Swedberg, Jesper, sweed/burg, a Swedish divine; bishop of Skarra in West Gothland. B. Fahlun, 1653; d. Brunsbo, 1735. Swedenborg, Emanuel, swee’den-borg, a Swedish mystic; founder of the sect known as the New Jerusalem church; son of the bishop of Skarra; published Latin poems, and many works on mining. In 1743 he imbibed the belief that he was admitted to an intercourse with the in- visible world; this belief he retained until his death. He abstained strictly from the use of animal food, and was a man of great learning. B. Stockholm, 1688; d. London, 1772. Swetchine, Annie Sophie, svetch’een, a Fr. writer, and private secre- tary to Catharine II. B. Moscow, 1782; d. Paris, 1857. Swieten, Gerard van, van swee'ten, a Dutch physician-in-chief to the empress Maria Theresa; author. B. Leyden, 1700; d. Schonbrunn, 1772 Swift, Jonathan, swift, an Eng. author; dean of St. Patrick's; “Tale of the Tub,” a satire upon Roman Catholics; Swift was the prince of satirists. B. Dublin, 1667; d. there, 1745. - Swinburne, Algernon Charles, swin'burn, an Eng. poet, and dram- atist; “Rosamond;” “Songs Before Sunrise.” B. London, 1837. Sybel, Heinrich von, fon see'bel, a Ger. historian and mem. of the Prussian chamber. B. Dusseldorf, 1817. Sydenham, Floyer, sid'en-am, an Eng. scholar and author; “Disserta- tion on the Doctrine of IIeroclitus.” B. in Eng, 1710; d. there, 17S7. Sydow, Karl Leopold Adolf, si’do, a Ger, theologian; co-translator of Channing. B. Iłerlin, 1800. Sylvester, St., sil-ves'ter, a Roman pope; suc. to pope Melchiades. B. Rome, 270; d. there, 335. Sylvester, Gerbert, a Benedictine monk ; introduced the Arabic fig- ures in arithmetic; constructed terrestrial and celestial globes. I}. Aurillac, 920; d. Rome, 1003. Sylla, Lucius Cornclius, sylla, a Roman com.-in-chief; deluged Rome with blood when no one dared to dispute his power. B. 137 B.C.; d. 78 B. c. Syme, James, sin, a Scottish surgeon and author. B. Edinburgh, 1799; d. there, 167o. Symmachus, Coelius, sim'a-chus, made archdeacon of the Roman church by pope Felix III. B. Sinagia, 440; d. Rome, 504. Symmachus, Quintus Aurelius, a Roman writer of the 4th century. Symmes, John Cleves, sins, an Am. soldier and theologian; lectured on his theory that the earth is hollow, open at the poles, and capable of being inhabited within. Born, N.J., 1780; d. Hamilton, O., 1829. Synesius, sin-e'shus, a philosopher of the 5th century. B Cyrene, Africa, 379; d. Ptolemais, 430. Syphax, sifax, k, of Numidia, entered into an alliance with the Ro- mans against the Carthagenians B. about 250 B.C.; d. 201. B. C. Szalay, Laszio, sa'lay, a IIungarian historian, and member of the diet at Pesth. B. Buda, 1813; d. Salzburg, 1864. Szechenyi, Istvan, sa'cheh-nyee, a Hungarian statesman. B. Vienna, 1791; d. by his own hand, at Dobling, 1860. •o-> T G = -s. Tache, Alexandre, ta-sha', a Canadian archbishop. aska, Lower Canada, 1822. Tacitus, Căius Cornelius, tas’i-tus, a celebrated Roman historian, of whose family or early life nothing is known; practor, under Domitian; consul under Nerva, A. D. 97; according to Pliny, he was the greatest orator of his time; his friendship with Pliny is proverbial; “Annals;” “IIist. Reign of Tiberius.” B. about 54; d. about 11o. w Tadema, Lourenz Alma, ta-de'ma, a Dutch painter; “Egypt 3,000 Years Ago.” B. Drouryp, West Friesland, 1836. Tagliomi, Filippo, tal-yo'nee, an It. dancing master; “Sylphide.” B. Milan, 1777; d. near lake of Como, 1871. Maria, a dancer, dau. of pre- ceding. B. Stockholm, 1804. Paul, bro. of preceding, married the ballet dancer, Amalia Galster; traveled through Europe and U. S. B. Vienna, 180S. Taine, Hippolyte Adolphe, tan, a Fr. writer; professor of the his. tory of art in the school of fine arts. B.Vouziers, 1828. Tait, Archibald Campbell, tat, an Eng. prelate; dean of Carlisle; archb. of Canterbury. B. Edinburgh, 1S11. Tait, Peter Guthrie, a British philosopher; “Thermo-dynamics.” B. 1825. Talbot, William Henry Fox, taw!"bot, an Eng. author; made the experiment which resulted in the discovery of the photographic art. B. Chippenham, Wiltshire, 18oo; d. 1877. Talfourd, Sir Thomas Noon, tawl furd, an Eng, tragedian; “The Athenian Captive;” “Glencoe.” B. Doxey, 1795; d. Stafford, 1854. B. Kamour- Tallart, Camille d'Hostun, duke de, tal/lart, a Fr. statesman; lieut.- gen.; ambassador to England. B. Dauphiny, 1652; d. 1728. Talleyrand-Perigord, 1 Icliede, tal/le-rand, a Fr. cardinal; was sent to London to procure the release of John, k. of Fr. B. 1301; d. 1364. Talleyrand-Perigord, Henry de, count de Chalais, a favorite of Louis XIII.; lover of the duchess de Chevreuse; conspired against Richelieu, and perished upon the scaffold, 1626. Talleyrand-Perigord, Alexandre Angelique de, archb. of Rheims. B. Paris, 1736; d. there, 1822. Talleyrand-Perigord, Charles Maurice de, a Fr. diplomat; minister plenipotentiary to the court of St. James; assisted in the establishment of the kingdom of Belgium. B. Paris, 1754; d. 1838. Tallien, Jean Lambert, ta-le-an', a Fr. revolutionist; bitter opponent of the Girondists; voted for the death of Louis XVI. B. Paris, 1769; d. there, 1820. Talma, Francois Joseph, tal'ma, a Fr. actor; said to have repre- sented more than 70 characters; his wife was also a very fine actress. B. Paris, 1763; d. there, 1826. Talmage, Thomas De Witt, tal/mij, an Am. lecturer and clergyman; pastor of the “Brooklyn Tabernacle,” the largest Protestant church in Am.; “The Almond Tree in Blossom.” B. Boundbrook, N.J., 1832. Tamberlik, Enrico, tam'bur-lik, an Italian vocalist; visited U. S. in 1875. B. Rome, 1820. * Tamburini, Antonio, tam-boo-ree'nee, an Italian singer and excellent actor in serious opera. B. Faenza, 1800. Tamburini, Pietro, an Italian theological writer. B. Brescia, 1737; d. Pavia, 1827. * Tamerlane. See TIMUR. Tancred, tank’red, an Italian crusader, son of the marquis Odo; distinguished himself at siege of Micaea, 1097; a leading character in Tasso's “Jerusalem Delivered.” B. 1078; d. Antioch, 1112. Taney, Roger Brooke, taw’ni, an Am. senator and able jurist; U. S. atty.-gen.; displayed his ability in the Dred Scott case, who brought suit to recover his freedom on account of being taken into territory made free by “Missouri Compromise.” B. Calvert co., Md., 1777; d. Washington, 1864. Tannahill, Robert, tan'a-hil, a Scotch poet; “Poems and Songs.” B. Paisley, 1774; d. 1810. (Q N -—2 358 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. * Tanner, Henry S., an Am. physician; soldier in 41st Ohio volunteers, war 1861-5, claimed that the electricity of the air was an important factor in sustaining ahimal life, and that many diseases could be more successfully treated by abstaining from food than by drugs; for years he lived on a very plain and frugal diet, using no tea, coffee, or tobacco in any form, and finally, in New York city, undertook a fast of 40 days, which he successfully completed at 12 o'clock, noon, Aug. 7, 18So. B. Tunbridge Wells, Kent, Eng., Feb. 7, 1831. Latcr, Mr. Griscom, in Chicago, completed a fast of 45 days, writing articles for the daily papers in the interim. - * Tappan, Henry Philip, tap'an, an Am. theologian; “A Step from the New World to the Old.” B. Rhinebeck, N.Y., 1805. Tarleton, Bannastre, tar!"ton, an English patriot; lieut.-col. in Corn- wallis's army; present at the surrender of Yorktown. B. Liverpool, 1754; d. 1833. Tarpeia, tar-pe-a’, a Roman maiden; according to legends she be- trayed the citadel on Capitoline hill, to the Sabines, for their fine bracelets; Tarpeian rock named from her. Tarquin I., Lucius Tarquinius Priscus, tar' win, the Elder, fifth k. of Rome; def. the Sabines, who advanced to the gates of Rome, but were driven back and completely overthrown. Assassinated, 578 B. c. II. Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, the Proud, seventh and last Roman king, son of preceding, murdered Servius Tullius and usurped the throne; he put to death, or exiled, all who were disagreeable to him; banished. D. 495 B.C. Tartini, Giuseppe, tar-tee'nee, an Italian violinist; eloped with one of his pupils; “Tartini’s Dream.” B. Pirano, 1692; d. Padua, 1770. Taschereau, Jules Antoine, tash-ro', a French writer; editor of the A/ational. B. Tours, 1801; d. Paris, 1874. Tasman, Abel Jansen, tas'man, a celebrated Dutch navigator; dis- covered land that he named Van Dieman, and afterward the country now called New Zealand. Lived in the 17th century. Tassie, James, tas'se, an eminent Scotch numismatist; pub. catalogue | ! # = -—°b.” - --~~ -v- BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 359 "--— of collections in 1791 that contained over 15,000 articles. B. near Glas- dent; held office, 1872–6; influential in the ratification of treaties of gow, 1735; d. London, 1799. commerce with U. S. B. Jalapa, 1825. Tasso, Bernardo, tas'so, an Italian, and father of the more illustrious Teleky, Laszlo, te-lee'ki, count, a Hungarian politician; an opposi- Torquato Tasso; wrote poems, “Amadis de Gaula,” and “Floridante.” tion member of the diets of Transylvania and Hungary; wrote drama B. Bergamo, 1493; d. 1569. “Favorite.” B. Pesth, 1811; took his own life, 1S61. "asso, Torquato, a celebrated Italian poet, son of the preceding; Telford, Thomas, telford, a British architect; directed the construc- Wrote “Rinaldo” at Padua, at 18; confined in hospital of Santa Anna as tion of Ellesmere canal; Menia suspension bridge. B. Westerkirk, a lunatic, at Ferrara; called to Rome in 1592 by Pope Clement VIII., 1757; d. Westminster, iS34. who admired him; “Jerusalem Delivered,” his immortal epic poem. Tell, William, tel, a legendary Swiss hero, who refused to pay rever- B. Sorrento, Naples, 1544; d. Rome, 1595. ence to the Austrian bailiff's cap, for which he was sentenced to Tassoni, Alexander, tas-so'ne, an Italian poet; “Rape of the Bucket.” death; spared on the condition that he would shoot an apple from his B. Modena, 1565; d. there, 1635. child's head; he did so, and without injuring the child. Tate, Nahum, tait, an Irish poet; “Panacea;" ten dramatic pieces. Teller, William Abraham, tel'ler, an eminent Ger. Protestant theo- B. Dublin, 1652; d. London, 1715. * - logian. B. Leipsic, 1734; d. Berlin, 1804. Titianus, of Syria, tai-shi-ai'nus, a Platonic philosopher, that became Temminck, C.J. tem’mink, a Dutch naturalist; “Atlas of Birds.” B. **nvert to Christianity, and a disciple of Justin Martyr; head of a sect about 17So; d. about 1860. called the Encratites; fl. in second century. Tempesta, Peter, tem-pes'ta, real name Molyn; called Tempesta Tatius, tai'shi-us, k, of the Sabines, who, to revenge the rape of the from his frequent delineation of storms and wrecks. B. Harlaam, abine women, made war on the Romans; took the capitol and resided 1637; d, 17or. - **ome, sharing government with Romulus; murdered at Lavinium, Temple, Frederick temple, an Eng. bishop; supported Gladstone's 742 B. c. measures for the disestablishment of Irish church. B. 1S21. *atius, Achilles, a native of Alexandria that embraced Christianity; Temple, Richard Grenville, earl, an Eng. politician; “The Gren- "Commentary on Phenomena of Aratus.” ville Papers.” B. 1711; d. Stowe, Buckinghamshire, 1777. "avannes, ta-van', the name of an ancient family of Burgundy; Temple, Sir William, an Eng. politician, baron; refused to sign a Gaspard de Saulx, lord of; a Fr. gen.; took Metz, 1552; marshal of Fr.; treaty of peace between France and Holland. B. London, 1628; d. ''PPosed doctrines of the reformers. B. Dijon, 1509; d. 1573. Jean de Moor Park, Surrey, 1699. - Saulx, Viscount de, son of preceding, marshal of Fr. B. 1555; d. Tencin, Claudine Alexandrine Guerin de, tan'sa, sister of Cardinal about 1630. de Tencin; she was m. of the celebrated Fr. philosopher D'Alembert. *aylor, Ann and Jane, taillor, Eng. authors; wrote good juvenile B. 1681; d. 1749. * * '*ks. Jane was b. 1783; d. 1824. Ann, elder of the sisters, b. 1782; Tenerani, Pietro, ten'er-a’ne, an It, sculptor; executed pieces for d. 1866. Am. cities. B. 17S9; d. 1S69. *aylor, Bayard, an Am. author, traveler, and lecturer; traveled in Teniers, David, ten'e-ers, a Dutch painter; studied under Rubens. *F, Switz, Fr., Ger, Italy, and in India, China and Japan; sojourned | B. Antwerp, 1582; d. there, 1649. David, his son, also a painter. B. **yria, Asia Minor, Sicily, and Egypt. B. Chester co., Penn., 1825; Antwerp, 1610; d. Brussels, 1694. - d. 1878. Tennant, Smithson, ten'nant, an Eng.chemist. B. Selby, Yorkshire, Taylor, Brook, a celebrated Eng. mathematician; the discoverer of 1761; d. 1815. * theorem that bears his name. B. Edmonton, 1685; d. 1731. Tennant, William, a Scotch poet; taught himself German, Portu- *aylor, General Zachary, 12th pres. of the U.S.; served in war of guese, Hebrew, Syriac, Chaldaic and other languages. B. Easter- *812; defended Ft. Harrison, on Wabash river, for which he was made Anstruther, Fife, 1785; d. 1848. *jor, lieut.-col. in 1819; distinguished in Black Hawk and Seminole Tennemann, Wilhelm Gottlieb, ten'ne-man, a Ger. phil.; trans- "s; chief in command of southwest div. U.S.A. in 1840; with 6,000 lated from Locke and IIume. B. Brembach, 1761; d. Marburg, 1819. *en he def. Santa Anna with his 20,000 at Buena Vista, which defeat Tennent, Sir James Emerson, a British writer; M. P.; “Travels in led to the peace of 1848, and his election to the presidency in that year; Greece.” B. Belfast, 1804; d. London, 1869. P*s one year and four months; suc. by vice-pres. Fillmore; whig. B. Tennyson, Alfred, ten'ni-son, a distinguished modern English poet; Orange co., Va., 24th Sept., 1784; d. 9th July, 1350. * poet laureate; “Mariana; ” “Dying Swan;” “Locksley Hall;” “The Taylor, Isaac, an Eng. writer; “Beginnings of Biography.”.D. 1S29. Princess;” “In Memoriam,” “Maud;” “Idylls of the King,” appeared Isaac, son of preceding, a writer; “Physical Theory of Another Life.” 1858; “Enoch Arden,” 1864; raised to peerage in 1884. B. Somersby, B. Lavanham, Suffolk, 1787; d. 1865. Lincolnshire, 1810. Taylor, Jeremy, a learned Eng. prelate; chaplain to Charles I. B. Tenterden. See ABBOTT, Charles, Lord Tenterden. Cambridge, 1613; d. Lisbon, Irc., 1667. - Terburg, Gerard, ter'burg, a Dutch artist; excelled in the finishing Taylor, John, an Eng. poet, called the “water poet;” wrote over So of drapery. B. Zwolle, 1608; d. Deventer, 1681. pieces. B. Gloucester, 15So; d. London, 1654. Terence (Publius Terentius Afer), a Rom. poct; “The Stepmother;” Taylor, Rowland, an Eng. divine and martyr; charged with marry- “The Brothers.” B. Carthage, 195 B. c.; d. 159 B. c. ing and refusing to celebrate mass in his church. Burnt near Hadleigh Terentia, te-ren'shi-a, the wife of Cicero, who repudiated her for Suffolk, 1555. faithlessness; she married Sallust, enemy of Cicero, and afterward Taylor, Sir Robert, an Eng, sculptor and architect; added wings to Messala Corvinus; lived, according to Pliny, to her 117th year. * bank of England. B. London, 1714; d. there, 1788. Terhune, Mary Virginia (Marion Harland), ter-hun', an Am. novel- Taylor, Thomas, a learned Eng. writer, whose services to literature ist; “Hidden Path;” “True as Steel.” B. Amelia co., Va., 1835. *e immense; translated some of the works of Plato, Aristotle and Terpander, ter-pan'der, a lyric poet and musician of Lesbos; added Apulsius. B. London, 1758; d. there, 1835. three strings to the lyre. Fl. about 650 B. C. Taylor, Tom, an Eng, dramatist and general writer; “Still Waters Terry, Alfred Howe, ter’i, an Am. gen. in war of 1861-5. B. 1827. Run Deep.” B. Sunderland, 1817. Tertullian, Quintus Septimus Florens, ter-tul'li-an, a father of the *aylor, William, an Eng. writer; made translations from the Ger., church, converted to Christianity; “Apology” for Christians. B. about P'oduced an English reproduction of Burger's “Lenore.” B. 160; d. about 225. Norwich, 1765; d. 1836. Tetzel, or Tezel, Johann, tet'sel, a Ger. monk; preached indulgences Tecumseh, or Tecumtha, fe-cum'seh, an Indian (Shawnee) chief; for future sins, assuring the people that as soon as the money re- served in attack on Fort Recovery, 1794; brig.-gen. in British army. B. sounded in the chest their sins would be forgiven. B. Leipsic, about *r Springfield, O., 1763; k. at battle of the Thames, 1813. 1460; d. there, 1519. Tegner, Esaias teg-mer', a Swedish poet; “The Children of the Thacher, James, thatch'er, an Am. surgeon; chief surgeon to first *ord's Supper.” B. Kirkerud, 1782; d. Wexio, 1846. Va. state regiment; “Military Journal During Rev. War.” B. Barn. Tejada, or Lerdo de Tejada, Sebastian, ta-ya'dah, a Mexican presi- stable, Mass., 1754; d. Plymouth, 1844. ~ t * *- G-e- x - + —-4 < *—- 360 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. Thacher, Peter, an American prelate; surnamed “Silver-tongued the empire of the East, and that of the West to Honorius. B. 345; d. Thacher;” delivered an oration at Watertown, 1776. B. Milton, Mass., Milan, 395. 1752; d. Savannah, Ga., 1802. Theodosius II., grandson of preceding, succeeded his father Arcadius, Thackeray, William Makepeace, thāk-e-rai, a distinguished Eng. in 40S, Ardaburius, his general, def. the Persians near Euphrates, but novelist; lectured in U.S. on “Four Georges;” “Denis Duval.” B. Theodosius was less fortunate against the Huns, who overran the Eu- Calcutta, 1811; d. London, 1863. ropean provinces; sovereignty for him exercised by his sister Pulcheria; Thalberg, Sigismund, tal/bairg, an eminent Ger. pianist and mus. celebrated Theodosian code of laws promulgated. B. 401; d. 450. composer. B. Geneva, 1812; d. Naples, 1871. III., emp. of the East in suc. to Anastasius II., in 715. Abdicated in Thales, thai'lees, an ancient Gr. philosopher; among his disciples favor of Leo III. were Anaximander, Anaximenes, and Pythagoras; stands first on the Theodotion, of Ephesus, the-o-do'she-on, was of the Ebionite sect of list of the seven wise men; first observed the apparent diameter of the Christians, and made translation into Greek of the Old Testament. sun; observed the nature and course of eclipses. B. Miletus, 640 B. c.; FI. early in the 2d century. d. about 545 B.C. Theodotus, of Byzantium, the-od'o-tus, the Tanner; his followers Thamasp, Tamasp, or Thamas I., tha'mas, sofi of Persia; def. Usbeks; were called Theodotians. Claimed that Christ was simply a man. took Bagdad in 1529, and conquered Shirvan in 1538. B. 1514; poisoned, Theon, theon, a celebrated Greek painter; paintings alluded to by 1576. II., twelfth sofi of Persia; attacked on all sides by the Afghans, Pliny, Plutarch and AElian fl. under Philip and Alexander of Macedon. Russians, and Turks; deposed in 1732. B. about 1698; probably Theon, of Alexandria, the Younger, a phil. and math. in time of killed, 1737. Theodosius the Great; f. of the celebrated Hypatia. Fl. 4th century. Thamasp, or Tamasp-Kuli-Khan. See, NADIR SIIAII. Theon, of Smyrna, the Elder, a Platonic philosopher. Fl. under Thatcher, Benjamin Bussey, thatch'er, an Am. writer; “Traits of the Ptolemy. Boston Tea Party.” B. Warren, Me., 1Soo; d. Boston, 1848. Theophanes, George, the-of"a-nees, a Gr, historian; wrote a chron- Theiner, Augustin, ti'ner, a Ger. author, keeper of secret archives of icle beginning where Syncellus ends, reaching to r. of Michael Curo- the Vatican. B. Breslau, 1804; d. Civita Vecchia, 1874. Johann Anton, palatus. D. 818. *. bro. of preceding, a Ger. theologian; pub. an extensive work on history Theophania, empress of the East, the-of"a-ne-a, wife of Romanus of celibacy. B. Breslau, 1799; d. there, 1S60. II.; poisoned her husband in 963 and placed her paramour Nicephorus Thelwall, John, the "wal, an Eng. novelist; “Daughter of Adoption.” Phocas on the throne; had him assas., and espoused John Zimisces, B. London, 1764; d. Bath 1834. by whom she was banished. She was recalled to Constantinople by Themison, them'is-on, a celebrated Greek physician; formed a sect her son Basil II. in 983. called Methodici; fl. 1st century B. c. Theophilus, the-of"i-lus, emp. of the East, son and suc. of Michael Themistius, the-mis'ti-us, a Greek orator and philosopher; wrote II.; an iconoclast, and nearly all the time at war with the caliph Mo- commentaries on philosophy of Plato and Aristotle; fl. in 4th century. tassem, who sacked Armorium, the birthplace of Theophilus. D. 842. Themistocles, the-mis'to-klez, an illustrious Athenian general; ac- Theophrastus, the-o-fras’tus, a Gr. phil.; disciple of Aristotle. B. tively engaged in the battle of Marathon; by his influence the battle of Eresus, isl. of Lesbos, about 370 B. c.; d. Athens, at advanced age. Salamis resulted in the victory of the Greeks; he was given the crown Theramenes, the ram'e-nees, an Athenian phil. and gen.; one of the of wisdom, and for services rendered Artaxerxes was presented by him thirty tyrants that assumed the government of Athens; Critias, a col- with a Persian wife, and costly presents; he is said to have poisoned league, accused him and he was condemned to take poison, 404 B. c. himself because of his inability to fulfil his promises. B. about 514 B. Theresa, St., fe-re'sa, a Sp. lady that bccame a Carmelite nun; f. of c.; d. Magnesia, Asia Minor, about 449 B. c. a society at Avila in 1562. B. Castile, 1515; d. 1582. Thenard, Louis Jacques, baron, tain'ar, a celebrated chemist in the Thespis, thespis, a Gr, poet of Attica, who, according to the an- college of France. B. La Louptiere, Champagne, 1777; d. Paris, 1857. cient tradition, was the inventor of tragedy. Fl. about 535 B. c. Theobald, Lewis, the 'o-bazvld, an Eng, dramatic author; superior as Thessalus, the'sa-lus, a Gr. physician, one of the f. of the Metho- an editor of Shakespeare. B. Sittingbourne, Kent; d. 1744. dici school of medicine. FI./in 1st century. Theocritus, the-ok'ri-tus, a Greek bucolic poet, whose friend and Theudis, thu'dis, k. of Visigoths; drove Franks out of Saragossa; patron was Ptolemy Philadelphus; said to have been strangled by def. at Ceuta by Greeks; last of Visigothic kings that resided in order of Hiero, k. of Syracuse, for having written a satire against him. Spain. Assas. at Barcelona, 548. Theodora, the-o-do'ra, empress of the East, the profligate w. of Justin- Thevenot, Melchisedeck, taive'no, a learned Fr. writer. John, a ian was, as her mother and her sisters Comitona and Anastasia were, celebrated Fr. traveler; nephew of preceding; introduced coffee into cxtremely beautiful; her stature was short. Human faith is staggered France. B. Paris, 1633; d. 1667. at her impuritics. Thibaut, le'bo, fifth count of Champagne, and first king of Navarre; Theodore, the-o-dore, an adventurer of low birth, that raised himself set out on crusade in Holy Land in 1239; def. at Caesarea and at Ascalon. to the position of negus or emp. of Abyssinia, in 1855; proceeded B. 1201; d. Pampeluna, 1253. against by the British, who took Magdala, 13 April, 1868, when he Thibaut, Anthony Justus Frederick, a Ger, writer on jurisprudence; shot himself. B. Quard, in Western Arnhara, about 1810. “Essays on Civil Law.” B. Hameln, Hanover, 1772; d. 1840. Theodoric, the-od’o-rik, k. of the Ostrogoths in Italy; served the Thierry, Amedee Simon Dominique, tee'er-re, a Fr. historian. B. emp. Zeno, who made him consul in 4S4; def. and put to death Odoacer, Blois, 1797. Jacques Nicolas Augustin, a celebrated Fr. hist., bro. and became master of all Italy; displayed qualities of a great prince. of foregoing; “Ten Years of Hist. Study.” B. Blois, 1795; d. 1856. B. 455; d. 526. Julia, a Fr. author, wife of preceding; “Pictures of Manners in 18th Theodoric I., k, of Visigoths, suc. Wallia in 420; from 426 to 436 and 19th Centuries.” D. 1844. made war on Romans three times; def. Attila at Chalons-sur-Marne in Thiers, Louis Adolphe, tee'air, a celebrated Fr. statesman and pres. 451, but fell in battle; suc. by his son Thorismund. of France, from 1871 to 1873, when he resigned, being succeeded by Theodorus Lascaris, Theodore, las-kar'is, emp. of Nicea; combatted McMahon; minister of interior and foreign affairs, 1832 and 1836; ora- simultaneously the Latin emperors and the Sultan of Iconium; d. 1222; tor in the National assembly. B. Marseilles, 1797; d. 1877. suc. by his son-in-law John Ducas (See Joris III.), and his grandson Tholuck, Frederick Augustus Gottren, tol'uk, a celebrated Ger, theo- Theodore Lascaris, called the Young, who r. from 1255 to 1259. This logian; “Hours of Devotion.” B. Breslau, 1799. latter was suc. by John Lascaris. See Joi1N IV. Thom, James, tom, a Scotch sculptor, afterward a farmer and archi- Theodosius I., the Great, the-o-do'si-us, a Roman cmp.; defeated the tect. B. Ayrshire, 1799; d. N. Y., 1850. William, a Scotch poct, Goths; in 390 caused inhabitants of Thessalonica to be put to the called “the Weaver-Poet of Inverury.” B. Aberdeen, 1799; d. In- sword; def. Maximus; marched to Rome, and had a triumph; returned verury, 1850. * to Constantinople and def. barbarians that had ravaged Macedonia, Thomas a Becket. See BECKET, Thomas a. and Thrace; def. Eugenius at Aquileia in 394, and became emperor of Thomas a Kempis. See KEMPIs, Thomas a. the whole Roman world; before his death he gave his son Arcadius Thomas Aquinas. Sce AquiNAS, St. Thomas. + --> | - * -= --~~ Y- BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 361 "-__ "homas, Charles Louis Ambroise, tom'as, a Fr. musical composer; | Thorne, Charles R., jr., thorn, an Am. actor. B. New York, 1837; d. Wrote an opera, “Hamlet,” for Mlle. Nilsson; “Francesca da Rimini.” there, 1883, aged 46. B. Metz, 1811. Thornhill, Sir James, thorn'hil, an Eng. artist; knighted by George Thomas, George Henry, an Am. maj.-gen. in war 1S61-5; served in I. B. Weymouth, 1676; d. there, 1734. Florida war, 1840-2; Mexican war, 1846-8; also, war against Seminole Thornton, Bonnell, thorn’ton, an Eng. author and translator; “The Indians, 1849-'50; in the summer of 1861, took part in the operations Treasure;” “The Shipwreck.” B. London, 1724; d. 1768. in Shenandoah valley; commanded army of the Georgia; a corps dur- Thornton, Matthew, a signer of the Declaration of Independence; 's campaign of Rosecrans, in Tenn., and Ga.; routed Gen. Hood at M. C. B. in Ireland, 1714; d. Newburyport, Mass., 1803. Nashville, 15-16 Dec., '64, for which he received the thanks of congress. Thornwell, James Henley, thorn'wel, an Am, theologian; prof. * Southampton co., Va., 1816; d. San Francisco, 1870. belles-lettres in S. C. college; “Discourses on Truth.” B. Marl- "homas, Isaiah, an Am. printer; f. Massachusetts Spy; “History borough dist., S.C., 1811; d. Charlotte, N. C., 1862. of P rinting in America.” B. Boston, 1749; d. Worcester, 1831. Thorneyroft, Mary (Francis), thorn'i-crawft, an Eng. sculptor; Thomas, Joseph, an Am. writer and biographer; “Baldwin's Pro- “Flower Girl.” P. Thornham, Norfolk, 1814. *ncing Gazetteer.” B. Cayuga co., N.Y., 1811. Thorpe, Benjamin, thorp, an Eng. philologist; “Northern Mythol- "homas, Saint, one of the twelve apostles; commemorated in the ogy.” B. about 1808; d. Chiswick, 1870. Roman Catholic church 21st Dec., in Greek church Easter (Thomas Thorwaldsen, Bertel, or Albert, thor-wauld'sen, a celebrated Danish Sunday). sculptor; “Venus with the Apple.” B. Copenhagen, 1770; d. 1844. "homasius, Christian, to-ma'ze.oos, a Ger. writer and philolopher; Thou, Jacques Auguste, de, deh too, a Fr. author; pres. of parlia- *sed the trial for witchcraft and torture to be abolished in Germany. ment of Paris. B. Paris, 1553; d. 1617. B. *eipsic, 1655; d. Halle, 1728. Gottfried, descendant of preceding, Thrasybulus, thras-i-bu'lus, an Athenian gen.; restored the Athe- a Ger. clergyman; Lutheran pastor. B. 1802; d. 1875. nian interest in Byzantium; procured the pardon of Alcibiades. D. Thompson, Augustus Charles, tom’son, an Am. prelate; “Gathered about 390 B.C. *ilies,” “seeds and sheaves.” B. Gbshen, Conn., 1812. Throckmorton, Sir Nicholas, throk-morton, an Eng. statesman; ar- Thompson, Benjamin, an Am. philosopher; commander-in-chief of rested on a charge of being concerned in negotiating a message be- the general staff, and minister of war; demonstrated “Heat as a tween Mary Q. of Scots and the duke of Norfolk. B. about 1513; d. 1571. Mode of Motion.” B. Woburn, Mass., 1753; d. near Paris, 1814. Thucydides, thu-sid’i-dees, a celebrated Gr. historian; “History of Thompson, Daniel Pierce, an Am. author; secy. of state; “Green Pcloponnesian War.” B. 471 B. c.; d. about 4oo. |Mountain Boys,” “Tory's Daughter.” B. Charlestown, Mass., 1795; Thulden, Theodore van, tool/den, an eminent Dutch painter; favorite * Montpelier, vt., isós. * of Rubens. B. Bois-le-Duc, 1607; d. there, 1676. Thompson, Elizabeth, an Eng. artist; “Roll Call,” relating to Thumb, Tom, real name Charles Heywood Stratton, celebrated Am. Crimean war, purchased by the queen. B. London, about 1850. lilliputian, best known as Gen. Tom Thumb. B. Bridgeport, Ct., 1838; Thompson, James B., an eminent Am. mathematician and scholar. d. Middleboro, Mass., aged 45. * * * B. Springfield, Vt., 1814; d. Brooklyn, 1883. Thurlow, Edward, lord, thur'lo, an eminent Eng. lawyer; solicitor- Thompson, Joseph Parrish, an Am. theologian; pastor of Broad- -gen.; atty.-gen.; lord chancellor. B. near Stowmarket, Suffolk, 1732; *y Tabernacle, N.Y.; “Love and Penalty.” B. Phila., 1819. d. Brighton, 1806. * Thompson, Launt, an Am. sculptor; “Little Nell;” statue of Gen. Tiberius, Claudius Nero, ti-be’ri-us, a Roman emp.; had four suc- . Winfield Scott. B. Queen's co., Irc., 1833. cessive triumphs; murdered many noble senators; most cold-blooded Thompson, Thomas Perronet, an Eng. politician; M. P.; issued a and hateful of the Roman emperors; his private habits were disgust- Proclamation for the suppression of slave trade. B. Hull, 1783; ing; like the beasts of prey, he could see in the dark. B. Rome, 42 B. d. 1869. c.; d. near Misenum, 37 A. D. "hompson, Waddy, an Am. jurist; M. C.; leader of the whig party; Tiberius, Absimarus, emp. of the East: def. Mohammedan in- B. Pickensville, S. C., 1798; d. Tallahassee, Fla., 1868. habitants of Syran, but Justinian II. took Constantinople, when Tiberius "homs, William John, tomz, an Eng, writer; “Anecdotes and Tra- attempted to escape, but was taken and beheaded by Justinian, 705. ditions.” B. Westminster, 18o3. Ticknor, George, tik'nor, an Am. historian; prof. of belles-lettres Thomson, Anthony Todd, tom’son, a Scotch physician. B. Edin- in Harvard; “History of Spanish Literature.” B. Boston, 1791; d. . burgh, 1778; d, Middlesex, 1849. Katherine Byerly, wife of preceding, there, 1871. an Eng. novelist; “Court Secrets;” “Queens of Society.” B. Etru- Tieck, Ludwig, teek, a Ger. writer; “Little Red Riding Hood.” B. ria, Staffordshire, 1800; d. Dover, 1862. Berlin, 1773; d. there, 1853. Christian Friedrich, bro. of preceding, a Thomson, Charles, an Am. patriot, of Irish descent, secy. of first U. Ger. sculptor; his statues decorate the royal theatre at Berlin. B. Ber- S. house rep. B. co. Derry, Ire., 1729; d. near Phila., 1824. lin, 1776; d. there, 1851. Thomson, Edward, an Am. theologiam; editor Christian Advocate Tiedemann, Dietrich, tee'dai-man, a learned Ger, writer; “ Spirit of and journal; missionary to China. B. Portsea, Eng., 1810; d. Wheel- Speculative Philosophy.” B. near Bremen, 1748; d. Marburg, 1803. *g, W. Va., 1870. Frederick, son of foregoing, an anatomist; “Zoology.” B. Cassel, Thomson, James, a Scottish poet; “The Seasons,” “Coriolanus.” 1781; d. Munich, 1861. Roxburghshire, Scotland, 17oo; d. near Richmond, 1748. Tierney, George, teer'ne, an Eng. statesman and political writer; M. Thomson, James, a British mechanic and engineer. B. Belfast, P. B. 1761; d. 1830. about 1816. Sir William, bro. of preceding, a mathematician; in- Tigranes, ti-grai'nees, king of Armenia; ally of Mithridates the Vented the mirror galvanometer and syphon recorder for ocean telegra- Great, whose daughter Cleopatra he married; defeated by Lucullus and phy. B. Belfast, 1824. Pompey; fl. in 1st century. Tigranes, prince of Armenia, son of pre- Thomson, Thomas, a Scotch chemist, “Elements of Chemistry.” B. ceding, was made king of Sophene by the Romans; sent in chains to Crieff, Perthshire, 1773; d. Kilmun, Arglyshire, 1852. Rome by Pompey. "homson, William, an Eng. prelate; archbishop of York; “Outline Tilden, Samuel Jones, til'den, an American politician; in 1869-'70 was Of Necessary Laws of Thought.” B. Whitehaven, 1819. prominent in exposing gigantic frauds in N. Y. city; gov. N. Y., 1874; Thor, thor, a legendary character; he wore a girdle about his democratic candidate for president, def. by Hayes, whose popular vote **ist, which forever renewed the strength spent in battle; the fifth day was, 4,033,295; Tilden, 4,284,265; but Hayes received 1S5 clectoral votes, *the week received its name from him, Thursday. Tilden, 184, so declared by a measure passed by a democratic congress. Thoreau, Henry David, tho'ro, an Am. writer; “Life in the Woods;” B. New Lebanon, Columbia co., N. Y., 9th Feb., 1814. *merson says: “He never voted; never ate flesh; never . married; Tilghman, William, til’man, an Am. judge. B. 1756; d. 1827. *ver went to church.” B. Concord, Mass., 1817; d. there, 1862. Tillotson, John, til'lot-son, an Eng. prelate; attended Lord Russell on Thornbury, George Walter, thorn/bur-i, an Eng, writer; “True as the scaf.; archb. of Canterbury. B. Sowerby, Yorkshire, 1630; d. 1694. Steel;” “Wildfire.” B. London, ..S28. Tilly, John Tserclas, count, til'le, a German gen.; fought in Hungary - --> Q—a- –==" 362 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. | vs. Turks; at battle of Prague, 1620; at last def. by Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden; mortally wounded while defending the passage of the Lech, in 1632. B. Castle Tilly, South Brabant, 1559. Timoleon, ti-mo'le-on, a celebrated Corinthian gen, and statesman; relieved the Syracusans from the tyranny of Dionysius. Died 337 B. c. Timon, ti’mon, the Misanthrope, a native of Colyttus, in Attica; de- clared himself an enemy to mankind because he had been deceived by friends; his name is made immortal by Shakspeare; fl. during Pelopon- Il CS1:11"| Will's Timotheus, ti-mo'the-us, a celebrated Athenian gen.; took Corcyra, Cephalonia and Arcania, to avert an invasion of Thebes by Lacedac- monians. D. Chalcis, in Euboea, 354 B. c. Timotheus, or Timothy, the disciple of St. Paul, was made first bishop of Ephesus; probably stoned to death for opposing the worship of the goddess Diana, A. D. 97. Timur, Sultan, or Tamerlane, ti'moor, a celebrated Tartar conqueror, a descendant of Genghis Khan; made himself master of Balk, the capital of Khorassan, and took province of Candahar; subdued all of ancient Persia, and took Bagdad; took Delhi in India; Bagdad revolted against him when he delivered the city up to pillage and put to death 90,000 persons; invaded Syria and took Damascus; def. Bajazet, emp. of Turks, and took him prisoner; Tamerlane fixed the seat of his vast empire at Samarcand. B. Sebz, near Samarcand, 1335; d. Otrar, on the Jaxartes, 1405. * Tindal, Matthew, tin'dal, an Eng. theologian, “Rights of the Chris- tian Church’” B. Beer-Ferris, Devonshire, 1657; d. London, 1733. Tindale, William. See TYNDALE Tinne, Alexandrine Petronella Francina, teen, a Dutch explorer; she visited the White Nile, and made the natives believe her the dau. of a sultan. Tintoretto Il, el tin-to-ret'o, real name Giacomo Robusti, an It. artist; painted a representation of paradise 84% ft. long, 34 ft. high; “Cruci- fixion.” B. Venice, 1512; d. there, 1594. Tippoo Saib, tip-oo sa’eeb, sultan of Mysore; suc, his father in the governmant of his kingdom; engaged in war with the Eng., in which he was killed. B. 1749; k. 1799. Tiraboschi, Girolamo, te-ra-bos'kee, an It. historian and biographer. B. Bergamo, 1731; d. Modena, 1794, s Tiridates, I. tir-i-dai'tees, k. of Armenia; def. by Corbulo, the gen, of Nero; became a vassal k. of the Roman emp., 66 A. D. II., the Great, k. of Armenia in 259; def. Parthians; converted to Christianity. Tischbein, Johann Heinrich Wilhelm, tish'bin, a Ger, artist, excelled in drawing animals. B. Haina, 1751; d. Eutin, Oldenburg, 1829. Tischendorf, Lobegott Friedrich Constantin von, fon tish'en-dorf, a Ger.-bibliographer and philologist; wrote 22 editions of the New Tes- tament. B. Saxony, 1815; d. Leipsic, 1874. • Tissaphernes, tis-saf'ur-neez, a Persian general; governed the provinces formerly ruled by Cyrus, and engaged in war with Spartans; assas. and his head sent to Artaxerxes, 395 B.C. 4 Titian, tish'an, an Italian artist; painted one of his finest works at the age of 81; “Last Supper;” “Venus rising from the Sea.” B. 1477; d. Venice, 1576. Titus, Flavius Vespasianus, ti’tus, a Roman emp.; distinguished at siege of Jerusalem; pattern of virtue and father of his people; called by his subjects “The delight of the human race.” B. 40; d. 81. Tocqueville, Henry Alexis de, tok'veel, a celebrated Fr. political writer; dispatched to the U. S. to study republican institutions. B. Paris, 1805; d. Cannes, 1859. Todd, Lieut.-Col. James, tod, an Eng. writer; “Travels in Western India.” B. 1872; d. 1S35. Todd, Rev. Henry John, an Eng. writer; “Poems of Edmund Spenser.” B. 1763; d. 1845. Todd, John, an Am. divine and author; “Mountain Flowers.” B. Rutland, Vt., 1800; d. Pittsfield, Mass., 1873. Todd, Robert Bentley, a British physician and writer; “On the Anatomy of the Brain, Spinal Cord and Ganglions.” B. in Ireland, 1Soo; d. 1S60. Todhunter, Isaac, tod’hun-ter, an Eng. mathematician. B. Rye, 1820. Todleben, Francis Edward, tot-lai'ben, a celebrated Russian general of engineers, that distinguished himself at Sebastopol. B. Mitau, in Courland, 1818. * Toland, John, to'land, an Irish deistical writer; “Nazarenus.” B. in Ireland, about 1670; d. Putney, 1722. Toledo, Don Pedro, de, to-lai'do, a Sp. gen.; distinguished in the ex- pedition against Jean D'Albret, k, of Navarre, in 1512. B. near Sala- manca, 1484; d. Florence, 1553. Tollens, Hendrik Corneliszoon, tol'ens, a Dutch lyric poet. B. Rot- terdam, 17So; d. Ryswick, 1856. Tomline, George, tom'lin, an Eng. prelate; tutor to William Pitt; “Memoirs of William Pitt.” B. Bury St. Edmunds, 1750; d. Win- chester, 1827. Tommaseo, Niccolo, tom-a-sa'o, an Italian scholar and statesman. B. about 1804; d. 1874. Tompkins, Daniel D., tomp'kinz, an Am. statesman; vice pres. U. S. two terms, 1817-'25; gov. of N. Y. B. Scarsdale, Westchester co., N.Y., 1774; d. Staten Island, 1825. Tone, Theobald Wolfe, tone, f. of society of United Irishmen; forced to flee from Ireland; afterward taken prisoner, and died in prison, 1798. Tonna, Charlotte Elizabeth, ton'a, an Eng. writer. B. 1792; d. 1846. Tonstall, or Tunstall, Cuthbert, ton'stall, a learned Eng. prelate; “A Treatise on Arithmetic.” B. Yorkshire, 1474 or '75; d. Lam- beth, 1559. Tonty, Henry de, ton'ti, an It explorer; erected a fort near the pres- ent site of Peoria, Ill., in 16So; D. Fort Louis, Mobile, Ala., 1704. Tooke, John Horne, took, an Eng. politician and philologer; “Diver- sions.” B. London, 1736; d. Wimbledon, 1812. Toombs, Robert, toomz, an Am. senator twice; served in the Creek war, 1836, under Gen. Scott; M. confederate C.; secy. state confederate states; brig.-gen. confed. army. B. Washington, Wilkes co., Ga., 2d July, 1810. * Topffer, Rudolphe, topfer, a Swiss artist and novelist; “The Par- sonage.” B. Geneva, 1799; d. there, 1846. Toplady, Augustus Montague, top/la-de, an Eng. prelate; edited Gospel Magazine. B. Farnham, Surrey, 1740; d. London, 1778. Torelli, Giuseppe, to-rail'le, a celebrated It. mathematician; pro- duced in Greek and Latin the works of Archimedes. B. Verona, 1721; d. 1781. Toreno, Jose Maria Queypo de Llano Ruiz de Saravia, count of, da to-ran'yo, a Spanish politician. B. Oviedo, 1786; d. Paris, 1843. Torquatus, Titus Manlius Imperiosus, tor-kwa’tus, a Roman hero of the 4th century B. c.; gained a victory over the Latins at foot of Mt. Vesuvius; caused his own son to be slain in his presence. Torquemada, Juan de, da tor-ka-ma'da, a Spanish clergyman; car- dinal; bishop of Palestrina. B. Valladolid, 1388; d. Rome, 1468. Torquemada, Tomas de, a Spanish gen.; expelled the Jews and Moors. B. Torquemada, 1420; d. Avila, 1498. * Torreno, Don Jose, count de, tor-rai'no, a Spanish statesman and writer; “Hist. of the Insurrection, War and Revolution of Spain.” B. Oviedo, 1786; d. Paris, 1843. . it. Torres, L. da Motta, tor'es, a celebrated Portuguese navigator; gov. of Brazil. B. Lisbon, 1769; d. 1822. Torrey, John, tor'i, an Am. chemist and botanist; f. N. Y. lyceum of natural history; “Flora of North America.” B. in N. Y., 1796; d. there, 1873. Torricelli, Evangelista, tor're-chel'le, a celebrated Italian math, and phil.; invented the barometer. B. 1608; d. 1647. Torrigiano, Pietro, tor-id-je-a'no, a celebrated It, sculptor; struck Michael Angelo on the nose, and disfigured it forever, for which he was forced to leave Florence. B. about 1474; d. 1522. Torstenson, Lennart, tor's ten-son, count of Ortala, a Swedish gen. in thirty years' war; conquered the Danish peninsula, and obtained control of the Danube. B. Torstena, 1603; d. Stockholm, 1651. Toscanella, Paul, tos'ka-'nel'la, a celebrated Italian astronomer, that erected in the cathedral of Florence the famous solstitial gnomon, called the greatest of the kind in Europe. B. Florence, 1397; d. 1482. Totila, to'ti-la, k, of the Ostrogoths; def. by Belisarius, but regained his ground. Slain in battle,.552. Toulmin, Joshua, tool/min, an Eng. prelate; “History of the Puri- tans.” B. London, 1740; d. Birmingham, 1815. Toussaint L'Ouverture, too-san' loo’vair-toor, a negro, that in 1795 assisted the Fr. gen. Laveaux in driving the Eng. and Sp. from the isl. of St. Domingo; commander-in-chief of army of St. Domingo, and d - - + * '*=m" T-– *n 1800 was pres. of that island; forced to capitulate in 1So2; trans- P°rted to France, where he died in prison, 1803. B. St. Domingo, '743; his name was immortalized by Wendell Phillips, the silver- tongued orator, who made him the subject of a lecture. Townshend, Charles, townz'end, second viscount; an Eng. politician; *y of state; lord lieut. of Ireland. B. 1676; d. Rainham, Norfolk, '733. Charles, grandson of preceding, an Eng. statesman; secy. of war; introduced into the H. C. the celebrated resolutions imposing duties on tea, paper, etc., imported into America. B. 1725; d. 1767. Trajan, Marcus Ulpius Crinitus, traitjan, a Roman emp.; gained "ories over the Dacians, Persians, and other powers, but disgraced himself by rigorous persecution of the Christians. B. near Seville, Sp., "out $2; d. Selinus, in Cilicia, 117. Treadwell, Daniel, an Am, inventor of machinery and fire-arms. B. Ipswich, Mass., 1791; d. Cambridge, 1872. Tredgold, Thomas, tredgold, an Eng. civil engineer and architect. Brandon, 1788; d. London, 1829. *cholar; “Dict of the Bible.” B. Falmouth, 1813; d. Plymouth, 1S75. "rench, Richard Chenevix, trench, an Eng. philologist; “Synonyms of the New Testament.” B. Dublin, 1807. Trenchard, Stephen Decatur, trench'ard, an Am, rear-admiral; served **vy during Mexican war, and war of 1861-5. B. New York, 1818; d. there, 1883. * Trollope, “Dr. Thorne,” “small house at Ällington." B. Isis; d. #. Mrs. Frances, a modern Eng. novelist, w. of Anthony Trollope; Pomestic Life of the Americans.” B. Heckfield, Hampshire, about '730; d. Florence, It, 1863. • * "romp van, Cornelis, van tromp, a Dutch admiral; corn.-in-chief of the fleet against the English. B. Rotterdam, 1629; d. Amsterdam, 1691. Maarten Harpertzoon, a Dutch admiral, f. of preceding; taken prisoner by the English in the battle in which his f, was killed, def. Spanish fleet in the Downs. B. Briel, 1597; k. 1653. "roost, Gerard, trowst, an. Am. naturalist of Dutch birth; founder of *demy of natural history in Phila. B. Bois-le-duc, Holland, 1776; d. Nashville, Tenn., 1850. "roplong, Raymond Theodore, trow'lon', a Fr. advocate; pres. of * senate. B. St. Gaudens, 1795; d. Paris, 1869. Troup, George Mackintosh, troop', an Am. senator from Georgia; #9" of that state. B. on the Tombigbee River, 17So; d. Laurens co., Ga., 1856. "rousseau, Armand, troo’so, a Fr. doctor; investigator of yellow fever and other contagious diseases. B. Tours, 1801; d. 1S67. Trowbridge, John Townsend, tro'brij, an Am. writer of juvenile *tories; poet, “Young Surveyor.” B. Ogden, N.Y., 1827. "royon, Constant, travayon, a Fr. artist, famous for his animal pict- *cs and landscapes. B. Sevres, 1810; d. Paris, 1865. *rumbull, Benjamin, trum/bul, an Am. Congregational minister; fought in rev. war; wrote historical and religious works. B. Hebron, Ct., 1735; d. North Haven, 1820. Trumbull, James IIammond, an Am. etymologist and Indian philolo- sist, lecturer on N. Am. Indian languages at Yale. B. Stonington, Conn., 1821. Trumbull, John, an Am. jurist and satirical poet. B. Watertown, Conn., 1750; d. Detroit, 1831. John, son of the foregoing, an Am. painter and soldier; a pupil of Benj. West; painted four pictures now * rotunda of capitol at Washington. B. Lebanon, Ct., 1756; d. New York, 1843. Trumbull, Jonathan, an Am. jurist, soldier; original of “Brother Jonathan.” B. Lebanon, ct, 1710; d. there, 1785. Truth, Sojourner, a celebrated colored female lecturer. B. Kingston, N.Y., 1778; d. Battle Creek; Mich., 1883, aged 106. Truxtun, Thomas, trux'tun, an Am. naval officer; commanded the Victorious ship Constellation off Guadaloupe, for which he received a gold medal from congress. B. Long Island, 1755; d. Phila., 1822. Tschirnhausen von, Ehrenfried Walter, count, fontshirn'how-zen, a German scientist; constructor of optical instruments. B. Kislingswald, *651; d. there, 1708. Tschudi, AEgidius, or Gilles, tshoo-dee, one of the earliest Swiss historians. B. Glarus, 1505; d. there, 1572. --— G-e- *reselles, Samuel Prideaux, tre:gels', an English theologian and Trollope, Anthony, trol"lup, an eminent Eng. novelist, son of Mrs. BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. - 363 Tucker, Abraham, tuk'er, an Eng. political and metaphysical author. B. London, 1705; d. Surrey, 1774. Tucker, St. George, an Am. lawyer, and poetical and legal author; wrote a proposal for the gradual abolition of slavery in Virginia. B. Bermuda, 1752; d. Nelson co., Va., 1827. Tuckerman, Ifenry Theodore, tuck'er-man, an Am. essayist, biog- rapher, and art critic. B. Boston, 1813; d. New York, 1871. Tuckerman, Joseph, an Am. minister; labored among the poor. B. Boston, 1778; d. Havana, 1840. Tudor, William, tw'dor, an Am. author; one of the originators of the Boston museum. B. Boston, 1779; d. Rio de Janeiro, 1830. Tulloch, John, tul'ok, a Scotch minister; winner of the Burnett prize. B. Perthshire, 1822. Tuomey, Michael, too'mee, an Am. naturalist of Irish birth; state geologist of S. Carolina. B. Cork, 1805; d. Tuscaloosa, Ala., 1857. Tupper, Martin. Farquhar, tup'per, an Eng. poet and scientist; “Pro- verbial Philosophy;” “A Crock of Gold.” B. London, 1810. Turenne de, Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne, Vicomte, da tu'ren, a French general; marshal of France, under Louis XIV.; conqueror of the great Conde. B. Sedan, 1611; d. Sasbach, 1675. Turgeneff, Alexei, toor-gen'ef, a Russian archaeological and historical author. B. 1785; d. Moscow, 1845. Turgeneff, Ivan, a Russian poet and novelist. B. Orel, 181S; d. 1883. Turgot, Anne Robert Jacques, Baron de l'Aulne, tur’go, a French jurist; comptroller-gen. of finance. B. Paris, 1727; d. there, 17S1. Turner, Joseph Mallord William, turn'er, the finest of English land- scape painters; remarkable for his power of expressing the effects of light; buried in St. Paul's cathedral. B. London, 1775; d. Chelsea, 1851. Turner, Samuel IIulbeart, an Am. Episcopal clergyman; writer of many books on religious subjects. B. Philadelphia, 1790; d. New York, 1861. Turner, Sharon, an English historical writer and poet. B. London, 1768; d. there, 1847. Turner, William Wadden, an Am. etymologist. B. 1SIo; d. 1859. Turretini, or Turretin, Jean Alphonse, toor-a-tee'nee, a Swiss theo- logical author. B. Geneva, 1671; d. there, 1737. Francois, father of preceding, a Swiss theological prof. B. Geneva, 1623; d. there, 16S7. Tusser, Thomas, tus'ser, an English writer; the first didactic poet of the language. B. about 1515; d. about 15So. Tweed, William Marcy, an Am. politician; einbezzled large amounts of public money; called Boss Tweed. B. New York, 1823. Twesten, August Detley Christian, twes' ten, a German theological professor; adopted Schleiermacher. B. Gluckstadt, 1789; d. Berlin, 1876. Karl, a German political author, son of the preceding. B. Kiel, 1820; d. Berlin, 1870. Twiggs, David Emanuel, an Am. soldier. B. 1790; d. 1S62. Twiss, Sir Travers, an Eng. lawyer and legal writer; queen's advo- cate-general. B. London, 1810. Tycho Brahe. See BRAIIE. Tychsen, Olaus Gerhard, tuk'sen, a Ger. oriental linguist. B. Schleswig, 1734; d. Rostock, 1815. Tyler, John, ty’ler, 10th pres. U. S.; son of a distinguished revolu- tionary judge and patriot; elected vice-pres. U.S., 1840 became pres. one month after entering office by the death of pres. Harrison; Texas an- nexed during his administration; was pres. of the peace convention of 1S61 assembled to endcavor to avert the war of 1861-5. B. Charles city co., Va., 1790; d. Richmond, 1862. Tyler, Royall, an Am. jurist and dramatist. B. Boston, 1757; d. Brattleboro, Vt., 1S26. * Tyler, Samuel, an Am. philosophical and biographical author. I?. Prince George's co., Md., 1809. - Tyler, William Seymour, an Am. prof. of ancient languages and literature. B. Harford, Penn., 1810. Tyler, Wat, an Eng. rebel; headed the insurrection to oppose a poll tax. B. about 1350; d. 1381. Tyndale, or Tindal, William, tin'dal, an Eng. reformer; first translator of the Bible into English; was imprisoned, strangled, and burnt at the stake. B. Gloucestershire, 1484; d. Vilvoorden, 1536. Tyndall, John, an Eng. naturalist; commenced life as a railway en- gineer; celebrated for his ascents of the Matterhorn and the Weiss- horn in the Swiss Alps, and his glacial observations; went with the =f- . "Al"—s- –2. 364 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. British expedition to Algeria to witness the solar eclipse of 1870; his work on sound has been published in Chinese by the Chinese govern- ment. B. co, Carlow, Ire., 1820. Tyng, Stephen Higginson, ting, an Am. Episcopal clergyman and religious writer. B. Newburyport, Mass., 1800. Tyrwhitt, Thomas, ter'it, an English writer and curator of the British museum. B. London, 1730; d. there, 1786. Tyson, Edward, ti’son, an Eng. doctor of medicine and prof. of anatomy. B. 1619; d. 1708. Tytler, Alexander Fraser, tit’ler, a Scottish lawyer and historian; prof. of universal history in university of Edinburgh. B. Edinburgh, 1747; d. there, 1813. Tzschirner, Heinrich Gottlieb, tshir'ner, a Ger. prof. of theology; prebendary of Meissen. B. Saxony, 1778; d. 1828. -0-->g U g=-0. uccello, Paolo, oot-chail/lo, an It, artist, celebrated for his fondness for birds. B. Florence, 1390; d. about 1472. Udall, Nicholas, oo'dal, an Eng. teacher and author; master of Eton and Westminster schools; wrote comedies. B. Hampshire, 1506; d. 1564. Ueberweg, Friedrich, it'ber-veg, a Ger. prof. of philosophy and philosophical writer; “History of Philosophy.” B. Solingen, 1826; d. Konigsberg, 1871. Uffenbach von, Zacharias Conrad, fom oof’en-bak, a Ger. teacher and scholar. B. 1683; d. 1734. uhland, Johann Ludwig, oo'lant, a Ger. ballad writer and lyrical poet. B. Tubingen, 1787; d. there, 1862. Uhrich, Jean Jacques Alexis, oo'rik, Fr. u'rek; a Fr. officer. B. 1802. Ulalas, or Ulphilas, ul-fi'las, a Gothic bishop; translator of the Bible into primitive German. B. about 311; d. Constantinople about 381. ullmann, Karl, ool’man, a Ger. bishop and pres. ecclesiastical coun- cil. B. Bavaria, 1796; d. Carlsruhe, 1865. Ulloa de, Antonio, da ool-lo'a, a Spanish mathematician and naval officer. B. Seville, 1716; d. near Cadiz, 1795. Ulloa, de, Francisco, a Spanish explorer, and the discoverer of Cali- fornia. Fl. about 1540. Ulpian, Domitius Ulpianus, ul’pian, a Roman jurist; assas, at Rome before the emperor Alexander Severus, about 228. * Ulrich, Titus, ool'rik, a Ger. poetical writer. B. 1813. Inrici, Hermann, ool-ree'tsee, a Ger. professor of philosophy; scien- tific editor and author. B. Pforten, Lusatia, 1806. Umbreit, Friedrich Wilhelm Karl, oom'brit, a Ger. D.D., and Prot. theological writer. B. Sonneborn, 1795; d. Heidelberg, 1860. Uncas, ung'kas, an Am. Indian chief; a Pequot, afterward sachem of the Mohegans; ally of the English. D. about 1682. Unger, Franz, oong'er, a Ger. naturalist and professor of botany. B. Styria, 1800; d. Gratz, 1870. Upham, Charles Wentworth, up'am, an Am. politician and bio- graphical author; “Memoir of Francis Peabody.” B. St. John, New Brunswick, 1So2; d. Salem, Mass., 1875. Upham, Thomas Cogswell, an Am. divine and prof. of philosophy; “Religious Maxims.” B. Deerfield, N. H., 1799; d. N. Y., 1872. Urban, urban, the name of eight popes, of whom the following are the most important: II., Othon de Lagty, proclaimed the first crusade. B. Chatillon-sur-Marne, France, about 1042; d. Rome, 1099. V., Guillaume de Grimoard, patron of letters and disinterested sovereign. B. Grisac, Languedoc, 1309; d. Avignon, 1370. VI., Bartolommco Butilli- Prignano, formerly archbishop of Bari, elected to the papal chair, 1378. B. Naples, 1318; d. Rome, 1389. VIII., Maffeo Barberini, archbishop of Nazarcth, and amb. to Paris; elected pope, 1623. B. Florence, 1568; d. Rome, 1644. s Ure, Andrew, yoor, a Scotch professor of chemistry and natural philosophy; “Dictionary of Chemistry.” B. Glasgow, 1778; d. Lon- don, 1857. Urquhart, David, ur'kwurt, a Scotch author, traveler and diplomat; “Spirit of the East.” B. co. Cromarty, Scotland, Sos. Urquiza de, Juste Jose, da oor-kee'sa, a soldier and politician of the Argentine Republic. I}. 1Soo; d. 1870. Ursinus, Fulvius, ur-si'nus, an It. antiquary and classical scholar. B. Rome, 1529; d. there, 1600. TJsher, or Ussher, James, ush'er, an Irish archbishop and ecclesias- tical writer. B. Dublin, 15So; d. Reigate, Surrey, 1656. TJvaroff, Sergei Semenovitch, count, oo/va-rof, a Russian philologist, critic and statesman. B. Moscow, 1785; d. there, 1855. Uwins, Thomas, wins, an Eng. artist; “Dressing for the Festa.” B. London, 1783; d. Middlesex, 1857. Uzzah, uz'zah, a son of the Israelite Abinadab, who was killed for his violation of the divine law in laying his hands upon the ark. See 2 Sam. vi. 3. .0–~ V. G = -s. Vaccaj, Nicolo, vak-ki’, an It, musical composer; master of composi- tion at Milan. B. Tolentino, 1791; d. Milan, 1849. Vaccaro, Andrea, vak'a-ro, an It. artist; “Holy Family.” B. Naples, 1598; d. there, 1670. Vacherot, Etienne, vash'ro, a Fr. metaphysician and philosopher. B. Langres, ISO9. Vaillant, Jean Baptiste Philibert, count, vaiya, a marshal of France; present at Ligny and at Waterloo. B Dijon, 1790. Vaillant Le, Francois, la vah-you', a Fr. writer on ornithology. B. 1753; d. 1824. Vaillant, Sebastian, a Fr. naturalist and writer. B. 1669; d. 1722. Valckenaer, Lodewijk Caspar, val'ka-mar, a Dutch archaeologist and jurist. B. Leeuwarden, 1715; d. Leyden, 1785. Valdemar. See WALDEMAR. Valdez, va/deth. See MELENDEz VALDEz. Valdivia de, Don Pedro, da val-de've-a, a Sp. soldier in Chili; f. of the city that bears his name. B. about 1510; d. 1559. Valenciennes, Achille, val'on-sien, a Fr. anatomist and natural scientist. B. Paris, 1794; d. there, 1865. Valenciennes, Pierre Henri, a Fr. landscape artist. B. 1750; d. 1819. Valentin, Gabriel Gustav, val’en-tan, a Ger. prof. of physiology, of Jewish descent. B. Breslau, 1810. Valentine, St., val/en-tine, a bishop; celebrated for his charity and affection. Beheaded by emp. Claudius, about 27o. Valentinian, or, Valentinianus, I., Flavius, vallen-tin-i-an, a capa- ble Roman emperor, but passionate and cruel. B. Pannonia, 321; d. Bregetio, 375. II. was emp, in 383; dethroned by usurper Maximus in 387; restored by Theodosius; strangled by his gen., Arbogastes, 392. III. was acknowledged as emp. in 423; assas., 455. Valerianus, Publius Lucinius Valerianus, va-lee'ri-ai-nus, a Roman emp.; fought against Alemanni, Franks and Goths; also the Persians; captured. Reigned 253 to 260, when he died. Valerius, Publius, va-lee'ri-us, a popular Roman that assisted Brutus to expel the Tarquins; consul four times; the Roman matrons mourned his death a whole year. Valette de La, Jean Parisot, da la val-ett', a Fr. grand master of the Knights of Malta; sustained one of the most terrible sieges ever known. B. 1494; d. Malta, 1568. Valla, Lorenzo, an Italian priest and linguist; translated a portion of Homer for the first time into Latin. B. Rome, about 1410; d. there, cr in Naples, about 1460. Vallandigham, Clement Laird, val-lan'digam, an Am. lawyer, and M. C.; endeavored to compromise the opposing parties during the war 1861–5; arrested 4th May, 1863, by order of Gen. Burnside, tried by court-martial for treason, and sentenced to close confinement during the war, a sentence that President Lincoln commuted to banishment be- yond the union lines; accidentally shot at Dayton, O. B. 1820; d. 1871. valliere de la, Francoise Louise de la Baume le Blanc, duchess, deh la va-le-er', a favorite of Louis XIV; afterward cntered a convent. B. Tours, 1644; d. Paris, 1710. vallauri, Tommaso, val-low'ree, an Italian professor of rhetoric and languages. B. Chiusa di Cuneo, 1Soš. Vallisnieri, Antonio, val-es-ny-a'ree, an Italian natural philosopher. B. Tresilico, 1661; d. Padua, 1730. Valois de, Charles, da val-zva', a Fr. archaeologist. B. 1603; d. 1676. Valpy, Richard, val'pe, an Eng. classical scholar. B. 1754; d. 1836. Valsalva, Antonio Maria, val-sa/va, an Italian physician. B. 1666; d. 1723. Vambery, Arminius, vam-be’ri, a Hungarian orientalist, of Hebrew descent; extensive traveler in the East. B. Szerdahily, 1832. 2- * ~-3) += -—°l”. --- -v- | BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 365 MII- Vanbrugh, Sir John, van-broo’, an Eng, dramatic author, of Flem- Vapereau, Louis Gustave, vap/ro, a French writer and philosopher. ish descent; architect of Blenheim palace. B. probably in Lon- B. Orleans, 1819. don, 1666; d. there, 1726. Varchi, Benedetto, var'kee, an Italian historical and poetical writer. Van Buren, Martin, van bu'ren, eighth pres. of U. S.; national sen- B. 1502; d. 1565. ator; gov. N. Y., 1S28; secy. state under Pres. Jackson; minister to Varen, or Varenius Bernhard, va’ren, a Dutch physician and writer England; vice-pres. with Jackson, 2d term; pres, one term, 1837-41; on geography. B. about 1610; d. about 1660. rudimentary training. B. Kinderhook, N. Y., 1782; d. there, 24 Vargas, Jose, vargas, pres. of the republic of Venezuela. B. 1786; July, 1862. d. 1854. Vancouver, George, van cou’ver, an Eng. naval officer and explorer. Vargas de, Luis, da vargas, a Spanish artist. B. in Seville, 1502; d. * about 1758; d. near London, 175s. there, 156S- Vandamme, Dominique, count, von'dam, a Fr. general; received the Varnhagen de Francisco Adolpho, da var-na-zhen, a Brazilian *nd cross of the legion of honor at Austerlitz. B. Cassel, 1770; d. writcr. B. 1816. there, 1830, Varnhagen von Ense, Karl August Ludwig Philipp, farm'ha-gen fon * * Vanderbilt, Cornelius, van’der-bilt, an Am. millionaire; commenced en'se, a German diplomat. B. Dusseldorf, 1785; d. Berlin, 1858. life by starting at the age of 16, a small ferry boat between Staten Is- Varoli, Costanzo, va-ro'lee, an Italian physician; celebrated for his land and New York ; soon became owner of large steamship lines, and anatomical investigations. B. Bologna, about 1543; d. Rome, 1575. When he left this branch of business was worth $40,000,000; then he Varro, Marcus Terentius, var'ro, a Roman writer on miscellaneous *tered into the railroad business; has been liberal to the cause of edu- subjects. B. Reate, 116 B. c.; d. 28 B. c. *tion in the South. B. Staten Island, 1794; d. lately. Vasari, Giorgio, va-sa'ree, an Italian painter, and sculptor; founded Vanderlyn, John, vander-lin, an Am. artist; “Landing of Colum- Florentine fine art academy. B. Arezzo, 1512; d. Florence, 1574. *” in the rotunda at Washington. B. Kingston, N. Y., 1776; d. Vassar, Matthew, an Am. philanthropist, of Eng. birth. B. Norfolk there, 1852. * co., Eng., 1792; d. 1868. Van Der Meer, Jan, van'der-mare, a Dutch artist, celebrated for his Vater, Johann Severin, fater, a German grammarian, and theologian. brilliant coloring. B. about 1625; d. about 1685. Jan, son of preceding, B. Altenburg, 1771; d. Halle, 1826. a Dutch artist. B. Haarlem, about 1660; d. there, about 1704. Vattel de, Emmeric, da vat-tel', a Swiss writer on legal topics. B. Vandervelde or Vandevelde, Willem the Elder, van'der-vel'da, a Couvet, 1714; d. Neufchatel, 1767. - Dutch artist; excelling in painting marine battles. B. Amsterdam, Vauban, Sebastien Leprestre, marquis de, da vo'bon, a Fr. soldier; *39; d. there, 1672. Willem, the Younger, son of the preceding, took part in 140 battles. B. near Saulieu, 1633; d. Paris, 1707. Painter to k of Eng.; celebrated for his storm scenes. B. Amster- vaucanson, Jacques, de, da vo' on-son, a French machinist; manu. dam, 1633; d. London, 1707. facturer of machinery used in silk making. B. Grenoble, 1709; d. Vandyke or Van Dyck, van-dike', a Flemish artist; painted church Paris, 1782. • altar pieces; court painter to Charles II., of Eng. B. Antwerp, 1599; Vaudreuil, Philippe de Rigaud, marquis, da vo'druży, a Fr. soldier; d. London, 1641. gov.-gen. of Canada; prominent during the French dominion in Am. Vane, Sir Henry, an Eng. revolutionist; opponent of Cromwell; im- B. France, about 1641; d. Quebec, 1725. Pierre de Rigaud, marquis, prisoned in the Tower, and beheaded. B. 1612; d. 1662. son of the preceding, a French soldier; gov. of Louisiana, and the last Van Eyck, van-ike. See Exck vAN. gov.-gen of Canada. B. Quebec, 1698; d. Paris, 1764. - Van Helmont, van hel/mont. See HELMoNT vaN. Vaughan, Henry, vavn, a British religious and classical poet. Born Vanini, Lucilio, van'ee-nee, an It, priest and philosopher; sentenced S. Wales, 1621; d. there, 1693. to death on account of his opinions. B. Taurisano, 1585; burned at the Vaughan, Robert, an English theologian; professor of ancient and stake, Toulouse, 1619. modern history in University college, London. B. 1795; d. 1S68. Vanloo, Charles Andre, von'lo, also called Carle Vanloo, a Fr. artist of vaulabelle de, Achille Tenaille, da vola-bel, a Fr. journalist and Dutch descent; excelled in portrait painting, and historical scenes. B. historical writer. B. Chatel-Censoir, 1799. Nice, 1705; d. Paris, 1765. Jean Baptiste, brother of the preceding, a Vautier, Benjamin, vote-a, a Swiss artist; painter of genre pictures; Fr. artist, became rich and famous by his portraits. B. Aix, 16S4; d. “Drinking the Bride's Health.” B. Geneva, 1830. n there, 1745. - Vaux, Roberts, vazvsk, an Am capitalist; distinguished for his phi- Vanni, Francesco, van'nee, an It. artist; knighted by Clement VIII. lanthropy. B. 1786; d. 1836. * Siena, about 1565; d. there, 1609. Vedder, Elihu, ved"der, an Am... genre painter; “Lair of the Sea Vannucci, Pietro, van-noot'chee. See PERUGINo IL. Serpent.” B. New York, 1836. Van Oost, Jacob, van ost, the Elder, a Flemish artist; painted many Vega von, Georg, baron, fon va'ga, a Ger. soldier and sailor; was pictures for the churches of Bruges. B. Bruges, about 1600; d. 1671. murdered. B. Sagoritza, 1756; d. 1802. Van Oost, Jacob, the Younger, son of the preceding, famous for his Vega de, Lope, lo'pa da vaga, a celebrated Sp. dramatist; secy. to Portraits. B. Bruges, 1637; d. there, 1713. * duke of Alva; wrote 1800 plays. B. Madrid, 1562; d. there, 1635. Van Oosterzee, Jan Jacob, van os'ter-za, a Dutch pastor, and orator. Vehse, Karl Eduard, fa-sa, a Ger. historical writer. B. 1793; d. 1854. B. Rotterdam, 1807. Veit, Philipp, fit', a Ger, fresco painter, stepson of Schlegel; “Para- Van Ostade. See OsrADE v.A.N. ble of the Good Samaritan.” B. Berlin, 1793. Van Rensselaer, Solomon, van ren'sel-ler, an Am. rev. soldier and Veitch, John, veech, a Scotch writer on metaphysics. B. about 1830. politician; M. C. in 1819; adj.-gen. N. Y. militia. B. Rensselaer co., Valasquez de, Diego Rodriguez Silva y, va-las'keth, a famous Sp. 'N.Y., 1774; d. Albany, 1852. artist; court painter to king of Spain; painted a celebrated cquestrian Van Rensselaer, Stephen, called “The patroon;” a descendant of the portrait of him; called the Spanish Hogarth. B. Seville, 1599; d. original proprictor of the colony of Rensselaerswyck; gen, of cavalry, Madrid, 1660. "So"; one of the board of commissioners of the Erie canal; established Velde van der, Franz Karl, fan derfel'deh, a Ger. poetical and dra- * polytechnic institute in Troy, N. Y. B., New York, 1764; d. Al- matic author; celebrated for his novels. B. Breslau, 1779; d. there, 1824. bany, 1839. Vendome de, Louis Joseph, duc, da van-dome', an intrepid French Van Schendel, Petrus, van sken'del, a Belgian artist; skilled in pro- general of the time of Louis XIV. B. Paris, 1654; d. Catalonia, 1712. ducing contrasting effects of light. B. Breda, 1806. Venedey, Jakob, fa-na-di, a Ger. jurist, author, and lecturer at the Vansittart, Nicholas, van-sit'art, an Eng. politician; secy. of the Zurich university. B. Cologne, 1805; d. near Badenweiler, 1871. treasury; chancellor of exchequer. B. London, 1766; d. Kent, 1851. Veniero, Domenico, an It, poetical writer. B. 1517; d. 1582. Van Veen, or Venius, Otho, a Flemish artist. B. Leyden, about 1550; Ventura de Raulica, Gioacchino, ven-too'ra da row-le-ca, an It. d. Brussels, about 1630. priest and orator; preached the funeral sermon of O'Connell. B. Pa- Vanvitelli, Luigi, an Italian artist; fresco-painter and architect; lermo, 1792; d. Versailles, 1861. cupola of St. Peter's at Rome. B. Naples, 17oo; d. there, 1773. Verboeckhoven, Eugene Joseph, ver-book'ho-ven, a Belgian artist; *::== IM- * |-- S|rr T. 366 –– <-- BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. ctcher, and painter of animals; “IIcrd of Cattle.” B. Warneton, W. Flanders, 1799. Verdi, Giuseppe, var-dee, a celebrated It opera composer; “Nabucco” was his first successful opera; escorted to the theatre by processions of the populace, and a golden crown offered him; an extraordinarily pro- lific composer. B. Busseto, 1814. Vere de, Sir Aubrey, an Irish dramatic poet. B. 17S3; d. 1846. Vere de, Edward, earl of Oxford, a courtier of Elizabeth's time, and poetical writer. B. about 1540; d. 1604. Vere de, Thomas, son of Sir Aubrey, an Eng. writer of poetry. B. co. Limerick, Ireland, 1814. Vergennes de, Charles Gravier, count, da wea'zhen, a Fr. diplomat and financier; minister to Turkey and Sweden; concluded treaties of alliance with the Am. colonies; pres. royal council of finance. B. Di- jon, 1717; d. Versailles, 1787. Vergil, Polydore, ver'jil, an It. priest; settled in England, where he received many profitable church livings; wrote a history of England. B. Urbino, about 1470; d. in Italy, 1555. vergniaud, Pierre Victurnien, ver-nye-o', a Fr. politician, leader of the Girondists; pronounced sentence of death against Louis XVI. B. Limoges, 1759; executed, Paris, 1793. , Vernet, Antoine Charles Horace, vare-na, known as Carle Vernet, a Fr. artist; painted the battles of the first Napoleon. B. Bordeaux, 1758; d. Paris, 1836. Vernet, Claude Joseph, a Fr. artist; the finest marine painter of his day. B. Avignon, 1714; d. Paris, 1789. * Vernet, Jean Emile Horace, known as Horace Vernet, a Fr. artist, author and politician. B. 1789; d. Paris, 1863. Vernon, Edward, 7ter'non, a bold and successful British naval officer; vice-admiral of the blue. B. Westminster, 1684; d. Suffolk, 1757. Veron, Louis Desire, va-ron, a Fr. politician, editor and novelist. B. Paris, 1798; d. there, 1867. Verplanck, Gulian Crommelin, ver'plank, an Am. politician and essay- ist. B. New York, 1786; d. there, 1870. Verrazzano, or Verrazani, Giovanni, ver-a-za'no, a Florentine sailor; a corsair, and explorer of Am. coast. B. about 1485; executed in Spain, 1527. i- Verrocchio, Andrea, ver’o-ke-o, an It. artist of versatile talent; teacher of Da Vinci, and Perugino. B. Florence, 1432; d. there, 14SS. Verri, Pietro, ver'ee, an It. writer on political economy. B. 1728; d. 1797. Verstegan, Richard, ver-stee'gan, an Eng. archaeologist. D. about 1635. * Vesalius, Andreas, ve-sa-le-us, a Flemish prof. of anatomy; chief physician to Charles V. and Philip II., of Spain. B. Brussels, 1514; d. island of Zante, 1564. Vespasian, Titus Flavius, ves-pai'si-an, emp. of Rome; a wise and just sovereign; improved the nation in various ways; f. of Titus and Domitian. B. in Sabine country, A. D. 9; d. there, 79. Vespucci, Amerigo, ves-poo’che, a Florentine voyager; served under k. of Portugal, and visited coast of Brazil; remained two months in thc bay of All Saints; had charge of various maritime enterprises; America is named after him. B. Florence, 1451; d. Seville, 1512. Vestris, originally Vestri, Gaetano Apolino Baldassare, ves' tris, a Fr. ballet-master, called “the god of dancing.” B. 1729; d. Paris, 1SoS. Vestris, Lucia Elizabeth, madame, a popular Eng. actress; afterward married Charles Matthews, an Eng, actor. B. London, 1797; d. 1856. s Viardot, Michelle Pauline Garcia, ve-ar'do, a Fr. singer and operatic actress; prof. of music in Paris conservatory. B. Paris, 1821. s Vincente, Gil, ve-sen'ta, a Portuguese author; wrote his dramas principally in Spanish. B. about 1470; d. about 1557. Vico, Giovanni Battista, vee'ko, an It, prof. of astronomy; composer of church music. B. Macerata, 1865; d. London, 1848. Vicq-d'Azyr, Felix, vik-da-zeer', a Fr. doctor of medicine; physician to Marie Antoinettc. B. Normandy, 1748; d. Paris, 1794. Victor, victor. There were several popes of this name. Victor, Claude, week-tor', a Fr. marshal and diplomat; duke of Belluno; min. of war. B. La Lamarche, 1766; d. Paris, 1841. Victor Amadeus I., a-mai'de-us, duke of Savoy; his w, was dau. of Henry IV., of France. B. Turin, 1587; d. 1637. - Victor Amadeus I., first k. of Sardinia; joined Spain and Austria vs. France, on which marshal Catinat was sent against him, and the Fr. gained great victory at Staffarda; abdicated; by marriage the house of Savoy became connected with the royal family of England. B. 1666; d. 1732. Victor Amadeus II, suc. his f., Carlo Emmanuel I., in 1773; during war of Fr. revolution he lost Savoy and Nice, and compelled by Napoleon to become the vassal of France. B. 1726; d. 1796. Victor Emmanuel I., e-man-u-el, k, of Sardinia; by treaty of Paris, in 1814, Nice and a moiety of Savoy were restored to him; forced to ab- dicate, 1821. B. 1759; d. Moncaglieri, 1824. Victor Emmanuel II., (I. of Italy); concluded treaty of commerce with Eng.; joined with France and drove Austrians from Lombardy, and that state was annexed to Sardinia in 1859; Sicily, Naples, and several provinces of the papal states were annexed, principally through the courageous conduct of the patriot Garibaldi; Venice was added, in 1S66, to the Italian dominions, B. Turin, 1820; d. 1878. Victoria Alexandrina, q. of Great Britain and Ireland, empress of India, only child and heiress of the duke of Kent; succeeded her uncle, William IV., in 1837; married Prince Albert of Saxe-Gotha, 1840; during her reign Eng. has been cngaged in the Crimean, Afghan, Per- sian, Chinese, Ashantee and Zulu wars; preserved neutrality in U. S. civil war, 1861-5; also the Franco-Prussian war; Victoria has had nine children. She is the mother of Victoria, wife of the hcir- apparent of the Prussian cmpire. B. Kensington palace, Eng., 1819. Vida, Marco Girolamo, vee'da, a learned It. bishop; a I.atin and It. poet. B. Florence, about 1500; d. Pisa, 1569. Vidocq, Eugene Francois, vee-dok', Fr. police detective, formerly a criminal. B. Arras, 1775; d. Paris, 1S57. Vien, Joseph Marie, ve'an, a Fr. artist; winner of the grand prize of the academy; considered the finest historical painter of his day. B. Montpellier, 1716; d. Paris, 1809. Vieta, Vict, or de Viette, Francois, ve-a-ta, a Fr. algebraist and mathematical author. B. Fontenay-le-Comte, 1540; d. Paris, 1603. Vieussens, Itaymond, vyuh-sons, a Fr. anatomist; valve of Vicus- sens. B. Rouergue, 1641; d. Montpellier, 1720. Vieuxtemps, Henri, vyuh'ton, a Belgian violin player, pupil of De Beriot; a favorite in Europe and America. B. Verviers, 1820. Vignola da, Giacomo Barozzeo, an Italian, built the Church of the Jesuits in Rome; architect of St. Peter's after M. Angelo died. B. Modena, 1507; d. Rome, 1573. Vigny de, Alfred Victor, comte, da veen-ye, a Fr. dramatist, poet, and novelist. B. Touraine, 1799; d. Paris, 1863. Villani, Giovanni, veel/la-nee, an It. historical writer; a master of pure style. B. Florence, 12So; d. there, 1348. s Villaneuva de, Joaquin Lorenzo, da veel ya-nwa'-va, a Sp. writer and patriot. B. 1757; d. 1837. Villars dé, Claude Louis Hector, duc, da vee'lar, a Fr. general; courtier of Louis XIV.; wounded at Malplaquet; marshal-general of Fr. B. Moulins, 1653; d. Turin, 1734. Villegas de, Esteban Manuel, da veel ya-gas, a Sp. lawyer, poet and translator. B. Najera, 1596; d. there, 1669. Villehardouin de, Geoffroy, da veel-har-doo-din', a Fr. politician and historical writer. B. near Arcis-sur-Aube, 1167; d. in Thessaly, about 1213. * Villele de, Jean Baptiste Seraphin Joseph, count, da vee-lale, a Fr. royalist leader and minister of finance. B. Toulouse, 1773; d. there, 1854. Villemain, Abel Francois, veel’man, a Fr. rhetorician, and cssayist. B. Paris, 1790; d. there, 1870. . Villeneuve de, Pierre Charles Jean Baptiste Silvestre, da veel-nuv, a Fr. admiral; opposed Lord Nelson at the battle of Trafalgar; com- mitted suicide. B. Valensoles, 1763; d. Rennes, 1806. Villerohi de, Francois de Neufville, duc, veel-rwa', a Fr. military commander. B. 1644; d. 1730. Villers de, Charles Francois Dominique, da ve-ya, a Fr. officer and philosophical writer. B. Lorraine, 1765; d. Leipsic, 1815. Villoison de, Jean Baptiste Gaspard d'Ansse, da veel"wa-zon, a Fr. Hellenist and traveler. B. about 1750; d. 1Soš. Vince, Samuel, vinz, an eminent Eng. mathematician; “Elements of Astronomy.” B. Suffolk; d. 1821. Vincennes de, Jean Baptiste Bissot, Sieur, a Fr. Canadian officer; f. — I-" --TO * ~ > . S= |-- '-- -— E- —l- BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 367 "--— - the fort of Vincennes, now the city of same name in Indiana; burned *y the Chickasaw Indians. B. Quebec, 1688; d. 1736. Vincent, William, win-sent, an Eng. scholar and educator; dean of Westminster. B. London, 1739; d. there, 1815. Vincent de Paul, St., an eminent divine of the Roman Catholic ' estab. order Sisters of Charity. B. near the Pyrenees, 1576; • I Vinci da, Leonardo, dah vin-chee, an It. artist; was painter, archi- tect, *stronomer, geologist, engineer and musician; the versatility of his #enius was the subject of universal astonishment, “Last Supper,” " the convent of s. Maria delle Grazic at Milan. B. in Flor. * 1452; d. near Amboise, Fr., 1519. Wincke von, Ernst Friedrich George, fon fink'eh, a Prussian diplo- * and political speaker. B. 1811; d. 1875. * Viner, Charles, vi'ner, an Eng. jurist, compiler of various legal "orks. B. about 16so; d. 1756. Vinet, Alexandre Rodolphe, vee-ma, a Swiss theological writer; ** at the university of Basel. B. near Lausanne, 1797; d. near Vevay, 1847. * Vinton, Francis, vin'ton, an Am. soldier, afterward Episcopal min- *r; a graceful and eloquent lecturer. B. Providence, R. I., 1809; d. Brooklyn, N.Y., is 2. . Vinton, Justus Hatch, Am. Baptist missionary to Burmah. B. Will- "8ton, Ct.; d. Kemendine, Burmah, 1858. . Viollet-Leduc, Eugene Emmanuel, vyol-la'leh-duk’, a Fr. artist; prof. "the school of fine arts; architect. B. Paris, 1814. Viotti, Giovanni Battista, ve-ot-tee, an It. violin player, pupil of Pugnani. B. Piedmont, about 1755; d. Brighton, Eng., 1824. Virchow, Rudolf, vir'chow, a Ger. anatomist, archaeologist and prof. * Pathology. B. Schivelbein, 1821. * Virey, Julien Joseph, ve-ra’, a Fr. pharmaceutist and doctor of med- * II. Hortes, 1775; d. Paris, 1846. Virgil, Publius Virgilius Maro, vergil, a famous Latin poet; the *ns valued his AEncid above all other poems, and it is still the sub- * of study in schools, as a model cf classic style; he was of a retir- "g disposition, and his life was uneventful; he is said to have been 31 skilled student in mathematics, history and other sciences, including *iculture, went to Greece for the purpose of collecting material to "plete the Æneid, but died on his voyage home; buried near Na- * B. near Mautua, 7o B. c.; d. Brundusium, 19 B. c. Virginia, vir-fin'e-a, daughter of the centurion L. Virginius, was a *n virgin of great beauty. See CLAUDIUs, Appius, and IcILIUs. Viriathus, vir-e-a-thus, a Lusitanian chief; forced the Romans to *pt him as an ally; they dishonorably crployed agents to murder him, 140 IR. C. Visconti, Ennio Quirino, vis-con-tee, an Italian antiquary; translated "pides into Latin when but 14 years of age; administrator of the *ouvre museum. B. Rome, 1751; d. Paris, 1818. n Wisconti, Matteo I., a Milanese ruler, was driven from the city by a *bination of feudal lords; but was reinstated by emp. Henry VII. 1250; d. 1322. Vitellius, Aulus, vi-tel-e-tus, a Roman emperor of gluttonous habits; defeated by Antonius Primus. B. A. D. 15; killed, Romé, 69. Vives, Juan Luis, vee-vase', a learned Spaniard; tutor of Bloody *ry. B. Valencia, 1492; d. Bruges. 1540. Viviani, Vincenzo, ve-ve-a-nee, an Italian mathematical writer; a P"pil of Galileo. B. Florence, 1622; d. there, 1703. Vladimir, or Wladimir, the Great, vlad"e-meer, grand duke of Russia; Put his brother to death; became ruler of all Russia, which he divided "is death among his twelve sons. D. Iors. Vogel, Eduard, fogel, a German astronomer and explorer; beheaded **tives in Africa. B. Crefeld, Prussia, 1829; d. in Africa, 1856. Vogt, Karl, fogt, a German professor of natural hist., and geologist; *cientific writer. B. Giessen, 1817. 98 ue de, Charles Jean Melchior, count, da vogu-a, a Fr. antiquary; *mbassador to Constantinople, and to Vienna. B. about 1825. Voigt.Johannes, foikt, a German historical writer. B. 1786; d. 1S63. Voiture, Vincent, vzva-tur', a French poetical writer and courtier. Amiens, 1598; d. Paris, 1648. Volkmann, Alfred Wilhelm, folk’man, a German anatomist, and * of physiology. B. Leipsic, isol. t je Volney de, Constantine Francois Chasseboeuf, count, da vol nee, a French oriental traveler; infidel writer. B. Craon, 1757; d. Paris, 1820. Volta, Alessandro, vol'ta, an It. electrician; discoverer of the Vol- taic pile; said to have introduced the culture of the potato. B. Como, 1745; d. there, 1827. Voltaire de, Francois Marie Arouct, da vo!'tare, a celebrated Fr. writer; put in prison at the age of 20, on suspicion of having written witty lampoons on the death of Louis XIV.; occupied his captivity in writing dramas so pleasing as to lead to his release; he soon afterward wrote “CEdipus,” which achieved a brilliant success; went to England and was introduced to the coterie of free thinkers at that time es- tablished there; invited by Frederick the Great to reside with him; was a theist. B. Paris, 1694; d. there, 1778. Volterra da, Daniele, da vol-ter'a, an It, artist, contemporary with Michael Angelo, whose style he followed. B. Volterra, 1509; d. Rome, about 1566. Vondel van den, Joost, van den won'del, a Dutch translator, poet, and dramatist. B. Cologne, 1587; d. there, 1679. Vorontzoff, Mikhail, prince, vo-ront-zof, a Russian diplomat and chancellor. B. 1710; d. Moscow, 1767. Vorosmarty, Mihaly, vo’ rosh-mart-y, a Hungarian poet, celebrated for the “Appeal” and other great national songs. B. Nyek, 1Soo; d. Pesth, 1856. Vorstius, Conrad, forst-e-ros, a Ger. prof. of theology; driven from Holland on account of his opinions. B. Cologne, 1659; d. IIol- stein, 1622. Vortigern, vorte-gern, one of the earliest British kings. D. 4S5. Voss, Johann Heinrich, foss, a Ger, classical translator and poet. B. Sommersdorf, 1751; d. Heidelberg, 1826. Vossius, or Voss, Gerard Jan, vosh’i-us, a Ger. rhetorician, historian and linguist. B. near Heidelberg, 1577; d. Amsterdam, 1649. Vouet, Simon, voo-a', a Fr. artist; court painter to Louis XIII., of France. B. Paris, 1590; d. there, 1649. Vuillaume, Jean Baptiste, vu'e-yom, a Fr. violin maker of high repute. B. Mirecourt, 1798; d. Paris, 1874. Vulpius, Christian August, vool'pi-oos, a Ger, dramatic and operatic author. B. Weimar, 1762; d. there, 1S27. ––49 W Q- Waagen, Gustav Freidrich, wagen, a Ger. writer and art critic; pub. a short life of Rubens, and other works. B. Hamburg, 1794; d. Copen- hagen, 1868. wace, Master Robert, waice, an Anglo-Norman writer of poetry; “Roman du Rou.” B. Jersey, about 111o; d. England, about 1184. Vachter, Johann Georg, wak'ter, a Ger. student and scholar, versed in archaeology. B. 1673; d. 1757. Wadding, Luke, wod'ding, an Irish Franciscan monk; emb, to Rome to settle certain church controversies; f. the college St. Isidore. B. Waterford, 15SS; d. Rome, 1657. Waddington, William Henri, a Fr. archaeologist and politician- made some valuable discoveries in Asia Minor, B. Paris, 1826. Wade, Benjamin Franklin, an Am. statesman; U. S. senator three terms; acting vice-pres. after Pres. Lincoln's death; a strong anti- slavery advocate; one of six senators who voted the repeal of the fugi- tive slave law. B. Springfield, Mass., 1Soo; d. Jefferson, Ohio, 187S. Wadsworth, James, zwodr'wurth, an Am. benefactor; established schools and libraries, and hired persons to deliver scientific and educa. tional lectures. B. Durham, Connecticut, 1768; d. Genesco, N.Y., 1814. Moritz Friedrich, a Ger. natural scientist, bro. of foregoing; made many explorations in different countries and collected a very large cabinet of valuable specimens. B. Baireuth, 1813. Wagner, Richard, originally Wilhelm Richard, a Ger, musical com- poser; his operas are original and somewhat eccentric; was the great- est genius of his school. B. Leipsic, 1813; d. 1883. Wagner, Rudolph, a Ger. anthropologist and physiologist; prof. of zoology in Erlangen. B. Baireuth, 1Soš; d. Gottingen, 1864. Wagner, Rudolph Johannes, a Ger. chemist and technologist; prof. chemistry in Nuremberg. B. Leipsic, 1823. Wait, Morrison Remich, an Am. jurist; seventh chief-justice of the U. S.; one of the U. S. counsel before the Geneva arbitration tribunal; became chief-justice in 1874. B. Lyme, Ct., 1816. -i. – 2- 368 Waitz, Georg, vatz, a Ger, historian and politician; member Frank- fort parliament. B. Flensburg, 1813. Wakefield, Gilbert, wak'feeld, an Eng. theological teacher, author and critic; after preaching a few years, he left the established church and openly and fearlessly attacked it. B. Nottingham, 1756; d. Lon- don, 1801. Wakefield, Priscilla, an Eng. author; her best works are on the sub- ject of education; established the first savings bank in England. B. Tottenham, 1751; d. Ipswich, 1832. Wakley, Thomas, wak'li, an Eng. physician and journalist; founded London Lancet. B. Membury, 1795; d. is]. Madeira, 1862. Waldeck, Jean Frederic de, baron, val-dec’, a Fr. painter and archae- ologist. B. Paris, 1756; d. there, 1875. Waldemar, or Valdemar I., wol"de-mar, or val/deh-mar, surnamed the Great, k, of Denmark. B. 1131; d. 11S1. II., the Victorious, was successful for some years, but was defeated in Holstein, and his navy destroyed in 1234. D. 1241. III., became k. of Denmark in 1326; his army was destroyed by the Hanseatic troops. B. 1315; d. 1375. Waldmuller, Ferdinand Georg, vald'mu-ler, a Ger. artist; student of Maurer. B. Vienna, 1793; d. there, 1865. Walker, Amasa, wav'ker, an Am. politician and political economist; M. C.; pub. books on political economy. B. Woodstock, Ct., 1799; d. N. Brookfield, Mass., 1875. Walker, Frederick, an Eng. artist in oil and water colors. B. Lon- don, 1840; d. 1876. Walker, James, an Am. Unitarian clergyman; pres. Harvard uni- versity; left his entire library and $15,000 to the college. B. Burling- ton, Mass., 1794; d. Cambridge, 1874. Walker, John, an Eng. Iexicographer; in early life an actor, then a teacher; “Critical Pronouncing Dictionary,” which was the standard for many years. B. Middlesex, 1732; d. London, 1807. Walker, Robert James, an Am. statesman and financier; U. S. sena- tor; secy. of treasury, under Polk; financial agent of the U.S. for the sale of $250,000,000 of U. S. bonds in Europe. B. Northumberland, Pa., 1801; d. Washington, D.C., 1869. Walker, Sears Cook, an Am. mathematician and astron.; planned one of the first observatories built in the U. S.; connected with the U.S. observatory and coast survey. B. Wilmington, Mass., 1805; d. Cincinnati, 1853. Walker, William, an Am. adventurer and filibuster; spent most of his time in Central America and l Ionduras; finally captured and shot. B. Nashville, Tenn, 1S24; d. Honduras, 1860. wallace, Alfred Russell, walliss, an Eng. naturalist and traveler; endeavored to solve the problem of the origin of species, and arrived at nearly the same result as Darwin, though each was ignorant of the other's researches. B. Monmouthshire, 1822. Wallace, Horace Binney, an Am. author and law writer; “Stanley;” “Literary Criticisms.” B. Phila., 1817; d. Paris, 1852. Wallace, Sir William, a Scotch hero and chieftain; for killing a British subject he was declared an outlaw; after many battles with the Eng. the Scotch people considered him the protector of Scotland, their own king being a prisoner in London; he was finally betrayed, sent to London, tried, dragged at the tails of horses, hung, drawn and quartered, and various portions of his body displayed in many public places. B. about 1270; d. Smithfield, 1305. Wallace, William Vincent, an Irish musician and composer; author of numerous operas. B. Waterford, 1815; d. Haute-Garonne, Fr., 1S65. Wallack, James William, wol'ak, an Am. actor, born in Eng.; first appearance in N. Y. as Macbeth, though his forte was comedy; built Wallack's theatre, in N. Y. B. London, 1795; d. New York, 1864. John Lester, an Am. comedian, son of preceding, became prop. of his father's thcatre; trans. a number of Fr. dramas. B. New York, 1S19. Wallenstein, Albrecht Wenzel Eusebius von, count, 7trol/en-stin, an Austrian gen.; duke of Mecklenberg; obtained vast territory, consist- ing, besides land, of nine towns, 57 villages; his power was very great; assassinated for treason, or supposed treason. B. Bohemia, 1583; d. Eger, 1634. Waller, Edmund, wol'er, an Eng, poet and member of parliament; originated a scheme to overthrow the gov.; was discovered, sentenced to death, but liberated. B. Hertfordshire, 1605; d. Buckinghamshire, 1687. Waller, Sir William, an Eng. politician, a parliamentary general in I-----" BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. civil wars; accused of high treason in parliament, and cxpelled. B. 1597; d. Middlesex, 166S. Wallis, John, wol’iss, an Eng. mathematician and clergyman; king's chaplain in ordinary. B. Kent, 1616; d. 1703. Wallon Henri Alexandre, va-lon', a French author, and politician; called the father of the republic, owing to his work in that direction while a member of the national assembly. B. Valenciennes, 1812. Walpole, Horace, wol"pol, an Eng. novelist and writer; M. P. nearly 28 years; became earl of Oxford when 74 years old, the title dying with him; considered a great wit. B. London, 1717; d. there, 1797. Sir Robert, earl of Oxford, an Eng. statesman, father of preceding, M. P.; secy. of war; premier in 1721, which post he held for 21 years; was a remarkable party leader. B. Houghton, 1676; d. London, 1745. walsh, Robert, wolsh, an Am. journalist and author; consul to Paris; his works are mostly political. B. Baltimore, 1784; d. Paris, 1859. Walsingham, Sir Francis, wol'sing-am, an English statesman and diplomatist; amb. to France, Netherlands and Scotland. B. Chiselhurst, Kent, 1536; d. near London, 1590. Walter, John, wal/ter, an Eng. journalist; founder of the l-ondon Times. B. 1739; d. Middlesex, 1812. Walter, Thomas Ustic, an Am. architect; made plans for the Girard college buildings, extension and dome of the U. S. capitol, and many other government buildings. B. Phila., 1So!. Walther von der Vogelweide, wal/ter fon der fo'gel-wi'deh, a Ger. poet or minne-singer; his verses were of love, later the crusades and internal disturbances of Ger. B. probably, Franconia, about 1165; d. Wurzburg, 1228. Walton, Brian, an Eng. prelate and author; active in church disputes; author of the polyglot Bible. B. Yorkshire, 16oo; d. London, 1661. Walton, George, a signer of the Declaration of Independence; del, to congress, 1776-'So; gov. of Ga.; judge superior court; U. S. senator. B. Frederick co., Va., 1740; d. Augusta, Ga., 1So!. Walton, Izaak, an Eng. author and writer; best known by his work on fishing; “Complete Angler.” B. Stafford, 1593; d. Winches- ter, 1683. Walworth, Reuben IIyde, wol"wurth, an Am. judge and author; chancellor of state of N. Y. B. Bozrah, Ct., 1789; d. Saratoga, N. Y., 1867. Warburton, Eliot Bartholomew George, war'öur-ton, an Irish author; “Crescent and the Cross;” “Hochelaga.” B. Aughrim, 1810; d. off Lands End, 1852. * Warburton, William, an Eng. clergyman and author; bishop of Gloucester. B. Newark, 1698; d. Gloucester, 1779. Ward, Artemus, an Am. gen, in rev. war; second in command, Wash- ington first, in many battles; M. C. for many years. B. Shrewsbury, Mass., 1727; d. there, 1800. Ward, Edward Matthew, an Eng. artist; member of the academy; “Goldsmith as a Wandering Musician.” B. London, 1816. Ward, Genevieve, an Am. actress; she commenced in opera, but soon adopted the drama, becoming very successful Born N. Y., about 1853. Ward, John Quincy Adams, an Am. sculptor; “Indian Hunter,” in Central Park, N.Y.; “Shakspeare.” B. Urbana, Ohio, 1830. Ward, Robert Plumer, an Eng. politician and author; lord of the admiralty; one of the Welsh judges; secy. of state; “History of the Law of Nations in Europe.” B. London, 1765; d. Okeover hall, 1846. Ward, Samuel, an Am. statesman and colonial patriot; chief-justice R. I.; colonial gov.; founder of the college of R. I. B. Newport, R.I., 1725; d. Phila., 1776. Ward, Samuel, an Am. patriot, son of the preceding; captain in rev. war; with Arnold in his attack on Quebec. B. Westerley, R.I., 1756; d. New York, 1832. Wardlaw, Ralph, ward/law, a British clergyman and writer. B. Dalkeith, Scotland, 1779; d. Glasgow, 1853. ware, Henry, an American clergyman, afterward a Unitarian prof. of divinity at Harvard. B. Sherburne, Mass., 1764; d. Cambridge, 1845. Henry, Jr., a Congregational minister, son of the preceding, prof. pulpit eloquence. B. Hingham, Mass., 1794; d. Framingham, 1843. William, an Am, divine and author, brother of preceding, traveled extensively. B. Hingham, Massachusetts, 1797; d. Cambridge, 1852. warner, Charles Dudley, warner, an Am. journalist; “My Summer in a Garden.” B. Plainfield, Mass., 1829. * i : $-- – E- "--— {{ Warner, Susan, nom de plume Elizabeth Wetherell, an Am. author; The Wide, wide world.” B. New York, 1818. Warner, Colonel Seth, an Am. officer and patriot in the revolution- *y war. B. 1743; d. 1784. Warren, George Washington, wor'en, an Am. jurist; ex-mayor of Charlestown, Mass.; pres. Am. colonization society. B. Charlestown, *3; d. Boston, 1883, aged 70 years. Warren, Gouverneur Kemble, an Am. general in Mexican and civil * B. 1830; d. Newport, R. I., 1882. Warren, Sir John Borlase, an Eng. naval commander; rear admiral after War with France; amb. to Russia; just before he died he was "iral of the white. B. Nottinghamshire, 1754; d. Greenwich, 1822. Warren, Joseph, an Am. gen. in rev. war; one of the heroes of Bunker Hill; though a general he would not take the command from either Prescott or Putnam, as those officers were in charge, but fought 1S a private, with a musket; when his friend Mr. Gerry warned him **inst going into the fight his immortal words were, “I know that I *y fall, but where is the man who does not think it glorious and de- lightful to die for his country;” killed after the battle as he was leaving the hill. B. Roxbury, Mass., 1741; d. Bunker Hill, 1775. Warren, Sir Peter, an Eng. naval officer raised to the rank of ad- miral. B. 1703; d. 1752. Warren, Samuel, an Eng. novelist and writer; “Ten Thousand a Year.” B. Denbighshire, 1So?; d. 1877. Warrington, Lewis, wor'ing-ton, an Am. naval captain; in war with "poli; war 1812, commanded Peacock; captured the British war ship °pard with £198,000 on board, and 14 merchant ships. B. Williams- burg, Va., 1782; d. Washington, D.C., 1851. Warton, Joseph, D.D., war'tom, an English divine, critic, and writer. B. Surrey, 1722; d. near London, 1Soo. Thomas, an Eng. critic and poet, brother of preceding, poet laureate after Whitehead, 1785. B. Basingstoke, 172S; d. Oxford, 1790. Warwick, Richard Neville, earl of, wor'ik, surnamed “the king maker,” an Eng. naval and military commander; made Edward IV. king : afterward restored crown to Henry VI.; lord high admiral; killed "the battle of Barnet. B. about 1420; d. Barnet, 1471. Washington, Bushrod, wosh'ing-ton, an Am. rev. soldier and jurist; *Phew of Gen. Washington; pres. Adams appointed him a judge of the U. S. Supreme court, which office he held 31 years; by Gen. Wash- "gton's will he became possessor of Mt. Vernon. B. Westmoreland * Va., 1762; d. Philadelphia, 1829. Washington, George, the celebrated Am. patriot, commander-in- chief of Am. armies, and first president of the United States; a fed- *alist; educated in ordinary school; left school at 16, and having *come familiar with mathematics and practical surveying, was cm- Ployed by Lord Fairfax to survey his property in the Alleghany "untains; major in provincial militia in his 19th year; served as colonel under Gen. Braddock, who was unfortunate; held command of the Virginian troops till 1758; served his country as senator; took *mand of the army of Am. in June, 1775, at Cambridge, in New *ngland. From this period the history of Washington is the history *the Am, revolutionary war; he created the An army, aided by French forces, fought the English generals, Howe, Clinton, Burgoyne "d Cornwallis, with various results, till finally he invested Corn- Wallis in Yorktown, and caused him to surrender. To his devotion, "dence and moderation the Americans were so greatly indebted for *independence that was secured to them by the treaty of peace con- *ded in 1783. Soon after this event washington resigned his com- *sion to congress, and returned to his seat at Mt. Vernon, like Cincinnatus, and set himself to complete those favorite improvements **griculture that had been suspended. In 1789 he was elected pres., *d, being re-elected, held office till 1797, when he again retired to Mt. *non. He was incapable of fear, meeting personal danger with the *mest unconcern; called the father of his country; first in war, first * Peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen. B. on his father's '. in Westmoreland co., Va., Feb. 22, 1732; d. Mt. Vernon, Dec. 4, 1799. Waterton, Charles, zvazv'ter-ton, an Eng. traveler and naturalist; *ebrated as a taxidermist. B. Yorkshire, 1782; d. there, 1865. BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 369. Watson, John Fanning, an Am. historian. B. Batsto, N.J., 1779; d. Germantown, Pa., 1S60. Watson, Richard, an Eng. clergyman; bishop of Llandaff; author of a number of religious works. B. Westmoreland, 1737; d. Calgarth park, 1816. Watt, James, wot, a celebrated British inventor; began his experi- ments with steam, 1758, and in 1784 he patented a road engine; invented a micrometer; first to adapt steam for house heating; his inventions were as valuable as they were numerous. B. Greenock, Scotland, 1736; d. Heathfield, near Soho, 1819. Watts, George Frederick, an Eng. artist; painted colossal oil pic- tures. B. London, 1820. Watts, Isaac, an English divine and poet; a dissenter; “Watts' Hymns.” B. Southampton, 1674; d. London, 1748. Watts, Alaric Alexander, an Eng. poetical writer; became literary assistant to Crabbe, the writer of the “Technological Dict.” B. Lon- don, 1799; d. 1S64. Wayland, Francis, wa'land, an Am. philosopher and clergyman; author of many scientific works. Born N. Y., 1796; d. Providence, 1S65. Wayne, Anthony, an Am. revolutionary gen.; familiarly known as “mad Anthony Wayne,” on account of his skill and daring in battles; made brig.-gen., 1777; was the hero of Stony Point, where he was wounded; maj.-gen, and commander-in-chief against the Indians, 1792. B. Chester co., Penn., 1745; d. Presque Isle, 1796. * Webb, Samuel B., web, an Am. gen. that served in the revolutionary war. B. Weathersfield, Ct., 1753; d. Claverack, N.Y., 1807. James Watson, an American writer, maj.-gen., and minister to Brazil, 1861; “Slavery and its Tendencies.” B. Claverack, N.Y., 1So2. Webbe, Samuel, an Eng. musician and composer. B. Minorca, 1740; d. London, 1824. Weber, Albrecht Friedrich, a German oriental scholar; made dis- coveries in metrical system. B. Breslau, IS25. Weber, Karl Maria Friedrich Ernst von, baron, a celebrated German composer. B. Eutin, near Lubeck, 1786; d. London, 1826. Weber, Ernst Heinrich, a Ger. prof. of physiology; “Anatomical and Physiological Annotations.” B. Wittenberg, 1795. William Eduard, a physicist, bro. of preceding, occupied chair of physics at Leipsic. B. Wittenberg, 1804. Eduard Friedrich, bro. of preceding, prof. of medi- cine at Leipsic. B. Wittenberg, 1806; d. Leipsic, 1871. Weber, Henry William, a Ger, archaeologist and editor; “The Battle of Flodden Field.” B. St. Petersburg, 1783; d. 1818. webster, Benjamin, web'ster, an Eng, dramatic actor; manager Adelphi theatre. B. Bath, 1800. Webster, Daniel, a celebrated Am, orator, statesman and lawyer; M. C., 1813, where he sat till 1817; again M. C., 1822; elected U. S. - senator in 1828, and in 1836 was an unsuccessful candidate for presi- dent; secy, state, under Harrison; in 1842 negotiated with Lord Ash- burton the Oregon treaty; senator again in 1845; secy. state in 1850, and until his death at Marshfield, Mass., in 1852. B. Salisbury, N. H. 1782. Ebenezer, an Am. colonel, f. of preceding, mem. of legislature. B. Kingston, N.H., 1739; d. Franklin, 1Soś. Ezekiel, eldest son of preceding, a state legislator. B. Franklin, 1780; d. Concord, 1829. Webster, Thomas, an Eng. portrait painter; children and school life; “Slide,” “See-Saw;” “Good Night.” B. London, 1Soo. Webster, Noah, a relative of John; “English Dictionary,” a stupen- dous monument of industry. B. Hartford, 1758; d. 1843. Wedderburn, Alexander, wed'er-burn, Baron Loughborough, carl of Rosslyn, a Scotch jurist; lord high chancellor under Pitt. B. Edin- burgh, 1733; d. Berkshire, 1805. Wedgewood, Josiah, wed'wood, an Eng. manufacturer of pottery; invented Wedgeywood ware; the pyrometer; projected Grand Trunk canal. IB. Burslem, Staffordshire, 1730; d. Etruria, near Newcastle- under-Lyme, 1795. Weed, Thurlow, weed, an Am. journalist; quar. master-sergeant in the war, 1812; founded and edited various journals, among them the Anti-Masonic Enquirer; a promincmt political leader; his influence procured the presidential nominations for Harrison, Taylor and Scott; sent to Europe by Lincoln, in the interests of the nation, 1861; edited the Commercial Advertiser, N.Y., 1865, but sickness compelled him to *> --> Watson, James Craig, wot'son, an Am. astronomer and mathemati. seek private life; “Letters from Europe and West Indies.” B. Cairo, *; discovered 19 asteroids. B. Canada West, 183S. N. Y., 1797; d. 1882. ~- ~- G-e- M- —a- *—- 37O Weil, Gustav, wile, a Ger, prof. oriental languages at Heidelberg; pub, works in German. B. Baden, SoS. , Weilen, Joseph, wi'len, a Ger, dramatic poet; “Rosamunde.” B. Bohemia, 1828. Weir, Robert Walter, veer, an Am. artist; prof. drawing at West Point; “Greek Girl.” B. New Rochelle, N.Y., 1803. Weisbach, Julius, wise'bak, a Ger. prof. mathematics; by discov- eries aided science of hydraulics. B. Saxony, 1806; d. Frieberg, 1871. Weishaupt, Adam, wise’howpt, a Ger. prof. of law; f. of order, Illu- minati; councilor of state. B. Ingolstadt, 1748; d. Gotha, 1830. Weisse, Christian Felix, wi'seh, a Ger. poet and dramatist; “Chil- dren's Friend.” B. 1726; d. 1804. Welby, Amelia B. (Coppuck), wel/bi, an Am. poet; works pub. in 1850, illus. by R. W. Weir. B. in Md., 1821; d. Louisville, Ky., 1852. welcker, Friedrich.Gottlieb, wei'ker, a Ger. prof. of archaeology. B. in grand-duchy of Hesse, 1784; d. 1S68. Weld, Theodore Dwight, weld, an Am. abolitionist; “Bible against Slavery.” B. Hampton, Ct., 1803. Angelina Emily Grimke, wife of preceding, emancipated her slaves. B. Charleston, S.C., 1812. Welhaven, Johan Sebastian Commermeier, wel"ha-ven, a Norwegian poet and prof. of philosophy. B. Bergen, 1So?; d. Christiana, 1873. Welles, Hon. Gideon, welz, secy. U. S. navy; wrote sketches of naval fights in war 1861-5. B. 1So?; d. 1 Iartford, Ct., 1878. Wellesley, Richard Colley, rvel:'li, marquis, a Brit. statesman; bro. duke of Wellington; gov.-gen. of India. B. Dublin, 1760; d. Bromp- ton, 1842. Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, duke of, we'ling-ton, an illustrious British military commander and eminent statesman; in 1So?, with 8,000 men, at Assye, def. the forces of Scindia, numbering 30,000; in 1Soó, married Lady Catherine Pakenham; secy, for Ireland, and elected to H. C., 1807; routed the Danes at Kioge, the same year; in 1SoS, was made lieut.-general in the Peninsular war; routed the French, under Soult, near the Douro, driving him through the mountains into Galicia; entered Spain, fought and won the battle of Talavera, 22,000 Eng. vs. 50,000 French; cleared Portugal of the French; def. Massena, at Fuentes D'Onore; won the stronghold of Badajoz; def. Marmont at battle of Salamanca, the most decisive victory yet won in Spain; en- tered Madrid in triumph; def. the French at Vittoria, in 1813; def. Soult in the battles of the Pyrences, pursued and drove him from Tou- louse; with this, the Peninsular war virtually ended. When Napoleon escaped from Elba, Wellington was placed in command of the British forces on the continent, met Napoleon at Waterloo and defeated him, and so ended the great continental war, having lasted during 12 years. Wellington retired from public life in 1846, and died at Walmer Castle, Kent, 1852. B. Dangan Castle, Ire., 1769. Wells, David Ames, welz, an Am. political economist; university lecturer at Yale. B. Springfield, Mass., 1828. Wells, IIorace, an Am. dentist; discovered anaesthesia; ruined his health by experiments upon himself. B. Hartford, Vt., 1815 d. New York, 1848. * Wells, Samuel Roberts, an Am. phrenological publisher; “New Physiognomy.” B. Conn. 1820; d. New York, 1875. Wells, William Charles, welz, an Am. physician; “An Essay on Single Vision with Two Eyes.” B. Charleston, S.C., 1753; d. Lon- don, 1817. Wenceslaus, or Wenzel, went'zel, cmp. of Ger., and k. of Bohemia; a dissolute and cruel prince, and during his reign John Huss was burned, which ruthless act gave rise to the dreadful IIussite war. B. Nuremburg, 1361; d. near Prague, 1419. See ZISKA. * wentworth, William, went'wurth, a colonial preacher, from whom all the Wentworths in the U. S. are descended. B. Eng., 1615; d. Dover, N. II., 1697. John, grandson of William, lieut.-gov of the province of N. H. B. Portsmouth, 1671; d. there, 1730. Benning, son of John, gov. of N. H.; gave land for Dartmouth college. B. Ports- mouth, 1696; d. there, 1770. Sir John, gov. of N. H. and Nova Scotia, nephew of Benning, endowed Dartmouth college with 44,000 acres of land. B. Portsmouth, 1736; d. Halifax, 1820. John, great grandson of William W., speaker of provincial assembly; chief-justice. B. Dover, 1719, d. Somersworth, 1781. John, jr., son of above, member of continental congress. B. Somersworth, 1745; d. Dover, 1787. John, nephew of Gov. John, a lawyer, “System of Pleading.” B. Ports- BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. mouth, 1768; d. Paris, 1816. John, an Am. politician, grandson of John, Jr., M. C. from Illinois, 1843; re-elected five times; mayor of Chicago, two terms, 1857-’60. B. Sandwich, N. H., 1815. Werner, Abraham Gottlieb, wer’ner, a Ger. prof. of mineralogy; “Classification and Distribution of Mountains.” B. Wehran, 1750; d. Dresden, 1817. Werner, Anton von, a Ger. painter; “National Uprising of 1S13.” B. Frankfort-on-the-Oder, 1843. Werner, Friedrich Ludwig Zacharias, a Ger. dramatic writer; be- came a Catholic priest. B. Konigsberg, 1768; d. Vienna, 1823. Werner, Karl, a Ger. water color painter and explorer; “Jerusalem, and the Holy Land.” B. Weimar, 1808. Wesley, or Westley, Samuel, wess"li, an Eng. divine and poet; “His- tory of the Old and New Testament” in verse. B. Preston, 1662; d. 1735. Samuel, eldest son of the above, a poet; seven years master of the Tiverton school. B. Epworth, about 1690; d. 1739. John, brother of Samuel, a celebrated Eng. divine, and, together with Whitefield, f. Methodism; preached 65 years; a voluminous writer; came to Am. in 1735, arriving 5th Feb.; missionary to Ga.; returned to Eng., 1737; the last conference (47th) attended by Wesley, commenced at IBristol, 27 July, 1790. B. Epworth, Lincolnshire, 1703; d. London, 1791. Charles, bro. of preceding, also a preacher and companion in labor with him. B. Epworth, 1708; d. London, 1788. Wessel, John, Gansfort, wes'el, a Dutch reformer and writer. B. Groningen, about 1420; d. 1489. West, Benjamin, an eminent Am. painter; “Death on the Pale Horse.” B. near Phila., 1738; d. 1820. West, Gilbert, west, an Eng. poet and writer; “Observations on the Resurrection.” B. 1706; d. 1756. West, Stephen, an Am. clergyman; Indian missionary; “Essay on Moral Agency.” B. Tolland, Ct., 1735; d. Stockbridge, Mass., 1819. Westall, Richard, west'al, an Eng. designer and water-color painter, illustrated Milton and Shakspeare's works. B. 1765; d. 1836. Will- ian, brother of the foregoing, an eminent artist; illustrated the “Views” of around the world. B. Hartford, 1782; d. 1850. Westcott, Brook Foss, west'kot, an Eng. prof. of divinity at Cam- bridge; B. near Birmingham, 1825. Westergaard, Niels Ludwig, ves’ter:gord, a Danish professor of oriental languages. B. 1815; d. 1878. Westmacott, Sir Richard, west/ma-cot, a celebrated Eng. sculptor; statues of Pitt and Fox, “Nymph and Cupid.” B. London, 1775; d. there, 1856. Richard, an Eng. sculptor, son of foregoing; “Angel Watching.” B. London. 1799; d. there, 1872. Westmorland, John Fane, west’mor-land, eleventh earl of, an Eng- lish diplomatist; an accomplished musician, and patron of music. B. 17S4; d. 1S59. s Wetherell, Sir Charles, weth'er-el, an Eng. chancery lawyer; in 1831 was mobbed for his anti-Catholic principles. B. 1770; d. 1841. Wettstein, or Wetstein, Johann Jakob, wet'stin, a Swiss professor of philosophy and history; pub, an edition of the New Testament. B. Basel, 1693; d. Amsterdam, 1754. Wharton, Francis, hworton, an Am. writer; prof. of history and Eng. literature; B. Philadelphia, IS20. Wharton, Henry, an Eng. divine; “A Defense of Pluralities.” B. Worstead, Norfolk, 1664; d. Newton, Cambridgeshire, 1695. Wharton, Thomas Wharton, marquis of, an English politician; lord lieut. of Ireland, 1708; “Lillibulero.” B. abcut 1640; d. London, 1715. Phillip Wharton, duke of, son of foregoing; an Eng. politician; became duke of Northumberland, 1716. B. 1698; d. Catalonia, Spain, 1731. Wharton, Thomas, an English prof. of medicine and surgery; dis’ covered “Wharton's duct.” B. Yorkshire, 1610; d. London, 1673. whately, Richard, hwat'li, an English theologian; archbishop of Dublin; bishop of Glendalagh. B. London, 1787; d. Dublin, 1863. Wheatley, Phillis, hweet/ley, a negro writer of poetry. B. Africa, about 1753; d. Boston, 1794. Wheaton, Henry:hwee'ton, an Am, writer and lawyer; conspicuous as a writer on laws of nations; “Science of Public or International Law.” B. Providence, R.I., 1785; d. Dorchester, Mass., 184S. Wheatstone, Sir Charles, hweet'ston, an Eng. prof. of philosophy; made electrical discoveries; “Annals of Philosophy.” B. Gloucester, 1Soz; d. Paris, 1875. t . s | ~ k l Whedon, IDaniel Denison, hwe'don, an Am. divine; prof. of rhetoric, Ogic, and history at Ann Arbor, Mich.; “Freedom of the Will.” B. Geddes, N. Y., 180S. - Wheeler, William Adolphus, hwee'ler, an Am. writer; was general 'viser of Webster's Dictionary, published in 1864; revised Dickens' '*ry. B. Leicester, Mass., is33; d. Roxbury, 1875. Wheelock, Eleazar, hwee'lok, an Am. divine; founder of Dartmouth college. B. Windham, Conn, 1711; d. Hanover, N.H., 1779. John, son of foregoing, suc, his father as pres. of Dartmouth college. B. Leba- * Conn., 1751; d. 1817. Wheelwright, John, hzweel/rit, an Am. divine; banished from Mass. "yon account of his religious views, 1636. B. Lincolnshire, Eng., '591; d. Salisbury, N. II., 1679. Wheelwright, William, an Am. capitalist; founder of Pacific steam *avigation company; built a number of railroads. B. Newburyport, Mass, 1798; d. London, 1873. Whewell, William, hwe'wel, an Eng. prof. of philosophy; “History * Inductive sciences." B. Lancaster, 1794; d. Cambridge, 1866. Whipple, Abraham, hwip/l, an Am. naval commander; commodore during the revolution; commanded the first ship that displayed the U. S. flag on the Thames, 1784. B. Providence, R.I., 1733; d. near Marietta, O., 1819. Whipple, Edwin Percy, hwip/l an Am. writer; “Character and Char- *istic Men.” B. Gioucester, Mass., 1819. Whipple, William, an Am. soldier; served in the revolutionary war; '**f the signers of the Declaration of Independence. B. Kittery, Me, 1730; d. 1785. stler, George Washington, hwis'ler, an Am. engineer; con- *ucted a number of railoads; appointed superintendent of internal "provements in Russia by that government, 1842. B. Fort Wayne, Ind., Soo; d. St. Petersburg, 1849. Whiston, William, havis'ton, an Eng. divine and prof. of mathe- "natics; “New Theory of the Earth.” B. Norton, Leicestershire, 1667; d. London, 1752. Whitaker, John, hwita-ker, an Eng. divine; “Sermon on Mary, Queen of Scots.” B. Manchester, about 1735; d. Ruan-Langhorne, Cornwall, isos. , Whitbread, Samuel, hwitbred, an Eng, politician; conducted the "Peachment of lord Melville. B. London, 1758; killed himself, 1815. Whitby, Daniel, Jazvit/bi, an Eng. divine; a strong opponent of *P*ry; “Protestant Reconciler.” B. Rushden, Northamptonshire, 1638; d. Salisbury, 1726. white, Andrew Dickson, hwit, an Am. historian; pres. of Cornell "versity; “Warfare of Science.” B. Homer, N. Y., 1S32. White, Gilbert, an Am. prof. of natural history; “Natural History of elborne.” B. Selborne, Hamphire, 1720; d. Oxford, 1793. White, Henry Kirke, an Eng. poetical author; devoted much time to the study of languages. B. Nottingham, 1785; d. Cambridge, 1806. White, Joseph Blanco, an Eng. author; educated for a Roman Catho- * priest, but dissented. B. Seville, Spain, 1775; d. Liverpool, 1st. White, Peregrine, the first child of Eng. parents born in New Eng. aboard the Mayflower, Cape Cod, 1620; d. Marshfield, 1704. White, Richard Grant, an Am. writer, “Shakspeare's Scholar.” B. • Y., 1S22. Whitefield, George, white feeld, one of the founders of Methodism; visited Georgia, in Am., whither he had been invited by John Wesley; **ision arose, and the Methodists were divided into two great par- ties, called the Calvinistic and Arminian Methodists. B. in Gloucester- "hire, 1714; d. near Boston, 1770. Whitehead, william, hwithed, an Eng, poetical writer, “The Ro- man Father.” B, Cambridge, 1715; d. London, 17S5. Whitelocke, Bulstrode, havit'lok, an Eng. politician; M. P. and chairman of the committee that impeached the earl of Stratford. B. *ndon, 1605; d. Chilton, wiltshire, ió6. Whitgift, John, hwitgift, an Eng. divine; became bishop of Worces- r; later archbishop of Canterbury, 1583. B. Great Grimsby, Lincoln- * 1530; d. Lambeth, idol. Whiting, William, hwit’ing, an Am. lawyer; solicitor of the war department at Washington, 1863-5. B. Concord, Mass., 1813; d. Bos- ton, 1873. Whitlock, James, hwittok, an Am. merchant, and first register of li B te ~- -- gov. lands in Chicago; qr.-master in Black Hawk war; aided in making national road that extends from Columbus, O., to St. Louis. B. Rich- mond, Va., 1791; d. near Marshall, Ill., 1847. Ogden, son of pre- ceding, a journalist; served in civil war, 1861-5 (105th regt. Ill. vols., Col. Daniel Dustin). B. Marshall, 1840, Young, a bro. of foregoing, an officer of 130th, afterward 77th Ill. regt., war 1861-5; captured at Sabine C. R., St. James par., La.; imprisoned 14 months in Smith co., Texas. B. Marshall, 1843; d. there, 1881. Whitman, Sarah Helen, hwit’man, an Am. poet; “Hours of Life and Other Poems.” B. Providence, R.I., 1Soj. Whitman,Walt, an Am. poetical writer; “Two Rivulets;” “Leaves of Grass.” B. West Hills, L.I., 1819. Whitney, Eli, hwit’ni, an Am. genius; inventor of “cotton gin;” afterward made fire-arms for the government. B. Westborough, Mass., 1765; d. New Haven, Conn., 1825. Whitney, Josiah Dwight, an Am. prof. of geology; made geological survey of California. B. Northampton, Mass., IS19. Whittemore, Amos, hwit’mor, an Am. genius; invented a machine for making wool cards. B. Cambridge, Mass., 1759; d. West Cam- bridge, 1828. Whittier, John Greenleaf, hwit’i-er, a celebrated Am. poet; a strong opposer of slavery; edited the Penn. Freeman; wrote a hymn for the opening of the centennial exhibition; “Stranger in Lowell;” “Snow Bound,” “Voices of Freedom.” B. Haverhill, Mass., 1so?. Whittingham, William Rollinson, hwit'ing-ham, an Am. prelate; bishop of Md., 1840; edited the Family Visitor. Born N. Y., 1so5. Whitworth, Sir Joseph, hwit’worth, an Eng. master mechanic; made baronet, 1869; invented planing tools and machinery. B. Stockport, 1So?. Whymper, Edward, hwin'per, an Eng. explorer; “Travel and Adventure in the Territory of Alaska.” B. London, 1840. Wichern, Johann Heinrich, weekern, a Ger. benefactor; through his influence great reforms were made in the prisons and asylums of Germany. B. Hamburg, 1SoS. Wieland, Christoph Martin, wee’land, a Ger. writer; translated 22 of Shakspeare's plays. B. in Swabia, 1733; d. Weimar, 1813. Wieniawski, Henri, wee'naw-skee, a Polish musician; excelled in violin music; visited U. S., 1872. B. Lublin, 1835. Wiertz, Antoine Joseph, veerts, a Belgian artist; displayed great talent when very young; would not sell his pictures. B. Dinant, 1806; d. Brussels, 1865. Wight, Peter Bonnett, wit, an Am.. builder; architect of new build- ing of national academy of design. Born N. Y., 1838. Wightman, William May, wit’man, an Am. divine; bishop of the - M. E. church South. B. Charleston, S. C., 180S. wilberforce, William, wil’ber-forse, a distinguished Eng. philan- thropist; M. P., and in debate condemned the American war; during 20 years he continued to solicit the emancipation of the negro, by speeches in parliament; before death he exclaimed: “Thank God! that I should have lived to witness a day in which England is willing to give 20 millions sterling for the abolition of slavery.” B. Hull, 1759; d. London, 1833. Robert Isaac, an Eng. divine, son of foregoing; “Doc- trine of Holy Baptism.” B. Broomfield house, near Clapham common, 1So2; d. Albano, Italy, 1857. Samuel, an Eng. prelate, bro. of fore- going, bishop of Oxford; lord high almoner of the queen. B. Broom- field house, 1805; k. by an accident, 1873. Wilde, Richard Henry, wild, an Am. writer and lawyer; atty.-gen. of Ga.; “Hesperia.” B. Dublin, Ire., 1789; d. New Orleans, 1847. re Wilfred, or Wilfrid, St., willfred, an Anglo-Saxon prelate; bishop of York. B. about 634; d. 709. Wilhelm, Karl, wil"helm, a Ger. prof. of music; excelled in pieces for the piano. B. Smalcald, 1828; d. there, 1873. Wilkes, Charles, wilks, an Am. naval commander; appointed to the department of maps and charts by the U. S. government; commanded a great many exploring expeditions; “Theory of the Winds.” B. N. Y., 1Sor. Wilkes, John, an Eng statesman; M. P.; edited North Briton, a sheet that opposed the Eng. government of his time. B. London, 1727; d. thcre, 1797. Wilkie, Sir David, wit/ki, a Scottish artist; “Blind Fiddler;” “Rent Day.” B. Cults, Fifeshire, 1785: d. at sea, 1841. + -—912 . -- w" BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 37: | "- f 4– 372 Wilkins, Sir Charles, wil/kins, an Eng. oriental scholar; wrote a Sanskrit grammar. B. Frome, 1749; d. London, 1836. Wilkins, John, an Eng. divine; married a sister of Oliver Cromwell; “Discovery of a New World.” B. 1614; d. London, 1672. Wilkinson, James, wil’kin-son, an Am. brig.-gen; served during the revolutionary war; gov. of La., 1Soś–6; relieved of his command by the secy. of war, 1814; “Memoirs.” B. in Maryland, 1757; d. near City of Mexico, 1825. Wilkinson, Jemima, an Am. religious enthusiast; with her followers f. Torrey, N. Y. B. Cumberland, R.I., 1753; d. Jerusalem, N.Y., 1819. Wilkinson, Sir John Gardner, an Eng. scholar and Egyptologist; “Architecture of Ancient Egypt.” B. 1797; d. 1875. Wilkinson, John James Garth, an Eng. writer and prof. of medi- cine; “War, Cholera, and the Ministry of Health.” B. London, 1812. Willard, Emma, willard, an Am. author; “IIistory of U. S.;” “Mor- als for the Young.” B. Berlin, Ct., 1787; d. Troy, N.Y., 1870. Willdenow, Karl Ludwig, wil"deh-no, a Ger. prof. of botany. B. Berlin, 1765; d. there, 1812. Willems, Florent, wit’lems, a Belgian artist; “A Musical Party;” “Betrothal Ring.” B. Liege, about 1S12. William I., willyam, k. of Eng., commonly called the Conqueror; Harold led an army against him, but was def. and slain at Hastings, in 1066; was cruel to the Saxons; instituted the curfew, or “cover-fire bell,” at sound of which, every night at eight o'clock, all fires and candles were to be put out, so that his subjects might not have nightly meetings and form conspiracies; r. with great tyranny. B. Falaise, Normandy, 1027; d. Rouen, 1087. William II., known as William Rufus, third son and suc. of foregoing; unlike his father he was un- successful in warfare; a very oppressive ruler. B. Normandy, about 1056; shot by lord of Poix while hunting in the New Forest, 1100. William III., k, of Eng., and stadtholder of Holland; ascended the throne by his marriage with his cousin Mary, daughter of duke of York; successful in war; a good ruler, respected by his subjects; thrown from his horse and fatally injured. B. Hague, 1650; d. Kensington, 1702. William IV., king of England, third son of George III., entered the British navy at an early age, where he served for a number of years; became admiral 1Sor, king 1830. B. London, 1765; d. Windsor, 1837. William I., (Wilhelm Friedrich Ludwig), king of Prussia and emp- eror of Germany; rose to eminence through his military achievements; his life attempted by assassins; a very successful ruler; established peaceful relations between Germany and all the great powers of Europe; hence his empire made great political and domestic progress during his reign. B. 22 March, 1797. william, (Frcderick) I., k, of the Netherlands; fought the French as commander-in-chief of the Dutch army; served against Napoleon; abdicated in favor of his son. B. at the Hague, 1772; d. Berlin, 1843. II., served under Wellington; took command of army of the Neth- crlands in 1815, and fought at battle of Quatre Bras and Waterloo. B. 1792; d. 1849. III., k, of the Netherlands, a judicious ruler; made many reforms in national affairs. B. 19 Feb., 1817. William I, king of Wurtemberg, married the grand duchess Cath- arine of Russia. B. Luben, Silesia, 1781; d. in palace of Rosenau, near Stuttgart, 1864. William of Champeaux, a Fr. prelate and scholar; teacher at Notre Dame; archbishop of Chalons. B. in the 11th century; d. 1121. William of Nassau, prince of Orange; distinguished for his con- duct in military affairs; member council of state; held other high offices. B. palace of Dillenberg, Nassau, 1533; assas, in Delft, 1584. William of Wykeman, an Eng. politician; secy, of state, bishop of Winchester, and lord high chancellor of Eng. B. Wickham, Hamp- shire, 1324; d. South Waltham, 1404. Williams, Eleazar, wil’yamz, an Am. divine, claimed to be the son of Louis XVI. B. Caughnawaga, N. Y., about 1787; d. Hogans- town, N. Y., 1858. Williams, Ephraim, an Am. gen.; served against the French and Indians, 1755. I. Newton, Mass., 1715; k by Indians, near Lake George, 1755. Williams, IIelen Maria, an Eng. writer; “Ode on the Peace.” B. Eng., 1762; d. Paris, 1827. Williams, Jesse L., an Am. civil engineer; engineered the Wabash and Erie canal and a portion of the U.P. R. R. B. Stokes co., N. C., 1So?. BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. Williams, Roger, an Eng. divine; embraced Puritanism and in 1631 emigrated to America; wrote in favor of liberty of conscience; de- fied authorities of Massachusetts, and had to flee to the woods, where he found an asylum among the Indians; founded colony at Rhode Is- land, and called it Providence. Bancroft, in his “History of America,” says of Roger Williams that “he was the first person in modern Chris- tendom to assert, in its plenitude, entire liberty of conscience.” B. Wales, 1599; d. Providence, R. I., 1683. Williams, Samuel Wells, an Am. scholar; versed in Chinese litera- ture; “Chinese Repository.” B. Utica, N. Y., 1812. Williams, William, an early Am. politician; signer of the Declara- tion of Independence. B. Lebanon, Conn., 1731; d. there, 1811. Willis, Nathaniel, an Am. editor; f. first religious newspaper in this country, Boston Recorder. B. Boston, 17So; d. there, 1870. Nathaniel Parker, an Am. writer, son of foregoing; “People I have Met;” “Out- IDoors at Idlewild.” B. Portland, Mc., 1806; d. Idlewild, near New- burgh, N.Y., 1S67. Willoughby, Sir Hugh, wil’o-bi, an Eng. navigator; explored the Arctic coast. B. Risby, Derbyshire; probably perished at sea, 1554. Wilson, Alexander, wil’son, an Am. prof. of ornithology; “The For- esters, a Poem.” B. Paisley, Scotland, 1766; d. Philadelphia, IS13. Wilson, Augusta, an Am. author; “Infelice;” “St. Elmo;” “Inez.” B. Columbus, Ga., 1835. Wilson, Daniel, an English writer; “The Missing Link.” B. Edin. burgh, 1816. Wilson, Henry, eighteenth vice-pres. of U.S., with Grant; com- menced his political career, 1840; state senator, 1850-1; U. S. senator three successive terms, 1855-'70; assisted in organizing the republican party;, “History of the Rise and Fall of Slave Power in America.” B. Farmington, N. II., 1812; d. from a shock of apoplexy in the vice- president's room at Washington, D.C., 1875. Wilson, Horace Hayman, an Eng. oriental scholar; prof. of Sanskrit at Oxford; “Sanskrit Grammar.” B. London, 1786; d. there, 1SGo. Wilson, James, an Am. politician and lawyer; member of continental congress, and one of the first judges of supreme court in U. S. B. near St. Andrews, Scotland, 1742; d. Edenton, N. C., 1798. Bird, an Am. divine, son of foregoing. B. Garlisle, Penn., 1777; d. N. Y., 1859. Wilson, John, a Scottish writer and sportsman; one of the best oars. men of his day; “The Foresters.” B. Paisley, 1785; d. Edinburgh, 1854. James, brother of foregoing, a Scottish prof. of natural history. B. Paisley, 1795; d. near Edinburgh, 1856. * Wilson, Richard, an Eng. artist; displayed talent in landscape paint- ing. B. Montgomeryshire, 1713 or '14; d. Llanferras, Denbigshire, 1782. Wilson, Sir Robert Thomas, an Eng. soldier; served in Holland and Brazil; “History of the British Expedition to Egypt.” B. London, 1777; d. there, 1849. Wilson, William Dexter, an Am. divine; “The Church Identified.” B. Stoddard, N. H., 1816. ". Wimpffen, Emmanuel Felix de, deh vamp fan, a French gen.; served in Crimean war; carried the declaration of war to Berlin, 1870, and commanded during the Franco-German war. B. Laon, IS11. Winchell, Alexander, win'chel, an American prof of geology; made geological survey of Michigan. B. Northeast, Dutchess co., N.Y., 1824. Winckelmann, Johann Joachim, wink'el-man, a German antiquist; regarded as founder of scientific archaeology. B. Stendal, Prussia, 1717; murdered in Trieste, 1768. Windham, William, wind’am, an Eng. politician; secy, of war, 1806. B. London, 1750; d. there, 1810. Winebrenner, John, tvin'ören-er, an Am. divine; “Brief View of the Church of God.” B. in Md., 1797; d. Harrisburg, Pa., 1860. Wines, Enoch Cobb, wins, an Am. public benefactor; through his influence reforms in prisons were made. B. Hanover, N.J., Soó. Winlock, Joseph, win'lok, an Am. prof. of astronomy; director of the observatory at IIarvard college in 1865. B. Shelbyville, Ky., 1826; d. of apoplexy, Cambridge, Mass., 1875. Winslow, Edward, winz'lo, governor of Plymouth colony; a passen- ger in Mayflower. B. Droitwich, Worcestershire, Eng., 1595; d. at sea, 1655. Winslow, Forbes, Benignus, an Eng. surgeon; devoted himself to the treatment of insanity; “Anatomy of Suicide.” B. London, 1810; d. there, 1874. -e-S) * ~ --- , I AY VT BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 373 "---— Winslow, John A., an Am. rear admiral; commanded, in war 1861-5, Africa, 1879, to close the Zulu war; distinguished himself ancw by his the Kearsarge, and, off Cherbourg, Fr., sunk the confederate cruiser brilliant campaign against Arabi Pasha. B. in Ireland, 1833. Alabama. 13. Wilmington, N.C., 1811; d. Boston, 1873. See SEMMEs, Wolsey, Thomas, wool'se, a celebrated Eng. cardinal; archbishop of Raphael. * York in 1514; represented the power and arrogance of the papacy, Winslow, Miron, an Am. missionary to India. B. Williston, Vt., which Henry VIII. had resolved to destroy in his dominions, and *79; d. at Cape of Good Hope, 1864. Hubbard, bro. of preceding, an hence was stripped of his dignities and property. On his death-bed *m. theologian, “woman as She should Be,” B. Williston, Vt., he exclaimed, “Had I served my God as faithfully as I have the king, 1800; d. there, 1864. he would not have forsaken me in my old age.” B. Ipswich, Suf- Winsor, Frederick Albert, win’zor, an Eng. enterpriser, to whom the folk, 1471; d. 1530. public is indebted for the gas lights; first introduced the use of gas, in Wolzogen, Karoline von, fon wol’tso-gen, a Ger. writer; her first London. B. about 1762; d. 1830. • anonymous work was thought to be the production of Goethe. B. # Winter, John William de, win/ter, a Dutch admiral; active partisan Rudolstadt, 1763; d. Jena, 1847. in the revolution, 17S7; def. by Duncan. B. 1750; d. 1812. Wood, Sir Matthew, Bart., M. P.; alderman and mayor of London. Winthrop, John, win'throp, the first gov. of Mass.; held his first B. 1767; d. 1843. Council under a large tree at Charlestown, 1630; one of the founders of Wood, Thomas J., an Am. maj.-gen.; served in Mexican war and *yal society of London. B. Groton, Eng., 15SS; d. 1649. John, son war of 1861-5; commanded 4th army corps from Dec., 1864, to Febru- of the foregoing, established a colony at Saybrook, Conn.; gov. of that ary, 1865. B. Munfordsville, Ky., 25 Sept., 1825. colony. B. in Eng., 1606; d. in Conn., 1676. Wood, Robert, wood, an English antiquary; “Ruins of Palmyra.” Winthrop, Robert Charles, an Am. statesman; M. C. and U. S. B. Riverstown, Irc., 1716; d. Putney, near London, 1771. *enator. B. Boston, 1Soo. Wood, William Maxwell, an Am. prof. of surgery; fleet surgeon of Winthrop, Theodore, an Am. author; military secy. to Gen. Butler; the Pacific squadron; surgeon-general, 1S71. B. Baltimore, 1809. "Cecil Drceme;” “John Brent.” B. New Haven, Conn., 1828. Woodbury, Levi, wood"ber’i, an Am. senator; gov. of N. H., 1823; Wirt, William, wurt, an Am. advocate and writer; gained distinc- secy of navy, 1831; sccy of treas., 1834; justice of U.S. supreme court, tion by his eloquent pleading in the trial of Aaron Burr. B. Bladens- 1845. B. Francestown, N. H., 1789; d. Portsmouth, 1851. burg, Md., 1772; d. 1835. Woodhouse, Robert, wood'hous, an eminent English astronomer; Wirz, Henry, wurz, a Swiss, the supt. of Andersonville prison; was “Principles of Analytical Calculation.” B. Norwich, 1773; d. 1827. tried for his cruelty to the prisoners, and hung at Washington, Io Woods, Leonard, woods, an Am. divine; “Lectures on Church Gov- • Nov., 1S65. ernment.” B. Princeton, Mass., 1774; d. Andover, 1854. Leonard, son Wishart, George, wish'art, a Scotch martyr; preached the doctrines of foregoing, prof. of theology; “Lectures on Christian Theology;” of the Reformation, for which he was seized by Cardinal Beaton, tried, B. Newbury, Mass., 1So?. *nd burned while alive. B. early in 16th century; burned, 1546. Woodworth, Samuel, wood'wurth, an Am, writer; wrote the song of Wistar, Caspar, wsit'ur, a celebrated Am. physician; attained popu- “The Old Oaken Bucket.” B. Scituate, Mass., 1785; d. in N. Y., 1842. larity as a lecturer. B. Phila., 1761; d. 181S. Wool, John Ellis, wool, an Am. maj.-gen.; distinguished in the war Wither, George, with'er, an Eng. satirist; “Abuses Stript and of 1812-’14; major, lieut. col., and inspector-gen. of the army; went to Whipt.” B. Bentworth, Hampshire, 1588; d. 1667. Europe to investigate military systems in 1832; made brig.-gen. at Witherspoon, John, with'er-spoon, an Am. statesman; a signer of the opening of Mexican war, 1841; maj.-gen., and commander of the de- Declaration of Independence; pres. of Princeton college. B. in Scot- partment of Virginia, 1862, and served through the war of 1861-5. B. land, 1722; d. 1791. Nuburgh, N. Y., 1789, d. Troy, 1869. Wladimir. See VLADIMIR. Wooster, David, wooster, an Am. soldier; brig.-gen. during the Fr. Wodhull, Michael, wod'ul, an Eng. poet; translated tragedies of and Indian war; maj.-gen. of militia in Am. revolution. B. Stratford, Euripides. B. Thenford, Northamptonshire, 1740; d. 1816. Conn., 1710; mortally wounded in battle of Danbury, 1777. Wolcott, John, wool'kot, an Eng. poet, known as Peter Pindar; Worcester, John Tiptoft, earl of woos’ter, an Eng. politician, ac- "Lyric Odes.” B. Dodbrook, Devonshire, 1738; d. 1819. cused of cruelty in Ireland, and beheaded. B. Everton, Cambridge. Wolcott, Oliver, gov. of Conn.; signer of the Declaration of Inde- shire, 15th century; beheaded in tower of London, 1470. Pendence, and the Articles of Confederation. B. Windsor, Conn., 1727; Worcester, Joseph Emerson, an Am. dictionarian; “Sketches of d. in Conn., 1797. Earth and its Inhabitants,” “Dictionary of the English Language.” Wolf, John Christopher, a Ger. divine; “Historia Lexicorum B. Bedford, N.H., 1784; d. Cambridge, Mass., 1865. Hebraicorum.” B. Wernigerode, 1683; d. Hamberg, 1739. worcester, Noah, an Am, divine; “Christian Disciple.” B. Hollis, Wolf, Frederic Augustus, a celebrated Ger. scholar; edited and N.H., 1758; d. Brighton, Mass., 1837. Samuel, an Am. divine, bro. of *dded notes and dissertations to many Greek and Roman classics; f. of foregoing. B. Hollis, N. II., 1770; d. Boston, 1866. Samuel Melanc- philological science. B. near Norhausen, 1759; d. Marseilles, 1824. thon, an Am. divine, son of foregoing; “Essays on Slavery.” B. Wolf, 1 Iieronymus, wolf, a Ger. writer; pub. editions of Demosthenes, Fitchburg, Mass., 1Sol; d. Boston, 1S66. Suidas, Isocrates, and notes on Cicero. B. Dettingen, 1516; d. Augs- Worden, John Lorimer, wur’den, an Am. commodore; rear ad- burg, 15So. miral; commanded the Monitor during its memorable engagement Wolfe, Rev. Charles, woolf, an Irish divine and poet; author cele- with the confederateiron glad Merrimack. B. Mt. Pleasant, N.Y., 181S. brated ode, “Burial of Sir John Moore.” B. in Ireland, 1791; d. 1823. Wordsworth, William, wurdz'wurth, an Eng. poetical writer; Wolfe, James, woolf, a celebrated Eng. general; commanded the ex- traveled extensively on foot; “Peter Bell,” works greatly admired. pedition against Quebec; in the moment of victory, he fell, mortally B. Cockermouth, Cumberland, 1770; d. Rydal Mount, Westmoreland, Wounded, exclaiming, “I die contented,” and expired. B. Westerham, 1850. Christopher, an Eng. divine, bro. of foregoing; “Ecclesiasti- Kent, 1726; d. I759. cal IBiography.” B. Cockcrmouth, Cumberland, 1774; d. Buxted, Wolff, von, John Christian, volf, a Ger, mathematician; “Diction- Essex, 1846. Christopher, an Eng. divine, son of foregoing; “Lectures *ry of the Mathematics.” B. Breslau, 1679; d. 1754. on the Apocalypse;” “Union with Rome.” B. 1Soy. Wolff, Joseph, an Eng. missionary and traveler; wrote six volumes of Wormum, Ralph Nicholson, wur'num, an Eng. writer; “Analysis “Travels.” B. Weilersbach, near Bamberg, 1795; d. 1S62. of Ornament.” B. Thornton, North Durham, 1812. Wollaston, William, wool'as-ton, an Eng. theologist; “The Religion Worth, William Jenkins, an Am. maj.-gen.; served in the war of of Nature Delineated.” B. in Staffordshire, 1659; d. 1724. William 1812-14; commander of cadets at West Point, 1820 to 1828; distin- *yde, great-grandson of preceding, a philosopher and chemist; dis- guished in the Mexican war. B. Hudson, N.Y., 1791; d. San Antonio, “overed a method of rendering platina malleable. B. 1766; d. 1828. Texas, 1849. Wolseley, Sir Garnct Joseph, woolz'li, a British general; served in Wotton, Sir Henry, zvot on, an Eng. writer; provost of Eton col- Č the Burmese war; commanded in the war with China; took charge of lege; “Elements of Architecture.” B. Bocton hall, parish of Bough- the expedition from Canada to the Red river ter., 1870; dispatched to S. ton Malherbe, Kent, 1568; d. Eton, 1639. - F 374. Wotton, William, an Eng. writer; “History of Rome;” “Battle of the Books.” B. Wrentham, Suffolk, 1666; d. Buxted, Essex, 1726. Wouverman, Philip, wow/ver-man, a Dutch artist; excelled in painting hunting parties. B. Haarlem, 1620; d. there, 1668. Wrangel, Karl Gustaf, count, wrang'el, a Swedish gen.; commander in the navy, 1644; commander-in-chief of the army in Ger., 1646. B. 1613; d. in the isl. of Rugen, 1676. Wrangell, Ferdinand, baron, a Russian explorer; explored in the Arctic regions; discovered a large tract of land which is called after him, Wrangell's Land. B. Esthonia, about 1795; d. Dorpat, 1S70. Wraxall, Sir Nathaniel William, raks'al, an Eng. historical writer; “Historical Memoirs of my Own Time.” B. Bristol, 1751; d. Dover, 1831. Sir Frederick Charles Lascellcs, an Eng. writer, grandson of foregoing; “Only a Woman;” “Armies of the Great Powers.” B. Boulogne, 182S; d. London, 1865. Wren, Sir Christopher, ren, an Eng. builder; architect of St. Paul's cathedral, London, and 53 other churches in that city. B. East Knoyle, Wiltshire, 1632; d. Hampton court, 1723. Wright, Benjamin, rite, an Am. engineer; in conjunction with Judge Geddes, from 1816, was charged with the construction of the Erie canal, which was completed in 1825. B. Wethersfield, Ct., 1770; d. N. Y., 1842, aged 72. See PortER, Peter Buel. Wright, Elizur, an Am. prof. of mathematics and natural philoso- phy; a strong abolitionist. B. South Canaan, Ct., 1804. Wright (D’Arusmont), Frances, a Scottish reformer; “A Few Days in Athens;” called Fanny. I?. Dundee, 1795; d. Cincinnati, 1852. Wright, Silas, an Am. senator; brig.-gen. of militia; state senator, N. Y.; M. C., 1826; elected U.S. senator in 1833; gov. N. Y., 1844; declined the vicc-presidency. B. Amherst, Mass., 1795; d. Canton, N.Y., 1847, aged 52. Wright, Thomas, an Eng. antiquist; wrote histories of Ireland and France. B. Wales, 1810. Wright, William, an Eng. oriental scholar; “Apocryphal Acts of the Apostles.” B. Bengal, India, 1830. Wrottesley, John, baron, rots'li, an Eng, prof. of astronomy; pres. of the royal astronomical society. B. Wrottesley, Staffordshire, 1798; d. there, 1867. Wurtz, Charles Adolphe, voorts, a Fr. prof. of chemistry; member of the medical academy at Paris. B. Strasburg, 1817. Wuttke, Heinrich, woot/keh, a Ger. prof. of history; one of the founders of the great German party. B. Brieg, Silesia, 1818. Wyatt, Jamcs, wi'at, an Eng. architect; built a castle at Kew for George III.; pres. of the royal academy. B. Burton Constable, Staf- fordshire, 1746; d. 1813. * Wyatt, Sir Matthew Digby, a celebrated Eng. designer and archi- tect; constructed Crystal Palace, at Sydenham. B. near Devizes, Wilts, 1S20; d. 1877. Wyatt, Richard James, an Eng. sculptor. B. London, 1795; d. 1850. Wyatt, Sir Thomas, an Eng. statesman and poct; knighted by Henry VII.; translated the Psalms of David into English verse. B. 1503; d. 1542. Wyatville, Sir Jeffry, wi'at-vil, a celebrated Eng. architect; rebuilt Windsor castle; knighted. B. Burton-upon-Trent, Staffordshire, 1766; d. 1840. * Wycherley, William, witch'er-li, a celebrated Eng. dramatist, and poet; favorite of Charles II.; “Love in a Wood.” B. Cleve, Shrop- shire, 1640; d. 1715. * Wycliffe, Wyclif, or Wickliffe, John de, wik'lif a celebrated Eng. divine, styled the “Morning Star of the Reformation;” warden of Canterbury hall; exposed the corrupt crrors of the monks, and preached against the Roman church; charged with heresy, but cscaped the fate of a heretic, owing to thc secret protection of John of Gaunt. B. York- shire, about 1324; d. Lutterworth, Leicestershire, 13S4. Wykeham, William of, wik'am, an eminent Eng, prelate; secy. to the king, and lord high chancellor; f. New college, Oxford. B. Wyke- ham, Hampshire, 1324; d. S. Waltham, 1404. Wyndham, Sir William, wind/am, a distinguished Eng. statesman; M. P.; secy, of war and chancellor of the exchequer. B. Somerset- shire, 1687; d. 1740. Wyss, Johann Rudolph, wiss, a celebrated Swiss author; “Swiss Family Robinson.” B. 1781; d. 1830. - BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. Wythe, George, with', an Am. statesman and jurist; a signer of the Declaration of Independence; assisted in preparing the code of laws adopted in 1779. B. 1726; d. from the effects of poison, 1806. Wyttenbach, Daniel, wit'em-bak, a Dutch philosopher; produced an edition of the moral works of Plutarch. B. Berne, 1746; d. 1820. •0->g X g-i. Xanthus, zdn'thus, an ancient Greek writer; “Lydia,” greatly ad- mircd by Dionysius. Fl. 4So B. c. Xantippus, zan-tip’us, a Lacedaemonian general ; supported the Carthagenians who, after his services, ordered him cast into the sea. Fl. 256 B. c. Xavier, Francis, St., za’ve-ai, a distinguished missionary of the Ro- man Catholic church; labored in India and the eastern coast of Asia. B. Navarre, 1506; d. at isl. of Sancia, 1552. Xenocrates, zen-ok'ra-tees, a Greek philosopher, disciple of Plato; taught at Athens. B. Chalcedon, 396 B. c.; d. 314 B. c. Xenophanes, ze-nof'a-nees, a Greek poet and philosopher; he ex- pressed his belief that the moon was inhabited, and contained moun- tains and cities; taught the system known as Pantheism. Fl. 550 m. c. Xenophon, zen’o-fon, a distinguished Athenian statesman, and his- torian; successfully conducted the famous retreat of the 10,000 Greeks to Chrysopolis, opposite Byzantium; “Life of Cyrus the Great.” B. Attica, about 444 B. c.; d. about 359 B. c. >eres, de Francisco, da-ha-reth', a Spanish author. Fl. 1547. Xerxes I., the Great, zerk'sees, a Persian king; suc. his f., Darius Hystaspes, 485 B. c.; conquered Egypt, and then turning his arms against Greece, with an immense army amounting to more than 5,000,- ooo, including camp-followers, he threw a bridge across the IIelles- pont and advanced into Europe; was met by Leonidas, at the pass of Thermopylae, who, with the small army of 300 Spartans, made a stand, and effected a great slaughter of the Persians; afterward def. by the Greeks. Xerxes, disgusted with war, retired to luxury, and was slain by the captain of his guards, Artabanus, 465 B. c. See LEoNIDAs. >imenes, Francis de Cisneros, he-mai'nais, a celebrated Spanish statesman; confessor to Q. Isabella II.; made cardinal by Julius II.; f. university of Alcala, where he caused to be printed the great Polyglot Bible. B. Castile, 1437; d. 1517. żylander, William, ze-lan'der, a Ger. philologist, prof. of Greek at Heidelberg. B. Augsburg, 1532; d. Heidelberg, 1576. Xyphilinus, John, zif-i-li'nus, a patriarch of Constantinople; pro- duced an oration, “Adoration of the Cross.” B. Trebizond, about 1005; d. Constantinople, 1075. * --> Y g-i. Yalden, Thomas, ya"deu, an Eng. poet; favorite of Bishop Atter- bury; his poems are published in collections of the British poets. B. Exeter, 1671; d. 1736. Yale, Elihu, yal, an early patron of Yale college from whom the - institution took its name. B. New Haven, Conn., 1648; d. London, 1721. Yarrell, William, yar'el, an Eng. prof. of natural history; “IIistory of British Birds.” B St. James, Westminster, 1784; d. Yarmouth, 1856. Yates, Edmund Hodgson, yats, an English author; “After Office Hours;” “Black Sheep.” B. 1831. Yates, William, an Eng. divine; “Sanskrit Vocabulary.” B. Loughborough, Leicestershire, 1792; d. at sea, 1845. Yeames, William Frederick, yems, an Eng. artist; works mainly historical; “Sir Thomas More Taken to the Tower.” B. Taganrog, Russia, 1835. Yezdegerd, or Isdigerd, yez'de-gerd, I., reigned in peace from A. D. 399 to about 420. II. had a reign of war; ruled from about 440 to 457. III. ruled from 632 to 651; very unsuccessful in military operations, being defeated on all-sides; slain by one of his own subjects. B. about 617. Yonge, Charles Duke, yung, an Eng. writer, “IIistory of England.” B. 1812. Yonge, Charlotte Mary, an Eng. writer of romance; “IIcir of Red- clyffe.” B, Otterbourne, New Hampshire, 1823. Yorke, Charles, york, an Eng. politician and lawyer; solicitor.-gen., atty.-gen., and lord high chancellor. B. 1722; d. 1770. York von Wartenburg, Hans David Ludwig, yorkfon var'ten-boorg, == * £- * * Š-- # = = T- £: served eight years in the Prus. army; served with the £ in India, and again with the Prussians against Napoleon. B. dam, 1759; d. Klein-ocls, Silesia, 1830. I'. William, yoo'at, an Eng, writer of veterinary works. “The *." B. 1777; d. London, 1847. i.' Edward Livingston, yoo/manz, an Am. scientist; became ' an early age; “Natural History of Man.” B. Coeymans, N. ** 1821. Young, Alexander, yung, an Am. divine; “Chronicles of the Pil- grim Fathers of the Colony of Plymouth.” B. Boston, 1800; d. there, 1854. *oung, Arthur, an Eng. agriculturist; “Farmers' Guide.” B. Brad- "d, Suffolk, 1711; d. there, isso. Young, Brigham, high priest and ruler of the Mormons in Utah; in 1832 he joined the Mormons at Kirtland, O.; became an apostle, and Was sent to procure converts, which he succeeded in doing; was finally chosen pres., and in 1846, with his followers, traveled to Great Salt Lake "ley, which he declared to be the promised land; f. Salt Lake city, ' became sole ruler of that colony, 1847; he proclaimed the “celestial *" of marriage,” sanctioning polygamy; in 1874 his fifteenth wife left "", petitioning to U. S. court for a divorce B, whitingham, vi, *; d. Salt Lake city, is". Young, Charles Augustus, an eminent Am. astronomer; from an 'levation in the Rocky mountains of 8,000 feet, he observed 273 bright lines in the spectrum of the photosphere; went to Peking, China, 1874, , "observe the transit of venus. B. Hanover, N.H., 1834. *oung, Edward, an Eng. satirist and poet; the death of his wife #" rise to his most celebrated work, “Night Thoughts.” B. Up- ham, Winchester, 16S$; d. 1765. * Young, Thomas, an Eng. physician, studied Egyptian hieroglyphics. * Milverton, Somersetshire, 1773; d. London, 1829. Ypsilanti, Prince Alexander; ep/sil-an'te, first active agent in the *olution that resulted in the establishment of the independence of *cce. B. 1792; d. 1828. Yriarte, J uan, de, e-re-ar'ta, a Sp. scholar; collected 24,000 Spanish Proverbs, which he published. B. Orotava, in isl. of Teneriffe, 1702; d. Madrid, 1771. Ysaure, or Isaure, Clemence, e-so'rai, a lady of Toulouse that insti- "d the floral games of the 14th century. Yule, Henry, ule, an Eng. author; “Solitudes of Northern Thibet.” B. about isio. n *ser-ben-Taxfyn, yoosef-ben-taks fin, the greatest of the Almo. £vides, a dynasty of princes of the Mohammedan faith that ruled in *Pain and Africa in the lith and 12th centuries; Yussef turned his *s against Spain, and def. Alphonso VI. on plain of Zalaca; made himself master of Andalusia, Almeria, Denia, Valencia, and the Balearic isles. D. at advanced age, at Morocco, 1106 A. D., or 5oo of the Hegira; r. 40 years. The dynasty of the Almoravides expired with Ishak Ibrahim Taxfyn, Yussef’s grandson, then the government, in *5th year of Ibrahim's reign, passed to the Almohades. See Andal- **tt-BEN-YAssIM. - Yvon, Adolphe, e-von', a Fr. artist; “A Fallen Angel;” “Capture of *Malakhoff.” B. Eschiveiler, Lorraine, 1817. -0-->g Z g=-8. 1, *abarella, Francis, za'ba-rail-la, a celebrated Italian cardinal; as- *ted at the council of Constance; “Treatise on Schism.” B. Padua, *339; d. Constance, 1417. *ach, Francis Xavier, baron von, zak, an eminent Hungarian astrono- ' director of the new observatory at Seeberg. B. Pesth, 1754; • 1832. 2accheus, zak-ke'us, a rich Jew resident in Jericho, and chief officer of the *x collectors in that place; anxious to see Jesus he took pains to climb into a tree by the roadside, that he might have a fair view of him *the crowd passed. Jesus spent the day with him, when Zaccheus and his family became interested in the teachings of Jesus. *acharia, Just Friedrich Wilhelm, tsak-a-ree-a, a German poetical **ter. B. Frankenhausen, 1726; d. 1777. - 2achariah, zak-a-ri-ah, son and suc. of Jeroboam II., king of Israel; £ six months, and then fell by the hand of Shallum, who took the rOne. fi BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 375 Zacharias, zak-a-ri'as, a pope that suc. Gregory III. in 741, released the chief men of France from their allegiance to King Childeric III. Died, 752. Zagoskin, Mikhail, za-gos'kin, a Russian novelist and dramatic author. B. 1789; d. 1852. Zahn, Johann Karl Wilhelm, tsaan, a German artist, and prof. of architecture. B. Soo; d. 1871. Zaluski, Jozef Andrzej, count, za-loos' kee, a Polish book collector; Zaluski library. B. 1701; d. 1774. Zamoyski, Andrzej, count, za'mo-ees-ski, a Polish politician. B. 1716; d. 1774. Zamoyski, John Sarius, a Polish patriot, commander and politician; defender of his country’s liberties. B. 1541; d. 1605. Zanchi, Jerome, zan'ke, a learned Italian reformer; embraced Luther- anism. B. Alzano, Burgamo, 1516; d. Heidelberg, 1590. Zarate de Agostin, da tha ra'te, a Spanish historical writer; “Con- quest of Peru.” D. about 1560. Zarco, John Gonzales, tar’ko, a Portuguese sailor and explorer; dis- covered Madeira and Porto Santo. Fl. 1419. Zea, Don Francisco Antonio, tha'a, a South American politician. B. 1770; d. 1822. . Zeisberger, David, zis’berg -er, a missionary of the Moravian sect; labored among the American Indians. B. 1721; d. 1SoS. Zeller, Eduard, tsel'er, a German prof. of philos. and theol. B. 1814. Zeller, Jules Silvain, zei"lare, a French historical writer. B. 1820. Zelter, Karl Friedrich, tsel"ter, a German musician and musical writer. B. 1753; d. 1832. Zeno, Apostolo, ze'no, the father of the Italian opera; court poet and historiographer to emp. Charles VI. I. Venice, 1668; d. 1750. Zeno, Charles, grand admiral of Venice; def. the Genoese in 13So. B. about 1334; d. 141S. Zeno, called the Isaurian, emp. of the East, married daughter of Leo I., in 45S, and suc. him in conjunction with his own son Leo II. in 474; driven from his throne by Basiliscus in 475, but recovered it. D. 491. Zeno of Citiutn, the f. of a sect of Stoics that continued for four centu- ries. Unlike the Epicureans, the Stoics sought wisdom and temper- ance, and differed from the Skeptics, inasmuch as they were always seeking for the truth, which had been denied by the former. Zeno taught at Athens over 50 years. B. isle of Cyprus, about 355 B. c.; d. about 260 B.C. - Zeno of Elea, a Greek philosopher, and a follower of the Eleatic sect; according to Aristotle, he was the first to employ dialects; en- deavored to deliver his country from tyrannical sway, and was put to death in a barbarous manner. B. about 490 B. C. Zeno, Nicholas and Anthony, two Venetian brothers, supposed first discoverers of Greenland and Newfoundland. Fl. about 1558. Zenobia, Septimia, ze-no'bi-a, the celebrated queen of Palmyra; most noble and beautiful of all the women of the East; marched at the head of her troops; conquered Egypt; besieged by the Roman emp., Aure- lian, she fell into the hands of the Romans; loaded with jewels and golden chains she graced Aurelian's triumphal entry into Rome; he gave her fine estates, and she remained in Italy, an ornament to the country, on account of her pure life, great talents and personal beauty. Supposed death after 270. zetterstedt, Johan Wilhelm, tset-ter-stet, a Swedish natural scientist. B. 17S5; d. 1874. Zeuxis, zure’is, famous Greek artist, rival of Parrhasius; so con- scious of his own merit, that after he had accumulated riches, he gave away his pictures, because he considered them worth more than any sum that could be offered him. Fl. about 450 B. c. Zhukovski, Vasili Andreivitch, zhoo-kov'skee, a Russian poetical writer. B. 1783; d. 1S52. Ziegler, Friedrich Wilhelm, tseeg'ler, a Ger. dramatic writer and actor. I}. 1760; d. 1827. Ziethen von, Hans Joachim, fontse'ten, a Prussian military com- mander; fought at battle of Prague. B. near Berlin, 1699; d. 1786. Zimmermann, Albert, tsin'er-man, a Ger. artist. B. 1809. Zimmermann von, Clemens, a Ger, artist; professor of painting in the academy of Munich. B. 1789; d. 1869. Zimmermann von, Johann Georg, a celebrated Swiss physician and philosopher. B. Brugg, Bern, 1728; d. in Hanover, 1795. Q- 376 – –--" BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. Zingarelli, Nicolo, dreen-ga-rel-ee, an Italian musician and musical writer. B. 1752; d. 1837. Zinzendorf von, Nikolaus, Ludwig, count, fon tsin'tsen-dorf, a Ger. noble, protector of the Moravians and f. of the colony of that name, in Bethlehem, Penn. B. Dresden, 1700; d. 1760. Ziska, or Zizka, John, tsis'ka, real name Trochznow, a celebrated Bo- hemian soldier; leader of the Hussites; commanded at battle of Tan- nenberg, in 1410, where 40,000 Teutonic knights and soldiers were slain; in 1419 a quarrel broke out at Prague between the Roman Cath- olics and Hussites, which resulted in the Hussite war; this awful con- flict raged during 16 years, in five of which Ziska held the command; he won 13 pitched battles, and was victorious in over 100 sieges and en- gagements. B. Trocznow, about 1360; d. Przibislaw, 1424. Zobeida, zo-br'dah, the favorite wife of the celebrated Haroun-al- Raschid, caliph of Bagdad. B. about 765; d. S31. Zoe, zo’e, empress of the East, was first the mistress, but afterward became the wife of emp. Leo VI., and m. of Constantine Porphyro- genitus. D. 919. Another of this name, a dau. of Constantine XI., and w. of Argyrus, whom she murdered, and married Michael the Paphlagonian She died in 1052. Zollicoffer, Felix K., tso/e-kofer, an Am. gen. in confederate ser- vice, war 1861-5; repulsed by unionists at Rock Castle hills, Ky., def. by Gen. George H. Thomas at Mill Spring, in western Ky., where he was killed, 19 Jan., 1862. Zollikofer, Georg Joachim, a Swiss clergyman and eloquent orator. B. St. Gall, 1730; d. 1788. Zonaras, Joannes, zo-ma’ras, a Byzantine author, soldier and priest. B. Constantinople, in 12th century. Zoroaster, or Zcrdusht, zor'o-as'ter, a celebrated Persian, and the f. of the religion of the Parsees, or “fire-worshipers.” The Magi, or priests, were of three ranks, over whom was an archimagus, which office he assumed himself. B. about 589 B. c.; d. 513 B. c. 2orrilla y Moral, Jose, thor-reel-ya e mo-ral", a Spanish poetical and dramatic writer. B. Valladolid, 1817. Zrinyi, Miklos, count, zreen'yi, a Hungarian general; received a gold chain for his bravery at the siege of Vienna, when only 12 years old. B. 1518; k. at the siege of Sziget, 1566. Zuccarelli, Francesco, dzook-a-rel/ee, an Italian landscape artist; invitcd to England; one of the first members of royal acad. B. near Florence, 1702; d. there, 17S8. 2uccaro, or Zucchero, Federigo, dzook'a-ro, an Italian artist, poet, and author. B. Urbino, 1513; d. Ancona, 1609. Zumala-Carreguy, Don Tomas, thoo-ma'la-kar-ra-'gree, a Sp. soldier; follower of Don Carlos. B. Ormaiztegua, 1789; d. 1835. Zummo or Zumbo, Gaetano Guilio, zoo'mo, a celebrated wax-modeler of Sicily. B. 1656; d. 1701. Zumpt, Karl Gottlob, tsoompt, a Ger. prof.; theological and historical writer. B. Berlin, 1792; d. Karlsbad, 1849. s Zurbaran, Francisco, thoor-ba-ran’, a distinguished Spanish artist; “St. Thomas Aquinas,” one of the finest Sp. paintings ever executed. B. in Estremadria, 1598; d. Seville, 1662. Zurita, Geronimo, thoo-re/ta, a celebrated Sp. historical writer; secy. to k. Philip II. B. Saragossa, 1512; d. there, 1581. - Zwingli, or Zuingli, Ulric, zwing 'le, a Swiss religious reformer; could not tolerate Roman Catholic church abuses, and preached Christ alone; many ccclesiastical honors were offered him, but he remained firm; killed at the battle of Kappel while ministering to the wounded, and his body was burned for heresy. B. Wildhaus, 14S4; d. Kappel, 1531. Zwirner, Ernst Friedrich, tsweer'ner, a German architect; designed many churches and castles, and supcrintended the erection of Cologne cathedral. B. 1802; d. 1861. -- k += * – POLITICAL DICTIONARY. 37 7 :-- # : - 'Y' t- 8, %| *# ~€=: |##|##|##|#####|##|##|##|####| WICTION —-(-->3) #. #-2-[2-#-s:02:3-24:-241-2-3' #:0:0:0:0: •oÖos----. * As time goes on some old words are lost, or # change their meaning, and new terms are 111- ; vented. This is more especially true in the field of poli- tics, provided the people are free and progressive. American poli- tics has given rise to a great many phrases and forms of speech, or imparted fresh significance to those already in use. It is the object of this Political Dictionary to set forth the present meaning and historic developement of such terms. –49 A Q- Abolitionist. There never was a time when all Americans acqui- £ in slavery. The Society of Friends, the original English settlers $f Pennsylvania, opposed it, and so from time to time did others; but # acrimonious contest over slaverv, out of which grew the term Abo- |ition and its derivatives, dates from 1829, when William Lloyd arrison began the severe arraignment of slaveholders as criminals. £831 he started his paper, the Liberator. The next year a society Wils formed in Boston for the purpose of promoting the cause of *incipation. That was the New England Anti-slavery Society. The inerican Anti-slavery Society was formed at Philadelphia in 1933. £riah Green, President, and John G. Whittier one of the secretaries, heir number was small, but in 1840 they divided into two wings, one favoring abolition within the Union, the other denouncing the Consti- #ation as a bulwark of slavery. Wendell Phillips, the chief orator of e cause, was especially virulent in denunciation of the Constitution. * cause of anti-slavery grew much more rapidly than the party which was its highest embodiment. There was never any very large *mber of American citizens who were, prior to the civil war, avowed #bolitionists. Gradually the principle of emancipation gained ground, 9Wever. At the South, and largely in Democratic circles North, the “publicans were called Abolitionists, often with the epithet black Prefixed. After the war, a majority of the Northern £o: took pride *Šlaiming to have been Abolitionists. In 1844, when the Abolitionists polled 62,3oo presidential votes, the Whigs attributed the defeat of Clay ~- >= |##|####|####|####|##|####| . of the black and white races, a charge never admitted nor even justi- assassinated,—Abraham Lincoln by J. Wilkes Booth, and James A. by Polk to the defection of anti-slavery Whigs. The ticket then was Bir- ney and Morris. In operating the underground railroad, the Abolition ists took the lead, as they did in all anti-slavery movements. Their first martyr was Elijah P. Lovejoy, of Alton, Ill., who was killed by a mob in 1839. John. Brown was the most famous of the list. John Quincy Adams, Joshua R. Giddings, John P. Hale, Salmon P. Chase and Charles Sumner were conspicuous in Congress for boldly avowing Abolitionism before the formation of the Republican party. It was not until emancipation had become an accomplished fact that the part finally disbanded, The Colonizationists, who wanted to do away with slavery by returning the negroes to Africa, were hitterly hostile to the Abolition movement. They never went into politics. Albany Regency. The cliques, Whig and Democrat, which cen- tered at Albany ruled the politics of New York, with an occasional break, for many years, the term Albany. Regency applying to each, but more especially to the Democratic faction, from 1820 to 1854. Amalgamation. The apologists for slavery accused the Abolition- ists, and later the Itepublicans, of being in favor of the amalgamation fied by the facts. Miscegenation is another term for the same thing. American Party. See Know Nothing. American Whigs. See Whigs. Amnesty. In May, 1S65, a proclamation of pardon to the great mass of Southern citizens was issued by President Johnson. Later the pol- icy of universal amnesty was advocated by Horace Greeley and others, and still later the cry was “Universal amnesty and universal suffrage,” which policy prevailed. Anti-Federalist. The original name of the party led by Thomas Jefferson, the Republicans of that day, later known as Jeffersonian Democrats. . Anti-Mason. The Free Masons never avowed political aspirations, but the enemies of this secret society attempted its overthrow, charging that it was a dangerous political power, working in the dark. William Wirt was anti-Masonic candidate, for President in 1832, carrying one State, Vermont. Thurlow Weed was an intense anti-Mason. See Morgan. Anti-renters. From 1839 to # New York State was agitated over the question of feu tal tenure and leasehold. The Dutch who settled New York first of all went upon the theory that the land should belong to an untitled nobility, and be worked, for the most part, by tenants. After the spread of republican ideas, the farmers in the IHudson and Mohawk Valleys became dissatisfied, and in 1839 bygan to refuse to ay rent. A great deal of bad blood was excited, and some of it spilt. n 1847 the Anti-renters secured a new constitution in accordance with the American spirit and idea of land tenure, after which the Anti- renters disappeared. Anti-slavery. Not quite the same as abolitionism; many who avowed hostility to slavery stoutly protested that they were not Abolitionists. Apportionment. Each Congress, after cach census, i.e., once in ten years, must allot to each State its share of representatives in Congress, and then the scveral legislatures may apportion their respective States into districts. Sometimes one or inore Congressmen are elected on a general State ticket. When the apportionment in a State is very partisan and unfair it is called Gerrymandering, which see. Aristocracy. No politician in America admits that he is an aristo- crat, but the term is sometimes used to designate an opponent. Sce Silk-stocking. Assassination. Two Presidents of the United States have been Garfield by Guiteau. The latter was called a crank or half crazy. There ---> *r Q—a- -—” 378 POLITICAL DICTIONARY. has never been any real conspiracy for assassination in this country, on a large scalc., Booth had confederates, but represented no secret cábal, like the Itussian Nihilists. Autocracy. A p. oper term to apply to an unlimited monopoly, but has no real place in American politics. —£9 B ©– Banks. £ not in themselves political, the banks of this country have played such a part in politics that they cannot be ignored. First came the Bank of United States, chartered in 1794, and finally overthrown, amid much excitement, by Jackson, who vetoed a bill to continue its charter, and through his Secretary of the Treasury, Roger B. Taney, removed the government deposits. In 1833, it was wound '' State banks followed until early in the Civil War they were obliged to suspend, and the national bank system was adopted. In several Congresses banking has had much prominence: Barbecue. A £ gathering in the open air, at which an ox is killed and roasted, forming the distinctive feature of the occa- sion. Specially belongs to the campaign of 1840. * Barnacles. Dickens shows up chronic office-holders as Barnacles, and the term has been widely used in this country in the same sense. Barn-burners. Same as Free-soilers, the conservative Democrats of 1848 and thereabouts # the Free-soil bolters of repeating the folly of the farmer who burned his barn to get rid of the rats. Black Abolitionist. Sec Abolitionist. Black Republicans. See Republicans. Bloody shirt. The Republicans who, after the war, appealed to war sentiments, and especially those who denounced the Rū Klux Klan and its doings, were accused of waving the bloody shirt. Blue Laws. The strict Sabbatarian laws of colonial times, especially in tonnecticut. The term is sometimes used to designate obnoxious modern laws in the 1nterest of religion and morality. Blue-light Federalists. Extreme opponents of the War of 1812, being to that war what copperheads were to the Union cause in the Civil War. Rolt. To secede from a political convention, or refuse to support the ticket of one's party, is bolting. Border Ruffians. The Southerners from Missouri and elsewhere who went to the Territory of Kansas in the interests of slavery. were denounced as border ruffians. See Kansas-Nebraska. Bossism. Roscoe Conkling was accused by his enemies within the Republican party of setting himself up as an autocrat or boss. In 18So the term was applied to the leaders of the third-term movement, and an intense feeling was aroused against machine politics, or bossism, X' gradually subsided under the administration of President "thur. Bounty-jumper. Those who enlisted in the Union army as substi- tutes, or otherwise, so as to get the bounty and then desert. Bread and Butter. Office holders for profit, without regard to honor, are said to belong to the bread-and-butter brigadc. Bourbon. One of the names given to the extreme Conservatives of the Democratic party. - Brother Jonathan. Popular term for American of the distinctively Yankee type: First applied by George Washington to Gov. Jonathan Trumhull of Connecticut. Washington consulted and deferred to “Brother Jonathan,” in whose judgment and patriotism he had great reSI) ect. #tans. The p' faction opposed to De Witt Clinton wore the tip of the tail of a deer in their hats, in campaign times, and hence this name was given them. That was soon after the War of 1812. Bulldose. In 1876 it was charged that Southern whites flogged many negroes so as to intimidate them out of voting the Republican ticket. They were said to threaten to give the victim a dose for a bull. The term originated in connection with the White Liners of Louisiana. Bullionist. Advocate of hard money, in distinction from paper money. Thomas II. Benton was called Old Bullion, on account of his opposition to bank bills. * Bummers. Sherman's army, as it marched through Georgia, were branded bummers. In politics it applies to saloon loafers who are ready to do almost any dirty work required in politics. Buncombe. A Member of Congress from North Carolina was once asked why he made a speech before that body when he saw that no one listened. He replied, # am talking for Buncombe” (the county which he represented). Ever since then the term means making a speech in Congress for the purpose of increased popularity with one's constitu- ents, and without regard to affecting Congressional legislation or opinion. •0-a-Q C Q =8-6s Campaign. There is so much hostility aroused by a political can- vass that it is generally called a campaign. The term applies to the period between nomination and election. Carpet-bagger. Invented and applied to Northern men who went South after the war, and, with the aid of negro votes, held office. They were accused of being very corrupt, and of intending to leave the State as soon as they had filled their carpet sacks with plunder. Caucus. A conference of the members of Congress or a State Legislature, who belong to the same, party. Those who participate are bound in honor by the voice of the majority... The term £ also to primary meetings in rural districts. Until the defeat of Craw- ford for President, the Congressional caucus assumed the functions now belonging to a national convention. Crawford, defeated by John £y Adams, was the last Congressional caucus nominee for Presi- ent. Census. The enumeration, once in ten years, of the population of the United States. Other valuable statistics are g£d at the same tirne. Charter Oak. . In 1688 an attempt was made to take back the royal charters enjoyed by the colonists. The only one to escape was hidden in an oak tree near Hartford, Conn. I he tree stood until 1856. Civil Rights. . Between the right of suffrage and social rights is an intermediate right claimed for the negro, namely, equal £ eges with whites in hotels, cars and other public places. &# Sumner was 1. strenuous advocate of civil rights, and his pet bill was passed soon after his death. In the fall of 18S3 the Supreme Court of the United States pronounced it unconstitutional. Civil Service Reform. Soon after the war closed, a movement was set on foot to abolish the spoils or patronage system in politics, and make appointinents as clerks, and other minor Federal offices, rest on competency, and have promotions go by merit. It was also designed to nake the tenure of civil service office dependent, in effect, upon good behavior, and not powerful political backing. In 1871 a bill creating a civil service commission was passed, and something done in the way of carrying out the reform, but not much. President 'i' WilS # Wilfill friend of this reform, and under his administration the cause made much progress. In 1883 Congress passed the bill demanded by the most zeal- ous advocates of this reform, very few votes being cast against it in either branch of Congress. . Coercion. When the South threatened to secede, the question of the right and power of the North to prevent it was discussed under the head of coercion. Colored Troops. The negroes who bore arms in the Civil War were all on the side of the Union, and the phrase “The colored troops fought nobly, became £: * Commoner. . Thaddeus Stevens was the great American commoner. In England John #: enjoys that distinction. Commonwealth. A synonym for State, and the proper designation of Massachusetts. Communism. See Socialists. Community. In one sense any neighborhood, but it is the special designation of a settlement in Oneida County, New York, where no one, holds individual property or forms family ties, all things being held in common. It dates from 1847. There are many smaller commu- nities, on substantially the same plan, in this country. Compromise. All through the anti-slavery agitation there were radi- cal anti-slavery men at the North, Abolitionists, and radical pro-slavery men at the South, fire-eaters, who were ready to adopt the most extreme measures; but in both sections the great body of the people were for mutual concessions and forbearance,—compromising t'. term gener- ally used. Henry Clay was the £ compromiser. In 1820 a very important compromise was effected as regards the extension of slavery, and in 1850 the Fugitive Slave Law was dubbed a compromise. An attempt was made in 1860-6 to avoid war by compromise, but by that £ the spirit of concession was feeble, and compromise was at an {:Il Cls id:#ation. The policy of winning the South back to loyalty by 1I]{IIl CSS. Confederate. About this word and its derivatives cluster two dis- tinct meanings. . In the early days of American independence the col- cnies in revolt formed a loose union under articles of confederation. When the Constitution was adopted Federal Union was generally sub- stituted for Confederacy. When the South seceded in 1861. the Con- federate States was formed under a constitution largely patterned after the Federal Constitution. Since the fall of Richmond and the capture of Mr. Davis, there has been no actual “Confederate States of America.” The Confederacy was organized at Montgomery, Ala., Feb. 4, 1861. The archives of the Confederate government are now nt Washington. Congress. Some mere incetings in the interest of some cause are called congresses, but properly the term applies only to the national Legislature of the United States. It consists of two branches, the Sen- ate and House. Every Senator and Representative is a Congressman, but the term is generally restricted in its use to members of the House: The Senate is a continuous body, the members elected for terms of three years, one-third going out each alternate 4th of March. The House consists of members whose terms of office expire at the same time. The Congresses are distinguished from each other numerically, each Congress extending over a period of two years. The pay of a Congressman is $5,000 a year, the same in both branches. Conservative... is not the name of a party, as in England, but of a tendency in politics. The opposite of radical, Constitution. The British Constitution is the immemorial and bind- ing legal and political principles of the country; but in America, an on the continent of Europe, it is a written, definite body of laws, which cannot be set aside by legislation or overruled, but must be obeyed implicitly by all rulers and persons, until duly amended or superseded. The Constitution of the United States has been amended, but the body of it is the same now as it was originally. New State Constitutions are adopted from time to time, framed by constitutional conventions, and ratified by popular vote. Constitutional Union Party. The remnant of the Whig party which nominated and supported the presidential ticket of John Bell and Edward Everett in 1860 Continental. Applied to the American, Congress of Revolutiona times and to the paper money which it emitted, and which the Unite States never redeemed. First Continental Congress met at Philadel- phia in the fall of 1774. Contrabands. For some time the government and people of the United States were at a loss to know what to do with fugitive slaves coming within the lines of the Union army. Gen. B. F. Butler sug- -* *- ~ k "#y taken up, and “contraband” was in everybody's mouth. la'', A gathering of men who meet as representatives of a i "Ph £ £: The most important of all conventions, met at 'P' in 17S7, and framed the Constitution of the United States. CIn The Whigs sneered at Martin Van Buren as a fox, and the £rats retaliated by referring to Henry Clay as “that same old 99pperhead. A speci * * * * * * pecies of snake. In the intensity of feeling during # il War, Northern men who were suspected, of sympathizin £cessionists were stigmatized as copperhead... Many politică this $, born of derision, acquired respectability; but it was not so in dr # and after the passions of the war had cooled off, the term was v£ Right. The earliest homestead act in this country was the be £ Corn Right, by which the cultivator of one acre of corn c. IIle thereby entitled to 100 acres of land . . w£al s Guard. A general term for an insignificant force. The '### Congress who stood by President Tyler, after he had vetoed # riff Bill of his party, were sneeringly designated the Corporal's £ of Liberty. Another name for Faneuil Hall, Boston. So in £se the liberties of the colonies were eloquently defended 'prior to the Revolutionary War. * G'. 'It was very generally felt that the assassin of President e 'd, Charles J. Guiteau, was neither quite sane nor wholly insane. £ £illed a crank, and ever since the summer of 1881 that term has mine # to designate persons so very eccentricthat it is hard to deter- C their intellectual soundness and moral accountability. g' Mobilier. . French term for credit on movable property. A £poration whose capital was invested in personal property was £e at Paris in 1852, which grew to such importance that its his- lis £ claborately set forth in a book devoted to that purpose, pub- ture !" $67. As early as 1859 a charter was granted by the Legisla: to th * Pennsylvania to the Čredit Mobilier of America, and it was £ns of that company that the popular use of the term ment * traced. It acquired no prominence under its original manage- WaS *..." general loan and contract £, or agency. In 1864 it is 'i' and adjusted to the convenience of a syndicate of capital- road nd speculators having in mind the construction of the Pacific Rail. to Ö The greater part of the Union Pacific, extending. from Omaha £: was built by the syndicate the Credit Mobilier playing a given: 't important part. Some of the stock was sold and some of it infl "away, or very nearly so, to members of Congress, with a view to £g their votes in favor of bond and land subsidies in aid of the C 'Prisc. In the fall of 1872 a great deal of prominence was given to £ #e of £ongressional corruption in connection with th: Credit I'Ot 'Sr., This charge grew out of disclosures made in a law, suit £ by one of the prime movers, who claimed to have been £d. in the division of profits. When £ assembled, an £ion was ordered, and for several months the country was £dly agitated by the disclosures made. Oakes Ames, a Con- £ from Massachusetts, was the leading promoter of the Union i £ in Congress, and the revelations of his memoranda book were # W. Sensational. The disclosures made served a very reformatory 'Posein checking corruption in high places. fro £ investigation. John Covode, a Republican Congressman : $nnsylvania from 1854 to 1870, was an ardent Republican. His po #le act was, securing in 1860 the appointment of what was £y known as the Covode Committee to investigate the aileged of #ption and illegality of the pro-slavery constitutional convention 'sis, which met at Lecompton, and was known by that name. m: disclosures made had much to do with defeating the pro-slavery **ment in that Territory. See Kansas. -- D ---- d': £orse. A candidate for office, more especially for the presi- £ho is not prominent, but wins the race because the leading '*tes succeed only in defeating each other. £ation 3f Independence. When the first Continental Congress the £ of the leadin patriots were in favor of reforming abuses in £ onial system, without # the British yoke, but after much In £ it was decided to cast off the chains of allegiance to the to £ntry. An address, nominally to the crown, but practically Tho * People, was framed by a committee appointed for that purposé, of £ Jefferson being its author. That address has become a part 17 £y as the Declaration of Independence. It dates from July 4, £ it, was unanimously adopted and became the corner stone sent: United States government. New England led the way in the a', and cause of independence, but the formal o 'ening of the COrn 'in Congress was made by Henry, Lee, of Virginia. The A '*' consisted of Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, John *s, Roger Sherman and Robert R. Livingston. it. £gue. A politician who espouses the popular cause because Popular and from selfish motives. * p: #. There is a certain connection between the Republican £ lefferson's day and the modern Democracy, but as a political Cne 12ation, in its modern sense, it dates from the administration of his £n. His election was a person 11 triumph, but, unlike i£ 'ssor, John Quincy Adams, he had the elements of a popular "' and organizer. Without fully realizing what he was doing, he ic £ what is now known as a “machine.” At the close of his pub: Voter *...he had cemented into a compact body a majority of the Tac S of the United States, under a very fortunaté name, for Democ- Y was a taking appellation, herein contrasting with Whig. The ~ GSE -- POLITICAL DICTIONARY”. 379 T- # that they be considered as contrabands of war. The phrase was personal views of the founder of the party were deeply impressed upon the organization. It was in favor of restricting the jurisdiction of the general government so far as possible, and gradually leaned toward a strict construction of the Constitution. Appropriations from the national treasury for internal improvements were always looked upon by the Democracy with disfavor, also a tariff for protection. It was not until after the Whig party had made its last struggle for existence, 1852, that it became the party of the South. Martin Van Buren, a faithful lieutenant of Gen. Jackson, had much to do with perfecting the organization. With the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860, it lost the cohesive power of patronage, and the secession of the South put it under a very serious disability, but it maintained its identity, winning important victories, from time to time, being in a position to profit R. any £ dissatisfaction with the party in power. Much às the Whigs had been able, in 1840 and again in 1848, to profit by popular disaffection with the dominent 1 emocracy, it was in 1853 that the distinctive Southern bias of the party was developed. The defeat suffered in ISCo was partly due to Démocratic dissension and partly to the positive growth of Republican sentiment in the North. In 1873 an attempt was made to merge the Democracy in a new party, the Lib- era, under the leadership of Horace Greeley. The attempt to secure a ratification of the Liberal movement in the Sati'l Convention was successful, but a resolute minority, under the lead of Charles O’Connor, refused to join in the new departure. That fact, together with the defeat of Mr. Greeley and the collapse of Liberalism preserved the Democracy from disintegration. In 1876 it almost regained control of the Executive Department of the government, under the leadership of Samuel J. Tilden; In SSo Gen. Hancock, of the regular army, was its presidential nominee. He was defeated, but in ISS2 the Democratic Marty carried the Congressional elections and a large majority of the £ In 1883 it was not quite as successful, but sufficiently so to make it very hopeful for # Deputation. An unofficial but representative body of men, appointed to bring influence to bear, for a given purpose at a special time, and owing allegiance only to the public sentiment and interest represented. Dough-face. . During the agitation of slavery, the apologists for it were denounced by Abolitionists as Dough-faces, by which was meant that they were plastic in the hands of Southern politicians. Draft Riots. In the summer of 1S63 the peace-at-any-price element at the North protested stoutly against the conscription for the Union army, and in New York City the opposition developed into a frantic and brutal riot. A great deal of property was destroyed, and not a few lives taken. Colored persons were in especial danger. An asylum for colored orphans was burned and other outrages of a similar nature perpetrated. The number of lives sacrificed to the fury of the mob was about 400, the wanton, destruction of property, $2,600,000. Gov. Seymour tried to quiet the rioters, and in a conciliatory address called them “friends.” That circumstance was made much of against him when he was Democratic candidate for President in 186S Dred Scott. In 1857 the Supreme Court, of the United States ren- dered a decision in a test case brought in the name of a fugitive slave, Dred Scott, in which it was maintained that, under the Constitution as it then was, a negro was not a legal person, possessing rights which a white man could be compelled in law to respect. That decision played an important partin creating a powerful anti-slavery sentiment. -*-i- E -j-e- Emancipation. President Lincoln issued, Jan. 1, 1863, a proclama- tion declaring all slaves within the lines of secession free. In theory slave-holders in loyal States were protected from its operation, but practically that proclamation was the death knell of slavery throughout the country. It also took from the institution as it existed in Cuba and Brazil a moral support which was its real bulwark. Era of Good Feeling. The administration of James Monroe is known by that term. The old parties, Federal and Republican, were dead, and the bitterness of the rivalry between the aspirants for the succession,-- Crawford, Adams, Jackson and &#y' not begun to show itself. Never before or since has the country known such serenity. Excellency. In the earlier days it was usual to address a governor or the president as “Your Excellency,” and refer to him as “IIis Excellency.” This custom is gradually # round. IExecutive. The government of the United States and of the sev. eral States each has three departments. The executive, legislative and judicial. The chief magistrate, be he president or governor, is the executive, assisted by such officers as are charged with the duty of operating the mechanism of government. Exodus. In 1879 there was such a widespread and extensive emi- gration of negroes from the South to the West, especially Kansas, that it excited a great deal of discussion as to cause and effect. It was referred to as an exodus. The negro who had the enterprise to go West was called an exoduster. The actual importance of the move- ment was greatly exaggerated. -> "In F :=#- Faction. If a party is not harmonious, the opposing cliques are called factions. Father of his Country. This high title was never bestowed upon any American except George Washington, who was born Feb. 22, 1732, and died Dec. 14, 1799. He was honored by that designation for his part in framing the Constitution and inaugurating the government thereunder, hardly less than for his military genius and achievements. Feather-head. See IHalf-breed. - Federal. Originally Federal and Confederate meant much the same, but in time the former came to appertain to the government of the --> Q-a- -—% —- 38o POLITICAL DICTIONARY. United States, and the latter to the seceded States. Federal Union designates the association of several States into one nation, without the surrender or loss of State individuality. Federalist. In political literature this was the general designation of a series of essays in advocacy and explanation of the Constitution of the United States. Alexander l Iamilton, James Madison and John Jay wrote most of them. But the term is best known as the name of the first party formed under the Republic. It dates back to 1788. Washington was a Federalist, so far as he was a party man at all, John Adams and Alexander Hamilton were the first leaders of it, in a partisan sense, Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr opposing it. The senior Adams was the only. Federalist candidate ever elected presi- dent, Washington’s election being non-partisan. The Federalists lost ground gradually until the second war with England, when their luke- warm support of the war proved absolutely fatal to its £ In 1820 the party ceased to exist. It may be said that the brilliant vic- tory of Jackson at New Orleans dealt the final blow, taken in connec- tion with the Hartford Convention of December, 1814, which saw only evil and disgrace in a war so soon to close in a blaze of glory. Fenian. The Fenian movement was Irish in conception and pur- ose, but it began in this country. The secret organization of the Tenian Brotherhood dates back to 1858, but the first Congress of the fraternity. was held in Chicago, Nov. 3, 1863. In a general way all Irishtucn in favor of Irish independence are sometimes called Fenians. The actual number, at any time cannot be stated, but the fraternity was thought to number about 13,000 in 1863. At that time a constitu- tion was promulgated and a republic for Ireland, much like our own, declared. James Stephens was the head of the movement. John O’Mahoney and O’Donovan Rossa were prominent. In 1865 the move- ment assumed such formidable proportions in Ireland that the leaders were arrested. Although is enianism attracted a great deal of attention in America, and actually made a raid upon Canada with the base of operation on this side the line, the movement never had much bearing upon American politics, one way or the other. Fiatist. See National Greenback. Fifty-four, Forty, or Fight. It was long an open question just where the boundary ran between the United States and British Amer- ica in the extreme Northwest. The original treaty, negotiated at the close of the Revolutionary War, was vague. It was finally settled by Emperor William of Germany, arbitrator, in favor of the American claim. The subject was more or less agitated in diplomatic correspon- dence, and Congressional d bates for many years, especially during President Tyler's administration, and the Secretaryship of State of Daniel Webster. It was then claimed that the boundary should be the parallel of 54 degrees, 40 minutes, north latitude. All that region was then known as Oregon. Popular excitement was such that in 1844 James K. Polk was largely indebted for his election to the presidency to the campaign battle cry of “Fifty-four, Forty or Fight.”. The treaty of 1846, which settled the castern end of the controversy, adopted the forty-ninth degree as the boundary, much to the disgust of the people who had been ready to fight for a more northerly line. Filibuster. Born of the attempt of William Walker and other citi- zens of the United States to conquer Nicaragua, their object being to annex it to the United States as Texas had been added to our territory. The ultimate purpose was to strengthen slavery, That was in 1855. Finally, in £ Walker was captured at Truxillo, Central America, and shot. The poet of the Sierras, Joaquin Miller, was one of his band. The term is also used as a verb to designate parliamentary motions, in themselves frivolous, but made for the £ of defeating a measure which, if brought to a vote, would be supported by the majority. Finance. In a general way money matters are always matters of finance, but rarely used except on a large scale, more especially of treas: ury affairs of the United States. The hard times of 1873-1879, and other periods, are designated periods of financial depression. T# sud. den change from business prosperity to adversity, taken on, a large scale, is a financial panic. In 1837, 1857 and 1873 occurred the three great financial panics of this country. The last one lingered until resumption, 1879. The year 1881 was one of great prosperity, £ the first half of it. Since then financial depression has been experienced, but no panic caused. Fire-eater. The Southern politicians who vehemently denounced the Union and were most sectional, were designated Fire-eaters, espe- cially from the repcal of the Missouri Compromise to the outbreak of the war. Freedmen. During the period from cmancipation to the enfranchise- ment of the negro, the colored people of the conntry were called freed- men, instead of freemen. The term ceased to be appropriate with the adoption of the 14th amendment. During that period of transition from chattelage to manhood, a bank for their surplus earnings was estab- lished, the Preedmen's Bank, which proved a failure, and a bureau was maintained by the government to exercise a certain guardianship over the freedmen. Gen. O. O. IIoward was nt the head of the bureau, and was not at all responsible for the failure of the bank in 1874. Free-soil. . During the struggle over Texas and Mexico, from 1844 to 1848, the £ scntiment of the country, outside of the Abolition- ists, contented itself with demanding that there should be no more terri- tory added to the arca of slavery, that all soil acquired should be frcc. In 1848 a party was organized on that issue, the I'rce-soilers. It took part in two presidential campaigns, but before a third canne it had lost its identity, merged in the Republican £rty. The Free-soil National Convention of # met at Buffalo; Martin Van Buren was placed at the head of the ticket and Henry Dodge, of Wisconsin, placed in nomina- tion for Vice-president. He declined, and Charles Francis Adams put in his place. R# Buren's object was to defeat the regular nomince of the Democracy, Lewis Cass. In this he succeeded. The Frce-soil vote was .300,000. . In 1852 John P. Hale, of New Hampshire, and George W. Julian, of Indiana, were the nominees. The Democrats who had supported Martin Van Buren, in the spirit of faction, fell away. The * Håle-Julian vote was only about one-half that for Van Buren and Adams. The Free-soil party served as a pioneer to Republicanism. ., Fugitive slave Law. Passed in 1850 to protect property in slaves, it served, practically, to arouse Northern sentiment against it and has- ten the final overthrow of slavery. -S C ;- General Assembly. In Illinois and some other States the Legisla- ture is called the General Assembly. In New York the Lower House of the Legislature is called the Assembly. In the Presbyterian denom- ination the Supreme Ecclesiastical authority, or Ecclesiastical Con- gress, is called the General Assembly. Gerrymander. In the infancy ''the Republic, Elbridge Gerry, of Massachusetts, was accused of trying to divide the State into districts: in such a way as to secure for his party more than its just share.of Representatives. From that grew the term Gerrymandering to desig- nate all similar attempts. Government. The government, national and State, has its three eat departments, the executive, the legislative and the judicial; but the term government is often used to designate the executive alone. Granger Movement. In 1867 the order of Grange, or Patrons of JHusbandry, was organized at Washington, and about that time the Granger movement began which developed into a very important polit- ical affair. The object was to resist the encroachments of monopolists and reform abuses which were in effect little short of robbery. The term Granger, at first used in derision, soon acquired respecta, bility. The great object attained was the restraint of railroad monopoly. Laws were passed, providing for resolutions upon railway extortion, and their provisions were enforced. The First £ VilS organized in Pennsylvania, but Illinois was the first to show the power of the Granger movement. As a distinct political power the Grängers were not largely successful, either before or after fusion with the Green- backers, but their real object was attained to a highly gratifying cxtent. The Supreme Court overthrew the doctrine of the Dartmouth College decision, in a series of “Granger decisions.” Greenback. In the lexicon of official communication in thc Trcasury Department, there is no such word as greenback,-only United States notes and legal, tender,-but the popular designation of paper money issued directly by the government is none the less an established part of our vocabulary. Besides its financial import it applies to a movement in politics which began soon after the war, when the financial issue arose. The Greenbackers were not only in favor of perpetuating the reenbacks but of issuing more of them. Some went so far as to emand that the entire national debt be cancelled by payment in legal tender notes. . The Greenback party drew its recruits £ both parties, and flourished more or less in all the States cast of the Rocky Moun- tains. In 1876 Peter Cooper was their candidate for president." Before 1SSo the question of resumption had been settled, and the place of the greenback in American monetary matters fixed, and the £ of the currency prevented. The Greenback agitation had much to do with preventing the extirpation of these notes, which was the purpose of the # class at the East. The Greenbackers were sometimes calle 11tiStS. Gubernatorial. Pertaining to the office of governor. -: H 3--- Hail Columbia. The popular national ode, written bv. Joseph Hopkinson in 1798. *A Half Breed. A term of reproach given by the more partisan faction of the Itepublican party to the clement which sometimes, by disaffec- tion, gave victory to the enemy. 'Feather-head” was another term meaning the same thing. George William Curtis was long the leader of the ifalf-breeds, at least their chief spokesman, and Roscoe Conkling of the other faction. Sec Stalwarts. Hard Cider and Log Cabin. In 1840 the country was fairly wild with political excitement, albeit there was hardly any issue before the people. A. # deal of furore was raised over the idea that Gen. IIarrison was a piain fariner, living in a log cabin and content to drink hard cider. was therefore known as the hard cider and log cabin campaign. Popular songs, composed for the campaign, and having little rcal mean: ing, helped greatly. That canvass was really a great frolic, good natured and absurd. * Hard Pan. Most used in connection with the resumption of specie payment, but applicable to anything the contrast of visionarv and unsubstantial. IHard Shell. Sec Soft Shell. J £ry. Old Hickory was the pet name of the people for Andrew #1CKSOI), Higher Law. In discussing the fugitive Slave Bill in 1850, Wm. II; Seward said there was a higher law than the Constitution,-the cternal # of justice. The declaration excited a great deal of discussion. Ie was accused of making a treasonable utterance. The anti-slavery wing of the party to which he belonged sustained him, and to that speech, made in the Senate, was largely due the recognition of Mr. Seward as the first great leader of the Republican party, although it was not organized until several years later. The other notable term cmployed by Mr. Scward to designate the same general idea, “irre” # £ict." was used in 1860 in a speech delivered at Rochester, .N. C.W. Y. Of R. 2- — === -- * ~ -– -—9 ~~- POLITICAL DICTIONARY. 381 T- #titled to the to limits of QllSe. CITIO to all Democrats. impeachmen p:#"# 'y', The great nated in the Reachment * Was acquitted for ac' * dependence. Inde hold £: # See fit. This Cal iron-clad oath guard against IrC ederate Calll SC. irrepressible C Senator fr of that C the Nebraska Bill whether it wo: #uction of th twee origi have b * ebras in th ritory was known £nt. It did not "essee, which rod Sent e Liners. In Čnt Onstituti ton C ution finall :- *~ |-- Massachusetts. I Corruption festers. in £ationist. Those who wanted the volume of paper money largely S*sed. Sometimes called fatists. #onorable. All elective officers, from State Legislators upward, are refix Hon., also the more important appointive officers. he title are not sharply defined. *Heads. Politicians with mórézeal than discretion. States Lower branch of Congress and of the Legislature in most c£, ..That faction in the Democratic party which favored Gen. b'or President in 1848. The opposite of Barn burner or Soft Shell Stat, and much the same as # ärd Shell. Often applied by Whigs -g | S- - Any officer who abuses his authority, is liable to im: lower house acts as grand jury, the upper, as petit political excitement incident to reconstruction culmi- npeachment of Andrew Johnson in 1868. Articles of in- #ys 1 were agreed upon March 3, and presented to the Senate two £ater. The trial began March 23, Chief-Justice Chase presiding. in : ecific charge was the removal of the Secretary of War, Stanton, *ation of the tenure of office act. After a long and exciting trial, a few Republican Senators voting with the Democrats See Declaration of Independence. That element in politics, mostly Republicans, who emselves in readiness to support cither ticket, or none at all, as element is very large in New York, Pennsylvania More particularly in large cities where politi- The oath of office presented by Congress as a safe- bellion and a rebuke of those engaged in the Con- onflict. See IIigher Law. *sas-Nebraska. Early in the year 1854 Stephen A. Douglas, O orn Illinois, and Chairman ck £d a bill repealing the Missouri Compromise of 1820. By the terms filrf; onpromise, slavery was excluded from all territory North, '*ctically, of Mason and Bixon's Line. The repeal bill, known as the Committee on Territories, 1 proposed to allow each Territory to decide for itself, have slavery or not. Intense excitement followed the e bill. Its agitation continued until May 31, when the ecame a law. Then followed without any rest the struggle be- in the two sections for the possession of the disputed area. The "al purpose was to make slavery in Nebraska possible. It could £ £ensintroduced into Kansas without the repeal of the Compro- £ 9f 1820. The North resolved to make Kansas the battle-field, N £ that, freedom victorious there, would cxclude slavery from a without any effort. It was six years before the struggle ended • admission of Kansas as a free-State. In the meanwhile the Ter- as Bleeding Kansas. ~g K S- V. Ring Cotton. Prior to the war, the South claimed that cotton was so £y important a staple, that the cotton States could rule or ruin the *on, and that cotton could not be produced by free-labor. The cotton *P is now larger than it was in the days of slavery. de'"W. Nothing;. In 1853, when the Whig, party was regarded as *d, and before the Kansas-Nebraska Bill had "called into life the Re- £ lican party, a secret political organization was formed, which on ac- 'nt of its secrecy, was called the Know-Nothing party. Its real f' was to curb the rising power of the foreign element. It is be- £ved to have begun in New York City, then almost absolutely under "...Sontrol. of the Irish. It was partfy religious, being particularly Ostile to the Roman Catholic Church. The society spread rapidly. £e dignified name for it was the American p' In 1856 it put Presidential ticket in the field, headed by Millard Fiflm ore, ex-presi- develop much strength. The slavery question over- Shadowed it. "The Know-Nothing element was strong in the Repub- !can party at the East. Gov. I} inks of Massachusetts was the most 'ninent representative of it. Mr. Seward was always opposed to it. #. the Republican National Convention a hard contest was waged over *t issue, and the Know-Nothing faction was beaten. *Klux-Klan. Early in 1868 a secret society was formed in Ten- e about at night disguised and in squads, sometimes £mitting outrages, the object being to intimidate, the negro voters $nd defeat the Republican party. It spread ra idly throughout the outh. It n:b: Y* Congressional Investi ating Committee, and some of the leaders 500,000 at one time. In 1872 the Klan was exposed W' the penitentiary. As an organization it soon died out. See -ø L. S- £ecompton Constitution. In September, 1857, the pro-slavery cle- of of Kansas met in an irregular, but representative way at the town , Lccompton, and adopted a constitution providing, among other 'gs for the existence of slavery. It was submitted to the people. V e free-State party refused to vote at all, and the ballots cast for it Were only about 6,500, including the fraudulent ones. It was subsc- "ently voted down in a '' way, by a majority of 10,000. The y adopted was framed at Wyandotte. The Lecomp- onstitution proved the evil genius of the Democracy. President 'nan was for admitting Kansas into the Union on that constitution, ut Mr. Douglas insisted upon fair play. The schism was carried into the National Democratic Convention of 1860, and the campaign of that year. Mr. Douglas adhered to popular or squatter sovereignty, and the vice-president under Buchanan, John C. Breckenridge, was the nomi- nee of the administration faction. Legal Tender. Any money which a creditor is obliged to accept at ar from a debtor, and no other. Bank bills are not now, and never £e been a legal tender. Before the war, gold, and silver coin alone, constituted the legal tender of the country. The necessities of war compelled #" to give legal tender quality to United States notes. (See greenback). Legislature. The law-making branch of a State government cor- responding to Congress in national matters, and the common council in city affairs. Let the Union Slide. In the heat of debate in Congress over the Nebraska Itill, Gen. Banks of Massachusetts said, in rep y to Southern threats to dissolve the Union if the agitation against slivery was kept up, “Well then, let the Union slide.” The remark was caught up and made much of against the loyalty of the speaker and his party. Liberal. In 1872 the opponents of Gen. Grant for a second term met in convention at Cincinnati to adopt a platform, and make a nomi- nation., It was composed of representative men of both partics, dis- affected Republicans being in the majority. The name taken was Liberal. It relegated the tariff question to the several congressional districts, and made the reconciliation of North and South in an era of fellowship paramount. Horace Greeley was nominated for President, B. Gratz Brown of Missouri, formerly Republican member of the United States Senate, for vice-president. The Democratic National Conven- tion ratified the platform and ticket. At one time success seemed probable, but defeat came and the £y was never after heard from. Liberty. Cap: The headgear of the goddess of liberty in the sym- bolism of the United States. Liberty Party...The name taken by the opponents of slavery when they effected a political organization in 1839, but, the nickname given the members, Abolitionists, was accepted and the more formal title dropped out of sight. See Abolitionist. Little Giant. The popular pet name of Stephen A. Douglas, whose prominence in the Kansas-Nebraska contest gave him a great national reputation. A native of Vermont, and Senator from Illinois; candidate for President in 1860; died in 1861. * Dobby. The men who hang upon the skirts of legislative bodies, State or national, and make a business of urging the passage of bills having in them an element of. business. In England the same class are called “parliamentary solicitors.” Locofoco. A term for Democrat. It dates back to 1832, and origi- nated in New York City. It was in common use for some ten years. Brimstone matches were once called locofocos, and the term was applied to the more sulphurous wing of the Democracy, it is said, on that account. It was not in common use until atter the Liberty Party, or Abolitionists, gained some prominence and the “locos” were specially pronounced against anti-slavery agitation. . Iog-rolling. When legislative measures, in themselves distinct, nre made to have a common interest by their respective friends agreeing to help each other, the special arrangement made is called log rolling. Machine. A body of politicians so trained and disciplined that indi- vidual wills are subordinated to the wishes and orders of the leader or boss. The term machine, as a political phrase, is modern, but mechan- ical politics and bossism have never since been carricq so far as they were under the skillful manipulations of Martin Van Buren. See Bossism. Maine Law. ... Maine was the first State to pass a stringent law prohibiting the liquor traffic: ...That was in 1851. The term became and remains a synonym for prohibitory legislation. Neal Dow is recog- nized as the father of the Maine Law. Several States have since then adopted it. Mason and Dixon's Line. Originally the boundary between Penn- sylvania and Maryland, run by Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon, in 1764-7; but later and more familiarly used to designate the imaginary line between slave and free States. Mass Meeting. A gathering of citizens for the purpose of hearing olitical speeches and making a popular demonstration, without having in view the making of nominations or the appointinent of delegates to a nominating convention. See Stump. Missouri Compromise. The admission of Missouri as a State was very bitterly opposed on the ground of its having a slaveholding con- stitution. !. was ilnally agreed as a compromise to admit it after the assage of an act of Congress forever forbidding slavery north of lat- itude 36 degrees, 30 minutes. That act was repealed by a bill intro- duced by Senator Douglas, of Illinois, known as the Nebraska Bill. See Kansas. Monroe Doctrine. The policy of non-intervention in European affairs not directly involving American interests is called the Monroe Doctrine. It should rather be called the Washington Doctrine, main- tained by him when Jefferson favored open and practical sympathy with the French Revolutionists. It is known as the Monroe Doctrine because in 1822, while James Monroe was President, the Spanish American colonists were promptly recognized in their uprising for independency of Spain. The doctrine then received a somewhat enlarged meaning, and came to mean.. partly, that Europe must not intcríere with American affairs. This feature of the doctrine received special emphasis in the expulsion of Maximilian from Mexico, soon after the Southern Confederacy had been overthrown. Moonshiners. Those who make and sell whisky in a small way with- out paying the government tax, their operations being carried on at --> 382 night, or in obscure places, especially in the mountains of North Caro- lina and East Tennessee. Morgan. . In 1S26 William Morgan, of Batavia, New York, a Free Mason, published what purported to be an exposure of Masonic secrets... He soon disappeared, a mystery still clinging about his fate. The anti-Masons insisted that he had been killed by the order, and made great political capital out of the accusation. A corpse said to have been found in Niagara River was represented to be that of the missing man. Thurlow Weed, a prominent anti-Mason, is reported to have said, when pressed for proof that such was the case, “It is a £ enough Morgan until after election.”. I hat phrase has ever since ingered in poiitics to express trickery and sharp practice during the progress of a campaign. See Anti-Mason. -3. N S- Nation. Many say that the United States are a Federal Union; while others insist that the United States is a nation. The latter idea is often expressed in the saying, “Spell Nation with a big N.” National Greenbackers. Those citizens who desired to perpetuate the United States notes issued during the civil war, bearing no interest and a legal tender, and that without having them based on the right of £ in coin, were variously called Greenbackers, National Grecnbackers, Fiatists and Soft-money Men. They were strong in proportion as the times were hard. Native American. See Know-nothing. Naturalization. A foreigner can acquire all the rights of a native American, except eligibility to the presidency, by conforming to the provisions of the Naturalization Law. The first act of Congress on this subject was passed by the first Congress in £ New Departure. Not long after the war, Clement C. Vallandig- ham, an Ohio Democrat who had been an extreme copperhead, camc out in the advocacy of a radical abandonment of the # of obstruct- ing Republican Incasures, declaring that it was necessary for the party to make a new departure. His advice was not taken, but the term was caught up and made use of in almost all departments of thought and action. New England. As early as 1643 the English colonies north of Long Island Sound formed a confederation for mutual protection, against Indians and the French colonists still farther north. The New England Confederation foreshadowed the federation of the United States. North. The free States of the United States. Northwest Territory. During four years from 1783 to 1787, Con- gress was in negotiation with the States claiming territorial rights in the far West for the relinquishment of the same to the general gov- ernment, that a provisional government might be established. and all danger of clashing State intercsts might be obviated. The success of those negotiations was a very important safeguard against disunion. Sec ordinance of 1787. * Nullification. Akin to secession, but by no means the same thing. It grew in the same soil, South Carolina, nurtured by the genius of John C. Calhoun. He and his State claimed the power and right To defy a law of Congress, to nullify it, provided it was believed to be hostile to the interests of the State." The assumption was made during President Jackson's first term, with reference to a tariff act. In 1830 Senator Hayne, of South Carolina, made a speech in the Senate in defence of this doctrine and in defiance of national authority. . ] Ie was answered by Daniel Webster in the most famous speech of his life. Calhoun was then Vice-President. Jackson determined to arrest and execute Calhoun for treason if South Carolina persisted in nullifi- cation, and the storm subsided for thirty years. The peril culminated and broke in 1862. The firmness of Jackson, his defiance of technical- ities and wonderful popularity prevented civil war, or at least post- poned it a generation. Henry Clay, the great compromiser, came for- ward with a modification of the tariff, which made it easier for South Carolina to abandon its attitude of nullification. Old Abe. The familiar nickname of President Lincoln, given to him more in affection than reproach, often prefixed by the word honest. Office Seeker. One who wants a political position, but is by no means sure of getting it. Old Fogy. Behind the times, cspecially in political affairs. Old Hickory. A popular term for President Jackson. * £orse. Insignificant, especially applied to a politician of small C111 DCI’. On to Richmond. Early in the Civil War, when the North was impatient for a forward movement and it was generally believed that Richmond itsclf could be taken and the Confederacy destroyed by one bold stroke, the New York Tribune voiced that sentiment in a series of editorials written by Gen. Fitz Henry Warren, of Iowa, which became specially famous from the fact that very soon after the “On to Richmond” cry was raised, the first Battle of Hull Run was fought. Ordinance of 1787. This ordinance created the first Territorial overnment in this country, namely, the Northwest Territory, embrac- ing Ohio and all that portion of the United States of that date north and west of the Ohio River. Gen. St. Clair, ex-president of the Con- tinental Congress, was the first governor. The ordinance forbade slavery and provided for the maintenance of public schools largely by the proceeds of a portion of the public land. This ordinance guaran- teed many rights subsequently guaranteed to the whole country through the Constitution. The authorship of the ordinance is generally attrib- uted to Nathan Dane, but is claimed by others for Rev. Dr. Cutler, who conceived a vast scheme of colonization, if a satisfactory ordinance could be secured. That ordinance was not antagonized by the South, POLITICAL DICTIONARY. but rather favored by the Southern Members of Congress, who had no desire then for the spread of slavery. ~g P S- Peculiar Institution. A common designation for slavery after it had become peculiar to the South; sometimes, since its abolition, applied to polygamy, which is peculiar to Utah. The latter is often called the twin relic, referring to slaver . Pickings. Emoluments of office, especially the incidental perqui- sites. Sometimes called stealings. - £. The several resolutions constituting a platform are called planks. Platform. The resolutions adopted by a nominating convention forming the principles which the nominees are bound to carry out, an constituting the foundation on which thcy stand. Plumed Knight. Popular name for Hon. James G. Blaine since the National Republican Convention of 1876, at which time Col. Ingersoll, in nominating Mr. Blaine, compared him to a plumed knight. Political Capital. Anything from which a party can derive benefit; whether it be the popularity ## own course, or the unpopularity of the other party, is said to be “political capital.” Pool Your Issues. , Dennis Kearney, of California, who rose to prominence in 1877, advised the working men to abandon the old polit- ical parties, forget petty, differences, and pool their issues for their common interest. The phrase was caught up and has been in common USC CVCr S1 InCC. Popular Sovereignty. In a republic the people, taken collectively, are supreme, hence popular sovereignty. See Squatter Sovereignty. Pre-emption. Under the Pre-emption Law of Congress, the pioneer who settles upon a tract of public land has a right to purchase the same of the government in preference to an outsider. Some actual improvement is necessary to, and the basis of, the pre-emptor's right of priority. President. Executive head of the government of the United States, elected for four years. Prohibition. Extremely high tariff advocates are sometimes said to be in favor of a prohibitory tariff, but a prohibitionist is one who favors the absolute prohibition of traffic in intoxicating drinks as a beverage. See Maine Law. Pro-slavery. Favorable to slavery. Radicals. A synonym for Republicans, frequently applied by oppo- nents, and sometimes used in a friendly way, but not often. Rag Baby. The opponents of resumptión, or Greenbackers, were derisively said to favor rag money, or to have as the pet of their po- litical household the “Rag Baby.' Rag Money. Sec £ '• Readjuster. The debt of Virginia at the outbreak of the Civil War was very heavy. During the war West Virginia was created out of a portion of the Old Dominion, but the new State never acknowledged any obligation growing out of that old debt. For several years there was much discussion in the State about paying the debt, without any progress toward a settlement. Finally, Gen. Mahone came forward as the leader of a party which proposed to compromise or readjust, payin part of the debt. The new party was called Readjusters. It carrie several elections, drifting more and more toward £ in national I' toward Republicanism, and, in 1881, merging into the Repub- ican party, without abandoning the policy of readjustment. Rebellion. The South never admitted that secession was rebellion, claiming that it was the exercise of a reserved State right, but at the North the two terms were synonymous. Red-Dog. Applicd to some ante-war State bank bills, the printing on the back of which was in red ink. Eventually used as one of the terms to designate irredeemable and depreciable bank circulation. Republican. There have been two Republican parties in American politics, each independent of the other. The one now in existence was not born until the earlier one had been so long in its grave as to be almost forgotten. That earlier party had for its first leader Thomas Tefferson. It was opposed to the Federal party. See Federal. The Republican party, as the term is generally understood, was born in 1855, and held its First National Convention in 1856. Its parents were the Whig and Freesoil parties, and it was the heir of both. That First National Convention was held at Philadelphia, June 17, 1856. Col. Yohn C. Fremont was the nominee for President. Its leading principle was opposition to the further, spread of slavery. It was always in favor of a protective tariff, and its course has been along the lines required by the logic of those two principles. Prior to the war it ha no following at the South. For several years after reconstruction it was very strong in that section, but of late years it has virtually been dependent upon the North for support. Wm. II. Seward, Horace Greeley and Charles Sumner were the most prominent leaders in the East, and Abraham Lincoln and Salmon P. Chase at the West, during ' £riod of the party's history. They gave character and ten- CIICV (O 1 L, d £tion. No State can be compelled to pay its debts by any legal process, and if it sees fit to defraud its creditors, the crime is called, repudiation, and its, advocates repudiationists. Mississippi gained unenviable notoriety before the Civil War for repudiation, an several States since then have followed her example. Sometimes the debt was contracted so dishonestly that there was some excuse for refusing to pay the bonds. Returning Board. The returns of an election are in some States can- vassed by a board appointed for that purpose with varying powers to *- g- ==~!"r | +-- s T-- -v- POLITICAL DICTIONARY. 383 "-— Sincel errors. In Louisiana, in 1876, the Returning Board gained special ish-American colonists. In the United States the first slave ship 'minence from the fact that thousands of Democratic votes were sailed up the James River, and the cargo was disposed of to the pio- '''n out and the state given to the Republicans, thus securing the neer tobacco raisers of Virginia. That was a Dutch vessel, The first Presidency to IIayes £ Tilden. See Electoral Commission. English slave-trader was Sir John Hawkins. Queen Elizabeth S$111C = te: *8. A gang of robbers who prey upon the public collectively, in- tioned the slave trade. It flourished from 16So to 1808, since which stead of belāted travelers and isolated individuals, working through time the kidnapping of Africans in their native land, and selling them £, is called a ring. The term is sometimes employed loosely to into bondage, has been a capital crime. In the eighteenth century this ££nite a clique of politicians, working in harmony by legitimate hideous trade flourished, sanctioned by law, and sometimes favored by £ans for legitimate objects, but it always has in it a taint of corrup- the church as a species of missionary work. . The English abolished tion. the trade in 1807; its abolition in the United States went into effect I *Qoster. The press very commonly celebrate a political victory by the year following. The term slave trade was also applied to, the 'ling the announcement wit'ck in the act of crowing. The domestic traffic in human beings. The slave trader bought and sold, on £ is said to date back to 1844, when the Democrats “crowed” over the auction block, or in a private way men, women and children, just 'election of James K. Folk at the expense of Henry Clay. as cattle dealers buy and sell. This kind of slave trading only ceased Run. A candidate who is popular is said to run well. with emancipation. See Slavery and Abolition. * Socialist. It was not until after the panic of 1873 that America —=9 SQ-— became aware of socialists as a practical £ reality. In the summer of 1877 they attained their widest power. Socialism is essentially a *River. A common term to designate an imaginary river, up German, plant, meaning the doctrine not only that all men were created which * defeated candidate is said to be rowed. It is the River Styx of free and equal, but that all inequalities are £ and must be abol- politics, only the dead are rowed up it instead of being ferried across it. ished. It is about the same as communism, on y not quite so extreme **tch. This term has two distinct political meanings. If a candi- or violent. Fourier and Robert Dale Owen may be mentioned as early date is elected by a very small majority |'' is said to get into office by a advocates of the doctrine, and Herr Most as the most radical of social- £Again...if a vöter crases from the bailot he'posits the name ists. During the hard times from is: to 's', there was a great deal ***egular nominee and inserts another, or votes a blank, in that re- of socialism and communism in the country, especially '# foreign- *PSct he is said to have scratched his ticket. ers who had immigrated to this country from the continent o Europe. Secession. John C. Calhoun maintained that if a State wanted to Capital became greatly alarmed. Good times wrought a change. The secede it had a right to do so. The right of secession was the ground socialist and communist disappeared from the city and town as the £h the Confederate States based their attempt at separation from tramp did from the rural districts. * * * * us ' United States, $# £ the financial agitation, £, #: 1873 to ectio * * on * * * * * & G. I the rid VOCatCS Of palpcrinoney as #1 permanent substitute for coin £ The prejudice of locality, showing itself in political were often £ £ '. ft # se: Greenbacks. Ncw York enate. Th * * e upper branch Soft-Shells. t one time, the Democratic party in New York was 3: Congress £: # ''. United divided into two well-defined factions, Soft Shells and Hard Shells, or, 'onsists of two senators from each State, elected for six years by for short, Softs and Hards. That was from about 1848 to is: "The * the State legislature. The Senate is presided over by the vice-president, Softs leaned toward anti-slavery and followed the lead of Martin Van. and the State Senate by the lieutenant-governor. Buren, to the extent of forming a temporary alliance with the Aboli- *in plaster. An Americanism for depreciated paper currency, tionists, as free-soilers; the Hards supported Lewis Cass and never especially the temporary makeshifts which sprang up early in the war wavered in allegiance to the Democratic party. Hunkers was £substitute for state bank bills and small coin. Business firms and another name for the Hards, and the Softs were sometimes called "'ipalitics made such emissions for the accom'iodation ofíocal trade. Barnburners, although the latter term is more nearly akin to Freesoilers. Stocking. Term of reproach applied to gentlemen in politics. Solid. Some ten years after, the civil war had closed the press began Silver Dollar. The dollar proper is a silver coin of 4.12% grains, the to talk about a “solid Sruth,”, meaning that the Democratic party £ginal standard of monetary measurement in the United States. After had or would regain substantially the same political £y at the £iscovery of gold in California, the gold dollar had less intrinsic South that it enjoyed prior to the war. It was often said that “a solid Yalue than the s# dollar, and as a consequence the latter ceased to South will make a solid North,” meaning that in proportion as the cle- 'late to any considerable extent. During the period, when specie ment which had attempted to secede reasserted itself in national poli- £ent V3s suspended its coinage was suspended. The discovery tics # £ £ would gain at the North through the rekind- *ormous deposits ilver so cheapened the market value of this ling of the old war feeling. * * * * * Precious metal £ £ time £ approached (1879) there #: of Liberty. Has two significations. In 1 # the colonies who #Pring up in our politics the silver question, and the silver dof'r sud. were foremost in opposing British oppression called themselves Sons *ly became a fièrcely excitin: political issue. The creditor class pro- of Liberty, and that was one of the designations of those, citizens in tested against it, the debtor class clamored for it. The East was gener- Northern States who, about a century later, sympathized with the # ''PPosed to any further coinage of silver dollars while the West and States which had seceded, and formed a secret organization in accor- Outh £nerally insisted upon striking off as many of them as the mints dance with that line of sympathy. . * * $ould make. The silverites, or bimetalists, demanded “the dollar of the Sorehead. A politician who conceives that his services have not been £rs." While the goldites, or mometalists, derided it as the “daddy £ appreciated. and rewarded, who has a grievance. The sore- 'llar." he friends of silver were strong enough to have their way. head may content himself, with complaint, but often he takes to his * climinated the silver dollar from politics, practically. There has tent, like Achilles, or goes clear over to the enemy, like Coriolanus. £ *e discussion of the matter since, but only as an echo of a spent south. Those States of the, American Union in which slavery ex- 'V. See Trade Dollar. isted at the outbreak of the civil war. All the States in which slavery ;Silver Grays. As the Whig party disintegrated the more conserva- did not exist constitute the North...See Mason and Dixon's Line. tive element, largely made up £ men, were called Silver Grays. Sovereign People. In a republic there are no subjects. The highest fi £y clung to the old party as long as possible, and when the ship officials are servants of the people, and, so each citizens, if not him- t *lly sank out of sight very many of them preferred the Democracy self a sovereign, is a member of the body politic which is regal in au- - # the Republican party, or retirement altogether from politics. They thoritv. £ the opposites of the woolly-heads, which see. split Ticket. See Ticket. t £addie. This word was in common use during the civil war, ap- Spoils. The pecuniary rewards of office, or the '' e which the Plicd to the defeated army, more particularly if cowardice was shown party in power has to dispense. In the year # Wm. L. Marcy inad; *::inning away from the field £ vertently remarked that “to the victors belong the spoils of the enemy.' Slate. In £ phraseology this term refers to the agreements It is the object of civil service reform, the very essence of it, to abolish entered into by politicians in advance of conventions as to who shall be this spoils system, and place the business of office-holding upon much £inated for the offices. When the unconsulted, “the people,” suc- the same basis as other business. * * £ 'making up a ticket independent of such scheming it is said that Spread Eagle. The national emblem of the United States being an 9 slate was £ ICI1, eagle with extended wings, the term Spread Eagle has come to char- t *ve.code. In all the Southern States laws were passed from time acterize, somewhat derisively, patriotic oratory, especially the flights 9 time for the regulation of slavery and its preservation, all of which of Fourth of July speakers. * “Same obsolete with emancipation and were wiped out. Those laws, Squatter Sovereignty. The same as popular sovereignty. It was a *# whole, are often spoken of as a code. favorite term with Senator Douglas, who claimed to have originated it. th lavery. Although slavery existed in nearly all the country from Charles Sumner showed from Milton that it originated in the Garden of £ £ colonial days until lóng after £, it can not be said Eden when “Satan sat like a toad # by the ear of Eve. is a " . ohave had a political significance until about the time the cotton gin Stalwart. James G. Blaine was the first to give this word political ' ''Vented by Whitney and the Northern States, in which slave-la- prominence. That was early in the administration of President Hayes t or was unprofitable, freed the negroes. During about thirty years, or and designated those Republicans, himself among the numbers, who 6 last generation of its existence, it was a bone of political contention. were dissatisfied with the Southern policy of the President. But in 18So # gin opened up to the cotton states vast possibilitics of wealth those who favored the nomination of Gen Grant and opposed Mr. Blaine's without the labor of the white race. From that time a powerful and nomination, appropriated it to themselves... In the State of New York #wing element at the South looked upon slavery as an inestimable where the feeling was especially bitter, the Blaine men were called 99", a necessity of Southern prosperity, while the North, by slow de- Half-Breeds, or Featherheads. In the spring of 1881, soon after the grees, developed an anti-slavery sentiment. See Abolitionist. inauguration of Gen. Garfield, the leader of the Blaine forces in New Slave Trade. In old times the enslavement of prisoners of war was York was appointed collector of customs in New York, and that '. £garded as . matter of course, but the term, as generally used, means pointment was the signal for a fierce outbreak of animosity between the f (3 Sompulsory labor of negroes. African slavery may be said to date two factions, and the whole country rang with the terms. “stalwart,” 'm "Sór, when the Portuguese captured negroes in their own coun- “Halfbrecd” and “Featherhead.” The intense and irrational excite- ** and carried them to the West Indies to do the work of the Span- ment culminated in the assassination of Garfield. See Crank. :== *- G--- Y_T 4 | G 384 POLITICAL Stamp Act. In 1765 the British Parliament imposed a direct tax upon the colonies. The object was to defray the expenses of the French or border war from 1755 to 1763. It was claimed that the colonies ought to foot the bill, as it was waged in their interest. But they protested, and when war came, that direct tax or stamp act was one # the griev- ances complained of." It was, however, repealed in 1766. “No taxa- tion without representation,” was the position taken. stars and Stripes. The national flag, adopted by act of Congress, June 14, 1777. It consists of thirteen stripes of alternate red and white, and thirteen stars on a field of blue. It is the most artistic national de- sign ever yet devised. Star Spangled Banner. Applied to the national flag, by Francis S. Key, in his popular patriotic song bearing that name. It was written during the second war with England, and received a remarkable in- crease of popularity during the civil war. States. Originally State and Nation were interchangeable terms, and to-day it is alike proper to say the states or the nations of Europe. But in America the State is one of the many component parts of the Nation. The thirteen colonies which united in throwing off the British yoke became the original thirteen States. State Rights. The claim that a State has a right to withdraw from the Union at its own pleasure, the doctrine that the Union is a partner- ship, dissolvable at the option of any party to it, instead of a marriage, is the idea briefly stated in the two words, State Rights. It is main- tained in its support that the State is sovereign, and not the United States. State # its is a synonym for State sovereignty, although the two terms would bear very different interpretation in their primitive meanings. State Sovereignty. See State Rights. Straight. See Ticket. Stump. The popular |# orator finds no ordinary audience- room large enough for his purpose, and campaign inéetings are often held in the open air, the speaker having for his platform, a tempory staging, or something else hardly more pretentious, than the stump of a tree. To emphasize this simplicity he is supposed to speak from a stump. From this rustic idea it came to pass that going about from place to place in making political speeches, was known as taking the stump. Stump-tail. Sec Wild-cat. Swinging around the Circle. In the spring of 1865. Abraham Lincoln was assassinated, and Andrew Johnson became President. The civil war had just closed and reconstruction was the next thing in order. It gradually became evident that the President was not in harmony with the pirty which had elected him. In the summer of 1866 Gov. Morton, of Indiana, made a powerful specch in opposition to the Presi- dent, and it was resolved to do something to counteract its influence. The corner stone of the monument to Stephen A. Douglas was to be laid in Chicago, Sept. 2. It was decided that the President, ac- companied by Secretary Seward and others, should attend, and on the route address the people in defense of his views on the question of re- construction. That trip was called by himself, “Swinging around the Circle.” The ū'i' press took it up and made such derisive use of the term that it proved very damaging to his influence with the people during his entire administration. •0-a-g) T G =–t. Tammany. As early as May 13, 1789, a political society was started in New York City which took the name o!' Tammany, borrowcd from the Indians and its members in authority were called £ Aaron Burr was one of the prime movers in its organization. Those were the days of the Jacobins in Paris, and club politics in large cities. When the Democratic party came into existence Tammany warmly espoused its cause, as against the Whigs. From the first it was remarkable for antagonism to anything savoring of England, and its leaders captured the Irish vote, which, after the famine # 1848, became very large. . The organization fell into disrepute soon after the civil war, through the corruptions of Wm. M. Tweed, the head of the organization, and of the ring to which he belonged. After his overthrow £ Kelly succeeded in restoring the political power of the organization. Territory. Generally speaking, the entire area of a country, but in the United States more specifically those infant commonwealths which have not reached their majority and been admitted into the Union as States. The Territories exist as political entities under distinct act of Congress, and all the powers of self government within them are really subordinate to national authority. The governors and judges in a Territory are 'p £ by the President, and confirmed by the Senate. The Territorial legislatures are elected by the people. • Ticket. Synonym for ballot. Also a general term for the nominees to be voted for at a given election by one or the other party. A straight or regular ticket is the list of candidates presented by the ordi. nary party. When some of the names are crased the tickct is said to be scratched, and when some of the candidates voted for are the nomi- necs of one party and some of another, the tickci is split or mixed. Tippecanoe. A popular designation of Gen. Harrison, suggested by the victory won by him in border warfare, on the field of Tippecanoe, in Indianã. In one of the more, popular campaign songs £ the refrain was “Tippecanoe and Tvler too.” Tissue Ballots. In 1876 the election in South Carolina was a very bitter one. It was charged that enormous frauds were perpetrated by stuffing the ballot boxes with ballots printed on thin paper. This fraud was carried so far, at least so widely and loudly charged, that “tissue ballots” became :l synonym for frauds at clections. Tory. The Americans who were opposed to independence, and es- pecially those who afforded aid and comfort to the IBritish army during the Revolutionary war, were denominated Tories, a term borrowed from DICTIONARY. English politics. . In England it dates back to the seventeenth century. It is supposed to have its etymological origin in Ireland, meaning sav - age. In England it was finally dropped for conservative. . In this country the Tories were extinguished. Many fled to British America, some were banished, and their property confiscated. Those who re- mained were only too glad to bury their Toryism in forgetfulness. Trade Dollar. During the period of suspension of specie payments, early in 1873, Congress authorized the coinage of a silver piece contain: ing 420 grains of silver, for use in trade with China and Japan. That coin was designated a Trade Dollar, and was never designed for circu- lation in this country. It is not a legal tender, although intrinsically more valuable than the standard dollar. When silver became a currency in general use, about 1879, the trade dollar came into circulation, often proving very annoying to business. The government never accepted it as a deposit, or payment, and in 1883, all the banks of the country which had not already refused to take it, did so, thus banishing it from the channels of traffic. Traitor. The United States tried Aaron Burr on the charge of trea- son, but he was acquitted. Jefferson Davis was indicted as a traitor, but a mol/e pros finally entered. See Treason, Rebel and Secession. Treason. Those who sought the dismemberment of the Union, es- pecially by force of arms, were accused of treason and branded traitors: The latter never accepted the designation, but, on the contrary insisted that they were loyal to the State and section in which they lived, and cxercised “a reserved right.” Sce Rebel and Secession. Twin Relic. Polygamy is often referred to as the “twin relic,” meaning to compare it to slavery. •o->9 U Gr-t. Uncle Sam. The United States, the same as John Bull is Great Britain. The abbreviation, U. S. may have suggested the term. It is popularly supposed to have originated in the war of 1812, when an in- spector of army supplies, Samuel Wilson, was familiarly known as ncle Sam. However that may be, the phrase is even more general than its synonym, Brother Jonathan. Underground Railroad. After the passage of the Fugitive Slave law, 1850, it was necessary to observe great secrecy in the movement o escaped slaves; instead of going North by whatever way came handy the routes through Northern States were systematically and clandestine- ly arranged. These routes were familiarly known as underground rail- roads. Of course when the war came there was no further use for such “railroads.” - Union. General term for the United States, used to designate the Nation; also the form of government or system of federation by which the States are held together as one commonwealth, notwith- standing the diversity of local interests. + Unionist. One who favored the preservation of the Union, at what cver sacrifice in other respects. The opposite of Secessionist. Upper House. Another term for £ in the United States and the several States; for the House of Lords in England. - Vigilance Committee. When the ordinary political institutions fail to afford protection to persons and property, the people sometimes re- sort to a voluntary, secret and temporary organization called Vigilance Committee. The most notable instance was in San Francisco, in the early days of mining, when the criminal class seemed to have their own way, and resort to extraordinary and illegal remedies was neces: sary. •0-3-9 W GE---0. Walk over is a term borrowed by the politicians from the turf, and : lying a race won without effort. It can not be traced chronologi- C:1 y. e. West. A general term for all the region west of the Alleghany Mountains, or of the States of Pennsylvania. Virginia and the Carolinas In political parlance there are three great divisions, the North, the South and the West, the latter, for the most part, belonging to the former, in the larger sense of the term, North - Western Reserve. That part of Qhio settled, originally, by Con- necticut people, and which lias from the first had a marked individual- ity. There are seven counties in the Reserve, with a total area of 120 miles from east to west, by 52 miles from north to south, 4 ooo,000 acres. This land was given to the State of Connecticut in settlement of cer, tain Revolutionary claims. The Western Reserve was early in the field opposed to slavery. Joshua R. Giddings was for many years its repre: sentative in Congress, and later Gen. James A. Garfield. There is remarkable uniformity of character and political views throughout that tract of country. Whig, Qriginally a party in England. For a long time the two great parties in British politics were Tories and Whigs. The former, were conservative; the latter progressive. In revolutionary times the British Whigs very largely sympathized with the colonies, and opposed the Tory war in América." As a conscquence, the term “Whig” had an ele- ment of popularity in this country. It was adopted by an American polit; ical organization in 182S. Thc tariff was the main issue at that time, an the Whigs were in favor of protection. The party existed until super- seded by the Republican party in 1855, although its first national con: vention was held in 1839, and its last in 1852. It was in December o the former year that a national convention was held at Pittsburgh for the nomination of candidates for president and vice-president, t' be elected a year later. That was one of the most memorable political campaigns ever, known. The popular election did not occur unti eleven months after the nomination, and the electoral colleges followe a month later. The Whigs were successful, but it was a barren vic; tory. Just a month after his inauguration 1’resident I [arrison died, and Tyler, the first vice-president to become president by virtue of his vice" -T- – - ==-& –==" f * -: * - s r. * #dency, proved recreant to the central principles of his party. The # bill passed by his party he vetoed. £ £ s nominated £eader: itenry Clay, who had been a candidate for president e "g ago as 1824, when there were really no political parties in exist- *&#, and who, more than any other man £ ever lived, was an em- : 't of whiggery. He was defeated. In 1848 the W# again # 'P', a military candidate, Gen. Taylor, of Louisiana, who knew W ry little about civil life, and was es £ in politics, but Sll £proved to be available. He died during his term of office, but his £essor, Millard Fillmore, was a strong Whig, belonging to the con- servative wing of the party. $';n of this £ en. Winfield Scott, the nominee of that year, : overwhelmingly beaten by Gen. Franklin Pierce, and the party C £allied... The very name was against it, for when the foreign Il ement, £ the Irish, came here, they distrusted a party whose * Suggested British politics. #lt ite League. In the year 1874 a secret organization was formed # New Orleans, having for its object the overthrow of the negro and 'pet bag” State and city governments. It was called the White £gue. It was claimed that the negroes were about to rise in insurrec- l ' Arms in large quantities were sent for, and a steamer arrived, ilden with them, but the city authorities would not allow them to bc 'loaded. Nevertheless, the 'Ceague procured arms. A riot and mas: £e occurred Sept. 14, 1874, in which more than one hundred £ons, mostly negroes, were killed. The League did not disband 'til after its object had been accomplished, not-only in New Orleans, Ult throughout the State. See White Liner. * * th ite. Liner. After the enfranchisement of the colored people, *citizens who were still determined to prevent negro suffrage, as a practical # in Southern politics, were known at the time in Louisi- £ as White Liners. The term did not become very general, and for 'most part, was in vogue during the struggle of 1876, with its culmi- *ation the next year in £ overthrow of the so-called Packard govern- "ent. See White League. g h's Awakes. In the presidential, Sampaign which resulted in the £oice of Abraham Lincoln, the “Wide Awakes” gave an immense #petus to the Republican cause. . The first club was organized in th artford, Connecticut, in the spring of 1859, but it was not until after £ Chicago convention of the next year that such clubs became gen- #. They enlisted the sympathies of a great many young men who 'd never before cast a ballot for president. Each had an oilcloth £P and cape, and carried a torch swung upon a short pole. The £ssions which they formed marched in the evening, with their *ps burning. There were at least 500,000 Wide Awakes *ing that campaign. Some lingering traces of the organization £vived, and the "Democracy attempted to get up a similar se- # 9f popular demonstrations, but for the most part the Wide Wakes were confined to the Republican campaign o 1860. ild, Cat. In a general way the term applied to depreciated-paper *oney before the war, but more particularly to the notes of the banks # the State of Michigan, which had on their face the picture of a pan- f £, , It was applied to the bills of these banks by those who had suf- £red loss by taking them. It was one of several opprobrious epithets ' given to the money issued by banks doing business under State #. CYS. , Wilmot Proviso. This term relates to proceedings in Congress dur- # the year 1846, For some two years the term was in great use, form- 'g, the line of battle between the pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions ilt ashington and throughout the country. David Wilmot was a £ember of Congress from Pennsylvania. In August of the year named * proposed an amendment to the bill then pending relative to the 'luisition of additional territory from Mexico to the effect that it "ight be annexed provided it were understood and decreed that none £ the new territory should be given up to slavery. That proviso was Vice adopted by the House of 'n' but never secured the Sanction of the §: The South looked upon that vast area, namely * region west of the Rocky Mountains, as being, for the most part, adapted to the institution of slavery. . It saw the North extending west- £ and gaining new States devoted to free labor and determined to *V9 a Western outlet of their own, through the annexation of Mexican territory. The Wilmot proviso struck at the root of the whole matter, *nd involved all that was really fought for in the war with Mexico. The election of 1852 was the last national * *.* -d - * - - * * m ar. * The proviso failed, but its object was finally carried out, no part of that area ever having been devoted to slavery, except that a few slaves *Vere * into the Territory of New Mexico. [Sec Free Söil Party. Wire Pulling. In politics the scheming and figuring of place seek- ers is called wire-pulling, and those who manipulate are called wire- ullers. Just when the term was first employed can not be determined. t certainly dates back to the summer of i84S. It has always had a strong coloring of disrepute, referring especially to those who manage to live off the public by being serviceable to their party in the use of unscrupulous means, especially in controlling caucuses and conven- tions. Woolly Heads... During the later years of Whiggery in the United States, and when that party was £ the £, which repared, the way for the Republican party, there were two factions in the Whig party, one leaning strongly toward the conciliation of the South, the other manifesting marked sympathy with the anti- slavery sentiment of the North. These latter were called “Woolly Heads,” on account of their interest in the negro. This term began to be used about the time the Fugitive Slave Law was passed, 1850, and ceased entirely after the Republican party was formed, four years later. It has never been in any way revived. Woman's Rights. This term applies to the movement started in 184S for the cnfranchisement of women, and the repeal of such laws as deprived married women of their just natural rights. Prior to that time, the women of New Jersey had been allowed to vote; but the ballot, not much prized, was taken from them. The suffrage episode in New Jersey had nothing really to do with the Woman's # hts movement, as it took shape at that time. The first convention called in its interest met at Seneca Falls, N. Y., July 18, 1848. Prominent | - among the women present were Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Martha C. Wright and Lucretia. Mott. Many conventions #: been held since, and besides the ladies already named Inay be mentioned Susan B. Anthony, Anna Dickinson, Mrs. Mary A. Livermore and Mrs. Kate N. Doggett, as having done a great deal for this cause. No State has given the ballot to woman, but in several States she is allowed to vote for school directors. Three Territories allow her the ballot at all ... elections, Wyoming, Utah and Washington: Thus far the chief suc- cess of the movement has been in the direction of law reform. Wives can hold property in their own names, and control their own carnings. In a general way, the agitation has effected a great deal for the ame- lioration of those wives who have drunken husbands, and for the ele- vation of women in the scale of social and industrial as well as # CS = rights. The opening to women of all the avenues of labor, pro sions, trades and callings of nearly every nature, may be largely attrib- uted to the advocates of woman’s right to the ballot. •0-a-g) Y G-t. Yankee. Was applied to the American patriots of the Revolution- ary period. . Like many other, phrases and designations now honored, it was a nickname, derisively given, originally. Some philologists derive it from the supposed, Indian pronunciation of English, “Yan- geese”; but this is probably hypothetical. . The term is traced by others, with some more plausibility, to the border-war between the French and English colonies, in 1755, when upon the English side, the regulars and colonial militia were fighting side by side. "Of course the raw recruits from the woods and farins were awkward, and made the butt of many a joke: The tune, Yankee Doodle, is believed to have been written about that time, in a frolicksome and guying spirit: The idea that the backwoodsman was a “dandy,” passed for a good joke. It certainly proved monumental. Gradually the term came to e peculiarly applicable to. New Englanders, with strongly-accentuated provincialisins of speech, manner and character. At the North, before the war, it was hardly at all used as having any wider significance. But the South had come to use it as designating all Northerners. In the war of 1S61-65, it was used on # often shortened to “Yanks,” to designate the Northern soldiers. Broadly speaking, “Yankee” is often an adjective fitting anything notably peculiar to the Northern, and more especially the Northeastern States of the United States. # = =l++ - POLITICAL DICTIONARY. 385 "--— - * *—- 386 LETTER WRITING. #EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE|3: * - - - - - - - $4: / £ *A*S. E}. WRI ź # s' £ | #TER TING. &# / # $'. #f W '' 4% # £ § £-4 s', e.g.: # S$ : £ :* %. Zl'> ––% --" Q ~- * - * 2%N: Ż % S” SS &laval * * >s” S-3' > 'es # > *-'- *$- '%\ ... ". . . . . . . • * * . . . ... * a/3'-sl2=::=|2=Tia's TiālāIII:#=w=%="###III:#III:#F#m-SlæsæSČ #H#H#H#H#H#H#H#H# *4%.--. £f # HE importance of a knowl- #! # edge of the style and Pr/ # £\" phraseology of epistolary *". # * *] Q: •-massett IQ Isaanamas- *% SY Matter and Manner. ' -'- ---asstitQins*- 2.’ * The student having given attention to rules already considered for composition, he has only to write as he has been in the habit of thinking and speaking, being more particular in the selection of expression than in conver- sation. In all epistolary correspondence the choice of embellishments, the language, sub- ject matter and manner, in general, should, as in conversation, be governed by the relative situations in life, as to age, rank and charac" ter of the parties addressed or addressing. We should never forget what we are, and what the person is whom we address. We should say only what ought to be said—to write, in # correspondence must be # obvious to all who will # give the subjecta moment's consideration. It is gen- erally allowed that letter writing, if not one of the highest, is one of the most difficult branches of composition. An elegant letter is much more rare than an elegant , specimen of any other kind of writing. The great art is to be able to write gracefully and with ease, to suit the style to the cor- f respondence, and while carefully avoiding all error, to avoid also the appearance of having studied the letter. This facility once acquired will be found the most valuable of all mental acquisitions to every class and in every con- nection. No rules can be laid down that will be always applicable in individual cases, neverthe- less a few directions may not be inappropriate. G-- fact, with the same restrictions as we would speak; to suppose the party present whom we address, and to bear in mind, that our letters are in every respect, representations of our own persons, that may be said to speak for us; and that an estimate of our character and manners is frequently formed from the style and lan" guage of our epistles. * * * += -—9 * "-- "--— Letter Writing a Photograph of Character. The importance of perfect truthfulness, as Well as refined taste and moderation in the use Of Words, should be borne in mind in all cor- "espondence. The letter which a person writes is, in some sense, a photograph of the inner ife or character of the writer. The character °f the person is generally determined by the *yle of his writing. A letter carefully and *rectly worded, neatly arranged, and prop- *ly addressed, is a great recommendation to the writer, while a stranger is likely to be := 4. -= actual performance on the stage, if we could set ourselves down, as it were, in a private box of the Zutely implied by sympathy with our fellow. * intoxcoting spectacle wears £ife ptc2c wit." "tiromaletterin which one sentence contains EIGHTY-SEVEN words, of whichs-TV.ONE favorably impressed whenever are entirely unnecessary to the expression of the author's idea. he receives such a proof of cultivation. Letters are the only means, in very many cases, which we possess of influencing others. Letters should never be writ- ten when laboring under great | {{ St Q $442, £8 really bc. cw opcctatoz of vu', cut to excitement, as the writer will almost certainly say things that pa22ing in thc vuozè around us withowt taking he will repent the next day. In the heat of passion persons Pazt in the cucwto, or sharing in the passions and have sometimes written things that they would afterward have given worlds—if possessed—to recall. This will apply to the excitement of affection as well *world's great theater, and quietly look on at the as to that of anger. When writing a letter it would be well Żiece that is playing, no more moved than as abso. to keep before our minds the question: “How will this look a year or ten years hence?” If 2^eatures, what a curious, what an amusing, what we do this we may save our- selves from writing a great many foolish things. We should re- member that written words are sometimes more enduring than marble; that years hence, if foolish or false, they may cause our own cheeks or those of our friends to tingle with shame. Do not be afraid to write of little things. Things that are worth talking about are worth writing about. Fortunes have been gained by many persons on account of a single well-written epistle. Wives have been won, and friendships created by a few carefully conceived and happily expressed SentenceS. The length of letters will depend upon circumstances. Business letters require brevity and explicitness, while social letters may be extended, and are seriously marred by any tendency toward curtness. -: --- * * LETTER WRITING. 387 "--— and unless in a large city, the 388 Parts of Letters. LETTER-WRITING. FORM OF A LETTER. There are three parts to every letter: First, the Superscrip- tion; Second, the Body; Third, the Subscription. The Superscription is that portion of the letter which comprises the name of the place from which it is written, the date at which it is written, and the com- plimentary address of the person to whom it is written. - The Body of the letter is the chief por- tion, and contains the information to be conveyed. The Subscription is the portion of the letter devoted to the closing address, the name of the writer, etc. - Position and Arrangement. The Heading of a letter con- sists of the Place and Date, “place” should embrace the name of the post-office, and of the State. In a large city, the number, street, and city. Business men always use paper with printed heading. The “date” consists of the month, day of the month, and year; it may also include the day of the week. (Complimentary Address.) 9IU, Docw &Raztoo, thc witcotonco in fifc'o jowavca, cow8 ao jow zcach cwtotficz of thcoc cavvviuczoat faw8wazfic to-bc"), s pczawit *c to conqvatwatc. gowow fictuing tzaucfc8 thwo faz in 2afety, cow8 to wish gow, with aft wif ficaxt, "c"f oimvifax oppottwavítico of zccciving tfic gooë wieńce of gow. £vic w83. (Sficit gowz £wtw.c. 4cc to *c.14 q£8c. ficippi'if cavat', withowt cave ov oozzow, i2 the ficaxt{cft ptatic z of (Name.) ‘(So Chazłce 5utton, 98)cio/viavgton, %D. Q. (Date.) ehicago, 9tay 1st, 1880. (Body of the Letter.) 83ixth 8c/43 *c.14 £c calc? (Complimentary Closing.) °jowto woot oiwcczctij, (Signature.) &{cwolf &zno!8. (Address.) In writing on ruled paper the heading should begin on the first line, a little to the left of the middle, and it may occupy one, two, or even three lines, according to circumstances. If paper is unruled, the positions should be the same. If the heading occupies two lines, the second should begin about an inch farther to the right than the first. The Complimentary Address, or salutation, is the term of politeness or respect, or affection with which we introduce a letter. In business letters the term generally employed in writing to a gentleman is Sir, Dear Sir, or My Dear Sir. In writing to a firm, Sirs, or Gentlemen. Never use the vulgar contraction “gents” for “gentlemen,” nor “Dr.” for “Dear.” A business letter to a married woman, or a single woman not young, the proper salutation is Madam, Dear Madant, or My Dear Madam. To two or more, married or single, Ladies. To a young unmarried lady the salutation is generally omitted, to avoid the repetition of Miss, the address alone being used as an introduction. The complimentary — "m--" 6 " =-3) | | "dress is always written at the top of a business letter, and always at the bottom of a domestic letter; i.e., to a near relative. In other letters it may be written at the top or "ttom, to suit the taste or convenience of the Writer. Models for Headings. Albany, N. 2 ..., May 1, 18&o. Morrison, Whitesides County, Ill., Afonday, Šanuary 26, 18&o. Mt. Holyoke Seminary, South Hadley, Mass., §uly 3, 188o. 699 Dearborn Ave., Chicago, April 30, 13&o. 699 Dearborn Avenue, Chicago, April 30, 1570. The complimentary address should begin at e marginal line, one line lower than the date. it may occupy three, two or one line, the first *e containing the name and title alone. The directions may occupy one line or two, accord- "g to length; a short word or abbreviation should not be written on a separate line -thus: th *NCORRECT ARRANGEMENT. CORRECT ARRANGEMENT, S. S. HARRIs, Esq., S. S. HARRIs, ESQ., Syracuse, Syracuse, N.Y. N.Y. * If the address makes three lines, the saluta- tion should begin under the initial letter or figure of the second line—thus: *ssRs. CHARLes Scribner's SoNS, 741 Broadway, * New York. ADear Sirs." Your favor, etc. or, MEssRs. Estes & LAURIET. 365 Washington St., Boston, Mass. *ar Sirs:—Please send by return, etc. If the address makes two lines, the salutation should begin about an inch further to the right than the second line: MESSRS. JANSEN, McCLURG & Co., Chicago, Ill. Gentlemen. —I have the honor to acknowledge, etc. Or, MESSRS. JANSEN, McCLURG & Co., Chicago, Ill. Gentlemen: I have the honor to acknowledge, etc. Business Form. [To a Lady.] MISS LIZZIE C. LoNSDALE, Rochester, N.Y. We acknowledge with pleasure, etc. NoTE.-If the lady were married, Madam or Dear Madam would follow the address. Official Form. MAJoR-GENERAL M. C. MEIGs, Quartermaster General, Washington, D.C. General: (or Sir) I have the honor to transmit herewith, etc. Social Form. RESPECTED FRIEND: Your kind favor was very gratefully, etc. Norg-When the name of a correspondent is not given at the top, it should be written at the bottom.. No title is used in addressing a member of the religious society of Friends. Social Form. [Formal.] MRs. FRANCEs H. BURNETT, IDear Madam: Accept my sincere thanks for the beautiful book, etc. Social Form. [Domestic.] MY DEAR DAUGHTER: Since I last wrote to you, etc. Social Form. [Familiar.] Your most welcome letter, my dear friend, arrived to-day, etc. The Body of the Letter. The body of the letter is the communication itself, exclusive of the heading, introduction, and conclusion. It should generally begin under the end of the salutation, but when the address is long it may begin on the same line, as seen by the illustrations given above. A blank margin should always be left on |-- W *. ---> LETTER WRITING. 389 "-----— Q—- 390 the left hand side—not on the right. The width of the margin should vary with the width of the page—on letter paper, about one inch; on note paper, about three-eighths of an inch. The margin should be perfectly even; if neces- sary rulo a heavy blank marginal line on a separate piece of paper and lay under the page to be written on, but it should be dis- pensed vith, however, as soon as possible. The Conclusion. The Conclusion consists of the Complimen- tary Close, the Signature, and sometimes (when not at the top) the Address of the person written to. . The Complimentary Close is the phrase of courtesy, respect or endearment used at the end of a letter. Social letters admit of an almost infinite variety of forms of complimentary closing, and are generally prompted by the feeling of the moment, and should be nicely adapted to the relation of the parties, not too familiar, or too formal. Business letters, or letters of any kind writ- ten to strangers or mere acquaintances, the customary form is “Yours truly,” “Yours respectfully,” “Yours very truly,” “Truly yours,” etc. Official letters have a more stately and for- mal close than any other. The following are approved forms: I have the honor to be (or remain") With much respect, . Your Obedient Servant, A. *Remain implies previous correspondence. B I have the honor to be (or remain) * Your Obedient Servant, LETTER WRITING. I have the honor to be, sir, With the highest consideration, Your Obedient Servant, I Very Respectfully, Your Obedient Servant, L— M- K- Signature. On this subject the following directions should be carefully observed: 1. Every letter should be signed. 2. If the letter contains anything of importance, the name should be written in full. 3. The name should be plainly written. 4. If the writer is a lady, she should, in writing to a stranger, so sign her name as to indicate not only her sex, but also whether she is married or single; the title may be enclosed in curves—as, (Miss), (Mrs.) ...Not E.—A lady must not prefix the title to her name except in writing to a stranger, or an inferior. 5. In a strictly official letter, the writer's official designa- tion is written after or below his name, and forms part of the signature; thus, J R. R. AMES R. RUSSELL, Commissioner of Education. The Complimentary Close is written on the next line below the end of the letter proper, and if too long may occupy one, two or three lines. The Signature is written on the next line below the complimentary close, near the right hand edge of the sheet. The close and signa- ture must be arranged similar to the parts of the heading and introduction—that is, they must present a regular slope downward and to the right. An exception must be made when the signature is very long; in that case it may begin a little more to the left than the close- thus: Yours Respectfully, CLAxTon, REMSEN & HAFFELFINGER. C D— I have the honor to be (or remain) The Address, when it forms a part of the Very *: F conclusion, is written on the next line below * the signature, near the left hand edge, and the I am, sir, * * h Your Obedient Servant, parts of it are arranged as when written at the G H top of the letter. __{2 || | -*- * = * - Ig-- =-3) 2. * LETTER WRITING. 4 -—P 39 I Materials. Paper—The paper used should be such as is *itable and intended for the purpose for which it is employed. It may now be obtained 1n infinite variety, adapted to all tastes and Wants. The various kinds of paper in general *e are Legal Cap, Bill Paper, Foolscap, Let- ter Paper, Commercial Note, Note paper, and Billet. Legal Cap is used in the writing of all legal documents, such as articles of agreement, taking of testimony, etc. It is designated by * red line on the left hand side running from top to bottom of the sheet, closed at the top. Bill Paper is commonly ruled expressly for the purpose, a space of 234 inches being left unruled at the top for the insertion of the business advertisement of the person using the Same. Foolscap may be used in writing Notes, 9rders, Receipts, Petitions, Compositions, etc., but should never be used in writing a Private letter. If compelled to use it, for Want of any other, an apology should be offered. Letter Paper (about 8 by 1o inches) was formerly used exclusively in ordinary corres- Pondence, and it is still used to some extent, but mainly in business correspondence. Commercial Note (5 by 8 inches in size) is °ommonly used in business letters, and by 8°ntlemen in ordinary epistolary correspond- Cnce. b Note and Billet Paper is commonly preferred y ladies, and is also used in Notes of Invita- $2. * * ”, and any note or other written exercises that are brief. f Color.—White is the most elegant and taste- ul color, and gentlemen should use no other. Delicately-tinted and perfumed paper may be used by ladies if they choose, but it is in bad taste for gentlemen to use it. For business letters no color is allowable but pure white or blueish white. Persons in mourning may use “mourning paper"—and envelopes to match, the width of the border corresponding somewhat to the nearness of the relationship, and the recentness of the bereavement. s Answers. All letters, unless considered disrespectful and insulting in their character, and returned accordingly, require some answer. All letters that are to be answered should be answered promptly. It is as necessary to an- swer when written to as when spoken to. Negligence in this respect is incivility. Punc- tuality prevents misunderstandings and alien- ations, facilitates business, promotes good feel- ings, confirms friendships, and is in many ways advantageous to both parties to the corres- pondence. Letters of business and courtesy, and letters from ladies, unless in a regular correspond- ence, and there is an understanding in refer- ence to the matter, should be answered imme- diately. - In replying to a letter you have received, first acknowledge its reception, and then take up, in their order, all the points which require attention, before making any additional re- marks that may seem to be required. Two persons should never write in the same letter, unless both are very intimate with the correspondent. Indeed, it is better to avoid the practice in all cases. Letters should be directed in a clear, large hand to the person for whom they are intend- ed. If they are to be in care of some one else, let that be added after the name, or in the low- er left hand corner of the letter. 2. 392 A Few General Hints. All letters should be written in a clear, fair hand; the t's should be scrupulously crossed and the i's dotted, and the sentences sufficiently punctuated to allow of the sense being readily comprehended. Owing to the almost universal use of gummed envelopes, the use of sealing wax has become nearly obsolete, though it adds a much more refined appear- ance to the note than simply closing it with adhesive gum. A neat little seal of red wax for a gentleman, and of gold, blue, or other fancy color, for a lady, are elegant and appro- priate. Letters of introduction or recommendation should never be sealed, as the bearer to whom it is given should know its contents. * • *. * * In business and ceremonious letters do not write on both sides of the page. Letters of compliment should always be written in the third person. t * * E. * * Avoid all erasures or blots, even if compelled to rewrite your letter. Avoid writing with a pencil. Never write other than business letters on a half sheet of paper. Monograms are only allowable in black or stamp; gilt or colored monograms are exeeedingly vulgar. In communicating bad news great care should be taken not to do it too abruptly. Speak of your own misfortunes as little as possible in your letters. Never write in a tone of dejection, nor ever pen an ill- tempered letter. Every letter should be civil in tone. If they are other- wise they detract from the dignity of the writer rather than the receiver. No gentleman or lady ever writes an anonymous letter It is the weapon of cowards and knaves." A person, without violating good taste, may use either ruled or plain paper, but unruled or plain paper is decidedly to be preferred, both because it is more stylish, and because it is more convenient, enabling one to write close or open, to put much or little upon a sheet. Any one by a little practice can write straight without a guiding line, and the ability to do so is a valuable acquirement. Letters about one’s own affairs, requiring an answer, should always inclose a stamp to pay return postage. A still better way is to send a stamped and directed envelope. Every letter should be dated clearly and carefully, and should always bear the address of the writer, and the name signed in full. If the writer be a married lady she should invariably, except in the most familiar missives, prefix “Mrs.” to her name. An elaborate or illegible signature intended to make an impression on the beholder, is exceed- ingly snobbish. A person in mourning should never write a congratula- tory letter on mourning paper. LETTER-WRITING. Ż USE AND ASUSE OF TITLEs. ----- £* . . . . #1 MERICAN titles may be classified G: 5% $ as follows: Social, or titles of tainment in course, and Official, or titles of service—ex-officio. The omission of titles of respect and courtesy, professional and official, in -addressing others, betrays in any case want of delicacy and refinement, and in some cases amounts to actual rudeness. Social Titles usually employed are Mister (Mr.) formerly Master, Sir, Esquire (Esq.), Gentlemen (plural only), Master (applied to boys), Mistress. (Mrs.), Madam, Miss, and Ladies. Mr. may be applied to men of all classes, whether high or low, but Esq. is properly applied only to persons of some prominence in society. - Scholastic Titles are degrees and other honors conferred by institutions of learning, or acquired in the lawful exercise of a learned profession. They may precede or follow the name; as, Prof. J. D. Williams, or J. D. Wil- liams, A.M.; or, Dr. J. D. Williams, or J. D. Williams, M.D. Official Titles include all the titles applicable to officers in the civil, military and naval ser- vice of the United States and of the several States. Civil titles belong to the office and not to the incumbent, though it is customary, as a form of compliment, to continue the title on the officer's retiring from public service. When titles or degrees applicable to the same person are the same in kind, and but one is given, they are placed in the order of their honor or precedence. Titles should not be assumed by the writer in private correspond- ence, but in an official communication of any kind the signature should be followed by the –=" === * [- -v- . < - ~ G-s: .. Writer's office or rank, or its abbreviation. A scholastic title should not be appended to a *gnature unless it is at the same time pro- fessional. . Two of the titles of courtesy cannot be joined to the same name, nor can they be used * connection with literary, professional and military titles, such as Prof., Dr., Col., Hon., 4. M., Ph.D., D.D. An exception is made, however, when writing to a clergyman whose *rname alone is known, when he may be addressed as Rev. Mr. Blank. And if a "arried man has a professional or literary title prefixed to his name, Mrs. may be used before it to denoté his wife; as, Mrs. Dr. Williams. Such combinations as Mr. J. D. Williams, Esq., or Mr. Dr. Williams, are not to be tolerated. Two literary or professional titles may be added to one name if one does not include or Presuppose the other: Rev. Dr. Hall, Rev. A. P. Graves, D.D. When two or more titles follow a name they must be written in the °rder in which they are supposed to have been Conferred. The following, for example, are *ranged in the proper order: A.M., M.D., ”. D., D.D., LL.D., F.R.S. The proper title in writing to two or more persons, if they *re men, is Messrs. (for Messieurs, gentlemen); if young ladies, Misses, if married or elderly ladies, Mesdames (pronounced Mā-dahm'). If "one of these apply, use no title. s The following list illustrates the various titles used in this country and England, among "dividuals, either in the complimentary *ddress, or superscription on the envelope: ENGLAND. To Royalty. "o THE KING or Quees: To the King's (or 2ueen's) Most Excellent Majesty,– Sire, Sir, (or Madame)—May it please your Majesty. Sons AND DAUGHTERs, BR.orIIERs AND SISTERs of Sov- EREIGN's:- - To His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales, Sir– 70 Her Royal Highness the Duchess of 2^ork, Madame,— May it please Your Royal Highness:- 24 OTHER BRANCHEs of THE RoyAL FAMILY:— 70 His Highness the Duke of Cambridge, Sir- To Her Highness the Princess Mary of Teck, Madame,— May it please Your Highness:– To the Nobility and Gentry. Zo his Grace the Duke of Montrose. To the Most Noble the Marquis of Lansdowne. To the Right Honorable the Earl of Russell. To the Right Honorable the Lord Viscount Sterling. To Sir A B , Bart, Piccadilly. To James Thompson, Esq. [NotE-The title Esquire legally belongs to the following class only, though popularly applied to all persons of respectability: The sons öf Peers, the eldest sons of Peers' sons and their cidest sons in perpetual succession; all the sons of Baronets; the Esquires of the nights of the Bath, Lords of Manors, Chiefs of Clans, and other tenants of the crown, in capite: Esquires created to. that rank by patent, and their eldest sons in perpetual succession; Esquires by office, such as Justice of the Peace while on the roll, Mayors of towns during mayoralty, and Sheriffs of counties; Members of the House of ë' at Law and Bachelors of Divinity, Law and Physic. 0fficers in the Civil Service, To the Rt. Hon. Earl Granville, Her Majesty's Principal Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs. Zo the Rt. Hon. Sir George Cockburn, Lord Chief Justice of England. To his Excellency the American Ambassador. The Clergy. To His Grace the Archbishop of C– e To the Right Reverend the Lord Bishop of S-. To Very Reverend Dean of C * Archdeacons and Chancellors in the same manner. The rest of the Clergy as in this country. Military and Naval 0fficers. In addressing officers in the army and navy, their military rank should precede their names and civil positions: To Field Marshal His Grace the Duke of W-. In the navy, admirals are styled Right Honorable, and the rank of the flag follows their names and titles—thus: To the Right Honorable the Earl of Eglenton, K. C. B., Admiral of the Blue. The other officers are addressed as in the army, with the addition of R.N. (Royal Navy.) Miscellaneous. Married women are addressed according to the rank of the husband. The widow of a nobleman is addressed in the title of her husband, with the addition of JDowager. The title Lady is prefixed to the name of any woman whose husband is not of lower * LETTER WRITING. 393 "--— 9—- rank than Knight, or whose father was a nobleman not lower than an Earl. The eldest sons of Dukes, Marquises and Earls bear by courtesy the second title of their respective families. Their wives are addressed accordingly. Titles Used in the United States.* HIS ExcELLENCY- The President of the United States, Governor of any State, Ministers to Foreign Countries. HONORADLE- The Vice-President of the U. S., Members of the Cabinet and Mem- bers of Congress, Heads of Departments, Assistant-Secretaries, Comp- troller's and Auditors of the Treasury, Clerks of the Senate and House of Representatives, State Senators, Law Judges, Mayors of Cities. MISCELLANEoUs TITLES- A Bishop, Rt. Rev. Doctor of Divinity, D.D. A Rector, Minister, Priest or - Rabbi, Rev. A Doctor of Laws, LL.D. A Physician or Surgeon, Dr. or M.D. A Dentist, - * , Dr., D.D.S., or D.M.D. Military or Naval Officers. (See Appellative Titles.) A Professor of any educational institution, organized with * full Departments and Faculty; Scholars or : Prof. who have become noted as Specialists in any depart- * ment of knowledge: r All Officers of the U. S. Civil Service not previously men.) tioned ; Aldermen, Magistrates, and other Officers | Esq. and Members of the Legal Profession: To men of all classes, high or low: Mr. *For a classified list of Appellative Titles with their abbreviations, see page 185. & THE FOLDING, #, HE Folding is a simple matter when, "… #5 in length to the width of the sheet. £ Take the letter as it lies before you, #: with its first page uppermost, turn up the bottom of it about one-third the length of the sheet, bring the top down over this, taking care that the sides are even, and press the parts together. Taking the envelope with its back up, insert the letter, putting in first the edge last folded. The Envelope and Ink. The envelope should be adapted, both in size and color, to the paper. Letter paper, if used, requires the same size of envelope as commercial note; that is, 3% by 5% inches. as now, the envelope used is adapted –2. &- 394 LETTER WRITING. ---ms." " Official letters, manuscripts for newspapers, legal documents, and all large communications sent by mail, should be enclosed in what are called official envelopes, which are about 9 inches long. Gentlemen may use either white or colored envelopes, described generally as “buff,” in their business correspondence. It is not allowable to send a buff envelope to a lady, nor do ladies use that kind at all. If tinted paper is used, the envelope must have the same tint. Both paper and envelopes should be of fine quality. Simple black ink is the most durable, and one never tires of it. All fancy inks should be discarded. Never write a letter in red ink. The Superscription. The Superscription is what is written on the outside of the envelope. It is the same as the address, consisting of the name, the title, and the full directions of the one addressed. Some title should be used with the name of the person addressed, because politeness requires it, and often the title will aid in identifying the person. The title following the name should be separated from it and from each other by the comma, and every line should end with a comma, except the last, which should be followed by a period. The Superscription should begin just below the middle of the envelope and near the left edge—the envelope lying with its closed side toward you—and should occupy three or four lines. These lines should slope to the right as in the heading and the address, the spaces between the lines should be the same, and the last line should end near the lower right-hand corner. On the first line the name and the title should stand. If the one addressed is in a city, the door-number and name of the street should be on the second line, the name of the city on the third, and the name of the State on the fourth. G- . . -3.3%% %asonae.9% * &%2% - %22. "--— If in the country, the name of the post-office should be on the second line, the name of the °ounty on the third, and the name of the state on the fourth: | # {} STAMP. : 3%. Ž. -ó. &%.e., ~4%awn, -42%e2%, %m”. The number of the post-office box may take the place of the door number and the name of the street; or, to avoid crowding, it or the *ame of the county may stand at the lower left-hand corner. The different forms are *plained elsewhere. += -—” -:= LETTER WIRITING. 395 T- "--— * * * * * - # * Sometimes it is desirable to address a letter to one person in care of another; when this is done $) STAMP. (3 the words “care of,” etc., form the second line: # # 5*** "Q - {j - * (j STAMP. (: -á, -8% & -3%ya, * * l ot:0 - ~% -ály & 22. %are of Z. Prentice, &sq., -2&iela* .# 2. Official etiquette prescribes that in writing to the President of the United States, the words “To the President” be substituted on the envel- ope for the customary name and title: {} STAMP. (: & - % &e %atzón. %ecame -ónssonA. %&ngton, Z). 2 In writing to the Governor of a State, the term “His Excellency” is used, and forms a line by itself, above the name: (i STAMP. (? •4% #ue 2 %, %aúðnJ 9 @ & 33. .9%. 22 $ STAMP. () 3% %ceónoyJ %vemes 2% Q). -23, &^2,* * | } *—- + —=" 396 s LETTER WRITING. When it is desired to have the letter returned in case of non-delivery, the address of the sender, with a request to return if not called for in a certain time, may be printed in the -=* upper left-hand corner. These envelopes may be obtained (stamped) of the post-office depart- ment through any postmaster, without extra charge for printing: When a letter is sent by a friend, the name of the bearer is written in the lower left-hand COI 11621". When a person's official designation is given in full, it forms the next line below the name. Lately some have maintained that the items of the superscription should be given in the # # ! staMP. #. ( &%ie & * %2. Pres, of the Zoard of éducation, Jaeffon, -42% inverse order, as this is the order in which items are read by postmasters. While some little time might be gained by this arrangement at the office of mailing, it would be lost at the office of delivery, sub- jecting postmaster and carrier to great incon- venience. $ $ STAMP. to " 4%adJ' 22.2%, %aúnaff 2 & %yan, %2. * * –=" __-m- | f ---> * . '- -—9 --~ "- LETTER - WRITING. 397 .The following miscellaneous titles for use in Miscellaneous Facts and Suggestions. addressing letters or notes of invitation, cover the whole field of superscriptions: *is Excellency and Mrs. R. B. Hayes. * Governor and Mrs. Geo. B. McClellan. #on, and Mrs. James G. Blaine Rev. Dr. and Mrs. T. DeWitt Talmage. Professor and Mrs. F. H. Anderson. A/r. and Mrs. William H. Taylor. *Prs john M. and Mary C. Williams. Afr. W. C. and Mrs. Dr. 5. F. Clark. *ev. W. C. and Mrs. Dr. 5. F. Clark. *ev. Mrs. William C. Clark. Rev. Mrs. 5. F. Clark. *ev. Sane F. Clark. *Rev. Miss 5. F. Clark. Stamps. Be sure that you affix the proper stamp to *Very letter before you send it, and not depend "Pon others to do it for you. A letter will not be forwarded unless it is prepaid at least one full rate. A three-cent stamp is sufficient for one sheet . of large letter paper, or two sheets of ordinary *9te paper, unless the paper is extra heavy. if in doubt whether one stamp is enough, better put on two. * The stamp should be placed on the upper right-hand corner of the face of the envelope, at about an eighth of an inch from the end, and . half as far from the top. The stamp should be right end up, and the edges of the stamp should be parallel with the edges of the envelope, as Putting a stamp upside down or awry indicates Carelessness, and is disrespectful to the person to whom it is sent. Observe carefully the following facts and suggestions: See that every letter and package sent by mail is securely folded and fastened. Use only good strong envelopes and wrappers. Heavy articles should be secured with a string. . Never send money (except in very small amounts) or other articles of value in an unreg- istered letter. See that every letter contains your full name and address (inside), as previously advised in this work. - See that the outside address is full and plainly written. On foreign letters, not only the name of the town or city, but also the name of the country, should be written. Let- ters directed to “London” are often sent to London, Canada. w When dropping a letter or paper into a street letter-box, see that it does not stick fast. Cut stamps, stamps cut from stamped envel- opes, mutilated postage stamps, and internal revenue stamps cannot be accepted in pay- ment of postage. To use, or attempt to use a stamp that has already been used, is punishable by a fine of fifty dollars. A double rate of six cents for each half ounce is chargeable on every letter that reaches its destination without having been fully prepaid —deducting the value of the stamp affixed. To enclose any written matter in printed matter subjects the mailing party to a fine of five dollars, unless the party addressed pays letter postage on the package. "—- *-masser- #. 398 BUSINESS LETTERS. ###################### ######-H-H++H=######H#H#H# # ~ ; -*h * E.g.: ISINESS * * * * ******** & .. % '-'. C- E!' * ...} : * | * * | *. : ... " " : # #: #. #: "...4% * *. # HE chief requisites of a '#' '... mercantile letter should be clearness, explicitness, # and conciseness. There # should be nothing defect- ive, nothing superfluous, nothing ambiguous. It should give full information of all business transacted or re- quired, or of every fact inquired into, without digression or un- necessary detail. The proper characteristics of a commercial style are neatness and perspicuity. Brevity, also, is desirable as far as may be consistent with the latter quality; for a waste of words is a waste of time, both to him who writes and him who reads a letter. In replying to a letter follow the same order that is observed therein, discussing one sub- ject fully, and in a separate paragraph, before you proceed to the next. The correspondent should be familiar with the wants of his cus- tomer and the details of the business he repre- sents. It is a point of chief importance that all orders given should be clear and explicit; and if their execution depends upon any contin- gency, the correspondent must have full direc- tions how to act under any change of circum- stances that may be contemplated. This is necessary to obviate disputes and misunder- 'coococooz-GOOGZSSZCEZ39A9A9X5EZ392~~~~~~~~~~~~~ CO2CO3CQ& LETTERS.3%- 2O: C(X-COCCOX COQCOCCOCCO-COCCOTCOTC/JCCOCCOQC/JQC/JQC/JQQQQCOOC(X) --"suit Olussss- -: * *. £ KQWB # £2 E:#####|E|#E ====-&- < | |#############. standings; hence it is usual, especially in important matters, to recapitulate the principal subjects of the letter replied to. In this, however, merchants have also another object, which is to render their letter-books as far as possible a history of their transactions, for the advantage of ready reference after a lapse of years, and for production in court with the better effect in case of litigation. Accordingly, every letter should speak, as it were, for itself, and give all the necessary par- ticulars of the transaction to which it refers. For the same reason merchants seldom arrange any important business verbally; or, if they do, a letter is immediately written stating the nature of the arrangements made, which is thus placed on record in the letter-book, and is thus corroborated by the answer of the party concerned. In opening letters containing money, the latter should be immediately counted, and the sum noted. It should also be ascertained if the amount agrees with that which the writer states is enclosed. If the amount in the letter dis- agrees with the amount the writer says is enclosed, he should be notified at once in a polite note. In regard to giving instructions for answer- ing any particular points that may occur, the practice of merchants varies very much. Some open their letters in the presence of their cor- responding clerks, read them aloud, and state — E_===" - ~-TC) f = : - * once what kind of a reply is to be given to *ch; excepting, of course, cases which require °nsideration and private consultation of part- *rs. Others read their letters by themselves, *d note with a pencil or communicate ver- bally , on handing them to a clerk, their wishes * regard to the replies. Whichever plan may * adopted, the young correspondent ought to feel certain that he fully comprehends his em- Ployer's instructions before he attempts to °ommit them to paper; for it is better to ask Questions beforehand than to have to alter his letter when written. When he receives direc- tions verbally, he should note them immedi- *ely in a memorandum book kept for that Purpose. If he can take them in short-hand so "uch the better, but note them he must, unless *dowed with a singularly retentive memory. Indeed, a juvenile clerk, having everything to learn, will do well to take notes of every °ccurrence that passes before him; by which "eans he will lay up a stock of useful informa- tion on commercial subjects, and of precedents "r his future guidance. He will also greatly "hance the value of his services, and gain the $900 opinion of his employers, who will not fail to observe with feelings of gratification, his *eadiness, intelligence, and perfect attention * all the minute details of business. When notice is given in a letter of bills being drawn or remitted, the circumstances of date, * of payment, and names of the parties con- **ted should be narrated. When a merchant receives bills from his cor- *Spondent, or advice of his drafts on him, it * not sufficient to notice them in a general *nner in his answer: the particulars should be Specified. ^etters of credit contain the amount of money "be advanced, and the name of the person in whose favor they are granted, the receipt, or Voucher, to be taken for it, and how it is to be | "imbursed. If a merchant grant a letter of - | ". he must be so careful and *#= * - BUSINESS LETTERS. 399 he founds the justice of his claims should be -*—P guarded in expressing his meaning that it can- not be taken for a letter of credit. Advice respecting the circumstances of other merchants and their suspected deficiencies is necessary in confidential correspondence, but requires the utmost prudence and caution. Matters of friendship and private confidence should never be mentioned along with letters of business, as these may be required to be exposed or communicated to neutral persons. In cases of dispute, the reasons upon which clearly stated, without any expression of acri- mony or resentment, as being not only un- availing, but even hurtful. In ordering goods by letter, state plainly what articles you want—the quality, quantity, etc.; on what terms and how you want the same sent, whether by express or freight. Orders, as a rule, should be made out on a separate sheet of paper, or at least separated from any subject foreign to the order and directions, thus insuring an immediate attention to your order. Sufficient time should also be allowed when an order is sent, in which to receive the goods before they are needed, to admit of the delays incident to transportation, and the pos- sibility of your correspondent being out of | goods and unable to fill your order for a few days. r * There is a great deal of difficulty imagined in the construction of a mercantile letter, for which in reality there exists no foundation whatever. The principal characteristic of a merchant's correspondence is arrangement. Fine writing, rounded periods, rhetorical flour- ishes, and elaborate sentences are out of place in a letter on business. Every merchant ought to keep an exact copy of all letters on business which he dispatches. A merchant's correspondence should be so arranged that any of any date may be found immediately. This facility is insured by all letters being folded in a similar form by the --> | k 4OO BUSINESS LETTERS. are accessible at once. clerk who receives them from the principal every morning after they have been read and answered. He then endorses each with the name of the writer, the place and date of the letter, the date of its receipt, and the date on which it was answered, and the principal sub- jects of the letter may be briefly noted imme- diately after the endorsement of the date. Thus by merely looking at the outside of the letters, as they lie in the parcel, without un- tying the tape, the merchant has an index of their contents. In all well-regulated counting-houses the greatest order and exactitude pervade every department of the business. Not only letters, but invoices, account sales, bills, receipts, etc., are indorsed, filed and arranged in such a man- ner that any paper which may be wanted can be found in a moment. All documents apper- taining to the transactions of the current year When the year ter- minates, they are collected into separate par- cels and deposited in a box, on which the year itself, as 1880, is painted, By this means each year's papers are kept distinct, all confusion is avoided, and a bill of parcels, invoice, letter, or in fact any mercantile document, can be im- mediately produced after any lapse of time. Unless this uninterrupted regularity were sys- tematically maintained, the business could not go on, for the accumulation of papers in a mercantile establishment is so great, that they would completely bewilder all concerned were they not thus arranged as soon as received. Letter Dismissing a Teacher. FRANKLIN INSTITUTE, * ATLANTA, GA., Sept. 10, 1883. JDear Sir:-IL becomes my duty to inform you, that the committee controlling the Institute's affairs have found it necessary to retrench its expenses, and in doing so are compelled to dispense with the services of the junior professor. In consequence of this change we shall hereafter be deprived of your valuable services. Regretting the expediency of this measure, and wishing you every success, I am, Very truly yours, R. M. POWERS, Chairman. ProFEssoR F. T. FLEMING. G- Change of Firm. CIIARLESTON, S.C., April 14, 18So. A. C. TiroMAs, Esq., Baltimore, Md. 4/ear Sir:-Permit us to communicate to you an alteration that is to take place in our copartnership on the 1st of May cnsuing. At that period our Mr. John Custance will retire, and the business of the estab- lishment thenceforward will be carried on by the remaining partners, under the firm of N. D. McDoNALD & Co. Rcquesting the continuance of your favor and support, and assuring you that there will neither be a diminution of our means, nor a relaxation in our endeavors to conduct the extensive affairs of the house on the usual scale, we subscribe ourselves, sir, Yours faithfully, * CUSTANCE, McDONALD & CO. Soliciting Foreign Correspondence. NEw York, April 3, 1879. MESSRS. R. B. DICKENSON & Co., London, England. Gentlemen :-Having formed an establishment in this city, as Mer- chants and General Agents, we take the liberty of acquainting you there- with, and solicit the preference of your orders. From our experience in mercantile affairs generally, and our intimate acquaintance with business as conducted in this place in particular, we venture to promise that we shall be enabled to execute any commission with which you may favor us, to your satislaction, and in the most prompt and economical manner. At lcast, we can safely guarantee, that neither zeal nor attention shall be wanting on our part to ensure to our friends every advantage that our market may afford; nor will there, we trust, be any deficiency of ability to fulfill their instructions and promote their interests. Possessed of ample funds, not only for the service of our friends, but also for carrying on an extensive export and import trade on our own account, we shall be glad to avail ourselves of any advantage that your market for American pro- ducts or manufactures may from time to time present, by making you con- signments. We shall, therefore, thank you to keep us constantly advised of the state of your market; and as we shall be ready to make advances to the extent of two-thirds of the invoice amount of goods consigned to us for sale on receipt of invoice, bills of lading, and orders for insurance, we shall, on the other hand, expect the same indulgence from our friends and correspondents. We are extremely desirous of rendering our correspond- ence mutually advantageous, as the only means of placing it on a solid and permanent basis; and this, be assured, will be our constant aim. Requesting your attention to our respective signatures at foot, we sub- scribe ourselves, gentlemen, Your faithful servants, J. HARRISON & CO. J. Harrison's signature, 5. Harrison & Co. B. F. Baker's signature, j. Harrison dá Co. Death of a Partner. CLEVELAND, O., March 3, 18So. MESSRS. H. B. CLAFLIN & Co., New York. Gentlemen :-It is with deep regret that we have to apprise you of the death of our senior partner, Mr. John Clancey, which occurred on the 3oth ult. At the same time we have the satisfaction of stating that this event will in no way interfere with the future conduct of our business, as arrange" ments are being made to supply the place of our deceased partner, and we have every reason to hope that we shall form a connection with a New York house of the first respectability, on whom the active management 3-- j= - ~ - * > - - * * ...- " - ... ." ~ * .* * * * *-** **.e' * " -- - * "--— £ concerns in that city will devolve. For the present, no alteration e made in our firin. the : surviving partner, Mr. James Doolittle, will conduct the affairs of ex * in this city, as heretofore; and we confidently hope, from the p *ce you have had of our uniform punctuality and regularity, that £ continue to favor us with your correspondence. Resting assured e * same unremitting attention as formerly will be paid to the inter. *of all our commercial fricnds, We remain, gentlemen, . Yours very respectfully, DOOLITTLE, CLANCEY & CO. Embarrassment of a Firm. NEw ORLEANS, Aug. 30, 18 MEssRs. C. F. ALDEN & Co., , Aug. 30, 1879. Boston. ' *-It is with the deepest regret we inform you that, on bal- £ our books on the 1st inst., we found so considerable a deficiency, "g from engagements which we had entered into with the firm of *se, Commins & Co., who became insolvent last month, that we were duced to submit our affairs to the inspection of our principal creditors. a': gentlemen have, after a full investigation, consented to appoint *cs for the liquidation of our outstanding debts, the sale of our £ crty, and the due distribution of the proceeds amongst our creditors, th Proportion to their respective claims on our estate. We indulge a hope "you will not object to this arrangement, but will immediately furnish £ Messrs. Thomas Jones and William Danicls, with an ab- w: of your account current, for the purpose of having it compared "our books, in order that the correct balance may be ascertained. We are yours respcctfully, THOMPSON, JONES & CO. in Embarrassment of a Firm. BURLINGTON, IA., June 16, 1883. *sks. Graves 3: LEwis, P +**** Cleveland, O. d' *-We are under the painful necessity of informing you, it i owing to a series of misfortunes during the last six months, we find S not in our power to meet our engagements, and are consequently "Pelled this day to suspend payments. Qur S soon as our books can be balanced, we purpose to call a meeting of Our £: when we shall lay before them a balance-sheet, exhibiting iabilities and the means we may possess of meeting them. In the *antime we beg you will suspend judgment upon us, as we can truly ' that our embarrassments have arisen solely from events which it * impossible to foresee, and over which we had no control. Believe *"der all circumstances, gentlemen, Your obedient servants, WILLIAM WELSH & CO. | Letter with an Order to a Publisher. LADoGA, IND., May 1, 1880. Messrs.J. FAIRBANKs & Co., - , May 1, 46, Madison Street, Chicago. *tlemen:-Please forward to my address, by express, the fol- lowing: : *'''y The Masque Torn off by Dr. Talmage................... $2 co Yi t The Home Guide * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 2 OO I . Gen. Grant's Tour Around the World, by L. Remlap..... 2 oo I st Buckeye Cook Book * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * I 75 | 1.4 Warren's Household Physician............. ............. 6 oo The World's Highway. Bates • - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 350 $17 2 For which I enclose money order. 7 25 Very respectfully, L. H. ROBERTS. BUSINESS LETTERS. 4OI Form of an Order to a Grocer. E- ScorcH PLAINS, N.J., May 1, 18So. MESSRS. ARNOLD & VAN NorsTRAND, Plainfield, N.J. Dear Sirs :-Please deliver to the bearer, with bill of cost, the following. 28lbs. Granulated Sugar, 3 lbs. English Breakfast Tea, 5 lbs. Java Coffee, roasted, not ground, 2 lbs. Mocha, st st 1 box Taylor's Family Soap, 5 gal. N. O. Molasses, 1 brl. Flour (XXX). Charge in account, and oblige, Yours, etc., JAMES T. MILLER, Form of an Order to a Dry Goods Merchant. Jol.1ET, ILL., March 2, 1831. MESSRs. FIELD, LEITER & Co Chicago, Ill. Gentlemen :--Please send me by American Express the following: 15 yards ginghams, Renfrew Madras styles, @ 15, ............... $2.25 13 “ Glasgow checks, dress styles, @ 12,...... * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1.56 5 “ doz. napkins, @$3.50,....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * is 4 t t e s a s r. s is a I7.50 % doz. ladies' hem-stitched handkerchiefs, @$3.50,............... I.75 3 pair ladies' fine hose, @ 1.50, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . 4.50 $27.56 I inclose P. O, order for five ($5) dollars.- Please C. O. D. balance. Yours truly, MRS. MARIA C. CLAYTON, 35 Lake Avenue. Notice of Draft. MILwAUKEE, Jan. 16, 1884. MESSRs. NELsoN & Co., ? , 1884 Lancaster, Pa. * * Gentlemen :- We have this day deposited in bank for collection three days sight draft on you for one thousand dollars ($1,000), which please honor and oblige, Y l ours truly, * SPAULDING BROS. Request for Price List. RICHMOND, VA., March 11, 1879. MESSRS. TILTON & ADAMS, New York. Gentlemen :-I have recently leased a store in this place, which I am at present fitting up and stocking with a fine selection of Fancy Grocer- ies, Wines and Liquors. Please oblige me with your price list and best terms. I am respectfully yours, RICHARD KNOWLES. Reply Enclosing Same. NEw York, March, 15, 1879. RICHARD KNowLES, Esq., Richmond, Va. Dear Sir:-Yours of the 11th inst. received. We enclose price lists with terms marked against the several lines. We believe you can make a satisfactory selection from our stock, and would like you to examine it if you can find it convenient to do so. If not, we shall endeavor to fill any order with which you may favor us, agreeable with instructions. We shall require Bank Draft on N. Y., for the amount of the order, or good reference. We arc respectfully, TILTON & ADAMS, 25 + 4O2 Ordering Goods. - RICHMOND, VA., March 20, 1879. MESSRS. TILToN & ApAMs, * , Viarch 20, 1879 New York. Gentlemen :-Your favor of the 15th inst, with price lists received. I am unable at present to come to N. Y. for the selection of my stock, and believe it unnecessary, as I am quite willing to leave the selection to yourselves. I enclose order to which you will please give your earliest attention and forward with as little delay as possible, as per shipping di- rections attached. Send only choice goods and draw at pleasure, allow- ing cash discounts. I beg to refer you to Allen & Allen, Reynolds & Griggs, Elliott, Stearns & Co. Yours, etc., RICHARD KNOWLES. * Recommending a Successor in Business. NEw ORLEANs, April 16, 1879. J. L. MASON & Co., New York. Gentlemen :-It is with some feeling of regret that we announce to our friends the relinquishment of our interest in this business with the ex- piration of this present month. Our stock and premises will be at that time (May 1, 1879) transferred to Messrs. Jackson & Mason, whom we cheerfully present to your notice, and feel it our duty to recommend them for a continuation of your confidence. Both of these young men are from the North, and having been clerks with us for several years past, are in every way efficient and capable to continue the business. We are, gentlemen, Yours truly, CLAXTON & CHAFEE. Inquiry for Baggage. Mote.–If the place of destination be a city, and baggage be missing, inquiry, should be made of the General Baggage Master at that depot; but if the destination be a way station, inquiries should be addressed to the Agent in charge of that station. KANs.As CITY, March 15, 1834. To TIIE GENERAL BAGGAGE MASTER UNION DEroT, St. Louis. Sir:-I left Chicago on the 13th inst., on the 9 P. M. train, via Chi- cago & Alton R. R., and arrived in this city at 8 A. M. yesterday morn- ing. As customary, I gave my baggage check, No. 236, to the Express Agent on the train, taking his receipt for the same. IIe now returns it to me, saying my baggage has not arrived. It is a large size, leather trunk, known as a sample trunk, initialed on both ends D. L. S., Chi- cago. Please dispatch a “tracer” without delay, and as soon as heard from notify me at the above address. Yours, cto., ID L. SULLIVAN. Application for Fire Insurance Agency. PARSONS, KAN., Jan. 10, 183o. To the Directors of the Ætna Insurance Co., Hartford, Conn. Gentlemen :- At the instance of several persons of consideration and influence in this quarter, who arc anxious for the more general adoption of the admirable system of firc insurance, I am induced to make applica- tion for an agency of your company. Should I have the honor to be appointed agent for your company, I shall be prepared to give satisfactory security, either in this city or in New York, for the faithful discharge of my duties. Being attached to the profession of the law, and enjoying the office of notary public, I am led to believe that Iny interest might be exerted to the advantage of the institution, as well as of this community, and of myself. For any information that you may desire, regarding my character and fitness for the office I solicit, I beg to refer you to Messrs. Burton & BUSINESS LETTERS. Smith, of your city; and requesting the favor of your reply at an early date, I am, gentlemen, Your ob’t servant AMOS. B. BARKALOW. From a Farmer to an Intelligence 0ffice, Applying for Hands. LIN colN, IL.L., March 1, 1881. JAMES WILKINSoN, Esq., 35 Clark street, Chicago. Dear Sir:-Having lately received through the mail, your circular, stating that you were prepared to furnish experienced hands for farm la- bor, I beg to state that I am in want of six strong and able-bodied men and am willing to pay for the usual farm labor two dollars and twenty- five cents per day, and board, on my farm. I should require good refer” ences trorn each as to character, sobriety and experience. As this is the time of the year when we must make preparation for spring work, and the season is well advanced, I would ask that you give this your im- mediate attention. Yours truly, * * SAMUEL PECKHAM. Sending a Subscription for a Paper. C111CAGo, Dec. 12, 1883. MESSRS-IIARPER & BR.os., * 12, ISS3 New York. Gentlemen :-Please find inclosed money order for ten dollars ($1o), for which send to my address Harper's Monthly, Weekly, and Baz r, for 1SS4. * Yours, etc., B. M. MILLER. Form of Printed Blank to Accompany Invoice. NEw York.................. 18.... *-----......................... Enclosed please find invoice of.........................amounting to $........, forwarded by......................bill of lading herewith, as per your order of................ The goods leave us in good condition, and we trust will prove satisfac. tory. Should anything, however, appear objectionable, we shall feel obliged if you will notify us promptly. Yours, very respectfully, * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * A Tenant to a Landlord, Requesting Him to Pay Rent. 265 FILBERT STREET, Jan. 21, 1881. Dear Sir:-From most unexpected and distressing circumstances, of which perhaps you may, by report, have become acquainted before this, I regret that I have been unable to pay my rent for the past three months. But as up to this time the payment has always been punctually made, I hope I may request your kind forbearance a short time longer. Trusting that you will accede to my request, I am, yours respectfully, s WILLIAM C. CLARK, To GEO. N. BURDEN, Esq. Answer from Landlord in Reply to a Tenant, Relative to Non- -*-- ~ * Payment of Rent. *~#: *...t CIIIcAGo, Jan. 23, 1851. Dear Sir:-As-yos assume, I have heard reports of your distressing disappointments. I think you have known me long enough to be sure I would not willingly distress any one, more especially a tenant who uP to this time has been so punctual in his payments. When you can con’ veniently pay the last three months’ rent, do so; I shall not, rest ** sured, make any demand upon you for it. Trusting that your difficultic” will soon be satisfactorily arranged, I am, Yours truly, GEO. N. BURDEN. To WILLIAM C CLARK. ~f =#" |-- * * *#= F- ---9 * BUSINESS LETTERS. 4O3 "---— From a Merchant to the President of a College, Recommend- ing His Son. CI11 CAGo, ILL., March 22, 1881. Titi. Rev. DR. McCosir, Princeton, N. J. *everend Sir:-The high opinion I have long cntertained of your character as a scholar and a gentleman, encourages me to solicit your kind assistance in an affair of very great importance. My son william has just completed his course of studies at Allen's Academy, and is desirous of being entered as freshman in your college. * Variety of business in which I am engaged requires my constant *nce in Chicago, but, being anxious to procure for my dear boy '*y advantage within my power, I feel that there is no gentleman in *inceton to whose fidelity 1 could so readily trust him as to yourself. hould you, therefore, feel disposed to honor my son by admitting him *s a member of your college, you will confer a great favor upon, Sir, your most obedient servant, FRANCIS W. WINTHROP. From a Young Man in the Country, to a Merchant in Chicago, 0ffering Correspondence. B CHENoA, ILL., March 1, 1884. *ADER SMIT11 & Co., * Chicago, Ill. Dear Sirs :-My apprenticeship with Mr. A. Parmelee has expired, during which I had proofs of your integrity in all your dealings with my "thy employer. My parents have given me two thousand dollars to begin the world, which you know is not sufficient to carry on trade to any *dvantage. That I may be able to sell my goods as cheap as possible, I Would choose to have them from first hand, and likewise the usual "ime of credit. If it is agreeable to you, I hereby offer you my corres- Pondence, not doubting but you will use me as well as you did Mr. £es. and you may depend on my punctuality with respect to pay- Chts. My late employer has no objection to my engaging in business for my- self, as it will not be in the least prejudicial to his business. I shall de- Pend on your sending me the enclosed order as soon and as cheap as Possible. I am, sir, Your humble servant, SPENCER VAN PATTEN. The Merchant's Answer. CHICAGO, IL.L., March 10, 1884. SPENGER VAN PATTEN, JD s Chenoa, Ill. - ** Sir:-Yours of the 1st inst. received, we are cxtremely glad to hear that your parents have enabled you to open a store for yourself. our behavior to your late master was such that it cannot fail of pro- curing you many customers. We have sent you the goods by railroad, in twenty parcels, marked R. T., and we doubt not but you will be punctual in Your returns, which will always enable us to serve you its low as pos- sible, and with the best goods which we can procure. We heartily wish * success in business, and doubt not but you well know that honesty and *ssiduity are the most likely means to insure it, and are Your obliged servants, BRADER SMITH & CO. Notice to a Publisher of Change of Residence. SALEM, HENRY Co., IND., Oct. 16, 1880. WittiaM EDDY, Esq., . . Publisher of the Chicago “News.” *-Having removed from Bloom, Cook Co., Ill., to this place, please 0. nd enough to change the direction of the “News” accordingly, and oblige, Yours respectftilly, FIEEDERICK KEELER. Sir be ki Form of Opening Announcement, for Circular Letter, or for Publication. To our PATRONS AND FRIENDs: We cordially and specially invite the attention of our patrons and friends to our new display of (here state the new specialties). We have met with such gracious encouragement, during the past season, and our efforts to meet the public demand, have received such liberal support, we feel doubly assured our present stock will prove equally as inviting, and fully as desirable an exhibit, as any we have heretofore made. Signature, Address. Form of an Order to Clothiers. RANDOLPHI, N.Y., Nov. 10. 1880. MESSRs. WATson & Co., 826 Broadway, N.Y. Gentlemen :-Please send me by express, C. O. D., one all-wool suit for boy ten years of age, to cost about eight or ten dollars. Also an over- coat to cost about eight dollars. Please enclose rules for self-measure- ment with parcel, and oblige. Yours respectfully, J. L. NICHOLSON. Inquiry Concerning the Shipment of Apples. ST. Joseph, M1c11., Sept. 29, 1879. B. F. FRANKLIN, Esq., New York. Dear Sir:-I have a large quantity of apples (Greenings) that I would like to place in the hands of a good commission merchant in your city. Would you be kind enough to give my address to some good party, directing them to report present state of the market, and advise what expense attends the handling of the fruit after arrival. I am, yours truly, L. T. WARREN. Answer to the Foregoing. NEw Yor.R, Oct. 1, 1879, L. T. WARREN, - St. Joseph, Mich. Dear Sir:-Your favor 25th ult, received, and I have handed the same to Messrs. Johnson, Swift & Co., requesting them to respond to your inquiries. They have a good reputation as commission dealers, and will, I think, give entire satisfaction. I am, yours truly, B. F. FRANKLIN. Commission Merchant Soliciting Consignments. 25 NEw STREET, .NEw York, Oct. 1, 1879 L. T. WARREN, Esq., St.Joseph, Mich. Dear Sir:-Mr. Franklin handed us your letter of 25th ult, in which you ask the market reporton apples, also expenses attending them, to which we reply: Greenings are offered at from $2.25 to 250 a bbl., hand picked and carefully packed. Our commission is five (5) per cent, on sales. The usual charges of carting from boat or cars to store, and lábor hire in store, amounting to about six cents per barrel, are additional. We should be pleased to hear from you further, and will try to make satisfactory sales should you entrust us with your shipments. We are, yours respectfully, JOHNSON, SWIFT & CO. --> V - *le—- --> -Y- --" 4O4. BUSINESS LETTERS. –==" Shipment to a Commission House. Inquiry into Responsibility. St. Jose Pit, MICII., Oct. 5, 1879. St. Louis, Sept. 13, 1879. MESSRS. JoriNSoN, Sw1Fr & Co., MESSRs. WILLIAMs BRos., 25 New Street, N.Y. Little Rock, Ark. Gentlemen :-Your favor of the 1st inst received. I have to-day Gentlemen —You will oblige us by stating if Mr. Francis Spellman, shipped to your consignment three hundred barrels of apples (Greenings), of the firm of Spellman & Co., of Hot Springs, Ark., is known to you, and by cars (Mich. Central and N. Y. Cen. R. Rs.), time freight, due in your worthy of credit. city 11th inst. We are, very truly yours, Please take them in charge and sell to the best advantage, holding pro- BURT, HENRY & CO. ceeds subject to my order. Advise me upon receipt of fruit. I am, yours very truly, L. T. WARREN. Answer to Foregoing. Reporting Sales of Shipment. LITTLE Rock, ARK., Sept. 15, 1879. MESSRs. BURT, HENRY & Co., * 25 NEw STREET, NEw York, Oct. 13, 1879. St. Louis, Mo. L. T. WARREN, Esqs. Gentlemen —Yours of the 13th inst. received, and we are pleased to St. Joseph, Mich. * report Mr. Spellman an old acquaintance, and entirely worthy of any trust JDear Sir -Enclosed please find account. sales of apples received you may place in him. per cars on 11th inst. Proceeds to your credit, subject to your orders, We are, very truly yours, $60,75. There is a good demand for apples at present, as you will notice WILLIAMS BROS. we obtained 25c. more per bushel than our best quotation of the 1st inst. - We hope to receive further consi ents from you. * p "'', tely, Requesting Settlement of an Account. I SWIFT & CO. JOHNSON, S DETRott, Micit., July 10, 1884. A. A. KNIGIIT, Esq., - Bangor, Me. Form of Account Sales. JDear Sir:-We have, for several days past, becn iooking for a remit- AVew Tork, Oct. 13, 1879, tance from you, covering your April account, and as the necessity of meeting our own engagements punctually is ever before us, we are obliged Sold by JOHNSON, SWIFT & CO., for Account to remind you that prompt payments are requisite and indispensable to the L. T. WARREN, St. Joseph, Mich. credit system. We are, yours, etc., BARNEY & DELLANO. 3oo Barrels Apples, Greenings @ $2.75 ..... . . $825 od PAID, Apologizing for Delay in the Payment of an Account. Freight N.Y. C. R. R’.... . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * is is a 4. $# OO BANGoR, ME., July 15 1879. Cartage to store and labor ......................] iSoo * * ~ * č' 5 per cent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 25 MESSRs. BARNEY & DELLANo, 134 25 IDetroit, Mich. - s | s==-me Dear Sir:-I regret extremely my delay in meeting promptly the pay- Net proceeds to your credit ................ $69° 75 ment of April bills, and can only excuse myself upon the ground of busi- ness depression, and consequent difficulty in making collections. I here- with enclose, in part payment of account named, bank draft on your city * for one hundred dollars ($1oo), which please pass to my credit. The bal- Answer to the Foregoing. ance I shall try to remit by the 25th inst. St. JosFP11, MICII., Oct. 16, 1879. I remain, yours, etc., MESSRs. Joi1NsoN, SwiFT & Co., A. A. KNIGHT. New York. Gentlemen :-Yours of 13th inst., with account sales 300 bbls, apples sh * g received. The sales were satisfactory, and I am glad were so promptly Letter Noticing Error in invoice. rendered, as it enables me to prepare another shipment and, I trust, secure MoRRISTown, N.J., March 20, 1884. the favorable market you report. I shall try to have them in readiness M G. W. B. & C for shipment by cars next Saturday, 20th inst. I will make drafts against MESSRS. G. W., *: * *: * * * proceeds, but will notify you hereafter. Gentlemen —We call your attention to an error in the extension of I am, gentlemen, yours, etc., * * * * L. T. WARREN items in your last invoice, by which we are charged $113.5o more than * * the invoice actually amounts to. Please correct same, and oblige, * Yours very truly, An Official Letter. CASE, CLARK & CO. L MICII, Jan. 19, * * J. D. WILLIAMS, Esq., ANSING, McII, Jan. 19, 18So Answer to Foregoing. Agent Clark & Maynard, Chicago. - DALLAs, TEx., March 24, 1884. Dear Sir:- At the last meeting of the Board of Education of this MESSRs. CASE, CLARK & Co., g s * #.1. 3% * Morristown, N.J. city, “Higher Lessons in English,” by Alonzo Reed and Brainard *-We find th t ch di f t. and Kellogg, was adopted for use in our Public Schools. Gentlemen:- C fln : C 3.1110111.1L C ' £Côt/#! £ I, ice “Graded Lessons in English,” adopted last fall, is giving the best of believe the error must have occurred in taking off items from invo satisfaction. Book. Enclosed we hand you a correct invoice, and beg your indulgence Yours respectfully, for any secming negligence. - A. D. McLEAN, We are, yours, etc., Chairman Text-Book Committee. G. W. BORLAND & CO. --" *=dh. ~-" "...]<-- | > * -= " * -- ... .* - " ** * s d = -—k- "-- TELEGRAPHIC MESSAGES. 4O5 : *=*noull IO]unsas- £ TELEGRAPHIC MESSAGES. -assumiQues-as- # * S*X. *Q) ~&- £6,4448 o £ $ O express in the very few- s: # est words, clearly and @' $ unmistakably, our exact # meaning, is what is most # desirable in messages of this sort. Telegraphic correspondence is some- what expensive, enough so, at least, to make the reduction of the cost to a minimum, something of an object to all. In writing telegrams it is well to observe the following: 1. Write out in full what you wish to communicate. Don't hurry. Write plainly. 2. Read your message carefully, and erase all unnecessary words. Copy it as corrected, and * Your full name, if a business telegram. Keep the first Sorrected draft. [The street and number of the sender may ° given under the signature without extra cost] * A young man leaves his home in San Fran- esco to attend a medical college in New York City. He promises his mother to telegraph her immediately on his arrival there, giving her an idea of the institution and place, the "tendance at that season, and the patronage *ming from their own section. He writes his message thus: NEw York, JUNE 24, 1880. MRs. LAURA WoonwARD,' 281 California street, San Francisco, Cal. li DEAR MoTHER,—I arrived here safe this morning, and ike the place. The school is full, many from our coast. . I will write you a letter to-day Ad. He reads over the telegram and hands it to the operator; the latter counts the words and *ys: “ Three dollars and ninety-five cents.” He concludes that telegrams are expensive, and writes another: HARRY. - *. ~- NEw York, JUNE 24, 1880. MRS. LAURA WooDwARD, 281 California street, San Francisco, Cal. Arrived safe. Like place. School full ; many from coast. Letter to-day. */Pd. This, he is informed, will cost him just two dollars and thirteen cents. HARRY. An Agent Telegraphs for Books. FoRT WAYNE, JUNE 24, 1884. E. B. TREAT, J 4, Iöö4 757 Broadway, New York. Please send. me by very first express one hundred (100) more copies of the Gaskell's Compendium of Forms. Am out, and customers are waiting. Hurry them forward. Will pay when they arrive. H. F. HILGEMAN, 34 / Pd. / Agent. The above telegram contains thirty-four words, for which he pays one dollar and twenty-two cents. It could have been compressed into fewer words, expressing the same thing, as below: FoRT WAYNE, IND., June 24, 1884. E. B. TREAT, 757 Broadway, New York. Send first express C. O. D. one hundred Laws and Forms. I I / Ad. H. F. HILGEMAN, Agent. This costs fifty-three cents. To a Lady Friend. MILwAUKEE, WIS, JUNE 24, 1880. MISS EMILY HENDERSON, 246 West Twenty-sixth street, New York. Your mother is very sick, and not expected to live. She wants you to come on immediately. 17 / Ad. HARRIET J. CLINTON. The charge for the above would be one dollar and twenty-eight cents; and for the following but sixty cents. MILwAUKEE, WIS, JUNE 24, 1880. MIss EMILY HENDERSON, 245 West Twenty-sixth street, New York. Your mother very ill. Come on immediately. Is very low. HARRIET J. CLINTON. As ten words cost the same as a less number, the last three are added. Exercises, 1. Write a telegram, not exceeding ten words, ordering of J. C. Bry- ant, 208 Main street, Buffalo, N.Y., 6 rosewood parlor suits, and to draw at 30 days for same. 2. One containing ten words or less to secure a stateroom on steamer #New York," leaving New York Tuesday evening from Pier 40, North 1Věr, Q. *** * : * -- 5:- } - *le—- -—” 406 LETTERS OF CREDIT. *@ w).' * * £2. £ * * ~~...~ : #2,” cł."'" * i. * %:S: : * LETTER of Credit is one in #. 2. which the writer's character : #" or reputation procures or en- 4. titles trust to be given to an- other for a certain amount within a given time, promis- ing to be responsible for same if the person receiving credit fails to make payment. It closely resembles a letter of introduction, —in fact the two are often combined—that is, a letter of introduction often contains a clause asking that credit be given if the bearer de- P sires it. 8. The signature of the person receiving the #: credit should be appended at the lower left- :S hand side, so that he may be identified as the D person named in the letter. Letters of credit should contain the amount of money to be advanced, and the name of the person in whose favor they are granted, the receipt or voucher to be taken for it, and how it is to be reimbursed. | | & A Letter of Credit. JACKsoN, MICII., March 1, 1884. MEssRs. CHARLEs SCRIBNER's SoNs, New York. Gentlemen :-Please allow Mr. D. C. Levison a credit for such sclec- tions as he may make, to an amount not exceeding one thousand dollars ($1,000), for sixty days. We will become responsible to you for the pay- ment of the same should Mr. Lewison neglect to do so at the proper time. Be kind enough to inform me of the amount for which you give him credit, with date it becomes due; also, in default of payment, forward notice immediately. I remain, yours very truly, Mr. Levison's signature. F. M. TABOR. D. C. LEvISON. Letter of Introduction and Credit. NEw York, Sept. 30, 1879. , MESSRS. G. H. GARCIA & Co., Havana, Cuba. Gentlemen —I beg leave to introduce to you the bearer, Mr. T. M. Long, of the firm of Long Bros. & Co., this city. He is visiting Cuba for G-- * ... == ! *St- * * # ** p '. * %rs' [. C: : [. --- the purpose of purchasing fruits for canning, and although not expecting to be in want of funds, should such an exigency arise we will thank you to accommodate him on our account, to the extent of two or three thousand dollars ($2,000 or $3,000), drawing upon us at short sight for your advances. We append Mr. L.'s signature. We are yours respectfully, Mr. Long’s signature. MINSELL & OSBORNE. T. M. LONG. CII1CAGo, March 6, 1884. MESSRs. Jolin Popk & SoN, New Orleans. Gentlemen —I take the liberty of opening a credit with you in favor of the bearer, Mr. W. W. Stone. Any sum of money that this gentle- man Inay require to the extent of $6,000, be pleased to advance on my account, either against his receipt or his draft on me, to your order, as may be most agreeable to yourselves. I am, gentlemen, Your obedient scrvant, Mr. Stone's signature. S. W. LAN.E. W. W. STONE. LoNDON, ENG., Jan. 16, 1880. MESSRS. BRowN BRos., New York. Gentlemen :-We request the favor of your furnishing the bearer, Sir John Russell, with any cash that his lordship may require during his stay in the United States, to the extent of $10,000, taking his lordship's receipt for the sums advanced, and placing the same to our debit. We refer you to our letter of this date, per steamship “Bothnia,” for his lordship's signature, and remain, gentlemen, Respectfully yours, HARDY & COX. Louisvi LLE, KY., Oct. 28, 1883. . MR. GEORGE SYMoNs, Philadelphia. Sir:-Permit me to introduce to your acquaintance the bearer of this letter, Mr. John Phillips, who proceeds to Philadelphia on his way to England. - Should Mr. Phillips desire to take up cash for the payment of his passage, etc., you will please advance him any sum not exceeding $5oo, taking his draft at three days' sighton his house here, Messrs. Richards, Phillips & Co., in reimbursement. I shall feel greatly obliged by such marks of civility and attention as you may have it in your power to show my young friend, whom you will find highly deserving of your regards. I am, sir, Yours respectfully, Mr. Phillips' signature. H. MILES. JoiiN PIIILLIPs. 2- * *. - * *-* ... *, LETTERS OF APPLICATION. <-- --D- ====== #- LETTERS OF APPLICATION, ERCHANTS, manufacturers and others in need of “Help” often #&as use the columns of our met. '*" ropolitan newspapers anony- mously, rather than give publicity * W #: to their wants, and thus be annoyed - 5*# by an army of personal applicants. £, Such advertisements bring the * advertiser hundreds of letters from writers £ of all grades, ages and degrees of qualifica- # tion, and though the advertiser may have *: SS #. # #, stated explicitly the age and requirements # of the person wanted, probably one-half will - £ send in their application who possess none #4 of these qualifications, and as but one of the % many applicants can secure the vacant posi- # tion, the writer should bear in mind that the • advertiser will examine these letters in every # business way; all letters written on scraps of paper, foolscap or soiled paper, will be thrown * once into the waste basket without perusal. The letters containing misspelled words, errors in grammar, interlinea- *ons and erasures will be noted, the penmanship and style *anned, and quite a correct estimate of the character and *mpetency of the applicant will be formed from the appli- *tion. As a Letter of Application is the only means of *Presenting one’s abilities, and making a favorable im- Pression, the following useful suggestions may prove Opportune: - 1. When applying for a situation in this way the writer should re- "ber that the merchant will use his letters as a criterion by which to judge of the applicant's fitness to fill the position. 2. Before attempting a reply the applicant should satisfy himself ' possesses the necessary qualifications to fill the position adver- CC1, 3. All such letters should be written with extra care, both in con- struction and penmanship, on good, plain note or letter paper, with cn- velopes to match, and in applicant's own handwriting. Be brief; con- *ness is one of the charms of letter writing, and at such a time will *ot fail to make a good impression upon the advertiser. Examine care- fully every sentence and every word of the letter before sending it, and if a single mistake is discovered, re-write the whole. If the position is = >= a valuable one the time spent in writing the application may prove time well spent. At the same time bear in mind that it is important that a letter of application should be dispatched immediately after hearing of the position or reading the advertisement; the delay of an hour may defeat such an application. 4. The writer of a letter of application should name the paper in which the advertisement appeared, and whenever the advertisement itself can be used, it would bc well to paste the same at the top of the sheet upon which the application is written. 5. The applicant may state what advantages he has enjoyed, and ex- press his intention of honestly endeavoring to perform the duties re. quired, but should be careful and make no mention of his character or qualifications. These should be learned from his testimonials or references. While the lcttcr should be modest, it should not, however, be sycophantic; it should be not only respectful, but also self-respectful, for a genuine self-respect is one of the surest passports to the respect of othcrs. 6. It is best to cnclose a copy of any testimonials the writer may have marking them as such, then if an interview is given, the originals may bc. shown. 4. * 7. Do not commence your letter by stating that “having seen the ad- vertisement” you thought you would apply for the situation, or “look- ing over the paper,” or “through it,” or having “accidentally stumbled over the advertisement,” and being “out of employment, etc.,” or that you “can give the best of reference.” Application for a Clerkship. RockFoRD, ILL., Jan. 15, 1879. MESSRs. FULLER & FULLER, Chicago. Gentlemen :-Hearing through a friend (Mr. C. C. Clayton) of the va- cancy of the position of junior clerk in your house, I take the liberty of making application for the same. I have had but little mercantile expe. rience, yet I am not entirely unacquainted with business customs, having often assisted in my brother's store at this place. I am eighteen years of age and have relatives in your city with whom I would make my home. , For information as to my character, please inquire of, W. J. Florence, Esq., and II. II. Hall, Esq., both of your city. Very respectfully, JAMES J. JACKSON. Answering an Advertisement for an Entry Clerk. (Advertisement pasted in.) State St., CHICAGo, May 31, 1881. X. Y. Z., TRIBUNE: 735 y 31, Sir -l offer myself as a candidate for the position advertised in to-day's Tribune, and beg to refer to my present employers, Messrs. Haskell, Brown & Co., with whom I am engaged as entry clerk. Respectfully, ARTI1UR M. BAKER. # j – <-- 408 LETTERS OF APPLICATION. Application for Position of Book-keeper. ANTED–A book-keeper, competent to take charge of a set of double entry books, and to assist with correspondence. Only those need ap- ply who can furnish unexceptional reference as to character and ability. Address C. & F., Balti- II.1QRC. WESTMINSTER, MD., Jan. 13, 1879. MESSRS. C. & F., Baltimore, Md. Gentlemen :-In reference to the above advertisement, which appeared in to-day's American, I respećtfully offer my services. I am at present as: sistant book-keeper with Messrs. Johnson & Co., but desire advance- ment. I am perfectly familiar with the duties of the position applied for, and am at liberty to refer you to my present employers who will, I think, satisfactorily answer any questions, as to my character, and quali- fications. Very respectfully, * JOHN P.JONES. Application for Position of Commercial Traveler. W£ Ood traveler, for a manufactur- ing and jobbing print works near Philadel- phia. Answer, stating age, experience, and refer- cnces. Address Prints, Ledger Office. PHILADELPHIA, Jan. 10, 18So. PRINTS, Ledger Office, Philadelphia. Gentlemen :-In reply to your advertisement in the Ledger of to-day, a copy of which is attached herewith, I most respectfully ask your con- sideration of the enclosed testimonial from my late employer. My con- nection with said gentleman was severed by financial difficulties, arising from the present business depression. I am conversant with commercial traveling, and fully acquainted with the jobbing and retail dry goods trade, of both city and country, and believe I am on such terms with them as would cnable me to secure a liberal patronage. I am thirty-five years of age, capable and willing to withstand the fatigues of the road, and if we enter upon any engagement, no cffort shall be wanting on my part to merit your confidence and esteem. Very truly yours, MYRON PEARCE. Application for Position of 0ffice Boy. ANTED–A boy to do office work, must re- W side with his parents, and be well recom- mended; salary, $2 per week; address in own handwriting j:5.50%ilišić 6. J.J NEw York, April 1, 1880. Box 1148 P.O., Sir:-I would respectfully apply for the position advertised in to-day's Sournal of Commerce. I am fifteen years old, reside with my parents in Brooklyn, and refer you to E. L. Brown, 45 Broadway, from whom I re- ceived the enclosed testimonial. Very truly, PETER FARLEY. Application for Position of Salesman and Collector. CHARLESTON, S.C., March 17, 1880. MESSRs. RANDoDPH, IIILL & Co., Charleston, S. C. Gentlemen :-I am recommended by Mr. Edward Frank to apply to you for the position of salesman and collector, recently occupied by him in your warehouse I am twenty-three years of age, and reside with my uncle in this city, who will give bonds for me if required. I have had some experience in your line of business, and should be pleased to have a trial with you, if preferable, previous to a permanent engagement. I am at liberty to refer G-- to Messrs. Schenk & Co., Clothiers, 241 Broadway, New York, also to Messrs. Black & Brown, Druggists' Sundries, 66 Market St., Phila., Pa. Very respectfully, JOHN PALMER. Applicant for Employment as Gardener. AURORA, ILL., April 5, 1880. CIIARLEs SEssions, Elgin, Ill Dear Sir:-I have to-day learned you wished to secure the services of a competent gardener, and being at present without a permanent engage- ment, I would be pleased to have you examine the enclosed copies of tes. timonials of gentlemen by whom I have been employed. I have had extended experience in the care of private grounds, and am acquainted with the management of the green-house and hot-house, also with the growth and culture of fruits and vegetables. • I am married and have a small family, which I should prefer to have with me; but would enter upon such an arrangement as shall prove sat- isfactory to you, should you cntertain this application. Yours very respectfully, HIRAM. D. PORTER, Application-for Situation as Coachman, ANTED-A respectable young man, of good address, as coachman: , Must thoroughly un- derstand his business, and have first-class refer- CnCCS for # Sobriety, and capacity. Ad- dress Competent, Box 18, Times office. NEw York, May 20, 1880. CoMPETENT, Box 18, Times office, New York. From to-day's Times, I take the above advertisement, and respectfully apply for the situation. I am a single man, thirty years of age, and have had considerable experience in the care and driving of horses. I am well acquainted with the drives at Newport, Long Branch, and Saratoga, besides being familiar with the streets and drives of New York and Brooklyn. I am permitted to refer to,- George D. Rutherford, Esq., No. 179 Fifth Ave.; Wm. W. Vermilyea, Esq., No. 65. Thirty-Fourth St.; Mrs. J. N. Clark, No. 25 Park Ave. Your very obedient servant, W. H. HOOD, No. 645 Third Ave. Application of Man and Wife for Farm and Housework. W£ man and woman (married or sin- gle), to go a short distance in the £: Man LO do farm Work and take care of Stock; woman for general housework, must be a good * Washer and ironer. Address J. T., Newton, Pa. I LEBANON, PA., March 3, 1SSo. J. T., Newton, Pa. In answer to the above advertisement which appeared in to-day's JHerald (N.Y.), I should like to secure the situations for myself and wife, if the location is a healthful one, and the wages satisfactory. I under- stand farming and carc of stock, and my wife is a good housekeeper and laundress. We enclose copy of testimonials received from our late em- ployer. A line addressed as below will receive prompt attention. Yours respectfully, 55 Main St. J. N. WHIPPLE, * NoTE.—In consequence of a delicacy on the part of clerks to ask of an employer an increase of salary, the following is introduced, believing it will meet the wants of many a deserving employe, whose industrious habits and diligent discharge of duties may have escaped proper re- muneration. **. Application for an Increase of Salary. * NEw York, Oct. 1, 1879. MESSRS. APPLETON & Co. Gentlemen —Without wishing to trespass upon your valuable time, permit me to ask your consideration of a subject which to me is of ur- gent necessitv, namely, the question of an increase of salary. I have _--" =#" } :- * = been with you nearly two years, in which time you doubtless have deter- mined upon my disposition, and ability to do the work required of me, and in calling your attention to this subject I do so under the belief it has *ped your notice, in the more pressing demands upon your time. It been my constantendeavor to perform faithfully and punctually such * *s have been entrusted to me, and if I may venture to hope for en- *gement from you, believe me ever ready and willing to respond to *y and all demands your interests may require. I am yours truly, - SAMUEL MORRIS duti Another on the Same Subject. Pitrl.ADELPHIA, Jan. 10, 18So. *Rs. MERRYIMAN & Co. | p * *"emen :-I have been awaiting a favorable moment in which I £uld speak with you in relation to the promised advance in my salary. *"creased amount of business in the past year has greatly added to ”y duties, and in the performance of them, I have ever tried to be *mpt and accurate. I trust my efforts have met with your approval, and, therefore, that you will regard this matter as liberaliv as possible. Very respectfully, FRANK LITTLE. Answer to an Advertisement for a Cook. M BRookLYN, N.Y., Feb. 15, 1881. *S. C. A. NELsoN, th *spected Madam :-Having seen your advertisement in the Herald of '**th inst., I beg to offer myself for the place. t ** good, plain cook. I can roast, boil, make pastry, for which I £ *"ght hand, and am willing to make myself generally useful in #1 *se. My wages are $3.00 per week, and I can have a year's char- £m my last place. I shall be happy to call on vou if you will per- C. I am, Madam, your obedient servant, MARY FOOTE. Inquiry as to the Character of a Cook. BROOKLYN, E. D., 1365 Fulton Ave., Feb. 15, 18So. */adam :-MARY FootE, having replied to an advertisement for a . cook " the Herald, refers me to you for a character. I feel particularly *ious to obtain a clean, active, and civil person, as my last occasioned : "uch trouble, and left under most unfavorable circumstances. I all, therefore, feel obliged by your making me acquainted with any *culars referring to her character, and remain, Madam, Your very obedient servant, - MRS. C. A. NELSON. *MRs. CHARLEs Borland. Favorable Answer. ForT GREEN PI.AcE, Feb. 18, 1880. *adam:—I take an early opportunity of acknowledging the receipt of *note; and in answer to your questions relative to the character of Mary Foote, I beg leave to inform you that she lived with me in the ca- *city referred to, for the space of one year, during which time I generally found her attentive to her duties, to the performance of which she was fully equal. I always had full confidence in her honesty, which she "ever gave me any cause to question; and in regard to her cleanliness "civility, I had very little reason to find fault. I parted with her on LETTERS OF APPLICATION. 4O9 account of ill-health, and recommend her with full confidence of her being likely to give you satisfaction. I am, Madam, etc., etc., MRS. CHARLES BORLAND. To MRS. C. A. NELsoN. Unfavorable Answer. ForT GREEN PLACE, Feb. 18, 1880. Afadam -In reply to your polite note, I beg leave to inform you that Mary Foote, who lived with me in the capacity of cook, left my service in consequence of her incompetency to the discharge of her du- ties (or name any other cause). In other respects I had no reason for dis. charging her. Believe me, Madam, Yours most respectfully, MRS. CHARLES BO * To MRS. C. A. NELsoN. RLAND A Cook's Application for a Character. 16 KINNEY STREET, Feb. 14, 1881. MRs. CHARLES BoRLAND, Afadam -I have the offer of a cook's place in Brooklyn, and I should feel greatly obliged if you would give me a character. The lady will write to you to inquire about me. You were good enough to say that if I left this place you would rec- ommend me, and although I know you dislike giving written characters, I h ou will oblige me. ope y # I am, Madam, Your obedient servant, MARY FOOTE. Application for a Situation as Ward Schoolmistress. CINCINNAT1, July 3, 1881. Gentlemen :-Understanding that a vacancy for the situation of mis tress to your Ward School has occurred, I beg to offer myself as a can didate, and to inclose my certificate, etc., from the Superintendent of the Board of Education. While I feel that these can better speak for me, than I can for myself, 1 venture to assure you that, should you honor me by conferring upon me the vacant appointment, I shall strive to dis- charge my duties earnestly and steadily, and shall ever remain, Gentlemen, Your grateful and obedient servant, CLARA. WHITNEY. To THE TRUSTEES OF THE FIRST WARD SC11ooL. To a Firm, Seeking a Clerkship. MAcon, GA., April 16, 1881. Gentlemen :-Perceiving by your advertisement in the Telegraph, that you are in want of a clerk, I beg to inclose testimonials, and venture to hope that from my previous experience in the line of business you pursue, I should be of some use in your establishment. My habits of life are such as to assure regularity in the discharge of my duties, and I can only insure you that, should you honor me with your confidence, I shall spare no pains to acquit myself to your satisfaction. I remain, gentlemen, Your obedient servant, WILLIAM MCLAIN. To MEssRs. CHENRY & CLAYTON. °—- =l- s 4 IO LETTERS OF RECOMMENDATION. i % * | [. s += LETTERS OF RECOMMENDATION:=#|- ---i-#-i-4- ECOMMENDATIONS are those ity in which he served us. He has been with us during the past eight in which the writer, for the purpose | years, in which time he has invariably discharged his duties with skill of promoting the interest, happi- and ability. it. was very punctual at his work, V:1S Courteous to our cus. tomers, and reliable in his accounts, and by his care and attention to our ness or benefit of another, com- out-of-town trade made himself specially valuable. He bears a good mends, or favorably represents his character as a gentleman as well as a man of business. character and abilities. Such a We are very truly, letter should be composed with *- B. F. GALE & CO. care. It is a guarantee to the Recommending a Book-keeper. extent of language, for the party M1LwAUKEE, Wis., May 3, 18So, recommended, therefore, should never be sac- | MESSRs. PERcilson & Co., rificed to condescension, false kindness, or St. Louis, Mo. politeness. These testimonials are often re- Gentlemen *—Mr. Frank Morgan, the bearcr, who is now leaving our ceived, and the b 5f th k * employ, has been in our counting-room for five years, during which time cive , an e bearer of them taken into he has faithfully attended to his duties, proving himself to be industrious service or confidence upon the representations and thoroughly reliable. He is a good penman, correct accountant, and contained in them—without further questions acquainted with correspondence. We shall at any time cheerfully re- as to antecedents, etc., therefore never recom- spond to all applications we may have regarding his character and abili- d : * h 3. ties, and wish him every success. mend an unworthy person. It may be hard to Very truly yours, refuse a testimonial, but it is dishonorable to J. ATKINSON & CO. give a false one. * Recommendations may be special or general. Recommending a Porter. s IHARRISBURG, PA., July 11, 1879. * A. letter Of recommendation addressed to some Messrs. DUNLAr & York, , PA., July 11, 1879 particular person, like an ordinary letter, is special; when Baltimore, Md. not limited as to person or occasion, it is general. Gentlemen :-The bearer, Dennis O'Neil, has becn employed by us as a 3. Agent ploy * porter for the past five years, and has faithfully discharged all the duties General Recommendation. devolving upon him. He is industrious and reliable, understands the re- ceiving and shipment of goods, is a good marker, and writes legibly for a Roc11EstER, N.Y., Dec. 10, 1879. man in his position. He is not addicted to spirituous liquors, and bears a To whom it may concern: * good moral character. We are, yours truly, The bearer, Mr. Howard Burlew, is personally known to me as FOX. CLARKE & SMITHI. a young man of sterling worth. He graduated at the Polytechnic In- stitute, and as a student distinguished himself for his diligence, accuracy, * integrity, and conscientious discharge of every duty. As a member of Recommending a Cook. | society, he, being of good family, and with a character unblemished, is GRAND HAvEN, M1c11., October 19, 1879. . highly esteemed. Icordially recommend him to good people everywhere, John Kingsley, the bearer, has been employed by us as cook for several | and especially SO to. those to whom he may offer his services, whether seasons past. He is capable of all kinds of cooking, is willing and oblig- commercially or socially. V tfull ing, and has at all times given satisfaction in the discharge of his duties. ery respectiuily, CUYLER & CO. HIRAM. S. GRANT, Recommending a Gardener. Recommending a Teacher. NEW C PA. Sent. 3, 187 RocKv11.LE, CT., Nov. 15, 1879. T Esq., Chai EW CASTLE, PA., Sept. 3, 1879. This testimonial of the capabilities of the bearer, James Morris, is to JoliN THATCHRR, ESQ., c'. certify to his being thoroughly competent in the care of hot and cold t p • * - * * * Dear Sir:-The bearer, Mr. Henry Case, about leaving this district, £ :£ £ floriculture and £ where he has been engaged in the work of teaching, is, I am pleased to £ £ C f d his ' £ ' * ' past six £ : # say, of good standing here. I have had two boys attending his school, Satistic : y periormed his duties. He is I onest, good-natured, an and in their advancement he has proved himself possessed of tact, learn- trustwor ly. ": F MNER ing, enthusiasm, and a high degree of patience. His character is above M. F. SUM * reproach, and I cheerfully recommend him to a position in onc of the * * £ Declining to Recommend a Clerk. I am, very sincerely yours, ERIE, PA., May 6, 1880. AARON PIERCE, W. C. McCURDY, ESQ., Chairman School Committee. Sir:-Iregret that I cannot conscientiously write the testimonial you request of me. You are fully aware of the misconduct that caused your discharge from my service, and it would be doing a gross injustice for me Recommending a Salesman. to speak favorably to another employer. I think an honest confession, SPRINGFIELD, MASS., March 1, 1880. with a desire to reform, would be your best recommendation. W. W. BRowN Esq., * Regretting that it is entirely out of my power to grant your request, San Francisco, Cal. I am, in spite of your error, Dear Sir:-The bearer, Mr. Preston Black, being about to leave our Your sinccre well-wisher, employ, it gives us pleasure to testify to his meritas a salesman, the capac- PERCIVAL LONG. --------------- =#;" - | r 5:57 |<< \| \\\})/2 || ||^ +- # % * % % # \ & # so to a friend who is absent. are two kinds, Social and Business. Letters of introduction should always be as short and concise &:” £AQ:NKA:\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\". E- *-*- * * *:S-> Ś:\ ---a----'------"--> C $4 US g). ETTERS of Introduction are those W/ [... ŽS. re: by which a person introduces afriend There as possible, as they are gen- erally delivered in person. To wait until a long letter is being £ead is embarrassing to the person pre- senting same. The writer of a letter of introduction should be careful whom and to whom he introduces a person. improper person, or an inferior socially, an irreparable injury may be done a friend. Great care must be exercised against the use of extravagant eulogy, or overpraise, although more latitude is allowed in written than in an oral introduction. Letters of introduction should never be sealed when given to the person by whom they are to be presented; the bearer *ay, however, seal it before delivery. A letter of introduction should not be delivered in person, although circumstances often render it proper and neces- *ary to do so. The correct way to deliver a letter is to send the card of the person introduced to the person to whom the letter of introduction is addressed, by a servant. The Person receiving the letter should then call upon the former *nd extend his hospitalities. A business letter of introduction may be delivered by the bearer in person, as such introductions are for business Purposes only, and necessitate no social obligations. In *tyle they should resemble other business letters; that is, they should be brief and to the point. Letters of introduc- tion will be found very useful to travelers, or to persons who are about to change their place of residence. By introducing an Letters of introduction should bear upon the envelopes the name and address of the party to whom the letter is addressed, the same as if sent by mail, except that the words “Introducing,” etc., are written in the lower left hand corner; thus- -4, &%ala’.9° %24, .9% –%ač, –4. &ntroducing &eo. 20. Savage, ésq. Short Form of Introduction. BosToN, May 10, 1880. MY DEAR SIR: I have the honor of introducing to your acquaintance Mr. Frank Ward, whom I commend to your kind attention. . Very truly yours, MR. BENJ. F. Sw1NG. JOHN WILSON. Toledo, Ohio. Another. FEBRUARY 9, 1813. MY DEAR THEoport B: Lieutenant-Colonel Scott (the friend of Mr. Watkins Leigh) will hand you this letter. It is written exclusively for the purpose of giving you the pleasure of his acquaintance; for which you must consider your- self my debtor. Yours truly, JoiiN RANDOLP11, of Roanoke. MR. T. BLAND DUDLEY. # Q % #: * #&# |###### # © 3' >|< o # < - o **-> *NS:X === -->-> £ - E\;\\2\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ * G-- Q—- = X-----" 4. I2 LETTERS OF INTRODUCTION. Introducing a Son of a Partner, HART FORD, March 10, 1881. CHARLEST. Evans, Esq., New York. Sir:-Mr. Frank Fisher, the eldest son of our senior partner, being about to visit your city for the purpose of embarking for South America, we are sensible that we cannot better ensure to him such polite atten- tions as are calculated to render his short stay agreeable, than by intro- ducing him to you. We need scarcely say that we shall feel personally obliged by any marks of kindness that you may have the goodness to evince towards this young gentleman, and by any assistance that it may be in your power to render him, in making his arrangements for the voyage. We remain, with much esteem, sir, Your faithful servants, FISHER, CLARK & CO. Introducing a Young Man Traveling on Business. ToRoNTo, Mar. 1, 1881. HENRY HowARD, Esq., Charleston, S. C. Sir:-We recommend to your particular favor and attention, the bearer, Mr. Frederick McQuigg, eldest son of Mr. Henry McQuigg, of thc highly respectable house of McQuigg, Hughes & Co., of this city. Our esteemed young friend is about to visit the Southern States, by way of Charleston, on business for the house; we therefore request you, most urgently, to afford him your advice and assistance, and to render his stay in your city as agreeable as possible. He is clever, steady, and unassuming, and we are convinced that on a near acquaintance he will prove himself deserving of your esteem and good will. Command us freely in similar cases, and be assured that we will use our best endeavors to do justice to your introduction. We are, respectfully yours, HENRY BROWN & CO. Introducing a Firm. PIIILADELPHIA, April 15, 1881. MESSRS. HUNTER, CLARKE & Co., New Orleans. Gentlemen :-I have the pleasure of introducing to your acquaintance the very respectable firm of Messrs. Dunn, Brown & Co., of Boston, Mass., whose senior partner, Mr. James Dunn, is at present in this city, and purposes visiting New Orleans. Any civilities or attentions that you may be pleased to show him, I shall consider a favor conferred on myself. ... s These gentlemen occasionally give orders for cottons and other ship- ments from your port; and from some conversation that I have had with Mr. D., I am led to hope that the house will give you a preference of their business in future. I shall feel happy should the present introduction lead to transactions inutually advantageous and agreeable. I remain, gentlemen, Yours very respectfully, ALFRED QUIGG, Another Form. LoNDoN, October 3, 1880. MESSRs. HASKELL, BRowN & Co., New Orleans. Gentlemen: —We beg leave to introduce to you the bearer of this let- ter, Mr. F. C. Fenderson, a partner in the highly respectable house of Moore, Fenderson & Co., of New York, who is about to visit your city for the purpose of extending the commercial relations of his house with the principal firms of your place. In strongly recommending our friend to your notice, we particularly request that you will not only forward his views by your influence and advice, but that you will also render his stay in your city as agreeable as possible, by showing him every atten- tion that may be in your power. In case Mr. Fenderson should have occasion to take up any money, either for traveling expenses or opera- tions of business, you will please to supply him with funds to the extent of ten thousand pounds sterling, taking his drafts upon us at five days' sight in reimbursement. We beg that upon similar and all other occa- sions, you will freely command our services, and We remain. gentlernen, Faithfully yours, MARTIN, GREGORY & CO. Introducing a Captain, Asking Preference. LoNDoN, July 21, 1S$1. MESSRS. G. WALLIStoN & Co., Savannah, Ga. Gentlemen :-This will be delivered to you by Captain Green, of the Baltic, whom I beg leave to introduce to your acquaintance. You will greatly oblige me by giving him the preference, should you have any cottons for shipment, while his vessel is loading at your port. The owners of the Baltic are my good friends and valuable corre- spondents, Messrs. Collins, Clement & Co., of Glasgow. Recommending Captain Green likewise to your good offices and at- tentions in other matters, I am, gentlemen, Your obedient servant, GEORGE. S. PALMER. introducing a Young Gentleman to a Lady of Fashion. CoNTINENTAL HoTEL, PHILADELPHIA, Jan. 16, 1831. DEAR MADAM: Permit me to present to you my friend, Mr. Gilbert Haven, a gentle- man whose polished manners and irreproachable character embolden me to request for him the honor of an acquaintance with even so fastid- ious and accomplished an arbiter of fashion as yourself. Mr. Haven will be able to give you all the information you may de- sire respecting our mutual friends and acquaintances in society here. Do 1me the honor to make my very respectful compliments to the Misses Peck, and to believe me, my dear madam, Most respectfully, Your friend and servant, J. M. SronnART. MRs. W. H. PEck, Atlanta, Ga. Introducing a Literary Lady to a Publisher. BELoir, Wis, May 1. 1881 MESSRS. FAIRBANKs, PALMER & Co., Chicago. Gentlemen :-The bearer, Mrs. Mary A. Farmer, I commend to your favorable consideration. She has several manuscripts ready for publi- cation, upon which she would like your opinion, and which, doubtless, you will find deserving your attention. My past acquaintance with you justifies me in the belief you may come to an understanding of mutual pleasure and benefit. -- I am, respectfully yours, GEORGE L. HARDING, Letters of introduction are sometimes written in the third person, as in the following example: Mr. Clayton presents his compliments to Mr. Swift, and feels great pleasure in introducing to his notice the bearer, Mr. Charles Layman. From the number of years Mr. Layman has been in the employ of Mr. Clayton, and from the invariably steady and honorable conduct which has marked his progress, Mr. Clayton recommends him with great con" fidence, feeling persuaded that he will study very closely and sedulously the interest of his employer. 133 Water Street, Chicago. December 18, 1880. +- . -: LETTERS OF APOLOGY. * 4 I 3 ££& C £4×5&E. &#Q#####&#### T is often necessary to write a letter of Apology or Excuse. In such a case, to be of any value, it should be written as promptly as may be. The writer must not forget that al- most as much depends on the time as the manner of making an excuse. It may be too late to be effective, or so mistimed as to aggravate the previous offense; such a letter is not very pleasant, as it is called forth by some ne- glect or impropriety of the author. If the apology appear forced, or made unwillingly, it cannot be effective; but if written in sin- cerity, and gracefully expressed, in all ordin- ary cases it will insure forgiveness. “The excuse which would be freely ac- cepted to-day, might be indignantly rejected a week hence. A slight notice of the fact, an explanation that will extenuate the offense, "assurance of the total absence of any intention to wound the feelings, regrets for the circumstance, professions of at- tachment, and an expression of an earnest desire to recover the good opinion of the person offended, are the elements of a letter of apology, modified according to the fact, time, "d persons interested.” “It is sometimes necessary to make excuses for offenses not yet noticed; such as delay in reply to a letter, or in executing a commission. In these cases they generally commence letters on other subjects. A reason should be #"en for the delay, or the neglect candidly confessed, and "dulgence solicited.” The necessity of an apology is avoided by a prompt meet- ing of every engagement, and discharge of every obligation. =- -*- Apology for a Broken Engagement. 2952 EASTON AvR., May 1, 1881. *{y Dear Clara:-Will you kindly accept an apology for my not # present at your party last evening? Throughout the whole day "felt unwell, but had still determined to join you; but, as evening approached, I felt so much worse, that I saw at once that nothing but ' was suited to my condition, and that excitement and late hours "d only make me worse. I trust you will therefore excuse me, and, * * * * * * * * ~ Wor, Ry Yarm- "A" < * * 4%'.$ #&########## #. s: P&#P-> £ #&#&# k *:::: #####& if you should have an hour to spare, and come and chat quietly with me, it will be a great comfort to, Affectionately yours, EMMA VAN NORSTRAND. MISS CLARA. YoUNG. Apology for a Broken Business Engagement. - Portl.AND, ME., Aug. 16, 1879. MR. PERRY H. SNYDER, , M1E., Aug. 16, 187 larendon Hotel, City. Lear Sir :-I very much regret being compelled to apologize for not meeting you at the Clarendon last evening, as I agreed to do. The cause of my detention was the sudden and serious illness of my dear wife, whose life for a time we despaired of Hoping you will not leave the city until we can perfect the arrangements we anticipated, and that you will kindly inform bearer when it will be convenient to see me, I am, yours very respectfully, - JENNINGS MARTIN. Excuse for a Pupil. WEDNRSDAY MoRNING, March 5, 1881. MR. LooMIS, You will please excuse Charles for non-attendance at school yesterday, as I was compelled to keep him at home to attend to a matter of business. CHARLES OSWALD. From a Tenant to a Landlord, Excusing Delay in Payment. WILMINGTON, Jan. 10, 18S1. Sir:-I have now been your tenant above ten years in the house where I now live, and you know that I never failed to pay my rent quarterly when due. At present I am extremely sorry to inform you, that from a variety of recent disappointments, I am under the necessity of begging that you will indulge me one quarter longer. By that time I hope to have it in my power to answer your just demand, and the favor shall be ever gratefully acknowledged by Your obedient and humble servant, WALLACE RYAN. MR. AMos CLARK, 865 Locust St., Philadelphia, Pa. Excusing Putting 0ff an Invitation on Account of a Recent Bereavement. ATLANTA, April 5, 1881. A/y Dear Ella :-I grieve to tell you that a most serious and painful domestic calamity prevents the possibility of my availing myself of your kind invitation, as I had intended. When I tell you that my dear Freddie is no more, you will at once sympathize with me, and feel the impossi- bility of anything like mixing in society. Believe me, amidst my own griefs, Your ever sincere friend, MARIA WARREN. MRS. ELLA LATIMER. #= *@- **** ADVISORY LETTERS. ISCREET persons will never write ('aa Letter of Advice until they have # been asked for it, or it becomes an absolute necessity for it. In % many instances to volunteer it is to #" make yourself offensive to those whom you wish to benefit. It is much pleasanter to give than to receive it. Unsolicited counsel is a bitter draught; and even those who crave your opinions, will feel themselves offended if you are forward as well as frank in replying to them. A mendicant implored alms; the party whom the unfortunate man addressed, instead of relieving his necessities, told him that he was “strong and youthful, and should rather work, than live by begging.” “I asked you for money,” replied the mendicant, “not for advice.” People, in general, are but too prone to take the same course; they are applied to for succor, and, in return, they give counsel. A friend should, perhaps, give advice to a friend, if he should see occasion so to do, however unpalatable it may be; but, in general, we cannot be too sparing of our counsel. CRAvEN STREET, May 6, 1790. I send my good girl the books I mentioned to her last night. I beg of her to accept of them as a small mark of my esteem and friendship. They arc written in the familiar, easy manner for which the French are so remarkable, and afford a greaf deal of philosophy and practical knowl- edge, unembarrassed by the dry mathematics used by more exact rea- soners, but which is apt to discourage young beginners. I would advise you to read with a pen in your hand, and enter in a little book short hihts of what you find that is curious or that may be useful; for this will be the best method of imprinting such particulars on your memory, where they will be ready cither for practice on some future occasion, if they are matters of utility, or at least to adorn and improve your conver- sation if they are rather points of curiosity. And as many of the terms of science are such as you cannot have met with in your common reading, and may therefore be unacquainted with, I think it will be well for you to have a good dictionary at hand to consult immediately when you meet with a word you do not comprehend the precise meaning of. This may at first seem troublesome and interrupting, but it is a trouble that will daily diminish, as you will daily find less and less occasion for your dic- tionary, as you become more acquainted with the terms; and in the meantime you will read with more satisfaction because with more under- standing. When any point occurs in which you would be glad to have further information than your book affords you, I beg you would not in the least apprehend that I should think it a trouble to receive and answer your questions. It will be a pleasure and no trouble; for though I may not be able, out of my own little stock of knowledge, to afford you what you require, I can easily direct you to the books where it may most readily be found. Adieu, and believe me ever, mv dear friend, Yours affectionately, B. FRANKLIN. LIN.com.N, NEB., May 15, 1881. Afy Dear Nephew:—I am sorry you should have any misunderstand- ing with your master; I have a good opinion of him, and am unwilling to entertain a bad one of you. It is so much a master's interest to use his apprentices well, that I am disposed to think that when they are badly used it is oftener the effect of provocation than choice. Where" fore, before I give myself the trouble of interposing in your behalf, I de' sire that you will inquire of yourself whether you have not, by some misconduct or other, provoked that alteration in your master's behavior of which you so much complain. If, after having diligently complied with this request, you assure me that you are not sensible of having given cause of disgust on your side, I will readily use my endeavors to reconcilc you to your master, or procure you another. But if you find yourself blameable, it will be better for you to remove, by your own amendment, the occasion of your master's displeasure, than to have me or any other friend, offer to plead your excuse, when you know it would be unjust to defend you. If this should be your case, all your friends together could promise your better behavior, indeed; but as the per” formance must even then be your own, it will add much more to your character to pass through your whole term, without any interposition between you. Weigh what I have here said; and remember that your future welfare depends greatly on your present behavior I am your loving kinsman, r JOHN HANCOCK From a Father to a Son, on his Negligence in his Affairs. HUDson, N. Y., April 16, 1881. Afy Dear Son William :—You cannot imagine what a concern your carelessness and indifferent management of your affairs gives me. Re- missness is inexcusable in all men, but in none so much as in a man of business, the soul of which is industry, diligence and punctuality. Let me beg you to shake off the idle habits you have contracted; quit unprofitable company, and unseasonable recreations, and apply to your counting house with diligence. It may not yet be too late to retrieve your affairs. Inspect, therefore, your gains, and cast up what proportion they bear to your expenses; and then see which of the latter you can, and which you cannot, contract. Consider, that when once a man suf- fers himself to go backward in the world, it must be an uncommon spirit of industry that retrieves him and puts him forward again. Reflect, I beseech you, before it be too late, upon the inconveniences —-T -ms--" --O f * ~ $-- *...*-* - * * "-__ -—” J- *-*. --~- -v- ADVISORY LETTERS. 4I 5 "---— * which an impoverished trader is put to for the remainder of his life, have obtained the best connection. Many small capitalists, in going which to many happen to be the prime part of it; the indignities he is into a new neighborhood, have been bitterly disappointed in their ex- likely to suffer from those whose money he has unthinkingly squandered, pectations of making a good connection. It is really a fact, that the the Contempt he will meet with from all, not excepting the idle compan- first shops established in a new place generally fail. Should your * of his folly; the injustice he does his family, in depriving his chil- neighborhood be a poor one, guard against laying in a supply of lux- dren, not only of the power of raising themselves, but of living tolerably; uries. Necessaries will be certain to sell. There is one thing necessary And how, on the contrary, from being born to a creditable expectation, to success in business, and that is civility, an amount of which in stock he sinks them into the lowest class of mankind, and exposes them to will cost nothing. And by treating all your customers, rich and poor, "ost dangerous temptations. What has not such a father to answer for! with duc deference but not servility, you will find your custom very much *nd all this for the sake of indulging himself in an idle, careless, thought- increase. Lct your customers see that it is a pleasure for you to oblige, less habit, that cannot afford the least satisfaction, beyond the present and that it is not done with a view only of selfish greed or gain. Should hour, if in that; and which must be attended with deep remorse, when you require advice at any future time, I shall be very glad indeed to * begins to reflect. Think seriously of these things, and in time re- give you any information you may require. * *ve on such a course as may bring credit to yourself, justice to all you I will close my letter with one word more of counsel, which is this- deal with, peace and pleasure to your own mind, comfort to your family; do not get into debt. Wishing you every success, * "which will give at the same time the highest satisfaction to Belicve me, Your careful and loving father, Your sincerc friend, DWIGHT READ. CLARK WOOD. The Son's Grateful Answer. Urging a Son to Relinquish the Naval Profession." BUFFALo, N.Y., April 20, 1881. * WILLIMANTIC, CT., March 1, 1880. *y Dear Father:-I return you my sincere thanks for your season- Afy Pear Son Albert :-Your letter of the 1st, informing me that you able reproof and advice; I have indeed too much indulged myself in an had determined to remain in your present profession, caused me great idle, careless habit; and had already begun to feel the evil consequences distress. If you wish to add some little portion of comfort to thc last of it when I received your letter, in the insults of a creditor or two, from years of a father's life, which your headstrong passions have already whom I expected kinder treatment. But, indeed, they wanted but their greatly embittered, you will immediately relinquish it. Remember you 9Wn, so I could only blame myself, who had brought their rough usage are the only representative of our family. Why then persist in remain. "P" me. Your letter came so seasonable upon this, that I hope it will ing in a profession wherein you are exposed to constant and imminent *want the desired effect; and as I think it is not yet too late, I am re- | *. s *ved to take another course with myself and my affairs, that I may I wish you to marry, and hope to see you settle down and discharge avoid the ill consequences you so judiciously forewarn me of, and give the duties of your position in society as a country gentleman; you have to my family and friends the pleasure they so well deserve at my hands; ample means at your disposal now, as the whole of your late uncle's and particularly that satisfaction to so good a father, which is owing property is yours. Concede a little to your father, whose only desire is to him by his to see his name honorably upheld, his family perpetuated, in the county Most dutiful son, in which we are now so much respected. Age is creeping on me, Albert; WILLIAM READ. I am widowed and alone. I trust this appeal will not be made in vain. * You know my deep and lasting affection for you; do not wound it by a E; * * is refusal. Awaiting with great anxicty your detcriminativu, s Advice to Young Man Intending to go into Business. Belicve me, Your affectionate father BLooMINGTON, Oct. 14, 18So. 4. * ADear Mr. Cushing :-I was glad to receive your letter, and glad to ELLIOT SUMNER. find you have confided in your father's old friend for advice, under the "mstances of your starting in business. You do not tell me the Aswer. "unt of your capital; but whether large or small, the same rule should U. S. S. I 88 be adopted i-you must be very careful in the matter of investing your . S. S. INTREPID,June 3, iss, "oney, for without t tion and iudgment maw be: id- Afy Dear Father:-Dearly as I love my noble profession, I am unable great precaution and judgment you may be a consid * * *able loser. Do not lay in too large a stock. Should trade prove slack, to resist your last earnest appeal, and agree therefore to give up my *rent and taxes of vour premises must be paid; the stock lies idle and commission, and return to a life on land. The pang this resolution COSüS deteriorates in value; and when once you dip into your capital there 111C issottened by the remembrance that I may thus hope to insure the "ill be little prospect of your recovering yourself again. happiness of so good a father. s s s With regard to a locality, you must be guided very much by the num- I shall shortly return to you, and will endeavor in all things to prove ber of the inhabitants, the nature of the neighborhood, the requirements s: Your most dutiful and affectionate son, ALBERT, and customs of the resident population; and if possible you should ascer- To HoN. ELLIOT StJMNER, "in whether there is any one in the same business who may already Willimantic, Ct. -: ~- —B---> +1== –é 416 LETTERS OF CONDOLENCE. # L -*-*-*-*. /* thy are the most difficult and im- #. portant of any which friendship or affection can dictate. They £ should relate chiefly, as a rule, to £3, the subject by which they are == # elicited, and express sympathy # rather than aim at administer- ing consolation. Letters of condolence, from 2.5 the sympathizing pen of friendship, fall upon N, the heart of man like the gentle dews of evening on the parched earth. In the com- ; position of such, there must be no high-flown words or expressions, no straining after effect. If heart speaks not to heart, in the simplest, most soothing language of nature, words will, to the sufferer, prove cold and unimpressive- worse than useless. The letter should not be too long, but earnest and sincere. When addressing a person who is laboring under any grievous calamity, it is bad taste to make light of it; by treating that loss as a matter which a little firmness would enable the party who has suffered it, to endure calmly, we irritate, rather than soothe. It is better to enter into the feelings of the mourner-to eulogize the departed relation,—to rebuke the ingratitude of the false friend,—to confess the inconstancy of fortune, or otherwise, according to the circumstances; and, without magnifying, to lament the full extent of the condoled party’s affliction. Thus we seem to share, and therefore in some degree, lessen the sorrow of the sufferer. Courtesy demands that letters of condolence on death should be written on black-edged paper and sealed with black wax—if wax is used—even if you are not in the habit of using mourning paper habitually. - >=- Thomas Jefferson to John Adams, on the Death of Mrs. Adams. MoxTIcELLO, Nov. 13, 1818. The public papcrs, my dear friend, announce the fatal event of which your letter of October the 20th had given me ominous foreboding. Tried, myself, in the school of affliction, by the loss of every form of connection which can rive the human heart, I know well and feel what you have lost, what you have suffered, are suffering, and have yet to cndure. The same trials have taught me that for ills so immeasurable, time and silence are the only inedicine. I will not, therefore, by useless condolences, G-- open afresh the sluices of your grief, nor, although mingling sincerely my tears with yours, will I say a word more where words are vain, but it is of some comfort to us both that the time is not very distant at which we are to deposit in the same cerement our sorrows and suffering bodies, and to ascend in essence to an ecstatic meeting with the friends we have loved and lost, and whom we shall still love and never lose again. God bless you and support you under your heavy affliction. TH. JEFFERSON. On the Loss of Property by Fire. . MoNTICE.I.Lo, IND., Aug. 16, 1879. Afy Dear Friend 2 oung :-Your recent misfortune in the loss of prop- erty at Logansport has proved a very serious matter, and I am deeply pained at the disastrous circumstances attending the same. It is a hard trial to see consumed in a few hours the work of years; but knowing your disposition, I cannot believe you will become disheartened, or, in any sense, give way to melancholy. On the contrary, I firmly believe your usual activity and enterprise will suggest some plan for speedily restoring to its former beauty and elegance, the charms and surroundings formerly the pride of the place. You have my warmest sympathy and best wishes, and if I can in any way further your interests, believe me ever ready to do so. Very cordially yours, NATIIAN YouNg, Esq., DAVID WOODRUFF. Logansport, Ind. . On Business Embarrassment. C111cAGo, March 15, 1879. Afy Dear Mr. Green :-I have to-day learned of your business embar- rassments, and with regret, your despondency over this misfortune. I need hardly assure you of my sympathy and faith in your honorable dis- charge, to the best of your ability, of your obligations. It is extremely unpleasant and humiliating, especially to such sensitive natures as yours, to pass through these ordeals, but having the confidence of many former associates, you may with energy and resolution regain lost ground, and reap the reward due honor and integrity. I hope you may come out of this trouble better than you anticipate, and recuperate more quickly than you have thought possible. Believe me ever Your friend, FRANK GREEN, Esq., FIRED. BUTLER. St. Louis, Mo. To a Friend on the Death of a Wife. BosroN, May 6, 1881. My Dear Will:-I sincerely commiserate you in this your fearful and awful visitation. Sad indeed it is to lose your wife and your cxpected child in one short moment Your dear wife, we are all well aware (as far as human beings can form a judgment of the lives of their fellow creatures), was in every act, deed, and word, a true Christian. Your ac- count of her death is deeply touching; but how grateful you must have felt to see her so resigned and happy in the thought that, although her loss would cast a shadow on your life on earth, you would meet her hereafter in that better world, where no trouble or sorrow is to be —--" --" ~-Ö 2. * | £ £ W33 3ood in every acceptation of the term ; her charities, so i: ' dispensed; her cheerful willingness to relieve any real must : 1Cr talents and charins, endeared her to all. Naturally you 10:1; “ply grieve for the loss of one so dear and excellent. You have ***in another source of grief in the loss of your child, dear Will, ' :lt present all consolation must seem to you impossible; but God * ordained that time shall bring comfort and soothing for all earthly *orrows, and to its healing influence we must leave you. As soon as £ equal to the journey, come to us, and stay as long as you feel "ined. We will walk and ride together. There is great healing in "re, and open-air exercise—I speak from experience—does as much *s reason and philosophy in soothing a great grief. *y wife unites with me in best regards and truest sympathy. I am ever, Your sincere friend, W V. C. SPOFFORD. *LLIAM BLAck, Esq. To a Friend on the Death of a Husband. FREEPoRT, Ill., July 6, 18So. * Pear Mrs. Goodman:—If any consolation can be afforded under so heavy an affliction as you have just experienced, it must come from a higher Power than mine. Your own strong sense of religion, and of ' of resignation to a power that is beyond our control, and a will th: 1S ever beneficently directed toward our good, must uphold you in ten mostbitter trial. I well know how painful the well-meant, but of- sh "staken, officiousness of friends may be on such occasions, or I ould have hastened to your side, and sought to assuage the pangs of *ur overworn spirit. * 1. Were a melancholy pleasure to dwell upon the virtues and accom- plishments of your late beloved husband ; but the subject is too painful * *, and, in the confidence that he is in the enjoyment of an ever- lasting happiness, such as, my dear Jane, even you could not have re- *ed to him on earth, I hope that you will support your spirits both for £ and your children's sake, and look forward to that brighter *ppier world in which we shall go to those who cannot return to * God comfort you. Your affectionate and sorrowing friend, JUI.IA MEAD. From a Young Lady to her Mother. Who is III. * Dear Mamma:—I am grieved to see you so poorly, but I trust #" will not make yourself worse by troubling yourself about household affairs or thinking anxiously of me. I will see that everything is prop- erly done, and I will attend to all my own duties just the same as though you were well, and able to look after me. ut I most earnestly hope, Iny dear mamma, that you will soon be *r, and I pray God night and day for your speedy recovery. , I am, my dear mamma, t Your affectionate daughter, MARIE. bet To a Friend on the Death of Her Sister. NEwARK, N.J., Oct. 5, 1SSo. "O Dear Maria:-The melancholy intelligence of your sister's death has grieved me more than I can express, and I beg to tender you my heartfelt sympathy. Truly we live in a world where solemn shadows are continually falling upon our path-shadows that teach us the inse- £ity of all temporal blessings, and warn us that here “there is no abiding stay.” We have, however, the blessed satisfaction of know- "8 that death cannāt enter that sphere to which the departed are re- "ed. Let hope and faith, my dear friend, mingle with your natural £ Look to that future where the sundered ties of earth are re- ited. Affectionately yours, ADA jQNES. To Miss MARIA F1s11ER, J * 506 Ford street, Brooklyn. + 27 * |-- To a Friend on a Sudden Reverse of Fortune. Fort WAYNE, IND., Dec. 10, 1SSo. A/y Dear Friend:—I am truly pained to hear of the melancholy change in your circumstances. I had hoped that your husband's po- sition and connections would have prevented the possibility of his em. barking in any scheme where there seemed room for uncertainty. But, unhappily, the speculative spirit of the age is too seductive to be easily withstood, and we are every day hearing of families being reduced to absolute poverty, more from mischance than willful error. But you must not only cheer up, but labor to cheer your husband like- wise. Let him find that he possesses a wife who will not display her annoyance at the deprivation of many—perhaps unnecessary-luxuries of life, and whose determination to economize will make poverty seem less poor, and whose affection will insure him that comfort which the wealth- iest position, without undivided affection, would wholly fail to realize. Nor must you look at matters as hopeless. Although changed in your means, you have not lost in character. Your true friends look upon you with the same eyes as formerly, and for the shallow and insincere you ought not, cannot care. Besides, a favorable change must result from your husband's persevering and consistent efforts; and by the exercise of economy, and the patient submission to a few privations, you may ere long fully recover the position you have already adorned, and which legitimately belongs to you. That success and happiness may soon spring out of the present un- favorable condition of things, is the hearty and earnest wish of, Yours ever affectionately, CLARA. WILSON. To MRS, EMILY EATON. To a Sister on the Death of a Child. Sister Darling :-I cannot write what is in my heart for you to-day; it is too full-filled with a double sorrow, for you and for myself. Tears blind me ; my pen trembles in my hand, Oh! to be near you! to clasp you in my arms! to draw your head to my bosom and weep with you ! Darling, God comfort you, I cannot. SARAH. To a Mother on the Death of a Babe. CIIARLEston, S.C., Dec. 4, 1875. My Dear Mary :-I feel that a mother's sorrow for the loss of a be- loved child cannot be assuaged by the commonplaces of condolence; yet I must write a few lines to assure you of my heartfelt sympathy in your grief. There is one thing, however, that should soften the sharpness of a mother's agony under such a bereavement. It is the reflection that little children are pure and guileless, and that “of such is the Kingdom of Heaven.” “It is well with the child.” Your precious babe is now a treasure laid up in a better world, and the gate through which it has passed to peace and joy unspeakable is left open, so that you, in due time, inay follow. Let this beyour consolation. Affectionately yours, SARAH YOUNG. MRS. MARY BRowNING, Norfolk, Va. 'La Fayette to Jefferson, Announcing the Death of Madame de La Fayette. . [The following sadly beautiful letter, though not strictly a letter of #". relates to the subject of death, and therefore belongs to this ANTEUIL, Jan. 11, 1808. My Dear Friend:-The constant mourning of your heart will be deep- ened by the grief I am doomed to impart to you. Who better than you can sympathize for the loss of a beloved wife? The angel who for thirty-four years has blessed my life, was to you an affectionate, grate- ful friend. Pity me, my dear Jefferson, and believe me, forever, with all * I- * B." LETTERS OF CONDOLENCE. 4I 7 "T-– Q. *@*#: @% # 6: Z #. ". . . .”.” #: B=– - # &LETTERS: *- f Æ, *. £ : } {: **) 3:) (: £ >{ FTEN in the prosecution of busi- ness it becomes necessary to ask a favor of some friend who may happen to be, at the time, more advantageously situated than ourselves, such for instance as making small, purchases for us, or loaning money to meet an emergency. Such a letter is not easy to write. It should be worded as simply and plainly as possible. Do not urge your claims too strongly, lest your request has the appearance of begging; although you should not fail to let your . correspondent see that you will fully appre- ciate the favor of a compliance. In such *) cases, be careful that you do not incommode, \. or subject him to expense on your account. A letter conferring a favor should care- fully avoid any expressions that may tend to wound the feelings. It is possible to grant a favor in such a manner as to offend, rather than to delight; to create disgust, rather than gratify. The language of such a letter should be simple, and void of ostentation. Equal care should be exer- cised in a letter offering a favor, lest it imply that there is an obligation conferred. Letters declining favors require tact and kindness, that they may lessen as much as may be, the disappointment of the recipient. If possible always state the reasons for refus- ing, and express your sincere regret that you are unable to comply. A letter acknowledging a favor conferred should be simple and strong. It should appear to be dictated by the heart. The principal subject of course must be the writer's gratitude. The extent of the obligation should neither be magnified nor treated as less than it really is. To hint that the favor conferred shall be returned, or to express a wish that an occasion may offer for the party benefited to oblige his benefactor, is exceedingly indelicate, and conveys an idea that the writer feels the favor to be nothing more than a loan which is tö be repaid the first opportunity; although such may be your feeling, it would be improper that it should be expressed. -Q- Requesting the Loan of a Book. BRookLYN, Feb. 16, 1881. Dear Mattie :-When last at your house, you showed me a book en- titled, “We and Our Neighbors,” which I remember as a work of so ########## s: S. A. ******2] #4. " * # # | UF FAWDR J # .* 49. * 1 IAN +. 5. f :) * ... I : LETTERS OF FAVOR. 2× * .** SWI/2\\ * s % J. &XXXXXGX: a great favor if you would lend it to me. I will take great care of it, and return it in a few days, as I have, at present, abundant leisure for read ing. Yours lovingly, • MISS MATTIE JoitNSoN. FLORENCE, A Favorable Answer. - BRookLYN, Fcb. 16, 1881. Dear Flo:—You are quite welcome to the volume you express a wish to read; but I must ask you to let me have it by the 10th of next month, as I shall then have occasion for it for some literary purposes. * * Yours affectionately, MATTIE. Miss FLORENCE CATTELL. An Unfavorable Answer. BRookLYN, Feb. 16, 18SI. Dear Flo:—I have unfortunately lent the book you ask for, but should it be returned within a reasonable time, I will forward it to you. Re- gretting to be at present obliged to disappoint you, Yours affectionately, MATTIE. MISS FLORENCE CATTELL. Soliciting a Loan from an Intimate Friend. Boston, May 1, 1881. My Dear Sir:-A disappointment in the receipt of some money due, has exposed me to a temporary embarrassment. The sum which would extricate me from this painful difficulty is not large, as $200 would be am- ply sufficient to release me from my present pressure. Can you grant me the accommodation of the above sum, without in anyway entrenching on your own convenience? If you can, I believe I may rely on your readi- ness to do so; and you may in turn depend upon it being reimbursed with the strictest punctuality by the 15th inst. A speedy reply to this request will extremely oblige, Yours most sincerely, To WILLIAM A. TAPLEY, Esq. I (ARRY HOOD, A Favorable Answer. Boston, May 2, 1881. Aty Dear Sir:-I have just received your letter, soliciting the loan of $200, and it gives me much pleasure that I have it in my power to be able to accommodate so old and valued a friend. I therefore lose no time in forwarding you a check upon the Franklin National Bank for the above sum, in reimbursing which I beg you will suit your own convenience, and thereby oblige * Your old and sincere friend, To HARRY Hoop, Esq. WILLIAM A. TAPI.E.Y. Declining on the Score of Inability. BosToN, May 2, 1831. My Dear Sir:-If there is any one in the world I should be willing to oblige in any way it is yourself; but, unhappily, I am at this moment so driven for funds that last week I was compelled to borrow one hundred dollars to make up my workmen's wages on Saturday night. Under this state of things I know you will take the will for the deed, and, sin" cercly hoping you may meet with help elsewhere, Believe me, Yours very truly, much interest that I feel much inclined to peruse it, and should esteein it To MR. HARRY Hoop, Esq. W. A. TAPLEY. --" ~--" G- ---TC) * | -: #=— –4. ~~- NOTES ACCOMPNAVING GIFTS. 4 IQ "--— = <> *Q. OTES or letters accompanying Answer Accepting the Foregoing. gifts, and their answers are more 4ty Dear Frank :-You need no assurance from me that your valuable formal than ordinary letters' gift will be doubly precious to me, as a token of your affection. May They are usually written in the our love, like your ring, have no end. * * Your loving third person, and should be F W E. - MATTIE. brief. Among intimate friends RANK VVATSON, I:Sq. and relatives, however, an ex- * * * 3 ception may be made, and an Accompanying Tickets for a Theatrical Performance. easier form may be adopted. ADear Ella :-Th friend '' ' '. * * My Dear Ella :-This morning a friend of mine sent me three tickets A m Ote acknowledging 31 gift should for reserved seats at McVicker's Theater, Saturday matinee. We have be given immediately. It should be all seen the play now being acted there, and as I think your young written in a genial, pleasant style. people might like to go, I inclose them to you with our best love. Whenever vou can return the kindness Believe me, yours *: O * ROSA GLOVER. hasten to do so, but not too soon, for MRS, ELLA Scott. your act would appear as if you were - anxious to be rid of the obligation. Accompanying a Book Presented by the Author. * * s CitiCAGo, May 10, 1881. Accompanying a Birthday Gift. Afy Dear Str.:-I send you with this a copy of my work upon Gen. BLOOM ingros, Sept. 3, 18So. Grant's Tour Around the World. Dear Mabel:—Accept this little token of love I shall feel gratified by your acceptance of it, and trust that it may and esteem from an old friend. Many liappy re. prove sufficiently attractive to you to induce you to read it. turns of the day! Very truly yours Your loving friend, L T REMLAP CLARA BISHOP. MR. JERRY S. WIIITE, * * * # , Another. New Orleans. W; BLooMINGTON, Sept. 3, 18So. he Will Miss clara Bishop accept this little token of remembrance on this, The Answer. F natal day? • clay MABEL CLAYTON. NEw ORLEANs, May 15, 1881. *=* * Aty Dear Sir:-Your note of the 10th inst., together with a copy of Accompanying a Gift of a Basket of Fruit. your work on Gen. Grant's Tour, reached me in due time. Miss |Loving presents her compliments to Miss Williams, and is happy I have read the book with pleasure and profit. I trust it may add as "presenting for her acceptance the accompanying basket of fruit. much to your pecuniary fortune as it will undoubtedly contribute to *3 South Fifteenth st., your just fame as an author. PiiiladelpinA, May 6, 1SS1. Accept my grateful thanks for the book, and believeme, Yours sincerely, :* JERRY S. WHITE. Answer. L. T. REMLAP, *Williams considers herself much favored by the kind attention Chicago. : **nerous gift from Miss Loving, and returns her sincere thanks , * Or '. £ present. Accompanying a Basket of Fruit to an Invalid who is a 5 Green St., M. * , May 7, SS, Stranger. s s BALTIMORE, March 19, 1881. Accompanying a Beirola Ring. Afadam :-Allow me to offer for your acceptance this small basket of 4/y Bel * * 356 Fifth Ave., July 19, 1881. fruit and flowers. I have not the pleasure of your acquaintance, but I Danvi e oved -Mattie :-Will you please accept and wear the accom- trust my sympathy in your sufferings may excuse the intrusion of a "g ring as a pledge of the endless love and affection of s stranger. Your idolizing I remain, etc., MI FRANK. ALICE KNILL. 1SS MATTIE SPENCER. MRs. STEPHEN HAINEs, S-e- y --> 42O Acknowledging the Dedication of a Book. DETRo1T, Oct. 15, 18So. Dear Sir:-I received, a few days ago, your obliging letter, together with the very beautiful book which accompanied it. The dedication of such an edition, of such an author, is highly gratifying to me; and to be mentioned in such a manner, by a person so thoroughly attached to the principles of liberty and humanity, as you, sir, are known to be, is peculiarly flattering to me. I am, with great regard, sir, FItANCIS K. PALMER. HoN.J. M. LATHAM, New York. Accompanying a Birthday Gift. HUDsoN, WIs., Dec. 13, 1880. My Dear Mollie:-Accept my best wishes for many happy returns of your birthday, and also the accompanying trifle, as a mark of my sin- cere affection. • Always yours sincerely, Miss MoULIE CLARK. FLORA SPEAR. Acknowledging Letter and Present. STILLwATER, MINN., Dec. 14, 1SSo. My Dearest Flora :--Very many thanks for your kind note, and for the lovely little case you have so kindly sent to me. I shall always – NOTES ACCOMPANYING GIFTS. value it and keep it for your sake. How good it was of you to remem- bcr my birthday when you have so many things to think about at the present time. I shall hope soon to be in town, and shall then come and thank you in person. Sallie joins me in kindest love to all your circle, Ever believe me, * Your affectionate friend, MISS FLORA SPEAR. MOLLIE CLARK. Accompanying a Present. SYRAcuse, N. Y., Nov. 20, 1881. 4ty Dearest Fannie :-Accept this token of love and esteem from an old fricnd. It is but a small proof of my affection, which words are not needed to express, for I am well aware that you know me ever to be Your truc and loving friend, * MISS FANNIE HAMILTON. MERTIE YOUNG. Returning Thanks for the Gift. Afy Dearest Mertie:—How can I thank you sufficiently for your mag- nificent gift, you dear, kind friend? You quite load me with kindnesses; no proof of your friendship was wanting to assure me of your esteem and friendship, which I hope I shall always deserve. Thanking you from my heart, Believe me, yours most affectionately, Miss MERTIE YoUNG. FAN NIE HAMILTON. f * | | * * * *. * *- ONGRATULATORY letters are those written to a friend who has experienced some good fortune, success, prosperity, or great joy. Such letters should embody cheerfulness and cordiality of sentiment, hearty expressions of pleasure and good will, and should be free from all admixture of envy or foreboding. Letters expressing this pleasure admit of a little more egotism than is sanc- tioned by decorum in some other cases. One may be allowed to allude to one's own feelings when so pleasurably associated with those of one's correspondence. Brevity is quite ad- missible in lctt of felic ‘ntion. It is in better taste not to introduce cxtraneou matter into them, especiallv when they are of a merely ceremonious nature. Congratulations should be offered as soon as possible after the occasions that call them forth. If one have a painful subject to communicate concerning °he's self or any one else, or any advice to give, and it ”* be sent, it should never be written in a letter of con- 8"atulation, but sent by a separate letter, even if it has to go by the same mail. • While it is the desire to make one's expressions of pleasure and good will hearty and cheerful, great care *hould be taken that we do not use exaggerated ex- Pressions of joy, as they have an air of insincerity and should therefore be avoided. To sum up all, in a word- J* right and write as we feel -*- * A Father to His Son on the Marriage of the Latter. - * PoRTLAND, CT., Dec. 6, 1SSo. *y Pearson:—It is with no small pleasure, and with no slight feeling of parental pride, that I now congratulate you upon your recent change of state. That you have my best and heartiest wishes for your future happiness, you already know; but I feel a natural pleasure in again giv- * them expression. And here I have to add, that no parent could join in those wishes with more fervent sincerity than your dear and kind mother, who desires you to unite with me in the most affectionate regards to our new relation, our daughter-in-law. That your marriage state CONGRATULATORY LETTERS. 42 I may be blessed with the same domestic happiness that has fallen to my lot, is the sincere wish of Your ever affectionate father, CLARK RK HAYES. To CHESTER HAYEs, Esq. Thomas Jefferson to General Washington, Upon His Return From Abroad, and Success at Yorktown. Monr1cBL.Lo, Oct. 28, 1781. Sir:-I hope it will not be unacceptable to your Excellency to receive the congratulations of a private individual on your return to your na- tive country, and, above all things, on the important success which has attended it. Great as this has been, however, it can scarcely add to the affection with which we have looked up to you. And if, in the minds of any, the motives of gratitude to our good allies were not sufficiently ap- parent, the part they have borne in this action must amply convince them. Notwithstanding the state of perpetual solicitude to which I am unfortunately reduced, I should certainly have done myself the honor of paying my respects to you personally ; but I apprehend that these visits, which are meant by us as marks of our attachment to you, must inter- fere with the regulations of a camp, and be particularly inconvenient to one whose time is too precious to be wasted in ceremony. I beg you to believe me among the sincerest of those who subscribe themselves your Excellency's most obedient and most humble servant, TH. JEFFERSON. Congratulating a Daughter on Her Birthday. MILwAUKEE, Wis., Jan. 23, 1881. A/y Dearest. Child.'—Your father, brothers, and sisters, all unite with me in wishing you a thousand good wishes on this your —th anniver- sary. We could all have wished that circumstances would have al- lowed of your spending it with us; but feeling, in these matters, must oftentimes be sacrificed to utility, and our selfish delights must not be suffered to interfere with the prospects of those dear to us. The pack- age which accompanies this letter contains not only some trifling to- kens of affection from all of us, but the materials for a little entertain- ment which, I have no doubt, Mrs. Ranney will allow you to give to your schoolfellows, as I have written to beg a half-holiday on the occasion. God bless you, my dear child! and that every succeeding year may see you increase in all that is desirable in body and mind, is the earnest prayer of your ever anxious parcnts. With best compliments to your mistress and teachers, Believe me, Your ever affectionate mother, MAI*Y C. WEAVER. To MISS CLARA WEAVER. To a Friend Upon the Birth of a Son. EvANSTON, ILL., Aug. 16, 1880. Afty Dear Boy:-Congratulations most heartily upon the fulfillment ~- --> - *|9–- -—? T. G. —" 422 CONGRATULATORY LETTERS. of your hopes in a birth of a son. May he be always the source of hap- of these earthly felicities may be combined with Heaven's choicesi bless- piness and comfort to his parents that he is now, and be the pride and ings, is ever the prayer of help of your old age. As for the little fellow himself, I can wish him Your true friend, no greater good fortune than to grow up the copy of his father in all WVESLEY SEARS. things. Remember me kindly to Mrs. Wiggins, EDw1N WALKER, Esq., And believe Ine ever, Watkins, N. Y. Yours sincerely, To J. B. W1GGINs, Esq., J. S. WHITE. I , Peoria, Ill. A Formal Letter of Congratulation. Mr. and Mrs. Roberts desire to offer to Mr. and Mrs. Barnard their Reply. heartfelt congratulations on the convalescence of Miss Barnard, and to express the hope that she will speedily regain her usual good health. PEORIA, ILL., Aug. 1S, 1880. 1326 Broad Street, Dear jerry :-I thank you for your congratulations on the birth of our April 5, 1881. boy. In matters of this kind, hopeful husbands are often doomed to dis-" appointment. I have noticed frequently that anxiety for a son gener- * * * ally results in a daughter. We are lucky. Need I say that the boy is a Anniversary of a Silver Wedding. fine boy? Did you ever know a baby of either sex that was not “fine *** Dear Friends :-It is seldom one is privileged to add a tribute con- Mother and child-Heaven bless them both—are doing well, and the gratulatory to twenty-five years of wedded life. With such an opportun- father is delighted to be able to make such a good report of them. The ity, memory dwells on the tranquilities and vicissitudes experienced” latter, proud of his new acquisition, ": : The thoughts turning from the cares, troubles, and anxieties, reviews - P * with more cheerfulness the felicities of the past, so natural is it for us to To J. S. WIIITE, Esq., J. B. WIGGINS. overlook the shadows and see only the brightness, even though it be but Evanston, Ill. the “silvery edge.” With such pleasant memories, dear friends, I pray you may continue on through life's journey, and may your paths be A Friend Upon His Good Fortune. strewn with flowers of kindness and affection ; and while looking at the bright, pure surface of the gift accompanying this, may you see the Tot. EDO, O., Sept. 15. foreshadowing of a blessed future. Afy Dear Seaton :-I have just learned from your brother that you Your sincere friend, have received the appointment of General Agent of the AEtna Insur- GEO. FIELDS. ance Company for Northwestern Ohio, and hasten to offer my congratu- MR. AND MRS. M. C. HARNEY. lations. I think the Company fortunate in securing your services, and I know that you deserve all the good fortune that can come to a man of honor, intelligence and industry. I hope this may be but the forerunner Sir Walter Scott to Robert Southey on His Investiture as :* better. Should it be so, no one will rejoice more heartily Poet Laureate.—(Abridged.) Your sincere friend, EDINBUF N S GEORGE DELACY. * NBURGII, Nov. 13, 1813. To FREDERICK SEATON, Esq., I lo not delay, my dear Southey, to say my congratulatory. Long Sandusky, O. may you live, as Paddy says, to rule over us, and to restore the crown of Spencer and Dryden to its pristine dignity. : : # r-----— I was greatly delighted with the circumstances of your investiture. It A Friend Upon His Marriage. reminded me of the porters at Calais with Dr. Smollett's baggage, six of them seizing one small portinanteau and bearing it in triumph to his ScRANToN, PA, Sept. 6, 1880. lodgings. 1. 1|| : My Dear Eddy:-I have to-day received the invitations to your wed- Adieu, my dear Southey; my best wishes attend all that you do, and ding, and as I cannot be present at that happy event to offer my con- my best congratulations every good that attends you-yea, even this, gratulations in person, I write. the very least of Providence's mercies, as a poor clergyman said when I am heartily glad you are going to be married, and congratulate you pronouncing grace over a herring. 1. 3. : upon the wisdom of your choice. You have won a noble as well as a My best compliments attend Mrs. Southey and your family. beautiful woman, and one whose love will make you a happy man to Ever yours, your life's end. May God grant that trouble may not come near you, WALTER SCOTT. but should it be your lot you will have a wife to whom you can look with confidence for comfort, and whose good sense and devotion to you will be your sure and unfailing support. To a Gentleman Elected to Congress. That you may both be very happy, and that your happiness may in- crease with your years, is the prayer of LExINGroN, KY., Nov. 8, 1877. Your friend, Hurrah! the battle is fought and the victory won 1 Give me your AIRCHIBALD GRAY. hand, old friend, while I give it a squeeze of congratulation on your CLARENCE EDDY, Esq., election. The result has not surprised me in the least. I knew you Harrisburg, Penn. would be elected, because I knew that you deserved to be, and that the people of your district had sense enough to know it, too. Some say, * * “Principles, not men;” but I say “Principles and men.” This honor On the Marriage of a Friend. is as much a tribute to your personal worth as to the correctness of MT. VERNoN, O., JUNE 13, 1880. your principles. Just such men as you are needed in Congress—never Afy Dear Walker:-The tidings of your happy marriage have just more than now ; and I believe you will fulfill every expectation, and reached me, and I sincerely wish you joy and prosperity in this new life honor yourself and your constituents. That such may be the case, shall upon which you have embarked. I have known the constancy of your cver be the prayer of • attachment, and the devotion which you have cherished for the one now Yours faithfully, so completely entrusted to your keeping, and I am confident in the belief W.M. M. DAVIS. that your efforts will not be wanting to insure cvery advancement of the CARTER HARR1soN, Esq., material comforts this union may bring upon you. That your enjoyment Chicago, Ill. --~~ *= 6-e- =g O > DOMESTIC LETTERS. $." "22 &\\ %: -w'. £) %% X: —'s cm/m/~%- \ ** 2 \\ | 2're those of an in- ": 5* timate, friend- ly, or an affec- £ tionate nature, hence they are in character and style totally differ- ent from all preceding letters, and may claim a wider range of thought, a nicer discern- ment in the choice of words, a more finished and ornamen- tal style of expression. Such letters must be regulated by the degree of respect the per- son claims of us, by reason of age, relationship, the strength of our esteem, or warmth of our *ttachment. Their great excellence is nat- "alness. They should be written in a free, easy, unconstrained manner. Writ- * carefully and correctly always, and if #"acefully and elegantly, al; the better; but a stiff, pedantic, and affected style should be avoided. s # W': letters Pomestic letters are the promptings of * heart, hence admit of all the details * every occupation, scene and interest, for to one who loves us nothing that con- *hs us is trivial or uninteresting. The letter that contains the most of home *tters and feelings, anything, everything that calls up the picture of home, with all its dear associations, and makes us forget ~- # il, ' |: -: (£ "'. "'" £ all - Sw % mam &\" \ % " %'' % * —s:} {&#. .*W *\w's *%-A-": NVA %- --- - John Quincy Adams When Seven Years Old to his Father. *~ . &laenaee, –4%. * 6% 2. %. ..?" Aave 4en Ayang ezed 4622ce yea 22e22& 2 */a/ maž %cot zootić %* 4% sa, mamma aaya yote a day, a 4am a wateå yet a 4%. *%ace% my end avoia, and//a/ my aftó a yoa znay 4 eyaedea o Aoot *z as wed a good? .7%e 7.glow a 442 &, and Zač yea we’ Aave no occasion & 4 adamea’ 2^ one offen wore -4, &Zaates aaya ..? 4a2. ”y 42% weó & 6 a vely good madés. & aead/ */ 42% a mamma. % aë 4ng to dee yea. ..?" a22, 4%, yed 2%4222, Ž. 2atnoy -3%ma. 4e&422. # X®:#2-#2-# d | 424 DOMESTIC for the moment that we are separated from them is the letter that delights the far away friend and relative, and proves the link that binds these hearts closely together, though faces and loving eyes are far asunder. An entertaining and punctual correspondent will have a host of friends, and parents should encourage the youth of both sexes in keeping up the ties of friendship formed at school and in early childhood, by frequent correspondence. They will thus acquire that ease and fluency of expression which is one of the most valuable and desirable accomplish- ments that can be acquired by either lady or gentleman. Frequent correspondence between friends and relatives will keep strong and bright the ties that bind each to the other. When a child leaves home, the eyes of his parents can no longer watch over, nor can their lips any longer give him instructions. For the future their counsels must be written ones, and the child at first will often find it necessary to apply to them for advice; but, surrounded by new acquaintances, and attention taken up by change of scene, it is more than likely that for a time he will neglect and forget his parents. Not so, however, the parents their child. They follow him away, they miss him from the table, their thoughts are frequently sent after him, and they have many an anxiety which nothing but his attentions can alleviate. No friend can feel so deeply interested for his welfare, and none is so well qualified to advise, and make allowance for the errors of youth, to judge with candor, to censure with mildness, to point out the right path, or to reclaim from the wrong one. Friendship implies confidence. Open your heart to your friend in your letters. Have no concealments. Trust him as you expect to be trusted. You have common friends and congenial tastes, read the same books, and enjoy simi- lar pleasures, and therefore have a thousand topics of inter- est on which to write to each other. You are interested in his plans, hopes, fears, successes, failures. You sympa- thize in his joys and in his sorrows. No wonder that let- ters of friendship, when written in the true spirit of friend- ship, when frank, sincere, and full of heart, are so charm- ing! The style of letters of friendship should be similar to that of domestic letters, free, easy, and unrestrained, but as cor- rect, graceful, and elegant as may be. *="ms arm- From a Mother to a Daughter at school. LACRossE, Wis., May 14, 1881. A/y Dear Daughter:-Although we are separated in person, yet you are never absent from my thoughts; and it is my continual practice to recommend you to the care of that Being whose eyes are on all his creat- ures, and to whom the secrets of all hearts are open; but I have been somewhat alarined because your two last letters do not run in that strain of unaffected piety as formerly. What, my dear, is the reason? Does virtue appear unpleasant to you? Is your beneficent Creator a hard task- master, or are you resolved to embark in the fashionable follies of a gay, unthinking world? Excuse me, my dear, I am a mother, and my con- cern for your happiness is inseparably connected with my own. Per- haps I am mistaken, and what I have considered as a fault may be only the effusions of youthful gaiety. I shall consider it in that light, and be cxtremely glad, yea happy, to find it so. Useful instructions are | -- LETTERS. never too often inculcated, and, therefore, give me leave again to put you in mind of that duty the performance of which alone can make you happy both in time and eternity. Religion, my dear, is a dedication of the whole soul to the will of God, and virtue is the actual operation of that truth, which diffuses itself through every part of our conduct; its consequences are equally benefi- cial as its promises: “Her ways are ways of pleasantness, and all her paths are peace.” Whilst the gay, unthinking part of youth are devoting the whole of their time to fashionable pleasures, how happy shall I be to hear that my child is religious, without hypocritical austerity, and even gay with innocence. Let me beg that you will spend at least one hour each day in perusing your Bible, and some of our best American and English writers; and do not imagine that religion is such a gloomy thing as some enthusiasts have represented; no, it indulges you in all rational amusements not inconsistent with morality; it forbids nothing but what is hurtful. I beg that you will consider attentively what I have written, and write to me as soon as possible. Your anxious mother, - MARY BALDWIN. Answer to the Foregoing. SPARTA, WIs., May 20, 1881. Afy Dear Mother:--I am so much affected by the perusal of your kind, parental advice, that I can scarcely hold the pen to write an answer; but duty to the best of parents obliges me to make you easy in your mind before I take any rest to myself. That levity, so conspicuous in my former letters, is too true to be denied; nor do I desire to draw a veil over my own folly. No, I freely confess it, but, with great sincerity, I must at the same time declare that they were written in a careless man- ner, without considering the character of the person to whom they were addressed. I am fully sensible of my error, and on all future occasions shall endeavor to avoid giving the least offense. The advice you sent me in your valuable letter needs no encornium; all that I desire is to have it engraven on my heart. My dear mother, I love religion, I love virtue, and I hope no consideration will ever lead me from those duties, in which alone I expect future happiness. Let me beg to hear from you often, and I hope that my whole future conduct will convince the best of parents that I am what she wishes me to be. Your affectionate and dutiful daughter, LILLIAN. * An Absent Husband to His Wife. EASTon, November 13, 1756. Afy Dear Wife:-I wrote to you, a few days since, by a special mes- senger, and inclosed letters for our wives and sweethearts, expecting to hear from you by his return, and to have the Northern newspapers and English letters per the packet; but he is just now returned without a scrap for poor us; so I had a good mind not to write to you by this opportunity; but I never can be ill-natured enough, even when there is the most occa- sion. The messenger says he left the letters at your house, and saw you afterward at Mr. Duche's, and told you when he would go, and that he lodged at Honey's, next door to you, and yet you did not write. So let Goody Smith give one more just judgment, and say what should be done to you. I think I won't tell you that we are well, nor that we expect to return about the middle of the week, nor will I send you a word of news-that's poz. My duty to mother, love to the children, and to Miss Betsey and Graccy, etc., etc. I am your loving husband, *. B. FRANKLIN. P. S.-I have scratched out the loving words, being writ in haste by mistake, when I forgot I was angry. From a Young Lady to Her Mother, Absent from Home. Tor.Epo, May 16, 1881. Afy Own Dear Mother:—We are looking forward most impatiently to your return. Home will be sweet home once more when we have you among us again, for we have all missed you sadly these long- eve" nings. The little ones are wild with delight. Their heads are full of –- ~--> f * . d + -- D OMESTIC "--— projects for little surprises to give dear mamma. The choicest flowers that each can claim as her own are watched with anxious care, and are "stined to be sweet offerings of their love to you. I hope, dear inother, you will be pleased with my household manage- ment during your absence. Papa considers me quite clever, and a credit to your able teaching; still I know I am but a beginner, and each day I feel inore and more the need of your teaching, particularly in directing the *vants, whom I cannot praise too much for their attention and industry. Hoping that nothing will delay your long-wished-for return, with best love, in which all units, Believe me, your own * Fondly attached and loving child, JANE M. CLAY. **m a Lady in the country to a Young Friend in the City. THE CASCADE, August 25, 1881. * Dear Belle:—I am afraid I am getting stupid, for I cannot recol- ct whether I am in your debt a letter, as well as for the pretty things ** were so kind as to purchase for me. They are quite new fashions here. Many thanks for them. **" writing these few lines to let you know that Harry is in New * on a visit to a friend on Madison avenue. A good match, dear. He has a nice little income and a good business. There is one draw- back, however: he has a temper of his own and is rather small in stat- "; but a kind and affectionate wife would improve his temper. He is "Cry kind-hearted. I see by advertisements in the papers that dresses for winter wear are cheap; should you see two that would suit Mollie and myself (you know our favorite colors) will you please purchase them for me? I hope it will be no inconvenience to you to do so; if it be, decline at once. All *in most affectionate love to your uncle. f Believe me, my dear, Yours affectionately, WIN NIE. le To Miss BELLE PIErcE. From a Young Lady at School to Her Mother. SouTII BEND, IND., April 19, 1881. * *y Dearest Mamma :-Although I was almost heartbroken at part- *g from you for the first time in my life, I felt that you would never have let me quit home but for my own good; and I hope I am not un- *ful enough to prefer mere selfish gratification to future welfare. *find school much less disagreeable than I had expected. There are, of course, many variations of disposition—for a school is like a little World-but, for the most part, the girls make themselves very pleasant to me. Mrs. Bond is kindness itself, and sets an example of mutual good will to all of us. My studies are, I think, progressing satisfactorily, although I am, of course, in the background as yet, especially in my French. The music mas- ter is rather passionate, especially if we play out of time, which you know, dear "amma, used to be an unfortunate fault of your Bertha. But he takes great pains, and I think you will have less to complain of in my Playing when I return. How I long to kiss and einbrace you again! God bless you, dear mamma, and believe ine, Your ever affectionate child, To MRs. WM. LoRn. • IBERTHA. Answer to the Foregoing. DETRo1T, April 28, 1881. * Dearest Child:—I was delighted to receive your affectionate and #"tifying letter. Believe me, that for a widowed mother to be parted from her only darling is a sad trial, especially when the clasticity of '**nd health is so much diminished. I shall look forward with joy to the midsummer vacation, when I intend to take you with me on a trip to the White Mountains. You will have an opportunity of seeing "yof those wonders of nature of which you have only read in books, 28 LETTERS. 425 as well as of strengthening your health, and returning to school with greater aptitude and relish for study. Write to me from time to time, and let me know all the news of your “little world;” for, believe me, everything that pertains to the welfare and progress of my darling child, is of consequence in the eyes of your mother. Pray present my kind respects to Mrs. Bond, and thank her for her kindly care of you. That God may bless you and make you all that I could wish, is the constant prayer of Your affectionate mother, To MISS BERTHA Lokp. FRANCES LORD. From a Little Girl Wanting to Come Home. PARK SEMINARY. Dear Mamma :-Oh, I am so tired of this place! I cannot learn so manythings at once; and I cannot bear going to bed without kissing you. You know, mamma, I have never been away from you before, and I feel as if I should die of grief if you do not let me come home again. ADo, mamma, do, and I will love you forever. Your miserable child, To MRS. W. WARREN. DOI.L.I.E. *-* Answer to the Foregoing. M1LwAUKEE, May 16, 1881. A/y Dear Child:-I am sorry that you should pain me by so unreason- able a request. You know well that nothing pleases me more than to have all of you around me; but you must recollect that all your brothers and sisters have been to school before you, and they never complained at all. I know that you, being the youngest, have been petted a great deal by all of us; but for that very reason you ought to try and give us pleasure by growing up a good and clever girl. Believe me, my dear child, you will find school become more pleasant every day, as you get better acquainted with your schoolfellows, and as your improvement gains the approval of your mistress. Youth, my dear little girl, is the proper time for exertion; for if we once lose the precious hours of early life, we have naught to look back to but disap- pointment and regret. I have written to Mrs. French to ask her not to give you quite so many lessons at first, and have no doubt she will do all to assist you. But you must try to be happy, and look forward to the Christmas vacation as the reward of the little self-privation you are at present undergoing. With the united kind loves of your father, brothers and sisters, Your affectionate mother, To MISS DoDLIE WARREN. MARTHA WARREN. Announcing the Vacation. HIGHI.AND PARK SEMINARY, June 10, 1881. My Dear Parents :-It is with mingled feelings of regret and pleasure that I announce that the termination of this half year's work is fixed for the 25th instant. I sincerely hope that I shall hot only find you both in excellent health, but that you will be satisfied with my improvement since I last left home. No pains have been spared by any of my teach- ers to render me worthy of your good opinion; and I must ever feel grateful, both to them and to yourselves, for the pains bestowed upon my cducation. Miss Clark desires me to present her best compliments; and, with my best love to my sisters and brothers, believe me to remain, My dear parents, Your ever dutiful and affectionate daughter, CLARA. From a Daughter Acknowledging a Present. ALEXANDRIA, April 4, 1881. Afy Dear Father:-How kind of you to think of me immediately af. ter your return from Paris! The trinkets you sent are so very beautiful, that I should have been afraid of exciting the envy of my schoolfellows, had it not been for the liberal supply of French confectionery (of which, - "-- -- 426 I assure you, very little now remains) by which they were accompanied. I assure you, I spare no trouble to win the good opinion of my school- mistress and teachers; and, if I may judge from their kindness toward me, I am not altogether unsuccessful. - I am enjoying excellent health and spirits; but I hope now you are in New York, you will sometimes run down and see your daughter, for, believe me, nothing but an occasional thought of poor, widowed papa, ever intrudes upon my cheerfulness. Mrs. Nelson has frequently ex- pressed a wish to see you, so that I shall look forward with anxiety for that happy occasion. Again thanking you for your thoughtful and liberal kindness, Believe me to remain, My dear father, Your ever affectionate and grateful daughter, To ELLIoTT SUMNER, Esq., MABE). To a Daughter on her Birthday. ATLANTA, Mar. 12, 1881. A/y Dearest Child:-Your father, brothers, and sisters all unite with me in wishing you a thousand good wishes on this your -th anniver. sary. We could all have wished that circumstances would have allowed of your spending it with us; but feeling, in these matters, must often- times be sacrificed to utility, and our selfish delights must not be suffered to interfere with the prospects of those dear to us. The package which accompanies this letter contains not only some trifling tokens of affection from all of us, but the materials for n little entertainment which, I have no doubt, Mrs. Parsons will allow vou to give to your school-fellows, as I have written to beg a half-holiday on the occasion. God bless you, my dear child! and that cvery succeeding year may see you increase in all that is desirable in body and mind, is the earnest prayer of your ever anxious parents. With best compliments to your mistress and teachers, Believe me, - Your ever affectionate mother, To MISS CLARISSA VVooD. ELLEN WooD. From a Husband, Absent on Business, to his Wife. St. Louis, May 21, 18S1. A/y Dear Wife :-This is the first time, my darling, we have ever ex- perienced the bitterness and misery of separation, and the few days I have already been absent from you appear like years. What my state of mind will be at the expiration of another two or three weeks, I will let your little affectionate heart conjecture. But I inust not be selfish, my dearest Flora. You share my trial, but do not be down-hearted, the time will soon pass away. You must go out and visit the good friends near you. Your dear, kind mother also is within an easy walk, I am glad to think. I am glad to tell you that my trip has been more prosperous than I ventured to hope. I have succeeded in making arrangements which will DOMESTIC LETTERS. that the thought that all my cfforts, if successful, will but increase your comfort and happiness, spurs me on to still greater cxertion. I leave to-night for Kansas City, where I shall spend to morrow- Thence I go to Omaha, from which place I will write to you again. Hoping to be with you again within a week, I remain, with love to your mother, and a hundred kisses to yourself, Your affectionate husband, J. D. WILLIAMS. Letter to a Lady, on Hearing Accidentally that She is Married. BING11AMProN, April 26, 18St. A/y Dear Ella :-Accept my sincere congratulations on your marriage. I felt at first inclined to be a little cross, at your having kept us (vour old friends) in such total ignorance of your cngagement to Mr. MurraV. Why did you not let us know that you were married? We heard of it by the merest accident. We know your husband well, and if any man can be worthy of one so truly excellent as yourself, we believe he is the person. From our knowledge of him we believe that you have every prospect of being a very happy woman, and this assurance gives us true pleasure. With every wish for vour happiness from us all, Believe Ine, Most affectionately yours, - To MRS. ELLA MURRAY. JENNIE WING. Young Lady to Her Mother, Informing Her of a Proposal. READING, May 18, 1SS1. My Dearest Mother: -I have very wonderful tidings to communicate to you! Yesterday Mr. Lawrence, of whom we have seen a great deal since I came to my aunt's, joined me on the terrace (where I was walk- ing), and after a little unimportant conversation, suddenly proposed to me! I was very much astonished, for I had no idea that he cared for me. I have referred him to you, as of course I cannot decide without your advice and approval. But, dearest mamma, I like him very much better than any one whom I have ever seen, and if you would not think it imprudent of us to marry on his small income, I think I could be very happy with him. 1 do not think that richcs confer happiness, and I should be content, myself, to share his moderate means and struggle to get on with him, hoping for better days to come-in a pecuniary sense I mean. He is a very religious man, mamma; and very good tempered. I could trust him fully, and took up to him as a guide and adviser. My aunt knew that he intended to make me an offer, and says that she thinks “I might do worse,” which is warm approval from her. Pray, dearest mother, let me hear from you by return of post. I can: not help feeling restless until this affair is settled. - Ever your loving and obedient child, greatly enlarge my business during the coming year. I need not tell you To MRS. R. S. STEELE, FLO. % ** trix: : *- - #. 'N # | {{ | # A. \% \| #\}. Wiš' § : A: | *: " - 5 #!/ ... . 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Appointing the Day of Nuptials. speak!” and the writer will need few suggestions as to the compo- sition of a “love Spziwqfict8, 9Razcf. 10, 1881. letter.” Such a 2\'letter should t be based up- 9IU, Deaz &Raztoo: on the more general forms of letters of friendship, the love of the writer giving tone to the whole. It often hap- pens that lovers are sepa- rated during the period of their engagement, and they naturally seek to hold “sweet to be "f Bziècontaiê2, comb of att Buet "ject' in communion” with each other * * * affection. "Love Letters” are in the strictest sense officult 2cc, 1jow cro oftcov cio jowa Bweimcoe wiłł £ No receiver of such has a right * - ° communicate them to others, except, of pczawit of 1jowa abocavcc. *se, where the advice, sympathy or ? * * * £ of proper persons is desired, in 9Jowz affectiowatc. *Pect to an engagement. The man who t * * * "tattles” of a lady is a miserable creature, * Si!'icwa. **t. A lady will not be guilty of a simi. Chazłce 9Mozłow, &c., * 31r impropriety toward her future husband. In the event of an engagement being 33toowingtow, 34%, broken off, the return of letters is indis- *able, and their retention dishonor. "ble on both sides. Clearly, honor de- *ds that parted lovers receive back every token of their courtship, whether in the shape of correspondence or presents. - °4'ow azc co uct 4 wagewt that & owppooc & *wot convocavit to the &c"; tjow *c. wic—thc 16tfu of 9lta"; weact. 5 have acttfc8 with 40wz two oiotczo 2- 43O LOVE LETTERS. It is best to avoid any extravagant flattery, lest it disgust the reader, as well as degrade the writer, and create a suspicion of one's sincerity, which is the death-blow of all true love. And while wrong to indulge in strained and artificial expressions of affection, it is equally wrong to suppress those that are prompted by genuine feeling. To a fond and loving heart whose every breath is laden with a prayer for the safety and happiness of the loved one, a loving word is inexpressibly precious, filling the soul with sunshine, and making it for a time oblivious of the pain of separation. A loving heart naturally imparts its glow to the written page, and this warmth is communicated by the mysterious power of words to the heart of the reader. It is this pleasure that excites the affections and awakens dormant friendships. How the heart beats with expectation in the perusal of a letter from one we love! How endeared becomes our con- nection by this spiritual communion, in which our minds with ardent zeal and devotedness become united, and an eloquence and freedom indulged perhaps never more felicitously. • * The charm in correspondence arises from the degree of congeniality in tastes, from the impressed individuality and unstudied naturalness of the writer, and from his genuine representations of affection. A love-letter should be free from all constraint and stiff- ness. The gentleman should write as he would talk were he in the presence of the object of his affection. A lady's letter should be always dignified. Even though there may be an engagement existing at the time of writing, it may be severed, or other parties may chance to see the epistles intended for one person's perusal only. She can rest assured that her betrothed will respect her more for a quiet, affec- tionate dignity in writing, than if she put too much of the most sacred of all feelings upon paper. Good sense will dictate a proper amount of reserve, but when it is necessary to exercise caution in writing a letter, it would be better that the letter were not written; for unless implicit trust is given, there can be no faith in the betrothed. For the subject of Courtship and Marriage, the reader is referred to chapter on Home and the Family. While no rules can govern the writing of love-letters, the following forms are offered as models, and may prove of service to the inquirer. •=Q== * Declaration from a Widower. 326 ELLIS AVE., Nov. 14, 1881. A/y Dear Madam :-I am emboldened to lay open to you the present state of my feelings, being so convinced of your good sense and amiable disposition, that I feel assured you will deal candidly with me in your reply. - - Like yourself, I have been deprived of the partner of my earlier life, and, as I approach the middle state of existence, I feel more and more the want of some kindred spirit to share with me whatever years are re- served to me by Providence. My fortune is such as to enable me to sup- port a lady in the manner which I feel to be due to your accomplishments and position, and I sincerely hope that you will think carefully over my proposal; and, if you can make up your mind to share my fortune and affections, I trust that no efforts will be wanting on my part to ensure you the happiness you so well deserve. I need scarcely say that an early answer, on a matter so much con- nected with my future happiness, will be a great favor to Your devoted friend and admirer, To MRS. ANNIE. M. SExto:N. EDWARD II. MALBY. -* The Answer. ENGLEwooD, ILL., Nov. 17, 1881. Dear Sir:-I take the first opportunity of acknowledging the receipt of the flattering letter with which you have favored me. You wish to l:now whether I am willing to enter again into the marriage state, and in event of my being so, whether I should be adverse to admitting you in the quality of a suitor. I assure you, sir, I feel flattered by the latter question, and as to the former, I can only say that I have no dislike to entering again into that state. But our acquaintance is at present in perfect, and we are comparatively strangers to cach other's tastes and tempers. I need scarcely observe that an intimate knowledge of such matters is absolutely requisite, before we can decide whether we are fitted for enjoying together a partnership in life. Meanwhile, I have no objection to allowing such freedom of acquaintance as shall enable us both to arrive at this knowledge, and can therefore only say, in conclu- sion, that the commencement of your addresses will meet with no obstacle from, Yours most faithfully, EDwARD H. MALBY, Esq., Chicago. ANNIE. M. SEXTON. An Unfavorable Reply. ENGLEwoon, Nov. 17, 1SS1. Dear Sir:-You give me credit for a discernment I do not possess, for I declare to you, I never suspected that there was anything beyond friendship in the sentiments you entertained toward me. I am sorry to find it otherwise, because it is out of my power to answer your question in the affirmative. I esteem you, but there I must pause. My heart is untouched. The probability is that I shall always remain a widow. Wishing you, with all my heart, a more favorable response from some worthier object, I continue, Your sincere friend, EDwARD H. MALBY, Esq., Chicago. ANNIE. M. SEXTON. From a Gentleman to a Lady, Making a Declaration. No. 2 CENTER ST., March 26, 1SSI. .4/y Dear Miss Hunter:-You cannot but have becn aware for some time past that my feelings toward you have been stronger than those of mere friendship. Our long acquaintance has given me ample oppor- tunity to learn the excellences of your character, and to prize them at their full value. It has also afforded you a like opportunity to judge whether I possess those characteristics which you would desire in a husband. Am I presumptuous in hoping that you will consent to be- come my wife? Until I receive your answer I shall remain Your anxious but no less ardent admirer, Miss ADA HUNTER. CHARLES CARTER. A Favorable Reply. 187 PARK Ave., March 27, 1SSI. Afy Dear Mr. Carter:-How can I thank you for the honor you have done me in asking me to be your wife? It affords me the deepest satis- faction to assure you that my sentiments toward you are most favorable, and that I shall be both proud and happy to regard you as my future husband. Yours, most sincerely, MR. CHARLES CARTER, No. 2 Center St. ADA LIUNTER. Reply, Stating the Lady's Engagement to Another. 187 PARK Ave., March 27, 1SS1. Dear Sir:-While confessing myself honored by the preference G-- *~--" " ~-3) . #s= S- ~ - avowed fo "eman, I feel that it suspense, where have Cve hope th and, wi Speedil proposal would be to fully, and a Settled Prospects, and never been, patrona Strenuo brance Ch * us, therefore, COI with lowest de with indescribable mi * isolated be One friendly 1. * my fate, wherever most in my *ver cease ** ** You, sayin Cxpress my and always C linworth you ! feelings. Dear Charles :-Th ha ppy. LOVE LETTERS. * 43 I * me by one whom I have every reason to respect as a gen- would be dishonorable in me to keep you in any For so ere the answer must be unfavorable. * time past I have been engaged to a gentleman, from whom "y reason to expect happiness and comfort. I must, therefore, * you will henceforth regard me only in the light of a friend; "the sincere wish that such a partner as you deserve may y fall to your lot, Sincercly your friend, M * CHARLEs CARTER, No. 2 Center St. ADA HUNTER. Unfavorable Reply, on the Ground of Poverty. 187 PARK Ave., March 27, 18Sr. ^ear Charles :-To say that I do not fec! pleased and flattered at your tell a useless untruth. I feel deeply, aimost pain- the conviction that your kind cxpressions are dictated by sincerity, "the more grieved to be compelled to discourage them. * B * * s * how are we situated? What hope of happiness with our un- worse than small means? Industry has doubticss and never will be, wanting on your part; but the want of #8 and capital will ever hold back the efforts of the most * For my own part, I can do little to make myself an incum- £" the efforts of one so young as yourself. No, my dear calcula: We must wait for better times, and not entail misery beyond "upon others, as well as ourselves, by a too hasty step. continue, as before, friends: and if bettcr -mes '** will then be for us to talk about matrimony. Believe me, then, *ry good and kindly wish, Your faithful friend, M IR. CHARLEs CARTER, No. 2 Center St. ADA HUNTER. From a Gentleman to a Lady who had Rejected his Suit. No. 2 CENTER ST., March 29, 18S. *iss Hunter *-From the highest pinnacle of hope I have sunk to the pths of despair. Your rejection of my passion has filled me sery and wretchedness. I now indecd feel myself ing; a lonely wandcrer over the face of nature, without ay of light to guide me on my way. Still, whatever may I may abide, one only thought will be cver upper- breast, and that thought will be on your lovely self. I can n to love you but with life itself. "Y you ever be as happy as I am wretched, shall be the constant Prayer of M Your ever attached, though miserable, *ADA Hunter. CHARLES CARTER. - From an Ardent Lover to a Lady. No. 966 wanasir Ave.,July 16, issl. *y Dearest A/ary :-I can no longer restrain myself from writing to dearest and best of girls, what I have often been on the point of ** you. I love you so much that I cannot find words in which to I have loved you from the very first dav we met, shall. Do you blame me because I write so freely? I should y of you if I did not tell you the whole truth. Oh, Marv, can £ me in return? I am sure I shall not be able to bear it if your the ri * * unfavorable. I will study your every wish if you will give me ight to do so. May I hope? Send just one kind word to Your sinccre adorer, M tiss MARY BuckNER. CHARLES HARDY. A Favorable Reply. 219 SixTEENTII St., July 17. ank you for your dear letter. It has made me very My heart has long been yours, as I will own, although you may think less of me for the frank avowal, and I am blushing for myself while I make it. Of course we must consult our parents before making any serious engagement. Meanwhile, believe me, Sincerely yours, CIIARLES HARDY. MARY. From a Lover to a Father on his Attachment to the Daughter. LAKESIDE, May 16, 1881. Dear Sir:-As I scorn to act in any manner that may bring reproach upon myself and family, and hold clandestine proceedings unbecoming in any man of character, I take the liberty of distinctly avowing my love for your daughter, and humbly request your permission to pay her my addresses, as I flatter myself my family and cxpectancies will be found not unworthy of your notice. I have some reason to imagine that I am not altogether disagreeable to your daughter; but I assure you honestly, that I have not as yet endeavored to win her affections, for fear it might be repugnant to a father's will. I am, sir, Your most obedient servant, MR. CALEB C. WARD. DAVID C. COOK. A Favorable Answer. No. 5 MYRTLE Ave., May 1S, ISS1. Afy Dear Sir:-I thank you very much for the manly and honorable way in which you have addressed me in reference to my daughter's hand. I have long since perceived that your attentions to her were of a marked character, and that they appeared to give her much pleas- ure. I know no reason whatever to oppose your wishes, and, if I may judge from the manner in which she received the communication from myself, you will find a by no means unwilling listener. Dine with us to-morrow at six, if you are not engaged, and you will then have an opportunity of pleading your own cause. Meanwhile, be- lieve me, with every confidence in your integrity and good feeling, Yours most sincerely, DAvid C. Cook, Esq. CALEB C. WARD. Unfavorable Answer. No. 5 MYRTLE Ave., May 1S, ISSI. Dear Sir:-I make no doubt of the truth of your assertions, relative to yourself, character, and connections; but as I think my daughter too young to enter into such a serious engagement, I request I may hear no more of your passion for the present. In cvery other respect, I am, sir, Your most obedient, DAv1D C. Cook, Esq. CALEB C. WARD. A Lover's Letter. * HARRISDURG, March 16, 1881. My Dearest Mary :-If there is one thing which can console me for my unavoidable absence from your side, it is the pleasure of being able to pen a few lines to express, however feebly, my continued and increas- ing affection for you. It is, indeed, a painful and irksome change from our rambles about the fields, our evening duets, and our stolen conver. sations, to a dull routine of mercantile accounts and the never-ending confusion of business. Happily, however, my affairs are in a rapid state of settlement, and I shall soon Hope once more to bask in the sun- shine of my Mary's swect countenance, and to feed my imagination with thoughts of the happiness which her placid and sincere disposition will hereafter shed around a home : I need hardly say how eagerly I watch for the post, and how I cherish cvery line that bears the evidence of my dear girl's affection, and how gratefully every sentiment that flows from her pen is treasured in my memory. God bless you, dearest Mary, and believe me, with most respectful and affectionate remembrances to your parents, and all friends, Your cver affectionate and devoted MISS MARY BUCKNER. CHARLES HARDY. t $.” --> 4.32 To an Absent Lover Complaining of a Scarcity of Letters. MAcon, Feb. 9, 1881. Dear Will.—No letter again! You are really growing intolerably negligent, and I shall begin to think that you are getting tired of me, and that some new attraction is in the field. Knowing how anxious I am respecting your health and welfare, I am sure you will give me the credit of not writing from idle jealousy, although I really feel grieved and anxious at your unusual neglect. I have no news just at present-indeed, I am too much out of spirits to write at any great length. Pray hasten to remove all doubt from the mind of one whose thoughts, day and night, are upon you only. Your affectionate WILLIAM AINSworTII, Esq. GEORGIA. Breaking an Engagement. CAMDEN, June 15, 18S1. A/iss Martin :-I am fearful that we are too precipitate in forming a mutual engagement. Our dispositions and tastes are so antagonistical that there would be a continual conflict between our inclinations, which would be productive of much sorrow. Therefore, I desire to be released from the engagement, confident that we never could be happy as wife and husband. Respectfully yours, Miss ELLA MARTIN. ALBERT HASKINS. Answer. 1365 BRoap Ave., June 17, 1881. Sir:-The contents of your letter, received this day, will entail upon me years of misery-hopeless and despairing misery! A man who will so debase himself, who is so devoid of feeling and principle, deserves the execration of every honorable mind. I have been deceived, and the good qualities I thought you possessed, and that warmed my love into life, are now proved, by the inconsistency of your conduct, to have been but the hypocrite's art. Farewell. MR. ALBERT HASKINS, From a Lady Confessing a Change of Feeling. * CHAMBERSBURG, March 18, 1SSI. As My Dear Sir:-I fear my avowal may give you some pain; but it is better to be sincere and open in matters where the happiness of another is concerned. \ \\\ To speak plainly, then, I feel that my sentiments in regard to yourself are no longer what they were. While my esteem for your character re- mains unshaken, I still cannot blind myself to the fact that I do not cherish that affection which a wife ought to feel for her husband, and without "which the married life is one continual scene of torinent and vexation. You will not, I am sure, give me credit for acting from mere fickleness—especially as I do not at present entertain a partiality for any other; but you must pardon me when I express my firm belief that all correspondence between us had better cease, and that such letters as have passed between us should be returned at the first convenient oppor- tunity. Assuring you that, as a friend, I shall constantly remember you with csteem, I remain, my dear sir, Very respectfully, MR. F. C. Foot E. JENNIE D. WARREN. To a Lady, Complaining of Coldness. June 10, 1881. A!y Dear Artie :-How often have I passed my late conduct in review before mc, endeavoring to discover by what word or act I could have given you offense. Vain, however, has been the attempt, for the offense which I have given must have been totally inadvertent, and could never have sprung from any intention to have given you even a moment's un- casiness. But that by some means I have had the misfortune to incur your displeasure, has been but too evidently indicated by the change of your behavior toward me, a change from the kindness of an attached LOVE LETTERS. in your presence, I have been many times upon the point of asking upon what occasion, and by what means, I have displeased you? But as con- stantly have I needed the courage to do so, and my voice has failed me whenever I have endeavored to make the attempt. In the hope of being cased from a painful state of anxiety, I write this letter, and trust that you will give me some explanation on the subject referred to, either by an answer in your handwriting, or through your own lips, at our next meeting. But whatever that reply may be, of this be assured, that my esteem for you can never know a change, and that you will ever live as a cherished object in the breast of him who now subscribes himself, Yours most affectionately and sincerely, Miss ARTIE MILLER. RDWIN C. GLOVER. From a Gentleman Proposing a Day for the Nuptials. CIIELSEA, February 30, 1881. Dear Mabel :-The happy day to which I have looked forward as the blissful reward of our mutual constancy is not far distant, if the proposal I am now about to make should meet the approbation of yourself and parents. It is this: that our nuptial ceremony may be performed on the twenty-fifth of the present month, and in the Third Presbyterian Church of Elizabeth. I hope to have the pleasure of seeing you soon, we can then give the subject a lengthened discussion; if, however, you should wish to write before we meet, you can mention briefly whether the day I have fixed will suit the convenience of yourself and family; and in the hope that I may claim shortly the privilege of signing myself your affectionate husband, Believe me for the present, Your sincerest friend, and most attached Miss MABEL C. BRooks. JAMES H. DE HART. A Favorable Answer. ELIZABET11, February 5, 1881. Aty Dear james :-The affectionate letter which I have just received is another convincing proof of your attachment. Upon perusing it, I find that you have imposed upon me a somewhat delicate duty, but one to which you may conclude I feel no aversion. You wish me to name some day, convenient to myself and relatives, for the performance of our nup- tial ceremony. You likewise appear anxious that that day, to which we have looked forward as the most propitious of our future life, may not be protracted to a distant period. As far as my own choice is concerned, you may rest assured that I shall not interpose the least delay; but as I have relatives and friends, by whose convenience I must, as you are aware, be in some measure restrained, I will consult them without loss of time, and at the earliest opportunity you shall hear the decision to which we may come. is Yours ever affectionately, JAMEs.H. DE HART. MABEL B. BROOKS. Another Answer. ELIZABET11, February 5, 1881. Dear Games :-You are so very urgent that I suppose I must consent to the day you name, the twenty-fifth inst. I have settled with your two sis- ters to be my bridesmaids, and shall busy rnyself in making preparation” Meanwhile I suppose we shall sec you as usual every evening after work is over. Your affectionate JAMES II. DE HART, Esq. MABEL. Postponing the Wedding Day. ELIzAnET11, February 5, 1881. My Dear 5ames :-In reply to your most affectionate letter, I am compelled to ask you for a little further delay. I have always promised Mary Johnson that she should be my bridesmaid, and slie cannot be * Elizabeth for another fortnight. Will you wait, dear? I should be * much obliged to you if you would; and I trust it is the very last disap" pointment that I shall ever inflict on you. ..My dearest James, believe me ever your faithfully attached -- - d friend, to the cool indifference of a distant acquaintance. Of late, when JAMEs H. DE HART. MABEL. -* : | –- -: f * # = LOVE LETTERS. T- Invitation to act as Bridesmaid. My D * ELIZABETH, N.J., February 4, 1881. m: d éa res: Friend 3-My approaching nuptials require that I should p:ln : preparation therefor. May I request the favor of your com- O!) y, to act as one of my bridesmaids on that eventful occasion? Our of **cquaintance and sincere friendship prompt me to solicit the honor £ presence in the above capacity, on Wednesday, February via. . the Third Presbyterian Church. If convenient, come the pre- ay. I remain, Your sincere friend, *MARY C.Jonsson. MABEL C. BROOKS. * A Favorable Answer. Af * ORANGE, February 6, 1881. p: *ar Friend:—I shall esteem it a great honor to be allowed the I *S*of acting the part asked in your note, on the occasion required. shall be with you the day previous, and hope the following one may "forerunner of much future happiness With kindest wishes, I remain, M Your sincere and grateful friend, *MABEL C. BRooks. MARY C. JOHNSON. Invitation to Act as Groomsman. CIIELsPA, February 7, 1S81. £ear Will:-I intend to be “turned off” on Wednesday, 25th inst. ill X" attend on the mournful occasion as “best man”? # I am to be married to my charming little Mabel on that day, IlêSS ' for your presence at the bridal as the completion of my happi- '* then the man and woman I love best will unite in confirming "y happiness. Always yours, ** H. Hendricks, Esa. JAMES H. DEHART. Another." CHELSEA, February 7, 18°1. *::: # *-Mabel has consented to our marriage on the 25th inst., *cribble a line to remind you of your promise to be “best man” on £ £ Marriage is supposed sometimes to separate bachelor '. '. but such will not be the case in my instance, my dear fellow. fere . has a great regard for you, and is too sensible and good to inter- I *tween us with petty jealousies. am awfully happy, Will! Wish me joy, and W Believe me ever your true friend, *LIAM. H. HENDR1cks: Esq. JAMES H. DEHART. A Favorable Answer. D * THE CLARENDoN, February 8, 1881. for £ Jim.—I shall be delighted to assist at the important event fixed You **5th, and beg to offer my best congratulations to Miss Brooks and I self on your approaching happiness. in ' to offer as my wedding gift a drawing-room clock. My object 3r "g this intention to you is, that if you are likely to receive a sim- £ from any other friend, you will tell me so, and I will exchange *ething else, as duplicate gifts are a great bore. Ever, dear Jim, your true old friend, i 433 A Lover's Complaint. ELGIN, ILL., January 16, 1881. Dear Carrie:-It is with pain I write to you in aught that can seem like a strain of reproach, but I confess tha. vour conduct last night both surprised and vexed me. Your marked approbation of the attentions paid you by Mr. Brooks was as obvious as your neglect of myself. Be- lieve me, I am in no way given to idle jealousy, still less am I selfish or unmanly enough to wish to deprive any girl on whom I have so firmly fixed iny affections, of any pleasure to be obtained in good society. But my peace of mind would be lost forever did I believe that I have lost one atom of your affection. Pray write, and assure me that you still preserve your undivided affec- tion for * Your devoted but grieved MISS NETTIE PITKIN. HENRY VVIIITING. From a Young Lady to Her Mother. SARATOGA, September 3, 18So. A/y Dear Mamma :-From what you know of Saratoga you will not be surprised to hear that I have enjoyed an incessant round of gaicty and pleasure; my health, too, is completely recruited, and my friends are so kind that I almost feel at home. But I have another more serious matter to confess to you, at which I hope you will not feel angry. It seems almost ungrateful to think of loving any one but you, but, oh mamma, if you saw Will Carpenter you would forgive me, I am sure. He is so handsome, so gentle in his man- ners, and yet so sensible and accomplished! We met at the Grand Ho- tel hop, and he scarcely quitted my side the whole evening. Mrs. El- liott has so high an opinion of him, that she has repeatedly invited him to her house, until his visits have become of almost daily occurrence. He is most honorable and straightforward, and only waits permission to write to you, in order to give you full particulars as to his condition and prospects. Pray, dear mamma, forgive me when I confess that my feelings are deeply enlisted in his favor, and that I feel as if much of my future hap- piness depended upon our union. I wish you were here to counsel and advise with me, for never before did I so much feel my own heart mas- ter of my reason. - I hope you will write directly, or come immediately to your affection- ate, but anxious, child, MRS. BELLE BAKER. JENNIE The Mother's Letter to Her Son's Betrothed Young Lady. No. 2 CENTER STREET, November 21, 18So, ADear 2 oung Lady :-The liberty I take in addressing you must not be considered as designed to influence you in favor of my son, but with the sole desire of assuring you of the great gratification it will afford me and mine, to number you as one of our own family circle. * I presume it is but natural for a mother to think and speak well of her own children; but I do not depart from the truth when I assert that Charles is a most worthy young man, and most highly esteemed by all. His union with a lady of your worth and refinement has ever been my most earnest wish; for I think young people should be settled in life, and possess partners who are worthy of their respect and affection; for life is thus rendered attractive, by having an object to live for; and they are a comfort to each other, even until the hour of death. I conclude by assuring you that whatever your determination may be, I shall ever remain, Your very sincere friend, *s II. DEHART, Esa. WILL, MISS ADA HUNTER. MARTHA CARTER. 5- * * : *========== NOTES OF CEREMONY AND COMPLIMENT. *#". ########################: # *#####". *'''. *#". A. : : *I's ". . . . . . . . .A.: 2. ' A A' A' A 'A' A' A' A' A' A *...* ********** | CEREMONY $9 2./ - * - 1: * * , *—a. * - ... v.-v-, * * £ * *# #-- a-a-a-a-a-a2.3× XXXX XXX XXX: *. *A& CoMPLIME *. "... * *A*A*A*a A"A & ww.v.v.V. v.v.:w.w - r:ww.v.v.v.v. v.v. v.v. v. £ s - - * * • J. * : it.: *- - * v.v. v.v., v.v.v.v. # % NOTE in letter writing is a short communication of a transient or local inter- est, by which persons make known to each oth- # 2 er their wishes, compli- # ments or commands. Notes, except familiar notes, differ from ordinary letters in the follow- ing particulars: 1. They are more formal. 2. They are written wholly or partly in the “third person.” 3. They are usually dated at the bottom. 4. They are without sig- nature. They are appropriately used in all matters of ceremony, such as weddings, dinners, parties, etc.; in any brief communications between persons but slightly acquainted. They should in all instances be short, plain, and polite, and of a reserved manner of expression. In the formality of notes, great care must be taken not to change from the third person to the first or second. Such a mistake would plainly indicate inexperience or carelessness; as for example- w Mr. Davis presents his compliments to Miss Marsh, and would be pleased if you would accompany me to the opera on Thursday evening next. No. 630 Euclid Ave., June 5, 1880. Substitute for you “she,” and for me “him,” and the form will be correct. -1- *. -- #}. 'a-`s: * ''': - NE-E*= :N× 3.33:83.8% O £ #####. ń. f() £3. * £: * O £ ń. ~ à-A #3.# O # # -*=4-3 _s=''': G) } {{= &="' -gãG. The paper and envelopes used should be plain, and of the heaviest and finest quality. For weddings, only pure white or a delicate cream-white tint is allowable. For other occasions very delicate tints may be used, but white is always in good taste. No definite size or shape can be named, as both are con- stantly varying. The size most in use at present is the long sheet, folding once, into a square envelope. Both paper and envelopes may have em- bossed or printed on them the monogram, initial, crest, or coat of arms of the writer, except on wedding notes, which should be perfectly plain; though a few years since it was the custom to have the notes bear the monogram composed of the initial letters of the surname of both bride and bridegroom. In addition to the fine envelope enclosing the note, upon which the name alone is written, an outside envelope of coarser or more ordi- nary material should be used, upon which the full address of the person for whom it is intended should be written. Answers to invi- tations do not require outside envelopes, nor do any private or personal notes, whether formal or informal. - The most fashionable notes are characterized by an elegant simplicity. The language is concise but courteous. The writing (or en- graving) plain but beautiful. All flourishes in ---" " ~--" - =-3) 4 N. O I T A. IT V N I IE TH ** | | = -—” T- Il otes and letters, whether of tongue or pen, * out of place. ' before the ceremony, by the parents or *est friends of the bride. They may be £ or written on note paper or cards, " the note form is to be Preferred for all S\, This illus- M £, Card Engraver, 46 "son St., for forms given.) €2.2 %2. ** /&f £4f ** ** \ */ **@ €ftez 9Itaq (5uentictf. 634 £aSatte Stzcct, - &ficago. NOTES OF CEREMONY AND COMPLIMENT. Wedding invitations are issued ten days or 437 ceremonious invitations. Notes and cards may be printed from type or from engraved plates. Those printed from plates make the most elegant finish, and are greatly superior, 1 and are almost exclusively used by fashionable people. If an answer is expected, the words “The favor of an answer is requested," or the French phrase Re- Pondez s'il vous plait, or abbreviated R. S. V. P. are written or printed trafi ' 6// at the bottom. A few print- % * cd with # forms of we d ding scriptlet. 4% who' notes are here given. ter. ; * * : : . s %2. .* If desirous of giv- hibit the * % f Z/* /4. ing information of w & 44 * ' of the 6A/. 4 y" //* .4% the time of return *Stengrav- * 'A4% from bridal tour Cd and * & * * * * 9 fashi II1OSt a"% f and an invitation “shionable // " £6 * *Vitations. 44 ° %ia" to receptions after- e size at the //b/ ward, the card like card should be inclosed * 44' * * * "is Paper3% 96 £1. * illustration given # 6% inci'. % * SUw" in lower left-hand *velope 3% b. %.44% w corner should be 34° 2 Dy & # "he models given are 6a Wv% Q Sent. little Smaller than regu- go." p // * . * * * * * * lar size. 'oc, WA " * 2% With invitation & * (We are indebted to J. B. e')." ../* 6 4.4" a reception < thciz &ceibovico, From half-past Eight until Eleven. * =# | Q—- 438 This form, is convenient, and in fashionable use :* -4 * £ -ó. % %an, %2- ... 2 < . . % £f **** A.-- *T ** ***********ze ~ <- 4. & % « %22%22&ee& %e2% %emen% 2ecemé, 4%mó. < Scues, S'Clocf., .9% &%zewo %2% 9tcceptio" at Giqft o'cfocft, %azona 4% %ama./ -án. 1879. NOTES OF CEREMONY AND COMPLIMENT. The following form requires no cards, and is in good taste:* f --> "m--" –--" The following style of invitation is fre- quently used, and requires no cards:" — %" 2/ .#2.2% %. %.4% 4%.4% **** %. -á, -2.2% < (5c+, 6)'clocf. %e2% ana/8% a 2%meJ << 2.4-2. AA 2%. .Martin M. Monroe. Mary M. Mason. --" Another form is the following, with personal and reception cards enclosed:" %ačené &ea.6% 24, 4% 4% -** %a. % -ószé 4% *** - 24% %age 4%gan. .9%4% Žue/ c42 &ame, afteå -3%u% %2% ...?2% -3%. ~. -4% % - — %22%22 c/4. 6. *642.e4 %20% 2%moon, 44% 22 23% as * ~ * %g -3%m. &n. %2. *The model given is in language only—not in size or shape. | | : F- NOTES OF CEREMONY AND COMPLIMENT. 439 T- * In the eastern part of Pennsylvania the fol- lowing form is often used:* In the following, the reception card should be enclosed :* "--_ %24%6%.c42* @ -č 44&oe %ueme, '% s awaz # 2..." <%. Ż% *** ********** ~~~ %. 24% *** %24.<2*24% %.A.2 %2% Cózsea/ < 4% %22%2% @, 8%aday %endoz, -ódek Z24% 4% %~%"4%*% *. 22°4′2. %.Aseer- 4&f 2-& ** +7 24.2% .9%awn, ... ." %. Af A reception card should be inclosed * the form given (%% @% 4% O * i s s Pposite:* @% ZZZZzZ222. * 2222*2 2%azzA B '. and Mrs. William * onaldson, At Home * €4. @% ©% November third, day and Z4% 2224 * 222222%...A evening. *78 Calumet Ave. 9ten notes are is- s ©%222% : after the wed- ! Il * s the '' CZaaday, ©%24e. dø 2/4°6’ 42. inclosing a recep- - - tion card as given above to those who * desired to call. Still another method is, the announcement * Still another and more fashionable method may be made by sending two cards, a large is " have both the announcement of the mar- one containing the combined names, with the "age and the reception engraved or written residence and time of reception, and a smaller * the same note sheet. one containing the bride's maiden name. *The model given is in language only—not in size or shape. s =- GSE | ! WEDDING ANNIVERSARIES. * { £4: * *r WHIN NHSMEs *-es- 3%. Ż4%XAX%% Ż # #OMETIMES people cele- %''{{# brate various anniversaries of their marriage. This custom is happily on the increase, and is much to be commended, as such cel- ebrations are generally made occasions of sincere con- gratulations and happy reminis- Cell CeS. The First anniversary is called the cor- ToN wedding. The Second, the PAPER wedding. The Third, the LEATHER wedding. The Fifth, the wooDEN wedding. The Seventh, the woolEN wedding The Tenth, the TIN wedding. The Twelfth, the SILK and FINE LINEN wedding. The Fifteenth, the CRYSTAL (GLAss) wedding. The Twentieth, the CHINA wedding. The Twenty-fifth, the SILVER wedding. The Fiftieth, the GoLDEN wedding. The Seventy-fifth, the DIAMoND wedding. It is customary in issuing invitations for celebrating the different wedding anniversaries, to print them on a material emblematical of the occasion, the first anniversary being printed on cloth; the second, paper; following with leather, thin sheets of wood, tinfoil, silk, glass, silver and gold paper, and other materials. All who accept of such an invitation, and are present at the festivities of these anniver- saries, are expected to contribute to the col- lection of gifts, appropriate to the occasion. If the party issuing invitations to a wedding g- W-> celebration do not wish any wedding gifts to be tendered them, a card should be enclosed containing the words, “It is preferred that no wedding gifts be offered.” The present fashionable style of invitations is a heavy beveled-edge cardboard, folded in center to fit envelope, engraved as in wedding cards. The following forms of invitation for such anniversaries are used: 1875. 188O. * % # 3 innipetsar#. • *->3-9'><é-es- #. & #. £n ! #m. :#: * \#. oWs oVo -*#:- *N $#28wcoèa"; $ucating, Jwac 20, 1880, at ciqfit o'cloch. No. es== Frespect -à-ver-vic- += "-– WEDDING ANNIVERSARIES. 44 I "-– INVITATION TO THE CRYSTAL WEDDING. INVITATION TO THE SILVER WEDDING. E–&#–E |)\! . Y(QQ”2 1865. Q\g) ISSO. # and #. jmi, #". c4? ** 4%may %enoz./ 2%me Z 2%% ač 4%ven (?cáeff 165 Park Place, Newark, N.J. 1855. 188O. * . }}} * Mr. & Mrs, B, 3, Buchanan's $owptiawcavto, -3%r2.2%<2%~~~* 2/3 eff *A* 2- % 2.4% 3AWitiucts:\], 42. <-2 <-2 2...e d', 22% 136 Hill Avenue. Ceremony at 9 o'clock. THE TIN WEDDING. This should be printed on a sheet of tin foil. THE GOLDEN WEDDING. This should be printed on a sheet of gold paper. "--— 1870. 1880. r and #5, #illiam #| |illiams, # * ' 'in ' '. 3\t #omic, §hazeta; Sueuing, SRazcf. 10, 1880, at ciqfit o'cloch. 2 < 2.5 C b. e > t >. ta t street. == I&o. -3-3'-- I&So. £IE WHTE: -4. £ -ó. 4%my 3% &% Compliments. QWitt v.ccciuc, thciz {zic w82 cut thc zcoi- ècnce of thcíz son, Ötcavvi &t. Stitt, Jo, Avrom Six until Eleven o'clock. %e2% %enang, Žne Z Żó% AP. S. V. P. 1726 &ficstitut Stzcct. "---— 9-–a- 442 NOTES OF INVITATION. wa *A*S*~. A. r *...*.* £INVI * * * & NOTES of Invitation are various in form accord- tain the name of the person for whom it is ing to the oc- WRITTEN INVITATION TO DINNER, casions calling them for th: # Formal Notes of Invitation are invariably writ- ten and answered in the third person, except when the * parties are most in- o/62. 2* cóa, £ 4% 26* mate friends, when a more familiar * 4e %adae %2% 22* style may be adopt- ed. The paper 2% “A Z t and envelopes used 24. 2% % 2. eaž * ZZZZ for notes of invitation should be - . plain, and of the heaviest and finest &*% cóate ofteåe”. 2& quality. Both paper and envelopes * * / may have embossed, or printed on Żue £2 2424. them, the monogram, initial, crest, or coat of arms of the writer. For large parties they should be c/4. 26 d. &A 2% e. sent at least a week before the time appointed for the party, thus enab- ling, if necessary, the addressed time to procure a suitable dress for the occasion. For a costume ball or ** masquerade, two weeks is the usual time allowed for preparation. r Great care and precision should be \ - observed in issuing invitations to dinners, and to avoid mistakes the date and | intended. If the party is small, the notes may - ~-E) |-- -: *I---" CAEDS. –- No abbreviations of names is allowable. If necessary, when the space requires it, an abbreviation of the month is allowed. If a lady receives on a certain day, she indicates it in the lower left hand corner, thus: “Wednesdays,” or “Tuesdays,” and “Fridays," as the case may be. We give here a number of models, to illus- trate the various styles. M0DELS OF VISITING CARDS-[Diminished Size.] The Misses Colby. Afrs. George B. Berry. Miss Berry. Tuesdays. 6 Madison Square. Dr. & Mrs. A. G. Bebee. Clarkson F. jacques. Farrington & Co., Wednesday. Marzw Orleans, La. 165 Park Ave. AMr. & Mrs. A. Bruen. Miss Dalrymple. Miss Bruen. Mary D. Wells, M. D. AMrs. Šohn Sohnson. N'izé o'clock Tea. 3fonday, May 16, 5-8. — Business cards are used by business men to show the character and place of busi- ness. They are generally printed from ordinary type, though some are handsomely engraved. They should be neat and taste- ful, and not “over-loaded” with printed matter. Professional and official cards are used by professional men and officers, mainly for professional and official business. In many cases the same cards may be used for social purposes. – g-e- ==-o SUCCESS IN BUSINESS LIFE. SWN # ASVN/2}: UC:\%.9'S:NK. - * : * *ii : N}:2. :* : * * F4' N;2 !NX - #. ** #EEss: calling or profession, most frequently relating in some way to trade, though quite as appropriate in designating any regular occupation. . #C# |:N. :#|. :: N: ,*i.Š* #-: | 5:#£ # : := # #t €5.f Trade has ever been the grand pioneer of civilization, and wherever in the past or present we find a nation or people engaged in #! commerce, we find also the highest type of civilization. # *1%. Commerce between nations, as ( # well as people, breaks down national antipathies, removes local preju- U dices, and binds the whole family of man by the strong ties of associ- *ion, and of mutual and dependent interests. * Plants colonies, builds towns, and founds "ew empires. Tyre, Carthage, Alexandria, "d the Greek cities of ancient times; Rome, Constantinople and London at a later day, " our own country, are all illustrations of # humanizing and refining arts of a peaceful 1le. s How unlike war is its mission | The one == S-- #####|ll':##### * * –2 showers upon a people wealth and happiness; the other riots in blood, misery and desolation. Truth and justice are the foundations of legitimate trade. Any business not based on these principles will, sooner or later, fall. A dishonest or dishonorable trader is never per- manently successful. The thoroughly honest tradesman can command all the credit and capital his business requires, will have the confidence of his customers, and his trade will each year show large gains. W0cation. Two of the most important things for a young man just starting out in life to determine are, what shall he do, and where shall he settle. This question should be well considered by all interested—by young men, their parents, and friends—before decision is made. Discover, if possible, the person's capacities and inclinations. Happily, the idea that no man can be respectable, or an honored mem- ber of society, unless belonging to the learned professions, is no longer entertained. It makes little difference what vocation a man follows, if honorable and legitimate, so far as his suc- cess is concerned, if he really likes it, and finds himself adapted to it. *-* * Q—- == 452 BUSINESS. All callings are alike honorable, if pursued with an honorable spirit; it is the heart only that degrades—the intention carried into the work, and not the work itself. The most de- spised occupation may be made honorable by the honor of its professors; a blacksmith may be a man of polished manners, and a million- aire a clown. A young man, generally, possessing energy, tact, and diligence, no matter in what he engages, be it as a mechanic, store-keeper, a farmer, will succeed; but he must have these qualities. Without them failure is sure to follow. It very frequently happens that this leaning of a child's nature toward a certain occupation, shows itself quite early in life. It becomes, then, the duty of parents and friends not to discourage, but to assist him to study his mind and character, and choose for him that vocation for which nature has fitted him. To do otherwise is to invite his ruin. Qualifications Necessary. Without industry or a steady application to whatever is undertaken, it is vain to expect any permanent success. Steady, earnest effort alone leads to wealth or high position. Energy or push is another necessary quali- fication. In this age of competition, talent, industry, and good judgment often fail to gain the coveted prize, simply from lack of this quality. It often makes up for great defic- iences. Good judgment is also highly important. Industry and energy, unless well applied, are little better than idleness. No matter how energetic, bold, and enterprising a man of business may be, he must be prudent. Pru- dence implies the discreet suiting and dispos- ing of both words and actions in their due time, place, and manner. The prudent trades- man never boasts. If doing well, it is his business, and not his rival's, who when in- formed of the fact, would but stimulate him —- | to redoubled exertion, and, in the end, prove an injury. If, on the contrary, business is dull, he will keep it to himself, and make an effort to increase it. A boastful man is usu- ally suspected of trying to support his credit by words; actions are of greater weight, and generally speak fully for or against him. A good memory is one of the most valuable aids to business, and should be cultivated by clerks, as well as by employers. Nothing will prove a surer passport to a customer's good will, than for a clerk or proprietor to meet him at the door, call him by name, ask him when he left (naming his town), treating him as an old patron, and one whose trade is wanted. He appreciates the compli- ment, and becomes a regular purchaser. On the other hand, to be compelled to address a customer, “Your face is familiar, but I must ask your pardon, I cannot recall your name," will in nine cases out of ten, send him to a rival concern. Courage is simply indispensable; slackness is absolute ruin. Courage is required to tell a man you will not credit him; courage to insist on prompt payments from customers; courage to speak your mind candidly at all times; courage to deny yourself the possession of many things you want; courage to refuse to conform to the absurd demands of fashion, to show respect for real worth, even if it appears in humble garb, and to discountenance unprincipled rascality in fine clothes. It re- quires courage to act justly without fear of favor, to live within your means, to pay your debts, to collect your accounts, to with stand ridicule whilst acting righteously; in one word, if you lack courage, never go into busi- ness at all. Integrity is of prime importance. A man's integrity must be above suspicion. His word must be as good as his bond, and honor, as well as honesty, sanction all his dealings. Economy is another essential. “It is easier –- ==-3. f * * * -, * - - - - * * | * - - -: • Qualifications. - SS: r:- ~~- BUSINESS. T- * make money than it is to save it.” Young *n, and older ones, too, should save some- thing from their earnings each month. Ex- Penditures should be kept below their income. 9ne of the worst evils of mercantile life is the *mbition of the merchant to outshine his com- Petitors. To do this he pushes out far and Wide through the country, soliciting trade, Will do an immense business, and yet the more he does, the worse he will be off. He is doing * business that requires a capital of a hundred thousand dollars, on a capital of twenty thou- *nd. Credit must be given, margins cut down, owing to the lively competition in his line, heavy salaries, and expenses of his solicit °rs must be paid, bills must be met, and *stomers continually dunned that his receipts *ay meet constantly maturing accounts. The *nd, in most cases, soon comes. Extrava- Šance, ambition, and the long credit have Wrecked his life and business. Politeness and good address are necessary Politeness must be true and *tural, not sham. An establishment where the employer and employees all possess a kind "d polite bearing, will ever be popular, and °9mmand the trade of the best customers. Be polite in little things, and to every one. No matter how trivial the inquiries made of You, they should be answered to the best of Your ability, and in a pleasant manner. No matter how flagrant the annoyance, you must show no vexation. * A good address pre-supposes some educa- "on, gentility, and an obliging disposition. Capital and a knowledge of one's business are "ot more important. It is the leading requi- *e in all trading pursuits, the sine qua non of *ccessful storekeeping. Location. Location, in a retail business, in many cases makes the business. A beginner in any kind of trade must give this subject careful consid- °ration. He should choose a leading thorough- 3 I *- 453 fare, and in the midst of those engaged in the same line. If he has resolved to do a fair, honorable, and safe business, he need not fear the com- petition by which he is surrounded. “Fair competition is the life of trade.” Inferior accommodations in a good locality are far preferable to more commodious quar- ters in an inferior street. Better pay double, or even treble, rent for the former over the latter. The difference, when brought down to an actual day's expenses, will be found to amount to very little, and yet, on the other hand, see the difference in the thoroughfares; probably from one hundred to a thousand people are constantly passing and repassing where the high-priced store is located, while there is one on the less prominent street. The difference in true value is apparent at once. A suitable place being secured, see that an attractive sign-board is mounted in a promi- nent manner. Be sure to make an imposing display of the choicest goods in the store windows; it will prove a great attraction to passers-by who will frequently see there just the article they require, and call for it at once. This enterprise, coupled with civil and hon- orable treatment, will often secure new cus- tomers who will be permanent, for people are bound to go where they are well used. The trader who, by years of hard work, of anxious thought, and self-denial, finally builds up a large and substantial business, will gener- ally hold his own through life. The qualities that enabled him to gain ground, now fully developed in his manhood, will keep him abreast of the liveliest competition, and en- sure him against blunders and losses from speculation. The world of business, though terribly crowded in places, is a large and wide one, and there is yet room for more. If any of our young men readers venture therein, let them go there as thoroughly equipped as pos- sible for success. – 454 BUSINESS RULES AND MAXIMS. Rules for Conducting Business. Enter into a business of which you have a perfect knowledge. In your own right, or by the aid of friends, on long time, have a cash capital sufficient to do at least a cash business. On no account venture on a credit business at the commencement of your business carecr. The credit system has bankrupted more people than perhaps all other causes put together. The most rigid scrutiny should therefore take place in every instance where credit is solicited. A good way is to make the party sign a statement of his assets, debts, ineans of payment, etc., and grant a limited credit on that basis. If the result proves inten- tional fraud, then you have your remedy at law. Keep your credit good, and use it sparingly and discreetly. Purchase goods for cash; take every advantage of the discounts which nearly all business men offer for cash payments. Avoid overstocking; better rise and fall with the market on short stocks. Buy from those whom previous transactions have proven to be strictly just. Avoid all others, even at a temporary disadvantage. Never equivocate, misrepresent, or take advantage of a customer's ignorance. Never have but onc price, and at a small profit. Advertise judiciously. The best plan is to set aside a certain percent- age for printing and advertising. Keep yourself constantly before the public by judicious advertising. Let them be short, spicy, attractive and prominently displayed, truthful and free from bombast. Never allow any article, parcel or package to go out of your store without a handsomely printed wrapper, card or circular, and dispense tlicin liberally. Learn to say “No” with decision, “Yes” with caution. “No” with decision whencver it resists temptation, “Yes” with caution when it implies a promise. A promise once given is a bond inviolable. Be self-reliant and punctual. Be frank in cxpressing yourself; speak to the point; say what you mean, and mean what you say. In opening an account at a bank, provide yourself with proper intro- duction. Never draw a check for a greater amount than you have to your credit in the bank. Never send a check to a distant place with the expectation of deposit- ing funds to meet it before it gets back. A telegraphic inquiry to your bank may cause its dishonor. Never exchange checks with any one. Never give your check under the stipulation that it is not to be used until a given time. Make all checks payable to the order of the party with whom you transact business. In indorsing to the order of another never indorse in blank, but make payable to the order of — s Never take a distant check from a neighbor to pass it, as an accommo- dation, through your bank giving him your check in exchange. Never give a check to a stranger; it is liable to be tampered with and passed, thus entailing a heavy loss on the bank. In sending a check to a distance, make it payable to order of * inserting name and residence of the payee. i Always in all dealings with bank officers be candid, and act in an unreserved manner. State the rcal nature of all paper offered for dis- count, no matter whether it be accommodation paper or a renewal of a previous note. If a note is declined, do not consider your bank arbitrary, nor wrangle or contend with them. They may have the best of reasons for such action. Never exhibit asperity of temper, but study politeness, civility, candor and courtesy under all circumstances. In buying drafts at a bank to send away, always have them made payable to your own order, and then indorse them to the party you wish to pay. Attend to the daily details of your business, see that the store is opened in good time, goods dusted, floor swept, paper, twine, nails, etc., picked up, and everything kept in trim order. * Curtail every possible expense, hold on to the profits; let them accu" mulate. Avoid every outside speculation. Avoid asking a correspondent to transact any business for you that in its nature does not admit of repayment. Time, to a business man, is money. Remember that business men in business hours attend only to business matters. Social calls are best adapted to the social circle. Make your business known in few words, without loss of time. Let your dealings with a stranger be most carefully considered, and tried friendship duly appreciated. A mean act will soon recoil, and a man of honor will be esteemed. Leave “Tricks of Trade” to those whose education was never com" pleted. Treat all with respect, confide infew, wrong no man. Benever afraid to say No, and always prompt to acknowledge and rectify a wrong. Leave nothing for to-morrow that should be done to-day. Because a friend is polite, do not think his time is valueless. Have a place for everything, and everything in its place. To preserve a long friendship, keep a short credit. The way to get credit is to be punctual; the way to preserve it is not to use it much. Settle often; have short accounts. Trust no man's appearances; they are often deceptive, and assumed for the purpose of obtaining credit. Rogues generally dress well. The rich are generally plain men. Call on a business man at business times only, and on business; trans- act your business, and go about your business, in order to give him time to finish his business. Business Maxims and Rules. * A sacred regard to the principles of justice forms the basis of every transaction, and regulates the conduct of the upright man of business. 1. He is strict in keeping his engagements. 2. Does nothing carelessly or in a hurry. 3. Employs nobody to do what he can easily do himself. 4. Leaves nothing undone that ought to be done, and which circum- stances permit him to do. 5. Keeps his designs and business from the views of others, yet he is candid with all. 6. Is prompt and decisive with his customers, and does not overtrade his capital. * 7. Prefers short credit to long ones; and cash to creditat all times, either in buying or selling; and small profits in credit cases with little risk, to the chance of better gains with more hazards. 8. He is clear and explicit in his bargains. 9. Leaves nothing of consequence to memory which he can and ought to commit to writing. 10. Keeps copics of all his important letters which he sends away, and has every letter, invoice, etc., belonging to his business, titled, classed and put away. 11. Never suffers his desk to be confused by many papers lying upon it. 12. Keeps everything in its proper place. 13. Is always at the head of his business, well knowing that if he leaves it, it will leave him. 14. Holds it as a maxim, that he whose credit is suspected is not to be trusted. 15. Is constantly examining his books, and sees through all his affairs as far as care and attention will enable him. 16. Balances regularly at stated times, and then makes out and trans’ mits all his accounts current to his customers, both at home and abroad. 17. Avoids as much as possible all sorts of accommodation in money matters and law suits where there is the least hazard. 18. He is economical in his expenditure, always living within his in COIT!C. 19. Keeps a memorandum book in his pocket, in which he notes every particular relative to appointments, addresses, and petty cash matters. 20. Is cautious how he becomes security for any person. 21. And is generous when urged by motives of humanity. — --~- ~-3) A. f L-Y |-- BUSINESS FORMS. 35'ss. *. *: fivää-Sex:\:SEE 2: £GENERNIXBISINESS *: * * * 2. % s'A'. #. * s * • *, *, * * s s * * * o 2 Ü & . * 2 2 £xxx-xx-xxxx xxxx. V. S/ - $#& ###########2 #-G#-G# {#HE most important busi- £ ness forms, because the $|| most used, are such as {-| & { come under the head of Negotiable Paper. These instruments pass from hand to hand under certain limitations, the same as money. Calvin Townsend defines negotia- ble paper as “the great instrument of modern commerce,” and asserts that, without it, the extensive business done in our day through- out the world could not be car- ried on. By far the greater part * * * of business everywhere is con- ducted through the medium of bank-bills, Promissory notes, bank-checks, and so forth, *ll of which belong to this class of paper. The bill of exchange, or draft, is the oldest kind of negotiable paper. It had its origin * the customs of the trading nations of the Mediterranean, and dates back hundreds of Years. This is simply a request by one per- *on on another to pay a third person a certain *um of money. Bills of exchange are of two kinds, inland and foreign. %. , , £e 4-#. £ N: ~ ~ - - s: £y/:S <) COMMERCIAL FORMS USED IN ALL KINDS OF BUSINESS, $1oo. An inland bill of exchange is one drawn by a party residing in the same State or country with the drawee., A foreign bill is one drawn by a person residing in a different State or country from the drawee. Foreign bills are usually drawn in sets of three, so as to provide against loss in transmission to a great distance. When one is paid the others are void. They may be sent by different routes, or all by the same route at different times. Inland Bills of Exchange. Sight Draft. $3oo. NEw York, Sept. 12, 1880. At sight pay S. S. Packard, or order, Three Hundred . Dollars, and charge the same to the account of To J. C. BRYANT, P. R. SPENCER. Buffalo, N. Y. Time Draft. $500. NEw YorK, Sept. 12, 1880. Ninety days after sight pay to Daniel Slote, or order, Five Hundred Dollars, and charge the same to the account of s H. E. HIBBARD. To CHAs. Scr1BNER's SoNs, s 743 Broadway, N. Y. Time Draft Payable at Bank. NEw York, Oct. 16. 1880. Sixty days after sight pay to R. C. Spencer, or order, | t - * = =f- w-> 4. *—- ---> 456 BILLS OF EXCHANGE. at the Third National Bank, here, One Hundred Dollars, and charge the same to the account of To D. T. AMEs, H. B. CLAFLIN & CO. 205 Broadway, N. Y. Bank Draft. No. 398. FIRST NATIONAL BANK, $5oo. Jersey City, Nov. 3, 1880. For value received, pay to the order of W. H. Sadler, Baltimore, Md., Five Hundred Dollars, which charge with or without advice to this Bank. GEORGE W. CoNKLIN, Cashier, JoHN W. OMBERSoN, Ass’t Cashier. To THIRD NATIONAL BANK, Baltimore, Md. Foreign Bill. Set of Exchange. I • Exchange for £400. NEw York, Oct. 15, 1880. Ten days after sight of this my first Bill of Exchange (second and third of same tenor and date unpaid), pay to E. G. Folsom, or order, Four Hundred Pounds sterling, value received, with or without further advice. To GEO. H. SIMPsoN, J. E. SOULE. Banker, London. 2. Exchange for £400. NEw York, Oct. 15, 1880. Ten days after sight of this my second Bill of Exchange (first and third of same tenor and date unpaid), pay to E. G. Folsom, or order, Four Hundred Pounds sterling, value re- ceived, with or without further advice. To GEo. H. SIMPsoN, J. E. SOULE. Banker, London. 3. Exchange for £400. NEw York, Oct. 15, 1880. Ten days after sight of this my third Bill of Exchange (first and second of same tenor and date unpaid), pay to E. G. Folsom, or order, Four Hundred Pounds sterling, value received, with or without further advice. To GEo. H. SIMPsoN, J. E. SOULE. Banker, London. Indorsements. If a bill, note or other form of paper of this class is made payable to the payee, or bearer, it may be transferred to a fourth party by merely delivering it into his hands, and the fourth party will stand in the same position as the original payee did. But if the bill be made payable to the payee, or order, he cannot transfer it without indorsing it; that is, writing his name on the back, after which the payee is * *!" called the indorser, and the person to whom it is sold or transferred the indorsee. Holder is a general word applied to any one in posses- sion of the paper and entitled to payment thereon. There are five different ways of indorsing paper. The most common is the 1. INDORSEMENT IN BLANK.—An indorsement in blank, as it is called, is made by the indorser's writing his name only on the back of the instrument. The paper thus indorsed is transferable by delivery from hand to hand, like a bank bill; so long as it continues in blank, it is payable to bearer. 2. IN FULL.—When the indorsement mentions the name of the person in whose favor it is made, it is called an in- dorsement in full, or a full indorsement. Then none but the indorsee, or person to whom it is ordered paid, can de- mand payment. This mode of indorsement ensures safety in the transmission of negotiable funds. The following would be an indorsement in full: Pay to S. S. Packard, or order. Calvin ZTownsend. 3. CoNDITIONAL.—This indorsement is such as is made subject to some condition which must be performed or the instrument will not be, or remain valid, thus: Pay the within sum to H. B. Bryant, or order, when Geo. $ones, Sr., receives a certificate of membership in the Bryant de Stratton Business College, if he is admitted to that institu- Zion. GEORGE 5 OVES. would be a conditional indorsement. To make such an in- dorsement operate as a perfect transfer of title, it must be shown that the condition has been complied with or fulfilled. 4. QUALIFiBD.—All indorsers are liable to the amount of the paper unless they qualify their indorsement. An in- dorsement as follows: Without recourse, George $ones. would release the indorser from all responsibility. 5. RESTRICTIVE.—A restrictive indorsement is one which restrains the negotiability of the instrument to a particular person or for a particular purpose. Here is such an indorse- ment" Pay to H. B. Bryant only. George Sones. Promissory Notes. A Promissory Note is a written promise to pay unconditionally and at all events a speci- fied sum of money. The person who makes a note is called the maker, and the person to whom it is payable is the payee. 2- r. *#= | PROMISSORY NOTES. 457 T- Forms of Notes. Negotiable Without Indorsement. $100. NEw York, Sept. 12, 1880. l 'Ninety days after date I promise to pay Leonard Sib- * or bearer, One Hundred Dollars, value received. H. B. McCREARY Negotiable only by Indorsment. NEw York, Sept. 12, 1880. 'Ninety days after date I promise to pay Leonard Sibley, * order, One Hundred Dollars, value received. H. B. McCREARY. Not Negotiable. $1oo. NEw York, Sept. 12, 1880. Ninety days after date I promise to pay Leonard Sib- ley One Hundred Dollars, value received. H. B. McCREARY. Payable on Demand. $100. NEw York, Sept. 12, 1880. On demand I promise to pay H. C. Spencer, or bearer, One Hundred Dollars, value received. WM. ALLEN MILLER. $100. Principal and Surety. $345.40. JERSEY CITY, N.J., Dec. 4, 1880. . Three months after date I promise to pay L. L. Wil- liams, or order, Three Hundred, Forty-five and 40–100 Dol- lars, with interest, value received. G. A. GAsKELL, Principal JAMEs A. WESTON, Surety. Payable at Bank. $200. NEw York, Oct. 18, 1880. . Ninety days after date I promise to pay H. W. Flick- "ger, or order, at the Park National Bank, Two Hundred Dollars, value received. W. B. ALLEN. A Married Woman's Note in New York. $300. NEw York, January 17, 1881. Three months after date I promise to pay Fairbanks, Palmer & Co., or order, Three Hundred Dollars, with inter- est. And I hereby charge my individual property and estate "h the payment of this note. MARY H. THOMPSON. Joint Note. $2,000. PHILADELPHIA, Sept. 24, 1880. Six months after date we jointly promise to pay J. E. oule, or order, Two Thousand Dollars, value received. CHARLES CLAGHORN. H. C. WRIGHT. Joint and Several Note. $2,000, PHILADELPHIA, Sept. 24, 1880. Six months after date we jointly and severally promise to pay J. E. Soule, or order, Two Thousand Dollars, value Other Forms of Business Papers, Receipts.—0n Account. $500. CHICAGO, Sept. 25, 1880. Received of H. B. Bryant, Five Hundred Dollars on account. FIELD, LEITER & CO. In Full of all Demands. $300. NEw York, Oct. 15, 1880. Received from S. S. Packard Three Hundred Dollars in full of all demands to date. CHAS. CLAGHORN. Receipt for Rent. $300. JERSEY CITY, Aug. 28, 1880. Received from John D. Henderson Three Hundred Dollars, being amount in full for one quarter's rent of store, No. 65 Newark avenue, for quarter ending Sept. 30. A. H. STEPHENSON. Due Bill. $175. CHICAGO, Sept. 25, 1880. Due D. L. Musselman, or order, One Hundred and Seventy-five Dollars. JACKSON DAVIS & CO. An “I. 0, U.” NEw York, Nov. 1, 1880. MR. W.M. CHAMBERS: I. O.U. Four Hundred Dollars ($400.00). E. G. FOLSOM. The above form of the acknowledgment of a debt is frequently used, and is termed an I. O. U. It does not amount to a promissory note and is merely evidence of a debt due by virtue of a previous contract. Orders. 1. To Apply on Account. NEw York, Oct. 15, 1880. Mr. Willy Wallack will please pay to the bearer One Hundred Dollars in merchandise on my account. C. E. CADY. 2. In Full of ACC0unt. NEw York, Oct. 15, 1880. $1oo. $1oo. Mr. H. B. BRYANT: Please pay to H. C. Wright, or bearer, One Hundred received. CHARLEs CLAGHORN. Dollars from your store, and this shall be your receipt in H. C. WRIGIIT. full of my account. S. S. PACKARD ~- "#:= 458 f| Form of Note for Missouri. £2. 420. €2*gaea, Cóa, * 20, 24'4'z. dža *% % 22% of Azamade 4 Żay 4 ×e 222% %2 &e, dź 24%a, A. *a* 2eceased *2a4a– 4% and/ Aapaé *%-4 2%aćan as acaa's o/ā 272. 4%3A2u2 a 4%242 Form of Note for Pennsylvania and New Jersey. –-msm- £400. * 4%.2% & Zamaa, 2%, Zá'í Z. c2aee *% % 22% of Žemae 22 Żay 4 ×e 2.42 2/6 & 22% ea £4224.4%, 22.2%anda. c/2422/ &am A. 2a4e seceased a Mae’ 2% %22%2222 c/4. d'.22/ 4%azz G? @42.3% Form of Note for Indiana. –=== £276. .* oftezaazó24, ofte', 2. ză, 24'4'2. 6% *** A. 2a4e zeeeeeee, 2%Żamae 2% %ay džadee 4 oftecó24%, 24 a22%/ d?22 £62×ez and/ €ues Aue £24%a *% 2%zea' Aayada * an/ 22 % *we: /* *e as oftwademeado -- c/4. , 244. * * @% 2% A Judgment Note.-Common Form. Payable at Bank with Interest. $200.00. NEw York, February 13, 1881. Three months after date, I promise to pay Charles French, or order, Two Hundred Dollars, with interest at the rate of six per cent. per annum, from maturity until paid, Three months after date I promise to pay Ivison, Blake without defalcation. And I do hereby confess judgment .. for the above sum, with interest and costs of suit, a release man, Taylor & Co., or order, at the Hudson County National of all errors, and waiver of all rights to inquisition and appeal, and to the benefit of all laws exempting real or $1,000.co. JERSEY CITY, Jan. 1, 1881. Bank, One Thousand Dollars, value received, with interest personal property from levy and sale. at five per cent. per annum. | FRANCIS BECKER. J. WELLs SACKETT. —- - ->" g- =—" : 4 -- -—” DEFENSES THAT DEFEAT PAYMENT. * 4.59 Checks. A Check is an order by a depositor on a Bank or Banker for the payment of money Payable either to bearer or his order. Form of Check. $75. JERSEY CITY, Nov. 18, 1880. Hudson County National Bank, pay to John R. Car- nell, or bearer, Seventy-five Dollars. No. 64. G. A. GASKELL. Some of the Defenses which may Defeat the Payment of Negotiable Paper. Any one of the defenses here noticed, if the Paper has not been sold for value and gone "to the hands of a subsequent party, will °perate to defeat the claim of the holder, either wholly or in part, as follows: I. WANT OF CONSIDERATION.—The want of consideration may be total or partial. The *ote, bill or check may have been given when "othing or less than the full amount of money * goods had been received for it. 1. Total.—If the failure be total, nothing can be collected. 2. Partial.—A partial failure of consider- *tion will defeat a recovery only so far as the failure goes. 2. OBTAINED BY DURESS.–In case of com- Pulsion either by fear or imprisonment, the Party signing his name under it is deprived of that freedom of action which the law holds essential to the validity of a contract. To *Void the bill or note given under duress of *mprisonment, it must be shown that the "prisonment was unlawful. Duress arising from threats must be under such circumstances * Would naturally lead a person of ordinary firmness and courage to fear injury to his per- **, reputation or property. Such dures Would be a good defense. r 3. OBTAINED BY FRAUD.—Fraud vitiates all contracts into which it enters; such has " : doctrine of the common law from * - time immemorial. Fraud in obtaining a draft or prommissory note, a check, or any other kind of negotiable paper is a perfect defense in an action on it. 4. OBTAINED BY FINDING.—A person finding a bill, note or check, lost by the owner, does not thereby acquire any rights to it against any of the parties. He cannot collect it. 5. OBTAINED BY LARCENY.—Nothing can be recovered on any negotiable paper that has been stolen. 6. MISAPPLICATION.—If an instrument given as “accommodation paper” be misap- plied, the payment of the same, so long as it remains in the hands of the original holders, may be avoided. 7. ILLEGAL CONSIDERATION.—A bill or note illegal on its face is illegal everywhere; it gives notice to all the world of its worthless- 116SS. • 8. LAPSE OF TIME.—Notes and bills must be collected when due without any unnecessary delay. If such have been a long time matured, legal presumption is against the validity of the claim. These Defenses, It should be remembered, are valid only as between the original parties. If, in either case, the holder has negotiated the bill for value, and this transfer has been made in the course of busi- mess, legitimately, the new holder can collect it. No defense will operate to defeat the paper. It must be paid, even if no value has ever been received for it, or it was originally obtained by fraud or duress, or it was stolen. Before Maturity important. But this transfer must be made before the maturity of the instrument, or all the defenses would be good, just the same as if no change in the ownership of the paper had taken place. * c) 2- # BANKING:# BANK is an institution where money may be deposited for safe-keeping. It is what we should term an incorporated in- stitution, governed by the same laws that control other corpora- tions, being created either by general or special statutory en- actment. In this country our banks of issue at present are all national, brought into existence by a general act of Congress. This act made it possible for individuals in any part of the country to form themselves into a banking corporation by com- plying with certain conditions, among which was the deposit of United States Bonds. As the government pays interest upon these bonds it will be seen that the banks are in a degree supported by it. The National Bank Currency now costs the country over forty millions of dollars which, of course, the people pay. It is a question with many whether it would not be better to issue money by the government itself, in like manner as the “greenback" cur- rency; but this would cripple, if not in part destroy, our general banking system which, it cannot be denied, is an advantage to the busi- ness community. Banking at first, at least in Europe, was not a distinct profession, but was conducted in con- junction with other business by goldsmiths and others. But, with progress in other branches of trade, banking assumed in time, gradually, but progressively, its present importance. The earliest bank of which we have any knowledge was the Bank of Venice, founded in 1157. The Bank of England and Bank of Amsterdam are also among the oldest. BANKS OF EXCHANGE are those banks which receive money on deposit, and instead of pay- ing it back to the depositor make payments on other banks by drafts. BANKING. BANKS OF DEPOSIT are those banks which receive money from depositors for safe keep- ing, paying it back on their checks to others, or to the person himself. - BANKS OF DISCOUNT are institutions for the loan of money. They bring together the bor- rower and the lender to better advantage than by any other means. BANKS OF CIRCULATION are banks which issue their own notes for circulation. SAVINGS BANKS are for the safe keeping of money. Money in small quantities can be here deposited and drawn out as needed. In- terest is paid upon deposits which remain in the bank a stated time. Many banks embody several of the func- tions named above; thus a bank of deposit may also be a bank of exchange, a bank of discount, etc. The managers of a bank are the president, directors, cashier, and other officers that may be necessary, such as tellers, book-keepers, etc. Bank Clearing-House. The Bank Clearing-House, as it is termed, was established about a century ago, originally as a place where the clerks of the city of Lon- don could assemble each day to exchange with one another the checks drawn upon and bills payable at their respective houses. The following history of the clearing-house of England from which our own has been ar- ranged, will most fully explain its workings: Before the clearing-house existed each banker had to send a clerk to the places of business of all the other bankers in London to collect the sums payable by them in respect of checks and bills, and it is obvious that much time was consumed by this process, which in- volved also the use of an unnecessary quantity of money and corresponding risks of safe car- riage. In 1775 the common center of exchange was agreed upon. Its use was confined to the -- ~-3) =#’ | | k # = -—9 = T- BANKING. 46 I * *. -– H- bankers,—at that time and long afterward *clusively private bankers, -doing business within the city of London, and the bankers in the west end of the metropolis used some one * other of the city banks as their agent in "learing, a practice which still continues. When the joint stock banks were first estab- lished the jealousy of the existing banks was Powerful enough to exclude them altogether from the use of the clearing-house; and some Years elapsed before this feeling was removed *9 as to allow them to be admitted. At first the clearing-house was simply a place of meeting, but it came to be perceived that the sorting and distribution of checks, bills, etc., could be more expeditiously con- ducted by the appointment of two or three °ommon clerks to whom each banker's clerk could give all the instruments of exchange he Wished to collect, and from whom he could re- ceive all those payable at his own house. The Payment of the balance settled the transaction, and an analysis of the statistics of the clear- "g-house by the late Mr. Babbage (Jour. Statis. Soc., March, 1856) shows that the *mount of cash that passed was often less than four per cent. of the total sums cleared. Lat- terly, however, the arrangements of the clear- "g-house have been further perfected, so that "either notes nor coin are now required. The *se of the clearing-house was still further ex- tended in 1858, so as to include the settlement of exchanges between the country bankers of England. Before that time each country banker receiving checks on other country bankers sent them to those other bankers by Post (supposing they were not carrying on business in the same place) and requested that the amount should be paid by the London *gent of the banker on whom the checks were drawn to the London agent of the banker re- mitting them. Checks were thus collected by °orrespondence, and each remittance involved * Separate payment in London. In 1858 it 32 was proposed to set up a country clearing- house in London; but it was suggested by Sir John Lubbock that the existing establishment could accomplish what was desired, and this was eventually done. A country banker now sends checks on other country banks to his London correspondent, who exchanges them at the clearing-house with the correspondents of the bankers on whom they are drawn. (Sir John Lubbock, Jour. Statis. Soc., Sept., 1865.) It will be easily understood that an extraordi- nary economy in the use of coin has resulted from these arrangements; and in the paper by Sir John Lubbock, to which we have referred, he gives statistics showing that out of the sum of a million paid into the bank in which he is a partner, only £21,500 consists of bank notes and £6,210 of coin. An ordinary weekly clearing varies from IOO to 130 millions; in 1868 the weekly average was, however, no more than £65,397,075, from which it rose continuously to an average of £116,254,717, in 1873. There was a falling off in 1874, which is now being recovered. Up to the year 1858, banking companies could not be constituted with limited liability of partners except by way of privilege under special Acts of Parliament, Royal Charters, or Letters Patent; and, although the Bank of England and the three oldest established banks in Scotland were thus favored without any consequent deterioration in the character of their management, abundant arguments were adduced in depreciation of a general law on the subject. In 1855, however, an act was passed authorizing the formation and reg- istration of banking companies with limited liability, and also enabling existing unlimited companies to register as associations with a limited liability of partners, subject to a pro- viso that, if the bank was a bank of issue, the liability of its partners should remain unlimit- ed in respect of such issue. Several banks have been established and registered under this law, ~-2, 2. 462 and no evil results have been observed to fol- low. The clearing house, then, is an institution peculiar to the larger cities only, as in the Smaller places the clerks of the various banks make all exchanges direct, receiving or pay- ing the balances due from or to their own banks. The oversight and direction of the clearing house is under the control of a manager, who is generally elected annually by the banks and bankers in a city who comprise its members. The expenses are borne pro rata by each member comprising it, all expenses being paid at designated times. Each member must have two representa- tives, a clerk and a messenger, whose duties embrace the settlement of their own bank's exchanges with that of the other banks through their respective representatives. Members at their respective banks do not receive on deposit, or cash any check upon any banks or bankers in the city who are not members of the association. Exchanges in most cities are generally made at I I o'clock forenoon, and all members who have debit balances, or who are indebted to the clearing house, must pay such balances at I2:30 o'clock, P. M.; and all members who have credit balances or to whom the clearing house is indebted, must be at the clearing BANKING. from whom received before I:30 o'clock P. M. of the same day, and this member must repay the same. Banks in Europe. The first bank was established in Italy in SoS. Other banks were established as follows: Bank of- Years. I Bank of- Years. 1 Bank of- Years. Venice. . . . . . . ... 1187 | Hamburg........ 1619 | Copenhagen..... 1736 Geneva.......... 1345 || Rotterdam....... # Berlin........... 1765 Barcelona........ 14of Stockholm....... 1 Ireland.......... 1783 Genoa ........... # England"........ 1694 | St. Petersburg... £ Amsterdam...... 1607 || Scotland ... ..... 1695 || France.......... 1803 "#. Feb. 26, Bank of England suspended payment of specie. 1821. May 1, Resumed payment of notes in bullion at mint prices. May 1, resumed payment of notes in current coin of the realm. July 19, issue of notes limited in amount te £14,000,ooo. For all circulation above that sum, bank must hold an equal amount of coin for its redemption. Oct. 25, suspension of the limitation clause of 1844, and bank al- lowed to make extra issue. 1857. Nov. 25, extra issue of banknotes to amount of £2,000,ooo allowed. 1866. Similar suspension of bank act. Bank of England notes are legal tender everywhere in England save at the bank. * g No interest on deposits allowed. Has entire charge of the British national debt. Banks in the United States. Bank of North America, Philadelphia, incorporated by Congress 1781; by Pennsylvania, 1782, * Bank of the United States—incorporated 1791; went into operation 1794; capital, $10,000,000; charter limited to 20 years. Rank of New York and Bank of Massachusetts founded, 1784. New United States Bank chartered, S16; capital, £ chartering vetoed by Jackson, 1832. U.S. funds with 1823. 1844. 1847. Act re- rawn, September, 1833. Rechartered by Pennsylvania, 1836; temporarily suspended payment of specie, 1831, and again Oct. 9, 1837; resumed in compliance with act of Pennsylvania Legislature, Jan. 15, 1840; finally suspended Feb. 4, same year, having sunk its entire capital. State Banks nearly all suspended specie £ in 1837, resuming again the following year; again in 1857, and still again in 1861. 1863. Feb. 25, act creating the system of national banks in the United States was passed. No bank should be of less capital than Seo, oOo. In cities of over 10,000 inhabitants, no £ should be of less capital than $100,000. Ninety per cent. of the par value of U.S. bonds deposited as security allowed in circulating notes. Aggregate circulation allowed, S300,000,000. 1870. July 12, act allowing $54,000,000 additional circulation. to exceed in capital $500,ooo. 1875. Jan. 14, repeal of all limitation on amount of circulation, thus making national banking practically free. National Bank and Currency Tables. TABLE exhibiting the number of banks, the amount of capital, surplus, dividends and total earnings of all banks from September 1, 1869, to September 1, 1880, together, with the ratios of dividends to capital, and dividends to capital and surplus. No bank * ? * * RT'. house at 12:45 o clock P. M., to receive such "#" '' capital. surple. "#" | # # # balances. A fine is imposed upon any mem- "|& surp * Pr.ct|Pr.ct ber who fails to be on hand promptly. After | Sept. 1,162,4sistol,6soso.'ss, ossissal,76,83. #| ### this settlement is made the business of the £ ### # # # # # # # e 701,001 p * OsO2O p J. **-* * * G * clearing house is completed for the da # ## # # # # # ## * ept. * - $5, ,2O4] $230, * * * * * * 4. * If # bit memb : ils to settl y tiv. # ###### h' | ######## * ept. * g 1951 * ! I 3, Ö4& ...? ...),), " "** * * that member is require to return to the clear £ : # # # # # # * € 1. * 4&Q,933, p.)**** * * p # us * 1ng house before I o'clock P. M. all the # I , # # # # # # exchanges received that day, and these ex- || '###### # changes remain the property of the clearing ##### ########| # # if th is adi d Sept. 1, # # 3:#16 # ##! house until the matter is adjusted. Mar 1, #2,074 ##### 3,56: 18,952,390 16,946,696 3.99 3.17 * * * * ############### All exchanges received in the morning and # : # # # # # # # found not good are returned to the member Sept. ... 'Sc.o. 3 #03:26:14:39 is 30%| 2:03:# 3.3% # * – *r- ---O -: s- # INTEREST AND DISCOUNT. # £,TRICTLY speaking INTER- # EST is the use of money, capital or interest. As gen- erally understood, it is the '' premium allowed for such *use. The PRINCIPAL is that of which the borrower has the use. The AMOUNT is the sum of the principal and interest. Interest is computed at a rate 's per centum. This rate shows how many hundredths of the principal are to be allowed for its use for a given time. If no time is specified, one year is understood, interest for £r terms being reckoned in the same ratio. Governments establish rates at which inter- est is computed when no other rate is speci- fied. These are called legal rates. In some, these are the highest allowed; in others, higher ones are fixed as permissible by contract; in still others no limit to rates is set. LEGAL INTEREST is such as is allowed by law. USURY is interest higher than the legal. NoTE—Usury really means “use.” It was formerly con- sidered extortion to require from the borrower more than £e amount loaned. As opinions changed and a return for e use of capital was considered just, the old invidious term WaS naturally applied to illegal and exorbitant charges. SIMPLE INTEREST is interest on the original Principal only, and when not paid as it falls due it cannot be added to the principal to draw interest thereafter. CoMPOUND INTEREST is the interest which hot being paid is successively added to the principal at the periods when it falls due, thus forming a new and increased principal at every such period. Compound interest is not usuri- OllS. += DISCOUNT is interest paid in advance. BANK DISCOUNT, commonly understood when the term “discount” is used, is the dis- count on the whole principal. NoTE.-A note or draft is discounted when the interest for the given time and at the given rate is taken from the face and the balance paid to the holder. The sum deducted is the discount, the balance to the holder, the proceeds. True discount is the difference between the face of a note or other debt and a sum of money which, at the given rate and for the given time, would amount to the face. The PRESENT WoRTH is the face less the true discount or interest. Generally the law of the place where the con- tract is made determines the rate of interest, when the contract specifically reserves inter- est, unless by the terms it is to be performed in another place. If the contract stipulate, generally, for interest, it will be the rate of interest at the place of payment. When Interest is Allowable. Interest is allowable by law, generally, as follows:—on a debt due by judgment of court, it is allowed from the date of the judgment; on an account that has been settled or liqui- dated from the day of settlement, on goods sold, from the time of the sale if there be no credit given; if credit be given it should be computed from the expiration of the credit. On rent reserved, from the time it is due. On money lent, or money paid for another at his request, from the time of the payment or loan. Interest is not recoverable upon dam- ages sustained by a wrong done, but, where the recovery is long delayed, juries are some- times permitted to consider it in estimating damages. Upon a note, in which interest is not specially reserved, payable on demand, no interest can be computed until after demand is made; but a note in which interest is not specially reserved, if payable at a certain time, carries interest from that time, whether it be demanded or not. += * A - INTEREST AND DISCOUNT. * 463 "--— *Q- k—- 464 INTEREST AND DISCOUNT. To find the interest on any number of dollars for one year, multiply the sum by the rate per cent. and move the decimal point two figures to the left, and the answer will be the interest in dollars; if the original sum be dol- lars and cents, proceed in the same manner and the answer will be the interest in cents. $1150.5o | ExAMPLE.—Give the interest on $1150.5o for 6 one year at 6 per cent. *m-. $69.0300 To find the interest on any given number of dollars and cents for any number of days, multiply by the number of days, divide the product by rate per cent., remove the deci- mal point two figures to the left, and the answer will be in dollars, cents, and mills. $2650.5o ExAMPLE.–Give the interest on $2650.5o for 2O £ at 6 per cent. Answer: $8.83 and 6)5301.o.oo $8.83.500 Although above method is given at 6 per cent., it can be used by adding to, when more, or subtracting from when less, than 6 per cent. First, finding the interest as in pre- ceding examples, and then- Add one-sixth of itself for 7 per cent. Add one-third of itself for 8 per cent. Add one-half of itself for 9 per cent. Add two-thirds of itself for 1o per cent. Add double of itself for 12 per cent. Subtract one-sixth of itself for 5 per cent. Subtract one-third of itself for 4 per cent. Bankers and others who are frequently re- quired to compute interest use interest tables; they very materially reduce the labor of compu- tations, and insure the correctness of the work. The following tables of simple and com- pound interest and tabulated laws of the several States, giving rates of interest, penal- ties for usury and statute limitations, will be useful to those who have occasion to use them. The interest table given is at 6 per cent.; any other rate can be found by applying the rule just previously given; any sum of money for any length of time may be obtained by times the amount opposite $1oo; and so for any larger amount. If the interest of $76 is required, add the amount opposite $6 to the amount opposite $70, and so for any other amount. If the time is 48 days, double the sum under 24 days. If four months and 5 days, add the sum un- der 5 days to the sum under 4 months. The rule adopted by banks and mercantile houses is to compute interest on the principle that there are only 360 days in a year. ExAMPLE.—Required the interest on $170.00 for 6 months and 15 days at 8 per cent. Interest at 6 per cent. of $100 for 6 mos. equals $3.00 {{ “ “ “ loo “ 15 days “ o.25 {{ {{ 4% $$. 7o {{ ö IIl OS. {{ 2. IO {{ $: {{ 44 70 {{ I5 days {{ o.18 $5.53 For 8 per cent, add 34 * 1.84 *- Interest of $170 for 6 mos. and 15 days equal $7.37 Compound Interest Tables. This table gives the amount of $1 or £1 at different rates of percentage. ExAMPLE.—What will be the amount at 6 per cent. compound interest on $500 for 10 years. By referring to the table we see that $1 in 10 years at 6 per cent interest is 1.79085 which sum multiplied by $500 equals $895.42%. YEARS. 3 per ct. p #. # per ct. p #. 5 per ct.|6 per ct. 7 per ct- 1. 1,03000) 1.03500 1 1.04500 1.050ool 1.06000) 1.070000 2 # 1.07122 1.08162] 1.09.202 1.10250) 1.12360) 1.144900 3 1.09273| 1.10872 -1.124S6| 1.14117| 1.15762| 1.19ío2 1.225943 4. 1.12551 # 1.169S6| 1.19252 # 1.2624S 1.31079? # 1.15927. I.1 # 1.21665| 1.246.18, 1.27628, 1.33823| 1.402552 I. 19405 # 1.26532 1.30226; 1.34oro 1.4.1852| 1.503730 § 1.229S7| 1.2722S 1.31593] 1.360S6| 1.40710 1.50363| 1.605731 Q IO 1 I 12 13 14 1.26677| 1.31681| 1.36S57| 1.422 Iol 1,47745. 1.59385| 1.718ISO . 1.304771 1.36290) 1.42331| 1.48609] 1.551.33 # 1.83S459 1.34392] 1.41060) 1.4So24] 1.55297] 1.02 # 1.967151 13S423| 1.45997.| 1.53945. 1.3328; 1.7193; 189835 2.fołS53 1.69588; 1.795S6' 2.01220 2.2521.93 1.7722o. 1.SS565 2.13293] 2 409S45 2.2 1.42576] 1.51107] 1.0010; 1.40S53 # 1.6650 1.5.1259| 1.01 1.7316S 1.85:9t| 1.97%93 2.578534 l 1.55797] 1.67535 # 19352S 2.07SQ3 2.39656. 2.75903; 1 1.9047; 1,73399| 1.87298 2.32237 2-1S2S7 2.54935 2.95: 1 1.65385| 1.75;67| 1.94790. 2.11338| 2.29262 2.692.77| 3.15S$15 I 1.70343| 1.85749 2.025S2 # 2.40602; 2.85:34 3.37993; 19 1.75351] 1.92250 2.106S5 2.307S6] 2.52695 3.02560. 3. 6 2O I. I I I I 2. 1652 9S979| 2.1Q112) 2.31171 # 3.20713 #. Table showing the time in which a sum will double it. self when loaned at the following rates of interest: adding to, or doubling, any certain sum or | ##|Time in with a Sum will Double.|gt Time in which a Sam will Double. * : }; - - 3 #|-- --" length of time as given in the table. ##| Simple int. Compounding||=#| Simplaint. Compound int. s * * 2 |&O WCirS. 35 yrs., 1 day. || 5 |20 years. 14yrs.,75d3. If the interest of $24 is required, double the ####. # # #: #: #" * 3 ||33 yrS., 4 in OS. |23 yrS., 164 (là. I4 VT.S. a. I al., 10 yrs. *** amount opposite $12. ####### # 3 ||3: £ # rs. 2 #. * o * 4...]25 years. 17 .., 246 dal. 9 || 1 yrS., 40 dal. yrs., 1 If the interest of $400 is required, take four | | #423 £s, da. '###|| 3 ||3: li: -á– –- ~-8) = > | !" | < = - IN * 465 "- TABLES OF INTEREST AND BANKING AND EQUATION INTEREST TABLE---SIX PER CENT, " dollars and cents from one dollar to one thousand, and from one day to one year; the first column on the left of t * * * column is the time, and the columns on the tops of the tables the amount. TIME * & $1 $2 $3 || $4 $5 $6 $7 $8 $9 $1o $20 $30 $40 $50 $60 $70 $So $90 || $100 || $1000 "-- # Q O O O O O O O o o O I I I 1 I I 2 2 : 17 3 #ys. O O O C O O O O O O I I I 2 2 2 3 3. 3 3.3 4 * O O O O O O O O O I I 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 50 5 * C) O O C) O O O I I I I 2 3 3 4 5 5 6 * C7 6 st O O O O O I I I I I 2 3 3 4 5 6 § S § S3 * . O C} O O I I I I I I 2 3 4 5 6 § 9 IO | | CO # * O O C. O I I I I I I 2 4 5 6 § 9 I I 12] 1 17 9 * |O O O I I I I I I I 3 4 5 # 9 I I J2 13| I 33 IO "st O O O I I I I I I 2 3 5 6 9 I I I 2 14 15| 1 50 II it Q O I } I I I I 2 2 3 5 7 8 HO I 2 13 15 I 1 67 I2 if O O I I I I I I 2. 2 4. 6 7 9 I I 13 45 17 18| 1 83 13 * O O I I I I I 2 2 2 4 6 8 IO I2 14 10 IS 2O || 2 OO 14 “ O O I I I I I 2 2 2 4. 7 9 I I 13 15 7 2C) 22| 2 17 15 * O O I I I I 2. ' 2 2 2 5 $ 9 12 I4 I6 19 2 J 23| 2 33 I6 st O I I H I 2 2 2 3. 3 5 IO 13 15 IS 2O 23 25] 2 50 I? It O I I I I 2 2 2 2 3 5 8 I I 13 16 19 2 : 24 27] 2 67 IS 44 O I I I I 2. 2 2 3 3 6 9 II 14 17 2O 23 26 2S] 2 S3 19 * O I I I 2 2 2 2 3 3 6 9| 12 15, 18 21| 2 || 27| 36|| 3 oo 2O is O I I I 2 2 2 3 3 3 6 IO 13 16 19 22 25 29 32| 3 17 2I 64 O I I I 2 2 2 3 3 3 7 IO I3 I 2O 23 2 3t 33| 3 33 22 is O I I I 2 2 2 3 3 4. 7 I I I4 I 2I 25 2 32 35| 3 50 23 * O I I I 2 2 3 3 3 4. $ # 15| 18 22, 26 29 33 #| | 67 24 “ O I I 2 2 2 3 3 3 4. I2 15 19| 23| 2 31 35' 38 3 83 2 : {{ O I I 2 2 2 3 3 4. 4. 8 I2 16 2C) 24 2 32 36 40 4 Oo 26 st O I I 2 2 3 3 3 4. 4. 8 13 17| 21 25 29) 33 .38 42|| 4 17 2* It O I I 2 2 3 3 3 4. 4. 9 13 # 22 26 30 35 39 43| 4 33 # . O | 1 || 1 || 2 || 2 || 3 || 3 || 4 || 4 || 5 9| 14 18, 23| 27| , 32| 36|| 4 || 45. 450 29 * O I I 2 2 3 3 4. 4 5 9| 14 19 23. 28. 33 37 42 #| || g 1 M O I I 2. 2 3 3 4. 4. 5 IO 15 19 24 29 34 39 44 4S, 4 S3 2 #: I I 2 2 3 3. 4. $ 5 5 IO 15 2O 25 30 35 # 45 50} 5 OO 3 * 's I 2 3 # $ O 7 9 IO 2O 30 # 50 Go 7o * 90] 1 ool 10 oo 4 * 2 3 # 9 I I I2 I I5 30 45 75 90] 1 o5 1 20 1 35| 1 5o 15 od 5 * 2 4. 8 IO I2 I 16 H 2O 4U 60 So] I ool 1 20 1 4o I 60] I 80] 2 of 20 oo ö “ 3 # 8 IO I3 I I 2O 23 25 # 75|| 1 ool 1 25 I So I 75] 2 ool 2 25 250] 25 on ** 3 9 I2 I I 2 I 2 27 30 90 1 20 1 55] 1 Sol 2 ió 2 £ 2 7o 3 oo! 30 Oo # * , 4. $ I I I4 I 2 I 2 2 32 35 £ 1 oš 14o 1 75] 2 Iol 2 45 2S 3 15| 3 50 35 00 9 * 4. I2 16 2O 24 2 32 36 40 %. I 20; I Go. 2 oo. 2 40] 2 So 3 20| 3 Go 4 do 4o do IO to 5 || 9 || 14 | 18 23 27 | 32 || 36 || 41 || 45 90 i 35] 1 So 2 25 27o 3 15| 3 6o 4 oš| 450 45 od II st # # 16 20 | 2 3' | # | # # $2 || || ' ' ' ' ' ##| 3 £ 3 #| || ' ##| 5 & £ 1 Yea 11 || 17 22 || 2 33 || 39' # 50 || 55 || 1 Io. 1 65. 2 20 275 3 30 3 SS 4 £ $ #### -: *_ 6 Y2 18 24 30 36 42 54 1 20l 1 Sol 2 4ol 3 to 3 Gol 4 20l 4 8ol 5 46' 6 ool 6o oo ":Practions of Interest.—When the fraction of interest is half a cent, or more, a whole gent is taken, but when it is less than half a cent the di g is charged. The same rule is observed with respect to cents forming a part of the principal; if they amount to half a dollar, or upward, b' is taken as for a whole dollar; when they do not amount to half a dollar, they are disregarded. This is the rule generally pursued by *nd mercantile houses. TABLE FOR BANKING AND EQUATION, showing the number of days from any date of any month, to the same date in any other month. ExAMPLE.—How "y days from the 22d of March to the 22d of August? Look for March at the left hand, and August at the top; in the angle is I53. *- "- FROM TO * £" --- a * 1 * * I January. | February March. April. May. June. July. August. Septemb'r October. |Novem'r.|Decemb'r "- Janua • Feb. *y .......... 365 31 - || 59 120 || 151 181 2 I 2 243 273 304 334 £y* * * * * * * * * 334. 365 -|--2S -# 89 I2O 150 1S1 2 I 2 242 273 203 2 #"............ 306 || -- 337"| 365 31 6 I Q2 122 153 184 214 245 275 # * * * * * * * = . . . . 275 306 334 365 30 61 9I I22 153 183 214 244 June. . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 276 • 3O4. 335 365 31 60 92 I22 153 184 2I4 July ............. 214 245 273 3O4. 334 365 30 61 92 122 153 183 August... . . . . . 184 215 243 274 3O4 335 365 30 (DI 92 123 153 September . . . . . 153 184 2 (2 243 273 304 334 365 30 61 92 I22 £ Cr. . . . . . . . I22 I53 181 2 I 2 242 273 3O3 334 365 30 61 91 Ove #.* * * * * * * * * * 92 123 151 1S2 2 I 2 243 273 3O4. 335 365 31 61 Dece ' Cr'. . . . . . . . 61 Q2 I2O 151 181 2 I2 242 273 304 334 365 30 +"cr........ 31 62 90 | 2 | 151 1S2 2 I 2 243 274 3O4. 335 365 NoTE. 1. If leap year, add one day, if February be included. * For intervals of more than one year add 365 days or more as the case may be. 3. If the interval cnds at a later or earlier day of the month than it begins, add or subtract for the difference required. ExAMPLE.-April 15 to the next october 7-183-8-175 days. * = -- ~-S 2. INTEREST TABLE---SEVEN PER CENT. TIME $ $2 $3 || $4 $5 $9 $4o $5o $60 $1oco •==" 1 Day. O O O Q O O O O O Q O I I I I 19 2 Davs. O O Q O O O Q Q C. O I I 2 2 2 39 3 * O O O O O O O O I # I 2 2 3 4. 58 4 “ O O O O O O I I I I 2 2 3 4. 5 78 5 “ O O O O O I I I I I 2 3 4. 5 6 97 6 * * O O O O I I I I I I 2 4 5 6 # 1 17 7 “ O C O I I I I I I I 3 4. # § I 30 S “ O O O I I I * I I 2 3 5 * 9 I 56 9 “ O O I I I I I I 2 2 4. 5 7 |. 9 I I 1 7 1 O “ O O I I I I | 2 2 2 4. 6 S IO I 2 1 94 J 1 * * O O I I I f I 2 2 2 4 6 9 I I 13 I 2 14 12 ** O O I t I M 2 2 2 2 5 § Q I 2 14 I 2 33 13 “ C I I I I 2 2 2 2 3 5 IO J3 15 t 2 53 14 “ O I I I f 2 2 2 2 3 6 S I I 14 I6 I 2 72 15 “ O I I I I 2 2 2 3 3 6 9 I 2 I5 1S I 2 92 16 * * O I I I 2 2 2 2 3 3 6 I3 16 IC) I 3 it 17 * * O I I I 2 2. 2 3 3. 3 7 13 17 2O I 3 31 I * * O I I I 2 2 2 3 3 4. 7 14 IS 3 * I 3 50 19 “ O I I I 2 2 3 3 3 4. § 15 IS 22 I 3 to 2O ** O I I 2 2 2 3 3 4. 4. 16 19 23 I 3 S9 21 * * O I I 2 2 2 3 3 4. 4 S 16 2O | .25 2 4 o' 22 * * O I I 2 2 3 3 3. 4. 4. 9 17 2 I 26 2 4 2S 23 “ O I | 2 2 3 3 4 4. 4 9 I 22 2 2 4 47 24 “ O I I 2 2 3. 3 4. 4. 5 9 I 23 2 2 34 497 25 “ D I I 2 2 3 3 4. 4. 5 I9 || 24 29 2 .# S6 26 * I I 2 2 2. 3 4. 4. 5 5 19 || 25 33 2 5 off 27 ** I I 2 2 2 3 4. 4 5 5 2O 26 32 2 5 25 28 “ I I 2 2 2 3 4. 4. 5 5 2O 27 33 2 5 44 29 “ I I 2 2 2 3 4. 5 5 6 2 I 28 34 2 5 64 I Mo. I 3 5 23 29 35 5 §3 2 Mlos. I 6 ; ; I I 47 58 7o I If 67 3 “ 2 9 14 16 7o 88 || 1 oš I 17 50 4 “ 2 I 2 19 2 I 93 | I 17 | 1 40 2 23 33 5 “ 3 I * 26 1 17 | I 46 1 75 2 29 17 6 ** 4. I 32 I 1 40 || 1 75 2 Io 3 35 Qo # st 4. 2O 37 I 1 63 || 2 O4 || 2 45 3 to S3 * { 5 23 42 I 1 S7 || 2 33 2 4. 1667 9 “ # 26 47 I 2 10 || 2 63 || 3 15 4 52 50 10 * * 29 53 I 2 33 2 92 || 3 So 5 5S 33 11 * * 6 32 58 I 2 # 3 21 || 3 85 5 tw; 17 12 ** 7 35 63 ' 2 2 : 3 50 || 4 20 6 7o oo TIME. $1 $5 $9 $4o $50 $60 $1000 ==" 1 Day. O O O O O O O O C O I I I I 2 # 2 Days. O O O O O O O Q I I I 2 2 3 3 $ t 3 “ {} O O O O I I l I I 2 3 3 # 5 3 4 “ O O Q O I I I I I I 2 3 4. * : § I I I * * C 0. O I I I I I I I 3 4 6 7 1 39 # . O O I I I I I I 2 2 3 # 7 8 || IO 1 67 * : O D I I I I I 2 2 2 4 8 IO I 2 I 94 $ d : O O I I I I 2 2 2 2 4 7 9 I I 13 s 2 22 9 “ O I I I I 2 2 2 2 3 5 8 || Io | 12 | 15 I 25g 10 ** O I I H I 2 2 2 3 3 6 8 || II 14 || 17 I 2 75 I 1 *. O I I I 2 2 2 2 3 3 6 I 2 15 18 I 3 off 12 ** Q I I I 2 2 2 3 3 3 7 13 | 2O I 3 33 13 “ O I I I 2 2 3 3 3 4 7 I4 IS 22 I 3 * 14 “ O I I 2 2 2 3 3 4. 4. S 16 19 23 1. 3 So 15 “ O I I 2 2 3 3 3 4. 4. 8 I 2 I 25 2 4 17 16 ** O I I 2 2 3 3 4. 4 4 9 I 22 2 2 4 # I * @ O I I 2 2 3 3 4. 4 5 9 IQ 24 2 2 : 4 / 13 * I I 2 2 3 3 4. 4. 5 5 2O 2 3O 2 5 : 19 “ I I 2 2 3 3 4. 4. 5 5 2 I 2 32 2 $# 2O ** I I 2 2 3 3 4. 4. 5 6 22 2S 33 5 5 S3 21 ** I I 2 2 4. 4. 5 6 23 2 5 22 ** I I 2 2 # 4 4. 5 # 6 24 # # 6 II 23 6 f I. I 2 3 3. 4. 4. 5 O () 26 32 # 6 # 24 “ I I 2 3 3. 4. 5 5 6 7 2 33 | 40 6 67 2: ** I I 2: 3 3 4. 5 6 6 7 2 35 | 42 6 # 26 ** I I 2 3. 4. 4. 5 6 7 29 36 || 43 72 27 * * I 2 2 3 4 5 5 6 7 $ 30 37 || 45 7 # 28 44 I 2 2: 3 4. 5 5 6 7 8 31 39 4 $3 29 “ I 2 2 3 4. 5 6 6 7 8 32 | 40 # 1 Mo. I 2 3 3 S 8 33 2 O 67 S 33 2 Mos. 2 3 $ 7 $ 15 17 67 3 || 1 # I 33 16 # 3 “ 3 5 I2 23 25 1 oo || 1 25 | 1 50 2 OQ. 25 4 “ 3 § IO 17 30 I I 33 I # 2 OO 2 67 33 # 5 “ 4. 13 2 I 3S l 1 67 || 2 2 50 3 33 41 OC) 6 * * 5 IO I5 25 45 I I 2 OO || 2 SO || 3 OO 4 Oo 50 7 “ 6 | 12 18 29 53 1 17 | 1 75 || 2 33 || 2 92 || 3 50 4 67 ## S ** § # | # 3. GO I 33 2 OO || 2 67 || 3 33 || 4 Oo 5 33 ## 9 “ 15 23 3 68 1 50 | 2 3 OO || 3 75 || 4 50 6 Oo #: 10 ** S I 2 42 75 I 2 3 33 || 4 || 7 || 5 on 667 S3 # II “ 9 || IS 2 46 83 1 S3 || 2 75 || 3 (17 || 4 59 5 50 ## 5 §3 |## 12 ** IO 2O 30 50 QO 2 3 4 oo ! : oo 6 OO OO too : —- --~~~ ~~~ * | k l * >= -—sl: TABLE OF INTEREST RATES FOR THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA, 467 Penalties of Usury. Statute of Limitations on Debts, Notes, Judgments and Sealed Instruments. *E=- Statute of Slander \ STATES AND Legal Rate per LIMITATIONS: Assault, TERRITORIES Rate Contract Penalties for Usury. EFT |&#E #| Libel, etc. REMARKS. s Per Cent. | Per Cent. # # .# *:: C.: # ää|##| Years. -. (/ t- *: Alabama * * * * * * * * * * * * * 8 8 Forfeiture cntire Int. 3 || 6 | 20 1o I Judgments of other States limited to 20 * A -: years. # * * * * * * * * * * * * * * IO Any ||No Penalty. 2 || 4 || 5 || 4 I *S*s ......... ... 6 IO Usurious contracts void. 3 || 5 | 19 to I Judgments required to be renewed tCaliforni every three years. *nia............. 7 Any No Penalty. 2 || 4 || 5 || 5 I On judgments for money loaned 7 per Cent. Only. *Colorado..... * * * * * * * * * IO 44 * { 64 3 || 3 || 6 || 6 I If d' are contracted within the State the statute of limitations extends six f('on * * * years. £ticut * * * * * * * * * * 6 6 Forfeiture entire Int. 6 || 6 || 6 || 17 3 £:............. 7 18 Forfeiture excess Int. 6 || 6 || 20 | 20 2 i £ * * * * * * * * * * * * . 6 6 Forfeiture of principal. | 3 || 9 | * 6 I +Fl £ of Columbia... # A. £ entirc Int, : : # # : " * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Il No Penalt * #ia. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 7 gy £at. & eXCCSS. 4 6 7 2O I to 2 * *ho ......... . . . . . . . IO IS Forfeit 3 times amount| 4 || 5 6 5 3 paid; fine $3oo or 6 mos. tillinoi imprisonment, or both. £ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 6 8 Forfeiture excess Int. # IO | 20, 2O I *............... 6 8 Forfeiture cxcess Int. 15 20 | 20 2 Judgments must be renewed, if not *I and cost. * [executed within five years. " ................. IO Forfeiture entire Int. 5 | 10 | 20 | Io 2 On notes, if partial payment has been made, date of limitations begins from +K last payment. "sts ... ............ 7 I2 Any payment above 12| 3 || 5 || 5 || 5 I On open accounts, limitation extends *K forfeiture cxcess Int. * but two years for non-residents of the t|L *tucky............. 6 6 Forfeiture cxcess Int. 2 | 15 15 15 I State. ouisiana..... . . . * * * * * 5 8 Excess above 8, after 3 || 5 || Io Io I |maturity, forfeits entire Judgments may be renewed at any time *Mai interest. before expiration. £:......... ... 6 Any ||No penalty. 6 || 6 | 20 20 2 * £ryland............. 6 6 Forfeiture of excess. 3 || 3 || 12 12 3 If notes are witnessed, twenty years. *#chusetts * * * * * * * * 6 Any No penalty. 6 || 6 | 20 | 20 2 If notes are witnessed, twenty years. ichigan......... . . . . 7 IO £ of excess. 6 || 6 | 12 Io 2 If executions on judgments are not en- tered within two years, they must be re- *Mi newed. e "esota ............ 7 IO Forfeiture entire Int. 6 || 6 || 10 # IO 2 Judgment liens expire after five years, "Mississ: if not attached. £ippi * * * * * * * * * * * 6 IO Forfeiture excess Int. 3 || 6 || 7 || 7 I 'ssouri .............. 6 IO Lender forfeits entire 5 10 20 | Io 2 interest. £ ays * IO per Ct. to School fund. 'ana.............. IO Any | 2 6 6 6 2 ebraska..... * * * * * * * 7 IO Forfeiture entire Int. 4 || 5 || 5 || Io I Action on foreign judgments must be tRNev * * [commenced within five years. ada...... * * * * * * * * * IO Any Forfeiture all interest. 4 || 6 || 6 2 Act Mar. 2, 1877. # New Hampshire...... 6 6 Forfeiture of 3 times the 6 || 6 | 20 | 20 2 Action on judgments must be brought *Ne excess and costs. within two years. *N' £rsey........... 6 6 Forfeiture entire Int. 6 || 6 || 20 || 6 2 ' Mexico ......... 6 Any Ül * I No Statute of Limitations. v York.......... * is 6 6 Voids contract and is 6 || 6 | 20 | 20 2 Corporations barred defense in actions *North o |misdemeanor. ... . for usury. Carolina...... s 6 Forfeiture of entire in- 3 || 3 || 10 | Io I Executions must be renewed within |terest. Party paying one year and one day from date of issue. may recover double the tChio |amount paid. *Orego. " ' ". . . . . . . . . . . . 6 8 forfeiture of excess. 6 | 15 20 | 15 I #9" ............... IO I 2 Forfeiture of principal 6 || 6 || 10 | 10 2. tRen * to common school fund. £ * * * * * * * * 6 6 6 || 6 | 20 20 I * Island..... . . . . 6 Any 6 || 6 || 20 | 20 I No £ than 6 per cent. inter- * * - eSt can be collect * # Carolina........ 7 IO Forfeiture of all Int. 6 || 6 | 20 | 20 2 cted by law nnessee ............ 6 6 Forfeiture of excess. 6 || 6 | Io | Io I tTex fine and imprisonment. * #:::::............ 8 A. Forfeiture of all Int. 2 4 IO IO I * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * IO n 2 I #. * * * * * * * * * * * * * 6 #y Forfeiture of excess. 6 # $ $ 2 £to: Ter. 6 A: Forfeiture of all Int. 2 || 5 || 20 | 20 5 on Ter....... IO Il 6 || 6 || 6 2. + # Virginia ........ 6 #y Forfeiture of excess. : S IO | 20 5 ": #: * * * * * * * * 7 A: Forfeiture of all Int. 6 || 6 | 20 | 20 Ż # * * * * * * * * * * * * 12 Tl 2 I I £: 6 # it's # 6 .# I to 2 *N'runswick... .. 6 Any 6 || 6 || 20 | 20 I -'2' Scotia. ... . . . . 6 Any 6 || 6 || 20 20 I N *: £ legal rate of interest for England and France is 5 per cent. Ireland, 6 per cent. + G * days' grace is allowed on sight Drafts. * not allowed on Sight Drafts. 5- S.-- | | * GLOSSARY OF COMMERCIAL AND LEGAL TERMS. # # lin £ '''" l, § - Aft : :*: £ !". £ Š / f's > £ £ * i £ 'S # 3. T £ *'' A:...', '' '9% |'' ls W), l s: : : Allili 5. £ £2: 5. ££4 £: !", aft: * * * * * # it!!! £: £ it! |'' : i | .* ''. *-i- J. # s % !" I'll : $ #% £ | £ "#3 # |'' S' "...' ' > #: : ( l '' * * li li : lin | | I l !' | # liff s: # #% s': }% * ' # *. l ić N's *. 'II'll A. When written as an endorsement on the margin or face of a docu- ment A signifies Approved or Accepted, or Audited, as the case may be. The small a indicates one or unity; as, “One dollar a pound,” meaning one dollar for each pound. When written Q it signifies at, as 12 lbs. at 50 cts. A. 1. First quality; the Registry mark of underwriters, indicating first class. American vessels are registered A, and afterward distin- guished by figures in descending grade, as A1, A1%, A1%, A1%, A2, etc. In the English Lloyds, “A1,” denotes that the vessel is well built and seaworthy, the figure 1 indicating that her rigging, anchors, cables, etc., are in good condition; A2, indicates that the equip- ments are unsatisfactory. The ordinary expression as to the highest mercantile standing is “A No. 1.” ABANDoNMENT. Generally used in reference to the risks of marine in- surance; the surrender of property to the insurers. * ABATEMENT. A discount made for damage or overcharge, or for the payment of a debt before it is due. ALIEN. Foreign; a foreigner; one of foreign birth, or one born in a foreign country. ALIEN, BELLIGERENCY. The relation of an alien to a country or its people, against whom his own country is at war. AMoTIoN. Removal; a taking away; a turning out. AccEPT. To acknowledge by signature, or agree to perform, accord- ing to the expressed terms. AccEPTANCE. A formal agreement by signature to pay a draft or bill according to its terms; the common title given to bills after they have been accepted. AccEPTANCE For HoNort. An acceptance made after a bill has bcen protested for non-acceptance, for the honor of the drawer or any en- dorser. Accox1MonATION. The loan of money or of a name, without any other consideration than favor. Accox1MoDATIoN PAPER. Notes or bills drawn to be discounted, and not founded on actual sale of goods or bona fide indebtedness. Account. A reckoning or statement; a systematic record of debits and credits, under the name of a person, species of property or cause, and showing the result of certain business transactions, as affecting such persons, property or cause. Account ANT. One skilled in accounts; a bookkeeper. Account Book. A book containing accounts, or records preliminary or auxiliary thereto. Account CURRENT. A detailed statement of the transactions between parties for a certain period, showing what is the condition of affairs at the current or present time. Account SALEs. A detailed statement rendered by a commission merchant to his principal, showing the sales of certain goods, the expense attending the same, and the difference or net proceeds. NoTE. The author would acknowledge his indebtedness, in the com- pilation of these commercial and legal terms, to Bryant & Stratton's New Counting-House Bookkeeping and Townsends Analysis of Coimmercial Law. AccRUE. To increase, to accumulate, as profits. ACKNowLEDGE. To admit; as by letter to admit the receipt of money or goods; or by signature to certify to the genuineness of a deed or mortgage. * AcKNowLEDGEMENT. A receipt or admission. ActionAIRE. The owner of shares in stock companies; a stockholder. AcTUARY. A clerk of registry; the active officer in a life-insurance company; one skilled in annuities. AcquirTANCE. A release from debt or obligation; a written discharge or receipt in full. ADJUST. To put in order for settlement. ADJUSTMENT. The settlement of a loss under a marine policy upon the principle of average. These settlements are often of a most intricate nature, and require the services of skilled professionals and experts. The term is often used—but less technically—in reference to fire in" SüTinCC. ADMIRALTY CourT. A judicial tribunal for the trial of cases arising on the high seas and coasts. ADULTERATION. The debasing of an article or substance by spurious or less valuable admixtures. AD VALOREM. According to the value. Ad valorem duties are an im" post of a certain percentage on the cost or value of the article im- ported. Specific duties are levicd upon the quantity, measurement or weight; as so many cents or dollars per gallon, yard or pound, as the case may be. ADvANCE. Money paid before goods are delivered; increase of value in merchandise; moneys or acceptances from the commission micr" chant to the consignor before the goods are disposed of. ADvENTURE. An enterprise or hazard; goods shipped to be sold on account and risk of the shippers. - AdventurE IN Co. Goods sent to be sold on joint account of the ship" per and the consignee. ADvTERTISEMENT. A public printed announcement of articles for sale or cnterprises of any kind. AnvicE. Information communicated by letter; usually the announce" ment of goods shipped, or bills sent for acceptance. AFFREIGIIT. To hire a ship for freight. AFFREIGHTMENT. The freight of a ship. AFLoAT. Merchandise arrived in port, but not delivered from vessel. AGENT. One commissioned to do business for another. The acts of an agent, when within the scope of his authority, are as binding as those of the principal for winom he acts. AG10. A term used to denote the difference between the real and the nominal value of money; or between one kind of money and another; the rate of premium charged for accepting payment in one kind of money where the contract exacts another kind. AGIoTAGE. Speculation on the rise and fall of public funds. AGREEMENT. The meeting of minds; a contract. ALiquor PART. A smaller number by which a larger number may be cqually divided. * ALLIGATION. A formula in commercial arithmetic for getting at the proportion of the different ingredients in a mixture and the value of the mixture. ALLoNGE. A paper attached to a bill of exchange when there are too many cndorsements to be contained on the bill itself. = I-3) * * = *= GLOSSARY OF COMMERCIAL AND LEGAL TERMS. "- *LorMENT TICKET. An order for the periodical payment of a certain AL share of a seaman's wages to his family, during his absence at sea. £ To concede or discount an amount to be paid, as an abatement. £ases. A deduction from the gross weight of goods. * A union of two or more metals, making a compound; in com- "on usage, the alloy in a compound is understood to be the baser or less Valuable metal; thus, gold is alloyed with silver or copper, silver With copper or brass, or nickel, etc. In fact, neither gold nor silver **er used for coinage or manufacture in its pure state. As to *nage, the amount of alloy or depreciations is fixed by law in dif- ferent countries; hence the word alloy-derived from a la loi. *ious. The sum total; the aggregate, Gross amount is the total "out deduction, net amount, the total less deduction. *citorAGE. A roadstead or suitable holding ground for ships to anchor. * A small measure of length in Bangalore, represented by three AN £ of rice, equal to about one inch. Th * A common liquid measure in various parts of Europe, varying As: the different countries from 9 to 10 gallons. * To be responsible for; to discharge a debt or obligation; to As'." to a letter or query. APP£ A wine measure in Hungary, holding about 13% gallons. °Arion. Making a request; the formal preliminary process for *ining insurance. * To appropriate in a particular way; as, applying proceeds in : payment of a specified debt. PP *E. To set a price upon; to value. *SEMENT. Valuation of merchandise or other property. *PRAISER. One who sets a value upon goods; a government official whose duty it is to examine and report the dutiable values of im- Ported merchandise. £ To raise the value of. | A: Same as appraise. *PRIATION. - A sum set apart for a certain object. "Arion. A method of settling differences in business matters by "eferring the affair in dispute to two or more disinterested parties. *TRATION oF ExcIIANGE. The deduction of a proportional or arbi- *rated rate of exchange between two places through an intermediate place, in order to ascertain the most advantageous method of draw- A "g or remitting. *icts. A clause in a contract, a distinct part of an agreement in "iting; a particular commodity, as an article of merchandise. 's OF COPARTNERSIIIP. The text of a copartnership contract. SSETS. Resources; the property or effects of an individual, company, A: Corporation; used in contradistinction to liabilities. *T. The name of the French paper issued by the government after the Revolution; nominally 100 francs. *E. A person to whom the affairs of an insolvent debtor are re- ferred for settlement. An assignee is, in effect, a trustee for the creditors, his duty being to make the most out of the property for their benefit. *ENr. The actor instrument by which the property and effects of an insolvent or embarrassed merchant are placed in the hands of *n assignee. *R. One who assigns or makes over his property and effects for * benefit of his creditors. *Tion. A joint stock company. *TMENT. A variety of goods embracing all or most of the different kinds within the range of the avowed business; a quantity or variety of any kind of goods, which vary in form, color, quality or price. Assume. Assurance. A species of insurance; as contracts under which a cer- tain sum is to be paid on the death of an individual, or upon a con- "gency which is certain to occur. ATTACIIMENT. Ass To undertake or promise to perform any specified service. A legal process by which property in the hands of Ar: P*ty not the debtor may be levied upon for the payment of a debt. *NEY. An agent; the authority under which an attorney acts is *lly in writing, and under seal-called a ‘ ‘power of attorney.” * A public sale to the highest bidder. 469 AUCTIONEER. One licensed to sell goods by public outcry or vendue. An auctioneer is considered the agent of both the buyer and the seller. AUDIT. To examine and verify accounts. AUDITOR. One who examines accounts; an officer of the government through whose hands all claims upon the treasury must pass. AvERAGE. A fair sample; the adjustment of the proportion of loss sus- tained by insurers; the mean time for the payment of the whole of several sums due at different times. Avoir DUPoIS. Commercial standard of weight in the United States, England, and Dominion of Canada. BALANCE. Scales for weighing; amount remaining due on settlement; the difference between the debit and the credit sides of an account. BALANCE of TRADE. The difference between the value of the exports and imports of a country. BALANCE Account. An account used to contain the balances of re- sources and liabilities, comprising an epitomized statement of the condition of a business. BALANCE SHEET. A statement in condensed form showing the condi- tion and progress of business. BoNA FIDE. In good faith; honestly. BALLAST. Any heavy material placed in the hold of a ship to steady it in the water. BALLOT. A Swedish term signifying ten reams of paper; used also to designate a small bale or package. BALSA. A kind of float or raft used on the coast of South America for landing goods through a heavy surf. BANco. A commercial term used at Hamburg to distinguish bank money from the cömmon currency. BANKABLE. Funds which are received at the bank at par value. BANK BALANCE. Amount on deposit at bank subject to draft. BANK-Book. The book of a depositor in which each deposit is entered by the receiving teller, and which serves as the dealer's voucher. BANKER. A dealer in money; one who is entrusted with the funds of anothcr. - BANK HouRs. The time within which business is transacted at a bank, in most cities the hours between 10 a.m. and 3 p.m. f BANK-NorBS. The promissory notes of a bank which are payable on presentation at its counter; and on that account called money. BANKRUPT. A person who is unable to pay his debts; or who is broken up in his business; the term usually applies to merchants or business men. - BANKRUPT Act. The Congressional act or law providing for the dis- charge of bankrupt debtors. BANKs. Corporate institutions chartered by State or Federal authority for the convenient transaction of monetary operations. They are au- thorized to receive money on deposit, to issue their own promissory notes, which pass as money; to discount paper, or lend money on security, etc. Their special privileges in these directions are granted upon the ground of the benefits which they confer, and in considera- tion of certain guaranties upon their part which render thern safe and reliable. BANK Srock. The paid up capital of a bank, usually divided into shares of a certain amount, for which certificates are given, and which may be transferred by assignment. BARGAIN. A contract or verbal agreement; used oftentimes in thc sensu, of an advantageous purchase-as, “I bought it at a bargain.” BARQUE. A three-masted vessel carrying no square sails on her miz- ZenmilSt. * BARRATRY. Any species of fraud on the part of a shipmaster or mari. ners by which owners or insurers are injured. BARREL. A measure of capacity for liquids, grain, salt, etc. BARREL BULK. A measure of capacity for freight equal to 5 cubic feet. BARTER. To traffic or trade, by exchanging one commodity for another. BAZAAR. A word of eastern usage, signifying a place of exchange or general market place; a repository of fancy articles, especially of dress. . BEAcon. A signal or light for the guidance of mariners; usually erected and sustained by government. 33 2. 47O GLOSSARY OF COMMERCIAL AND LEGAL TERMS. –- -*@ BEARER. The person bearing, holding or presenting for payment a note, draft, or check. Bills payable to bearer are negotiable without en- dorsement. BILL. An account rendered in items; a general term for negotiable paper; as Bills Payable, Bills Receivable, Bills of Exchange. BILL-Book. A book containing the particulars of all notes and drafts issued and received. * BILL HEAD. A printed form used by merchants for thcir bills and state- ments of account. BILL of ExcIIANGE. A general designation given to drafts, either foreign or domestic. A foreign bill of exchange is usually drawn in sets of three, and sent by different steamers or other modes of con- veyance, so that one at least will be sure to meet its destination. The payment of any one of these cancels them all. BILL of LADING. A written document signed by the proper officer of a vessel acknowledging the receipt of certain packages or quantities of goods, and promising to deliver the same “in like good order,” at the plaec directed, dangers of the sea excepted. BILL PARCELs. A detailed account of goods sold. BILL of SALE. An instrument given by the seller to the buyer, convey- ing his right and interest to and in the goods therein specified. B1LLsPAYABLE. Our notes and drafts payable to other parties. BILLS RECEIVABLE. Other people's notes or drafts in our possession made payable to us. BoARD of TRADE. A voluntary association of merchants or business men organized and maintained for mutual benefit, and for the regula- tion of business affairs; also known as Chamber of Commerce, Mer- chants' Exchange, etc. Aside from the benefit of individnal contact and discussion of the vital questions of commerce, these associations act an important part in the arbitration and settlement of differences which arise between its members, and which might otherwise drift into expensive litigations. The awards and decisions of these boards of arbitration are rarely appealed from to the legal tribunals, and the rules and maxims thus established become at last a part of the law of the land known as thc ** Law Merchant.” BoND. A written instrument under seal, binding the party who executes it to perform certain expressed acts, usually to pay a certain sum of money at a certain time. The penalties for non-performance in a bond are usually placed at double the sum mentioned, for the purpose of covering cost of collecting, interest, etc. BoNDED WAREHousE. A building or warehouse in which imported merchandise is stored until the importer makes entry for withdrawal or consumption, and pays duties, or until he withdraws for re-expor- tation to a foreign country without paying duties. These warehouses are owned by private individuals, who engage, under sufficient guar- anty, to perform their duties in strict accordance with the requisi- tion of the warehousing laws, and who must first be designated and approved by the Secretary of the Treasury. BoNDSMAN. One who is bound, or gives security for the faithful per- formance of any contract. Book DEBT. An entry or charge on a Ledger; called also an open ac- count, in contradistinction to a written promise or note. BookkBEPER. An accountant; one who keeps the accounts. BookKEEPING. The art of recording business transactions in a system- atic manner so that the results will be readily apparent, and so that the condition of the business, as to its resources and liabilities, losses and gains, may be ascertained with case and exactness. Book-TRADE. The business of printing, publishing and selling books. BoRRow. To receive for a time an article or a substance which is to be returned either in itself or its exact equivalent. BorroMRY-Don D.—A contract in the nature of a mortgage upon a ship securing repayment of money advanced to the master or owner, who really pledges the bottom of his ship as security. Bougii T. Purchased; the past tense of buy. BRAND. Technically, a mark made with a hot iron upon a cask or case; in common usage, a trade mark either written, engraved or printed, consisting of a simple device, picture, combination or name. BREADSTUFFs. An American term applied to grain, flour, meal, etc. BREAKAGE. An allowance made by the shipper or seller upon certain descriptions of fragile goods. BROKER. An agent or middleman between buyer and seller; one who purchases or sells goods for others; a dealer in stocks. BULL. A stock-exchange term applied to a person who, believing that a certain stock will rise in the market, makes his contracts upon that faith; contradistinctive of Bear, which signifies one who believe” that a certain stock will decline in the market, and acts upon that belief. The contest between the Bulls and Bears, which creates such activity in the stock exchange, '- an effort on either hand to realize the hopes upon which these transactions are based. BULLION. A commercial naume for uncoined gold and silver. * BUSHEL. A standard measure of capacity used mostly to measure gra” and dry products of various kinds. The bushel adopted in the United States is a cylindrical vessel 18% inches in diameter and 8 inches deep inside. Its capacity is 215042-109 cubic inches. J. BUSINESs. Calling or profession; most frequently relating in some way to trade, though quite as appropriate in designating any regular occupation. BUY. To purchase or bargain for. CALcuI.ATE. To ascertain or determine by mathematical processes, usually by the rules of arithmetic; to reckon; to adjust by compari- SO4], CALL. Demand for payment of an instalment due. CALL AND Pur. A stock-broker's term relating specially to the practice of betting upon the future value of stocks. CANCEL. To erase; to annul. CAPITAL. Money or other property invested in business. CAPITAL STock. Money or other property invested in an incorporated company. Ciroses 1N PossEssion. Personal things of which one has possession. CIIoses IN Action. Personal things of which the owner has not the possession, but merely a right of action for their possession. CoLLATERAL. That which is by the side, and not the direct line. That which is additional to, or beyond a thing. CoMMON LAw. That system of law, or form of the science of jurispru. dence, which has prevailed for ages in England, and in the United States, in contradistinction to other great systems, such as the Roma" or Civil Law. It is the unwritten law, as distinguished from the written or statute law. See Statute Law. CoNTINGENCY. That which may possibly come to pass; an event which may occur; a possibility; a casualty. CoNTINGENT. Possible, or liable, but not certain to occur. Cour.T. A tribunal established for the administration of justice betwec" parties. Court of Equity. A court of chancery, having powers to afford relief in many respects beyond the jurdisdiction of courts of law. CAPITALIST. The owner of money invested. CAPITAL Stock. A paid-in fund of a corporation or the amount of value which a man employs in his business. CARAT. An imaginary weight that expresses the fineness of gold. CARRIER. One who carries goods for another. CARTAGE. The act of conveying goods by carts from one part of the city to another. The charges for such service. CAsir. Money; the medium of exchange, covering usually goid, silve" bank-notes, sight drafts, checks, etc. CAsir Account. A record of receipts and disbursements of cash in the form of an account. ** CAsinier. One who has charge of money, and superintends the receipt* and payments. CASII SALEs. Sales for ready money. CENTAGE. A rate by the hundred. CERTIFICATE. A written testimony, a voucher; as a certificate of stock, or certificate of deposit. CERTIFIED CHEck. A check which has been certified by the bank upo" which it is drawn, making the bank absolutely responsible for it” payment. CHAMBER of CoMMERCE. See Board of Trade. CHARGEs. Expenses incurred in purchasing, packing and shipping goods. CIIARTER. An agreement by which a vessel is hired by the owner to * other party. G- = - s = + GLOSSARY OF COMMERCIAL AND LEGAL TERMS. T- CitARTER PARTY. A contract of affreightment in writing between the "ner or master of a ship and the freighter, securing the use of the ship for a certain voyage upon certain conditions. CineckoR CirEagE. An order on a bank for money drawn by one who C has cash on deposit. *ck Book. A book of printed or engraved blank orders or checks. *CLERK. An officer or clerk in a bank who enters up the checks to dealers accounts. Circular No. MEDIUM. Cash and bank notes payable on demand; the "edium of exchange. *ca. A document from a custom-house officer permitting a ship to depart on her voyage. *ING House. A kind of banking exchange for the convenience of *ily settlements between banks *ERRoR. An error in calculation or other accidental error on books or documents. * Pieces of metal stamped with certain impressions fixing their con: as a medium of exchange. * Assaying and converting metals into pieces of money or COinS. - °otlaterals. Pledges or sccurity for loans of money or other indebt- cdness. *croR. One who collects bills or accounts; the chief officer of a *llection district or custom-house. commerce. The exchange of merchandise on a large scale between C *rent places or communities; extended trade or traffic. £- Pertaining to commerce and trade. *ERCIAL PAPER. Bills of exchange, drafts or promissory notes *ven in the course of business. QMMISSION. A charge given or undertaken; percentage allowed upon business done. *ission AGENT. One who buys or sells on commission. *ssion BrokeR. Same as above. CoMMON CARRIER. One who for a pecuniary consideration engages to "nsport the goods or merchandise of any who may choose to ein- ploy him, from one place to another. Common carriers are restricted "d privileged by law both for their own and the public benefit. *PENTIAL CREDIToR. A creditor who from the peculiar character of his claims is preferred over the ordinary creditor in the fullness of payment, Cossigner. The person to whom goods are sent or consigned. °ossicNMENT. Goods consigned to a correspondent or agent to be sold * account of the sender. *Nort. The party who consigns or transmits goods. ONSOLs. The leading government security of England, a fund formed by the consolidation of different annuities on which three per cent. interest is paid. * An officer commissioned to reside in a seaport of a foreign *ntry, chiefly for the purpose of protecting the commercial inter- csts of the subjects or citizens of the country accrediting him. ConsuMPTION. A using up; the quantity consumed. - *ABAND. Trade carried on contrary to the laws of a country. CoNTRABAND Goons. Articles prohibited by the laws to be imported * exported on certain conditions. Cool'ERAGE. Charges for putting hoops on casks or barrels. *NERsilip. An agreement between two or more persons for join- £ in a business enterprise, each having a proportionate interest erein. Co CoRNER. A term used to express a monopolizing arrangement entered into between dealers for the purpose of creating a fictitious value in *y kind of produce, stocks or other commodity. CoRPoRATION. Name applied to persons, usually several, authorized by "w to transact business as an association or individual, under some *e; as, the Amoskeag Manufacturing Co., Pennsylvania Railroad *"pany, the New Haven Printing Association. *- '*'. One who carries on intercourse with another by etter. Cost. That which has been expended in obtaining or producing an article. - CountERFErr. A spurious imitation or forgery- 47 I CountERMAND. A contrary order. CouroN. An interest certificate which is cut off when paymentis made. CRAMPED. Pinched for money to meet engagements, in common par- lance, “hard-up.” CREDIT. The opposite of debit; what is due to another; the time given for the payment of goods sold; reputation; pecuniary integrity. CREDIT Monri-IRR. A name given to a joint-stock company in Paris, established in 1852, with exceptional chartered privileges, among which were: 1. To originate and conduct trading enterprises of all kinds on the principle of limited liability. 2. To supersede or buy up companics, such as railroads and others, substituting scrip and shares of their own for those of the company. The term has become famil- iar to persons in this country through the congressional investiga- tion of the Credit Mobilier Company of the Pacific Railroad. CREDITOR. One to whom something is owing. CREDITSYSTEM. The system of selling goods on time. CURn's rose BRokERs. A term applied to a class of stock operators in New York, who do business on the sidewalk or pavement, constitu- ting a kind of out-door stock-exchange. CURRENCY. That which passes for money; usually applied to paper money. CURRENT. Passing freely from hand to hand, as currency; now run- ning. - Cusroxt. The patronage or support of any establishment; the revenue duties levied on imported goods. CUSTox1FRs. Those who are in the habit of purchasing from any con- cern, and who can be relied upon to do so. * Cusroxt-House. A place appointed by a government at ports of entry where vessels and merchandise are entered and dutics upon in ported goods collected. CUSTox1-11oUSE BROKER. One who acts for merchants in the details of custom-house business, and who from the experience in the routine and other acquired knowledge is often able to facilitate the red-tape processes of the custom-house. CUSTOM-IIoUSE ENTRY. A statement made in writing to the collector of the district where the owners are consignees of goods. CUSTox-HousE OFFICER. A legally appointed agent of the government who attends to the details of the custom-house. CUSTox1 or UsAGE. That which has existed in practice among mer- chants or business men so long and uniformly as to be generally ac- cepted in the place of written law. Common law is the embodiment of mercantile usage. CUSTOMS. Taxes or revenue duties levied on goods exported or im. ported. DoNEE. One to whom a gift is made, or a bequest is given. DoRMANr. Silent; not known; not acting. DURESS. Personal restraint, or fear of personal injury or imprisonment. DAMAGED GooDS. Merchandise injured or impaired, from whatever Căll!SC, DAMAGES. Claims against underwriters for amount of loss or injury, also against merchants on account of failure in whole or in part in fulfilling agreements, and from various other causes growing out of business. DATE. Statement in a letter or upon a bill of lading, or on books of account of the day of the month and year upon which the letter was written, or the transaction effected. DAY Book. The book upon which the consecutive transactions of a business are recorded, the book of original entry. DAYs of GRACE. The time usually allowed beyond the expressed time for the payment of negotiable paper. In nearly all States, three days of grace are allowed on all written obligations unless otherwise ex- pressly stated. DEAL. To trade or traffic; to buy or sell. DEALINGS. Transactions between two or more persons. DEALER. A trader in goods of any kind. The regular customers or de- positors of a bank are called dealers. DEBASE. To lessen in value by adulteration. DEBENTURE. A certificate given by the collector of the port of entry to an importer for drawback of duties on imported merchandise; duties on which when the merchandise is exported are to be refunded. 472 GLOSSARY OF COMMERCIAL AND LEGAL TERMS. DEnIT. A term used in bookkeeping to express the left-hand page of a ledger. DRBT. That which one person owes another. DEBTOR. One who owes. DECIMAL. Any number expressed in the scale of tens. DECIMAL CURRENCY. A currency based upon the decimal system, such as that of the United States. DECLINED. Fallen in value. DEFAULTER. One who is criminally deficient in his accounts. DEFIcIT. A deficiency; the difference between an accountant's state- men of assets and the assets themselves. DEL. CREDERE. A commercial term implying a guarantee of the solv- ency of the purchaser. DELIvERY. Transferring the possession of goods from one person to another. DEMAND. A claim made for a debt due. DEMURRAGE. Allowance made to the master of a ship for staying longer in a place than the time specified, either in loading or unload- ing, or from other cause. DEPOSIT. Money paid on account of a purchase; money placed in a bank; gross amount to the credit of a dealer. DEPOT. A place where goods are deposited; warehouse; storehouse. DETERIORATION. Damage done; lessening in price or in value from any C#111SC. * * DISCIIARGE. Unloading of a cargo of a vessel; to pay off or to clear by payment, as a debt. DISCOUNT. An allowance for prompt payment on a bill or debt not due; a sum paid by way of interest for the advance of money. Discount DAYs. The days in the week in which the directors or the discount board of a bank meet to consider paper offered for discount. DiviDEND. A division or share; proportional payment made to creditors out of the estate of a bankrupt; division of the profits received by stockholders from the earnings of a joint-stock company. DocKAGE. Charge for the use of a dock for a ship or vessel. Doll.AR. A gold or silver coin of the United States which is the unit of value. DouBLE ENTRY. The system of entry which secures the entire record of a transaction; so called because for every transaction there are at least two entries, one on the debit and one on the credit. DRAFT. A deduction allowed from the gross weight of goods; the number of fect which a ship sinks in the water; an inland or domestic bill of exchange, which is a written order or request by one person upon another for the payment of a specified sum of money at a speci- fied time. - DRAvv. To make a draft. DRAwn Ack. The paying back of duties by the government on the ex- portation of imported goods. DRAweB. The person on whom the draft or bill is drawn. DRAweR. The party who makes the draft, or who requests that the payment be made. DRAYAGE. Charge for hauling or conveying goods; called also cartage. DRESS GooDs. A term applied to fabrics for the garments of women and children, most commonly to those made of mixed materials; as silk and cotton, silk and worsted, ctc. DRUMMER. A person employed by merchants to solicit customers. . DRY Goons. A general name for textile fabrics, such as cottons, wool- cns, silks, laces, cte. DRY WINEs. Wincs in which the saccharine matter and the fermcnt are so exactly balanced that no sweetness is perceptible. DUE, That which is owed. DUE-BILL. A written acknowledgment of debt; not transferable by mere endorsement. DUN. To ask the payment of a debt. DUTIEs. A tax levied by the government on imported goods; money paid to the government on imports and exports. ELEMENT. One of the simplest parts or principles of which anything consists; one of the fundamental or essential ingredients. ELEEMosYNARY. Relating to charity, alms, or almsgiving; intended for the distribution of charity; as, an elecmosynary corporation, college, or hospital. --> ESTATE. The degree, quantity, nature and extent of interest which a person has in real property. ESTorp ED. A preclusion of a person, arising from previous conduct, from asserting a fact inconsistent therewith. A man is estopped from contradicting what he has once avowed. A conclusive admis- sion, which cannot be denied or controverted. EquTTY. A branch of remedial justice, by and through which relief is afforded to suitors in the courts of equity. See Court of Equity. ExECUTED. As applied to contracts, signifies already done, or accom" plished, or performed. - ExEcuroR. One who is appointed by a testator, or by the court, to carry into effect the provisions of a will. ExEcuroRY. Yet to be performed. EAGLE, A gold coin of the United States, of the value of ten dollars. EARNEST. Money paid to the seller by a purchaser to bind a verbal bargain; delivery of part of the goods sold to bind the contract. EASY. Not pressed for money. E. E. An abbreviation for Errors Excepted, usually placed at the bot- tom of an account. E. & O. E. Similarly used for Errors and Omissions Excepted. EFFECTs. Moveable property; available funds. ELI. An English measure of length, equal to 1% yards; the Scotchell is 13-100 yards. - EMBARGo. Government prohibition of the departure of ships or goods from some or all of the ports within its dominion. EMI ARK. To proceed on board a vessel; to engage in any business. EMBEzzLING. Fraudulently appropriating money or godds entrusted to his charge by a clerk or employc. ENDoRSE. To transfer by writing one's name on the back, as on notes or bills of exchange. To guarantec payment. ENDoRSEE. The person in whose favor an endorsement is made. ENDoRsER. One who writes his name on the back of a note or bill of exchange, thus becoming responsible therefor. ENGAGEMENT. An obligation or contract entered into. ENGRossER. One who buys large quantities of goods of any kind, in order to control the markct. ENGRossING. Buying up of goods to sell again after holding long enough to make higher prices. The name is also applied to a line of ornamental penwork. ENTERPRISE. Commcrcial adventure. ENTREPor. A bonded warehouse; a storeroom for the deposit of goods; a free port. ENTRY. The record of any business transaction; the lodgment of a ship's papers in the custom house on arrival at a port of entry. EquiPMENTs. Necessaries for an expedition or a voyage. ExAMINER. A custom-house officer who cxamines imported merchan- dise and compares the articles with the invoices. ExcHANGE. The place where merchants of a city meet to transact busi- ness; a term used to designate that kind of mercantile transactions by which merchants pay debts to distant creditors without transmit: ting money. ExcHANGE BROKER. One who negotiates foreign bills of exchange. ExcISE. Taxes or duties on articles produced and consumed at home; internal revenue tax. ExIIIBIT. A transcript of ledger balances; a written statement of the affairs of a merchant. ExpoRT. To send goods to a forcign country. ExpoRT DUTY. A duty imposed by some governments on the cxportal" tion of certain kinds of merchandise. ExpoRTER. One who sends goods to a foreign country. ExpoRTs. The articles exported or sent out of the country. ExPRESS. A regular and quick conveyance for packages, etc.; to trans" mit more rapidly than by ordinary means. ExPREss CoMPANY. An association which, for a proper consideration, undertakes to carry and deliver packages of goods, money, etc., to the persons to whom such packages are addressed, at a shorter time than would usually be required by the ordinary modes of transmis" sion. ExTENSIon. An agreement on the part of a creditor to allow further time for the payment of a debt; the extending of the various items of a bill to the final dollar and cent column. g-v- •'2. | #= F- * GLOSSARY OF COMMERCIAL AND LEGAL TERMS. 473 "--— FAcroR. An agent employed to sell goods or merchandisc consigned or delivered to him, by or for his principal, for a compensation com- F "only called factorage or commission. "p. Intentional and successful employment of any cunning, de- *Ption or artifice, used to circumvent, cheat or deceive another. FACE. The exact amount expressed on the face of a bill or other iner- *tile paper, without additiqn for interest or reduction for discount. FacroRAGE. The commissions allowed to factors or commission mer- chants by those who employ them. £ An invoice or bill of parcels. #: To become insolvent or bankrupt. "RE. Suspension of payment; inability to meet mercantile engage- ments. ##: Honorable; a grade above middling. FA * Decrease in price or value. * *G MARKET. A continuous decline in the price of merchandise. *NG OFF. Diminution of sales. *SE PRETENSEs. Misrepresentations; statements made with a fraud- "ent design to obtain goods on credit. ANCY Srocks. Usually to the stocks of joint companies, subject to fluctuation in price. ARTIIING. A copper coin of England of the value of about one-half of a cent. FIRE *sur ANCE. An indemnity against loss by fire, obtained by pay- *nt of a premium or small percentage to an insurance company. £ The general title of a co-partnership. "' CLAss. The best quality. * **IIAND. Obtained directly from the manufacturer or maker. '*VE-ForTIEs. The commercial phrase for bonds issued by the United States, redeemable at the pleasure of the Government after any Period not less than five years, and payable at any period not more than forty years from their date,—the bonds bearing interest at the *ate of 6 per cent. per annum. *weNTIES. United States bonds redeemable at the pleasure of the Government after five years from date and payable twenty years * from date; bearing interest at the rate of 6 per cent per annum. *Es. That part of the furnishing of a store or office which is not F *oveable, such as gaspipes and burners, partitions. * Dull of sale; a stock exchange term used to express the price of bonds, etc., when the sales are made without reference to accumu- lated interest. - * O. B. Free on board; the bill or invoice with f. o. b. includes the F transportation to the shipping port and all the shipping expenses. *scar. A long folio writing paper about 13% by 16% inches. 'ooTING. The expressed amount of a column or columns of figures; *dding up columns of figures. *cED SALEs. Sales of goods made under necessity or compulsion. *GN BILL of ExcIIANGE. A bill drawn by a person residing in * country or State upon a person residing in another country or State. "oRESTALLINo. Buying up or preventing the arrival of provisions to market, any device to enhance the price of victuals or other pro- visions. FoRGERY. A fraudulent or counterfeit imitation or deception practiced in making or uttering a false note, bill of exchange, or other instru. "ent; altering a note, check or order, with fraudulent intent. ForwardER. * FI F A forwarding merchant. PRActional. CURRENCY. Notes issued by the United States Govern- F "ent for the fractions of a dollar. RANC. The principal French silver coin of too centimes, worth 18 3-5 CCInts. FRAUD. A dishonorable transaction; adulteration; in contracts, a mis- *Presentation or a concealment of facts. : *EDER1c D’ort. A gold coin of Prussia, value about $4. * Goods. Goods which are admitted into a country frce of duty. " *ADE. Commerce unrestricted by customs duty or tariff regu. ations. - 4 * FREIGHT. Charge made for the carriage of merchandise, the amount * which is generally specified in the bill of lading; the term is also *ed to express the cargo itself. FUND. Money appropriated as the foundation of some commercial operation; money lent to government for a term of years, on which interest is paid. FUNDED. Turned into a permanent loan, on which an annual interest is paid. - GRATUIroUS. Given without an equivalent or recompense; granted without claim or merit. GAIN. Profit; increase in wealth. GARBLED. Drugs, spices or other goods which have been sorted or picked and freed from impurities. GAUGING. The art of measuring the contents of a cask or other recep- ticle. GENERAL ORDER SToRE. A government bonded warehouse to which, under a “General Order,” all foreign merchandise is sent that is not claimed by the owner or consignee within a certain number of hours or days after the arrival of a vessel in port. Go-BETwÉE.N. Agents for both parties. Gorp Cors. Coin made of gold alloyed with copper or silver to render it sufficiently hard. GooDs. All kinds of merchandisc. Gool, WILL. The interest which attaches to an established business, and which is supposed to inhere in it whoever may be its proprietor. The Agood will of a business is often as much a matter of purchase and sale as any other commodity. Its value depends upon the prob- ability that force of habit or other cause will induce its former patrons to continue their patronage. GRACE. See Days of Grace. GRAIN. The collective name for all kinds of cercals. GREENBAcks. A name for the bills originally issued as money by the United States Government during the Rebellion, the backs of which are printed with green ink. GRocBR. One who sells sugar, coffee, ten, spices, etc. GRoceR1Es. A general name used for articles in household cookery, ex- cept meat and vegetables, as sugar, coffee, tea, spices, cheese, salt, butter, etc. GRoss. Twelve dozen; the great gross is 12 times 12 dozen. GRoss WEIGHT. The total weight of goods and boxes, bags or chests in which they are packed. GUARANTEE. He to whom a guaranty is made; a promise to answer for the payment of some debt, or the performance of some duty, in case of the failure of another person, who is, in the first instance, liable to such payment or performance. GUARANToR. One who makes or gives a guaranty; one who engages to secure another in any right or possession. GUARANTY. An undertaking to answer for the performance of a con- tract or the payment of a debt or duty of another in case of the failure of such other to pay or perform. HAND. A measure of the hands breadth, four inches; used in measur- ing the heights of horses; style of hand-writing. IIAND BILLS. Advertisements printed on small sheets to be distributed by hand or posted in public places. HAND MonEY. Money paid by the purchaser at the closing of a contract or sale. r HANDwr'ITING. A person's own penmanship. IIARBoR. A place where ships can anchor with safety; a port for load- ing and unloading. HARBoR-MASTER. An officer who executes the regulations respecting harbors. HARDwARE. A general name for all wares made of iron or other metal. IIAvEN. A port of shelter for ships; a harbor. HoGsHEAD. A measure for wine or other liquids containing two barrels or 63 gallons. Hollow-waRE. A trade name for camp and kitchen utensils made of cast iron or wrought iron. s IIUSBAND. One who manages the concerns of a ship in person. HUSBANDAGE. Allowance made to the managing owner or agent for attending to a ship's business. IMPOLITIC. Not politic; contrary to the dictates of policy; unwise; im- prudent: indiscreet. INTESTATE. Dying without having made a valid will; a person who dies without making a valid will. 474. IN Toro. In the whole, altogether; entirely. - INTRANSITU. In a state of transition; going from one place to another. IMPLEMENTS. Tools or instruments of whatever sort which serve the purposes of workmen in their proper occupations. IMPORTATION. Bringing of commodities into a country. IMPORTER. A merchant who brings goods from another country. IMPORTs. The aggregate of merchandise brought into the country from foreign countries. IMPOSITIon. Tax, toll, duty or excise, prescribed by authority. IMPOST. A duty or tax levied by government on goods imported, IMPROVEMENT. Advance in prices; brisker demand for goods; an alteration for the better in the quality of goods. INCOME. Total amount of earning and receipts of money from all sources. INCOME TAX. A tax laid upon the income of a person or corporation be- yond some prescribed amount which the law exempts. INDEBTEDNESS. The state of being indebted. INDEMNIFICATION. The act of securing against loss, damage or penalty; reimbursement of loss, damage or penalty. INDEMNITY. A guarantee against loss. INDEx. Alphabetical table of ledger accounts; any table of references or titles in alphabetical order. INDULGENCE. Extension of time of payment; forbearing to press for payment. INLAND BILLS. Drafts or bills of exchange drawn on a party in the same State as the drawer. INLAND TRADE Trade conducted in the interior of a country. INsolvency. Bankruptcy. * INSoLvENT. Not having sufficient property or estate to pay one's debts. INsolvKNT DEBTor. A bankrupt. INSTALLMENT. A part of a sum of money paid or to be paid at a par- ticular time. INSTANT. A day of the present or current month. INSTRUCTIONs. Orders given by a principal to his agent in relation to his agency. INSURAnlE INTEREST. An interest which one has in ships or goods without having any right of control. INSURANCE. A contract whereby, for a stipulated consideration, called a premium, an insurance company indemnifies the party insured against loss or injury to certain property or interests; the rate paid for indemnity. INSURANCE BRokER. A broker or agent who effects insurance. INSURANCE CoMPANY. A company or corporation which insures against loss or damage. INSURANCE Policy. The instrument containing the contract by an in- surance company with the person whose property or life is insured. INSURED. The person whose property is insured. INTEREsr. A share in the business or its profits; a sum paid for the use of moncy; literally, the use of money. INTEREST Account. The account on a ledger which shows the amount paid and received for the use of money. INTERNAL REvENUE. That part of the revenues of our government which is collected in the form of internal duties. INvKNTorY. A list of merchandise usually made out at certain periods of the business year, for the purpose of knowing the quantity and value of unsold merchandise, in order to ascertain the condition of the business. INVESTIGATIoN. To examine and compare entries and vouchers. INvoice. A written account or bill of merchandise bought; a bill of items. INvoicE Book. A book in which bills of purchase are copied or filed. INvolven. Embarrassed by debts. - JETTIsoN. The voluntary throwing overboard at sea in case of extreme peril, in order to lighten the ship and preserve it. Joint TENANTs. Two or more persons to whom are granted lands or tenements to hold in fee-simple, fee-tail, for life, for years, or at will. The right of survivorship belongs to an estate thus held. JUDGMENT NoTE. A note given in the usual form, and containing in addition a power of attorney to the payee, or other person, to appear and confess judgment for the sum therein contained, against the maker. g-- GLOSSARY OF COMMERCIAL AND LEGAL TERMS. JURISDICTION. The authority by which judicial officers take cognizance of, and decide causes. JEWELRY. Articles for personal adornment made of gold, silver, pre- cious stones, etc. JoBBER. One who buys goods from the importers and manufacturers, and sells to country merchants and retailers. Jon Lor. Goods unsold at the end of the season; usually an irregular asSortment. Joint Stock. A stock or fund formed by the union of several shares from different persons. Joint Srock CoMPANY. An association of partners or stockholders whose interests are represented by the stock or shares they individu- ally hold. JoURNAL. A book of consecutive business record; usually the medium between the Day-book or Blotter and the Ledger. * JUNIoR PARTNER. The youngest member of a firm; one who acquires an interest in an established business. KILoGRAMME. The French incasure of weight equal to 2 1-5 lbs. avoir- dupois or 15442.42 grains. KITING or KITE-FLYING. Exchanging checks on different banks for the purpose of obtaining the use of money for a single day. LAw MERCIIANT. The general body of commercial usages in matters relative to commerce. LIEN. A hold or claim which one person has on, the property of an- other, as a security for some debt or charge. LAME DUCK. A stock broker's term for one who fails to meet his en- gagements. s s LAND. To disembark; to unload a ship's cargo. LANDED. Taken from a vessel and placed on the wharfor pier. LANDING. A place on the shore where vessels receive or discharge freight or passengers. LANDSMAN. A. sailor on board a ship who has not before been at sca. LAY DAYS. Days allowed for loading or unloading a cargo. LAY Down. A phrase used to express the entire cost of a commodity, including transportation, etc., at a place remote from its production or purchase. I.AY UP. To storc; to reserve for future use. LEAKAGE. An allowance of a certain rate per cent. for the waste of liquors by the leaking of casks. LEASE. A contract for the occupation of a store or other building. Leases are usually in writing and run one year or more. LEGAL TENDER. The name given to those notes which the government has declared shall be received in the payment of all ordinary debts. LETTER. A written message, folded and sealed, sent by one person to another. s LETTER-Book. The book in which letters are transcribed or copied. LETTER of ADvTCE. A book containing information of a shipment of goods,of a bill of exchange being drawn on the party addressed,or of some act done by the writer of the letter in which the person to whom it is written has an interest. LETTER of ArroRNEY. A writing by which one person authorizes another to act in his stead; commonly called power of attorney. LETTER of CREDIT. A letter authorizing credit to a certain amount of money to be given to the bearer. LIABILITY. A debt or other legal claim against a person. LiceNSE. Legal permission to do a certain act, such as selling goods, etc. LIvE Stock. A general name for the domestic animals of the farm. LLoyd's. A marine insurance association or society of underwriters in London, England, deriving its name from the coffee house where it originated. The underwriters are persons who, for a premium, grant an indemnity to merchants against risks by sea. The number of members is about 200. The records of this society contain a com- plete history of the sea so far as concerns the number of shipwrecks, collisions, fires, piracies, mutinies, etc. LLoyn's REGISTER. A volume published annually, which gives infor- mation respecting vessels, their class, place, where built, materials, owners, etc. LoAD. An undefined quantity of different commodities, as a cart-load, a boat-load; a defined quantity; as, in New York a cart-load of flour is 10 barrels; of bricks, 500; of cotton, three bales. LoAN. That which is lent for a temporary purpose. =#" . * * = "----— -: +== GLOSSARY OF COMMERCIAL AND LEGAL TERMS. LoNG MEASURE. Measure of length. * PRICE. Price after the duties are paid. *stroREMEN. Men employed about wharves and docks in loading *nd unloading vessels. * AND GAIN. A term used in general to express fluctuation in value. As applied to an account, it means a collection of the particular losses and gains of a business, the result of net loss or net gain being shown by either side. [AIL. The letters, newspapers, etc., transmitted in bags from one post- office to another. "carriers. Persons employed by the government to convey the mails. TATURITY. Arrival of the time fixed for payment; termination of the Period which a demand has to run ; becoming due. *ERGER. The absorption of a thing of lesser importance by a greater, whereby the lesser ceases to exist, but the greater is not increased. For instance, a note on which judgment is recovered, is absorbed by MI *nd merged in the judgment. *AsANCE. The performance of an act which might lawfully be "one, but is done in an improper manner, by which another person receives an injury. * TIGATION. Reduction; diminution; lessening the amount of a judg- M "ent, penalty, or punishment. *FEST. List of a ship's cargo. *Ivold writer. A book composed of sheets of paper covered with * preparation of plumbago, by inserting between which sheets of lank paper, and writing thereon with a steel style, several copies of the writing may be obtained at the same time. *UFACTURER. A person engaged in the business of working raw *aterials into wares suitable for use. *Actures. Articles which have undergone the processes which Prepare them for their ultimate uses. *NE INSURANCE. Insurance of a ship or cargo against loss or acci- dents at sea. MARK, A letter, number, or device put upon boxes or packages shipped, * upon manufactured goods to distinguish them from others; a trade-mark. MART. A place of sale or traffic. *asure. The dimensions of anything reckoned according to some standard. [ERCANTILE. Having to do with trade; commercial; such usages and transactions as are recognized as proper among business inen. [ERCANTILE AGENCY. A concern whose business it is to procure in- formation relating to the standing and credit of country merchants, for the use of city merchants or others with whom they deal. IERCANTILE PAPER. Notes or acceptances given by merchants for goods bought or received on consignment. This term is contradis- tinctive from accommodation paper, elsewhere explained. MERCHANDise. A general name for goods bought and sold by mer- chants. *- tERCIIANT. Ordinarily, any one who buys and sells goods. In New York the term is not generally applied to small dealers or shop- keepers. In some countries the term is applied only to those who *re engaged in foreign commerce. MERCHANTABLE. Salable; without defect; up to a standard in the material and manufacture. *citant MARINE. A collective term for the ships, vessels and steamers licensed and registered by any government to engage in commerce. *RchANT SERvice. The management and navigation of shipping cm- ployed for commercial purposes. *CIIANTS ExcIIANGE. The place of meeting of merchants in large cities where business is transacted at certain hours, and where the latest information regarding shipping prices, etc., is to be obtained. MERCHANT Smirs. Ships built for the purpose of commerce. *ALLic Currencv. 'silver and gold coins forming the circulating medium of the country. - METRIC SYSTEM. A system of weights and measures, based upon the idea of employing as the unit a uniform standard, the multiples and subdivisions of which should follow in decimal progression. * A place established by the government where money is coined. MI MA ME MI :--— "-mm- |-- 475 MixED FABRICs. Fabrics composed of two or more kinds of fibers, cotton, flax, silk, wool, alapaca, mohair and jute being the principal On CS. MoNEY. A recognized measure of values; usually a coin-gold or silver -stamped by the government and generally accepted in the ex- change of commodities at the stamped values. Money MARKET. The condition which regulates the value in which the various moneys of account are held. MostFY or Account. The denomination in which accounts are kept, in any country or locality; the standard by which values are mea- sured. Mosex ORDER. An order on a third requesting him to pay the person named a certain sum of money; not negotiable. Mosorol-v. The sole power of dealing in any species of goods, or of dealing with a country or market, obtained either by engrossing the articles in market by purchase, or by a license from government. Morro AGE. The transfer of property to secure the payment of debt. NEGoTIABLE. Applied to a contract, the right of action on which is capable of being transferred by delivery, or indorsement and delivery. NEGortation. The deliberation which takes place between the parties touching a proposed contract. NoMINAL. Existing in name only. NoN-FEASANCE. The non-performance of some act which ought to be performed. NoTARY PUBLIC. A public officer before whom acknowledgments of decds and other instruments are made. NAME. The business designation of a mercantile house or firm; the firm names of old mercantile houses are often continued for years after the individuals who composed the firm have ceased to have any pecuniary intercst in the business. The firm name under which a business has grown up is valuable. NATIONAL BANKS. Banking institutions established in the United States under the provisions of an act of Congress, the object of which is to unify the currency. Banks organized under this act can issue their individual notes only upon the basis of United States bonds de. posited in the archives of the United States Gov.rnment. NEGoTIABLE PAPER. Notes, drafts or other written obligations which are transferable and pass readily from hand to hand. NEGoTIATE. To propose or consider terms with a view to a bargain or agreement. w NET. The exact amount or weight without the bag, box or covering. NET PRoceEDs. The actual return after deducting all charges and ex- penses. NET PROFITS. The clear gain or result after deducting the losses from the gains. NET WEIGIIT. The exact weight of merchandisc without case or covering. TNoTE. A written obligation to pay money or goods. OvKRT. Open to view; apparent; not covert or secret; manifest. OLD Accounts. Unsettled bills, or open ledger balances of long stand. 1ng. ON SALE. Goods held and for sale by a party other than the owner; merchandise left by the owner with another person for sale. OrEN Account. A running or unsettled personal account. OPENING. A term used by dry-goods merchants, milliners, etc., for the day on which they display new goods. OPEN Policy. An insurance policy covering undefined risks which provides that its terms shall be made definite by subsequent en- dorsements or additions. OPTION. A stock-broker's term for the privilege of taking or delivering at a future day a certain number of shares of a given stock at a price agreed upon. ORDER Book. The book in which orders received are entered; also the book which contains copies of orders sent out. ORDINARY. A dismantled ship laid up in harbor; of a medium quality. ORDNANCE. All kinds of large guns. OUTFIT. A fitting out, as of a ship for a voyage. OUTSTANDING Accounts. The book debts and claims which arc yet to be collccted. OUTwARD Boun D. Ships departing for a foreign port. * *als—- f --" 476 GLOSSARY OF COMMERCIAL AND LEGAL TERMS. - OvER. Surplus; cash on hand not accounted for; money not required for the day's payment. - OvERCIIARGE. A charge at a higher rate than that implied or agreed upon, or than the usual rates. OvERDRAw. To draw for a greater sum than one's credit balance in a bank or with a banker. OverDUE. A note or obligation remaining unpaid after the time speci- fied for its payment. Overstock. A supply beyond the demand. Overth ADING, Buying goods beyond the means of payment, or beyond the demand for them, Owe. To be in debt. PARoLE. A French word signifying by word or speech; not written; especially not written and sealed. Politic Pertaining to oi promoting a policy; well advised; according to good policy. PoST-OBIT. A compound word appāicable to any obligation, promising to pay unusual interest by the promiser on the death of some one from whom he has expectations of property. PRIMA FACIE. On the first view of the matter. PACKAGE. A bundle or bale of goods. PAN1c. A financial crisis among business men, generally the result of over-trading and speculation. PAPER CURRENCY. A circulating medium, composer of government or bank notes, which represent money PAR. Equality in nominal and actual exchange. PAR of ExcIIANGE. The value of a coin or money cf account of one country expressed in the standard of another. To ascertain the par of exchange between sterling and United States currencies, get the value of a pound sterling in “greenbacks.” PARCEL. A package. PARTNER. An associate in business. PARTNERs111P. See Copartnership. * PART Own ER. One who owns part of a ship, but is not a partner; the separate rights of several owners of a ship, where the parties are not partners, and are not liable for cach other's debts. . PAssAGE MonEY. The money paid for conveyance by sea. * PAss Book. A book in which a trader enters articles bought on credit, and then passes or sends it to the creditor for his information. PAssENGRR. A person taking passage in a public conveyance for the purpose of being transported from one place to another. - PAssport. A document carried by neutral merchant vessels in time of war to certify their nationality and protect them from belligerents; also a government document given to travelers which permits the person therein named to pass or travel from place to place, by land Or Watct. * PAwNBRoKER. One who lends money on pledge or the deposit of goods. PAY. To discharge a debt; to make suitable return for expense or trouble. PAYABLE. Justly due. PAYEE. The one in whose favor a note or bill of exchange is drawn, or who is to receive the money. PAYMENT. The discharge of a debt; that which is paid. PERSONAL EFFECTs. Wearing apparel and other personal property in actual use. PETTY CAsil Book. A book containing a record of simall receipts and disbursements. PIECE. A definite quantity according to its kind, as of silk, muslin, or cloth. PIGMENTs. Paints; generally applied to materials for oil painting. Policy. The writing or instrument in which a contract of insurance is embodied; a ticket, warrant, or written contract for money in a public fund or society. Port. A harbor for vessels. PoRT of DELIvERY. A place designated by law where vessels may discharge their cargoes. Port of ENTRY. A harbor where a Custom House is established for the legal entry of merchandise. PosTAGE. The charge made by the government for carrying letters, etc., to different points. PostAGE STAMrs. Adhesive stamps of various values issued by the government for the prepayment of postage on letters, newspapers: ctC. PREcroUS METALs. A phrase usually applied to gold and silve... PREMIUM. The sum paid for insurance or indemnity; advances above par value. PRICE. The sum of money at which a thing is valued. PRICE CURRENT. A list of merchandise, with market price. PRICE LIST. A written or printed list of articles for sale, with prices attached. PRINCIPAL. An employer; the head of a commercial house; the sum on which interest accrues. PROCEEDs. Result; sum realized from a sale. PRocuRATION. The instrument by which one person is empowered to transact the affairs of another; a power of attorney. PRODUCE. A general name for farm products. PRODUCE BROKER. A commission merchant who deals in produce. PROFIT. The gain after deducting expenses. PROFIT AND Loss. See Loss and Gain. PROMISSoRY NotE. A written promise to pay to a person named at a specified time a certain sum of money unconditionally. PRO RATA. A proportional distribution. PROTECTIVE TARIFF. A tariff of rates of duty which, for the protection of home manufacturers, discriminates by imposing higher duties than the uniform rates on certain imported commodities which enter into competition with home products. PROTEST. A formal notice to the sureties of a note or draft, stating that the same was not paid at maturity; or to the drawer of a draft stat- ing that the same was not accepted upon presentment. PROVISIONS. In the prices current of língland and the Unitcd States under this head are included butter, cheese, beef, pork, bacon, shoulders, hams and lard. * PURCIIASE. To buy; to obtain by paying money or its equivalent. QUASI. As if, in a manner, in some respects. QUALITY. The relative condition of articles as to kind; used sometimes to denote relative value. QUARANTINE. Restraint of intercourse to which a ship is subjected, upon the supposition that she may be infected with disease. QUICKSALES. A demand for and ready sale of commodities. QgoTATIONS. The published current prices of stocks, bonds, produce, etc. REAL ESTATE. A term which is applied to land in its most enlarged signification, including everything that legally passes with it in making conveyance of the land. REcoupMENT. The right of the defendant, in the same action, to claim damages of the plaintiff. * RENUNcIATIoN. The act of giving up a right. REscIND. To cut off; to abrogate; to vacate. REvocATION. The recall of a power or auhority conferred, or the va. cating of an instrument previously made. REcEIPT. A written acknowledgement of having received money or some other vauable consideration. REcEIPT Book. A book in which receipts are taken for the payment of money. REcIPRocITY TREATY. A commercial treaty between two nations, se” curing mutual advantages. REcLAMATIoN. A claim made against the seller of goods which prove deficient or defective. REcrificATION. A second distillation of alcoholic liquors for the pur- pose of purifying them; separating one liquid from another. RED TAPE. The tape used in public offices for tying up documents, etc.; hence, official formality. REGISTRY. The registration, or enrollment ox snips at the custom house. RENT. Amount paid for the privilege of occupying another's premises. REPositorY. A name for some kinds of watchouses, as a carriage re- pository. REPR1sAL. The act of seizing ships, or property, as indemnity for un- lawful seizure, or detention. REsouRcEs. Any species of property having a money value. RE-SIIIPMENT. Transferring goods from one conveyance to another. G-- | ' l + —l. ~~ -E- GLOSSARY OF COMMERCIAL AND LEGAL TERMS. 477 "-- *śrosbestia. A loan upon the cargo of a ship—the lender losing his money if the goods be lost in the course of the voyage, or by the Perils enumerated in the contract; if not, the borrower must pay the *m borrowed with interest agreed upon. £: To sell in small quantities. £ To take up one's notes before due; to relinquish business. *W*NUE. The annual income of a State, or nation from all sources. REveNUE CUTTERs. Small vessels employed to aid revenue officers in *collection of duties, or to prevent smuggling. *UE OFFICERs. Officers employed by the government in the cus. toms or excise service, under the direction and authority of the Sec- retary of the Treasury. *G. A general name for the ropes which support the masts and extend the sails of a ship. *CoNDARILY. A term applied to the liability of an endorser of a note, * the drawer of a bill, signifying that he is only conditionally liable, the maker of the bill, or accepter being primarily, or first liable. *ALTY. A writing sealed and delivered under some agreement. STATUTE Law. A law established by act of the legislative power. The written will of the legislature expressed according to the forms *ccessary to constitute it the law of the State. The written law of the State in contradistinction to the common, or unwritten law. See Common Law. *ogATION. The act of putting one thing in place of another. The substitution of one creditor to the rights and securities of another. it gives the substitute all the rights of the party for whom he is sub- stituted. * SAFE-conduct. That which gives safe passage; a passport; a pass, or Warrant of security given to the captain of a neutral ship, to en- able him to proceed on a particular voyage with safety. * . The transfer of property from one person to another for a price paid or to be paid. s *s. Much used to indicate the extent of business transacted for a given period, or to indicate relatively the general business of a com- mercial house. *MAN. One who exhibits goods to customers, takes orders, etc. Alvage. A compensation allowed to persons who voluntarily assist in saving a ship or her cargo, from peril. $AMPLE. A small quantity, or piece of any kind of goods used to show the quality of the whole. *REcouis. (Fr.) without recourse. SEAroRr. A port accessible to sea-going vessels. Seawortiny. Fit for a voyage. ** To transfer to another for an equivalent. SELLER. A vender; one who disposes of a thing in consideration of money. *LER's option. A term mostly confined to the sales of stocks, for a sale which gives to the seller the option of delivering the article sold within a certain time, the buyer paying interest up to delivery. SELLING OUT. Disposing of the entire stock, usually to close the busi- IlêSS. SPE SA *orr. One demand placed against another. SIIIP. Any large sea-going vessel; especially a square-rigged, three- masted vessel. * Simpx|ENT. Goods shipped; the act of loading a vessel for a voyage. SIIIPPED. Delivered to a vessel, railroad, canal boat, or any common carrier for transportation. *rring. The collective body of ships in one place; vessels of navi- gation generally. Sirip's PAPERs. Papers with which a vessel is required by law to be provided, such as the register, passport, bills of lading, invoice, log- * book, etc. Siup-sroREs. Relating to food, drink, and cooking utensils on board a vessel for use during a voyage; in England it includes rigging, ex- * spars, and other necessaries of that kind. SiroRT. Deficient in ready money; a term used by brokers when they sell stocks, or other property without owning them, the intention being to buy before the day of delivery at a less price than the pres: ent ruling rate. SiiriNKAGE. A reduction in the bulk of measurement. SIGI1T. Usually the time of presenting a bill to the drawee. = 34. SIGIIT DRAFT. A draft drawn payable at sight, or on presentation to the drawee. SIGNATURE. The name of a person written by himself. SIMPLE INTEREST. Legal interest on the principal only, not interest on the interest. SINK. To lower in amount or value. SINKING CoNCERN. A business establishment, or firm continually los- ing money. SINKING FUND. A fund set apart from earnings, or other sources of in- come, for the redemption of debts of government, or of a corpora- tion. SLEEPING PARTNER. Silent; one who has an interest in the profits without letting his name appear, or taking any part in the business. SLor Sitop. A shop where cheap ready-made clothing is sold. SMUGGLER. One who avoids the payment of duties, by secretly import- ing goods into the country; a vessel engaged in smuggling. SPECIE. Gold, silver, or copper, coined by authority, and used as a circulating medium of commerce. SPECULATE. To purchase with the expectation of a contingent advance in value, and a consequent sale at a profit. SPECULATION. Buying goods, lands, or stocks, in expectation of an advance in price, as distinguished from a regular trade in which the profit expected is the difference between the wholesale and retail price. * SPECULATOR. One who buys goods, stock, or land, expecting to hold them until they advance in price; an irregular dealer. STAMP TAx. Charge for stamps required by law to be placed on certain legal documents and various manufactured articles. STANDARD. That which is established by authority or custom, as a rule or measure of quantity. STERLING. The current standard money of Great Britain. Stock. Capital in trade; the title of the proprietor of the business. Srock Account. A ledger account representing the proprietor and showing the net investment. STock BRokER. A. broker who buys and sells stock for others on com- mission. Stock ExcIIANGE. A place where brokers and bankers meet daily to buy and sell stock, bonds, etc. StockIIolo ER. One who holds shares in the capital stock of a joint- stock company. STock-IN-TRADE. The property of a merchant which is actually em- ployed in his business; the goods kept for sale. Srock JoBBER. One who speculates in stocks. Stock MARKET. The state of demand for stocks. STock ox IIAND. Unsold merchandise. STocks. Shares in the capital stock of a joint-stock company. SToPPAGE IN TRANSITU. The seller of goods on credit resuming posses- sion after their shipment, before they get into the actual possession of the buyer. SroPrED PAYMENT. Equivalent to the term failure; as when a merchant fails, or ceases to pay his notes or liabilities. SToRAGE. Amount paid for the privilege of storing goods in another person's warehouse. STORE. A warehouse; a place where goods are sold. In England, where goods are sold at retail it is called a shop, and in the United States, a store. SroRE Goons. Goods bought at a store as distinguished from those which are home-made. StorEIIoUsE. A place of deposit for merchandise. STorEKEEPER. In the United States, a retail dealer, generally one who keeps a miscellancous assortment of goods; also the officer who has charge of the United States bonded warehouse. SroREs. The supply of a ship, or family, as provisions, etc. STowAGE. The arrangement in a ship of the articles which make up the cargo, so as to prevent injury by friction or leakage of the ves- sel; also arrangement of merchandise in a warehouse. SURCHARGE. An overcharge; rarely used in business. SURETY. A person who binds himself to pay a sum of money, or per- form some act in case of the failure of another to do so. SURVEY. An examination into the condition of a ship or its cargo. f --> 478 SURVEYor. A person employed by marine insurance companies to in- spect ships; also an officer of a fire insurance company who exam- ines and reports on applications for insurance on buildings and merchandise. SUSPEND. To stop payment. SUSPENSE Account. An account used to contain balances of personal accounts which may be considered doubtful. The proper method of - keeping a “Suspense Acceount,” however, is to place upon the credit side the separate amounts which appear upon the debit side of the doubtful accounts, debiting the same to Loss and Gain at once, thus permitting the doubtful accounts to remain upon the l-edger without the corresponding gain which such resource, if genuine, would imply. SUTLER. An authorized vendor of provisions etc., to soldiers in camp or garrison. TACIT. That which, although not cxpressed, is understood from the nature of the thing, or from the provision of the law; implied. TENANTS IN CoMMON. Persons holding land and tenements by several and distinct titles and not by a joint title, but occupied in common, the only unity recognized between them being that of possession. TENoR. General drift or course of thought; purport; intent; in some instances, an exact copy. TESTATOR. The person who has made a valid will. ToRT. A private or civil wrong or injury; a wrong independent of contract. TALLY. A mode of keeping accounts by laying two sticks together and making similar notches in each. Therefore any method of marking or checking cnumeration. TALLY-MAN. One who receives payment for goods in weekly install- IncrltS. TARE. A deduction made from the weight of goods on account of the weight of the box, bag, cask, or other things containing them. TARIFF. A rate of duty fixed by law on imports and exports. TELEGRAM. A message sent by telegraph. TELEGRAPH CoMPANY. A company or corporation who own and con- trol a line of telegraph wires. TELLER. An officer who receives or pays money. TEN-ForTIEs. One of the first loans of the government during the war, so-called because of the privilege of the government to take it up in ten years, or to let it remain forty years, at its own option. TERMs. The conditions of a sale, or agreement. TRxTILE FABRICs. All kinds of woven goods, generally restricted to piece goods. TIDE. Alternate cbb and flow of the sea at regular intervals. ToNNAGE. The weight of goods carried in a ship, or the amount of weight which a ship may carry; the whole amount of shipping es- timated by tons; the gauge of a ship's dimensions. TRADE. Commerce; the business of buying and selling for money; traffic; a general term indicating the condition of the market. TRADE AND COMMERCE. In this phrase, the word trade conveys the idea of home traffic, and the word commerce the idea of more cx- tensive and varied traffic-inter-state and inter-national. TRADE D1scount. An allowance or discount made to a dealer in the same trade. TRADE-MARK. A device, writing, or ticket put upon manufactured goods to distinguish them from others, and protect the manufacturer from fraudulent imitations. TRADE-PRICE. The price at which goods are sold to those in the same trade. TRADE WIND. A wind in the torrid zone which blows from the samc quarter throughout the year, unless when affected by local causes; so-called because of its advantages to navigators, and hence to trade. i TRANSSIIIP. To transfer merchandise from one conveyance to another. TRANssIIIPMENT. The act of transferring merchandisc from one con- veyance to another. TRANSIT. A line of passage, or conveyance through a country. 6-v- GLOSSARY OF COMMERCIAL AND LEGAL TERMS. * TRANSPORT. A snip, or vessel cmployed to carry goods from one place to another-especially stores, or goods for the government. TRANSPORTATION. Carrying from one place to another. TREASURY NotEs. Notes of various denominations issued by the gov- crnment, and received in payment of all dues, except for duties on imported goods. TREATY. An agreement between two nations made with a view to ex- tend the commercial intercourse of the contracting parties. The President of the United States has power to make treatics with for- cign governments, with the concurrent vote of two-thirds of the Senate. TARE. An allowance to purchasers for waste, of 4 lbs. on every 104 lbs. of weight after the tare is deducted. UNCLAIMED GooDS. Merchandise remaining in the government stores for three years after importation, or upon which duty has not been paid within the time prescribed by law; such merchandise is ap- praised, advertised, and sold at public auction as “unclaimed goods.” UNCURRENT MonEY. Money that does not pass for its face. UNDER PRICE. Below the regular price. UNDERSELL. To sell at lower prices than those in the regular trade. UNDER witHTER. One who insures a vessel or cargo; so-called because he underwrites his name on the conditions of a policy. UNMERCHANTABLE. Unsalable from any cause. UNSEAworTIIY. Not fit for a voyage. UNSouND. Merchandise, the value of which is impaired. UsANCE. Business custom, or habit which is generally conceded and acted upon. Usuity. The taking of more than legal interest for the use of money. VALID. Of binding force; strong; effectual. VENDEE. One who purchases a thing; one to whom a thing is sold. VENDoR. A seller; a vender; the one who sells a thing. VoID. That which has no force, or effect. VoIDABLE. That which has some force, or effect, but which, in conse- quence of some inherent quality, may be legally annulled or avoided. VALUATION. The estimated worth of a thing. VALUE. To estimate the worth of. * VALUE RECEIVED. A phrase usually, but not necessarily, forming a part of the body of a promissory note, or bill of exchange, to denote that a consideration has been given for it. VENTURE. A term used by seamen) and sometimes by owners and cap- tains of vessels, for adventure. VoUCIIERs. Receipts, memoranda, entries, or documents, the produc- tion of which establishes a fact. WAIvER. The relinquishment, or refusal to accept of a right. WARRANTY. A covenant of security; a promise, or stipulation by deed; insurance against defects; assurance. WHARFINGER. One who owns or keeps a wharf, for the purpose of receiving and shipping merchandise, to or from it, for hire. WAREs. Merchandise of any kind. WAREHOUSE. A storehouse for goods. WARE11oUSING. Storing goods in a warchouse. WASTE. Refuse; chippings, remnants, etc., of manufactures, many of which are valuable, and have a recognized place in commerce. WASTAGE. Shrinkage, loss in handling, etc. WATER-LoGGED. Said of a ship when she has received so much water into her hold by leakage, as to become heavy and unmanageable. WATER-MARK. A letter, or device wrought into paper during the pro- cess of its manufacture. WAY-BILL. A document containing a list and description of goods sent by a common carrier by land. WHARF. A landing place for the convenience of loading and unload- ing vessels. WIIARFAGE. Money paid for the use of a wharf. WIIoDESALE DEALER. One who buys his goods from first hands, and sells in large quantities to other merchants. WRECKED Goods. Merchandise taken from a wreck, or picked up while floating on the water after the wreck of a vessel. . :. : -j- $'. li Blakely, Brown & Marsh. #TATUTE LAW is a law en- acted by legislatures in a for- mal and regular way; these laws comprise a great pro- portion of the laws in force. Common law is all law in force not enacted or statute law. The common law consists, in the first place, of all law of England recognized by our courts as having been in force in the several States, whether statute or common, at the time of our sepa- ration from “the Mother Coun- try,” and all those universal usa- ges, inferences from, or applica- tions of, established law, which our courts have recognized as having among us the force of law. Common law has no other authority ex- cepting the decisions of the courts, and it is *mpossible to know the common law except by looking over those decisions. Hence the great Value and importance of the reported decisions as published by official reporters in the several States. * The law of merchants or mercantile transac- tions, is a very important part of the common law, especially to all men in business. The C " our country have always acknowl- LEGAL BUSINESS FORMS. #e3%# #!", Wit. '%% #, *. | % % * SYS S'#"/( * > * f & ''. t". The Law of Merchants or Mercantile Transactions. edged that the custom of merchants, if proved to be so nearly universal and long established that it must be considered it is known by all merchants, and that all bargains are made with reference to it, constitutes a part of the law of merchants, and the law of merchants is a part of the common law, therefore, having the full force of law. It must be admitted by every student that business men should know something of the most general laws of business, as the law of partnership; how to make agreements; how to conduct sales; how to make notes; how to collect them, and the like. And all men should know so much of the ordinary law as protects and defines their common and universal rights. A knowledge of the principles or rules of busi- ness law would prevent the many important mistakes which are made every day, leading to much loss and difficulty. The author has en- deavored to make the laws plain by themselves, so that when questions arise the answers may be found thorough and satisfactory. A great variety of forms have been given, though the exact facts of every case may not be covered by them, but accurate forms will be found of all sorts, so that any person may select the form nearest to his particular need, and easily make any alterations which his case requires. --> 48O AGREEMENTS AND CONTRACTS. 'W', #NIRACIS: #*...* --Eg=-|- ***-> N agreement is an arrangement en- tered into by two or more persons, by which each agrees to do, or #P binds himself to perform, certain #. specified acts within a certain time. No agreement which the law will recognize and enforce exists, until the parties to it have agreed upon the same thing in the same sense. In all matters of importance, agreements should be in writing, though verbal agreements are binding. Great care should be taken, in drawing an agreement, to explicitly state all that either party agrees to perform, and the time of such performance. Nothing should be left out of a written instrument, for it is a rite of law that no oral testimony shall control a written agree- ment unless fraud can be proved. Against fraud nothing stands. In construing an agree- ment, the actual and honest intention of the parties is always regarded as an important guide. But it must be their intention, as ex- pressed in the contract. If the parties, or either of them, show that a bargain was hon- estly but mistakenly made, which was materi- ally different from that intended to be made, it would be good ground for declaring that there is no agreement. All agreements must show that they are made for a valuable consideration. A failure to do this renders them void in law. When promises are mutual, and the promise of one is the consideration of the other, they are valid. An agreement or guaranty for the payment of a note, like any other promise without any other consideration, is in law void, unless the undertaking is cotemporaneous with the orig- inal debt. If any portion of the entire con- sideration of an agreement is illegal as against t morals or public policy, the whole of the con- tract is void. Fraud annuls all obligations and all agree- ments into which it enters, and the law relieves the parties defrauded. If both of the parties to the agreement act fraudulently neither can take advantage of the fraud of the other, and if one acts fraudulently he cannot set his own fraud aside for his own benefit. If an agreement upon which a party relies be oral only, it must be proved by evidence, but if in writing it proves itself. A custom or usage cannot be considered a part of a contract, if the parties see fit to ex- clude and refuse it by words of their contract. Agreements valid in the place where made are valid everywhere, unless immoral or con- trary to public policy; so also contracts void by the law of the land where made are void every where. Punctuation or bad spelling are not regarded in the construction or interpretation of a writ- ten instrument, and will not avoid a contract where the interpretation of the parties is clear. In a contract to be performed within a certain time after date, the day of the date is excluded; and a contract to complete a work by a par- ticular time means that it shall be done before that time. A contract cannot be rescinded unless by consent of both parties. A person making a contract to a contract, binds not only himself but his legal representa- tives. Such representatives may therefore sue on a contract, although not named in it. A contract for the hire or service of an agent, clerk, or servant need not be in writing, un- less by the terms of contract the employment is to extend beyond a year. Contracts written in pencil are binding in law, but pencil marks are easily erased, hence it is best to write them in ink. Each party to an agreement should receive a copy and carefully preserve it. They should carefully examine their copy with the original, –--" *===" =-8) f . : | r + AGREEMENTS AND CONTRACTS. T- and reject it if erasures and interlineations are *erted in the body of contract, unless these Sorrections are specified as such on contract, before being signed. A contract may be void for want of some formality required by law. * The English law of frauds has been substan- tially copied in nearly all States of the Union. * New York State a contract is void if the *nsideration be not expressed in the instru- "ent; in most of the other States this is not *quired, but any consideration will answer. The renting of a house, store, etc., for more * one year is void, unless the same is in Writing; so, also, is an agreement for a year's *vice, to commence at a date; so is a *tract to sell goods exceeding a certain sum, *ed by statute laws of each State; so is, also, * agreement for the sale of lands or real estate of any kind, etc. Contracts or notes written on Sunday are Void, but if written on Sunday and delivered * another day of the week they are valid. When a contract occurs by correspondence, the mailing of the letter containing acceptance of a proposition completes the contract, pro- vided the acceptor does not delay until after a *cond letter reaches him withdrawing the pro- Position made in the first; the offer is then ef- fectually withdrawn. A formal contract need not be drawn up With technical precision, and the useless repeti- *ons which often encumber legal instruments *y always be omitted, as they give no *trength to the contract. Where the language of an agreement is plain "d unequivocal there is no room for construc- th tion, and it must be carried into effect accord- "g to its plain meaning. In the drawing up * agreements good legal advice is often impor- tant and necessary. a':Whe: parties agree to rescind a sale On Ce made are perfected without fraud, the same formalities of delivery £y to revest the property in the original vendor ich were necessary to pass it from him to the vendee. = Q--~ \ 481 *—- -*titójuin"- —%- DAMAGES FOR BREACH OF CONTRACT, HE general rule of law respecting the measure of damages is, that where an injury has been sus- tained for which no remedy exists mensurate with the injury sus- 4 tained. | In a breach of contract without actual loss, the plaintiff is entitled to judgment for nominal damages and costs. Anticipated profits or speculations in real property cannot be recovered as damages for a breach of contract. Actual expenditures un- der the contract may be recovered. In loss of goods by common carriers the measure of damages is the wholesale price of goods at the place where they were to be deliv- ered, less the freight on same. A failure to deliver property according to contract entitles plaintiff to the value of such property at the time and place fixed for deliv- ery. A failure to convey land according to cove- nant entitles plaintiff to the value of the land at the time the conveyance was to be made. The measure of damages on a covenant to convey real estate in the absence of fraud, is the purchase money and interest. The measure of damages on all contracts to deliver goods on demand is the value of the property at the time of the demand. If a party contracts to employ another for a certain time, at a specified compensation, and discharges him, without cause, before the expi- ration of time, the plaintiff can obtain judgment for full amount of wages for the whole time, provided he does not engage in any other busi- ness. A claim for diminution of damages by defendant, in such a case, would be allowed by the court. -— 4×l *—a- 482 AGREEMENTS AND CONTRACTS. General Form of an Agreement. An agreement, made this...day of..., one thousand eight hundred and..... , between George Brown, of the......of . ..., in the county of......and State of..... , of the first part, and William Baxter, of the.....of....., in the county of...., State of...... , of the second part, witnesseth: That the said George Brown, in consideration of the covenant on the part of the party of the second part hereinafter contained, doth covenant and agree to and with the said William Baxter, that—[here insert the agreement on the part of George Brown]; and the said William Baxter, in consideration of the covenants on the part of the party on the first part, doth covenant and agree to and with the said George Brown, that [here insert the agreement on the part of William Baxter; if money, state the amount, whether in cash, notes, etc.] In witness whereof, we have hereunto set our hands and seals, the day and year first above written. Signed, sealed and deliv-] GEORGE BROWN # # ered in presence of J. Charles SPARs, [w ILLIAM BAxTER. £ FRANK BUTLER. A General Agreement, as used in the Western states. ARTICLEs of AGREEMENT, Made this.....day of.....in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and...... between. . . . . . . . . party of the first part, and........ party of the second part,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WITNEssBTII, That the said party of the first part hereby covenants and agrees, that if the party of the second part shall first make the payments and perform the covenants hereinafter mentioned on..... part to be made and perform- ed, the said party of the first part will..................... And the said party of the second part hereby covenants and agrees to pay to said party of the first part the sum of...... dollars, in the manner following:..........dollars cash in hand paid, the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, and the balance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * with interest at the rate of......percentum per annum, pay- able......annually. And in case of the failure of said party of the second part to make either of the payments, or perform any of the covenants on...... part hereby made and entered into, this contract shall, at the option of the party of the first part, be forfeited and determined, and the party of the second part shall forfeit all payments made by......on this contract, and such payments shall be retained by the said party of the first part in full satisfaction and in liquida- tion of all damages by...... sustained, and......shall have the right to. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * It is mutually agreed that all the covenants and agree- ments herein contained shall extend to and be obligatory upon the heirs, executors, administrators and assigns of the respective parties. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, The parties to these presents —--" have hereunto set their hands and seals, the day and year first above written. * # Signed, sealed, and deliv- (Signature.) : S ered in presence of (Signature.) #: * . : Agreement to Sell Shares of Stock. This agreement, made this day of...., one thousand eight hundred and....., between George Brown, of the......of ...., in the county of......and State of......, of the first part, and William Baxter, of the.....of....., in the county of...., State of...., of the second part, witnesseth: That, in consideration of the agreement of George Brown, hereinafter contained, the said William Baxter agrees to sell, transfer and convey to the said George Brown, on the...day of . . . next,.... shares of the...., now owned by the said William Baxter, and standing in his name on the books of said com- pany, and to execute and deliver to the said George Brown all necessary assignments, transfers, and conveyances, to as: sure and convey the same to the said George Brown, his executors, administrators, and assigns, forever. In consideration of which, the said George Brown agrees with the said William Baxter to pay to him..... dollars for each share of the said capital stock, on the said....day of . . . . next. w t r IN WITNEss WHEREOF, we have hereunto set our hands and seals, the day and year first above written. Signed, sealed and deliv- GEORGE BRowN, £ ered in presence of k y : . RRANK BUTLER. J. Cita's S*** {wLLLIAM BAxTER. £ A Full and Minute Building Contract. AN AGREEMENT, of two parts, made this ....day of... . . in the year one thousand eight hundred and..... by and be: tween.......part... of the first part and....part....of the second part. The said part...of the first part, in consideration of the sum of money to be paid by the said part...of the second part, as hereinafter mentioned, and the covenants and agreements hereinafter recited, to be kept and performed by the said part ...of the second part, do......for...... sel.....and. . . . . * CoveNANT, PROMISE, and AGREE, to and with the said part . . . . of the second part,. . . . . . . . that ........ the said part. . of the first part, shall and will, in a good and workmanlike manner, and according to the best of...... ..art and ability, do and perform the following work, and provide. . . . . . . . . . materials for the same, that is to say: The whole of said work is to be performed, and all the said materials furnished in conformity with the plans and specifications of the same, as made by..........the ARCHI’ TECT.. hereby appointed by said part... of the second part, which plans and specifications bear even date herewith, and are signed by the parties hereto, and under the superintend. 6-e- =#" 4 | • #= -*—” -:=– AGREEMENTS AND CONTRACTS. 483 "- *ce and direction of....... ...hereby appointed SUPERIN- 2d. That the said part. ...of the first part, or...... repre- *ENT.. and AGENT.. of the said part... of the second !", which plans and specifications are to be considered as for ming a part of this agreement, as if herein fully written and drawn. "he said part... of the first part further agree... that the *k aforesaid shall be commenced and be constantly prose- *ed, and the materials aforesaid promptly furnished. . . . . . ... and that all said work shall be completed on or before the.... -day of......in the year one thousand eight hundred and ....... ., and, furthermore, that no charge of any kind shall be made by the said part....of the first part to the said Part of the second part, beyond the sum of........dollars, unless the said part...of the second part, and the said Super- "endents, shall alter the aforesaid plans and specifications, in "ch case the value of such alterations shall be added to the *mount to be paid under this contract, or deducted therefrom, **e case may require; it being expressly understood that "o extra work of any kind shall be performed, or extra ma- *ials furnished, by the said part...of the first part, unless authorized by the said part...of the second part, and the said Superintendents in writing; and that the said part... of the *ond part, and the said Superintendents may, from time to time, make any alteration of to, and in the said plans and *P*cifications, upon the terms aforesaid. "he said part... of the first part, for...sel...and...legal *Presentatives, further promise....and agree....that insur- ance shall be effected upon the building, as soon as the roof * put on and covered; the amount of said insurance to be to: such sum as the said part...of the second part, and the Said Superintendents shall direct, to be further increased, from time to time, at the direction of the said part...of the *nd part, and the said Superintendents; the policy to be "the name and for the benefit of said part ...of the second " or ...legal representatives, and to be made payable, in Case of loss, to..........for whom it may concern;—each "ty to this agreement hereby agreeing to pay one-half the *t of such insurance. The said part...of the second part, for....sel. . . .and. . . . legal representatives, in consideration of the materials being P”vided and the labor done as herein required, and all other of the stipulations, requirements, matters and things herein set forth, being kept and performed by said part. ...of the first Part, CovENANT, PRoMISE, and AGREE, to and with the "part...of the first part:..... that.... will well and truly **, or cause to be paid, unto the said part....of the first !", or....legal representatives, the sum of......dollars, in the manner following:- It is agreed by and between the parties to this agreement, as follows: • *st. That for each and every day's delay in the perform- * and completion of this agreement, or of any extra work "der it, after the said... .day of...... in the year one thou- sand eight hundred and......, there shall be allowed and P"d by said part....of the first part, to said part. ...of the £"d part, or......representatives, damages for such delay if the same shall arise from any act or default on the part of " said part....of the first part. -— -- or “piece work,” by the said part....of the first part, in the and defects are not remedied in a mannersatisfactory to ... Superintendents, or otherwise, may enter upon the work, and suspend or discharge said part...of the first part, and all sentatives, shall not be delayed in the constant progress of the work under this agreement, or any of the extra work under the same or connected therewith, by said part...of the second part, or by his Superintendents or any other contract- or employed by the said part....of the second part, upon or about the premises; and for each and every day, if any,.... shall be so delayed.....additional day....to be allowed.... to complete the work aforesaid, from and after the day here- inbefore appointed for its entire completion, unless upon the contingency provided for below in the 5th article. 3d. That each and every person employed, by sub-contract providing materials or performing labor or works in the ful- fillment or execution of this agreement, shall be, in the opinion of the said Superintendents, a suitable, competent, and satisfactory person. 4th. That the said part....of the first part shall and will engage and provide....own cost and expense, during the progress of the works under, and until the completion and fulfillment of this agreement, a thoroughly competent “Fore- man of the Works,” whose duty it shall be to attend to the general supervision of all matters hereby undertaken by said part. ...of the first part, and also to the correct and exact making, preparing, laying-out, and locating of all patterns, molds, models, and measurements in, to, for, and upon the works hereby agreed upon, from and in conformity with the said plans and specifications, and according to the direction of said Architects. - 5th. That if at any time during the progress of the work the said Superintendents shall find that said work is not car- ried forward with sufficient rapidity and thoroughness, or that the materials furnished, foreman of the works, sub-con- tractors or workmen employed by the part. ...of the first part, are unsatisfactory, and insufficient for the completion of the work within the time and in the manner stipulated in the plans and specifications aforesaid,......shall give notice of such insufficiency and defects in progress, materials, fore- man, sub-contractors, or workmen, to the part...of the first part; and if within three days thereinafter such insufficiency ...the part of the second part, through the agency of said employed under him, and carry on and complete the work, by “days' work,” or otherwise, as.....may elect, providing and substituting proper and sufficient materials and work- men, and the expense thereof shall be chargeable to the said part...of the first part, and be deducted from any sum which may be due to him on a final settlement; and the opinion of said Superintendents shall be final, and their cer. tificate in writing conclusive evidence between the parties hereto, on all questions and issues arising on or out of this fifth article of this Agreement, subject to the final decision of the referees hereinafter named. 6th. That the said part...of the first part shall be solely re- sponsible for any injury or damage sustained by any and all person, or persons, or property, during or subsequent to the ~-e progress and completion of the works hereby agreed upon, from or by any act or default of the said part...of the first part; and shall be responsible over the part... of the second part for all costs and damages which said part...of the second part may legally incur by reason of such injury or damage; and that the said part...of the first part shall give all usual, requisite, and suitable notices to all parties whose estates or premises, being adjoining those upon which the works hereby agreed upon are to be done, may or shall be any way interested in or affected by the performance of said works. 7th. That the said part. ...of the first part shall, from time to time, during the progress of said works, apply to the said Architects for all needful explanations of the true intent and meaning of the said plans and specifications; and that “work- ing-plans” shall, at the expense of the said part. ...of the second part, be from time to time, and whenever requisite, furnished by the said Architects to the said part....of the first part, upon reasonable notice being given to the said Architects that the same are requisite and needful; and, fur- ther, that the said part...of the first part will not and shall not, in the execution, performance, and fulfillment of this agreement, in any way deviate from the entire and exact compliance with, adherence to, and fulfillment of, the said plans, “working-plans,” and specifications, by reason of any practical difficulty which, in....opinion, may or shall arise or occur; unless some such deviation shall, in the opinion and by the certificate of the said Architects, become abso- lutely necessary and unavoidable, in which case said part... of the first part....to make such deviation as......may be directed by said Architects. AND WHEREAs it is the intention of the parties hereto, that the said part...of the first part shall bear and pay all the expenses necessary for and incident to the carrying into full and entire execution and completion all the works contem- plated in this agreement, it is further understood and agreed by and between the parties to this agreement, that in case any lien or liens for labor or materials shall exist upon the property or estate of the said part...of the second part, at the time or times when, by the foregoing terms or provisions of this agreement, a payment is to be made by the said part... of the second part to the said part....of the first part such payment, or such part thereof as shall be equal to not less than double the amount for which such lien or liens shall or can exist, shall not be payable at the said stipulated time or times, notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this agree- ment contained; and that the said part. ...of the second part may and shall be well assured that no such liens do or can attach or exist before....shall be liable to make either of the said payments. It is expressly understood by the part....of the first part, that all the works described or referred to in the annexed specifications are to be executed by the said part. . . . of the first part, whether or not the said works are illustrated by the aforesaid plans or working-drawings; and that said part. . . of the first part....to execute all works shown by the aforesaid plans and working-drawings, whether or not said works are described or referred to in the said specifications. If any apparent discrepancy shall be found to exist between g-- 484 AGREEMENTS AND CONTRACTS. --> * ==" —----" the plans, working-drawings, and the specifications, the de- cision as to the fair construction of said discrepancy, and of the true intent and meaning of the plans, working-drawings, and specifications, shall be made by the Architects herein- before named; and said part....of the first part shall provide and execute the said works in accordance with said decision, —with the right of a final decision by the referees hereinafter named,—as a part of the original works undertaken by said part. ...of the first part. AND FURTHER KNow ALL MEN, That the parties hereto of the first part and of the second part severally, respectively, and mutually, hereby agree to submit, and hereby do sub- mit, each, all, and every demand between them hereinafter arising, if any, concerning the value of any changes of, or omissions in, or additions to, the afore-mentioned plans or specifications, or concerning the manner of performing or completing the work, or the time or amount of any payment to be made under this agreement, or the quantity or quality of the labor or materials, or both, to be done, furnished, or provided under this agreement, or any other cause or matter touching the work, the materials, or the damages contem- plated, set forth, or referred to, in or by this agreement, or concerning the construction of this agreement, to the deter- mination of....................................the award of whom, or the award of a majority of whom. . . . . . . . . . . . . being made and reported within.............year from the time hereinbefore fixed upon for the final completion of this agreement, to the Superior Court for the County of...... ." the judgment thereof shall be final; and if either of the parties shall neglect to appear before the Arbitrator..., after due notice given...of the time and place appointed for hear ing the parties, the Arbitrator may......proceed in....ab" SCI1CC. IN WITNEss WHEREof, The parties aforesaid have in- terchangeably set their hands and seals the day and year first above written, to this and........other instrument...of like tenor and date. (Signatures.) (Seals.) Executed and Delivered in Presence of STATE or COMMONWEALTH OF. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . COUNTY OF . . . . . . * * * * * .....A. D. 18... Then the above-named..............personally appeared and acknowledged the above instrument, by them signed, to be their free act. Before me, * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Šustice of the Peace. Note.—A specification stating and describing all the things which the parties desireand intend to have done must always accompanythe contract: The specifications should be carefully written out; they should be passed upon separately by the parties to the agreement, signed, sealed, and wit” nessed by the parties to the agreement, and attached to the agreement * a part of it; or, as is often the case, these specifications may be inserted in the body of the agreement. ir A Brief Building Contract. CoNTRACT for building made this.......day of...... .one thousand eight hundred and....by and between....of. . . . . –==" *==" # | f * ~ "." County of......and........of.... ...in the County *.......Builder... The said. ... ...covenant and agrees to and with the said . . . . .to make, erect, build, and finish, in a good, substan- * # = -—*l.” ~~ AGREEMENTS AND CONTRACTS. 485 f T-_ | have the right to re-enter and take possession of the prem- ises aforesaid. It is mutually agreed that all the covenants and agree- ments herein contained shall extend to and be obligatory tial, and workmanlike manner,........ upon........situate upon the heirs, executors, administrators and assigns of the ' ' ' . . . . . said.........to be built agreeable to the draught, respective parties. Plans, explanations, or specifications, furnished, or to be fur- IN WITNESS WHEREof, The parties to these presents "ished to said....... ...by....... of good and substantial ma- have hereunto set their hands and seals the day and year first *rials; and to be finished complete on or before the... day of....... And said.... ..covenant and agrees to pay to "......for the same......dollars as follows:............ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Security against mechanics', or other lien, is to be furnished by said. . . . . . prior to........payment by said. . . . . . . . . . . . . And for the performance of all and every the articles and *eements above mentioned, the said..... and......do hereby bind themselves, their heirs, executors, and adminis- *tors, each to the other, in the penal sum of.......dollars, firmly by these presents. * WiTNEssWhereof, We, the said..... and . . . . . . have *eunto set our hands the day and year first above written. . (Signatures.) (Seals.) £xecuted and Delivered in Presence of * Agreement for warranty Deed used in the Western states. ARTICLEs of AGREEMENT, made this. . . . . .day of...... above written. (Signatures.) (Seals.) Signed, Sealed, and Delivered in Presence of Agreement between a Trader and a Book-Keeper. ARTICLES OF AGREEMENT between.......(the trader) of ... . . .and......(the book-keeper) of....... The said ...... agrees that he will, during the term of......years from the date hereof, dwell with the said........and faithfully keep the books of accounts of the said........and diligently serve the said..... ...in such other business as the said. . . . . . . . shall direct, and shall therein perform the reasonable direc- tions of the said. . . . . . without disclosing the same, or any of his correspondence, or the secrets of his employment or business to any person whatsoever, and shall not correspond with any person corresponding with the said......, nor use any traffic or dealing for himself, or any other person, with- * out the consent of the said. . . . . . . . in writing. And the said "the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and . . . . . . further covenants, that he will, during the said term, ''': between...... party of the first part, and...... party keep true and perfect accounts for the said........, and will of the second part, not embezzle, waste, or destroy any of the goods, moneys, or Witnesseth, That said party of the first part hereby effects of the said...... ..or any of his correspondents; and *enants and agrees, that if the party of the second part also that he the said......... will, from time to time, during shall first make the payment and perform the covenants the said term, upon request, make and give unto the said... “reinafter mentioned on... .part to be made and performed, ......his.......a just and perfect account in writing of all the said party of the first part will convey and assure to the money, which he the said.... ...shall receive and pay out, *ty of the second part, in fee simple, clear of all incum- rances whatever, by a good and sufficient warranty deed, the following lot, piece, or parcel of ground, viz.:. . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * . . . . . • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * And the said party of the second part hereby covenants and "grees to pay to said party of the first part, the sum of..... dollars, in the manner following:... ...dollars, cash in hand Paid, the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, and the balance..... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * With interest at the rate of... ..per centum per annum, pay- able. . . . . ..annually, on the whole sum remaining from time *time unpaid, and to pay all taxes, assessments, or imposi- "ns that may be legally levied or imposed upon said land, subsequent to the year 18... And in case of the failure of the said party of the second part to make either of the pay- "nts, or perform any of the covenants on..... part hereby *de and entered into, this contract shall, at the option of the party of the first part, be forfeited and determined, and the Party of the second part shall forfeit all payments made J . . . .on this contract, and such payments shall be retained # the said party of the first part in full satisfaction and in " of all damages by..... sustained, and......shall =# -- and of all goods and commodities, which he shall, at any time during the said term, receive in or deliver out upon the account of the said. . . . . ..., or any of his correspondents, or by the order of the said........ And also, that he the said ... ....his.......will pay to the said........, his...... all such sums of money as shall be due upon the foot of every such account. And also that he the said. . . . . . . will not de- liver forth upon credit any of the goods, merchandise, or moneys, of the said........or any of his correspondents, to any person or persons whatsoever, without the express con- sent of the said. . . . . . . . . . And the said.......(the trader) for himself.......(and his heirs, &c.,) covenants that he will pay to the said. . . . . . . ..(the book-keeper) in consideration of the said services, the yearly sum of........ in equal payments on the days following, viz. on.......and will, during the said term, provide for the said * * * * * * . . . .sufficient and suitable, meat, drink, washing, and lodging. - IN WITNESS WHEREoF, The parties to these presents have hereunto set their hands and seals the day and year firs above written. al (Signatures.) (Seals.) Signed, Sealed, and Delivered in Presence of - *le—- --> -T- TX_-----" 486 AGENCY AND ATTORNEY. Agreement for the Sale of a Horse. is bound by his acts, even though he exceed THIS AGREEMENT made this........day of........ in the his authority, provided the agent does not go year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and...... be beyond the general scope of the business. If, tween........ party of the first part, and. . . . . . . . party of the second part, WITNEssETH, That the said William Baxter hereby agrees to sell to the said George Brown his....horse, with a white star in the forehead, and black mane and tail, and to warrant the said horse to be well broken, to be kind and gentle, both under the saddle and in single and double harness, to be sound in every respect and free from vice, for the sum of ... ....dollars, to be paid by the said George Brown, on the * * * * * * * * day of........next. In consideration whereof, the said George Brown agrees to purchase the said horse, and to pay therefor to the said William Baxter the sum of... . . . . . dollars, on the...... day of. . . . . . . . next. * IN WITNESS WHEREOF, We have hereunto set our hands and seals the day and year first above written. Signed, sealed and deliv- * GEORGE BRowN, # ered in presence of | J. CHARLEs SEARs, * * FRANK BUTLER. WILLIAM BAXTER. #L. s." M-- - - -4 P- - - -& >- SAGENCY AND AITORNEY.g. N agent is a person employed by another to perform certain acts for him, and such acts in law are the acts of the principal. One who is disqualified to act on his own account may be an C 'A' >''}}''< agent for another who is com- petent; thus, infants, married women, and aliens may act as agents for others. A principal is responsible for the acts of an agent, when he has given full authority to rep- resent and act for him. When he has by his words and acts, or both, caused or permitted the person with whom the agent deals to be- lieve him to be clothed with full authority, even though such be not the case. Agencies are of two kinds—general and spe- cial. A general agent is one authorized to rep- resent his principal in all his business, or all his business of a particular kind; the principal. however, the agent transcends his actual au- thority, and the party with whom the general agent deals is aware that the agent is exceed- ing his power, the principal is not bound by the acts of his agent. A Special Agent is one authorized to do only a specific thing, or a few specified things; the principal is not bound by his acts should he exceed the authority vested in him, because the party dealing with such agent must inquire for himself, and at his own peril, into the extent and limits of the authority of such agent. Authority may be given to an agent either in writing, under or without a seal, or orally; if given in writing, this instrument is called a Power of Attorney. A Power of Attorney intended to be used in a foreign country should be acknowledged before a notary public, and the signature of the notary certified by the consul of the Government to which the power of attorney is to be sent. When intended to be used in another State they should be duly proved or acknowledged, according to the laws of the State where they are executed. A principal is bound by the acts of a general agent, even after a revocation of his agency, if such revocation is unknown to the party deal- . ing with the agent. An agent should conform with great strictness and accuracy to his au" thority, otherwise his principal will not be bound; and he may be held personally liable. An agent cannot be held personally liable if he transcends his authority if the party with whom he deals knew at the time that he did so. If an agent intrusted with goods sell the same without authority, the principal may af. firm the sale and collect from the purchaser, or he may disaffirm the sale and recover the goods from the buyer. An agent cannot exceed or depart from his * —- E-3, 2. == * * AGENCY AND ATTORNEY. T- instructions without making himself liable to his principal for the consequences. An agent cannot appoint a sub-agent or at- torney unless expressly authorized to do so by his principal. An agent is bound to use all that care and *ill that a reasonable man would use in his °Wn business, and is bound to the utmost good faith. For any breach of duty an agent is responsi- ble for the whole injury thereby sustained by the principal. s If an agent embezzles his principal's property, the principal may reclaim it whenever or wher- *Verit can be distinctly traced or identified. An agent employed to sell property cannot tly it himself, or if employed to purchase can he buy from himself. The agent should keep an exact account of his doings, especially of all pecuniary transac- tions. d Insanity revokes authority, though if the Principal was sane when authority was given his agent and a third party deals with the agent * the belief of his authority, such revocation Will not be permitted to take effect to the injury of the third party. The following forms of power of attorney are those most frequently required. Power of Attorney. *Now ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTs, That I.......(the "ame of the £rincipal or party appointing) of ......(residence) ‘. . . . . . . . have constituted, ordained, and made, and in my stead and place put, and by these presents do constitute, or- '. and make, and in my stead and place put (name of at- ”) to be my true, sufficient, and lawful attorney for me and in my name and stead to (here set forth the purposes for *ich the power is given)...... . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * *.* Giving and hereby granting unto him, the said attorney, full Power and authority in and about the premises; and to use all due means, course, and process in law, for the full, effect- ual, *nd complete execution of the business afore described; and "my name to make and execute due acquittance and discharge; and for the premises to appear, and the person of me the constituent to represent before any governor, judges, Justices, officers, and ministers of the law whatsoever, in any “ourt or courts of judicature, and there on my behalf, to - G= ---> 487 answer, defend, and reply unto all actions, causes, matters, and things whatsoever relating to the premises. Also to submit any matter in dispute, respecting the premises, to arbitration or otherwise; with full power to make and sub- stitute, for the purposes aforesaid, one or more attorneys un- der him, my said attorney, and the same again at pleasure to revoke. And generally to say, do, act, transact, determine, accomplish, and finish all matters and things whatsoever re- lating to the premises, as fully, amply and effectually, to all intents and purposes, as I.......the said constituent, if pres- ent, ought or might personally, although the matter should require more special authority than is herein comprised, I . . . . . . . .the said constituent ratifying, allowing, and holding firm and valid all whatsoever my said attorney or his substi. tutes shall lawfully do, or cause to be done, in and about the premises, by virtue of these presents. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand and seal this......day of......in the year of our Lord eighteen hundred and......... (Signature) (Scal) Signed, Sealed, and Delivered in Presence of Power of Attorney in a Shorter Form. KNow ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTs, That I (name of principal), have made, constituted, and appointed, and by these presents do make, constitute, and appoint (name of at- torney), my true and lawful attorney, for me and in my name, place, and stead to (here describe the thing to be done), giving and granting unto my said attorney full power and authority to do and perform all and every act and thing whatsoever requisite and necessary to be done in and about the premises, as fully, to all intents and purposes, as I might or could do if personally present, with full power of substitution and re- vocation; hereby ratifying and confirming all that my said attorney or his substitute shall lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof. IN WITNESS WHEREoF, I have hereunto set my hand and seal, the........day of........in the year one thousand eight hundred and........ (Signature) (Seal) 2xecuted and Delivered in Presence of g General Customhouse Power. KNow ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS, That I,..... . . . . . of the...... ... ', of . . . . . . . . . , in the county of.........., and State of.........., have made, constituted, and appoint- ed, and by these presents do make, constitute, and appoint, .........., of.........., my true and lawful attorney, for me and in my name, to receive and enter, at the Custom-house of the district of. . . ... . . . . . . . , any goods, wares, or merchan- dise, imported by me, or which may hereafter arrive, con- signed to me, to sign my name, to seal and deliver for me, and as my act and deed, any bond or bonds which may be required by the Collector of the said district for securing the duties on any such goods, wares, or merchandise. Also, to sign my name to, seal and deliver for me, and as my act and deed, any bond or bonds requisite for obtaining the debenture --> 9–- 488 on any goods, wares, or merchandise, when exported; and generally to transact all business at the said Custom-house in which I am, or may hereafter be, interested or concerned, as fully as I could if personally present. And I hereby declare, that all bonds signed and executed by my said attorney shall be as obligatory on me as those signed by myself; and this power shall remain in full force until revoked by written notice given to said collector. IN WITNEss WHEREof, I have hereunto set my hand and seal, this.....day of.....in the year one thousand eight hundred and. ... (Signature) (Seal.) Signed, Sealed, and Delivered in Presence of Power to Receive A Debt. KNow ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTs, That I,........., of........, have made, nominated and appointed........., my true and lawful attorney for me and in my name, and for my use and benefit, to ask, demand, and receive of........., of....: ..., all sums of money, debts and demands whatso- ever, which are now due and owing to me, the said........., from the said. ........., and upon receipt thereof, to make and deliver a release or discharge for the same; and I do hereby ratify and confirm whatsoever my said attorney shall lawfully do in the premises. IN WITNESS WHEREoF, I have hereunto set my hand and seal, this......day of......in the year one thousand eight hundred and.... - (Signature.) (Seal.) Signed, Sealed, and Delivered in Presence of Power of Attorney to Sell and Deliver Chattels. KNow ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTs, That I, the under- signed, for value received, do hereby irrevocably constitute and appoint. . . . . . . . . . . ....... . . . . . . . . ................. to be my true and lawful attorney, for me and in my name and behalf, to sell, transfer, and deliver unto............... or any other person or persons (here describe the things to be sold). . . . . . . .......... And further, one or more per- sons under him to substitute with like power. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand and seal this. .....day of...... 18.... (Witnesses.) (Signature) (Seal) Power of Attorney given by Seller to Buyer. KNow ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTs, That I... . . . . . . . for value received, have bargained, sold, assigned, and transferred, and by these presents do bargain, sell, assign, and transfer, unto..... (name of the buyer) the following arti- cles, namely,......(describe the articles) and I do hereby con- stitute and appoint the said.........(the buyer) my true and lawful attorney irrevocable, for me and in my name and stead, but to my use, to sell, assign, transfer, and set over all or any part of the said......(the goods) and for that purpose to make and execute all necessary acts of assignment and g-w- AGENCY AND ATTORNEY. transfer, and one or more persons to substitute with like full power, hereby ratifying and confirming all that my said attorney or his substitute or substitutes shall lawfully do by virtue hereof. IN WITNEss WHEREoF, I have hereunto set my hand and seal, the......day of......one thousand eight hundred and. . . . (Signature) (Seal) Signed, Sealed, and Delivered in Presence of Power of Attorney to Sell shares of Stock, with Appointment by Attorney of Substitute. KNow ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTs, That, for value received, I (name of the principal) of.............do hereby make, constitute, and appoint irrevocably,.............. my true and lawful attorney (with power of substitution), for and in my name and on my behalf, to sell, assign, and transfer unto......(name of buyer) share now standing in my name . . . . . . . . . .in the capital and joint stock of the . . . . . . * * * * * * * And my said attorney is hereby fully empowered to make and pass all necessary acts for the said assignment and trans- fer. * WITNESS my hand and seal, this......day of...... 18... (Signature.) (Seal) Signed, Sealed, and Delivered in Presence of For value received, I appoint, irrevocably, (name of the substitute) as my substitute, with all the powers above given to me. WITNESS my hand and seal, this . . . . . day of...... 18. -- (Signature) (Scal) Signed, Sealed, and Delivered in Presence of Power of Attorney to Subscribe for Stock. KNow ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTs, That I, the under- signed, do hereby irrevocably constitute and appoint. . . . . . . to be my true and lawful attorney, for me and in my name and behalf to subscribe for........ shares in the capital stock of the........ And further, one or more persons under him to substitute with like power. IN WITNEss WHEREof, I have hereunto set my hand and seal, this. . . . . . . .day of . . . . . . . 18... Witnesses present, (Signature) (Scal) Proxy, or Power of Attorney to Vote. KNow ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS, That I,. . . . . . . . . (name of the principal) of........do hereby appoint. . . . . . . . to be my substitute and proxy for me, and in my name and behalf to vote at any election of directors or other officers, and at any meeting of the stockholders of the.........., as fully as I might or could were I personally present. IN WITNEss WHEREof, I have hereunto set my hand and seal, this........day of........ 18. . . . Witnesses £resent, (Signature.) (Seal) Proxy, Revoking all Previous Proxies. KNow ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTs, That I, the under- –--" *===" =-3) * ~ "shed, stockholder in the..........(name of the company) do ereby appoint...............my true and lawful attorney, With power of substitution, for me and in my name to vote ' * meeting of the stockholders in said company, to be ' *............or at any adjournment thereof, with all *Powers I should possess if personally present, hereby re- V * s * '. all previous proxies. I * * * Witness, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .....(Signature.) Revocation of Power of Attorney. WHEREAs, I,......of the......of......, in the county of i. ‘.... and State of......, by my certain power of attorney, *ring date the.... .day of......, in the year one thousand *hundred and...., did appoint......, of the......, my *ue and lawful attorney, for me and in my name, to (here ** what he was authorized to do, using the precise language of the #ower of attorney originally given him), as by the said power of attorney, reference thereunto being had, will more fully appear: *EREFoRE, know ALL MEN By these PRESENTs, That ' ' ' . . . .aforesaid, have countermanded and revoked, and by * presents do countermand and revoke the said power :'ms, and all power and authority thereby given to the I * * * * * * * IN WITNEss WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand "seal, this......day of......, one thousand eight hun- dred and..... - (Signature.) (Seal) Sealed and Delivered in Presence of AP PRENTICES. An apprentice is a person, usually a minor, who is bound *t to service for a term of years to learn some art or trade. A contract of apprenticeship should be in writing, and should be signed by the apprentice and his father, or in case of his death or incapacity, his mother, or lawful guardian, * by selectmen, trustees, or other public officers—his obli. gation being to serve his master during the term of cervice. he contract of apprenticeship should bind the master to teach his apprentice his trade or business—the omission to *Pecify any trade or profession to be taught will not invali- *te the instrument. * agreement is sometimes made directly with an ap- prentice, and a guaranty taken from the parent or other *iend, that he shall perform it. While the agreement of the minor is voidable, the guaranty rests upon sufficient °onsiderations, and may be enforced. Apprentices are not entitled to wages, unless expressly "pulated for, but the master is, by his relationship to the *Pprentice, bound to pay for his medical attendance in the "ent of sickness, and to supply him with all the necessa. * of life—suitable clothing and other necessaries. The master is entitled to the earnings of the apprentice under all circumstances, and he can recover at law, as the :== s-= courts hold, that having contracted for his time, the master is entitled to its avails—even though the person employing did not know of the apprenticeship. The power of the master over the person of the appren- tice is similar to that of a parent or guardian. The contract of apprenticeship is held to be strictly a per- sonal one, not assignable or terminable, without the assent of all the parties thereto. The master cannot require of the apprentice menial ser- vices not connected with his trade or profession. The death of the master discharges the apprenticeship, unless in pursuance of direct statute provisions. The master cannot discharge the apprentice, even though the apprentice prove unable to learn his trade. This risk was assumed by the master. If good cause can be shown, an apprentice may be dis- charged by the courts, under the regulations existing in most of the States, from service, or the master from his contract. - If the apprentice deserts his master, and contracts a new relation, which disables him from returning to his master, lawfully, the master is not bound to receive him should he return. •- A party who induces an apprentice to leave the service of his master is liable to the master. Indenture of Apprenticeship, to be Signed by the Father. This indenture of apprenticeship between ....... father of........, on the one part, and........of the other part, witnesseth. That the said ........, aged......years, on the...... day of........, A. D. 18...., is hereby bound as an apprentice under the said.........., from the date hereof until the....... day of........ , A. D. 18...., to learn the trade and art of a . . . . . . . ; and is faithfully to serve the said........ , and correctly to conduct himself during the term of his apprenticeship. And the said........, hereby covenants, that he will teach the said * * * * * * * * the said trade and art, and will furnish him, during said appren- ticeship, with board, lodging, washing, clothing, medicine, and other necessaries suitable for an apprentice in sickness and in health; and will send him to a suitable public school at least three months during each of the first two years of the said term; and at the expiration of said appren- ticeship will furnish him with two new suits of common wearing apparel, and one hundred dollars in money. IN TESTIMONY WHEREoF, the parties hereto have set their hands and seals, this.... ...day of........, A. D. S. .. Executed in Presence of * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * [L. S.] ........[I. S.] * * * * * * Consent of the Minor. I hereby consent to the foregoing indenture, and agree to conform to the terms thereof, in all things on my part to be performed. Dated, the.........day of.........in the year 18.... Consent of Father or Mother. I do hereby consent to and approve of the binding of my son.......as in the above indenture is set forth. Dated the........ day of........ , A. D. 18.... Consent of Guardian. I, . . . . . . . . the duly appointed guardian of........in the within indent- ure named, hereby certify, that the father and mother of the said....... are both dead (or that the father is dead and the mother refuses to give her consent, or whatever the fact may be,) and that I do hereby consent, ---> . '-- s F- -——” +- - * 8 "- APPRENTICES 489 forth in said indenture. Dated the........day of........, A. D. 18.... • * * * * * * * * Guardian of........ Complaint to a Magistrate by a Master. To........, a Justice of the Peace, etc. ..I, ........of........., in said..... .. , machinist, hereby make com- plaint, that........, an apprentice lawfully indentured to me, and whose term of service is still unexpired, with whom I have not received nor am I entitled to receive any sum of money as compensation for his instruc- tion (or if he has received money, set forth the sum and his own discharge of duty,) refuses to serve me and conducts himself in a disorderly and improper manner, in this, to wit: (set forth the wrong doing,) and utterly refuses to perform the conditions of said indenture, as required by law. Dated the....... day of........, A. D. 18.... State of..................” County of.......... * * * * * * * ........the person named in the foregoing complaint, being duly sworn, deposes and says, that the facts and circumstances stated and set forth in the said complaint are true. Before me this........day of........., A. D. 18.... ........, justice of the Peace. * * * * * * * * * SS. Discharge of Apprentice. State of.............., 's County of............, o Complaint on oath having been made to the undersigned, Justice of the Peace in and for said County, upon oath by........, apprentice of....... of........, in said County, machinist, that the said........to whom said ........is bound by indentures of apprenticeship the term of service in which has not yet expired, had cruelly beat, etc., (as in complaint and summons,) and the said........, by virtue of our summons thereupon issued, having been brought before us, and upon due examination of the parties and of the evidence adduced by them, it satisfactorily appearing to us that the said ....... is guilty of the matters charged against him as aforesaid: now therefore, we do hereby discharge the said... ..... from the service of the said........, any thing in his indentures of ap- prenticeship aforesaid to the contrary thereof notwithstanding. Given under our hands and seals this........day of......, A. D. 18... . . . . . . . . [L. S.] ........ [L. S.] Sustices of the Peace for said...... . ARE ITRATION. It is often expedient in matters of controversy, to submit to arbitrators selected by the parties, rather than litigate in the courts. This is specially true in controversies between friends, family disputes, or cases of long and involved trans- actions, or cases that require immediate settlement, and would be injured while waiting their course on the court calendar. Arbitration is to be preferred, in that it is a peaceable and inexpensive mode of settling difficulties. In all ordinary cases, a single referee, of such character and capacity as to control the confidence of both parties, familiar with the law and the rules of evidence, is in many respects the most convenient, efficient and satisfactory tri- bunal for arbitration. If it may seem desirable to the parties to have as referee one or more practical men con- versant with matters of the same nature as to be passed upon, it is still desirable that a chairman should be selected, having the qualification above referred to. Parties may agree to refer a question by an oral agree- —- 490 ARBITRATION. as his guardian, that he, the said..... ..., may bind himself as is set I ment (though this is not desirable), or a written agreement. The parties to a controversy should pledge themselves to abide by the decision of the arbitrators. Arbitrators are not bound by legal rules in the admission or exclusion of evidence, unless this is so stipulated in the agreement of submission; but they may hear all evidence that in their judgment will tend to aid them in arriving at a correct result. Awards are sometimes delivered to the prevailing party, when out of court, though it is advisable to have them made returnable to some court—for if either party refuses to per- form, they must be enforced by an action at law, or a bill in equity. n Arbitrators constitute an independent tribunal, exercising final jurisdiction between the parties. An award must be conformable to the terms of the submis- sion. The authority given to the arbitrators must not be exceeded, and only the precise question submitted to them, and nothing more nor less should be answered. The statutes usually, and agreements of submission gen- erally, authorize the arbitrators to award not only upon the subject matter submitted, but as to costs to be recovered by one party of the other, or to be divided between them. A submission to arbitration voluntarily entered into by the parties, without the aid of statute regulation or rule of court, may be revoked by either of the parties at any time before the publication of the award—though this would ren- der the revoking party liable in damages, which would include all the expenses incurred by the other party about the submission, and all that he could prove he had lost in any way by the revocation. The death of either party revokes a submission out of court, unless special provision is made in the agreement for such an event. Form of Submission to Arbitration. KNow ALL MEN, that we,.....................of............... * * * * * * and. ......................of....................., do hereby promise and agree, to and with each other, to submit, and do hereby submit, all questions and claims between us (or any specific question or claim, describing it) to the arbitrament and determination of (here name the arbitrators) whose decision and award shall be final, binding, and con- clusive on us; (add if there are more arbitrators than one, and it is in- tended that they may choose an umpire) and, in case of disagreement between the said arbitrators, they may choose an umpire, whose award shall be final and conclusive; (or add, if there be more than two arbi- trators) and, in case of disagreement, the decision and award of a majority of said arbitrators shall be final and conclusive. IN WITNESS WIIEREOF,............... have hereunto subscribed these presents this..........day of............one thousand eight hundred and "7,presence of (Signatures.) Arbitrator’s Oath. To be administered by a Judge of a Court of Record or a Justice of the Peacc. You severally swear, faithfully to hear and examine the matters in controversy between A. B., of the one part, and C. D., of the other part, and to make a just award, according to the best of your understanding, -so help you God. Award of Arbitrators. To ALL To wiroM THESE PRESES"s SHALL coME: We, .............., to whom was submitted as arbitrators the matters in controversy exist- w *- –=" w --" - -- * ~ Š-- F– "-– *g between......... .............as by the condition of their respective onds of submission, executed by the said parties respectively, each *to the other, and bearing date the..............day of............one thousand cight hundred and................more fully appears. a' *Refore, KNow YE, That we... ‘....... ................the 3. *rs mentioned in the said bonds, having been first duly sworn ccording to law, and having heard the proofs and allegations of the *s, and examined the matters in controversy by them submitted, ' this award in writing; that is to say, the said.................. * or before the..................day of............. next ensuing ° date hereof (here insert whatever is to be done). And also the said arbitrators do hereby further award, that all actions *nding between the said....... .........and................for any ' arising or happening before their entering into said bonds of "tion, shall from henceforth cease and determinc, and be no further Prosecuted or proceeded in by them or either of them, and that neither Party "ecover costs against the other. 'ally said arbitrators do further award, that the said............... the dai. '''. ....shall, within the space of............days next after 3.Cti *te of this award, execute, each to the other, mutual releases of all * and causes of action, suits, debts, damages, accounts and de- *nds whatsoever. **. t in Witness wireREof,....have hereunto subscribed these presents, £: ‘............day of.................one thousand eight hundred * * * * * * * . . . . . . . . & * Presence o2f. (Signatures.) ASSIC NMENTS. An assignment is a transfer to another of the entire law- ful right which one has in any property, as the transfer of * or obligations, judgments, wages, bonds, and the like. * Assignments are sometimes written on the backs of the "'uments to be transferred by the assignment. he forms here given do not include assignments of deeds, of *ortgages, or of leases; they will be found in chapters which treat upon those subjects. Form of Assignment of a Promissory Note, or any Similar Promise or Agreement. c: £ for value received, assign and transfer the within written (n ° above written) together with all my rights under the same, to £27te of the assignee). * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ....(Signature). *neral Form of Assignment, with Power of Attorney. v' ALL MEN BY THIESE PRESENTS, That I,.... • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * for *ived, have sold, and by these presents do grant, assign, and *vey unto.................... (Here insert a description of the thing or things assigned.) *: AND To Holp the same unto the said.................., his 3aid *S, administrators, and assigns for ever, to and for the use of the and iwi fail.' hereby constituting and appointing him my true Purpose ll attorney irrevocable in my name, place, and stead, for the receive '' foresaid, to ask, demand, sue for, attach, levy, recover, and after : such sum and sums of money which now arc, or may here- | the a' due, owing and payable for or on account of al or any of and gra '. dues, debts, and demands above assigned to him, giving per' # unto the said attorney, full power and authority to do and as full . and every act and thing whatsoever requisite and necessary, prese y, o all intents and purposes, as I might or could do, if personally nt with full power of substitution and revocation, hereby ratifying iln * *firming all that the said attorney or his substitute shall lawfully ° or cause t day of....... *xecuted an >= -—9 ASSIGNMENTS-A BILL OF SALE. 49 I Assignment of Wages, with Power of Attorney. KNow ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTs, That I,............. ......, of * * * * * ... ----, in the County of........., State of.........., in considera- tion of ...........to me paid by.............of............the receipt whereof I do hereby acknowledge, do hereby assign and transfer to said . . . . . . . . . . . ...all claims and demands which I now have, and all which, at any time between the date hereof and the........day of.............. next, I may and shall have against................for all sums of money due, and for all sums of money and demand which, at any time between the date hereof and the said........day of...........next, may and shall become due to me, for services as..........to have and to hold the same to the said....................his executors, administrators, and assigns forever. And I'....................., do hereby constitute and appoint the said ... . . . . . . . . . . .......and his assigns to be my attorney irrevocable in the premises, to do and perform all acts, matters, and things touching the premises, in the like manner to all intents and purposes as I could if personally present. IN WITNESS WILEREOF, I have set my hand and seal, this............ day of.............. 18 • “. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [SEAL.] Signed, Sealed and Delivered in Presence of................ AFFIDAVIT. * An affidavit is a written statement, subscribed by the party making it, and sworn to or affirmed before the proper officer. A deposition is the testimony of a witness under oath, re- duced to writing. Form of Affidavit. State of Illinois, to wit: County of Kane. John Doe, of the town of Geneva, in the county aforesaid, being duly sworn, says (here state the facts), and further says not. JoIIN DOE. Sworn to this tenth day of October, A. D. 1882, before me, Joit N Jon Es, Commissioner of Deeds. If the matters embraced in the affidavit are not within the deponent's own knowledge, but have been communi- cated to him by others in whose assertion he places confi- dence, the affidavit should be in this form: State of Illinois, to wit: County of Kane. John Doe, of the town of Geneva, in the county aforesaid, being duly sworn, says that he has been informed, and believes it to be true, that (here insert what he has been informed of), and further says not. = W. - o be done by virtue thcreof. s JoiiN DoE. *ssWIIEREof, I have hereunto set my hand and seal the first Sworn to this tenth day of October, one thousand eight hundred and................ A. D. 1SS2, before me, a delivered in the presence of JoHN Jon Es, .................... [Seat-] Commissioner of Deeds. - -> -- S—a- ---" 492 ATTACHMENT AND EXECUTION-BOUNTY-A BILL OF SALE. ATTACHMENT AND EXECUTION. Attachment is the taking possession of personal or real property, or both, by virtue of a writ commanding such at- tachment, issued from a court of competent jurisdiction, for the purpose of holding the property seized, to satisfy any judgment which the plaintiff may obtain in the action against the defendant.* Personal property capable of manual delivery should be taken into actual possession by the officer serving the writ; while real property should be attached by posting a copy of the writ of attachment, with a certificate of the service, or levy of the same, on the premises attached, and filing a copy of the same, including such certificate of service and a cor- rect description of the realty attached, with the recorder of the county in which the realty is situated. Execution, in law, is a writ issued to carry into effect the final judgmcnt of a court; and, in civil cases, may be levied on any property of the defendant in the action which is not exempted from execution by the statute of the State. All property which is exempt from execution is also exempt from attachment. An attachment will not be valid in any State unless the contract for the payment of the money, to secure the pay- ment of which the attachment is issued, was made or is payable in the State (or Territory) where the writ is sought to be obtained. For instance: A plaintiff cannot hold property by attachment, in Illinois, upon a contract made and made payable in Indiana, and vice versa. * NoTE.—An attachment will not be valid where the debt for which it issued has been secured by mortgage or lien on real or personal property. BOUNTY. Bounty is a sum of money given to encourage men to enter the army and navy. In time of peace when no occa- sion arises to augment the forces, the bounty sinks to a minimum, but in cases of exigency it is raised, according to the difficulty and urgency of the circumstances. The following is a brief synopsis of the bounty laws of the United States: 1. Volunteers who enlisted before July 22, 1861, are entitled to $100 bounty. This is not payable to soldiers discharged by way of favor, or for promotion, and does not go to heirs. 2. Volunteers who cnlisted for two or three years, between April 12, 1861, and December 24, 1863, or between April 1, 1864, and July 18, 1864, are entitled to $100 bounty, provided they actually served two years or more as enlisted men, or were discharged before serving two years on account of wounds reccived in line of duty (sec paragraph 9). If the soldier was discharged before serving two years on account of disease, he is not entitled to bounty. If, after his discharge for disease before serving two years, the soldier died before July 28, 1866, his heirs are entitled to $1oo bounty. 3. Soldiers who enlisted for and served three years after April 19, 1861, are entitled to $1oo additional bounty, and those who cnlisted for, and served, two years after April 14, 1861, are cntitled to $50 additional 'l- bounty. This bounty is not payable to a soldier who is entitled to a greater bounty than $100. 4. Volunteer recruits who enlisted between October 24, 1863, and April 1, 1861, for three years in old organizations already in the field, or who cnlisted between December 24, 1863, and April 1, 1864, for three years in a new organization, are entitled to a bounty of $300. 5. Volunteers who enlisted between July 18, 1864, and April 30, 1865, are entitled to $100 bounty for each year's service. 6. Soldiers who were discharged after nine months' consecutive service were permitted after January 1, 1863, and before April 1, 1864, to re-enlist and become veterans, but if discharged to re-enlist in the same regiment, they must have previously served two years. Veterans are entitled to $400 bounty. The bounty described in paragraphs 4, 5, and 6 was paid in install- ments during the service, and nearly every man got his money, 7. Where the soldier is dead, his heirs are entitled to the bounty due for his service, except paragraph 1. 8. No bounty is paid for enlistments prior to April 12, 1861, nor after April 30, 1865. Drafted men and substitutes enrolled between March 3, 1863, and September 5, 1864, for three years, are entitled to $100 bounty. This is the only bounty to which they are entitled. 9. Soldiers discharged before serving their full term of enlistment on account of wounds or injuries are cntitled to the full bounty due for their enlistments. Any physical injury, whether caused by violence, accident, or wound received in battle, is a “wound” under the law. For forms of application for pensions apply to any pension agent, or to the Commissioner of Pensions, Washington, D. C. A BILL OF SALE. . A bill of sale is a written instrument or agreement by which a person transfers on sells his right, title and interest in personal property, for a valuable consideration. A bill of sale is valid even though the seller retains possession; but if a third party, who is a creditor of the seller, puts an attachment upon the goods while the original owner holds possession, the bill of sale, as to the third party, will be pre- sumed to be fraudulent and void, and he may maintain his claim on the goods, unless the buyer can make it appear that the sale to him was made in substantial good faith, and without intent to defraud such creditor; hence a bill of sale is not considered good security when the original owner of the goods retains possession. As a general rule, to estab- lish ownership in law the buyer must take actual possession of the property purchased. Bill of Sale of Personal Property. KNow ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTs, That I, ..........(name of the seller) in the County of........for and in consideration of the sum of.... * * * * * * to........in hand well and truly paid, at or before signing, sealing, and delivery of these presents by... .... (name of the buyer) the receipt whereof I, the said........ do hereby acknowledge, have granted, bar- gained, and sold, and by these presents do grant, bargain, and sell unto the said........(name of buyer) the following articles of personal prop- erty, to wit: (describe property sold). To HAvE AND To Hold the said granted and bargained goods and chattels, unto the said........ heirs, executors, administrators, and as" signs, to........ only proper use, bencfit, and behoof forever, and....... the said........does vouch himself to be the true and lawful owner of the goods and effects hereby sold, and to have in himself full power, good right, and lawful authority to dispose of the said........ in manner #1S aforesaid, and I do, for myself, my heirs, cxecutors and administrators, hereby covenant and agree to warrant and defend the title of said goods and chattels hereby sold unto the said ........heirs, executors, and ad- –=" =p' 2. k ~ l #= -—°12 . "- BONDS. 493 miri * * * * £: assigns, against the lawful claims and demands of all ation; hence, unnecessary to prove one. 2d: By ordinary 0CVer: * * * tatutes of * * * * | IN WITNEss WHEREOF, ........the said........have hereunto set S - * limitation, it runs twenty years, instead of six, £" and seal this........day of.... ...in the year of our Lord before right of action ceases. The statute of limitation :£ eight hundred and........ varies in some of the different States, as will be seen by a © * * * * #! £*and politered * reference to the table of limitations: esence of (Signature.) (Seal.) * s * General Form of Bond. Bill of Sale with Warranties. I * KNow ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTs, that I (the obligor) of.......... liv. **** - - - - , in consideration of...... ... dollars to me paid before the de- in the County of............. , am held and firmly bound to (the obligee), : : ‘by........ of........, the receipt whereof is hereby ac- of ............... , in the County of ... .......... , in the sum of ....... 3.n # ged, have sold, and by these presents, do convey to said. ..... * dollars (this amount should be double the sum named in the condition, to S£: the following articles of personal property:-(here cover costs and contingencies) to be paid to the said...................; tant : £ articles sold.) And I hereby agree with said........to war- to the payment whereof I bind myself and my heirs firmly by these pres- and : defend the title of said goods and chattels hereby sold, to him ents, sealed with my seal. title t 1S assigns against all and every person. (If to the warranty of Dated the....... day of............. .., A. D. 18... # is to be added other warranties as to quality, etc., add :) And The condition of this obligation is such, that if I, the said..... * * * * * * * p' the said flour to be “XX. Extra,” as to brand, and in shall pay to said........ ....the sum of...... dollars, and interest, on or f: condition. (Add any other warranty as to quality or otherwise before the.....day of..... ..........., 18.., then this obligation shall be ' be desired.) void, E. "ss my hand this........day of......, A. D. S.... JExecuted and Delivered £and Delivered J Int Presence of * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * [I. S.] * Presence of (Signature.) (Seal.) * Condition of a Bond to Convey Land. Bill of Sale, Short Form. The condition of this obligation is such, that if the said................ O I, *** * * * * * , of.... • * * * * in consideration of...... dollars paid by.... * is E. : upon the payment of * + , , E. ... dollars and interest by said.... * * * * * * * * * • * * * * “..., hereby sell and convey to said........the following personal within one year from this date, shall convey to said............ * * * * * * * * * :*Perty:-(here insert schedule of articles), warranted against adverse and his heirs forever, a certain parcel of land with the buildings thereon, '. - situate in.... . . . . . . . . . . ..., bounded and described as follows: (here in- #: my hand this........day of........, A. D. 18.... sert boundaries and description), by a warranty deed in common form, J. **ted and Delivered duly executed and acknowledged, the premises then being in as good * Presence of (Signature.) (Seal.) condition as they now are, necessary decay and deterioration excepted, then this obligation shall be void. - Executed and Delivered BöNDs In Presence of * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * [L. S.] #. s- *IIQlians" • Bond with Sureties. A. bon * * g * * * which : IS 111 instrument 111 writing and under seal, by KNow ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS, that we,..................., as anoth e maker, who is called the obligor, binds himself to principal, and. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . and...... .......... , as sureties, all of f er party, who is called the obligee, to pay a certain sum ................, in the County of............, State of............., are O money, Or to perform SOITT 6- duty O!" obligation, with a holden and stand firmly bound unto. ............. of said............ , in '"lty-technically called the penal sum—for its non-ful. the "" ... dollars to be paid to the said ........... ... , to the pay- fillm €nt. ment whereof we jointly and severally bind ourselves and our respective * * * * * * heirs, firmly by these presents sealed with our seals. ": single bond is one given without a consideration, though . Dated at.... . . . . . . . . , this....day of........ ..., A.D. 18... Practice a condition is generally added, providing that the The condition of this (as above). "d shall be void if the act be performed, otherwise to be Executed and Delivered of full effect. In Presence of . ............... ..... [L. S.] The * - * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * [L. S.] d penalty attached to the bond is usually double the ‘........... ......... [L. S.] '' of the sum actually due, in order, in the event of a ' recovery, to cover the interest and all expenses, and Condition of a Bond of Indemnity on Paying a Lost Note. *traordinary da igor is held b € Courts to pa #. £ But the obligo h will b y th l The condition of this obligation is, that whereas the said.............., indem * pay to the obligee only that which Will be an actua on the...... day of...... . ......., by his note in writing by him signed, * "ity, and no more, for all damages he has sustained of that date for value received, promised the said.... ........... to pay } the non-fulfillment by the obligor of the conditions re- to him or his order the sum of........ dollars in...... months from date; Cited. which said note is alleged to be lost out of his possession and cannot be A. consideration need not be alleged, asserted or proved in found: and where's the said.......... ......has this day paid the said the bond b * * * * s sum according to the tenor thereof. h ecause the seal implies a consideration. - Now therefore, if the above bound................shall save the said * ° Omission of a seal to a bond does not affect its valid- * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * and his assigns forever harmless, for having so paid ity, Provided a sufficient consideration is given, though, in said sum of money, and from all liability under and by virtue of said t s * * * he language of the law, this instrument would be a simple note, and from all loss, cost damage and expense that shall or may arise Contract. therefrom, then this obligation shall be void. A. * * Executed and Delivered -: twofold effect. 1st: It assumes a consider- In Presence of ..................... [L. S.] -- * 4. – --~~ 494 COMPLAINTS. COMPLAINTS. (OMPLAINTS, answers, and demurrers, are called £leadings in legal proceedings. A complaint is a formal statement in writing, and in ordinary and #. concise language of the facts which constitute a "W cause of action, made by a person who brings the suit, and is called a “plaintiff,” against some other person, who is called a “defendant.” An answer is a statement, generally in writing, made by the “defendant,” of facts which he may believe to consti- tute a defense against the complaint of the “plaintiff.” A demurrer is an objection, in writing, to the legal suffi- ciency of the complaint when made by the defendant, or to the legal sufficiency of the answer, when made by the plaintiff. * When complaints fail to state legal causes of action, or fail to comply with the legal requirements of a complaint, they will be successfully demurred to; and when answers fail ins like particulars, they, too, will prove of no value unless amended. Pleadings in justices courts are often oral, particularly answers; and pleadings in those courts are not held to the same strictness as pleadings in courts of record. Form of Complaint on an Account Stated. In Justice's Court of ........ Township, County of ........, State of ........ le JoiiN DoE, Plaintiff, T/S, R1C1LARD Roe, ADefendant. The above-named plaintiff complains of the defendant above-named, and for cause of action avers: I. That on or about the first day of April, 1884, at the town of ......., county of........, and State of........, an account was stated between the plaintiff and defendant, and upon such statement and stated account a balance of $77,45 was found due to the plaintiff from said defendant, which sum the said defendant then and there agreed to pay to plaintiff when requested so to do. That, though often requested, no part of said sum of $77.45 has been paid, except the sum of $35.00, paid thereon as follows, to wit: $10.00 paid thereon on the fifth day of April, 1884, and $25.00 paid thereon on the tenth day of said April, and that there remains due thereon, the sum of $77.45, less the sum of said payments, with interest on all unpaid sums from the first day of April, 1884. II. For a second and further cause of action plaintiff avers: That between the first day of April, A.D., 1SS4, and the twentieth day of said month, at the place above-named, the plaintiff sold and delivered to said defendant divers meats of the value of $19.40, and that defendant then and there undertook and promised to pay the said sum whenever requested so to do; but though often requested, defendant has hitherto neglected and failed, and still does neglect and fail to pay the said sum, or any part thereof, to plaintiff's damage in the sum of $19.40, with interest from said twentieth day of April, 1884. Wherefore the plaintiff demands judgment against the defendant: I. For the sum of $77.45, less the sum of $35.00, paid thereon as follows, to wit: $10.00 on the fifth day of April, and $25.00 on the tenth day of April, 1884, together with interest on all sums unpaid thereon according to the statute, per annum. II. For the further sum of $19.40, and interest thereon from the twentieth day of April, 1884, at the rate provided by the statute and for costs of suit. IRA NoAKES, Attorney for Plaintiff. Form of Answer to Foregoing Complaint. In Justice's Court of ........ Township, County of ........, State of ........ Joit N DoE, Plaintiff, 7'.S. RICHARD Roe, Defendant. Now comes the defendant above-named, and, answering, denies generally and specifically each and every allegation contained in plaintiff's complaint. Defendant denies that on or about the first day of April, 1884, or at any other time, at the town of ........, county of ........, and State of ........, or at any other place, an account was stated between the plaintiff and the defendant; and he denies that upon such statement and stated account, or upon any other statement or account, a balance of $77.45, or any other sum of money, was found due from defendant to plaintiff; and he denies that then or thcre, or at any other time or place, he, defendant, agreed to pay said sum, or any other sum, of money to plaintiff when thereunto requested, or at any time whatever. And for answer to the second count in plaintiff's complaint defendant denies that on or about the twentieth day of April, 1884, or at any other time, defendant undertook or promised to pay to plaintiff the sum of $19.40, or any other sum as alleged in plaintiff's complaint, or in any manner whatever. And for further answer and defense herein and for cause of action against plaintiff, defcndant avers: That on or about the first day of March, A.D. 1884, at ........ afore" said, defendant sold and delivered to plaintiff, at plaintiff's instance and request, one bay marc of the value of onc hundred dollars, which sum said plaintiff then and there undertook and promised to pay to defendant whenever thereunto requested, but to pay the same or any part thereof except the sum of $35.00 on or about the first of April, 1884, and the further sum of $19.40 at divers times between said first day of April and the twentieth day of said month, plaintiff has wholly neglected and failed to pay said sum or any part thereof, to defendant's damage in the sum of $45.60. Wherefore defendant demands judgment against plaintiff for $45.60 and for costs. JoriN Jon ES, Attorney for Defendant. m * . . . . ." 1. Form of Complaint in Cases of Misdemeanor and in Criminal Actions. In Justice's Court of ........ Township, in and for the County of " ........ and State of California. THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA, Plaintiffs, TJS. JoliN DoE, • Defendant. Personally appeared before me, this ........ day of ........, A.D. 18...., Richard Roe, of ........ township, in the county of .... . . . . " who, being first duly sworn, complains and says: That one John Doe, of said township. and county, on the ... .... day of ........ , A.D. 18...., at said township, in the county of ........ (one overcoat of the value of thirty dollars), of the goods and chattels of him, the said Richard Roe, the said John Doc did feloniously take, steal and carry away; all of which is contrary to the form of the statute in such case made and provided, and against the peace and dignity of the people of the State of California. Said complainant therefore prays that a warrant may be issued for the arrest of said John Doe, and that he may be dealt with according to law. IRICIIARD IRoE. Subscribed and sworn to before me, this * * * * * * * * day of . * * * * * * * * A.D. 18.... justice of the Peace in and for said County. . 7. :- * DEMURRERS. HE defendant may demur to the complaint within $ the time he is required in the summons to answer, when it appears upon the face of the complaint: 1. That the Court has no jurisdiction of the #5 person of the defendant or of the subject of the action; or, * That the plaintiff has not legal capacity to sue—or, 3. That there is another action pending between same *ties for the same cause—or, 4. That there is a defect or misjoinder of parties, plaintiff * defendant; or, 5. That the several courses of action have been improp- *ly united; or, 6. That the complaint does not state facts sufficient to "stitute a cause of action; or, 7. That the complaint is ambiguous, unintelligible, or uncertain. Either one or any two or more of the foregoing causes *y be stated in the demurrer (if they appear on the face of the complaint) after the following: Form of Demurrer. .." the ..... ... Court of the County of ........ in and for the State Join Dor, Y Plaintiff, 723. *citaRD Roe, Defendant. * comes the defendant above-named and demurs to the complaint plaintiff herein, and for cause of demurrer says: * That the complaint does not state facts sufficient to constitute **use of action. # * That the plaintiff has not legal capacity to sue. etc *rd, That the complaint is ambiguous, unintelligible and uncertain, w £ any legal object to the complaint). is "refore defendant prays judgment herein, and that said action be * at plaintiff’s cost. Now CO of Jolin Jon Es, Attorney for Defendant. BUMPOSITION WITH REDITORS. "his is a contract between a debtor who is able only to ** Portion of his debts with his creditors, whereby they agree to accept a certain sum less than the original claim; ' "Pon the receipt thereof, not to prosecute or trouble : debtor on account of his debt, and thus operates as a "harge to the debtor reinvesting him in his estate. Form for Composition with Creditors. men by these presents, that whereas John Doe is justly to us, John Jones, IHenry Smith, and Thomas Sharpe, 'CCO the said John Doe, in divers sums of money, which he has the unable fully to pay and discharge; therefore we, the said Credi t "ors, do consent and agree with the said John Doe to demand less . Know all indebted \ln Creditors of ha ** full amount of our respective claims, and to accept of ten cents |->==- DEMURRERS-CoMPOSITION WITH CREDITORS-CORPORATIONS. 495 for every dollar owing to each of us, the said creditors of the said John Doe, in full satisfaction and discharge of our several claims and demands; the said sum of ten cents on a dollar to be paid to each of us, our heirs, cxecutors and administrators, within the space of thirteen months from the date hereof. And we, the creditors aforesaid, do further severally and respectively covenant and agree with the said John Doe, that he may, within the said time of thirteen months from the date hereof, sell and dispose of his goods and chattels, wares and merchandise, at his own free will and pleasure, for the payment of the ten cents on the dollar of each of our respective debts; and that neither of us will, at any time hereafter, suc, arrest, or attach the said John Doe, or his goods and chattels, for any debt now due and owing to us or any of us, provided the said John Doe does well and truly pay, or cause to be paid, the said ten cents for every dollar of each of our several and respective claims against him. And all and each of the covenants and agreements herein contained shall extend to and bind our several executors, administrators, and assigns. In witness whereof, ctc. -**— coRPoRATIons. the statute of some State or Territory. Such stat- # utes usually name the purposes for which such # corporation: may be formed, and provide the man- # ner in which they must be formed, or brought into, and continue their existence, which is substan- tially as follows. In the first place the required number of men named in the statute for forming such corporation must prepare Articles of Incorporation setting forth (gen- erally): 1. The name of the incorporation. 2. The purpose for which it is formed. 3. The place where its principal business is to be trans- acted. s 4. The term for which it is to exist (not exceeding the time limited by the statute under which it is formed.) 5. The number of its directors, or trustees (which is usu- ally not less than three nor more than eleven; but the stat- ute of the State under which the corporation is being formed will limit the extreme number in both directions), with the names and residences of those who are appointed to act the first year, etc. * 6. The amount of the capital stock of the company (if any), and the number of shares into which it is divided. 7. (If there be a capital stock, the amount actually sub- scribed, and by whom.) • The Articles of Incorporation should be signed and ac- knowledged by the trustees (or directors), and filed with the county clerk of the county in which the principal business of the company is to be transacted, and a certified copy thereof filed with the Secretary of State, who will, in many States, issue to the corporation, over the great seal of the State, a certificate that such articles, containing the required statement of facts, has been filed in his office. By these acts the parties forming the company, and their successors, will become and be a corporate body. -- + = 496 CORPORATIONS. Articles of Incorporation of the Mississippi Manufacturing Statement to accompany a petition in insolvency: Company. Know all men by these presents, that we the undersigned have Petition in Insolvency by a Corporation. this day voluntarily associated ourselves together for the purpose * s of forming a corporation under the laws of the State of Mississippi, At a meeting of the stockholders (or of the board of directors, or and we hereby certify: trustees, as the case may be), of the ......... company (or bark or as- Pirst, That the name of said corporation is the Mississippi Manu- sociation, or society), a corporation created and existing under the laws facturig Company of the State of ...... ..., held at ......... , in the county of ........ , in Second, That the purposes for which said corporation is formed are: : £ : : * * * * * * * * '' ... '' A. ID. # thc £ of The manufacturing of the lint of cotton into sheetings, calicoes, and all C fl. : £ saic £ ': : inquire into, : it. £ descriptions of cotton cloths; the hulling of cotton seeds, and preparing ' ' : alt: ' t £ C : £ is indebted '. t oils therefrom, and the sale of the products of such manufacture. amount exceeding the sum of three hundred dollars, and is insolvent, Third, That the place where its principal business is to be transacted and that its affairs ought to be wound up, it was voted (or resolved) by shall bc 5:3. Ainds County, Mississippi. a majority of the corporators (or stockholders, or directors, or trustees), p * s * g JFourth, That the term for which it is to exist is fifty years from and both in number and amount, of the stock of said company, p resent at after the date of its incorporation. said meeting-which meeting was duly called and notified for the pur- Fifth, That the number of its directors (or trustees) shall be nine, pose of taking action upon the subject aforesaid—that * * * * * * * * * * * : and that the names and residences of those who are appointed for the and he (or they) hereby is (or are, authorized, cmpowered, and require first year are: William A. Tapley, Boston, Mass.; John Fairbanks, # file a £ in the .... :::: court : the State of * * * * * ... in and : Chicago, Ill.; Frederick McQuigg, Chicago, Ill.; Jeremiah S. White, the county of .......... , within which county said corporation has ca Jackson, Miss.; Benjamin F. Clark, Jackson, Miss.; Charles M. Wain- ried on its business, for the purpose of having the same adjudged 1n = wright, Chicago, Ill.; Henry C. Knill, Jackson, Miss.; Charles C. solvent; and that such proceedings be had thereon as are provided by Thayer, Charleston, S.C.; George S. Palmer, Portland, Conn the act of the Legislature of the State of .......... , known as the “In- * * * * 9 Sixth, That the amount of the capital stock of this corporation shall ' act of eighteen hundred and ..........,” approved ..........” be one million dollars, divided into ten thousand shares of the par value *..... . * of one hundred dollars each In witness whereof I have hereunto subscribed my name as pres- Seventh, That the amount of said capital stock which has been actually ident (or other officer) of said corporation, and caused the seal thereof subscribed is five hundred thousand dollars, and the following are the to be affixed. names of the persons by whom the same have been subscribed, to wit: .............. ..." President (or other officer). * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Secretary. NAMEs of SUBSCRIBERs. Ng'” AMOUNT. * a * * • * In the petition for insolvency by a corporation, the follow- William A. Tapley......... ............. 500 $50,000 ing changes should appear: # £. # # The name of the corporation should be substituted for # # Y'::::::::::::::: * * * * £ # that of an individual petitioner; and in place of the prayer CI11:11111 in It!", *T*. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . > * * * * £ Wainwright................'.. # 50,000 for a discharge, words like the following should be substi- #: s is a • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * # # tuted: “And that like proceedings may be had in the # C 3. £ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * £ £ premises as in said act are provided in respect to natural John I. Oswald............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 50, persons.” IN wrTNESS witHREoF, we have hereunto set our hands and scals, this first day of February, A.D. 1884. WILLIAM A. TAPLEY, [Scal.] Form of Charging Embezzlement Against an Officer of a * * * s [Each of the directors or trustees should sign, seal and acknowledge - Corporation. the instrument.] * * * s * That said ........, at (stating place, county, and State), on or about Signed and sealed in the presence of ........ the ........ day of ........, A. D. S...., did feloniously embezzle, Acknowledgement. steal, and convert to his own use, without the assent of said corpora." State of - tion, or of its trustees (or directors) certain property of said corpora" & Ol' . . . * * * * * * ! SS. tion, to wit, money, evidences of debt, and other property of said cor" County of ........ poration, of the value of ........ dollars or more, with intent then and On this twenty-first day of October, A.D. 1882, before me, ............ there to embezzle, steal, and convert the same to his, the said ........'s a notary public in and for said .... ... county, duly commissioned and own use, contrary to the form of the statute, and against the peace and sworn, personally appeared ........ ........ . . . . . . ... ....... ., and dignity of the State of ........ ... ....., to me personally known to be the individuals described in, Wherefore complainant demands the arrest of said ........, and that ? p y p and who executed the foregoing instrument as parties thereto, and the he be dealt with according to law. # y W severally acknowledged to me that they cxecuted the same freely and , " ..... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * voluntarily, and for the uses and purposes thercin mentioned. Jurat. IN witness wireREoF, I have hereunto set my hand and affixed m * * w * official seal the day and year in this certificate : written. y * The foregoing tec hnical words are substantially required * * * * * * * * * in criminal complaints, but— - [SEAL.] IVotary Public. If the committing magistrate be satisfied, upon the exami" When a corporation petitions in insolvency, the petition | nation, that a defendant has committed a crime, he will should be accompanied by an authenticated copy of the vote hold him, notwithstanding defects in the complaint, until or other action of the stockholders, or other party or parties the complaint can be amended, or a new one filed; for in * * * * * * * u, * * * * * ? entitled to act on the part of the corporation, authorizing criminal as well as in civil actions pleadings in justices the proceeding by him, which statement should be, in sub- courts are not held to such nicety and precision of language stance, as follows: as are pleadings in courts of record. -ā- – s W # = * "- CHATTEL MORTGAGES. A. mortgage of personal property is called a CHATTEL *toRTGAGE, and is usually given for the purpose of securing * creditor. Many of the rules applicable to mortgages of real estate *Pply also to those of personal property, though the differ- *e in the character of the property has induced some "hanges in the laws of the various States, regulating per- *nal mortgages. * he property mortgaged may remain in possession of *her party, while such mortgage is in force. Any instrument will answer the purpose of a chattel *ortgage, which would answer as a bill of sale, with a clause added providing for the avoidance of the mortgage When the debt is paid. Great care must be observed in strictly following all the *quirements of the statutes of the State, in respect to *cription of property, which in all cases should be clear "d full, and to the recording notice, foreclosure, etc. The local statute law is easily accessible, and every mortgagee "ould inform himself what it requires before resting upon his security. A chattel mortgage will not cover property subsequently *cquired by the mortgagor. All mortgages of personal property should contain a clause providing for the equity of redemption, which is *ally much shorter than that of real property. The usual P*iod allowed for redemption is sixty days. A. mortgagee may sell or transfer his mortgage to another P*ty for a consideration, but such property cannot be seized * sold, until the expiration of the period for which the "ortgage was given. |All mortgages given with intent to defraud creditors are Void. * We give an abstract of the various States, and the prov- "ces of Canada, relating to mortgages of personal property * ALABAMA.—A chattel mortgage is legal in this State but is null and Y" as to creditors and purchasers without notice until recorded, unless * property is brought into this State subject to such incumbrance, in which case it must be registered within four months, and if such prop- “y be removed to a different county from that in which the grantor *esides, the conveyance must be recorded within six months from the "val, or it ceases to have effect as to creditors and purchasers from the grantee without notice. A chattel mortgage must be recorded in the *unty where the grantor resides, and also where the property is. *KANSAS–A chattel mortgage must be proved as other mortga- ges; they may be filled and not recorded, at the option of the mortagee. CALIFORNLA-chattel mortgages are void as to third parties, unless *session of chattels passes from mortgagor, although the mortgage *y be recorded. w£ADo -A chattel mortgage is not valid as against third partics, Ss there be a delivery to the mortgagee of such property, in whose *ion it shall remain until the lien expires; or unless the mortgagor s all acknowledge such mortgage before a justice of the peace in the '*'s district where such mortgagor resides, who shall keep a memo. *ndum of the $3 me. ": mortgagor retain possession of the property mortgaged, the £ must expressly provide for such possession; otherwise it is rich, A mortgage of a stock of goods wherein the mortgagor has the ght to sell the same is void. Chattel mortgages may be acknowledged any township in which is situated the county seat; where the mort- :=:*Territories, Bage 496. 3 6 CHATTEL MORTGAGES. is 497 gagor resides in such township, before any justice of the peace, notary public, or county clerk. CONNECTICUT-A chattel mortgage of property not perishable in its nature is good, although the grantor retains possession, but the deed must be executed with all the formalities required in town records. Property exempt from execution is also a proper subject for a chattel mortgage. Conveyances of other species of personal property, unac- companied by possession, are void as against creditors. DELAWARE-A chattel mortgage takes priority according to date of recording in proper office, and are liens only from such date. Must be recorded within ten days after acknowledgment. The lien of a pur- chase money mortgage recorded within sixty days after it is made has preference to any judgment against the mortgagor, or other lien of a date prior to the mortgage chattel, unknown. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA-A chattel mortgage must be recorded within twenty days after execution. No bill of sale, deed of trust, or mortgage of property exempt by law from execution is binding, unless signed by wife of debtor. • FLORIDA-No mortgage of personal property shall be effectual or valid to any purpose whatever, unless such mortgage shall be recorded in the office of record for the county in which the mortgaged property shall be at the time of the execution of the mortgage, and unless the mortgaged property be delivered at the time of execution of the mort- gage, or within twenty days thereafter, to the mortgagee, and shall con- tinue to remain truly and bona fide in his possession. Mortgages of personal property shall be admitted to record upon the same proof as real property. GEORGIA-Chattel mortgages must be recorded within thirty days in county of mortgagor's residence, and if the property is situated in another county, in that county also. ILLINOIS,-No chattelmortgage or trust deed is valid as against the rights of third persons, unless possession thereof shall be delivered to and remain with the grantee, or the instrument shall provide for the possession of the property with the grantor, and be properly acknowl- edged and recorded. Such instruments may be acknowledged as deeds. They are valid for any period not exceeding two years. After the expira- tion of the time provided in the mortgage for the possession of the mort- gaged property by the mortgagor, such possession, if continued, renders the mortgage fraudulent and void as to third parties with or without notice, actual or constructive, of such mortgage. INDIANA,-A chattel mortgage of perishable articles which are left in the hands of the grantor, with right to use the same, is void; so is a mortgage of a stock of goods, the grantor having a right to sell; so is any mortgage, if unregistered and the chattels left with the grantor; a chattel mortgage unrecorded more than ten days is void, except between the parties; so is also a recorded mortgage, if the goods are left un- reasonably long with the grantor after default is made in payment. IOWA.-A chattel mortgage must be acknowledged as other convey- ances and recorded in the county where property is situate. Fore- closures can be made by sheriff without action in court. The mortgaged property is left in possession of mortgagee, unless otherwise provided. Sales under chattel mortgage foreclosures shall be in the same manner as other sherift's sales. KANSAS.-A chattel mortgage of perishable articles, which are left in the hands of the mortgagor, with the right to use the same; or of a stock of merchandise which is left in the hands of the mortgagor with privilege to sell in due course of his business, or in any manner for his own benefit; or of any chattels which are left in the possession of the mortgagor, the mortgage not being duly registered, are void as to the creditors of the mortgagor, unless they have notice of the same. KENTUCKY.—A chattel mortgage must be duly acknowledged and recorded. The possession of the property mortgaged may remain in the mortgagor. Five years' possession operates as a bar to the mortgagee. LOUISLAN.A.-There is no chattel mortgage in this State, but the law creates certain privileges upon movables, which are as follows: 1. The vendor's privilege on the movables not paid for. 2. For dcots due for necessary supplies furnished to any farm or plantation and for money actually advanced for the supplies and necessary expenses for any farm or plantation on the crops of the year or the proceeds thereof. 3. The lessor's privilege on the crops and movables on the property leased. | -s-s +1=== -> 498 * CHATTEL MORTGAGES. * —-T 4. Architects, undertakers, furnishers of material, etc., on the edifices or other works built or repaired. These privileges are, however, pre- served, and can be acquired only by having recorded in the parish where the property is the account containing the statement of indebtedness in detail, and the balance due, under the oath of the party doing or havin the work done, and this to be recorded the day the contract was £i into, to have effect against third parties. MAINE-All chattel mortgages are void, unless possession is given to the mortgagee, or rather taken out of the possession of the mort- gagor; or unless the mortgage be recorded in the town where the mortgagor lives. MARYLAND-Bills of sale or chattel mortgages are valid, although the vendor or mortgagor of the chattels remains in possession; provided, they are properly acknowledged and recorded, and the vendee or mort- gagee shall make oath at the time of execution before some person authorized to take the acknowledgment, that the consideration stated in the bill of sale or mortgage is true and bona fide. They may be acknowl- edged out of the State before any person authorized to take the acknowl- edgment of deeds, and must be recorded in the county or city where the vendor resides, within twenty days from date. If acknowledged within the State, it must be before a justice of the peace or judge of the orphan's court of the city or county where the vendor resides. MASSACHUSETTS-A chattel mortgage of personal property must be recorded where the mortgagor resides when the mortgage is made. If the mortgagor resides without the State, his mortgage of personal property within the State when the mortgage is made must be recorded where the property then is; unless a mortgage is recorded within fifteen days from the date thereof, or the property mortgaged is delivered to and retained by the mortgagee, it shall not be valid against any person other than the parties thereto, except in the case of a mortgage, con- tract of bottomry or respondentia, or any transfer, assignment or hypoth- ecation of a ship or vessel, and also cxcept in case of any transfer or mortgage of goods at sea or abroad, if the mortgagee takes possession of such goods as soon as may be after their arrival in this State. MICHIGAN-If unaccompanied by delivery of the property mort- gaged, the mortgage, or a copy thereof, must be recorded in the office of the clerk of the city or town where the mortgagor resides, or, if he is a non-resident, where the property is, and before the expiration of each year, the mortgagee must file an affidavit setting forth his interest in the property. There are no statute provisions in regard to foreclosure. Each mortgage should contain provisions as to its own foreclosure; and such provisions will be carried into effect. . MINNESOTA-Chattel mortgages are void as against creditors and subsequent mortgagees and purchasers in good faith, when the mort. gagor retains possession of the property, unless duly acknowledged and filed in the office of the town or city clerk, both where the mortgagor resides and where the property is located. They cease to be notice after two years from the date of filing. * MISSISSIPPI-Mortgages of personal property must be recorded in the office of the clerk of the court of chancery for the county where the property is, and are notice to third parties from the date of record. In order to be recorded, they must be acknowledged. The mortgage should contain provisions as to foreclosure, sale, etc.; and may be foreclosed in accordance with the terms expressed in the same. MISSOURI-A chattel mortgage of perishable articles, which are left in the hands of the grantor, with right to use the same, is void; so is mortgage of stock of goods, the grantor having right to sell; so is any mortgage, if unregistered and the chattel left with the grantor ; so is also a registered mortgage, if the goods are left unreasonably long with grantor, after default is made in payment. NEBRASKA-Chattel mortgages are valid against bona fide purchas- crs and creditors, if the instrument shall be filed and recorded in the office of the county clerk; but cease to be valid against creditors, pur- chasers and subsequent mortgagees in good faith after the expiration of five years from the filing thereof. Sale or mortgage of chattels, unless accompanied by immediate actual delivery and continued change of possession, are prima facie fraudulent and void as against creditors and subsequent bona fide purchasers, unless the instrument has been duly filed and recorded in the office of the county clerk. NEW HAMPSHIRE-A chattel mortgage of perishable articles which arc left in the hands of the grantor, with right to use the same, is void; so is mortgage of stock of goods, the grantor having right to sell; so is any mortgage if unregistered and the chattels left with the g-w- chattels is delivered to and continuously remains with the mortgagee- grantor, save as between the parties thereto, unless the above provis- ions are complied with and an oath taken by both parties made on the mortgage, to the effect that the debt accrued therein is just, honestly due and owing. NEW JERSEY-A chattel mortgage to be valid as to creditors and subsequent bona fide purchasers, must be filed with the clerk or register where the mortgagor resides, and if a non-resident where the property is situated, or the possession of the property mortgaged must be imme- diately delivered to the mortgagee, and this possession be continued. And thirty days before the cxpiration of one year from the first filing of such mortgage, a true copy of same must be again filed with the clerk or register, accompanied with a statement showing the interest of the mortgagee in the property. The same becomes void as to creditors. NEW YORK-To render a chattel mortgage valid as against creditors and purchasers, there must be actual possession by the mortgagee, or the mortgage or copy must be filed in the town or city where the mort- gagor resides. The mortgage must be refiled cvery year. NORTH CAROLINA-No chattel mortgage of personal property is valid unless the same is duly recorded in the county where the grantor resides, or the possession of the property is removed from the grantor. A form is prescribed by statute for chattel mortgages not exceeding $300. OHIO-A chattel mortgage of any kind is valid, if the instrument itself, or a true copy thereof, be deposited with the clerk of township where the mortgagor resides; or if he be a non-resident, where the property is situate at the time of the execution of the mortgage. Every mortgage so filed shall be valid one year, and may be renewed within thirty days of the expiration of the year, by refiling the original mortgage, or a copy of it, with the statement as above. Each renewal is valid one year, and the mortgage may be so renewed indefinitely. OREGON-A chattel mortgage to be a lawful lien, must be filed in the county clerk's office, and is inforce for one year only from the date when so filed. They may be returned for a further period of one year by the mortgagee, within thirty days next preceding the expiration of the year, making and annexing to the instrument on file an affidavit setting forth the interest which the mortgagee has by virtue of such mortgage in the property thercin mentioned. RHODE ISLAND-Chattel mortgages, to be valid, must be recorded in the office of the clerk of the town where mortgagor resides, unless possession of the property is taken by the mortgagee. SOUTH CAROLINA-A chattel mortgage of pcrishable goods, of goods, wares, and merchandise, in fact, of any personal property, is valid, if recorded within sixty days in the office of the registrar of mesné conveyances in the county wherein the mortgagor resides. In all coun" ties, except Charleston, the clerk of the court of common pleas is an ex officio registrar. TENNESSEE-A mortgage must be proved" and registered in the county where the mortgagor resides. If the mortgage contains a power of sale, it may be foreclosed in accordance there with; if not, it is fore" closed by bill in equity and decrec therein. TEXAS-A chattel mortgage is valid here between the parties thereto, but void as against creditors and bona fide purchasers without notice, unless recorded in the county where the mortgagor resides. WERMONT-Chattel mortgages are allowed without change of pos" session, provided the mortgage be recorded in the office of the clerk of the town or city where the mortgagor resides, or if a non-resident, where the property is. To it must be attached the affidavit of the mort" gagor and mortgagee, that it is made to secure the debt and only for that purpose, and that said debt is just and due. VIRGINIA-A chattel mortgage is unknown in this State, though its equivalent is found in deeds of trust of personal property, by which per sonal property of any description may be conveyed for the benefit, and thus made available for the sccurity of creditors. Such deeds are not effective, as to other creditors and subsequent purchasers for value with" out notice, except from the time of their admission to record in the proper clerk's office. WEST WIRGINIA-A chattel mortgage is governed by the common law; and the mortgage will be void unless possession of the mortgage WISC0NSIN-A chattel mortgage is not valid as to third parties, un" "less the property be delivered to the mortgagee and remain in his posses" sion, or the mortgage be filed with the clerk of the town where the mort" —- -ms--" ==-8) | # = "- =– G= CHATTEL MORTGAGES-COMMON CARRIER. *gor resides, *on-resident. e' TARIO-No chattel mortgage is valid as against the rights of £ (if the goods remain with the grantor) unless said instru- pro * duly filed in the office of the clerk of the county, in which the Cre ' so mortgaged is situate, and it shall cease to be valid as against w: *s, if not refiled before the expiration of the first year, together the **tatement exhibiting the interest of the mortgagee in the property *by claimed. Every chattel mortgage is void as against creditors, COrn s "ccompanied with an affidavit of the mortgagee, sworn before a £r of the court of Queen's Bench or common pleas, that the £ is justly and truly indebted to the mortgagee in the sum men. {: " said mortgage, and that it was executed in good faith and for an £ purpose of securing the payment of the money so justly due, *for the purpose of protecting the goods and chattels mentioned £ against the creditors of the mortgagor—and in case of an absolute sm. that the sale is bona fide and for good consideration (naming the ") and not for the purpose of holding the goods against the creditors of the bargainor. ...' BRUNSWIUK.—Mortgages on chattel property are valid, and r '"to be registered, but not every year. Bills of sale require to be *tered in the record office. or where the property is situated, if the mortgagor is a unle Mortgage of Personal Property. “...........of.................in consideration of.....dollars to £ by. .... .......of..........., convey to the said.... . . . . . . . . . . . . O °llowing personal property, to wit: (or if the goods are too numer. *s to be recited, say, the goods and chattels mentioned in the schedule ”*nnexed), and now in the..................., in the town (city) of ": ‘‘‘‘..........aforesaid. s: hold the aforegranted goods and chattels, to the said.............. *$ assigns forever. and d'I covenant, that I am the lawful owner of said goods and chattels, have good right to dispose of the same in the manner aforesaid. ”vided, nevertheless, that if the said................pay to the said £ ... ...or his assigns the sum of.... . dollars in............... *te, with interest on said sum at the rate of......... per cent. per annum, payable....... .... ..., then this deed, as also a certain note of *h date with these presents, given by said. ................. to said . . . . . . . . . . ... or order, to pay the said sum and interest at the times *esaid, shall be void. IN WITNEss WHEREoF, I hereto set my hand and seal, this.......day : “. . .........., in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred *ecuted and Delivered * Presence of A Chattel Mortgage, with Power of Sale. ..'ow ALL MEN my THESE PRESENTs, That I (name of mortgagor), " " ' " " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , in the County of....................and State of : “. . . ..., in consideration of......dollars, to me paid by (name of *gee) of the town (or city) of............in the County of........ p : State of..........., the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, 'by grant, bargain, and sell unto the said.................and his ssigns, forever, the following goods and chattels, to wit: (*re insert an accurate list and full description of the articles mort- *aged.) "o HAvR AND To Hold, All and singular, the said goods and chattels unto the mortgagee herein, and his assigns, to their sole use and behoof : *er. And the mortgagor herein, for himself and for his heirs, exec- £ and administrators, does hereby covenant to and with the said "tgagee and his assigns, that said mortgagor is lawfully possessed of £ goods and chattels, as of his own property; that the same are to hi **m all incumbrances, and that he will warrant and defend the same d in the said mortgagee and his assigns, against the lawful claims and emands of all persons. ,' NEvERTHELEss, that if the said mortgagor shall pay to the *gee, on the.......day of............in the year........the sum of : “. ... dollars, then this mortgage is to be void, otherwise to re- main in full force and effect. [L. S.] [L. S.] 499 AND PRovIDED FURTHER, That until default be made by the said mortgagor in the performance of the condition aforesaid, it shall and may be lawful for him to retain the possession of the said goods and chattels, and to use and enjoy the same; but if the same or any part thereof shall be attached or claimed by any other person or persons at any time before payment, or the said mortgagor, or any person or persons whatever, upon any pretence, shall attempt to carry off, conceal, make way with, sell, or in any manner dispose of the same or any part thereof, without the authority and permission of the said mortgagee or his executors, ad- ministrators, or assigns, in writing expressed, then it shall and may be lawful for the said mortgagee, with or without assistance, or his agent or attorney, or his executors, administrators, or assigns, to take posses- sion of said goods and chattels, by entering upon any premises wherever the same may be, whether in this County or State, or elsewhere, to and for the use of said mortgagee or his assigns. And if the moneys hereby secured, or the matters to be done or performed, as above specified, are not duly paid, done or performed at the time and according to the con- ditions above set forth, then the said mortgagee, or his attorney or agent, or his executors, administrators, or assigns, may by virtue hereof, and without any suit or process, immediately enter and take possession of said goods and chattels, and sell and dispose of the same at public or private sale, and after satisfying the amount due, and all expenses, the surplus, if any remain, shall be paid over to said mortgagor or his assigns. The exhibition of this mortgage shall be sufficient proof that any person claiming to act for the mortgagee is duly made, constituted, and ap- pointed agent and attorney to do whatever is above authorized. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, The said mortgagor has hereunto set his hand and seal this .....day of..........in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and.... Executed and Delivered In Presence of STATE or . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . }ss .................County.' " (Signature of mortgagor.) [Seal.] [Seal.] * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * This mortgage was acknowledged before me, by.... • . . . . . . . . ....(the mortgagor), this....day of............A. D. 18.... COMMON CARRIER. A Common Carrier is one who, as a regular business, undertakes for hire, the carriage of goods for such persons as may employ him. The rights and responsibilities of a common carrier briefly stated are: He is bound to take all goods offered him, if he be a car- rier of goods, and the persons of passengers if he be a car- rier of passengers, and to take good care and make due transport and delivery of them. If he should refuse to re- ceive goods in the line of his business, except from inability to carry them, he would be liable for damages. He has a lien upon the goods transported and upon the baggage of a passenger for the payment of his hire. He is liable for all loss or injury to the goods under his . charge, although not through his negligence or fault, unless the loss happens from the act of God or the public enemy; this liability commences from the time of their delivery to him or his agent. A carrier of money will be under the same liability for its loss as a carrier of goods, if that be his business. The same person or corporation may, in addition to the business of a common carrier, be engaged in the business of a warehouseman or forwarding merchant. His peculiar liability does not attach to either of these last named em- ... *le—- --> -T- TD------" 5OO COMMON CARRIER. —--" ployments, who would be liable only in case of their own negligence. The general rule established is: If a common carrier receives goods at its depot, to be stored until they can be carried, or, if at the end of the transit they are thus stored for the convenience of the owner, while thus stored at either end of the route, the carrier is liable only as a warehouse man; but if they are kept for the convenience of the carrier, at either end of the transit, his liability is that of a carrier. In the carriage of articles requiring peculiar care, and if notice be given, by writing on the article or other appro- priate directions, with reference to their care, as “Glass, with care,” “Books, keep dry,” “This side uppermost,” etc., he is bound to follow such directions at his risk. The carrier of passenger's liability, while not as broad and unlimited, is still stringent and extreme. A passen- ger carrier is obliged to carry all persons who offer to pay for their transportation, provided, First, that he is a fit person and in a fit condition to be received; Second, that the carrier have sufficient room; and Third, that he has no design to interfere with a carrier's in- terest, or to disturb his business. A carrier may eject or remove persons who refuse to obey his reasonable regulations; thus passengers must surrender their tickets and receive checks in exchange from the con- ductor, if this be the regulation of that railway; so also they must exhibit their tickets whenever required by the con- ductor. A passenger carrier is bound to transport his passengers over the whole route, in fit and proper carriages, at proper speed, and for a reasonable compensation; to notify his pas- sengers of any special dangers; to afford similar accommo- dations and treatment to them all, unless a distinction be justified by the filthy appearance, drunken or dangerous condition, or misconduct of a passenger. His carriages must be kept in good condition, and not overloaded, must have suitable and sufficient motive power, competent and trustworthy drivers, conductors, and engineers, must take the usual rqute, stop at the ordinary places with proper in- tervals for rest and food, and leave the passengers where- ever their agreement stipulates, and, in the absence of express agreement, at the usual stopping place or depots. The passenger, to become entitled to compensation for in- juries received, must himself have been in the exercise of proper care of his own person. The fare of a passenger includes compensation for the con- veyance of ordinary baggage. The term baggage properly includes wearing apparel usually worm by travelers, and articles of ornament and use, or of amusement, as fishing tackle or implements of hunting. ger may still, upon proper evidence of ownership, maintain an action for the baggage, if the company refuse to deliver it to him. A general pass held by a passenger, having an endorse" ment upon the back as follows: “The person who accepts and uses this free ticket thereby assumes all risk of acci. dent, and expressly agrees that the company shall not be liable under any circumstances, whether of negligence by their agents or otherwise, for any loss or injury sustained by him, in his person or property, while using this ticket,” does not exempt the carrier from liability for gross negli- gence, or for the want of ordinary care. Printed rules and regulations of railroad corporations and steamboat companies are frequently posted up for the guid- ance of passengers; for example, passengers are forbidden to ride on the platform or in the baggage car. Wherever the regulation is reasonable the passenger is bound to con- form to it. If an accident happens, and he is injured in consequence of his disregard of such a regulation, the car" rier is not liable; but if a collision should occur, and such passenger be injured thereby, his disregard of the regula" tion not contributing to produce the injury, the carrier would be responsible. If a servant or agent of such a company is injured by the fault of a fellow servant or agent, or by reason of any accident occurring without gross negligence on the part of the company, he is without remedy. It is one of the risks of the business in which he is engaged. The shipper of goods should read the carrier's receipts, and be perfectly conversant with all the conditions therein, as common carriers are very careful in regard to their re- ceipts, and will not sign any other than those furnished by themselves, which they furnish free of charge to all appli- Cants. EXPRESS COMPANY'S RECEIPT. + UNITED STATES EXPRESS [0. -Q=- Received from........................at Chicago, Ill: the following articles, which we undertake to forward to the point nei. est to destination reached by this company only, perils of navigati' excepted. And it is hereby expressly agreed, that the said UNITEP STATES EXPRESS COMPANY are not to be held liable for any loss or damage, except as forwarders only; nor for any loss or damag' of any box, package or thing, for over $50, unless the just and true value thereof is herein stated; nor for any loss or damage by fire, the acts." God, or the enemies of the Government, the restraint of governments: mobs, riots, insurrections or pirates, or from any of the dangers inci ent to a time of war; nor upon any property, or thing, unless proper' packed and secured for transportation; nor upon fragile fabrics, unless so marked upon the package containing the same; nor upon any abri consisting of, or contained in, glass. If any sum of money, besides the charge for transportation, is to be collected from the consignee on delive ery of thc property described herein, and the same is not paid within thirty days from the date hereof, the shipper agrees that this Company may return said property to him at the expiration of that time, subject to thc conditions of this receipt, and that he will pay the charges for transp''. tation both ways, and that the liability of this Company for such proP" erty, while in its possession for the purpose of making such collectio" shåll be that of warehousemen only. A check is usually affixed to each parcel of baggage re- --~~ ceived by a railway company for transportation, and a du- Date |Articles Value | Consignee Destination Receipted by plicate delivered to the passenger. Upon producing the check at the termination of the route, the passenger is en- titled to his baggage, and, if it is refused, may maintain an action therefor. If the check be lost or stolen, the passen- -ā- – ~~~~ s #. : k - *== DEEDS. 5OI "--– STEAM PACKET COMPANY'S RECEIPT. *ARKs AND NUMBERs. * Received from................................ the following articles, being marked and numbered as in the margin, in apparent good order, the contents and value unknown, to be transported from.......... ...to. . . . . . . . . • . . . . On one of the Company's steamers, and to be delivered on their wharf in ......... ... in like good order and condition, the dangers of the sea, of fire on board or on wharf, collision, and all other accidents excepted. DATED AT........ • { * > * * * * * ..... is '$ "For the company. RAILROAD RECEIPT. Chicago, • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * s > * * * @ .15 Ord *eceived from............................ .... in apparent good er, by the ILLINOIS CENTRAL RAILROAD MPANY., £ed to.............. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * the following articles, as £ and described in the margin, subject to the conditions and regul: 3t # is per published Tariff of said Company, and payment of freight Or #. rate of............ ... ...... per 100 fps., and such other expenses £ges as may have accrued upon said articles. It is expressly £d and understood, that the Company is not responsible for loss of £ of which the contents are unknown, for leakage of any kinds of £ Breakage of any kinds of Glass, Carboys of Acids, or articles £ £din Glass, Stoves, or Stove Furniture, Castings, Machinery, Car- or $3 Purniture, Musical Instruments of any kind, Packages of # wh: loss or damage on Hay, Hemp, Cotton, or any articles the bulk of # renders it necessary to be shipped in open cars, or for damage on Or # able # of any kind, occasioned by delays from any cause, £nge of weather, or for damage or loss by fire, or, for loss or dam- # on the Lakes or Rivers, unless it can be shown that such damage O OSS occurred through the negligence or default of the Agents of the £ny. And it is further, especially understood, that for all loss or e nage occurring in the transit of said packages, the legal remedy shall £ the particular carrier or forwarder only in whose custody the bei Pickages may actually be at the time of the happening thereof; it £ understood that the said II.LINois CENTRAL RAiLRoAD CoMPANY C £ no, other responsibility for their safety or safe carriage than may £uffed on its own road. "All Packages subject to charge for Coop. age, if necessary. 'Marks and Consignee. No. "--_ Description of Articles. Weight. # DEEDS. # Formerly every instrument under seal was called a deed, ut the common accepted meaning of the word now is, a "tten instrument for the sale of lands. In this country generally no lands can be transferred ex- 't by deed, which must be signed, sealed, acknowledged, delivered and recorded. In some States the seal is abol- ". In the States where seals are required, great care "ould be taken that only those recognized in law are used. , "he person making a deed is called a grantor; the person in whose favor the deed is made is called the grantee. In 8"ving a deed the grantor should sign his full name, writing clearly, and with ink of the best quality. The grantee's ' should also be inserted in full, and clearly written, in * Proper place. The practice in our large cities of insert- "8 in lead pencil the name of an agent who represents a = principal, the principal at the time not wishing to be known in the transaction, then at some future time erasing and in- serting name of the principal, is a risk that will, under cer- tain circumstances, jeopardize his rights and title. In giving a deed the printed forms are much to be pre- ferred to all others, as all phrases and forms that are so nec- essary to explain the full intent and purpose of the deed are fully given, and based on the statute law of the State where drawn, hence grantee can feel confident that all the require- ments and restrictions are embodied in his deed. A deed to be valid must be delivered. If a person makes a deed and acknowledges it, and retains possession of it and dies, the deed is void and of no effect. The possession of the deed by the grantee, no matter how obtained, if known to, and assent given by the grantor, is a delivery. A witness to a deed should witness the signing of it by the grantor, though if not actually signed in his presence, but if brought immediately to him by the grantor who acknowledges that it is his signature and asks him to wit- ness it, this would make the signature valid. - The grantor to a deed must be of legal age, of sound mind, and the owner of the property. In many of the States there are various restrictions and qualifications arising out of lunacy, idiocy, infancy, intoxication, partnership, marriage, etc. A knowledge of the local statute laws gov- erning deeds is necessary to avoid future litigation. A conveyance of a partnership real estate will not be valid unless signed by each of the partners with their separate seals; though if one partner be authorized by special letters of attorney to act for another, such act is valid. In many States it is required that the wife shall sign sepa- rately, or jointly with her husband in the execution of a deed, and thereby make it a valid conveyance. Precautions are provided by law in some of the States, to make sure that she executes such a deed of her own free will. All such forms and requirements should be followed implicitly. See Rights of Married Women. - A certificate of acknowledgement by a justice must state exactly how it was made before him. All deeds must be recorded in the county in which the land lies. A deed is regarded as recorded the moment that it is placed in the hands of the recording officer, and he generally writes upon it the year, month, day, hour and minute when it was received by him. Deeds should be for a stated consideration, which may be money, goods, gift, services or marriage. If, as is often the case, the grantee does not desire the amount of purchase money paid to be publicly known, and for other personal reasons, the language used is “in consideration of one dollar, (or any other nominal amount) to me paid, the receipt of which I acknowledge, etc.” The description of the land should be minute and accu- rate, great care being taken in this respect. It is customary to refer to the previous deeds by which the grantor obtained his title. In doing so, the parties, and date, book and page of registry should be given; thus the deed referred to in a deed becomes a part of the deed referring. ---a 9—- -T- 502 • 6 DEEDS. -*--~~~ The grant £3 –=" self: his £ # that his deed conveys land to him. reli his titl : “... eds conveying to the * * inquishes her dower, and itle to his life. and grantee only limit ' compulsi , and that she executcd th * at his death, nor can £ cannot be left to his heirs private £ #of her £ # In ?. * it during his life. one year after t ust be certified. Deeds must be re. ure, and the .# * * £ O e land i 11) Cl nny of the f s —Acknowled In a war is made. !y of the following named offi wie gments may be made before" fo * ranty deed the grantor agree within United States, in # of State, district, county or £ '' any defect whatever that there £ £ to # answerable # Before any judge or £ making deed # be # n a quit-claim deed th y be in the title State; any judge of s irt of record and of law: a * * € grantOr C * United Sta'es: af supreme, circuit, district aw; any chancellor (if any) that he m 3. onveys away all the ti * es; any justice of th , district or territorial courts of th ay perchance h e title sioner of the ci e peace; any nota t urts of the In a trust d e have in the lan offi the circuit court of distri * ----, ry public; any commis- *. ecd the grant s ficer taking acknowled rict appointed for that * trust, or for s grantee takes the estate £ edgment must annex to th at purpose. The ome special * upon some | Distri nd seal. When acknowl e deed a certificatc under A complet purpose, therein s ecified istrict, within United S s owledgments are made b :*::- - e abstrac pecified: £111C * ed States, the certi ade beyond limits of Canada-governing d : the laws of various States and # of the register £ g deeds—is here added. knowled £ under his official seal # # public officer having Abstract of th - purported to be £ £ * e Laws of the Wari * £ef.' made in a foreign c , in fact, the officer he United States and Provin : States of the master # £ Of £ # £ #111 ince of Canada. * tary ofiegati n chancery, or notary publi ourt, master or ALABAMA-Acknowledg d. #####before any” taken by judges of # and proof of conveyances may b £ must be in writing # States. £ s' , justices of t'. : £ chancellors a': ten in it, is £ £ à'scrawl £ # the pres- £ public. In oth any judge, ci nt seal. Acknowled e vvord scal writ- notary public or commissi erks of any court of record i * OLI1CP Withi ge, clerk of the circuit court gments may be made before Out of the United £ appointed by the G in any State, in the State. If ex * , notary public or justi tites y the Governor of Alab may be mad * ccuted in any other State justice of the peace taken by the judge of , such acknowledgments &labama. y be made as given in State of r State, or foreign coun } * any court of and proof. may be edged in any ot * c of Alabama. Should , the any city, town, borough o record, mayor or chief magistrat of office, h Other State or country, bef ould thc deed be acknowl- sular or commercial # £ ''} notary public, or any di io # # of of: # c should have attached £ ore any officer not having a seal must be written or gent of the United States. All plotmatic, con- ord, a certificate of the o a certificate of the clcr] # ourt ted on * conveyances otland cxtraordina * * !e secretary of stat * * rk of a c vendor, or by his prin parchment or paper, and si sul ry, minister resident, ch e, minister plenipotentia £ £ # £ t to dower by ioini ed in writing. A wife may re- the certifi , that the person wh p issioner or con- of land in the £ y joining with her husband in a yre as he i icate of acknowledgment wi whose name is subscribed to £ £ of twówitnesses who must attest' conveyance £ented was at the date thereof #1S • - * est thc s. CISO * €d to be. tha. * * such officer "#. #". £ # £ # #: ord, or notary public. . Ack , judge or clerk of any co usband in the e * strument. The wif * - 'er the countrie * . . Acknowledgments i * y court of sepa xecution of deeds to relinqui e must join with the £ #|#: cdged the relinquishme icate Inust show that the wi -Deeds must be i * * * nt. * e wife acknowl. the maker, attested e in writing, under seal OALI *- chaser, or' ested by at least two wit: seal, or scroll, signed b C #£ '# # # Acknowledgment may £# # made # £ ## # or a mayor or recorder of a city: udge or clerk of a court of record; or a justice of ti e attested by a judge of • ACKnOWI* recorder; or a notarv £ or a court commissioner; or ecord; £ notary public, or '### court of record, and in the United S public; or a justice of the peace. O ; or a county by a sty where the land lies. Out f thi grk of the superior court tates, before a justi ace. Out of thc State y a commissioner of dcc.ds f of this State it must b court of record; or a , before a justice of the peace or cle k * consul of the Uni cds for the State of G - ust be atteSté State for that purpos commissioner appointed by the Gove rk of any where exec nited States, or by a jud eorgia, or a consul or vice th ted, with ti by a judge of a court of s such acknowled pose; or any other officer authorized by i rnor of this court of £ 1e ccrtificate of th record in thc State * e. gment. Out of the Uni y its laws to take , of the genuineness of the si e clerk, underth 1 of commissioner or charge d” 2f the United States, before, a mini recorded # of the signature of such jud e seal of such credited in the country w # of the United States, resident inister, ure to record £ e year from date of sealing a £ Deeds must be sul, vice-consul, or £ ere such acknowledgment * and ac- recorded , such deed loses priority o g and delivery, and on fail- lar agent of th * is made; or a con- CC's y over a subsequent deed which i county where such In Sll gent of the United States, resident i - ed which is record of the coun # is made; or a judge of : £ N# must be under seal-a mission appoin * OW ledgment is * are required. A * wers for a seal. Suint to # £ that # # d OVernor '' I fl. £ made £ C : #: £# £ may be - ‘ll Statutes: #1S 1 not: * € Stitc. pur- notary publi * of a court of record - cach, without the cons * notary public. The husband £, p. try public, United States commissi scord, master in chance * ent or assista f £1m (1 Or W116 Căn. justice of the mmissioner, circuit ancCry, separate pro * 't isistance o thc other * peace. Without t * * it or countv clerk, or :*:::::::: # COL -h clerk #ommissioner to take sicknowled ic, United States com" £ #'# £ scrawl is a seal. Acknowl" £ # er## # # £: £ # #!. # of record under the scal th efore any judge or clerk of of the United Sin supreme court, or an al seal, or before ' deputy under the c ereof; or before the clerk of of a court superi 2d States, or anyjudge, justice p y circuitor district court ounty seal; or bef of any county or his perior, district, count s or clerk of the sunre ircuit notarial seal; or before any j ; or before any notary public und s Stites or their Terri ty or common pleas court of preme, circut d cate must be accompa £ £ of the peace... But à justice' er his the ncknowled erritories. Without t'. State and i any of the Unite official capacity '' nied by a certificate of the s certifi- bef edgment may be taken befo i in foreign countries, * the land * * county clerk to his before any officer of th before any Illinois commissi tion. Acknowled : s are not in the county of his jurisdi ized by the l e State, Territory or cou minissioner, or should be in: gments. out of the State and i is jurisdic- b aws thereof to take ack nty where made, author: but are # £ in California. Witnesses to # £ ## £e # £ # o::à # £ * - * 1 seal... No * il Clerk of fêCOf CONNECTICUT-Deeds must be i * ... • g releasing or waiving the ri # h other instrument can £ #S # '', Subscribed by the £#. : under seal-a scrawl £ expressly £ Or # # the same shall con- s sted by two witnesses, with * is attorney duly authori ertificate of acknowled *. such right; and in such the grantör as his free act with their own hands, and ack orized, follows: “Includi ment must contain a * uch case * e act and deed. A ** acknowledged b * ncluding the relcase and wai a clause substantially ai Inade before a judge of . Acknowicdgment, in the S y INDIANA-Deed nd waiver of the right of h * States, justice of £ court of record of this State or tate, is and scroll eeds must be in writing, si tof homestead. * - he peace, commissione r of the United ld scrolls are abolished; t #####ned and acknowledged; als sioner of the superior co rt. ioner of the school fund, commi witnesses. Ack ; the word “heirs” is not ne ged;se clerk. Acknowledgme #. notary public, town clerk or assista mmis- | tice of the nowledgments in this Stat cessary, n ither are * * t town e peace of the e may be made bef should be made as in £ out of the State, and in foreign c nt to forc a notary 15ublic: i county where thc land lies, b before a jus: this State, and powers # ornia. Conveyances of real £ £: State £ £ ic; if out of the State, befor cs, before a judge of be: in any other s: Of : attorney therefor, executed and situated in who h y public, or before the chief offi e a commissioner of this - crritory in conformi * nd acknowledged as a seal, or before a consul officer or mayor of a town or cit conveyance of lands therein £ mity to its laws relative t has a seal. Th onsul or minister of th s n or city iv: * ated, are valid. r; o the * e seal must be at në United States who £ £ her husban #"r' : # #.£and lies. £ £ # corded in the out her signature. D er real estate, but conveys his wi - * in forty-five days the husb £ at his de :* only to the real £ #. w£ in w# signed and acknowledged ls and D *- be bef * ary. , Acknow ledged; seals an £ # £ord, justice of the peace o made £re any judge or clerk o Out of State must b £ S. foreign country, the peace or notary public. If out of the S clerk of sionerf #e'n' his own county- same as in Alab le State and in a or the State of Io record, before so # = - S * * ** ama. O * wa, or b * Inc Comm1S ary to a deed. The certificate of £ £ peace. SAS-Deeds t b * efore a notary public or justice of the * V11C * - ITMU1S e i * * * * * See Laws of the Territories, Page 352. Private seals and 'e's'."' 'e signed and acknowledged. -ā- cessary. Acknowledgments —--" 2. G-v- | * * '-- F- T- within +1.: # #: State must be before some courthaving a seal, or some judge, Crk or r clerk thereof, or some justice of the peace, notary public, county When £ of deeds, or mayor or clerk of an incorporated city. rec'ledged without this State, it must be before some court of public oor clerk or officer holding the seal thereof, or before some notary frients £ listice of the peace, or commissioner to take acknowledg: the ū.' by the Governor of this State, or before any consul of * justic £ tates, resident in a foreign port or country. If taken before Certi £ the peace, the acknowledgment must be accompanied by a to wi' Sf his official character, under the hand of some court of record, shoul : ' seal of said court shall be affixed, Husband and wife requir d' Ways join in conveyances. No separate acknowledgment is * on the part of the wife. #£-peeds 1nust be in writing; no seal is necessary. Ac- be £ £ in this State by persons other than married women may formit * Before the clerk of a county court, outside of the State, in con- deed # With the laws of the State or country where acknowledged. A Cedin a married woman must be acknowledged as named in the pre- of # £: Previous to such acknowledgment, it shall be the duty rate', 'cer to explain to her the contents and effect of the deed sepa- un' apart from her husband, and thereupon, if she freely and vol. ' officer # the same, and is willing for it to be recorded, the the sa £all certify the same. When taken by an officer out of this State, €ntS # must be acknowledged and certified to. Deeds made by resi- thereof £entucky must be recorded within sixty days from the date tates. .#y non-residents, within four months; if out of the United clerk' Within twelve months. Beeds are not legally recorded until the must t tax is paid. The county clerk is the recorder of deeds. , Deeds Order * recorded in the county where the land lies, and take effect in the in which they are £ s: UISIANA-Deeds must be in writing; no seal or scrawl is neces- or ". Acknowledgment in the State must be made before a notary public ture der-in presence of two witnesses, who may prove thé signa- '... Out of the State, before a commissioner of Louisiana and two wit- Th' in conformity to the laws of the State, where, acknowledged. veyin 'band must join in the execution of a deed made by the wife con- Il £er real estate, and authorize her. . When the husband sells his real estate, the wife must join him and renounce all her rights, and she must * * nature of #ined apart from her husband and duly informed of the s:#-peeds must be in writing, signed, under seal; a scroll is not Thust # Witnesses are not necessary; acknowledgment in the State before C efore a justice of the peace, or notary public. Out of the State for th."# Justice of the peace, magistrate, notary public, commissioner ublic i tate, or by any United States minister, consul, or any notary quish d: any foreign country. The wife must join in the deed to relin- €r £ 9r she may do it by a separate deed. . When she joins with Nos 'and in the same deed, either can acknowledge the instrument. "parate examination of the wife is necessary. is #áND+Deeds must be in writing, signed and sealed-a scroll sta'"t and attested by at least one witness, and a consideration of reco cknowledgments in the State may be made before any court ped £ justice of the peace, the official character of the justice of the publi uly certified to under seal. Without the State, before a notary ta'ofany court of record, or a commission of Maryland, to mini: owledgments of deeds. Out of the United States, before any co'consul of the United States, a notary public under seal,or # fee £oner of Maryland. The wife must join the husband in deeds of £ple property to release her right of dower. No separate examina- * Special form of acknowledgment is necessary for a married W. * £n; eeds must be recorded within six months from date of sign- # and delivery. W.#ACHU SETTS-Deeds must be in writing, signed and sealed; a Valid 9r other substance upon which an impression may be made, is a £ but a scroll is not. A witness is not necessary. Acknowl- ne'ay be made before any justice of the peace, magistrate or er' # or commissioner appointed for that purpose by the Gov- be'' this State within the United States, or in any foreign country, or £inister or consul of the United States in any foreign country. £ fleeds, it is not necessary that the wife shöuld be separately in': it is sufficient to bar her dower, if she join with her husband * conveyance. r:#AN-Reeds must be in writing, signed and sealed; a scroll is Inay b Šd as a seal, and attested by two witnesses. Acknowledgments befor * made before any judge or commissioner of a court of record, of £y notary public or justice of the peace within the State. The £begccorded in the county where the land lies...When executed St:Y other State they must be executed according to the laws of such autho *nd the execution thereof may be acknowledged before any officer ay £by the laws of such State to take acknowledgments; or they Crnor £ before any commissioner appointed by the Gov. tieces : this State for such purpose. Separate examination of wife is not ve'''y. A husband is not required to join in a deed by the wife con- ying her property. is re #0'A-Deeds must be in writing, signed and sealed; a scroll co' £d as a seal, and attested by two witnesses, and recorded in the a ju # where the property is. Acknowledgments may be made before Or #: #!. clerk of any court of record, notary public, justice of the peace t£ commissioner. Out of this State, before a judge of a Unite under £ judges or clerks, or justices of the peace, notaries, public £il, or commissioners appointed by the Governor of this State for Wife £e. No. separate acknowledginent to a deed is required by a *"t she must join in her husband's acknowledgment. >- DEEDS. 5O3 MISSISSIPPI-Deeds must be in writing; no seal is required. Ac- knowledgments may be made before any judge or clerk of a court of record, # of the peace, or member of the board of supervisors in the State. If..outside of the State, same as in Illinois. Separate examina- tion of wife is no longer required. MISS0URI-Deeds must be in writing, signed and sealed—a scrawl is regarded as a seal. Witnesses are not necessary. Acknowledg- ments in this State may be made before a justice of the peace of the county where the land lies, before a court or judge, the court having a seal, or before a notary £: if out of this State, before a commissioner of this State, notary public, or before a court, or judge, or clerk of a court hav. ing a scal, or chief officer or mayor of a town or city who has a seal, or consul or minister of the United States who has a seal. The seal must be attached and the deed recorded in the county where the land lies. . NEBRASKA-All deeds must be in writing, and signed by the grantor in the presence of at least one witness, who must subscribe as such an be duly acknowledged or proved and recorded. Seals are not necessary. Acknowledgments may be taken before a judge or clerk of any court, ustice of the peace, or notary public; no officer can take any such ac- nowledgment or proof out of his State jurisdiction. The certificate of acknowledgment must be endorsed on the instrument, and show that the grantor acknowledged the same to be his voluntary act and deed, and that the officer before whom the same was taken knew him to be the identical person whose name was affixed as grantor, or had satisfactory evidence of the fact....Acknowledgments taken in other States or foreign countries made as in State of Illinois. When made by a Nebraska corn- missioner must be accompanied by certificate of secretary of state to his capacity and signature. All deeds, duly executed and acknowledged must be recorded in the office of the clerk of the county in which the and lies; in case the land is situated in an unorganized district, the deed is to be recorded in the office of the clerk of the county to which said district is attached for judicial purposes. No separate xamination is required in taking a wite's, acknowledgment; to convey her right of dower she must execute a deed with or without her husband. NBWADA-Deeds, must be in, writing, signed and sealed, a scrawl being sufficient. Witnesses are not necessary. Acknowledgments may be made before ajudge or clerk of a court having a seal, a notary public, or a justice of the peace. Out of the State, before any judge, clerk of a court having a seal, a notary public, or justice of the peace, or a commis- sioner of this State. Outside of the United States before some judge or clerk of a court of a State, Kingdom, or Empire, having a seal, a nota public, or by a minister, commissioner or consul of the United States. % the grantor does not acknowledge the execution of the deed, the wit- nest may prove his signature; but if the witnesses are dead or cannot be had, proof by competent parties, under oath, of the signature f the grantor, and at least one witness. The wife must join the husband in the execution of a deed, and must be examined apart. NEW HAMPSHIRE-Deeds must be in writing, signed and under seal, and attested by two or more competent witnesses. Acknowledgments may be made before a justice of the peace of the county where the land lies, or before a notary public; if out of the State before a commissioner of this State, notary public, or a justice of the peace. If out of the United States, before a minister or consul of the United States. The seal must be attached, and the deed recorded in the county where the land lies. No separate acknowledgment is required to be made by the wife, nor need she be cxamined separate and apart from her husband, but she must join in the deed to bar her dower or homestead. Certificate need not state that the wife releases her dower. NEW JERSEY-Deeds must be in writing, signed and under seal, of wafer or wax, and attested by at least one witness. The word “heirs” should be incorporated to convey fee simple. Acknowledgment must be before the chancellor or justice of the supreme court, a master in chancery, a judge of the court of common pleas, or a commissioner of deeds. Öutside of the State or in a foreign country, same as law of New York. Both husband and wife must join in a deed conveying the estate of either, the wife to relinquish her downer in her husband's estate, and the husband to give his assent to the wife's conveyance. NEW YORK-Deeds must be in writing, signed and under seal, of wafer or wax-a scrawl is not sufficient—with one or more subscribing witness, unless the deed 1s acknowledged by the grantor. Within the State the acknowledgment must be made by judicial officers generally, by notaries public and commissioners of deeds. Without the State the acknowledgment may be taken before any New York commissioner, or before any officer of the State or Territory where made, authorized by the laws thereof, to take acknowledgments. The officer must be authenti- cated by the certificate of the county clerk under his official seal. NORTH CAROLINA--Deeds must be in writing, signed and sealed, a scrawl being sufficient. Acknowledged and proved by one or more sub- scribing witnesses. Within the State before a judge or clerk of a court of record, or notary public. When taken outside of the State and in foreign countries they may be acknowledged as in New York. The wife must join the husband in the execution of all deeds concerning real estate, to ar her dower, and her signature cannot be proven, but her separate acknowledgment must be taken; she must be examined privilynnd apart from her hosband, and must show she does it to relinquish her dower. £is must be recorded within two years in the county where the land CS. HIO-Deeds must be in writing, signed, sealed (a scroll will suffice), and acknowledged in the presence of two attesting witnesses, before any officer in the State empowered to take depositions. If the grantor is a non- resident he may execute according to the laws of the State of Ohio, or Q-- * ---> | * °—- -> *~ * --" 5O4 DEEDS. *=- * the laws of the State or county where it is executed and acknowledged. Deeds must be recorded within six months from date of execution. The wife must join her husband in a deed or power of attorney, whether the land be in her own right, or she have but a dower interest therein, and inust be separately examined. Husband must join in deed of wife's prop- erty. 0REG0N-Deeds must be in writing, signed, sealed (a scroll is suffi- cient), and attested by two witnesses, and duly acknowledged and re- corded in the county where the land lies. Acknowledgment may be made before any £ of a court of record, justice of the peace or notary public out of the State, in conformity with the laws of the State or county where acknowledged, accompanied by a certificate of the clerk or other proper certifying officer of a court of record, under the seal of his office, that the person whose name is subscribed to the certificate of acknowl- edgment was, at the date thereof, such officer as he is therein repre: sented to be; that he believes the signature of such person subscribed thereunto to be genuine, and that the deed is executed and acknowledged according to the laws of such State, Territory or district. PENNSYLVANIA-Deeds must be in writing, signed and sealed. Acknowledgments may be made before any judge of a court of record, mayor, recorder, and alderman of Philadelphia, Pittsburg, Allegheny and Carbondale, the recorders of deeds, the notaries public, and all justices of the peace. . Without the State, in any foreign country, the acknowledg- ment may be taken before any officer of the State. Territory or country where made, authorized by the laws thereof to take acknowledgments; such officers must be authenticated by a clerk of county or court under seal; if the grantor is in the military service of the United States, before any person holding the rank of major or any higher rank in said militar service. Proof of the execution of a deed may be made by the affidavit of a subscribing, witness. Powers of attorney relating, to real estate must be acknowledged the same as deeds. Deeds must be recorded in the county where the property lies. No deed or contract relating to the real estate by a wife is binding upon her, unless duly acknowledged on separate examination. RHODE ISLAND-Deeds must be written, signed and sealed (a scroll is not sufficient). Witnesses are not necessary. Acknowledgments may be made before a senator, judge, justice of the peace, notary public, or town clerk. Out of the State acknowledgments may be made as in New York. Deeds must be recorded in the county where the property lies. The wife must join in the execution of n deed made by the hus- £nd. to relinquish dower; the husband alone is required to acknowledge SOUTH CAROLINA-Deeds must bc in writing, signed (a scroll is sufficient), sealed in the presence of at least two attesting witnesses, and must be recorded in the parish where the land lies in forty days after ac- knowledgment. Acknowledgments in the State must be made before a trial justice or notary public; without the State, before a commissioner of this State only. Previous to the probate of a deed one of the subscrib- ing witnesses must go before a notary public or trial justice, if in this State, or before a commissioner for this State if out of the State, and make affidavit that he saw the grantor sign, seal, and, as his act and deed, deliver that deed, and that he, with the other subscribing witness, naming him, did witness the execution thereof. TENNESSEE-Deeds inust be in writing, signed and acknowledged by the grantor, or before two attesting witnesses, and recorded in the county where the land lies. Acknowledgments may be made in the State, other States and forcign countries, same as in Kentucky. Seals have been abolished. In this State the wife has no dower in land granted in fee by the husband and it is not necessary for her to join in the deed; if a trust deed is given, then the wife must relinquish dower by joining in the deed. In a separate estate belonging to the wife, the husband must always join her in the dced. TEXAS-Deeds must be in # signed and acknowledged. If not acknowledged it must be proved by two attesting witnesses, and must be recorded in the county where the land lies. Acknowledginents £ made in the State, other States and foreign countries as in New O! K. VERMONT-Deeds must be written, sealed (a scroll is insufficient) and signed in the presence of two attesting witnesses, acknowledged and recorded in the county where the property is situated. Acknowledg- ments may be made before a master in chancery, a notary public, or a justice of the peace. Out of the State as in New York. VIRGINLA-Deeds must be in writing, signed, sealed (a scrawl is sufficient), and acknowledged and recorded in the county where the land lies, within sixty days from date of acknowledgment. Acknowledgments may be made as in New York, or may be proved by two witnesses. An acknowledgment of a married woman must be certified to if before a jus- £of the peace, by at least two justices, or by some officer having a SC11. * WEST WIRGINLA-Deeds must be in writing, scaled-a scroll is sufficient-signed and acknowledged, or proved by two attesting wit- nesses, and recorded in the county where the land is. Acknowl dgments may be made as in New York State. The wife must join with the hus- band in the deed to relinquish her dower. WISOONSIN-Deeds must be in writing, signed, sealed--a scroll will answer—and executed in the presence of at least two attesting witnesses, and recorded in the county where the property lies. Acknowledgments may be made in the State, in other States and foreign countries, before officers, as named in New York. A married woman must join in the execution of a deed to her husband's £operty to bar her dower. She can do this by an attorney duly appointed. .Majesty resid PROVINCE OF ONTARIO-Deeds must be in writing, signed and sealed-a scroll is not sufficient—and attested by two witnesses. They should be in duplicate for registration. Deeds may be proved by afli, davit of one of the witnesses to said deed; said affidavit being engrossed on what is called a memorial, setting forth a digest of the principal details of the deed; this memorial shall be under the hind and seal of the grantee or grantor, and is left for permanent record with the registrar of. thc county in which the property conveyed is situate. Within the province the affidavit to execution of deed may be taken on said memorial before the registrar of the county or his deputy, or before any judge of the Court of Queen's Bench of Ontario, or any judge of a county court, or any com" missioner of the said Court of Queen's Bench, in Ontario. Out of the Province, proof of deeds, conveyances, or wills may be made by affidavit (or declaration when said declaration is by law permissible) sworn before the mayor or chief magistrate of any city, borough, or town cor- porate in Great Britain or Ireland, under the common seal of such city, borough or town corporate. or before the chief justice or judge of any Court of Queen's Bench in Quebec, or of the supreme court of any British colony, or before the mayor of any city, borough or town cor- £ in #. foreign country, or anv consul or vice-consul of Her ent therein. Deeds, conveyances, judgments, etc., must be recorded in the county where property is situate, and bind lands ac- cording to prio ity of registration. A wife must join in a deed with the husband, in selling his real estate to relinquish dower, and he must join with her in selling her separate real estate, acquired previous to, or subsequent to, marriage. PROVINCE OF NEW BRUNSWICK-Deeds must be in writing, signed, sealed—a scroll is not sufficient—and witnessed by at leas' one attesting witness. The law governing acknowledgments is similar to that of Ontario. A conveyance, or power of attor vey for the same, by a married woman, of all her right and interest in land jointly with her hus- band, shall be valid if executed without compulsion from him, and the person authorized by law to take acknowledgments of conveyances in other cases, certifying thereon that he has examined her apart from her £d. and that she acknowledged that she executed the conveyance reely. Quit-Claim Deed.* THIS INDENTURE, Made.........in the year of our Lord.........bc- tween (name, occupation, and restdence of grantor) of the first part, and (name, occupation, and residence of grantee) of the second part, wit- nesseth, that the said party of the first part, for, and in consideration of the sum of............, lawful money of the United States of America, to him in hand paid by the said party of the second part, at or before the ensealing and delivery of these presents, the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, has remised, released, and quit-claimed, and by these presents does remise, release, and quit-claim, unto the said party of the second part, and his heirs and assigns forever, all- (Here insert an accurate description of the property granted.) Too ETHER with all and singular the tenements, hereditaments, and appurtenances thereto belonging or in anywise appertaining, and the reversion and reversions, remainder and remainders, rents, issues, and profits thereof. And also all the estate, right, title, interest, property, possession, claim, and demand whatsoever, as well in law as in equity, of the said party of the first part, of, in, or to the above-described prem- ises, and every part and parcel thereof, with the appurtenances. To have and to hold, all and singular, the above mentioned and described premises, together with the appurtenances, unto the said party of the second part, and his heirs and assigns forever. IN WITNESS WHEREoF, The said party of the first part has hereunto set his hand and seal the day and year first above written. 2xecuted and delivered in presence of (Signature.) (Seal.) STATE of............ Count Y of.......... }ss. On this........day of........, in the year............, before me per- sonally came.............. who is known by me to be the individual described in, and who executed the foregoing instrument, and ac- knowledged that he executed the same. 5. P. (Seal.) Warranty Deed, This INDENTURE, Made the...........day of..........in the year one thousand eight hundred and..........between (name, residence, and oc- cupation of the grantor) of the first part, and..........(name, residence, and occupation of the grantee) of the second part, witnesseth, that the said party of the first part, for and in consideration of the sum of.... .. *As printed blanksgiving all forms as required by State statutes gov: erning deeds can be purchased from almost any bookseller, justice o the peace, or official designated to receive acknowledgments, it is not necessary to give the forms required in the different States. | * k * += * GUARANTY. "--— lawful money of the United States, to........in hand paid by the said P*t....of the second part, at or before the ensealing and delivery of these presents, the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, and the *id part....of the second part,........ heirs, executors, and adminis- "tors, forever released and discharged from the same, by these pres- *ha....granted, bargained, sold, aliened, remised, released, con- 'yed, and confirmed, and by these presents do....grant, bargain, sell, alien, remise, release, convey, and confirm, unto the said part ... of the *ond part, and to........heirs and assigns forever, all (here give an “”ate description of property granted.) *GETHER with aii and singular the tenements, hereditaments, and *PPurtenances thereunto belonging or in anywise appertaining, and the "eversion and reversions, remainder and remainders, rents, issues, and Profits thereof. And also all the estate, right, title, interest........ prop- erty, possession, claim, and demand whatsoever, as well in law as in *ity, of the said part....of the first part, of in, and to the same, and *ry part and parcel thereof, with the appurtenances. *"Ave AND to Irold the above granted, bargained, and described *ises, with the appurtenances, unto the said part.......of the Second part ... . . . . heirs and assigns, to...... .their own proper use, benefit, and behoof forever. -c AND THE said...... ....for........heirs, executors, and administra- tors, do....... ..covenant, grant and agree to and with the said part.... of the second part......heirs and assigns, that the said. . . . . . . . . . at the time of the sealing and delivery of these presents,. . . . . . . . . * "wfully seized in.......... ..of a good, absolute, and indefeasible *te of inheritance in fee-simple of and in 4All and singular the above *nted and described premises, with the appurtenances. . . . . . . . . . . ..and * ... good right, full vower, and lawful authority to grant, bargain, sell, and convey the same in manner aforesaid: And that the said part : “of the second part,.......... heirs and assigns, shall and may at all times hereafter, peaceably and quietly have, hold, use, occupy, possess, and enjoy the above granted premises, and every part and parcel there- of, with the appurtenances, without any let, suit, trouble, molestation, *ction, or disturbance of the said part. . . . of the first part,.... . . . heirs * assigns, or of any other person or persons lawfully claiming or to *im the same: And that the same now are free, clear, discharged, and "ncumbered, of and from all former and other grants, titles, charges, estates, judgments, taxes, assessments, and encumbrances of what *ture or kind soever. *nd also, that the said part....of the first part, and.... ...heirs, and all *nd every person or persons whomsoever lawfully or equitably deriv- "g any estate, right, title, or interest, of, in, or to the hereinbefore *nted premises, by, from, under, or in trust for.......'...them, shall and will, at any time or times hereafter, upon the reasonable request, and at the proper costs and charges in the law, of the said part. ... of the Second part,........heirs and assigns, Inake, do, and execute, or cause to be "de, done, and executed, all and every such further and other law- " and reasonable acts, conveyances and assurances in the law, for the better and more effectually vesting and confirming the premises hereby granted or so intended to be, in and to the said part....of the second part, “:heirs and assigns forever, as by the said part....of the second part, ‘...heirs or assigns, or........ their counsel learned in the law, shall be *sonably advised or required; And the said ..... ......heirs, the above described and hereby granted and released premises, and every Part and parcel thereof, with the appurtenances, unto the said part....of the *cond part,........heirs and assigns against the said part.... of the first part, and. * * * * * * * heirs, and against all and every person and persons whomsoever, lawfully claiming or to claim the same, shall and will war- *and by these presents forever defend. *.......hand....and seal....the day and year first above written. - (And (name of the wife of the grantor) signs and seals this deed in token of her relinquishment and release to the party of the second part of all her right of dower in the premises hereby granted.) (Signature of grantor.) (Seal.) (Signature of grantor's wife.) (Seaf.) *and Delivered in the Presence of STATE OF....... OUNTY of........ . . * * * * * * }ss. On the... ..., ..day of........in the year one thousand eight hundred IN WITNEss WIIEREof, the said part.... of the first part .....hereunto * 5O5 and. . . . . . . . before me personally came........to be the individual ... described in, and who executed the foregoing instrument, and........ acknowledged that....he....executed the same. CUA RANTY. A guarantee is “a promise to answer for the payment of some debt or the performance of some duty, in case of the failure of another person, who is in the first instance liable.” A contract of a surety or guarantor must be in writing, and must be upon sufficient consideration. The guaranty—where the principal is an infant—is bound, though the contract with the infant is voidable. The principal parties must not vary, or in any material matter depart from their contract without the consent of the surety, else he will be no longer bound. If upon maturity of debt due, any valid agreement be- tween the principals for a further extension of credit will release the surety. An agreement guaranty payment for goods to be sold on four months’ credit will not be valid if they are sold on three months', not even if the debt is permitted to remain four months. There must be no variation. A guaranty that a mechanic shall perform any specified work within a given time would be discharged if anything be added, even with the full consent of the mechanic, to the labor to be performed, or in any essential particular change its character. A guarantor of payment of a note should have notice within a reasonable time of the non-payment of the note, or else he will be discharged, if the maker was solvent when the note became due and has afterward become insolvent. In case of a payment by a surety he is entitled to all the securities and collaterals held by the principal creditor, and equity will compel their assignment to him. Letters of credit is a very common form of guaranty. They may be general—i.e., to all or any one furnishing goods upon the faith of them—or special to some one person or firm, and may be confined to a single transaction or be con- tinuing. Great care should be taken in writing them to confine his guaranty within the limits which he designs to observe. A proposal to guaranty will not bind the proposer unless the party to whom the proposal is made, upon accepting it, gives notice to the proposer of his acceptance, and that he is acting upon it. The liability of the surety is perfected and complete when the debtor makes default, and the creditor may then call upon the surety for payment, first performing any and all stipulations contained in the agreement of guaranty. (Signature.) Guaranty to be Indorsed on a Note. For value received I guaranty the payment of the within written note. (Date.) (Signature.) Guaranty of a Note on Separate Paper. For value received I guaranty the due payment of a promissory note dated......... whereby..........promises to pay to..........,.......... dollars, in........months. (Date.) (Signature.) | -a-> 506 INSURANCE. Guaranty in Another Way. For value received I guaranty that the within (note or bill, or that such a note or bill, describing it) will be collected and paid if demanded in due course of law. (Date.) (Signature.) Guaranty Requiring no Notice of Acceptance. In consideration that........ furnish to........goods to the amount of two thousand dollars, on a credit of two months, I guaranty due pay- ment therefor. (Date.) (Signature.) Assent of the Guarantor for an Extension of Time. In consideration that .......gives to........ additional time to the extent of two months, for payment of the indebtedness due him from said........ guarantied by me, I hereby continue my guaranty for due payment thereof. (Date.) (Signature.) A General Guaranty. “I hereby guaranty payment to any person who shall accept and re- tain this instrument as a guaranty, for all goods which he may from time to time supply to..................not exceeding at any time the amount of two thousand dollars. This to be a continuing guaranty till specially revoked. Notice to be given me within ten days after acceptance. (Date.) (Signature.) Guaranty to Cover only one Transaction. I hereby guaranty payment to any person who shall accept and re- tain this instrument of guaranty, for goods which he may supply to s is s m s m > * .., to an amount not exceeding one thousand dollars, on a credit not exceeding four months. (Date.) (Signature.) INSURANGE-MARINE, FIRE AND LIFE. Insurance is a contract, whereby for a stipulated consid- eration, called a premium, an insurance company indemni- fies the party insured against loss or injury to certain property or interests. When in writing, the instrument is called a policy. As the contract of insurance is a contract of indemnity for loss, the insured must, therefore, be inter- ested in the property at the time of the loss. There are three kinds of insurance, marine, fire, and life insurance, which will be explained hereafter. Contracts of insurance may ordinarily be made by all persons capable of conducting business. Contracts of insurance ought always to be in writing, though would be binding if only oral or by words spoken, Contracts of insurance are subscribed only by the insur- ers, but the instructions, conditions and stipulations it con- tains binds also the insured if he accepts the policy and put his property at risk under it. A policy may insure a party who is not named, if “for whom it may concern,” or words of equivalent import, are used; the phrase “on account of owners at the time of loss,” or an equivalent phrase, will bring in those who were in- tended, if they owned the property when the loss occurred, although there were assignments and transfers between the time of insurance and the loss. A policy sometimes defines and exactly describes the property insured, and sometimes it leaves it undetermined, but requires that it shall be afterward defined in writing on the policy as such and such property on board the ship. The first is the more common form of policy, and the last is called an open policy. A claim for indemnity upon loss will be limited to the property described. When a party has made an agreement for insurance of his property and paid the required pre- mium, he will be treated in equity as insured, whether a policy has been actually executed or not; and at law, no de- livery of a policy is essential, as in a deed. Alterations made by mutual agreement are valid, but a material alteration by either party without the consent of the other renders the contract void. * A policy may be assigned, and the assignee may sue in the name of the assignor. If the property insured is transferred unaccompanied by a transfer of the policy with consent of the insurer, this discharges the policy, unless it was expressly made for the benefit of whoever should be owner at the time of the loss. Usually a clause to the effect that the policy is void if assigned without the consent of the insurers is inserted, al- though this would not apply to an assignment by force of law, as in a case of insolvency, or in a case of death. And after a loss has occurred, the claim against thé insurers is always assignable like any other debt. And a seller who remains in possession of the property as trustee for the purchaser, or a mortgagor retaining possession, may retain the policy and preserve his rights. Marine Insurance. Marine insurance is the insurance of vessels, cargoes, and other maritime property against perils of the sea, to which they may be exposed during a specified voyage, or a fixed period of time. If a vessel is insured, the insurance must be confined to the ship specified, but the goods and cargo described in a policy as being in a particular vessel may be shifted from one ship to another, and if it is done for a sufficient reason the insurer will remain liable. A voyage from abroad may be insured, or, rather, the cargo, etc., brought by it, with much less that is specific and definite in the description than would be tolerated in an ordinary fire insurance policy, or even in a marine policy upon a vessel and its contents in the port where insurance is effected, and yet be quite sufficient, as a party expecting a cargo from a distant port, and desiring to protect his inter- ests by insurance, may be ignorant of almost every thing which would enter into a general and ordinary description of the subject insured. The name of the ship, or of the port from which she will take her cargo, or of her master, or the port of discharge, or the nature or quality of her cargo may not be known to him, and of course he may be unable to specify any of these, and yet, if he states the facts to an insurer, he may make a valid insurance for an agreed amount and it will be good, if a Sargo be laden in any ship, to any port, and to any consignee. —----" T-" * *Eight—Unearned, future and contingent is in Eng- land and America a proper subject of insurance. The term *ight is defined in marine insurance as: 1. The remu. *ration to be paid to a ship owner for the hire of his ship "der an express contract of affreightment for a certain *yage, or the price to be paid him for the carriage of goods "espective of such voyage. 2. It also includes the bene- fit which the ship owner expects to derive from the carriage of his own goods in his own vessel; it is, however, necessary "at the vessel should have begun her voyage, to entitle "he insurer to profit. . Profits expected by one having a real interest in the sub- * matter out of which they are expected to arise, may be insured, although no recovery can be had without show- ing satisfactorily, that some profits would have been real- *d if the loss had not occurred. The consignee of goods consigned to him for sale has an "surable interest in them to their full value; and he may "sure them in his own name, holding such balance as shall *main, after he is indemnified, for the benefit of the owner. 9, common carriers and warehousemen have sufficient in- *est to authorize them to insure property entrusted to them. It is sufficient if the destructios of the subject would *ing upon the insured a pecuniary loss, or even intercept *nd prevent his receipt of a profit; as, where one will : his commissions, if the goods arrive safely, upon their Sale. An interest held under an executory contract is a valid "bject of insurance. * seaman cannot insure his wages, because it is deemed "Portant that he should feel the danger of losing them if the ship be lost. Fire Insurance. The same rules which define insurance generally hold good for the most part under a fire policy. The party in- *ed must have some interest in the subject of insurance, *t only at the time of loss, but at the time of the insur- *ce. The law will not enforce a wager policy against fire. An insurer against fire must not alter the premises in- sured so that they will not be recognized as the property described in his policy, although reasonable repairs without leave would not invalidate the policy. If material alter- ations are contemplated, notice should be at once given to the insurers, and permission obtained and endorsed on policy. J A policy against fire only protects the goods insured so "g as they remain in the same house as when the policy '* effected. If removed to another house, notice should ° given to the insurers, and the policy will be altered ac- cordingly, Any misrepresentation or concealments in an application by the insured when material (i.e. when a knowl- edge of the facts would have prevented the contract) would Void a policy. - The policy of insurance covers only that of fire, or in- 'y by water used in the extinguishment of fire, or loss = G-SE ju * sustained by the blowing up of a building to arrest the progress of fire. * When property is destroyed by lightning, the insurers are not liable, unless there was ignition, or unless the policy expressly insures against lightning. An explosion by gun- powder is a loss by fire; not so is an explosion by steam. In case of loss by fire a certificate of loss and notice to the insurer should be given without unnecessary or unrea- sonable delay. Who may Insure. As the law allows different persons to have distinct in- terest in the same property, so it will permit each to protect his special and individual interest, by means of insurance. The vendor of real estate before actual conveyance, or of personal property after sale and before payment and delivery, has an insurable interest: an insolvent debtor, whôse property is vested in assignees, may nevertheless insure it. A building, purchased with £ funds, but standing on the land of one partner, may be insured by the other partners. One having a mechanic's lien upon a building has an insurable inter- est therein. A purchaser, holding an £ for conveyance but having as yet no actual title, has an insurable interest for the full value of the property. A railroad corporation, made liable by statute to pay for buildings burned by fire from their engines, would, upon general principles, prob- ably be held to have an insurable interest in all property exposed to danger by reason of its proximity to their road, without special statute provision. In many States, however, they are specially authorized to insure such an interest. A factor, who has the goods of his principal in his possession for sale on commission, has an insurable interest in them to the full extent of their value, and upon loss may recover in his own name the full amount, upon an averinent of interest in himself. - A party, whose premises are subject to mortgage and other liens, has still an insurable interest to their full value; and such interest is not divested by a sale of the equity under execution, but continues until his right to redeem expires. A husband who is tenant by the courtesy, has an insurable interest in the property of his wife, and may recover the whole amount of loss, not exceeding the amount insured. * One in possession of a house, under executory contract on which he has made a partial payment, has an insurable interest, and may insure it as his property, without stating the particular interest which he has in the premises, unless specially inquired of by the insurer, or unless the terms and conditions of the policy require that the particular interest of the insured, whether as owner, trustee, mortgagee, lessee or otherwise, shall be specifically stated in the policy. Alien on a building, acquired by furnishing materials for its con- struction, is insurable, and the material man has a subsisting lien, during the interval between the furnishing of the materials and the expiration of the time limited by law for the filing of his claim, though no claim has been filed by him. A husband has an insurable interest in goods settled to his wife's separate use, they living together and jointly using the property; and it has been held, that an insolvent retains an insurable interest in goods concealed from his creditors. A wife had an estate for years in land, and her husband erected a house upon it; it was held that he has an insurable interest upon it. A mechanic has an insurable interest in work already done upon a house at the time insurance, is effected, payment for which is to be made upon completion of the house. The interest one acquires in a house and lot purchased at an execution sale, though no money was paid or deed received, may be insured, pro- vided the nature of the interest be fully disclosed to the agent of the insurer before the policy is issued. An administrator of an insolvent estate has an insurable interest in buildings belonging to it. A sheriff, who has goods in his custody under process, has a special property, giving him an insurable interest therein. A policy of insurance upon the interest of a “mortgagee in possession” in a building “occupied by a tenant” is valid. Where the insured has no interest in the # at the time of the loss, the policy is void, although the loss is, by the terms of the policy, made payable to a third person, and such third person at the time of the loss has an interest in the property. | 4 += -a-9 * -*- --~ -v- * INSURANCE. 507 "--— 508 INSURANCE. Insured Notice of Loss by Fire. To the Peoples’ Fire Insurance Company. TAKE NoTICE, That on the........day of............ inst. (or last) a fire broke out in the building No. .... in ......... ... street, in the city of .............'..... (or otherwise describe the location), whereon I am insured by you, by your policy No. .... the sum of ... ...... dollars. I have not yet learned and do not know, in what way the fire was caused; but as soon as I am able, I will give you further information on the sub- ject. (If the cause of fire is known, the particulars should be stated.) The house was wholly (or partially) destroyed by fire; and I shall claim a payment from you under your policy. Written and sent this............ day of............in the year..... * * (Signature.) (Seal.) Witness to the signature and sending. (Signature of Witness.) Short Insurance Rates. The following table gives the customary short rates of insurance for periods less than a year or month, as issued by fire insurance companies: Explanation:—If the rate is one per cent., i.e., $1 on $100 for a year, the rate for one month is 4-20 of the annual rate, or 20 cents; for three months, 8-20, or 40 cents. For ten days, half of monthly rate, or Io CentS. For Periods of Several Years. Charge this Propor- 1 Year. 2 Years. 3 Years. 4 Years. 5 Years. tion of whole Pre- 111111111. I mo. 2 ino. 3 mo. 4 mo. 5 mo. 4-20 or 20 per cent. 2 mo, 4 mo. 6 mo. 8 mo. 10 mo. 6-20 or 30 per cent. 3 mo. 6 mo. 9 mo. 12 mo. 15 ino. 8-20 or 40 per cent. 4 mo. 8 mo. 12 mo. | 16 mo, 20 mo. | 10-20 or 50 per cent. 5 mo. 1o mo. 15 mo. 20 mo. 25 mo. 12-20 or 60 per cent. 6 mo. 12 mo. 18 mo, 24 mo. 30 mo. 14-20 or 70 per cent. 7 mo, 14 mo. 21 mo. 28 mo. 35 mo. 15-20 or 75 per cent. 8 mo, 16 mo. 24 mo. 32 mo. 4o mo. 16-20 or 80 per cent. 9 mo. 18 mo. 27. mo. 36 mo. 45 mo. | 17-20 or 85 per cent. 1o mo, 20 mo. 30 mo. 4o mo, 50 mo. | 18-20 or 90 per cent. 11 mo. 22 mo. 33 mo. 44 mo. 55 mo. 19-20 or 95 per cent. For Periods Less than One Year. 1 month, 4-20 of annual rate. 7 months, 15-20 of annual rate. 2 months, 6-20 of annual rate. 8 months, 16-20 of annual rate. 3 months, 8-20 of annual rate. 9 months, 17-20 of annual rate. 4 months, 10-20 of annual rate. 10 months, 18-20 of annual rate. 5 months, 12-20 of annual rate. 11 months, 19-20 of annual rate. 6 months, 14-2o of annual rate. For Periods Less than One Month. 5 days, 35-100 of monthly rate. 15 days, 65-1oo of monthly rate. 10 days, 50-100 of monthly rate. | 20 days, 80-100 of monthly rate. Life Insurance. Life insurance is an agreement to pay to certain persons a stipulated sum, on the death of the person whose life is insured, or to be payable if the party insured shall reach a stipulated age. “Every man whose income, from his own personal services or from a business involving risks and hazard, is the reliance of his family for support, should en- deavor to carry an insurance upon his life, to which his family may look for at least temporary provision in the event of his death. A few dollars saved by economy in his life time may prevent suffering and bring comfort when he is gone. So, a creditor, who can not afford to lose a debt due him, and which is dependent upon the life and success of his debtor, can easily guard against one contin-, gency by taking out a policy.” g-e- ordinary course of events, pecuniary loss or disadvantage will naturally An application must be made by the insured; to this ap- plication is attached a number of questions by the insurers, which inquire with great minuteness and detail into every thing that can affect the probability of the life of applicant. These must be answered fully; there are other questions that must be answered by the physician of the life insured, and others by his friends or relatives. These questions are not precisely the same in the forms given out by any two companies, though they generally traverse the same ground. Any misrepresentation or concealment will void the policy. A policy of life insurance is unlike those of fire or marine risks, in this, that it usually involves a life time instead of a single year, or a short term of years. - Premiums must be paid on the days on which they fall due, although sometimes the rules of the company, and in some States the statutes provide, that, if a policy be defeated by a non-payment of the premium, the insured does not lose all that he has paid, but a certain proportion of the value which the policy then had shall be paid to him. The time of the death is sometimes very important; if the policy be for a definite period it would be necessary to show that the death occurred within it. Life policies are assignable. If the policy is not actually delivered it should be by a separate deed duly executed and delivered. The assignee of a policy is entitled on the death of the party insured to recover the full sum insured, with- out reference to the amount of the consideration paid by him for the assignment. t WHO MAY INSURE. The party insured must have an interest in the life insured, and obtain the consent of the life insured; all speculative policies of life insurance are illegal. A person may insure his own life; but if the insured and the life in- sured are not the same, that is, if the insured be insured on some other life than his own, interest must be shown, Any one may effect an insurance on his own life in the name of a cred- itor, for a sum beyond the amount of the debt, the balance to enure to his family, and the policy will be valid for the whole amount insured. A father has an insurable interest in a minor son. In many of the States, special statute provisions permit a wife to in- sure the life of her husband for her benefit, and the husband the life of the wife. A sister has an insurable interest in the life of a brother upon whom she depends for support, and the rule would be held to apply not only to all relations, but where there was no relationship, if there was a positive and real dependence. That is, any one may insure a sum on the life of any other person on whom he or she really depends for support or for comfort. And generally, it is said to be enough, if, according to the and probably result from the death of the one whose life is insured. An existing creditor has an insurable interest in the life of a debtor- But if the debt be not founded on a legal consideration, it does not sus" tain the policy. And if the debt be paid before the death of the debtor, thc insurers are discharged. Assignment of a Policy to be Indorsed Thereon. I, .................. (name of insured) insured by the within policy, in consideration of a dollar paid to me by ................. (name of * assignee) and for other good considerations, do hereby assign and transfer to the said......................... (name of the assignee) this policy, together with all the right, title, interest and claim which I now have, or hereafter may have, in, to, or under the same. Witness my hand this .... day of ............ A. D. ......... (Witness.) (Signature.) - – ==-5 | | -: *-- -- EXPECTATION OF LIFE. "sed by Life Insurance Companies in Computing the Probable Expectation of the Life of Insured. *=- :- Expect: Expecta- Expecta- E:- Expecta- # tion in # tion in # tion in # tion in # £ in _|_years. years. years. |*| years. | 3 | years. O| 28 *-a *- amp. so Q 2#. 15 [20 34.22 |4o 26.04 |60 15.45 5.85 : 36.7S 21: 33. 41 25.61 |61 #: SI 5.50 38.74 |22. 33.4 42 25.19 (62} 14.26 [S2 5. ió : 49.01 |23| 33.08 |43. 24.77 |63 13.66 S3| 4.87 5 40. 24| 32.7 24.35 64! 13.05 |St 4.66 # 49. 25 32.33 45. 23.92 |65 12.43 |S5 4.57 40.69 |26, 31.53 23.37 |66|| 11.96 |S6 4.21 $ 40.47 |2 31 . So [4 22.S3 % 11.48 |S 3.90 40. 14 |2 31.08 |4 22.27 |6 I 1.01 |S 3.67 # 39.72 |29 30.66 #19, 21.72 |69 10.5o S9 3.56 I I 39.23 ||3o 30.25 [50] 21.17 |7 10.06 |90 3.43 I2 38.64 |31 || 39.83 |51] 2o.61 |71 9.60 for 3.32 I 38.03 |32| 29 43 52. 20.05 |72 9. 14 |92 3.12 # 34.4, 33 23.6% $3| 19.45 |73 $.60 × 3.49 # 33.79 # 23.62 #| 18.5% # 8.2% of 1.98 # 36.1% # 23.22 $; $.35 # 7.83 5s 1.62 I 35 76 |36. 27.78 |56, 17.78 #6 7.40 # # # 27.34 |5 17.20 # 6.99 I 34. 3S 26.91 |5 16.63 |7 6.59 21-34.59 *—#2-#2-#–72–é LIABILITIES OF MINURS. #ERSONS of both sexes are minors until they are of | # legal age by statute. * Minors cannot do any act to the injury of their & property which they may not repudiate or rescind * when they arrive at full age. Every contract entered into by a minor which is clearly to his prejudice, is absolutely void; and a contract which is clearly to his benefit is good; and one that is uncertain, Whether prejudicial or advantageous, is voidable only at the election of the minor. If the contract be voidable only, it is binding on the adult Party thereto until it is rescinded by the minor. A contract for necessaries is binding on an infant, and he *ay be sued on such a contract, but the articles must be shown to have been necessary for him under the circum- stances and condition in which he was placed when they Were furnished. The real circumstances of the minor must be looked at, not his ostensible condition. Necessaries for a "inor's wife and children are necessaries for him. If a "inor marries he is no longer a minor. Infancy or non-age cannot be taken advantage of to pro- *ct a fraudulent act. An infant has been held liable for deceit in obtaining a loan of money on the fraudulent *irmation that he was of age. A father is not bound by the contract of his son, even for articles that are necessary and suitable for the minor, unless an actual authority be proved, or the circumstances be sufficient to imply an authority. What circumstances Will be sufficient to infer an authority must always be a * E- MARRIAGE. *ARRIAGE is a civil contract entered into by # /. | persons capable of consenting thereto. #. #w' cannot be entered into by idiots Or lunatics. WS) en procured by force or fraud, it is also void. W # Marriage is likewise prohibited between near **@R&e relaxons. The parties must be of the age of consent, which varies in the several States. Unless specially mentioned by statutes it is generally fourteen in males and twelve in females. No peculiar ceremonies are requisite to the valid celebra- tion of the marriage rite, but it is advisable that the contract should be entered into in the presence of some clergyman or civil magistrate. In all cases the wife should be sure to take a certificate of the marriage; it is of much importance to have that certificate in case of necessity. The officer, or person officiating, having learned that the couple about to be married are in possession of the license required by law, upon their presenting themselves before him, directs the contracting parties to take each other by the right hand (the lady standing at the gentleman's left side), when he will proceed according to the forms laid down by statute, or substantially as follows: Form for Person Officiating. Do you, sir (to the man) promise to take the woman whom you now hold by the right hand to be your lawful and wedded wife? Do you promise to love her, to comfort her, honor and keep her, in sickness and in health, and, forsaking all others, to cleave to her alone so long as you both shall live? Answer. I do. And do you (to the woman) take the man whom you now hold by the right hand to be your lawful and wedded husband? Do you promise to love him, to comfort, honor and keep him, in sickness and in health, and, forsaking all others, to cleave to him alone, so long as you both shall live? Answer. I do. Then, by the authority of the law of the State (or Territory) of * * * * * * * * , I now declare you to be husband and wife, and may great happiness and prosperity attend your wedded life. Shorter Form. After the contracting parties take each other by the hand, the person officiating says: “By this act of taking each other by the hand, you, Mr. ........, and you, Miss ........, do covenant with each other, and in presence of these witnesses, that you assume toward each other the relation of husband and wife; that you will love, comfort and keep each other in sickness and in health, and that, forsaking all others, you will cleave to each other alone, so long as you both shall live. L’o you so promise? Answer both. I do. Then by the authority of the law of the State, etc. Marriage Certificate. This is to certify that ........ ........, of ........, and ........ F- --—9].” " * LIABILITIES OF MINORS-MARRIAGE. 509 | "--— ! * * * * * * * * daughter of ........ and ........ ........ , of the same place, ‘!"estion to be determined in each particular Căl SC. were, with their mutual consent, lawfully united in marriage by me, The father is liable for necessaries furnished his minor on this ........ day of ........ , one thousand eight hundred and *ildren, but they must be strictly necessaries, such as the eighty-four. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * father is in duty bound to furnish, and has not provided. Aastor of the ........ Church of........ -->|r. Another Form. This is to certify that I this day united in marriage, at their mutual request and with their mutual consent, .... . . . . . ... , merchant, of ........, ........, and .... ... ........, gentlewoman, of the same place. Signed this........ day of ........, eighteen hundred and eighty-two. DAVID Nogg LE, Chief justice. —#e- DOWER. *N those States and Territories where the common law prevails instead of statutory laws contravening the common law, wives have a certain interest in the ° estate of their husbands, called dower. Dower is the interest which the common law of England and of those States which still adhere to it, allows a wife in the lands of her husband, in the event of her surviving him. It is generally the right to have the one-third part in value of the lands of her husband set off to her for her use during her natural life, but which she cannot dispose of for a longer period than her life. The rights of the wife in personal property depend on the statute regulations of the States. If the husband by his will devise a legacy to her in lieu of her dower, she has the right to choose which she will take, the dower or the legacy. In case of an exchange of lands, the widow must elect whether she will take her dower in the lands given in ex- change, or in those taken in exchange. An assignment of dower is a conveyance, by the heirs, of a certain part of the lands to the widow for life, in lieu and satisfaction of her dower interest in the whole. Never take a conveyance of real estate from a married man without seeing that his wife joins in the conveyance, and properly acknowledges it, according to the laws of your State, before the proper officer. If she be not twenty-one years of age, she cannot bar her right of dower, in which case it will be of no use for her to join in the conveyance. As to acknowledgements by the husband and wife, see the respective States. A female wishing to secure the property she may pos- sess, so as to enjoy the benefit of it after marriage, free from the control and liabilities of her husband, can effect her purpose by conveying it to a third person in trust for her benefit. - If a husband wishes to convey property to a wife, he can do so by conveying to some friend in trust for her benefit. Such a conveyance would be set aside on the application of creditors whose rights were prejudiced by it, but they will secure the property to the wife against everybody else. The dower may be held, assigned or released, and for convenience in either of the latter cases the following forms are given: * Q—a- -—” =- 5 IO DOWER. Form of Assignment of Dower. This indenture, made the ........ day of ........, in the year one thousand eight hundred and ........ ........, between John Doc, of the town of ........, in the county of ........, and State of ........, and Richard Doe, of the town of ........ , in the county of ........" and State of ........ , sole heirs of William Doe, late of ........ afore- said, now deceased, parties of the first part, and Susan Doe, of ........ aforesaid, widow and relict of the said William Doe, deceased, of the other part: WHEREAs, The said William Doc was seized at the time of his decease in fee simple of certain lands and tenements, which, upon his decease aforesaid, descended to the said John Doc and Richard Doe, his sole heirs at law;- Now this indenture witnesseth, that the said John Doe and Richard Doe have set off and assigned, and by these presents do set off and assign, unto the said Susan Doe, all that, etc. (here describe the premises assigned); to have and to hold the same, with all the tene- ments and appurtenances thereunto belonging, unto the said Susan Doe, for and during the term of her natural life, as and for her dower, and in lieu of and full satisfaction of all her dower and claim of dower, in the lands of which the said William Doe died seized. And the said Susan Doe hereby signifies her acceptance of the premises so set off and assigned to her, as and for her dower and in full satisfaction of all her dower and claim of dower in the lands whereof the said William Doe, her late husband, died seized. IN witNESS witHREoF, the parties to these presents have hereunto set their hands and seals the day and year first above written. John DoE. : [seAL.] RICHARD DoE. [seAL.] Signed, scaled and delivered, SUSAN DoE. [SEAL.] in presence of * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Form of Release of Dower. To all to whom these presents shall come, Susan Doe, of the city of ... ...., in the county of ........, and State of ........, widow and relict of John Doe, late of the same place, deceased, sends greeting: Know ye, that the said Susan Doe, the party of the first part to these presents, for and in consideration of the sum of five hundred dollars, lawful money of the United States, to her in hand paid at or before the ensealing and delivery of these presents, by Richard Doe, of the city of ........, in the county of ........ , and State of ........ , of the second part, the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, hath granted, remised, released, and for ever quit-claimed, and by these presents doth grant, remise, release and forever quit-claim unto the said party of the second past, his heirs and assigns for ever, all the dower and thirds, right and title of dower and thirds, and all other right, title, interest, property, claim and demand whatsoever, in law and equity, of her, the said party of the first part, of, in, and to all that certain piece or parcel of land, etc. [Aere describe tae premises.] so that she, the said party of the first part, her heirs, executors, administrators, or assigns, nor any other person or persons, for her, them, or any of them, shall not have, claim, challenge, or demand, or pretend to have, claim, challenge, or demand, any dower or thirds, or any other right, title, claim, or demand whatsoever, of, in, and to the same, or any part or parcel thereof, in whosesoever hands, seisin, or possession, the same may or can be, and thereof and therefrom shall be utterly barred and excluded for ever by these presents. IN witness witHREof, the said party of the first part to these presents hath hereunto set her hand and seal, the .... day of ........, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and SUSAN DoE. [SEAL-l Sealed and dclivered in the presence of |- * ~ '-- * —— * t DOWER. * := 6-- HUSBAND AND wiFE. In most of the States and Territories of the Western *tion of the United States where civil-law rules generally prevail, the following are the legal relations of husband and wife: - * Marriage is a civil contract. * The husband and wife contract toward each other obligations of mutual respect, fidelity, and support. 3. The husband is the head of the family. He may choose any reasonable place or mode of living, and the "ife must conform thereto. 4. Neither husband nor wife has a legal interest in the Separate property of the other, but neither can be excluded from the other's dwelling. 5. Either husband or wife may enter into any engage- "nt or transaction with the other, or with any other per- son, respecting property, which either might, if unmar- tied, do, respecting the separate property of each, subject to *rtain conditions. - "..A husband and wife, can not, by any contract with each other, alter their legal relations, except as to property, *nd except that they may agree to an immediate separation, "d may make provision for the support of either of them "of their children during such separation. The mutual *ent of the parties is a sufficient consideration for such * agreement. 7. A husband and wife may hold property as joint ten- *ts, tenants in common, or as community property. .* All property of the wife owned by her beiore mar. *ge, and that acquired afterward by gift, bequest, devise, Or descent, with the rents, issues, and profits thereof, is her Separate property; and the wife may, without the consent of her husband, convey her separate property. 9. All property owned by the husband before marriage, '" that acquired afterward by gift, bequest, devise, or descent, with the rents, issues, and profits thereof, is his Separate property. * All other property acquired after marriage, by either "sband or wife, or both, is community property. *1. A full and complete inventory of the separate personal "perty of the wife may be made out and signed by her, *knowledged or proved in the manner required by law for the acknowledgement or proof of a grant of real property * * unmarried woman, and recorded in the office of the £corder of the county in which the parties reside; and the filing of such inventory in the Recorder's office is notice and ”ary evidence of the title of the wife. ** A wife cannot make a contract for the payment of money. 13. The earnings of the wife are not liable for the debts of the husband. 14. The earnings and accumulations of the wife, and of her minor children living with her or in her custody, while she is living separate from her husband, are the separate Property of the wife. *5. The separate property of the husband is not liable for the debts of the wife contracted before the marriage. 5 II 16. The separate property of the wife is not liable for the debts of her husband, but is liable for her own debts con- tracted before or after marriage. 17. The husband has the management and control of the community property, with the like absolute power of dispo- sition (other than testamentary) as he has of his separate estate. s 18. No estate is allowed the husband as tenant by cour- tesy upon the death of his wife, nor is any estate in dower allotted to the wife upon the death of her husband. 19. If the husband neglects to make adequate provision for the support of his wife, any other person may, in good faith, supply her with articles necessary for her support, and recover the reasonable value thereof, from the husband. 20. A husband abandoned by his wife is not liable for her support until she offers to return, unless she was justified, by his misconduct, in abandoning him. 21. The wife must support the husband out of her sepa- rate property, when he has no separate property and they have no community property, and he, from infirmity, is not able or competent to support himself. 22. The property rights are governed by the foregoing rules unless there is a marriage settlement containing stipu- lations contrary thereto. 23. All contracts for marriage settlements must be in writing, and executed and acknowledged or proved in like manner as a grant of land is required to be executed and acknowledged or proved. 24. When such contract is acknowledged or proved, it must be recorded in the office of the Recorder of every county in which any real estate may be situated which is granted or affected by such contract. 25. The recording or non-recording of such contract has a like effect as the recording or non-recording of a grant of real property. 26. A minor capable of contracting marriage may make a valid marriage settlement. (California and Nevada codes, and the codes of most States and Territories of the extreme West.) In many of the States and Territories, the statutes pro- vide that “married women may become sole traders,” and do business in their own names and on their own accounts; and such should be the law in every State, for often the wife possesses better business judgment and capacity, as well as better habits, than her husband. For the benefit of such is given the following. A carefully prepared digest of the special statute laws of States will be found under head of “Rights of Married Women.” Form of Petition for Sole Trader. To the Hon. ........, Judge of the ........ Court, in and for the County of ....... ., and State of ....... * The petition of A B respectfully represents to the court that she, your petitioner, is a married woman and the wife of CB, and that she has resided for ........ months last past, and now resides in said county of ........, and State of ........ Your petitioner further represents that she desires to transact the --> | k *19—- –% 5 12' RIGHTS OF MARRIED WOMEN. business of (state the business comprehensively), as a sole trader and in her own name, under and by virtue of the provisions of an Act of the Legislature of said State of ........, cntitled “An Act (state the title of the Act), approved ........ , A.D. 18....; that this application is not made to hinder, delay or dcfraud any creditors of her said husband, and that she has not received exceeding ........ dollars from her said husband with which to carry on said business. (All the allegations required by the statute must be stated in the petition). Wherefore your petitioner prays the decree of the court, that she be authorized to act as a sole trader, and transact business in her own £131IT1C. A B, Aetitioner. State of ........ D | SS. County of ........ A B, being duly sworn, says, that she is the petitioner above named; that she has heard said petition read, and that the same is truc. A. B. Subscribed and sworn to before me, this s ... day of ........ , A.D. S. ... C D, Gustice of the Peace (or other officer.) RIGHTS OF MARRIED WOMEN. that a married woman is wholly incapable of en- tering into mercantile contracts on her own ac- count. The husband acquires an absolute title to all the personal property possessed by her at the - time of marriage, and these can never revest in the wife except by decree of divorce, embracing such a return, or by will of her husband, and in case of his death this property vests in his executors to her exclusion. #} | HE original common law of the United States holds The husband also, at common law, becomes possessed of all her real estate during her life, and if a living child be born of the marriage, he has the right of such estate during his life; this estate is called tenancy by courtesy. Upon the death of the husband without valid will the wife is entitled to one- third interest in the estate; this is her dower, of v hich the husband cannot deprive her by will or otherwise, u, less she assent to it. The husband may deprive the wife b, will of any interest in his personal estate except such indefinite estate called her paraphernalia at common law, consisting of beds and clothing, and her watch, jewelry, etc., suitable to her condition of life. such is the common law, but it is not right and just, and there are none of our States in which this law has not been qualified by statutory provisions. The hus- band is responsible for necessaries supplied to a wife, even should he fail to supply them himself, and is held liable if he turn her from his house, or otherwise separates himself from her, without good cause. But he is not held liable if the wife desert him, or if he turns her away for good cause; but if she leave him upon good cause (ill treatment or other ex- treme provocation), then he is liable. The law in this country interprets the law relating to misconduct on the part of husband as good cause for the wife to leave her hus- band; that the wife is not obliged to stay and endure cruelty or indecency. If a man lives with a woman as his wife, and represents her to be such, even though this is made to one who knows that she is not, he is liable the same way as if she were his wife. * Ante-marriage contracts are recognized in many of the States, which will secure to married women even greater privileges than are intended to be secured by statute, or greater power and rights may be secured by conveying and transferring the property owned by them to TRUSTEEs, i.e., to certain persons to hold the same in trust. This must be by an indenture; such instrument should set forth clearly and accurately just what the trust is, and the duties of each, and should generally be drawn by a skillful and trusty lawyer, as it requires peculiar care and exactness. In the settlement of estates where the widow is entitled to a dower interest, some definite calculation is necessary as to how long she will probably live, and the present value of her interests in the estate. The table of the “Expecta- tion of Life,” as found at the top of this page, is gener- ally adopted in the settlement of estates, as well as in Life Insurance; when the sum is ascertained the estate can be satisfactorily and promptly settled. As an illustration, and by reference to the table mentioned, it will be seen that if the widow be 40 years of age, she will probably live 26 and 4-1oo years longer, or until her age is 66 and 4-100 years. The following table will give the value of an annuity of one dollar from 1 to 36 years, at five per cent. per annum. Taking above illustration, the value of $1 for 26 years would be $14.3751. If the widow’s dower interest in an estate is $100 per annum, the present value of her dower interest would be one hundred times greater than $14.3751, or, $1,437.51, which she would be entitled to in the settle- ment. Any given amount can be readily calculated from these tables: Value of an Annuity of $1.00 at Five per cent. from 1 to 36 Years. Dollars. Cents and Dollars. Cents and Year ičoths. Year. ičoths. I •9523 19 12.0853 2 1.859; 2O 12.4622 3 2.7232 2 I # 4. 3.5459 22 13.1939 # 4.3294 23 13.4$9 • 5.oft Só 24 13.79S6 $ 5.7SO3 25 14.0939 6.4632 26 14.375:1 9 7.1078 27 14.6430 |O §: 28 14.8981 II , 8.3064 29 15. 1401 12 | 8.8632 30 15.372 J3 9,3935 3 I 15.595 14 # 32 # 6 I 10.3796 33 16.0025 I 10.8377 34 16, 1929 I 11.2740 3 16.3741 J 11.6895 3 16.5463 : An abstract of the laws of the various States of the law of husband and wife is here given, though in many State” these laws are changed almost every year. f —- --~~~~ g-- ~~~ * Abstract of State Laws Relating to Rights of Married Women. al:#AMA-All property acquired before marriage by the wife, and £perty she may be entitled to by gift, grant, inheritance, or, devise, * not liable for any debts of her husband, and may be devised or be: £hed by her as if she were a femme sole. A wife's separate estate may £ *Veyed by the wife, her husband joining, attested in the presence of i '' witnesses, or acknowledged before the proper officers. The husband £: liable for the wife's debts contracted before marriage. She may £5ued alone, and her separate property is liable for the satisfaction *eof... The husband is the wife's trustee, but not liable to account for £fits. Her cstate is liable for the necessary support of the family the husband is unable to satisfy an execution. If the wife die intes- #: the husband is cntitled to one half the personalty, and to the use St realty during life. If the husband dies intestate the widow is cntitled £n'third of the realty and one-half of the personalty. The widow £nt from provision in a will and claim her dower at any time Within one year £ the probate of the will. She ma retain the well; # place, house, plantation, etc., free from rent, until dower is assigned '...if the husband is unable to manage her cstate she may be vested With the powers of a femini sole. RKANSAS.—A married woman can hold property, both personal and *ealty, and £ liable for her husband's debts, but a schedule, under *th, and verified by the oath of some other reputable person, must be *de by the husband and wife, and filed in the recorder's office of the £nty where the property is, and of the county where they reside. She £y make a will, may insure her husband's life for her benefit. She may £ her property, may sue and be sued, as if unmarried. The widow £ntitled to one-third part of the estate, unless she relinquishes the *me in legal form. CAL *- ired by the wife before marriage # alr:1te : in Fils. debts of the husband. he hus- and's £ '' £ # £ property, and is # debts of the wife. A: £ £ # # # 6. 4. 111101Cr ill C * Such '' ' ££# £ic:by some written instrument £ Signed # £ and wife and acknowledged by # £ # : # examination before the proper £, £ 31 '' #r 3.11 £ inventory of the wife's £. £ # '. # #. is CXe proved in a court of record and lul YeCO! (16:(l. A f £ perty £ from seizure for a husband's debts. One-hal ' C £ £ goes to either survivor, the other half to # # £ . # e £ £ to * ; if not descCndan #. * * £ Payment. Dower and courtesy are abolished. A wife may insure * husband's life for her benefit. 90,0RAD0.—A married woman may hold real and personal property, £y bargain, sell and convey her estate, and make any contract with reference thereto, as though a femme sole. She may also sue and be sued, $"tract debts in her own name and upon her own credit, exccute any £ument of writing, and judgments inay be pronounced, and enforced £ her as thou # a femmé sole. The husband is liable for debts of £ife contracted before marriage to the extent of the property he may receive through her, but no further. Dower is abolished. r CONN ECTICUT.—A married woman may hold real estate to her sepa- * use in her own name. She may sue and be sued, carry on business : her own name; her husband is not liable upon any cause of action **ing from the same. She has right of dower in one third of the real *te which her husband died possessed, to be to her during her nat- #al life. The husband has the use of all the land of his wife during # '. and, if he has a child by her, and survives her, then during his 'life as tenant by the curtesy. * 3. DELAWARE, -A married woman may hold and acquire real estate # Personalty to her separate use in her own name, and the rents, issues # profits thereof not be subject to the disposal of her husband nor S : lé for his debts." Married "women, purchasers of real estate, may £ purchase money, or part of it, by recognizance, bond, mortgage C otherwise, as singlé wornen may; her husband need not be a party or *sent to such act of giving security, and is not liable unless he is a $#y thereto. She may givé'bond with or without warrant of attorney. # may receive wages £ personal labor and sue for same in her own £e, may sue and be sued, and make contracts in reference to her prop; d £; Her husband's life may be insured for her benefit if premium paid “s not exceed $150. She may be an administratrix. m#RIOT OF COLUMBIA.—A woman's rights are not affected by £, or any rights acquired during marriage, and are not liable ert ebts of her husband. # may bequeath, devise or convey her prop- Y* interest therein in the same manner as if she were unmarried. '. "#. sue and be sued in all matters pertaining to her prop- Y. e husband is not liable for any such contract made by her. #IDA—A married woman may hold for her separate use real and £ property, whether acquired before or during marriage, and is his '' for her husband's debts. But, in order that it shall be free from IT1:1 £bts, an inventory of the same must be made out in six months after S : *ge, or after the same shall be acquired by her, and duly recorded. Wà may sell and convey all real estate inherited by her in the same £ ** she could if she were unmarried; but her husband must join in £ and acknowledgment. She is entitled to dower.in, one- of all the real estate seized by her husband at the time of his death, =#:termians Page 496. G-- *-*- or at any time during his life, unless she has relinquishcd the same; and also to one-third of his personalty. GEORGIA.-A married woman may hold for her separate usc real and personal property and choses in action whether acquired before or during marriage, and is not liable for any debt, default or contract of the hus: band. She has full control of her separate estate as if unmarried. She cannot bind her estate in any way whatever, contract suretyship or assumption of the debts of her husband, and any sale made to a creditor of her husband toward discharge of his debts is void. ILLINOIS.-A married woman may own, in her own right, real and personal property, and have full control of her separate property, in the Same inanner that a married man has. She may sue '' be sued, may make contracts and incur liabilities, which may be enforced against her; but she, cannot enter into or carry on any partnership business without her husband's consent unless he has abandoned her or is idiotic, insane or in the penitentiary. The husband and wife are put upon the same # as to dower. The estate of courtesy is abolished. She may make #1. Wille INDIANA-A married woman may hold real and personalty for her separate use, and is not liable for her husband's debts; but she cannot en- cumber or convey them by deed without the husband joining. Suits against her £ estate should be brought in the name of £oti. If the husband die testate or intestate one-third of his realty goes to his wifet in fee simple, free from all claims of creditors; but if estate exceeds ten thousand dollars, she takes only one-fourth as against creditors; and if estate, exceeds twenty thousand dollars, only one-fifth. If the wife dic one third of the estate goes to the husband if either die intestate and without a child, the whole estate goes to the survivor. A wife may elect to take under his will or by law. IOWA.-A, married woman can hold property the same as any other person, and is liable on all contracts made by her, but her separate property is not liable for her husband's debts. " If the wife sur- wives the husband, one third of his realty, in value, goes to his wife in fee simple, free from all claims of creditors. The surviving husband has the same interest in his wife's property. If they leave no children, the survivor takes one half and the parents the other half. KANSAS.–Married women can hold real or personal property, to the separate use, the same as unmarried. A note or endorsement made by a married woman will bind her property the same as if she were unmar- ried. Neither the husband nor wife can bequeath more than one half their property away from the other without written consent of the other. If £ die intestate and without issue, all his or her propcrty goes to the survivor. KENTUCKY-A married woman may hold real and personal property acquired before or during marriage, and is not liable for the debts of her husband, but is liable for debts of her and her husband jointly created, in writing, for necessaries furnished her or any member of her family. The property of the husband is not subject to the payment of any of the wife's debts incurred previous to marriage. She may dispose of her. separate property by will or execute a power. She is cntitled to dower. LOUISLANA-A married woman may hold real and personal prop- erty as her separate estate, whether acquired before or during marriage, and her husband cannot sell the same. Property acquired during mir- riage from the joint or separate carnings of £ and wife and the revenues of their separate estate becomes common property, and is divided equally between them: A married woman has no power in her husband's estate; the husband must join the wife in any conveyance of her separate estate. The wife may make her last will without authority of her husband. E.-A married woman may hold real and personalty for her separate use, can control, dispose of, and encumber as though un- married. Her estate is not liable for her husband's debts. She may make cortracts, sue and be sued, and her property taken on execution to satisf" any judgment obtained against her. A wife must join in a deed from 1 the husband in selling his real estate, to relinquish dower, and he must join with her in selling her real estate only when it comes to her from him. MARYLAND,-A married woman holds her real and personal prop- erty for her own separate use and entirely protected from the debts of her husband. She may devise the same as a femme sole, or may convey the same by a joint deed with the husband. . If she die intestate, leaving children, her husband has a life estate in her property; if she leave nó children, her husband has a life estate in her reil cstate and her per- sonal property vests in him absolutely. She may be sued jointly with her husband on any note, contract, or agreement which she has executed jointly with him, and the judgments recovered in such cases are liens on the property of both, and may be collected in the same manner as if the defendants were not husband and wife. MASSACHUSETTS,-A married woman may hold real and personal property, may convey the same, make contracts, sue and be sued, in the same manner as if she were unmarried; but her separate conveyance is subject to her husband's tenancy by the courtesv. Conveyances, con- tracts and suits are not authorized between husband and wife. Every woman is cntitled to her dower in the lands of her husband, to be assigned to her after his decease, unless she is lawfully barred thereof. MICHIGAN.—A married woman may hold real and personal estate to her separate use, can control, dispose of and encumber in the same manner, and with the like effect, as if unmarried; may sue and be sued in relation to her sole property. Dealings directly between husband and wife are permitted. e husband has no interest in the property of the wife as tenant by the courtesy. Separate property acquired by females. --> s= -—°l.” --- -T- RIGHTS OF MARRIED WOMEN. 5 I 3 T- - - *|9–- *3 _-____. . 5 I4. RIGHTS OF MARRIED *- --" WOMEN. before or after * wife is entitl marriage is not liable for the –- ture. ed to dower in all lands owned by £#2:e 1 for any term longer than th * MINNES0T.A.-A. * g cover- She may be sued or sue # years without her husband joining her erty in her own n:££y hold real and personal prop # £ a written £ her se £: riage; may make contra , whether acquired befo - * e engaged in an : “, , or agreement signed by her £1. cts, and her * - * re or after inar- of such busine * usiness and the caus * y ner: #£ce of her separate real £ £ # # : s a f£ # * I IlllSD3.11 ower of one-third 4. erty will be liable. She i * s:####I.-A married woman may hold coverture, unless # realty owned by her £ # # * * can control, di ccrues sole I #1CCS, c considere us #£,# # husband £ ## £ # as though '' OREGON,-A married red as unmarried debts be ' y last will. She may not bind her conveyance. . She may her own name and fr # woman may hold real or personal * She is £ £ She may engage £ # husband's husband, but a £ # #. or liability for, the a£ : for antenuptial £ contracts made in the cou if unmarried. county clerk. Her husband rsonal property must be filed with th ts. If the husband c rseoftrade; she is liable | rate estat usband must join in all with the comes her debtor, but ca usband converts the wife’s i ate. She mav sue and conveyances of h * * T1:1Q income he be- Crty, y sue and be sued in re er sepa £ £r# in £ ## # £ year; # : '. * may make a will # separate prop" iable. He is not liable for her an ily, with her consent, he is SYLVANIA,-A * #|#: £: O s CfC #1 OY CI] - marri * #|# £: *- * • aries purchased by h * :r separate estate is liable f s to her separate use £ woman may hold real or personal band’s y herself for the use of her fami Ple for neces. £ £ a trustee. A note or end nal property | 1 property does not satisfy. Sh âmily, provided her hus: * arate estate: it will ndörsement made b eave to have the benefit y. e may petition to th f estate, and will be '' 11; ; it will not, however, bind h X | She cannot nefit of her own earnin hi ...the court for by th e paper. If, ho ullity unless she has a separate estate t # general Set:lrat ot make a valid contract, e gs, which will be allowed. S. P.:H-": * tate and f ct, except for the impro then it will bind £ the note is for purchase mo o be bound b £ C CS nd for necessaries. Sh provement of her * r general estate. H ney of property and and take security for th . She may loan money to her hus: acquired before or previ te. Her separate property, wh * I alratc estat 'curity for the same. She may mak ### U15 debts. She is cntitled vious to marriage, is not liable f perty, whether e, subject to her husband's righ y make a will of her sep- * to dower of one-thi e for her husband’s rights as tenant by the court £ # any one to his use, was £ lands of which .#0' ISLAND,-A married woman may hold y urtesy. term' y time during the marriage; also, of 1 n estate of inherit- husband’ coming from the husband, fr f y hold real and personal m of twenty years or more. ; also, of leasehold estate for the of :£ £ and free from the # # inteference of the f NEBRASKA-A married woman may hold on petition ar; £ in the ordinary manner, or # by means #|# £ * her husband, and i * uring inarriage, ex- tai * * * In the S:111) C II).31I] Il * d e may £"### subject to the d * in unimportant kind nner as her real estat “: bts. Sh s isposal of her hus- articl nds, such as clothing, books 'state, and cer, and enter into any £ She may control, dispose 5f and es, except jewels, she #. books, and similar pe l - ract in refere * * and encumber except her. * i may sell as if single. H persona same extent, and with like effe nce thereto, in the same [. er warranties in conve gle. Her other contracts ct as a * * {Tlin Ilêr do not b yances of real * # # #de £ business '. £ :£. *: and be by will, £ £ h £ '' # #1te Ilef SO1& OfC) - In Cr Der- teSV. *. * er husband of his ri # #"' here # # # ' contracted 5: of £ &#' £ £ for her # # £ £ £Life # tead. ith her husband in the conveyance : # "# * ndep endently of her husband, or £ # NEWADA.-A marri OUTEI CAROLINA.-A married - Q ied woman property in her Woman may OWn f #### # # £ # :All property, a i: and convey without the consent of he £. 31 e husband. She may control, sell in no cases liable for the debts belongs to £ red by husband and wife during -ti r husband. rate estate in the same mann * , encumber, or bequeath her sep- * in common; and g the coverture concerns her sepa er as if unmarried. Wh * one-half goes to the wife; but' and upon the death of the husb parate estate she ma en an action but dur usband, ment may be entered o y sue and be sued al control of £ £' ing coverture, is under the absol Ü red against her separatel alone. Judg: in intr i * : tie may con s bsolute pon her separate pr * parately, and executi * #: ||. £ # Q - #11 C of the husband NEW HAMPSHIRE.-A. * TENNESSEE.-A marri ©. * - .-A married wo erty t * rried woman may h - # £ and separate use a * * C IlúS = for r # w 1 er. H *I *f ey £: or encumber her separate £ and she may sell, £ her husband., . A note # # is not liable II]:1 g upon her and her property independent # are valid and with the ex an will notbind her separate estate, unl igation made by # sue and be sued as if £. She is entitled er husband. She necessaries ress intention to bind the same or ü # ess it was executed by #'. # £ of her husband, £ and separate £ # ": # minor children £ £ # * er husband in its * £16:215C tile SAIT16: WARI • e is enti s ispose of her equal to the husband befors £ # most respects the wife is TEXAS.-A married woman entitled to dower and homestead, $1,000- estate to the wife. * e husband cannot convey real £ £ use, whether £ "'' £ personal property to l * * s Ol' : - * £ JERSEY:A married woman may hold to h : 's'. £ gives her all the £ '' £d The mar f # £ property which she owned £ #ss:'' # # #. '': draft, or £ ' # f , grant, descent, devi * l! T111 ert * irse amily, or for h * # £ # disposal of her £##£# £ # # £; £'s £ #:#. #'' S £ n s * £11 to dower in # sue and be sued as if unmarried. She # s: goes to the survivor : £ if there are no children £e seized, and to the £ # '' real estate of which the £ ## wife in any conveyance of': .# The husband must join the estead until dower is assigned her. l £ of homestead. ££ * # wife must join in a t #1C * * *I. * YORK-A married woman may hold tra # £: She may £ r all the debts # £ ' # and separate use, £: # # personal prop- WERM £ in business, nor cmbark her sep arate £# #" age. Such property is in no * efore or after mar- * .—A married w 1I]. €e £ # 1.- 1: tent to ch: * - : separate prop- * 11(1 1 US FCVenue nd separate use. Her band’s life for £ charge it. A wife may insure h p band's debts and s are exempt from - * * * the husband's i • attachment for her hus- hundred dollars. Sh £ provided the premium does er hus cent for deb In and's interests in same duri Cr 1111 * hold patent not exceed five pt for debts for necessaries f anne during coverture-ex: stock held by her, ma £ latents invented by her, ma materials f .# or herself and famil * t #1 Cl1:l - r, may vote on erials for their benefit. * amily, or for work an £" # £ £ #: £ I rney as if unmarried. She is entitled t à y execute a power of may insure her husband's life for h ee process by her husband. Sh: and owned by her husband during lifeti £ to one-third of the cxceed three hundred dollars w: own use, if the premium does not "'RTH C me unless she has relinquished # £ #: in her own £ a:' '' her husband she * I CAROLINA-All pr * property by will. The widow i arried woman may dispose cither before or after £ # £ married woman, £ # of one-third of the £o dower during her £: her sole and separate property, fr er husband, is, and will same." uring his natural life unless she has # ich her husband die £ not # for his debts, an ': £ £ of her hus: VIRGIN IA relinquished or barred the consent of her husband. Sh avey the same with the ,-A married w #usband, owned or acquired £ £ all the real estate of to her separate use, and is n:£ real or personal property eyances made by him to release the same. re, and must join in £ £ in relation thereto r # ebts of the husband. She e': £ woman may own real or per she is a £ £ join in all contracts in £ £ and be sued, but ight and use, and may manage it herself sonal property in her titled rader, and shall be joined i ...thereto except WherC rself, but cannot dispose of i titled to one-third part of all th n any suit. The widow is en" - pose of it l ing coverture, unless she has *: cstate owned by her husband dur: *@- nquished or barred the same. C -*- ~-Ö > t * +- --~ =- MORTGAGES. "---— # *y devise and bequeath her separate property subject to her husband's ght of courtesy. w: EST VIRGINIA-The real and personal property of a married h' is secured to her separate use, and is not liable for the debts of \{n usband. She may devise and convey her property the same as if Se *rried, provided her husband joins in the deed with her. If living £ from her husband, she may convey without her husband join- £h Her property is bound for her debts contracted before marriage £usband is not liable for her ante nuptial debts. She may hold b:£y patents for her inventions, may deposit her separate funds in po £d withdraw the same on her own check, may hold stock in cor- #: and vote on same.—she may make a will. She has dower in Inu. £ real estate her husband is seized of during coverture, and she *join her husband in the execution of all deeds to the same. ert #CONSIN-A married woman may hold real and personal prop- £ 9r.her sole and separate use, whether owned # her before, or ac- '' in any way during marriage, and is not liable for the debts of : usband. She has free and # control of the same, and may con: # devise, or encumber without the consent of her husband, but is ££rali debts contracted by her before marriage and after on ac- £ £of her separate estate, and can be sued for the same. She may £he life of her husband, son, or any other person, for her own S.' benefit, and may make and hold deposits in savings banks, liri * cntitled to dower in all the real estate owned by the husband £ Goverture, unless she has barred or relinquisned the same. The àn and holds the wife's realty for life unless she left, by a former hus- at £ue to whom the estate might descend. A woman becomes of age wenty-one, but may marry at eighteen without consent of parents. WO ANADA—In the several £ of Canada, generally a. married £ may hold all her reaf and personal £ and earnings free Inul "...the control of her husband. Such property is liable for her ante- P'il debts, and his is not. She may manage, convey, or bequeath it. i: 'Sntitled to dower...There is no tenancy by courtesy.. In the prey. ac £of Qntario this is the law, in New Brunswick a wife's property £d brfore marriage is in no case liable for her husband's debts. ju. husband's property is liable for the wife's ante-nuptial debts £n pr £nt being obtained against him. In Nova Scotia the husband's £ £ty is liable for debts contracted by his wife previous to marriage ha 'to his wife's estate acquired previous to marriage, the husban £ full control except over entailed property. In Quebec the law is £ on the French common and statute law. All the property of Ea # party becomes common property, which the husband administers, he '''San bequeath only his or her interest, and the heirs of each in- *it the interest of each." MORTCACES. A. mortgage is an instrument in writing, and is the con- yey ance of real property, subject to the right of redemption. t is generally given by a debtor to a creditor as security £his debt. The person giving a mortgage is called the for'gagor. *The person receiving it, the Mortgagee. .* mortgage does not differ materially from a deed in fee- "ple, except in the condition attached, which consists of a slause inserted before the clause of execution to the effect that if the mortgagor shall pay to the mortgagee a certain '" of money at a certain time, then the deed shall be Old. * note or a bond may be given to be secured by the "tgage—the instrument should distinctly state which is *en ; also should clearly state any special terms agreed upon. A mortgage given to secure the purchase money Will take precedence before any other mortgage. he mortgagee has a valid right and title to the land, im- *diately upon the delivery of the mortgage, and has a legal *ight to take possession of the land, unless, as is now com- mon, the deed provides that the mortgagor may retain pos- session, the mortgagor having surrendered all his rights, 't the right of redemption, at the time of executing In former years the mortgagor could not redeem his land "less the debt was paid before or when it became due, and e had no further right. Now, however, the courts of law 5 I5 of the various States have adopted the same rule, giving the mortgagor three years after the expiration of the mortgage, in which he may redeem the property by paying the debt, with interests and costs. This is called his equity of redemp- tion. A mortgagor may sell this right of redemption, or he may give a second mortgage, or it may be attached by creditors, or in case of insolvency it would form a part of his assets. Mortgage deeds are now commonly drawn with a clause containing an agreement of the parties, that if the money is not paid when it is due, the mortgagee may, in a certain number of days thereafter, sell the land (providing also such precautions to secure a certain price that may be agreed upon) and, reserving enough to pay his debt and charges, pay over to the mortgagor his balance; such action removes all claim of the mortgagor in a court of equity. This is called a sale mortgage and is sanctioned by law; all mort- gages that do not contain the above stipulation possess an equity of redemption. The right of redemption, or the three years of redemption, does not begin until the mortgagee has entered to foreclose, even though the debt has been due for a number of years. In foreclosing the mortgagor must enter upon the property in a peaceful manner, in the presence of witnesses, or by action at law. A mortgagor who intends to redeem must tender the debt with interests, lawful costs, and the charges of mort- gagee. He will be allowed all rents and profits that the mortgagee may have received, or would have received but for his own negligence. Another stipulation now commonly used is, that the mort- gagor shall keep the premises insured in a certain sum for the benefit of the mortgagee; if this agreement is not ex- pressed in the deed, and the mortgagee insures the buildings, he cannot recover the premium from the mortgagor. If buildings are erected on the property during continu- ance of mortgage, or after foreclosure, whether by the mort- gagor or mortgagee, the party securing final possession gets the benefit of them all, without paying the other for them. This is the law, provided no stipulation is made in the deed, although any agreement may be made between them, but must be incorporated in the deed. To release and discharge a mortgage it is necessary to follow the statute law governing such releases. They differ in many States. It is common in some States for the re- corder or register of deeds to write on the margin of the record of the mortgage an acknowledgment of satisfaction, release or discharge. This must be signed by the mort- gagee. Another practice is to release a mortgage by a quit claim deed from the mortgagee or holder of the land, to mortgagor or holder of equity or right of redemption. Any writing which clearly declares that the debt, obligation or covenant which that mortgage was intended to secure has been fully paid, satisfied or performed, will have the effect of discharging and annulling a mortgage. Such instrument must be duly signed, sealed, acknowledged and recorded. Like other deeds, it takes effect from the time it is placed in the hands of the recorder. * In legal instruments generally spelled Mortgagor, according to Webster, should be Mortgageor. 2- 516 Mortgage Deed, with power of Sale, and release of Dower and Homestead. This indenture made the......day of........ , in the year one thou- sand, eight hundred and ..... , between...........of........... , of the first part, and...........of..........., of the second part, witnesseth, that the said party of the first part, in consideration of...... dollars to him paid, the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, hath granted, bargained, sold, released, and conveyed, and by these presents does grant, bargain, sell, release, and convey to the said party of the second part, and his heirs and assigns forever, all that (here describe property), with all hereditaments and appurtenances thereto appertaining. To have and to hold the said premises, with the appurtenances, to said party of the second part, his heirs and assigns, to his and their use and behoof forever. Provided always, and these presents arc upon con- dition, that if said party of the first part, his heirs or assigns, shall pay to the said party of the second part, his executors, administrators, or assigns, the sum of....... dollars, on or before the.......day of........, in the year........., with interest, according to the condition of a bond (or note) of the said........to the said........, bearing even date here- with, then these presents shall be void. But upon any default in the payment of the money above mentioned, or of the interest thereon, said grantee, his executors, administrators or assigns, may scll the above granted premises with all improvements that may be thereon, at public auction in said........, first publishing a notice of the time and place of sale once each week for three successive weeks, in one or more newspapers published in said........; and in his or their own name or names as the attorney of the said grantor, may convey the same by proper deed or deeds to the purchaser or purchasers, absolutely and in fee simple; and such sale shall forever bar the grantor, and all persons claiming under him, from all right and interest in the granted premises, whether at law or in equity. And out of the money arising from such sale, the said grantee or his representatives shall be entitled to retain all sums then secured by this deed, whether then or thereafter payable, including all costs, charges and expenses incurred or sustained by reason of any failure or default, on the part of the said grantor or his representatives, to perform and fulfill the condition of this deed, or any covenants or agreements herein contained; rendering the surplus, if any, together with an account of such costs, charges, and ex- penses, to the said grantor, his heirs or assigns. And it is agreed, that said grantee, his administrators, executors, or assigns, or any person or persons in his or their behalf, may purchase at any sale made as aforesaid, and that no other purchaser shall be answerable for the purchase money; and that, until default in the per- formance of the condition of this deed, the grantor and his heirs and assigns may hold and enjoy the granted premises and receive the rents and profits thereof. And, for the consideration aforesaid, I, M. B., wife of the said A. B., do hereby release unto the said grantee and his heirs and assigns, all right of both dower and homestead in the granted premises. In witness whereof, the parties to these presents have hereunto set their hands and seals, the day and year above written. A. B. [L. S.] * M. B. [L. S.] Signed, Sealed and Delivered s Jn Presence of [Witnessed and acknowledged like any other deed.] A Promissory Note, to be Secured by Mortgage. ........................for value received........promise to pay to .............. ......... dollars, at ........... ... ........ with interest at the rate of........ per cent. per annum. This note is secured by a deed of mortgage of even date herewith from....to. . . . . . . . . . . . • $........ (Signature.) MORTGAGES. | and in consideration thereof I do discharge the mortgage and release the mortgaged premises to said. ..........and his heirs. WITNESS MY HAND AND SEAL............... A. D., 18.... Signature. Seal.) Executed and Delivered (Sig ) ( In Presence of ......... ss.............A. D. 18.... Then said...... ... acknowl" edged the foregoing instrument to be........free act and deed. -- Before me.......... * * * (Signature.) Assignment of Mortgage. I hereby assign the above (or within) mortgage to...... ..... WITNESS MY HAND AND SEAL, this............ of........ (Signature) (Seal.) Release on Satisfaction of a Mortgage. I hereby release the above (or within) mortgage. WITNESS MY HAND AND SEAL, this........... ..day of....... - (Signature.) (Seal.) Sale by Mortgagee under Power of Sale.—Affidavit of Default, etc. I, ........, of, etc., the assignec of a certain mortgage deed given by , dated, etc., and recorded, etc., on oath depose and say, that default was made in the payment of the principal sum mentioned in the condition of said mortgage deed, and of the interest thereon, the said principal and six months interest having become payable on the ........day of .......last, and not having been then or at any time paid or tendered to any person authorized to receive the same; and that pur- suant to the provisions of said mortgage deed, I published on the first, eighth, and fifteenth days of.... ...now last past, in the “.... .. ......” a newspaper published in........aforesaid, a notice of which the follow- ing is a true copy: (here insert notice). * * * * * * * * to * * * * * is is (Signature.) Notice of Mortgagees' Sale. By virtue of a power of sale contained in a certain mortgage deed given by........, to ........, dated, etc., and recorded, etc., will be sold at public auction upon the premises [or, at the office of........., No. . . . . " * * * * * * * * street, . . . . . . . . ..] on........ , the.... ...day of ......., 18.” at 11 o'clock in the forenoon, all and singular the premises conveyed by said mortgage deed, namely: (here describe property). .........., Assignee of said mortgage. Affidavit of Sale. And I depose and say, that pursuant to said notice, and at the time and place in said notice appointed, the said default still continuing, I sold the premises conveyed by said mortgage deed, at public auction, by........ • a duly licensed auctioneer, to ........., of, etc., for the sum of......... • dollars; which amount was bid by the said ........, and was the highest bid therefor made at said auction; and I have this day, in pursu- ance of said power contained in said mortgage, delivered to said........ • the foregoing deed of said mortgaged premises. WITNESS MY HAND, this..........day of........., A. D. 18.... (Signature.) Short Deed of Mortgage in Use in Indiana. THIS INDENTURE WITNESSETII: That I, ............ of........... ." ctc., do hereby mortgage and warrant to........ ... of ..... ....., etc.” ..........the following real estate, in...........County, in the State of Indiana, to wit: (here describe the property), to secure the payment when ..... ... become due of....... and the mortgagor expressly agrees to pay the sum of money above secured, without relief from valuation laws. IN WITNESS WHEREof, The mortgagor has hereunto set his hand and seal this..........day of..........A. D. 18... * (Signature.) (Seal.) STATE OF INDIANA, ........... Count Y. BEFORE ME,........ * * * * * * * * * * * * * in and for said County, this.... . . . . . Discharge of Mortgage. day of.... . . . . . * , 18. ‘. . . . . . . . . . . . . ... acknowledged the execution of the annexed mortgage. This debt, secured by the mortgage, dated ........... and recorded WITNESS MY HAND and ........seal, this........ day of........, 18. . . . with........deeds, lib......fol......has been paid to me by............ (Signature.) (Seal.) 38 –--" *===" ~-3) | * --ol.” s! –T. *#= * "--—s -E- *— SALES OF REAL PROPERTY, ETC. 517 "----. * *- * * SALES OF REAL PROPERTY AND THE LAW OF TITLEs. * £4::fks...} & #: # O constitute a valid contract for | Q # SS Eff the sale of land, the parties must be capable of contracting; that is, they must be of sound mind, and not under any disability, such as infancy. There must be an offer of the land at a definite price on the part of the seller who is called the ven" der, and, before such offer is withdrawn, an acceptance by the buyer, or vendee, on the precise conditions of the offer. The offer may be made on the part of the owner by some agent engaged in the sale of real estate. If he has been properly authorized by the owner of the 7 land, an agreement with him will bind the owner. s It is necessary to the validity of a sale of lands that the agreement should be reduced to writing, either by a formal written agreement, or else a memorandum containing in "self the whole agreement, including the names of the Parties contracting, the price to be paid, all the stipulations intended to bind the parties, and such a description of the land as will enable any one acquainted with it to learn upon "eading the contract what property was intended to be sold. The contract must be signed by the parties or their lawful *gents. It may be written either in ink or pencil, but it * much better that it should be written in ink on suitable paper. The law supposes this writing to contain the entire agree- "ent, so that it is important that everything agreed to *hould be embodied in the writing, as you will not be per- mitted to prove the contemporaneous talk or conversation. Sometimes where only part of the money is paid down the purchaser takes what is called a title bond, or bond for a deed. .* The purchases and the agent should see to it in such a *se that the bond is signed by the wife of the owner. If this is omitted the purchaser may go on making his pay- *nts, and when he calls for a deed may find that the wife has a dower interest therein which she refuses to convey, "d which no courts will compel her to convey, unless she * signed a contract agreeing so to do. if the deed is to be executed by one acting as attorney in * for the owner under a power of attorney, the signature "ould be in the name of the principal “by A. B., his attorney in fact.” - nless you are absolutely certain of the correctness of the title, or are getting the deed for nothing, do not accept **ere quit claim. If you cannot have a warranty deed, == G-e- see to it that the deed you take uses, in addition to “quit claim,” at least the words “sell and convey.” The use of those words gives you a claim for repayment of your purchase money in case of total failure of consideration. In every contract for sale of land it is implied that the seller will, before the completion of the contract, produce to the buyer satisfactory proof of his ability to make a mar- ketable deed to the land sold. This is now done by the production of what is known as an abstract of title made by some one skilled in searching the records of title. The purchaser is not bound to accept a deed nor to pay the purchase money nor interest on the purchase money until he has been satisfied as to the title, and the expense of such proof must be borne by the seller, as also the cost of the execution of proper deed. The buyer is of course put to the expense of recording his deed in the office of the proper registrar of deeds. The deed should always be at once filed for record when pur- chase is fully made. - The purchase is sometimes made at an estimated price per acre. In such case the shape and length of the sides of the tract must be ascertained, and its altitude, if not a rect- angle, and from this the area can be computed by familiar rules of arithmetic. The words “more or less,” limiting the statement of the area of land in a deed or contract where the price has been fixed with reference to the number of acres, covers only such immaterial errors as arise from defects of surveying instruments, irregularities of ground, and difficulty of de- termining the exact magnetic variation. . A gross mistake as to the quantity would be corrected by the court even where such words were used in the deed or contract. The title should be examined back as far as the patent from the United States Government, in places where titles £re 116 W. In old settled communities sixty years is far enough to trace back a title. • Adverse possession for the period fixed by the statute of limitations is, in effect, equal to a perfect legal title, but the exceptions in favor of minors, etc., introduced an element of uncertainty, and the purchaser in this country probably has the right to insist, and should insist, on a title running back sixty years, or to a United States patent. A good abstract of title should show all conveyances affecting the title to the land, all incumbrances against the land in the shape of mortgages or deeds of trust, all wills, with the date and manner of probate thereof, all liens, such as unpaid taxes, judgments and executions, suits pending touching title, attachments levied on the land, leases, etc. Whenever any conveyance is made in pursuance of a power contained in any will or deed, the language used should be abstracted. In conclusion, the person who is about to consummate the purchase of real property has the right to submit the papers and abstract to his counsel or attorney before con- ..cluding the sale, and if this were more frequently done * =f- much expense and trouble would be saved. Š s s * & ey. LANDLORD AND TENANT, :*G) *% —s- LANDLORD is the owner of lands or houses, and has tenants under him, and is known in law as the lessor who transfers the possession and is to re- ceive the rent. .. Q. A tenant is one who has the occu- * £" ( , "). ...to pation or temporary possession of (6 # <> #and. Ol' £ : title is in S £% another, and known as the lessee. * * * * * * A lease is a contract whereby one * & party (the lessee) takes the possession * and profits of land for a certain and definite period. And the other party (the lessor) gives possession of the land and receives a rent, which the lessee agrees to pay him by way of compensation. This form of estate is never created by act of law, but always by contract, properly called a lease. No certain form of words is neces- sary to create a lease; it should con- tain all the conditions on which the premises are granted and taken. All leases should be in writing. They are of four kinds: lease for years; lease for life; lease at will; lease by sufferance. A lease for years is a lease for a cer- tain number of years specified in the lease. A lease for life is a lease for either the life of the tenant, or of some other person or persons. A lease at will is where the tenantry exists only during the will of either of the parties. A lease by sufferance is when the ten- ant's lease has expired, and he continues to remain in possession. He is then tenant by the sufferance of the landlord. * A landlord is bound to put his lessee | into possession with good title, if he covenants “to renew.” Generally this means a renewal of the lease on the same terms, but without inserting in the lease another covenant of renewal. A landlord is under no legal obligation to repair the house or building unless he expressly agrees to do so, no matter how dilapidated or disfigured it may be. Even if it be- comes wholly uninhabitable by no fault of the house or of the landlord, as, if it burns up or is blown down, or if the over- flow of a stream ruins a field or a farm, still the landlord is not bound to do anything, unless-so inserted in lease, or by special written agreement. But if the house is uninhabitable by its own fault, as if it has a noisome and unwholesome stench, or, according to one |- LANDLORD AND TENANT. — ==" case, if it be overrun with rats, or so decayed as to be open to the weather, it would seem to be the law of this country that a tenant may leave the house, always provided, how- ever, that the objection or defect be not one which the tenant knew or anticipated, or would have known or expected if he had made reasonable inquiry and investigation before he took his lease. If the house be wholly destroyed, the tenant must still pay rent, under an ordinary lease, because the law looks upon the land as the principal thing, and the house as secondary. All well-drawn leases have clauses providing that the rent shall cease, or be abated, while the premises are uninhabit- able from fire or any other unavoidable calamity. A lease by a married woman, even if it be upon her own property, at common law, is not valid, but by recent statutes, she, in many States, may lease her own property and have full control of same; neither can the husband effect a lease that will bind her after his death. His control over her prop- erty continues only so long as he lives. * Neither a guardian or minor can give a lease, extending beyond the ward's majority, which can be enforced by the lessee, yet the latter is bound unless the lease is annulled. A tenant is not bound to make general repairs without an express agreement. A tenant is not responsible for taxes, unless it is expressly agreed in the lease that he shall be. The tenant of a farm is bound, without express covenants, to manage and cultivate the same in such a manner as good husbandry and the usual course of management of such farms in his vicinity would require. A tenant of a farm, if his lease is terminated by any event which was uncertain, and which he could neither foresee nor control, is entitled to the annual crop which he sowed while his interest in and right to the farm continued. If a lease be for a certain time, the tenant loses all right or interest in the land or premises when that time comes, and he must leave, or the landlord may turn him out at once. But he is a tenant at will, if he holds over after a lease with consent, or occupies the land, or house, or store without a lease but with consent and an oral bargain; and a tenant at will cannot leave, nor can he be turned out, without a notice to quit. The law on this subject is not uniform. In gen- eral, however, it is this. If rent is payable quarterly, or not more frequently, then there must be a quarter's notice. If rent is payable oftener, then the notice must be as long as the period of payment. Thus, if rent is payable monthly, there must be a month's notice; if weekly, a week's notice. But the notice must terminate on a day when the rent is payable. It may be given at any time, but operates only after the required interval or period between two payments. Properly, the notice should specify the day, and the right day, when the tenant must leave; and should be in writing. Where the rent is in arrear, the notice to quit may be more brief; the statutes of the different States vary on this point, but a frequent period is fourteen days. A tenant may give notice of his intention to quit, and generally it will be subject to the same rules already stated —=" *===" -e-C) * S-- —a–9 E- LANDLORD AND TENANT. 5 I9 "--— -* in reference to the notice given by a landlord. A tenant *hould give his notice to the party to whom he is bound to P*Y rent, or to an authorized agent of that party. Under a covenant to pay “all taxes which may be *ssessed on the premises during said term,” the lessee would not be liable to repay to his lessor the expense of paving a "ewalk in front of the premises. If the lessor desires to "nclude such contingencies the covenant should read to pay “all taxes, assessments and water rates whatsoever, which may be payable for or in respect of the premises dur- "g the said term. Fixtures. It is quite important that both tenant and landlord should *ve some knowledge of the law of fixtures; for this tells them what things the tenant may take away and what he *nnot. For there are many things which a tenant may add, *nd afterward remove, and many which he cannot remove. The method of affixing them may be a useful criterion, as it indicates the purpose of removal or otherwise. If with *rews, or in such away as to show thatremoval was intended, things may be taken away, when, if the same things were fastened more permanently, they could not be. In modern times the rule in favor of the tenant seems to extend as far * this: whatever he has added, and can remove, leaving the Premises entirely restored and in as good order as if he had *ot removed it, that he may take away. Among the things held to be removable, in different adjudged cases, are these: *namental chimney-pieces; coffee-mills; cornices screwed *; furnaces; fire-frames; stoves; iron backs to chimneys; looking-glasses; pumps; gates; rails and posts; barns or stables on blocks. . Among those held not removable are these: barns fixed "the ground; benches fastened to the house; trees, plants, *nd hedges, not belonging to a gardener by trade; conserva- tory strongly affixed; glass windows, locks and keys. If a man sells a house, the law of fixtures is construed far In Ore severely against him than against a tenant who leaves * house; that is, the seller must permit the buyer to hold a £eat many things which an outgoing tenant might remove. 9f course, a seller may take what he will from his house be- fore he sells it, or make what bargain the parties choose to *ake about the fixtures. But if he makes no such bargain, "d sells the house, he cannot then take from a house what *tenant who put them there might take. In many States there are laws concerning leases. In Connecticut, Mississippi, Oregon, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee and Vermont, leases for any term ex- ceeding one year must be executed, attested, and recorded in * same manner as other deeds. in Maine, Massachusetts, Maryland and New Hampshire, "ases for more than seven years must be recorded. In North Carolina, all leases that are required to be in "iting must be recorded in the proper county within two years. - In Delaware and Pennsylvania leases for more than twenty "One years must be recorded. In Ohio, all leases for more than three years must be re- corded. In Texas all leases are recorded. The lease that specifies a term of years without giving the definite number of years is without effect at the expiration of two years. A Short Form of a Lease. TIIIs INDENTITRE, Made the...... day of.......in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and............ WiTNESSETII, That I, (name and residence of the lessor) do hereby lease, demise, and let unto (name and residence of the lessee) a certain parcel of land in the city (or town) of ..... County of.......and State of * is a s : * with all the buildings thereon standing, and the appurtenances to the same belonging, bounded and described as follows (or, a certain Mouse in said city, giving the street and number, with the land under and adjoining the same). (The premises need not be described guite so minutely or fully as is proper in a deed or mortgage of land, but must be so described as to iden- tify them perfectly, and make it certain just what premises are leased.) To Hon.D for the term of...... from the......day of....... yielding and paying therefor the rent of...... And said lessee does promise to pay the said rent in four quarterly payments on the.........day of........(or state otherwise just when the payments of rent are to be made) and to quit and deliver up the premises to the lessor or his attorney, peaceably and quietly at the end of the term, in as good order and condition, reasonable use and wearing thereof, fire and other unavoidable casualties excepted, as the same now are or may be put into by the said lessor, and to pay the rent as above stated, and all taxes and duties levied or to be levied thereon during the term, and also the rent and taxes as above stated, for such further time as the lessee may hold the same, and not make or suffer any waste thereof; nor lease, nor underlet, nor permit any other person or persons to occupy or improve the same, or make or suffer to be made any alteration therein but with the approbation of the lessor thereto in writing, having been first ob- tained; and that the lessor may enter to view, and make improvements, and expel the lessee, if he shall fail to pay the rent and taxes as afore- said, or make or suffer any strip or waste thereof. IN WITNEss WHEREOF, The said parties have hereunto interchange- ably set their hands and seals the day and year first above written. (Signature.) (Seals.) Signed, Sealed, and Delivered in Presence of A Lease, with Covenants about Water-Rate, and Injury by Fire, in use in New York. THIS AGREEMENT, Made between (name and residence of lessor) party of the first part, and (name and residence of lessee) party of the second part, witnesseth, that the said party of the first part has agreed to let, and hereby does let, and the said party of the second part has agreed to take, and hereby does take, the following described premises (here de- scribe the premises, as in Form 2rr) for the term of..................... to CONTII]CI1CC. . . . . . . . . . . . and to end............ to be occupied (describe the intended occupation) and not otherwise. And the said party of the sec- ond part hereby covenants and agrees to pay unto the said party of the first part the annual rent or sum of....... ..... dollars, payable (state the times and terms of the payments.) And shall also pay the Croton water-rate, and will keep the plumbing work, pipes, glass, and the premises generally in repair, and will sur- render them at the expiration of the said term. in as good state and con- dition as reasonable use and wear thereof will permit. And the said party of the second part further covenants that he will not assign, let, or underlet the whole or any part of the said premises, nor make any alteration therein without the written consent of the said party of the first part, under the penalty of forfeiture and damages; and that he will not occupy the said premises, nor permit the same to be occupied for any business deemed extra-hazardous without the like con- sent, under the like penalty. And the said party of the second part fur- 'E --> --ó. Q—- --> ~r- "E------" 52O LANDLORD AND TENANT. s —=" ther covenants that he will permit the said party of the first part, or his ....: , containing one hundred acres, together with all and singular the agent, to show the premises to persons wishing to hire or purchase, and three months next preceding the expiration of the term will permit the usual notices of “to let,” or “for sale,” to be placed upon the windows, walls, or doors of said premises, and remain thereon without hindrance or molestation. And also, that if default be made in any of the covenants herein con- tained on the part of the party of the second part, or if the said premises or any part thereof shall become vacant during the said term, the said party of the first part may re-enter the same, either by force or otherwise, without being liable to any prosecution therefor; and re-let the said premises or any part thereof in one or more parcels, as the agent of the said party of the second part, and receive the rent thereof, applying the same, first to the payment of such expense as he may be put to in re-en- tering, and then to the payment of the rent due by these presents; and the balance (if any) to be paid over to the said party of the second part; and, in case of deficiency, said party of the second part will pay the same. And the said party of the second part hereby further covenants that if any default be made in the payment of the said rent, or any part thereof, at the times above specified, or if default be made in the performance of any of the covenants or agreements herein contained, the said hiring, and the relation of landlord and tenant, at the option of the said party of the first part, shall wholly cease and determine; and the said party of the first part shall and may re-enter the said premises, and remove all per- sons therefrom; and the said party of the second part hereby expressly waives the service of any notice in writing of intention to re-enter, as provided for in the third section of an act entitled “An Act to abolish Distress for Rent, and for other Purposes,” passed May 13, 1846. And it is further agreed between the partics to these presents, that, in case the building hereby leased shall be partially damaged by fire, the same shall be repaired as speedily as possible by the party of the first part; that, in case the damage shall be so extensive as to render the building untenantable, the rent shall cease until the same be repaired; provided the damage be not caused by the carelessness or negligence of the party of the second part, or his agents or servants. If the building be so damaged that the owner shall decide to rebuild, the term shall cease, the premises be surrendered, and the accrued rent be paid up to the time of the fire. In consideration of the letting of the premises above mentioned to the above named (name of the lessee) and of the sum of one dollar to him paid by the said party of the first part, the said party of the second part does hereby covenant and agree to and with the party of the first part above named, and his legal representatives, that if default shall at any time be made by the said party of the second part, in the payment of the rent and performance of the covenants above contained on his part to be paid and performed, that he will well and truly pay the said rent or any arrears thereof, that may remain due unto the said party of the first part, and also all damages that may arise in consequence of the non perform- ance of said covenants, or either of them, without requiring notice of any such default from the said party of the first part. WITNESS our hands and seals this............day of............ in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and............ * Witness.) (Signature of Lessor.) (Seal.) (Signature of Lessee.) (Seal.) Short Form of Lease for Farm and Buildings Thereon. TIIIs INDENTURE, Made this first day of March, one thousand eight hundred and eighty, between Peter Marshall, of the township of Stafford, county of Tolland, and State of Connecticut, of the first part, and Robert Walker of the said township and county of the second part. WITNESSET11, That the said Peter Marshall, for, and in consideration of the yearly rents and covenants hereinafter mentioned, and reserved on the part and behalf of the said Peter Marshall, his heirs, executors and administrators, to be paid, kept, and performed, hath demised, set, and to farm let, and by these presents doth demise, set, and to farm let, unto the said Robert Walker, his heirs and assigns, all that certain piece, parcel or tract of land situate, lying and being in the township of Stafford aforesaid, known as lot No. (here describe land) now in the possession of buildings and improvements, to have and to hold the same unto the said Robert Walker, his heirs, executors and assigns, from the........day of ......next, for, and during the term of, five years, thence, next ensuing, and fully to be complete, and ended, yielding and paying for the same, unto the said Peter Marshall, his heirs and assigns, the yearly rent, or sum of...... dollars,on the first day of...... in each and every year,during the term aforesaid, and at the expiration of said term, or sooner if deter- mined upon, he, the said Robert Walker, his heirs or assigns, shall and will quietly and peaceably surrender and yield up the said demised prem" ises, with the appurtenances, unto the said Peter Marshall, his heirs and assigns, in as good order and repair, as the same now are, reasonable wear, tear, and casualties, which may happen by fire, or otherwise, only excepted IN WITNESS WHEREoF, we have hereto set our hands and seals. Signed, sealed and delivered PETER MARSHALL, [L. S.] in the presence of * Surrender of a Lease. In consideration of one dollar, to me paid by John Clark, I do hereby surrender to the lessor, the within written lease of the premises therein mentioned, and all my estate yet unexpired, which premises are frce from incumbrances through me. To hold the same to the said less” and his assigns forever. Witness my hand and seal, this 1st day of April, A. D. 1881. Executed in presence of HENRY FAIRCHILD, [L. S.] WM. H. FULLER. s Landlord's Agreement. This is to CERTIFY, That I have this first day of April 1881, let and rented unto John Radcliffe my house and lot known as Number 63 Wabash Ave., in the city of Chicago, Ill., with the appurtenances, and sole and uninterrupted use thereof, for one year, to commence on the first day of May next, at the yearly rent of six hundred dollars, payable in equal sums of fifty dollars on the first day of each and every month. MARK HOLLISTER. Notice to Quit. MR. J. FAIRBANKs: You are hereby notified to deliver up to me possession of the hou" and lot, known as No. 432 Randolph street, in the city of Chicago, and to remove therefrom on the 30th day of April next, it being my * tention to determine the tenancy. * RoBERT WALKER, Landlord. Chicago, March 1, 1S81. - Tenant's Notice of Leaving. MR. R. WALKER: Take notice that I shall, on the first day of May next, deliver up to yo” the premises I now occupy as your tenant, known as No. 46 Madison street in the city of Chicago, it being my intention to determine the tenancy. I. FAIRBANKS, Tenant- Chicago, Feb. 1, 1881. Notice to Quit by Landlord, on Non-Payment of Rent. MR. GEoRGE CLARK. Sir:-I hereby give you notice to surrender and deliver up to me the possession of the house and lot known as No. 314 West Adams street" in the city of Chicago, the rent of which you have failed and neglected to —-" *=" - =- * 4 ~. s= E. s ~~- ==C- - PARTNERSHIP. s 52 I T- # * the past month; and to remove therefrom at the expiration of * days from this date, according to law. Yours, etc., * ROBERT FIELDS, Landlord. Chicago, April 1, 18So. Notice to Quit the Premises or Pay Double Rent.* Mr. GEORGE DAY. ”*-You are hereby notified to surrender and yield up to me, on the o: “...day of...... next, possession of the premises in A street, in the city and : which you now hold of me. In failure whereof, I shall require Sta. *ist upon double the value of the said premises, according to the *in such case made and provided. Yours, etc., WILLIAM SEAVEY, Landlord. New York, May 2, 1880. Q * HEN two or more persons combine their prop- £ erty, labor, or skill, for the transaction of £ # : business for their common profit, they enter into partnership. # %. # Any person competent to transact business ! : on their own account may enter into partner- s . * ship for that purpose and no others. • No special form or manner is necessary in f the formation of a partnership. It may be by *al agreement or by written agreement under seal or not. But the liability and authority of the partners begin with the *al formation of the partnership, and do not wait for the *ecution of any articles. The parties may agree to share in the profits in what pro- *tion they choose, but in the absence of any agreement, "law presumes equal shares. artners whose names appear to the world are termed ostensible partners. An ostensible partner who has no interest in the firm is *lled a nominal partner. A nominal partner is liable for all the debts and contracts ** firm, on the ground that he justifies them in trusting * firm on his credit. .* Partner who has an interest in the firm but whose name **ot published as a partner, is called a silent partner. Any one who permits his name to be used by a firm, or "shares in the profits of the business, is liable as a partner. Each individual member of a firm is liable to the whole "ount of the debts of the concern. * *acts of one partner binds all the others, when done in Pursuance of the regular business of the firm, and in the ' course of that business, but any act not required by **ture of the business will not bind them. * to: 'sw York, when the tenant willfully holds over after the expira- There is a contract of partnership known as special partner- ship, consisting of one or more persons, called general partners, who attend to the carrying on of the business of the concern, and are liable to the full amount of the debts of the firm, and one or more persons called special partners, who are liable only to the amount of the capital they put into the concern. These special partnerships are wholly regulated by statute, and can only be entered into by conforming strictly to the statute regulations of the State where the partnership is formed. The laws regulating the formation and conduct of special partnerships are so particular that no prudent man will enter into such partnership without good legal advice. Death of a general, or even of a special, partner operates a dissolution, and the representatives of a deceased member do not take his place unless there be in the articles an express provision that they shall. A court of equity can decree a dissolution of partnership when either party is unable to do his duty to the partner- ship, as by reason of insanity or a long imprisonment, or if he be guilty of material wrong-doing to the firm; and also if the original agreement were tainted with fraud, when- ever such a dissolution is decreed; and, if necessary to do jus- tice, the court will also decree a sale of the effects and a dis- tribution of the proceeds, after a consideration of the facts of the case and the whole condition of the firm. If the whole interest of a co-partner is levied upon and sold on execution this makes a dissolution. If one partner retires, this operates in law a dissolution. The partner retiring should withdraw his name from the firm, and give notice, by the usual public advertisement, of his retirement, and also by personal notice, by letter or other- wise, to all who usually do business with the firm; and after such notice he is not responsible for any future debts of the firm, even if his name be retained in the firm by the other partners, if this is done without his consent. A secret partner is not liable for a debt contracted after his retirement, although he give no notice. A partnership may hold real estate, as well as personal estate. Articles of Copartnership. ARTICLES OF AGREEMENT, Had, made, concluded, and agreed upon, this..........day of..........A.D...........between..........of....... trader, and..........of..........trader. First of all, the said..........and..........have agreed, and by these presents do agree, to become copartners together in the art or trade of ..........and all things thereto belonging, and also, in buying, selling, vending, and retailing all sorts of wares, goods, and commoditles belong- ing to the said trade of.......... which said copartnership, it is agreed, shall continue from....... for and during, and unto the full end and term of........years, from thence next ensuing, and fully to be complete and ended. And to that end and purpose he the said .......... hath the day of date of these presents, delivered in as stock, the sum of..... * * * * * * * * * and he the said.......... the sum of........ ...to be used, laid out, and em- ployed, in common trade between them, for the management of the said trade of..........to their utmost benefit and advantage. And it is hereby agreed between the said parties, and the said copartners, each for him- self respectively, and for his own particular part, and for his executors and administrators, that each doth covenant, promise, and agree, to and with the other of them, his executors and administrators, by these pres- --> £ of the term, and notice to quit, the landlord is entitled to double ents, in manner and form following (that is to say) that they the said co- Čht. partners shall not nor will, at any time hereafter, use, exercise, or follow > := * G-- * 522 he trade of........aforesaid, or any other trade whatsoever during the said term, to their private benefit and advantage; but shall and will, from time to time, and at all times, during the said term (if they shall so long live), do their and each of their best and utmost endeavors, in and by all means possible, to the utmost of their skill and power, for their joint in- terest, profit, benefit, and advantage, and truly employ, buy, sell and merchandise, with the stock aforesaid, and the increase thereof in the trade of ..........aforesaid, without any sinister intentions or fraudulent endeavors whatsoever. And also that they the said copartners shall and will, from time to time and at all times hereafter, during the said term, pay, bear, and discharge, equally between them, the rent of the shop, which they the said copartners shall rent or hire, for the joint exercising or managing of the trade aforesaid. And that all such gain, profit, and increase, as shall come, grow, or arise, for or by reason of the said trade, or joint business as aforesaid, shall be from time to time, during the said term, equally and proportionably divided between them the said copart- ners, share and share alike. And also that all such losses as shall happen in the said joint trade, by bad debts, ill commodities, or otherwise with- out fraud or covin, shall be paid and borne equally and proportionably between them. And further, it is agreed by and between the said co- partners, that there shall be had and kept from time to time, and at all times during the said terms and joint business and copartnership together as aforesaid, perfect, just, and true books of account, wherein each of the said copartners shall duly enter and set down, as well all money by him received, paid, expended and laid out, in and about the management of the said trade, as also all wares, goods, commodities, and merchan- dises, by them or either of them bought and sold by reason or means or upon account of the said copartnership, and all other matters and things whatsoever, to the said joint trade, and the management thereof, in any- wise belonging or appertaining, which said books shall be used in com- mon between the said copartners, so that either of them may have free access thereto without any interruption of the other. And also that they the said copartners, once in three months or oftener, if need shall re- quire, upon the reasonable request of one of them, shall make, yield, and render, each to the other, or to the executors or administrators of the other, a true, just and perfect account of all profits and increase, by them, or either of them made, and of all losses by them or either of them sus- tained, and also of all payments, receipts, and disbursements whatsoever, by them or cither of them made or received, and of all other things by them or either of them acted, done, or suffered in the said copartnership and joint business as aforesaid; and the same account being so made, shall and will clear, adjust, pay, and deliver, each unto the other, at the time of making such account, their equal shares of the profits so made as aforesaid; and at the end of the said term of.............or other sooner determination of these presents (be it bv. the death of one of the said part- ners or otherwise), they, the said copartners, each to the other, or in case of the death of either of them, the surviving party to the executors or ad- ministrators of the party deceased, shall and will make a true, just, and final account of all things as aforesaid, and divide the profits aforesaid, and in all things wel' and truly adjust the same, and that also upon the making of such final account, all and every the stock and stocks, as well as the gains and increase thereof, which shall appear to be remaining, whether consisting of money, wares, debts,.............shall be equally parted and divided between them the said copartners. their executors or administrators, share and share alike. IN WITNEssWIIEREoP, &c. (Signatures.) Warious Covenants and Clauses which may be introduced in Arti- cles of Copartnership according to Circumstances. Nor To TRUST ANY ONE wilo M THE CoPARTNER sit ALL For BID. And that neither of the said parties shall sell or credit any goods or merchandise belonging to the said joint trade, to any person or persons, after notice in writing from the other of the said parties, that such person or persons are not to be credited or trusted. Not To RELEASE ANY DEBT wiriiour CoNSENT, &c. And that neither of the said parties shall, without the consent of the PARTNERSHIP. other, release or compound any debt or demand, due or coming to them on account of their said copartnership, except for so much as shall actu. ally be received, and brought into the stock or cash account of the said partnership. Not To BE Boun D, or INDoRSE BILLs, Erc., FoR ANY ONE wiTIIour CoNSENT. And that neither of the said parties shall, during this copartnership, without the consent of the other, enter into any deed, covenant, bond, or judgment, or become bound as bail or surety, or give any note, or accept or indorse any bill of exchange for himself and partner, without the con" sent of the other first had and obtained, with or for any person whatso" CVCI's NEITHER PARTY To Assion 111s INTEREST, ETC. And it is agreed between the said parties, that neither of the said parties shall, without the consent of the other, obtained in writing, sell or assign his share or interest in the said joint trade, to any person or persons whatsocver. * * * PRINCIPAL CLERK To BE RECEIVER OF MONEYS. That the principal clerk for the time being shall be the general receiv- er of all the money belonging to the said joint trade, and shall thereout pay all demands, ordered by the said parties, and shall from time to time pay the surplus cash to such banker as the said partners shall nominate. PARTIES To DRAw QUARTERLY. That it shall be lawful for each of them to take out of the cash of the joint stock the sum of........ . quarterly, to his own use, the same to be charged on account, and neither of them shall take any further sum for his own separate use, without the consent of the other in writing; and any such further sum, taken with such consent, shall draw interest after the rate of...... per cent, and shall be payable, together with the interest due, within........days after notice in writing given by the other of the said parties. RENEWAL of PARTNERSHIP, To BE ENDoRSED ON THE ARTICLE. INAsMucii as the partnership formed between the subscribers by the within agreement will expire on the........day of ........, IT IS HEREBY AGREED that the same be continued, upon the same terms in every re- spect as is within mentioned, for the further term of........from the said ......day of ...... WITNEss our hands and seals, this...... day of......, one thousand eight hundred and ...... (Signatures.) NoTICE OF THE RETIREMENT OF A PARTNER. SIR,—We beg to acquaint you that our late partner,...........has re- tired from our firm by mutual agreement, and that we the undersigned ......and......continue to carry on the business of........under the firm of......... Respectfully referring you to our signatures, we are, etc. NorLCE of THE DEATII of A PARTNER. SIR,—It is with much regret that I have to inform you of the decease of my friend and partner, Mr......., which took place on.... ... As man” aging partner, and executor of Mr........, the charge of liquidating the affairs of the firm devolves upon me, and in the discharge of this duty I shall henceforth sign “......in liquidation.” I beg further to state that the business will be continued in future on my own account, and that my best care shall be given o any matters which you may intrust to me. * arm, etc. Advertising Notices. Notice is hereby given, that the partnership heretofore subsisting be’ tween the undersigned as......, in......, under the style or firm of.... " is this day dissolved by mutual consent. Dated this.......... 18.... • Notice is hereby given, that the copartnership formerly subsisting be" tween us, the undersigned, ......and......, as......, at......, under * style or firm of......, is this day dissolved by mutual consent, and that the said business will in future be carried on by the said..........:” alone, who will receive and pay all the debts of the late copartnership. Dated this............ 18. . . —--" ~--" g-e- =-8) * -—9 "--— -= * A. m. __* * -&------ission •-->- The Law of Patents, Trade-Marks and Copyrights. -*1Qlins--- *-4->- cN}~ # PATENT is an exclusive right granted by the government for a certain term of years to some person to manufacture, sell and use an inven- tion made by him. He to whom a patent is granted is called a patentee. Any person, whether a citizen or an alien, . . . . may obtain a patent for any new invention or discovery, or any improvement made by him and not before known, or used by others in this country, and not at the time patented, or described in any printed publication in * or any foreign country. The usual manner of selling patents is: First—TER- *IAL RIGHTs; Second—Shop RIGHTs; Third-ON Roy ALTY. * Territorial Right concedes to the party who has pur- "sed the same the exclusive right to sell the patented "ticle within certain specified territory, and sometimes in- cludes the right to manufacture; but generally the owner of the patent agrees to furnish the articles at a stipulated price. A. Shop Right gives the privilege to manufacture or use * Patented article in a specified shop or establishment, and * no other place. Royalty is a certain sum paid the inventor by the man- "facturer, on every article made or sold. A royalty agree- "ent should be plainly worded and open to but one construction, and drawn up by the patentee's own lawyer. When a patentee makes an assignment, he should be care- " and see that the following points are inserted: The *ty to whom such assignment is made to guarantee to "anufacture and pay royalty on a certain minimum num- * Per year, and to bear all legal costs in defense of patent should it be infringed upon. All reissues will only be given to the patentee, and ex- tensions of the patent will not be readily granted to the as- signee, unless it is distinctly worded in the assignment to this effect. United States Patent Fees. *or Invention abroad will not prevent issue of a patent, "* the invention has been there patented or described in * Printed publication. To prevent a subsequent in- Ventor from obtaining a patent, an invention must have been "ced to a practical form, either by construction of a model, * machine, or drawing, by which a mechanic could make the same. Aferely conceiving an idea of an invention is not a dis- Covery, and patentable. COu ”gn Patents—The taking out of a patent in a foreign £ does not prejudice a patent previously granted * nor does it prevent obtaining a catent here sub- := LAWS OF PATENTS, TRADE-MARKS AND COPYRIGHTS. sequently. When a patent is granted here, it will extend only seventeen years from date of foreign patent. Every foreign inventor must have in use, or for sale in the United States, a copy of their patentable article, within eighteen months from date of patent. Duration of Patent is seventeen years. Extensions are prohibited on all patents granted since 1861. Applications for extension must be filed, and requisite fee paid, ninety days before expiration of the patent. * Granting of Patents.—Patents, on payment of same offi- cial fee, are granted to all persons, including women and minors, unless inhabitants of countries which discriminate against the inhabitants of the United States. Application for a patent must be made in the name of the inventor, who can alone sign the papers; an attorney for in- ventor can not do so. Aeirs of an Inventor can obtain a patent, papers to be signed by executor or administrator of inventor. joint Inventors are entitled to a joint patent. An Juventor can assign his entire right, before a patent is obtained, so as to enable the assignee to take out a patent in his own name; but the assignment must be first recorded, and specification sworn to by the inventor. Oaths may be taken, in this country, before any one au- thorized by law to administer oaths; in a foreign country before any minister plenipotentiary, charge d'affairs, consul, commercial agent or notary public of the country in which oath is taken, being in all cases properly attested by official seal of such notary. - Stamps.—A stamp of value of fifty cents is required for each power of attorney, each sheet of an assignment to be stamped five cents, each certificate of magistrate five cents. Prawings to be in duplicate, one on stiff paper, one on tracing cloth, to be 20 inches top to bottom, 15 inches wide; tracing to have 1 inch margin on right hand side, for binding. AModels to be of hard wood, or metal, not more than 12 inches in any dimension; name of the inventor to be en- graved or painted conspicuously on it. Por an Improvement, only model of part to be patented is required to show nature and operation of invention, Designs, no models required; either drawings or photo- graphs, both in duplicate, with negative of photograph. A'ew Articles of manufacture, sample of article; med- icines, or medical compounds, sample of same, and minute statement of exact proportions and ingredients. CAvEATs.—The filing of a caveat prevents, during its ex- istence, the issue of a patent without the knowledge of the caveator, to any person for a similar device. The caveator is entitled to receive official notice during one year, for any petition for similar or interfering invention filed during that time. The caveator, when so notified, must complete his own application within three months from date of notice. A caveat runs one year; can be extended by paying $10 a year. Caveats can only be filed by citizens of the United States, or aliens who have resided here one year and declared their intention of becoming citizens. 523 * + —- == 524. LAWS OF PATENTS, TRADE-MARKS AND COPYRIGHTS. United States Patent Fees. On filing each caveat............................. $1o oo On filing each original application for a patent, except for a design................................ ... 15 oc On issuing each original patent.................... 20 oo On every appeal from Examiners-in-Chief......... 20 oo On application for a reissue........... ........... 30 oo On application for extension...................... 50 oo Granting an extension.................. ......... 50 oo Filing each disclaimer............................ Io oo Certified copies of patents and other papers, 10 cents per 100 words. . Recording every assignment, agreement, power of attorney, and other papers, of 300 words or under. 1 oo If over 300 and under 1,000 words................ 2 oo If over 1,000 words........... ............... .. 3 oo Drawings, cost of making same. Patents for designs—for three and one-half years... 10 oo {{ {{ for seven years............... 15 od {{ {{ for fourteen years............ 30 co In addition to the above, Patent Solicitors generally charge for written report of special examination at Patent Office, if invention has been patented in this country, $5; for general information of infringements, reissues, claims, assignments, joint ownership, contracts, licenses, name in which patent is recorded, abstracts of deeds of transfer, sketch of a drawing of patent, license made out, transfer of do, recording do.,35 for each case; for procuring a patent, $25 to $35, or more; for procuring a caveat, $10 to $15; for copies of patents or assignments, or drawings of any existing patents, $5 to $1o; copy of any claim, $1. For EIGN PATENTS.–Great Britain.—Duration, fourteen years, to first inventor or importer; cost, $350, of which $100 is due at time of making application, balance in four months; three years from date of patent, a further sum of £50 must be paid; end of seven years, £100 additional. For designs to protect shape of article, three years, $100. J’rance.—Term of patent, fifteen years; annual fee, $20. Belgium.—Term of patent, twenty years; small annual fees. Austria.......... . . . . . $250 | Netherlands.......... $150 Bavaria... . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 | Portugal.............. 250 Belgium. . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 | Prussia. ............. 200 Cuba. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450 Russia............... 550 France.... . . . . . . . . ... 150 | Saxony............... 250 Great Britain......... 35o | Spain........ ....... 4öo India................. 4oo | Sweden and Norway... 600 Italy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 Petitions for Patents. By a Sole Inventor. To THE CoMMISSIONER of PATENTs: Your petitioner, a resident of ........, prays that letters patent be granted to him for the invention set forth in the annexed specification. By Joint Inventors. To TIIE CoMMISSIONER or PATENTs' Your petitioners, residing respectively in......and......, pray that letter patent may be granted to them, as joint inventors, for the inven- tion set forth in the annexed specification. 39 G-- By an Inventor for Himself and an Assignee. TO THE COMMISSIoNER of PATENTs: Your petitioner, a resident of ......, prays that letters patent may be granted to himself and...... of . . . . . . . as his assignec, for the invention set forth in the annexed specification, the assignment to the said.... •. having been fully recorded in the Patent Office, in liber.... page.... Blanks and full instructions can always be obtained from any solicitor of patents. b Form of 0ath. CITY [oR. Town] of............CourtTY of............ | SS STATE or............................ On this........day of........ 18....before me, the subscriber, a... . . . . personally appeared the within named...........and made solemn oath (or affirmation) that he verily believes himself to be the original and first inventor of the mode herein described............................" ... .........., and that he does not know or believe the same was ever before known or used; and that he is a citizen of the United States (or citizen of other country, as the case may be). (Signature.) 5ustice of the Peace. * Form of a Caveat. To THE CoMMIssionER or PATENTs: The petition of............of............in the County of............" and State............of............ Respectfully represents: That he has made certain improvements in.......................... • and that he is now engaged in making experiments for the purpose of perfecting the same, preparatory to his applying for letters-patent there" for. He therefore prays that the subjoined description of his invention may be filed as a caveat in the confidential archives of the Patent Office, agreeably to the provisions of the act of Congress in that case made and provided; he having paid ten dollars into the treasury of the United States, and otherwise complied with the requirements of the said act. (Signature.) [Date.] (Here should follow a description of the general principles of the in- vention so far as it has been completed.) NoTE.-The caveator must make oath or affirmation substantially ac" cording to the form already given. The LaW 0f Trade-Marks. In the statute of July 8, 1870, for trade-marks, the follow- ing are the important sections. Sec. 77. And be it further enacted, That any person or firm domi- ciled in the United States, and any corporation created by the authority of the United States, or of any State or Territory thereof, and any per- son, firm, or corporation resident of, or located in any foreign country which by treaty or convention affords similar privileges to citizens of the United States, and who are entitled to the exclusive use of any law” ful trade-mark, or who intend to adopt and use any trade-mark for ex" clusive use within the United States, may obtain protection for such lawful trade-mark by complying with the following requirements, to wit: 1. By causing to be recorded in the Patent Office the names of the parties, and their residences and places of business, who desire the protection of the trade-mark. 2. The class of merchandise and the particular description of goods comprised in such class, by which the trade-mark has been, or is in: tended to be, appropriated. - 3. A description of the trade-mark itself, with facsimiles thereof, and the mode in which it has been, or is intended to be, applied and used. 4. The length of time, if any, during which the trade-mark has been used. - - —-T { =-& 2. 2. 5: The payment of a fee of twenty-five dollars, in the same manner nd for the same purpose as the fee required for patents. t 6. The compliance with such regulations as may be prescribed by * Commissioner of Patents. : The filing of a declaration, under the oath of the person, or of ' member of the firm, or officer of the corporation, to the effect that O ' claiming protection for the trade-mark has a right to the use to s * same, and that no other person, firm, or corporation has the right bla "ch use, either in the identical form, or having such neur resem- ti *thereto as might be calculated to deceive, and that the descrip. " and fac-similes presented for record are true copies of the trade- "rk sought to be protected. rade-marks remain in force thirty years, except on arti- * not manufactured in this country, but expire at the time * expiration in any foreign country. • All necessary petitions, specifications, declarations and *for signature of applicant, together with how to sign, Will be furnished by the Patent Office at Washington. * he right to use such trade-mark is transferable by as- "Shment in the same manner as patents. *ll reproduction, counterfeiting, copying, or imitating any such trade-mark and affixing the same to goods of substan- "ally the same descriptive properties and qualities as those *ferred to in the registration, subjects the party using the *e to an action for damages in any court of competent J"risdiction in the United States. The Law of Copyright. Under Act of Congress Approved June 18, 1874. SEC. 4952. Any citizen of the United States, or resident therein, who shall be the author, inventor, designer, or proprietor of any book, '. chart, dramatic or musical composition, engraving, cut, print, pho- **ph or negative thereof, or of a painting, drawing, chromo, statue, *ary, and of models or designs intended to be perfected as works of the fine arts, and the executors, administrators, or assigns of any such Persons, shall, upon complying with the provisions of this chapter, have the sole liberty of printing, reprinting, publishing, completing, copying, executing, finishing and vending the same; and in the case of a dra- "c composition, of publicly performing or representing it, or causing * to be performed or represented by others. And authors may reserve "right to dramatize or translate their own works. Copyrights are granted for the term of twenty-eight *rs, and further continued for fourteen years, if applica. tion is made for such continuation six months before ex- P*tion of original copyright. Copyrights shall be assignable in law. Such assign- *nt must be recorded in the office of the Librarian of Congress. A printed copy of the title of the book or other article, * a description of the painting, drawing, chromo, statue, *tuary, or model, or design for a work of the fine arts, for which a copyright is desired, must be sent by mail addressed “LIBRARIAN of CoNGRESS,” Copyright imatter. WASHINGTON, D. C. "his must be done before publication of the book or *her article. A fee of fifty cents for recording each book o: °ther article must be enclosed with the title or descrip. tion as above, and fifty cents for each certificate of such *d under seal of the Librarian of Congress, which will **ansmitted by return mail. ~- SS- * * LAWS OF PATENTS, TRADE-MARKS AND COPYRIGHTS. 525 For recording and certifying any assignment of a copy- right, $1; and for every copy of an assignment, $1. Two complete copies of the best edition issued of each book or article must be mailed to the address above given within ten days after issue or publication, to perfect the copyright. A failure to do this will inflict a penalty of $25, and render the copyright void. No copyright is valid unless notice is given by inserting in the several copies of every edition published, on the title page, or the page following if it be a book, and on all other articles by inscribing upon some portion of the face or front thereof, the following words: “Entered according to Act of Congress in the Year......by......in the office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington;” or, thus, “Copy. right 18..... by...... Any person inserting “copyright,” etc., or words of the same import, without having obtained a copyright, is liable to a penalty of $100. Any author may reserve the right to translate or drama- tize his own work, but notice should be given by printing the words “All rights reserved” below the notice of copy- right entry, and by notifying the Librarian of Congress of such reservation to be entered upon the record. Every applicant for a copyright should state distinctly in whose name the copyright is to be entered, and whether the right is claimed as author, designer, or proprietor. The copyright law of the Dominion of Canada closely resembles that of the United States. The duration of the right and its conditional extension is the same as in the law of the United States. A copyright may be taken out by “any person resident in Canada, or any person being a British subject, and resident in Great Britain or Ireland.” The book must be printed and published in Canada. Agreement between Author and Publishers. ARTIcLEs of AGREEMENT, Made this.........day of.........A. D. 18....by and between.............of the first part, and... .......... of ...........State of............ booksellers and publishers, of the sec- ond part, witnesseth, That the said (name of the author) in consider- ation of the agreements of the said (name of publishers) hereinafter contained, hereby agreees with them and their representatives and assigns, that he will deliver to them on or before the ..... ......day of ..........A. D. 18....the manuscript of a book now in course of prep- aration by him, to be entitled......... ...said manuscript to be properly prepared for the press, and to be sufficient in amount for.... ... volume of not less than........ pages,........similar to those of..........that he will sccure in his own name a good and valid copyright thereof for the United States, and any renewals or extensions of such copyright to which he may hereafter be entitled, and will defend the same from all infringements and adverse claims, and will save the said............ and their representatives and assigns, harmless and indemnified from all such infringements and claims, and from all damage, costs, and expenses arising to them by reason thereof; that he will license and allow the said........ . . . . and their representatives and assigns, but no other party or parties, to print, publish, and sell the aforesaid book, and any revisions of the same, during the continuance of any copyrights or re- newals thereof which he may obtain therefor; provided, however, that the said........ ....and their representatives and assigns shall, in sub- stantial good faith, keep and perform their agreements hereinafter con- tained; and that during the continuance of the exclusive rights hereby granted, he will revise said book as occasion may require, and will, with all reasonable diligence and speed, superintend in the usual manner of authors, the printing of all editions thereof; and will not prepare, edit, ---> | . . k- or cause to be published, in his name or otherwise, anything which may injure or interfere with the sale of the aforesaid book. And the said (name of the publishers) in consideration of the fore- going agreements of the said author of the aforesaid book, hereby agree on their part that they will, upon the delivery to them of the manuscript thereof as aforesaid, proceed at once to print and publish an edition of said book, of at least........ copies,........ of which they will deliver to the said author for his own use without charge; that they will sub- sequently, from time to time, during the continuance of their enjoyment of the exclusive rights herein granted them, print and publish such other editions of said book as the demand for the same may require, ............ copies of each of which they will deliver to said author for his own use without charge; that they will use their best exertions to secure the speedy sale of all such editions published by them as afore- said; and that, upon the publication of each and every edition of said book, they will pay unto the said author, or his representatives or as- signs, a sum equal to............ upon each and every copy of which said edition shall consist (excepting, however, said copies to be given to said author as aforesaid, and such other copies as may be used for presentation to editors and others, for the purpose of obtaining reviews and notices, or otherwise to promote the sale of said book), which said sum shall be paid as follows (state the manner and times of payment, as by cash or notes), but from any sum so to be paid as aforesaid, shall first be deducted the cost of any alterations or corrections, exceeding ten per cent of the cost of first setting up the type, made by the said author in said book, after the portion altered, or corrected is in type. IN WITNESS WHEREoF, The said parties have hereto, and to another instrument of like tenor, set their hands the day and year first above written. Sealed and delivered in presence of (Signature of author.) (Signature of publishers.) An Assignment of a Copyright. To ALL whoM 1T MAY CoNCERN: Whereas I, (name of assignor) of * * * * * * * * * * in the County of..........and State of..........did obtain a copyright from the United States for a work entitled.... .......and the certificate of said copyright bears date..........A. D. eighteen hundred and........ Now TIIIs DEED WITNESSETH, That for a valuable consideration, viz. ........... to me in hand paid, the receipt of which is hereby ac- knowledged, I have assigned, sold, and set over, and by these presents do assign, sell, and set over unto the said (name of assignee) all the right, title, and interest I have in the above book (or design, etc.) as se- cured to me by said copyright. The same to be held and enjoyed by the said (name of assignee) for his own use and behoof, and for the use and behoof of his legal representatives, to the full end of the term for which said copyright was issued, as fully and entirely as the same would have been held and enjoyed by me had this assignment and sale not been made. IN TESTIMONY WHEREoF, I have hereunto set my hand and affixed my seal, this........ ...day of............in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and...... (Signature.) (Seal.) Sealed and Delivered in Presence of The Suffrage and Alien Laws of the United States. The question of suffrage and the qualifications required therefor is one of great importance to every naturalized citizen. It is not an infrequent error to suppose that citi- zenship and suffrage are inseparably joined together, and that the former is equivalent to the latter. Naturalization confers no right of suffrage. The several States have the exclusive power of fixing the qualifications of voters at all elections. The Constitution requires the following qualifi- 526 * THE SUFFRAGE AND ALIEN LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES. T__---" tinuous, well-behaved residence, one year of which must be in the State in which they are admitted. At least two years prior to admission, a dec" laration of intention to become a citizen must be filed, when the appli- cant must renounce allegiance to all foreign powers and potentates, and take an oath to support the Constitution of the United States. If the applicant shall have resided in the United States three years prior to his becoming twenty-one years of age, he may be admitted with: out the requirement of a preliminary declaration, provided he has resided continuously, altogether, five years in the United States. Residence in the United States for five years, and good moral character, must be substantiated by the oath of at least one witness. If a party who has made declaration of his intention to become a citi- zen of the United States, shall die before he is finally admitted, his wife and family may be admitted to citizenship on his declaration papers, by passing through the same formula that would have been required of the deceased husband and father. Naturalization of a husband and father carries with it the naturalization of his wife and minor children. The power to grant naturalization papers is allowed only to courts of record having common law jurisdiction, a seal and a clerk. Aliens of countries at war with the United States are forbidden bylaw to become citizens. The exclusive power of conferring naturalization is vested in the United States; thus, a foreigner coming to Connecti. cut and residing there may be naturalized and thus become a citizen of the United States and of that State and live there all his life without the right of suffrage, unless he be a per- son of good moral character, and learns to read the Consti- tution in English, and write his own name. The qualifications required to vote for Representatives in Congress are the same as for Representatives in the State. The several States prescribe in their State Constitutions the qualifications for the exercise of the right of suffrage by an unnaturalized foreigner who has declared his intention to become a citizen. Under the Constitutions of Indiana, Florida and Oregon, if he has resided in the United States one year, and in the State six months, and has legally de- clared his intention to become a citizen of the United States, he can vote at all elections. In Alabama, Florida, Kansas, Wisconsin and other States a residence of one year in the State is required, in addition to his declaration of intention to become a citizen. In Massachusetts a foreigner must have his final naturali- zation papers, and, in addition thereto, he must reside in the State two years after he has been naturalized, and be able to read the Constitution in English, and write his own name. In Rhode Island a foreigner must be a naturalized citizen, and also an owner of real estate. In Connecticut full citi- zenship is required, and the voter must be a man of good moral character, and be able to read any article of the Con- stitution. In Vermont, citizenship is required, and also that the voter shall be of a quiet and peaceable behavior, and take a prescribed oath to give his vote as he shall judge will most conduce to the best good of the State. The first clause of the first section of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution reads as follows: All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject * the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States, and of the State wherein they reside. The Supreme Court of the United States has decided that- g- cations: The phrase, “subject to its jurisdiction,” was intended to exclude from s * * - its operation children of Ministers, Consuls, and citizens or subjects of Aliens may become citizens of the United States after five years con- foreign States, born within the United States. – ~-3) l | * ~ 6-- -— RIGHT OF WAY TO SIDEWALK AND ROAD-HIGHWAYS. Form of Declaration of Intention. * John Doe, do declare on oath that it is bona fide my intention to be- le " " citizen of the United States, and to renounce forever all al- £ and fidelity to all and any foreign prince, potentate, State, and £ whatever, and particularly to (the Queen of Great Britain *eland), of whom I was a subject. Jolin DoE. "in open court, this.... day of...., 18... CLERK's CERTIFICATE. l:John Smith, Clerk of the (District Court of the United States), do *fy that the above is a true copy of the original declaration of inten- "*John Doe to become a citizen of the United States, remaining of *ecord in my office. *: testimony whereof I have hereunto subscribed my name and ei *d the seal of the said court, this......day of......, one thousand 'ght hundred and....... JoHN SMITH, Clerk. [skal of the courT.] Form of Affidavit of Minor. In the Matter of John Doc, t on his Naturalization. - John Doe, being duly sworn, says that for the continued term of five *last past he has resided within the United States, and that for one year last past he has resided within the State of...... ; and at the time ***rrived in the United States he had not attained his eighteenth Year; that it is bona fide his intention, and has been for the last three ** to become a citizen of the United States, and to renounce forever "allegiance and fidelity to all and every foreign prince, potentate, tate, and sovereignty whatever, and particularly to (Victoria, the *n of Great Britain and Ireland), of whom he was a subject. * JoHN DoE. Sworn in Open court, the .... day of • * * * * 18... Jolin SMITII, Clerk. M. Form of Affidavit to Prove Intention. State of * * * * * * * * * #:... "we S ' Jones, being duly sworn, says that he is a citizen of the United th tes; that he is well acquainted with the above-named John Doe, and at the said John Doc has resided within the Territory of the United tates for five years last past, and for one year last past in the State of ot. “‘: ; and that during such period he has behaved himself as a man of # moral character, attached to the principles of the constitution of '. United States, and well disposed to the good order and happiness tenti **me; that for three years last past it has been bona fide the in- :l ' of the said John Doe to become a citizen of the United States, : "t at the time the said John Doe arrived in the United States he w not attained his eighteenth year. JoHN Jon Es. *in open court, this.... day of...., 18... - JoHN SMIT11, Clerk. Form of Proof of Residence. State of *** * * * * * * *: Smith and John Jones, being duly sworn, say that they are both "citizens of the United States of America; that they know John ** that he has resided within the Territory and jurisdiction of the ' States for five years last past; that during that time he has be- t: 1S a man of good moral character, attached to the principles of Ord *titution of the United States, and well disposed to the good " "d happiness of the same. PETER SMITH, Sw + JoHN Jon Es. "orn in open court, this.... day of...., 18.., before me, ... ............. judge. * * * * * * * * * * 527 Form of 0ath of Allegiance. I, John Doe, do solemnly swear that I will support the Constitution of the United States of America, and that I do absolutely and entirely renounce and abjure all allegiance and fidelity to any foreign prince, potentate, State, or sovereignty whatever, and particularly to (Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom of, Great Britain and Ireland), of whom I was a subject. (Any title or order of nobility must also be renounced.) s JoHN DoE. Sworn in open court, the.... day of...., 18.., before me, ................, judge. -o->=3-s&-()-9s-c=-o- RIGHT OF WAY TD SIDEWALK AND HUAD, Persons in motion have a legal right to the right-hand side of the walk in whatever direction they may be going, in all public ways where people meet; and they are legal, and, generally, unnecessarily, trespassers on the rights of others, if they take the left-hand side of the walk in the direction they are moving. Persons are also entitled on the sidewalk, and in all places, to real politeness from all with whom they are brought in contact, and are themselves under obliga- tions to treat all persons with politeness with whom they voluntarily bring themselves in contact. True politeness consists, in addition to polished manners and the exercise of good sense, in being as regardful of the rights and wishes, and even the prejudices, of others as you wish others to be regardful of yours. On the road, teams have the right to the right-hand side in the direction they are traveling, and are trespassers if found on the left-hand side; and if injury results from their being there, they will be liable for all damages which may directly result from such injury. Heavily-loaded teams have the right to the beaten track in preference to lightly-loaded ones; and if either-team must . . have the track, the lightly-loaded one must “turn out.” Where the track is too narrow to meet upon, the team which was first upon it, in the natural order of travel, is entitled to such track throughout the length of such narrow space; and persons meeting it from the opposite direction must wait for it at a wider point until it passes them, or for a reasonable time. –49%C=– HICHWAYS. A highway, in law, is the place over which a right is en- joyed by the public of walking, riding, or driving. They are distinguished into several kinds: 1. A foot way, where the public have no right except to walk on foot. 2. A foot and horse way, where the public have the right of walking or riding on horseback. 3. A pack and drift way—a way used for driving cattle and pack horses. 4. A foot, horse, and cart way, where the public can walk, ride, or use vehicles of all ordinary descriptions. 5. All navigable rivers are also called highways, but this is rather in a figurative sense. 528 Where the right of way belongs not to the public gen- erally, but to the owner of one or two houses and their tenants, this is called a private way, and is classed among eaSements. * Application to County Commissioners to Lay 011t New. Road. To the Commissioners of the County of......, State of...... : The undersigned, a person liable to be assessed for highway labor in said town, and residing therein, doth hereby make application to you to lay out a new road of the width of three rods through (lands not in- closed, improved, or cultivated (or, through lands not inclosed, im- proved, or cultivated, excepting as to lands of........ , who consents to the laying out of said road, and has signified the same by signing this petition), beginning at, etc. (describing the road by courses and dis- tances, or such objects and boundaries as shall make the route suf- ficiently definite and certain). * * * * * * * * * * is is a s > * Order of County Commissioners to Lay Out a Highway. State of........, County of. ..... * At a meeting of the commissioners of highways of the town of......, in the county of...... at . . . . . . , in said town, on thc...... day of...... * all the said commissioners having met and deliberated on the subject embraced in this order, it is ordered and determined by the said com- missioners that a highway be laid out in the said town, of the width of four rods, on the application of........, and by the consent of ... through whose improved lands the said highway is to pass for a part of the distance, the residue of said highway being through lands not in- closed, improved, or cultivated. And the said commissioners have caused a survey to be made, as follows: The center line of said high- way is to begin at........, and to run thence, etc. [Here insert the survey.] In witness, etc. Application to Alter a Road. To the Commissioners of Highways of the Town of........, in the County of........ : We, the undersigned, ........ and ........, residents of said town, and liable to be assessed for highway labor therein, do hereby make ap- plication to you, the said commissioners, to alter the highway leading from the house of........to the house of........, as follows: [Insert a description of the proposed alteration by courses and dis- tances, or by objects and boundaries, so as to render it sufficiently certain and definite.] -> The proposed alteration passes through lands which are not im- proved, inclosed, or cultivated (or, passes through the improved land of........and........, who conscnt thereto.) Dated the .......day of........, 18... TENDER. -* Application to Lay Out a Highway Through Improved Land without the Consent of the Owners. 2” the Commissioners of Highways of the Town of........, in the County of........, State of........ .." The undersigned, resident of the said town, and liable to be assessed for highway labor therein, hereby makes application to you, the said commissioners, to lay out a highway in said town, commencing at, etc. [Here insert a description by courses and distances, or by objects and boundaries, so as to render the proposed route sufficiently certain and definite.] which said highway will pass through the improved (or inclosed, or cultivated) lands of........and........, who do not consent to the laying out of the same. . Pated the........day of........, 18... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *Q #QX: TENDER. A tender, in law, is an offer of the particular thing agreed to be delivered, or an offer of the full amount of money legally due from the debtor to the creditor, or to his suc- cessor in interest, at the time the payment or delivery is tendered. If a tender be made, it must not be withdrawn, but if made in money it should be paid into court, or to the clerk of the court (if the court have a clerk), or into a solvent bank, or some other place of solvent deposit, and the creditor should at once be notified of the deposit made to his con- ditional credit. If the tender be of other matter than money, it should be left (if not accepted) with some responsible third party or held for the benefit of the creditor, who should be notified of the fact by one or more legal witnesses. If the tender be of the thing, or of money equal to the full amount due the creditor or at the time it was made, either in money or kind, all costs which may accrue thereafter will be at the expense of the creditor refusing the tender. Tendering an amount greater than the amount legally due includes the amount legally due, and is a valid tender in law. The creditor may accept the greater amount, and return the excess if he pleases so to do. k-- * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | | *'s J- ~~ - WILLS. 529 T-— - s WILL is the legal declaration of what a person determines to have done with his property after death. The person making a will must be of sound mind, must act freely and voluntarily. Great care should be exercised in drawing up a will. Few persons are aware how difficult it is to make an un- objectionable will. Always secure legal advice, and that of a trustworthy kind, when possible to do so. The statute laws *nd regulations respecting wills and devises are so minute and important in every State, that there is great danger of *ing in conflict with some statute provision in attempt- "g to make a will without advice. "is of the utmost importance that the property bequeath- **nd the condition and intentions of the testator should be clearly and accurately expressed, and unless he has good legal advice he should make a disposition of his property as "ple as possible. ill my person of proper age and of sound mind may make a Will. * married woman cannot make a will except in relation to trust property, unless the statute law of the State gives it, "ich is the case now in many States. - Children may bequeath personal property, but not real *te; the limitation of the age for such a bequest is gener- *ly eighteen years for male, and sixteen for females. "he maker of a will is called a testator (if a female a tes- tatrix). There are two kinds of wills, written and unwritten. uncupative wills are wills made by word of mouth. They are "sually unsafe, as they must depend upon persons hear- ing the same, and even when well authenticated often cause long and costly litigation. legraphic wills are wills written by the testator's hand. testator should always name his executors, but the will is P*fectly good without any being named, as the court of **te will appoint an administrator. The testator should distinctly say in the beginning of the instrument that it is lis last will. If other wills have been £d it is well to say, “Hereby revoking all former IllS. *eat care should be exercised in the selection of wit. "esses, as this part is material; they should write their re- *tive places of residence after their names, their signa- "es being written in the presence of each other, and in the presence of the testator. The States of Missouri, Illinois, hio, Kentucky, Arkansas, North Carolina, Tennessee, >= G-- Iowa, Utah, Texas, California, New Jersey, Delaware, In- diana, Virginia and New York require two subscribing wit- In eSSČS. - The States of Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, New Hampshire, Oregon, Rhode Island, South Carolina, and Vermont, and District of Columbia, require three attesting witnesses. Should any litigation follow the death of a testator, any question arise as to his sanity, the evidence of the witnesses to the will is first to be taken, and is very important. Any person competent to do ordinary acts of business may be witnesses. Married women and minors may be witnesses, but no one interested in the will, either as a legatee or execu- tor, should witness a will, as such a bequest would be void, but not invalidate the rest of the will. The word “bequeath.” applies to personal estate, and “devise” to real estate only. The testator may appoint his executors. Executors must be of legal age at the time of proving the will; a convict, a confirmed drunkard, a lunatic, or an imbecile, cannot act as executor. No person appointed as an executor is obliged to Serve. By common law a will is revoked if the testator afterward marry and have a child. If the testator after this intend that his will shall take effect he must expressly confirm it, and re-publish it, and should make a new will. A husband is entitled to administer in preference to any one else, upon property left by his wife, who possesses property and dies without a will, provided he be of sound mind. p If the testator leaves a bequest to a wife instead of dower, he should so state it. If he fails to so provide in the will, the wife is entitled to her dower or homestead right and the bequest. The wife is not legally compelled to accept of such bequest, but may choose between her legal rights of dower and that of the will. The will of an unmarried woman is revoked in many States by her subsequent marriage. A Cop1CIL is something additional to a will and should be executed in the same manner as a will. A codicil does not revoke a will; it may consist of a fur- ther bequest or a revocation, in part of the bequests of the will. An executor is a person named in the will of a deceased person to settle his or her estate; there may be one or more, and they may be male or female. An administrator is one appointed by the court to settle the estate of a deceased person. The husband of a deceased wife, or the wife of a deceased husband, has generally the right to be appointed administrator, after them the next in kin, in the order of relationship. The executor should offer the will for probate as soon as he can, and in proving the will, filing bonds, giving notice, making and returning inventory, and the like, conform to the law of the State and rules of probate. *@ | 530 WILLS. Abstract of the Laws of all the States concerning Wills. * ALABAMA.—All persons of full age and sound mind may make a will. It must be in writing, signed by the testator, attested by at least two wit- nesses in the presence of the testator. ARKANSAS,-The testator must be twenty-one years or more of age, and of sound mind; he must subscribe his name at the end of the will, in the presence of two witnesses, and acknowledge it to be his will, and the witnesses inust sign at the request of the testator. CALIPORNIA.-Any married woman may dispose of her entire sepa- rate estate by will, absolutely without the consent of her husband; but said will to be attested and proved as other wills. No wills, except nuncupative wills, shall be valid, unless in writing, and signed by the testator or by some person in his presence, and by his express direction, and attested by two or more competent witnesses sub- scribing their names to the will, in the presence of each other and in the presence of the testator. No nuncupative will bequeathing an estate over $1,000 shall be valid, unless proved by two witnesses, who were present at the making thereof; nor unless it be proved that the testator, at the time of pronouncing the same, did bid some one present to bear witness that such was his will, or to that effect; nor unless made at a time when decedent was in actual military service in the field, or doing duty on shipboard at sea, and in eithcr case, in actual contemplation, fear or peril of death; or the de- cedent must have been at the time in expectation of immediate death from an injury received the same day. COLORAD0.-All wills must be in writing, signed by the testator or some one in his presence, at his request, and attested in his presence by two or more credible witnesses. CONNECTICUT.-Every person eighteen years of age, or more, and of sound Inind, may make a will, and every devise passes the whole title unless clearly limited; the will must be in writing, signed by the testator, and attested by three witnesses in his presence, and in presence of each other. - DELAWARE.-Any person of the age of twenty-one years, and of sound mind, may make a will. Married women, of age of twenty-one years and upward, with the consent, in writing, of the husband, signed and sealed in presence of two witnesses, may make a will. The will must be in writing, signed by the testator, and attested by two credible witnesses. FLORIDA,-Every person of the age of twenty-one years, and of sound mind, may make a will, and such will must be signed by the testa- tor, or by some one in his or her presence, and by his or her direction, and attested and subscribed in his or her presence, by three or more wit- nesses. Nuncupative wills must be proved by three witnesses present. GEORGIA.-Persons of fourteen years of age, and sound mind, may make a will. A married woman may make a will of her separate estate. Wills must be in writing, signed by the testator, or by some person in his presence, and by his express direction, and attested and subscribed by at least three competent witnesses. ILLINOIS,-Any male of twenty-one years, or female of eighteen years, of sound mind and memory, may make a will. It must be in writ- ing, signed by the testator, or by some one in his presence, and by his direction, and attested by two or more credible witnesses iu the presence of the testator, who must be able to say they saw the testator sign. INDIANA,-All persons, except infants and persons of unsound mind, may make a will. A married woman may devise her separate estate. The will must be in writing, signed by the testator, or in his presence, and by his consent, and attested and subscribed in his presence by two or more competent witnesses. IOWA,—Testator must be of full age and sound mind. Personal prop- erty to the value of three hundred dollars may be bequeathed by a verbal (nuncupative) will, attested by two competent witnesses. All other wills must be in writing, witnessed by two competent witnesses, and signed by the testator, or by some one in his presence, and by his express direction. Subsequent incompetency of the witness will not invalidate the will. KANSAS.—Any person of full age and sound mind may make a will. ence of five witnesses residing in the place where the will was made, -": A will must be in writing, signed at the end by the testator, or by some one in his presence, and by his direction, and it must be attested in the presence of the testator, by two or more competent witnesses, who saw the testator sign, and heard him acknowledge the will for his last will and testament. KENTUCKY,-The testator must be of sound mind, and not under twenty-one years, not a married woman; but married women may make a will of their separate estate. It must be in writing, signed by the testa- tor, or some one for him, and if not wholly written by himself, must be subscribed or acknowledged in the presence of at least two credible wit: nesses, who must sign in the presence of the testator. LOUISLANA-Wills are of three kinds: 1. Nuncupative, or open tes. taments. 2. Mystic, or sealed testaments. 3. Olographic testaments. Nuncupative testaments, by public act, must be received by a notary public in the presence of three witnesses, residing where the will is executed, or five witnesses not residing in such place. It must be dicta" ted by the testator, and written by the notary as dictated, then read to the testator in the presence of the witnesses, and signed by the testator, and attested by all the witnesses. Nuncupative testaments, by private act, must be written by the testator himself, or from his dictation, in the pres- or it is sufficient if the testator presents the paper, on which he has written the will, declaring that the paper contains his will. It must be read by the testator to the witnesses, and signed by the testator and all the witnesses. Mystic, or sealed testaments, are made as follows: The testator must sign his dispositions, and the paper then closed and sealed. He shall then present it thus closed to a notary public and seven wit: nesses; he shall declare it to be his last will and testamcnt in their pres" ence. The notary must then draw up the act of superscription on the same paper or envelope, and sign it, together with the testator and the witnesses. Olographic wills are entirely written, dated, and signed by the testator himself. No woman, male child under sixteen years of age, insane, deaf and dumb, or blind person can make a will. MAINE.—The testator must be of sound mind, and twenty-one years of age, and the will must be signed by the testator, or some one in his pres" ence, and at his request, and subscribed in his presence by three credible witnesses, not interested in the will. MARYLAND.—Wills should be in writing, and signed by the party making them, or by some other person in his presence and by his express directions, and shall be attested and subscribed in the presence of the testatar, by three or four credible witnesses. A wife may make a will and give all her property, or any part thereof to her husband, or anyone other person, with the consent of the husband subscribed to said will. Provided the wife shall have been privately examined by witnesses to said will, apart out of the presence and hearing of her husband, etc., (in the same manner as provided for in deeds), and provided also said will be made sixty days before death of the testatrix. MASSAOHUSETTS-Every person of full age and sound mind may make a will, which must be in writing, signed by the testator, or by some one in his presence, and by his direction, and attested and subscribed in his presence by three or more competent witnesses. MICHIGAN.—The testator must be of full age, and sound mind. A devise passes the whole interest, unless specially limited. The will must be in writing, signed by the testator, or some one in his presence and by his direction, and attested and subscribed in his presence by two or more competent witnesses. MINNESOTA.—Wills must be in writing, subscribed by the testator or by some person in his presence and by his express direction, attested and subscribed in the presence of the testator by two or more competent witnesses. Coverture is no disability. MISSISSIPPI,-The testator must be twenty-one years old, whether male or female, and of sound mind. The will must be signed by the testator, or some one in his presence, and by his direction, and, if not olographic, attested by two witnesses who sign in presence of the test” tor. They are probated in the common form in the Chancery Court, or before the clerk on monthly rule days, and are recorded in that office. MISSOURI-The will must be in writing, signed by the testator, or some one by his direction, in his presence, and attested by two or more competent witnesses, who sign in the presence of the testator. Wills g-w- | = G-e- WILLS. 1 T- : be recorded thirty days after probate. If lands in different counties each *ised, a copy of the will will be recorded in the recorder's office in County, within six months after probate. .#KA-wis must be in writing, signed by the testator, or '. : in his presence, and by his direction, and attested and sub- IlêSS : in the presence of the testator by two or more competent wit- 'V's testator must be eighteen years of age and of sound with i * The will must be in writing, signed by the testator, and sealed in th * Seal, or by some one in his presence, by his direction, and attested * presence of the testator, by at least two competent witnesses. ...' HAMPSHIRE-Any person of twenty-one years of age and tor. mind may make a will, to be in writing, signed and sealed by testa- S ** some one in his presence, and by his direction, and attested and sub- *ed by three or more credible witnesses. Coverture is no disability. 'W JERSEY.—All wills must be in writing, signed by the testator, to b * signature acknowledged by him, and he must declare the writing, *his last will in the presence of two credible witnesses, present at e G same time, and who must subscribe their names as witnesses in pres" * of the testator. Testator must be twenty-one years old. NEW YORK.—Wills must be subscribed by the testator at the end, in '" presence of each of the attesting witnesses, or acknowledged by him 1n their presence. There must be at least two witnesses who sign their 'mes at the end. The witnesses to any will shall write opposite to ' names thcir respective places of residence; if residing in a city the * and number of the house should also be given. NORTH CAROLINA.—The will must be in writing, signed by the tes: tator, or some one in his presence, and by his express direction, and sub- 'cribed in his presence by at least two witnesses, no one of whom shall be "terested in the devise. Or, if found among his papers, must be in *S own handwriting, and his name subscribed thereto, inscribed in some P*t thereof, and the handwriting generally known to his acquaintances, *nd proved by three witnesses to be every part in the testator’s own andwriting. OHIO,—The testator must be of full age and sound mind, and the will "st be in writing, signed at the end by the testator, or some one in his presence and by his direction, and attested by two or more competent '". who saw the testator sign, and heard him acknowledge the lli. . OREGON.—Testator must be of full age and sound mind. The will *ust be in writing, signed by the testator, or some one for him, and at- *d by two or more competent witnesses in his presence. * PENN SYLVANIA.—Any person of fullage and sound mind may makc "Will. It must be in writing, and, unless the person making the same shall be prevented by the extremity of his last sickness, shall be signed y him at the end thereof, or by some person in his presence and by his express direction, and in all cases shall be proved by the oaths or affirm- "on of two or more competent witnesses. BHODE ISLAND.—The will must be in writing, signed by the testa- * or by some one for him, and attested and subscribed in his presence, y two or more competent witnesses. SOUTH CAROLINA.—Three or more credible witnesses are necessary, who must sign in presence of the testator. The will must be in writing, "signed by the testator. TENNESSEE-wills must be subscribed by the testator, or some one *him, and attested and subscribed in his presence, by at least two wit. flesses. Olographic wills found among the testator's valuable papers, * deposited for safe keeping, are allowed, if the handwriting is proved # three witnesses. p'-Testator must be of age and sound mind, and the will must *#ned by testator, or for him in his presence, and by his direction, :if not wholly written by himself, attested by two or more credible *ses above the age of fourteen years, subscribing their names in * presence. VERMONT—A will must be in writing, signed by the testator, or for : his presence, and by his express direction, and attested and sub- t ed by three or more credible witnesses, in the presence of the testa- **nd of each other. •- ...'IA—wi; should be in writing, and signed by the testator, 111£ *one one in his presence and by his express direction, in such * as to make it manifest that the name is intended as a signature, > 53 I and, moreover, unless it be wholly written by the testator, the signature shall be made, or the will acknowledged by him in the presence of at least two competent witnesses, present at the same time, and such wit- nesses shall subscribe the will in the presence of the testator, but no torm of attestation shall be necessarv. Testator must be twenty-one years old. WEST WIRGINLA.-The testator must be twenty-one years of age, and of sound mind. The will must be in writing, signed by the testator, or by some one for him, in his presence, and by his direction, and unless olographic, the signature must be made and the will acknowledged in the presence of two competent witness.cs, present at the same time, and who subscribe in presence of the testator. WISC0NSIN.—No will made within this State, except such nuncupa. tive wills as are mentioned in section number six, of chapter sixty-six, of the Revised Statutes, shall be cffectual to pass any estate, whether real or personal, nor to change or in any way affect the same, unless it be in writing, and signed by the testator, or by some person in his presence, and by his express direction, and attested and subscribed in the presence of the testator by two or more competent witnesses, and if the witnesses are competent at the time of attesting the execution of the will, their subsequent incompetency, from whatever cause it may arise shall not prevent the probate and allowance of the will, if it be otherwise satisfactorily proved. o Form of a Will. In the name of God. Amen. I, ........, of the town of........, in the county of........, and State of........, being of sound mind and memory (blessed be Almighty God for the same!) do make and publish this my last will and testament. I give and bequeath to my sons, .............., eight hundred dollars each, if they shall have attained the age of twenty-one years before my decease; but if they shall be under the age of twenty-one at mv decease, then I give to them one thousand dollars each, the last-mentioned sum to be in place of the first-mentioned. I give and bequeath to my beloved wife, ..... ..., all my household furniture, and all the rest of my personal property, after paying from the same the several legacies already named, to be hers forever; but if there should not be at my decease sufficient personal property to pay the afore- said legacies, then so much of my real estate shall be sold as will raise sufficient money to pay the same. I also give, devise and bequeath to my beloved wife, ........, all the rest and residue of my real estate, as long as she shall remain unmarried, and my widow: but on her decease or marriage, the remainder thereof I give and devise to my said children and their heirs, respectively, to be divided in equal shares between them. I do nominate and appoint my beloved wife, ........, to be the sole executrix of this my last will and testament. IN TESTIMONY WHEREOF, I hereunto set my hand and seal, and publish and decree this to be my last will and testament, in presence of the wit- nesses named below, this........day of........, in the year of our Lord, one thousand eight hundred and........ [L. S.] Signed, sealed, declared and published by the said........as and for his last will and testament, in presence of us, who, at his request and in his presence, and in presence of each other, have subscribed our names as witnesses hereto. ........, residing at......... in....... county. ......., residing at........, in........county. Copy of a Fuller Form of Will. BE IT REMEMBERED, That I,........of the city of......... in the State of ... ....., Esquire, do make this my last will and testament, in man- ner following. That is to say,– - I order and direct that all my just debts shall be paid with convenient speed. I give unto Mr. ........ of said city, merchant, the amount of moneys due and owing from him to me, according to the tenor and effect of four promissory notes signed by him; viz., one dated October 16, 1869, for ninety-six hundred and cighty dollars; one dated August 9, 1872, for five thousand dollars; another dated August 9, 1875, for forty-five hundred --> and fifty-eight and 85-100 dollars; and another dated August 15, 1875, for fifty-six hundred dollars: and I order said four notes to be canceled. To........the wife of said........ I give an annuity of six hundred dollars, to be paid her in two equal and half-yearly payments of three hundred dollars cach. It is my will, and I order and direct that a trust fund of ten thousand dollars shall be raised out of my estate and invested at interest, the in- come and produce of which trust fund I give unto..........of............ single woman, to be paid to her half-yearly, during her natural life. And at the decease of the said........the principal sum or trust fund shall be paid to and among such person and persons in such shares and portions as she, the said........ by any writing by her signed in the presence of two or more credible witnesses. shall give, direct, and appoint. And in default of such appointment, then said trust fund, or principal surn shall go, as the residue of my estate, to the residuary legatee hereinafter named. I also direct that another trust fund of ten thousand dollars shall be raised out of my estate and invested at interest. And I give the interest and produce of this trust fund, when and as it accrues, unto........the wife of........ It is my will that the income of this fund, or principal sum shall, during the natural life of said........ either be paid into her proper hand, or upon her order or receipt, signed by her alone, notwith- standing her coverture. And I declare that neither the principal nor in- come of this fund shall be subject to the control, debts, or engagements of the present or any future liusband of said........the same being in- tended for her sole and separate use. At the decease of said........I give said principal sum or trust fund to the issue of said........ and in default thereof to such other person or persons as she, by a last will, or any writing in the nature of a last will, shall give, direct, or appoint the same; and in default of such appoint- ment, it is my will that said trust fund or principal sum shall be disposed of and pass as part of the residue of my estate. I give to........an annuity of three hundred dollars, to be paid by two equal sums to said........half-yearly, during her natural life. To........ of.... ... in the County of........ widow, I give an an- nuity of one hundred dollars, to be paid her, during life, in quarter-yearly payments. I also give unto........ of ....... in the County of........ widow, an annuity of two hundred dollars, to be paid in quarter-yearly payments during her life. I order my cxecutor, hereinafter named, to pay.......... of.......... either in money, or such articles as his comfortable maintenance may re- quire, fifty dollars annually during his life, at such times as said execu- tor shall think proper. To........ wife of........ of ... .... I give an annnity of one hundred dollars, to be paid during her life quarterly. To..... . wife of .......of . . . . . . I give three hundred dollars, and direct three notes, held by me, signed by her husband, for one hundred dollars cach to be canceled. To........ wife of........ of....... there shall be paid in money, or delivered in articles necessary for her support, at the discretion of the executor of this my will, one hundred and fifty dollars annually, during her life, at such time and in such portions as he shall choose. I give to........ son of........ one thousand dollars, and order that he shall be charged with such amount of moneys as he shall be my debtor for, upon promissory notes at my decease. I devise the wood-lot in... ...... which I bought of one............ to.......... wife of........ above named, to hold to her for life, the re- mainder I give to the child or children of said........ who shall survive her, his, her, or their heirs for ever. If.... . . . shall be a member of my family at the time of my decease, she shall and may continue to reside in my dwelling-house and partici- pate in the use of the stores and furniture, in common with others of my family, for the term of six months thereafter. It is my will that a debt of three hundred and thirty-two dollars, due me from.... ... of........ shall be canceled. .* To each of those of the following named persons who shall be in my service at the time of my decease, I give one hundred dollars, viz.: * * * is a m + b + + s s r. s is a to s • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * My will is that all annuities hereinbefore given shall take date from - 532 WILLS. –-" the day of the probate of this will; and all legacies, not annuities, shall be paid within eight months from the same period. It is my will that all the capital or principal sums which shall be req" uisite to yield the several annuities above mentioned may, by my execu" tor, be paid to........ to be held and managed by said corporation as trustees under this will: or, if the said executor and the parties bene: ficially interested therein shall so elect, said capital or principal sums, or any of them, may be placed in the hands of such trustee or trustees as shall, upon application to the Supreme Court of... ....sitting in chancery, be appointed to receive the same, and perform this, my will, in that behalf. I hereby authorize and empower whoever shall assume the execution of this will, to make sale of, and convey any parcel or parcels of real estate, of which I may die seized, for the purpose of raising any and all such sums of money as shall be required for the trust funds, annuities, and legacies hereinbefore directed to be created, given, and bequeathed. All such sales shall be made by public vendue, after notice thereof shall have been given in two or more newspapers printed in the city of ..... for the term of fourteen days at least prior to such sales being made. All the residue of my estate, real, personal, and mixed, wheresoever it may be found, and of whatsoever it may consist, I give and devise unto * * * * * * * * to hold to him and his heirs forever. I hereby revoke all wills by me heretofore made, and constitute the said........exccutor of this my last will. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I, the above-named testator, have hereunto set my hand and seal, this..........day of............in the year of our Lord eighteen hundred and................ [L. S.] Then and there signed, sealed, and published by.......... the testator, as and for his last will, in the presence of us, who, at his request, in his presence, and in presence of each other, have hereto set our names as witnesses. * * * * * * * * [L. s.] :::::::: #: Another Form of a Will. KNow ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTs, That I, ........, of the town of ......, in the county of........, and State of.... ..., merchant, con" sidering the uncertainty of this life, and being of sound mind and memory, do make, declare and publish this my last will and testament. Pist, I give and bequeath unto my beloved wife, Charlotte, the use, improvement and income of my dwelling-house, warehouses, lands and their appurtenances, situate in........, to have and to hold the same to her, for and during her natural life. Second, I give and bequeath to my son, John Fulton, one thousand dollars, to be paid to him by my executor, hereinafter named, within six months after my decease; and I also give, devise and bequeath to my said son, John Fulton, the reversion or remainder of my dwelling-house, warehouses, land and their appurtenances, situate in..... • * * * and all profit, income and advantage that may result therefrom, from and after the decense of my beloved wife, Charlotte. Third, I give, devise and bequeath to my beloved wife, Charlotte, all the residue of my estate, real, personal or mixed, of which I shall dic seized and possessed, or to which I shall be entitled at the time of de- cease; to have and to hold the same to her, and her executors, and admin- istrators and assigns forever. Fou, th, I do nominate and appoint my brother, Francis Fulton, to be the executor of this my last will and testament. * INTESTIMonxWIIEREOF, I have, to this my last will and testament, con- taincd on two sheets of paper, and to each sheet thereof subscribed my name, and set my seal; and to this, the last sheet thereof, I have here subscribed my name, and affixed my seal, this........day of........., in the year of our Lord, one thousand cight hundred and........ WILLIAM FULTON. [L. s.] Signed, sealed, declared and published by the said William Fulton, as and for his last will and testament, in presence of us, who, at his request and in his presence and in presence of each other, have subscribed our names as witnesses hereto. GEORGE DAY, residing at Plainfield, N.J. VVM. FRosr, residing at Somerville, N.J. SAMUEL WALKER, residing at Somerville, N.J. * –-" s = T- * = WILLS. Form of Will for Real and Personal Estate. I. Amos Clark, of the City of Elizabeth, County of Union, and State feebl * Jersey, grocer, realizing the uncertainty of life, and being of decl C health, but of sound mind, memory, and judgment, do make and *clare this to be my last will and testament in Inanner and form follow- 1ng, to wit: Pirst, I give, demise, and bequeath unto my eldest son, Francis Clark’ s *" of four thousand dollars, now on deposit in the National State £ together with my grocery store at No... ........ street, with all £ and improvements thereto belonging: to have and to hold **y said son, his heirs and assigns forever. "...' I give and bequeath unto my beloved wife, Mary, absolutely, all ' in which I now reside, at No. . . ........ street, together with Wea e furniture therein, including piano, organ, linen, china, the plate, and £ apparel, etc., together with ten thousand dollars in Bank stock *ilway bonds, now lodged in my safe; the same to be in lieu of her *r at common law. Third, I give and bequeath to my invalid mother, Susan Clark, the in- £ and rents from my farm in Westfield, during the term of her natu- : "fe. Said farm to revert to my sons and daughters in equal propor- "upon the demise of my said mother. *h, I give and bequeath unto my youngest son, George Clark’ *thousand dollars, also my tenement house on ........ street, with all * improvements thereto belonging; to have and to hold unto my *idson, his heirs and assigns forever. **, I give and bequeath the sum of one thousand dollars to my *ecutors, to be equally divided between them, in full, for all services in e "atter of the execution of this my last will and testament. * I direct that debts and funeral expenses be paid from moneys "" on deposit to my credit in State Savings Bank of Elizabeth, the balance of such money, together with all the rest and residue of my cstate, * my three daughters, Susan, Mary and Clara, to be equally divided "een them for their use forever. I hereby nominate and appoint John Mulford, James Fox and George Ward the executors of this my last will and testament, and revoke all other and former wills made and executed by me. IN WITNEss WHEREoF, I have hereunto set my hand and seal this tenth day of April, one thousand eight hundred and eighty Signed, sealed, published, de- clared and acknowledged by * above-named testator, to be his last will and testament, "our presence, and we each, **is request, and in his pres- *e, and in the presence of **ch other, subscribe our *mes as witnesses. *SANFord, 106 Broad St., Ilizabeth, N. J. *AMr REYNolds, 17 Lafay. ette St., Elizabeth, N.J. NSON SweBT,6SNewark Ave., Elizabeth, N. J Q th AMOS CLARK, [L. S.] J . Codicil to a Will. Whereas * ........, of the........of........, in the county of ........ : $*te of......., have made my last will and testament in writing, *ring date the.... ....day of........, in the year of our Lord one thou "d cight hundred and........, in and by which I haye given and be- $*hed to the American Bible Society, instituted in the city of New :* in the year one thousand eight hundred and sixteen, the sum of * hundred dollars. #1 # therefore, I do, by this my writing, which I hereby declare to be ther : to my said last will and testament, and to be taken as a part £ * order and declare that my will is, that only the sum of two hun- $19 £ fifty dollars shall be paid to the said American Bible Society, th e full amount bequeathed to the said society, and that the residue of e Said legacy be given to the person who shall be acting as treasurer, 533 at the time of my decease, of the Young Men's Christian Association, located in the town of Newburg, to be expended by the society in the pur- chase of books for the library of said association; and lastly, it is my de- sire that this codicil be annexed to and made a part of my last will and testament as aforesaid, to all intents and purposes. IN TESTIMONY WHEREoF, etc., [as in FoRM of A WILL] Form of Will, in which the Testator Devises all his Properly to Trustees for Certain Purposes. . The last will of me, George Palmer, of the........ of.............., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . and State of........ , being of sound mind at the time of making and publishing this my last will and testament, I give and de- vise all my estate, real and personal, whereof I may dic seized or pos- sessed, to James Wilson, of the said..... ...of..... ..., and George Clark, of same place, gentlemen. To have and to hold the same to themselves, their heirs and assigns, forever, upon the uses and trusts following, namely: In trust to pay all my debts and funeral expenses; secondly, to pay to my wife, Jane, upon her sole and separate receipts, the interest, income and revenue of all my said estate during the term of her natural life; and, thirdly, upon the decease of my said wife, to convert all my said estate into money, if such a course shall be thought best by my said trustees, and pay to my daughter Florilla the one-third part thereof, it sceming to me best to give her so large a share on account of her bodily infirmities and inability to provide for herself, and the remaining two-thirds cqually to divide between my four sons, George, Francis, Henry, and William. If cither of my children shall, before such division, have died, leaving lawful issue, such issue to receive the parent's share; but if there be no issue, then such share to fall into the general fund, to be divided among the survivors in the manner before directed? And I hereby give to my said trustees full power and authority to sell any or all of my real estate at private or public sale, and invest the pro- ceeds, or to lease the same as they may deem best for the interest of my family. And if my said daughter Florilla shall not have attained the age of twenty-one upon the decease of her mother, I hereby, nominate, consti- tute, and appoint my said trustees guardians of the person and estate of my said daughter Florilla, during the remainder of her minority, com- mending her to their fatherly care and protection. And l hereby nominate, constitute, and appoint my said trustees, James Wilson and George Clark, executors of this my last will and testament. IN WITNEssWIIEREOF, etc., [as in FoRM of A WILL.] Executor’s Bond. KNow ALL MEN BY TimeSE PRESENTS, That we (name of the executor), as principal, and (names of his sureties), as sureties, and all within the Commonwealth (or State) of........are holden and stand firinly bound and obliged unto.............judge of the Probate Court in and for the county of......::in the full and just sum of........ dollars, to be paid to said judge and his successors in said office; to the true pavment whereof we bind ourselves and each of us, our and ench of our heirs, executors, and administrators, jointly and severally, by these presents. Sealed with our seals. Dated the........day of........in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty............ THE CONDITION OF THIS OBLIGATION IS SUCHI, That if the above- bounden (name of the executor), executor of the last will and testainent of # of the testator), late of (residence of the testator), deceased, testate, shall,— Pirst. Make and return to the Probate Court for said county of........ within three months from his appointment, a true inventory of all the real estate and all the goods, chattels, rights and credits of said testator, which are by law to be administered, and which shall have corne to his possession or knowledge; Second, Administer according to law and the will of said testator all the goods, chattels, rights, and credits, and the proceeds of all the real estate that may be sold for the payment of debts or legacies, which shall come to the possessor of said executor, or of any other person for him; find, Third, Render upon oath a just and true account of his administration within one year, and at any other times when required by said court: then this obligation to be void; otherwise to remain in full force and virtue. (Signature of executor.) [Seal. (Signature of surety. Seal. (Signature of strety. Seal. Signed, sealed, and delivered in presence of.... . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * Examined and approved. (Name of '' 5iidge of Probate Court. * * * * . . . SS- - - - - • * * * * * * * - -— f | MISCELLANEOUS FORMS. Notarial Form of Protest. United States of America, ...... State of ....., , County of......, ss. By this public instrument of protest be it known, that on this........ day of........, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and ........, at the request of........, who........ holder of the original ........, whereof a true copy is hereinafter written. I, ........, a notary public in and for said county of........, aforesaid, residing thercin, duly commissioned and sworn, did this day present the an- nexed........to........ and demand payment thereof, which was not made. Whereupon I, the said notary, at the request of aforesaid, did protest, and by these presents do publicly and solemnly protest, as well against the drawer or maker of the said........ as against all others whom it doth or may concern, for all exchange or re-exchange, damages, costs, charges, and interests, suffered or to be suffered, for want of........ of the said....... * Thus done and protested in........ , county of........, on the day and year aforesaid. In testimony whereof I grant these presents under my signature, and the impress of my seal of office, in........, county of....... ., on the day and year first above written. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Motary Public. [Here insert a copy of the note or bill of exchange protested.] I, the undersigned, notary, do hereby certify that the parties to the * * * * * * * * , whereof a true copy is hereinbefore written, have been duly notified of the protest thereof by letters to them, by meavritten and ad- dressed, dated on the day of the said protest, and served on them re- spectively, in the manner following, viz.: [IIere explain how the parties were notified of the protest, whether in person, by mail, express, or otherwise.] In faith whereof I have hereunto signed my name and affixed my official scal this........day of........, one thousand eight hundred and.... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Motary Public. Form of Notice of Protest. UNITED STATEs of AMERICA. [Place and date.] 188... Sir: Please take notice that a certain........ , dated..... . . . . A. D. ........, for the sum of ........ dollars, payable........, drawn by ........, in favor of........, was this day presented by me to........ at........, and........thereof demanded, which was refused, and the said........having been dishonored, the same was this day protested by me for the non-........ thereof, and the holder.... look.... to you for the payment thereof, together with all costs, charges, interest, ex- penses, and damages already accrued, or that may hereafter accrue thercon by reason of the non-........of said........ Very respectfully yours, etc., * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Motary Public. CORONER, Verdicts of Coroner's Jury.—Case, Murder. State of........, $S County of......... * At an inquest held at........, in the town of........, county and State above named, on thc.......day of......., 18...., before A....... B........, Coroner (or CD, Justice of the Peace and cx-officio Coroncr), 1n said county, upon the body of E F (or person unknown), there lying dead, the following named jurymen being sworn to inquire into all the circumstances attending the death of said E F (or person unknown), find that the deceased was a native of....... . (or that the nativity of de- ceased is unknown); that he was of about the age of........ years; that -T- T-...--" 534 MISCELLANEOUS FORMS-CORONER. –-T one G II, of........(or late of... ....), the town of........, of said county (or as the case may be), on the........ day of........ , in the year 18...., at about .......o'clock P. M., made an assault upon the body of the deceased with a pistol (or as the case may be), from which assault wounds were inflicted upon the breast and person, thereby causing the death of the deceased, on the .......day of........, A. D. 18.... [If others are implicated the facts should be stated.] In witness whereof the said jurors have signed this verdict, this ........ day of........, 18.... [The acting coroner should indorse the following on the back of the verdict.] The within verdict was made, signed, and delivered to me this....... day of....... , 18.... A.... * * * * B........, Coroner (or justice of the Peace). Verdict of Coroner's Jury.—Case, Suicide. State of.... * * * * , County of......... SS, At an inquest held, etc. (as in case of murder, etc., to the word “find”), find that the said J K (or person unknown) was a native of ......... of the age of........years; that he did on the........day of ........, 18...., at the town of........ , in the county aforesaid, volun" tarily, and with his own hand (here state the manner of the death), from which act he instantly died (or as the case may be). In witness whereof, etc. (as in the verdict for murder). Coroner’s Certificate of Death. OFFICE OF THE CoRon ER of TIIE Count Y of ARAPAIIoE, STATE of ColokADo. I, john Smith, Coroner of County of Arapahoe, State of Colorado, do hereby certify that I held an inquisition upon the body of james Aful. ligan, a native of Ireland, aged fifty years, at No. 187 Fourth street, in the City of Denver, in said county, on the ninth day of December, 1882, wherein the verdict of the jury was, death from apoplexy. And I further certify that I caused the body of the said james Mul. ligan to be interred at the.........cemetery in this county on the tent" day of December, 1882. JoHN SMITH, Coroner of Arapahoe County. Coroner's Subpoena. State of........ County of........ The People (or the State as the Constitution requires the process to be) of the State of........send GREETING to........and........ : SS. We command you that, all and singular business and excuses being laid aside, you be and appear before the undersigned, coroner (or J. P. and cx-officio acting coroner) of the county of........ , State of... . . . . . * at........ , at........o'clock ....M., then and there to testify, and give evidence in a certain inquisition now pending before said coroner, and herein fail not, or answer the contrary at your peril. Jolix JoNES, Coroner of........ County. Coroner's Summons of Juror. State of.... * * * * * SS County of........ * The People of the State of........send GREETING to Wm. Smith : We command you that, all and singular business and excuses being laid aside, you be and appear before the undersigned, coroner of the county of........, State of........, at........ (state where the inquest.” to be held) on the........day of........, 18...., at.... o’clock ...:*: to serve as a juror in a certain inquisition now pending before said coroner; and herein fall not, or answer the contrary at your peril. Given under my hand this........day of........, 18.... Jolin Jon ES, oroner of........ County. —- -ms--" G- . | | "- * < * per annum. Licenses are issued by municipal au- EXAS,-There shall be levied and collected from cverv commercial *ties and State tax collector. traveler, drummer, salesman, or solicitor of trade, by sample or other- #= * *. 5 * } £ interesting or be felt more needful to the mer- chant, manufacturer, and importer than the fol- lowing, relating to the license laws governing *mmercial travelers in each of the States of the United States and Provinces of Canada. The laws here given are those in force Jan. 1, 1884: t ALABAMA.—No State law, but power is vested in each municipality # '"pose a tax. Mobile makes license fee $3 per day, $7.50 per week, *8.75 per year. ARIZONA.—No license is required. KANSAS,-No license is required in the State, except a municipal # £ Little Rock of $25 per quarter, or $5 per week, payable in ad- C. OALIFOR —No State law, but license is required in the city and county of # and range from $25 to $100 per quarter, based * the amount of business done. In £ , 1878, the license law of +. * State was declared unconstitutional. Collected only from resident £nts occupying regular offices. COLORAD0,—Nolicense is required. CONNECTIOUT.—see Licenses, page 536. DAKOTA-Nolicense required. DELAWARE -A State tax of $25.5o per annum is imposed; granted # any Clerk of the Peace for # # from date, and may be used *oughout the entire State. DISTRIC —A license fee of $200 per annum is re- quired. £ £ #: sale goods, wares, or merchandise by £ple, catalogue, or otherwise, must pay this tax. This applies to '9se persons only who are engaged in selling the merchandise of *hers—not to an individual who's engaged in selling his own wares, * to a partner who solicits orders by sample card or otherwise. a'QRIDA-A state tax of $25.25 per annum is imposed, good in *y part of the State for one year. th£RGIA-No State law, but power is vested in municipalities, and # following cities exact a tax: Atlanta, $25 per quarter, except where £ fire made to registered merchants, for which no license is required; £ity reserves the right to further impose a tax of 1% per cent. £ens, $to per week, $35 per month, $100 per year. Augusta, $3 per # or $75 per year. Savannah, same license is required as resident £ers in same articles. No license required at Columbus, Dalton, *Con, or Rome. IDAHO,-No license is required. ILLINOIS,—Nolicense is required. INDIANA-No license is required. KANSAS.–Nolicense is required. li£y:Ng State law. Many cities and towns impose a * U! but if tax discriminate against non-residents of the State it is "constitutional and void. * th£IANA-A State tax of # £ month is imposed; in addition munici * * : N rleans $10 per week, I' #. in Baton Rouge of $25 per annum; New Orle $ LICENSE LAWS-COMMERCIAL TRAVELERS. 535 I (IGENSE L(AWSOF THE YUNITED STATES. R ~<--- * - MAINE,-No State law. MARYLAND-License is required on same basis as that of a resi. | dent trader. See Licenses, page 537. MASSACHUSETTS,-No license is required. MICHIGAN, -State law requiring payment of $50 per annum, and pro rata for less period; but the law has not been cnforced, and is re- garded as a dead letter. MINNESOTA.-No license is required. MISSISSIPPI,-No license is required. MISSOURI,-No license is required. NA-Licenses are issued by County Treasurers; $25 per £ county. A municipal tax of $6.25 is imposed at Bütte ity. NEBRASKA-No license is required. NEWADA-A tax, of $25 per month in each county is imposed; license to be procured from county sheriffs. NEW HAMPSHIRE,-No license is required. NEW JERSEY,-No license is required. NEW MEXIC0-A Territorial tax of $250 per annum; no license granted for less than three months, for which a pro raia charge is made. g NEW YORK,-No license is required. NORTH CAROLINA.-A, State, tax of $100 per annum (except for liquors, which is $100 additional). State license exempts from any other license, State, county, or municipal, Wilmington imposes a municipal tax of $3 per day, $8 per week, or $20 per month. OHIO-No State or municipal tax. OREGON,-No license is required. PENNSYLVANIA, - Commercial travelers for non-resident houses are compelled to take out a license in many of the counties of the State before # oods there; the tax is not uniform. Philadelphia im- poses a tax o £ per annum. It is a misdemeanor to sell goods by sample without such license, penalty being a fine of $300 or 30 days' imprisonment, or both., Travelers for Pennsylvania houses are not generally required to take out a license, although there are a few ex- ceptions. . Some of the municipalities have ordinances requiring all travelers to take out a license. RHODE ISLAND,-No license is required. SOUTH CAROLINA,-No State law. Power is vested in cities to impose a municipal tax, and in the following it is exacted: Beaufort, the rate is $5 to $30 per year, but no more than $1o is ever imposed; Charleston, $20 per week; Columbia, $1 per day, or $50 per year; Georgetown, $5 per day. No license is required in Aiken, Greenville, or Newberry. TENNESSEE,-A license tax is imposed in Nashville, as follows: io9 per annum for the privilege of exhibiting any samples in the city of Nashville to merchants living and doing business outside of the corporate limits of said city, for the purpose of effecting sales of any kind to such merchants. No license is required for selling to merchants within the city limits. The penalty for non-observance of this law is a fine of $50 and costs for each offense. In Memphis a tax of $10 per week or $25 per month is exacted. A State tax of $10 is imposed in each county on persons selling to consumers. Each county can impose a tax not exceeding the State tax. No license tax imposed on travelers selling to the trade only. | - O 536 LICENSE LAws of THE SEVERAL STATES. * wise, an occupation tax of $35, payable in advance; provided, that the tax fiercin required to be paid by such commercial traveler, drümmer, salesman, or solicitor, £ be paid to the comptroller of Public Ac: counts, whose receipts, under seal, shall be evidence of the payment of such tax; and provided, further, that no county, city, or town shall levy or collect any occupation tax upon such commercial traveler, drummer salesman, or solicitor; provided that nothing herein contained shall apply to any one soliciting subscriptions for religious, literary, or his- torical books or maps, or to persons soliciting for nurseries, newspapers, or -ravestones; provided, further, that every commercial traveler, drum- mer, salesman, or solicitor of trade shall, on demand of the tax collector of any county of the State, or any peace officer of said county, exhibit to such officer the Comptroller's receipt above-mentioned, and every com- mercial traveler, drummer, salesman, or solicitor of trade who shall fail or refuse to exhibit said receipt to such officer, on demand by him, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and fined in a surn not less than $25 nor more than $100. UTAH,-Municipal governments are empowered to impose a license tax. Ogden exacts it; $10 per quarter. WERMONT,-No license is required. * VIRGINIA,-State tax $250 per annum. License is not transferable. Agents or travelers (unless members of firm), are required to have £ of attorney, and for each additional salesman the fee is $50. *unishinent for selling in violation of this act is $250 for each offense, * and imprisonment in jail for one year. WEST WIRGINIA,-No license is required. WISCONSIN.—No license is required. WYOMING,-No license is required. jar IICENSE LAWS OF THE SEVERAL STATES. CANADA. PROVINCE OF ONTARIO,-No license is required. . PROVINCE OF QUEBEC.—No provincial law, but power is vested in each municipality to impose a tax, and in the following cities it is exacted: Quebec, per annum; Sorel, $10; St. John's, $5; Three Rivers, $10, and other towns have a nominal or fixed charge. PROVINCE OF NEW BRUNSWICK.-No provincial tax, but each municipality is empowered to impose tax. Fredericton, license is re- quired according to line of business engaged in; the fee is $5 and $10 per week, or $26 and $30 per year. St. John, $75 per annum; Wood: stock, $40 per year. Maximum amount varies according to line of business engaged in. No license is required in Moncton or Portland. PROVINCE OF NOVA SCOTIA.—No provincial law, but power is vested in some of the incorporated towns to impose such a tax. In Halifax the tax is $100, in Dartmouth $50, in Windsor $2, and in Truro $3. It only applies to such travelers as are agents, in some towns, and in others to all, according to the different by-laws. PROVINCE OF NEWFOUNDLAND,-No special law or tax. PROVINCE OF PRINCE EDWARD'S ISLAND,-No provincial law, but power is invested by a recent act in the city of Charlottetown 'vy a personal tax, although none has yet been exacted under this #1C * ALABAMA,-All persons # in any kind of mercantile business are required to have a license. The tax # from $10.00 to $1oo.oo per annum, according to the business in which the person engages. ARIZONA,-Licenses are necessary for nearly every occupation. ARKANSAS.-Licenses are required principally by liquor dealers ferrymen, toll-keepers, and some others. The £y Clcrk or County Court grant the same. CALIFORNIA.—Nearly every occupation is licensed. COLORAD0.-Licenses are necessary for dealing in all articles ex- cepting produce, provisions, or mining tools, £ from those who pay the annual tax assessed by State, or sell articles raised or made by themselves. * CONNECTICUT,—Licenses are necessary for sale of liquors, wine, or beer, and contracts made in violation of law with unlicensed persons cannot be enforced. Unlicensed persons selling liquor are liable to seizure and forfeiture. Violation of the law regulating the sale by a licensed dealer works a forfeiture of license for one year in addition to the fines prescribed. A local option law prevails, By statutes of 1881 it is provided that “every manufacturer or importer of commercial fer- tilizers or manures, excepting rock, plaster or sulphate of lime, shall, before offering the same for sale in this State, procure a license from the Secretary of this State, as manufacturer or importer of the same, and shall pay into the treasury of the State the sum of $50.00 annually for one kind or brand of fertilizer or manure, and $15.oo for each other distinct kind or brand of fertilizer, and shall, at the same time, file with the Secretary of State, and also with the Director of the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, a statement of the names of his agents, and also the name of brand and the composition of each fer- tilizer or manure manufactured or imported by him for salev etc.” Every person bringing ashes into the State for sale must procure a li- cense from the Secretary of State, and d'. an annual fee of $50.oo therefor. Penalties, $106.00 for first, and $200 oo for cach subsequent violation. # must procure a license annually from the Com- missioners of Pharmacy, under a penalty of $5.00, for each day of neglect. Every person not an inhabitant of this State, going £ house to house, on foot or otherwise, selling or exposing for sile any goods not manufactured in this State, must procure a license from the selectmen of each town, and pay a fee of $25.00 annually, under penalty of $7.00 for each offense. Commercial travelers selling by sample re- uire no license, except, in the case of spirituous and intoxicating liquors, the license to sell which ranges from $100.00 to $500.00 a year, as the County Commissioners may determine. (By a recent decision given in Hartford this law is rendered inoperative there, and some doubt ... is expressed as to whether it could be enforced throughout the State.) Every itinerant person not an inhabitant of this State, advertising to practice or practicing medicine herein, must pay a license fee of $26.00 per day to the Selectmen or Chief of Police, under penalty of a fine of $25 per day for each day he shall exercise his profession. Non-resident auc- tioneers must £ licenses, except for sale of farm produce, pro- visions, etc. Foreign insurance companies and pilots are licensed under general laws. No other occupations require licenses, except in cities under municipal regulations. DAKOTA.—Licenses are required to sell, vend, or retail, either at public sale or public auction, any goods, wares, or merchandise. They are granted for one year by the County Commissioner; fee is from $10.00 to $100.oo. DELAWARE,-Licenses are necessary for nearly all professions and trades. They are # to all without restrictions on paying for the same to the Clerk of the Peace in the several counties; but tavern licenses are granted only by the courts at regular sessions, and under special and restricted circumstances, and their violation is severely punished. DISTRIOT OF COLUMBIA,-Every person liable for a license tax who shall fail to pay the same before engaging in business is subject to a fine of not less than $5.00 nor more than $50 oo for each offense, in addition to paying the license tax, No license is required of any person bringing to city wood, lumber, building material, or produce of any kind, to be sold by the car, cargo, or wagon-load. If any person, resi- dent or non-resident, shall permit any dealer or commercial agent, without a license as such, to sell under his license, the person so offend- ing shall pay a fine of not less than $100.00 for each offense. FLORIDA.-Licenses are necessary for almost every occupation. They are granted by State, county, or municipal tax collector, according to class of business, and location. They are granted to all persons or corporations doing business in the State. GEORGIA-Licenses are necessary for almost every occu ation, and are granted by clerk of the township or municipality. £ is no trouble in procuring license, except for lotteries or gift enterprises, which are expressly prohibited by statute. * IDAHO,-Licenses are required to sell spirituous, or malt, or vinous £ at wholesale or retail in this Territory. A violation is a mis- eIIl Cilm Or, * ILLINOIS,-A high-license law was passed in 1883, requiring liquor dealers to pay $500.00 and beer-sellers $150 oo per annum. Municipal governments have power to impose tax. INDIANA-No State law. Municipal governments are empowered to impose tax. IOWA-No State law imposing a tax. Local laws similar to that of Indiana. KANSAS,-No State law imposing a license tax. ENTUCKY,-All peddlers, liquor merchants, bond and stock brokers and dealers in exchange, and vendors of playing cards, are required to: take out licenses (for playing cards $5.00). "No license is required o other merchants or commercial travelers. The cities and towns gen: erally require a license from all persons in any sort of business. In Louisville, merchants pay a license in proportion to the amount," sales, and branches 94' non-resident houses pay on their Louisville sales. But any discrimination against non-residents is unlawful. –--" * *==" - ~-O * * ~ -: e'U'SIANA-Licenses are required for the pursuit of almost all *pations. (See Commercial Travelers.) O YLAND,-Non-resident and resident £ the grower, maker, # £nufacturer) merchants are required to take out a license, for 'ch they must pay a tax based on the value of their stock. This tax £ from $12.75 to $150.00 per annum. License to be taken out in £ name of the £ represented, upon the oath of the applicant. *...for non-observance $20.00 to $1óo.oo. Manufacturers, or their Veling salesmen who are paid a stated salary, are not required to £e a license; but salesmen employed on commission must take out Il Se. s t£SSACHUSETTS.—Licenses are necessary for very few occupa- * * t #C#GAN.—Licenses are required for hawkers, peddlers, ferries, elegraph, express and foreign insurance companies, and showmen, he State authorizes villages and towns to impose various li- MINNESOTA—Licenses to sell intoxicating liquors are granted by Board' County Commissioners; other licenses are £5 by muni- *Pal governments. J MISSISSIPP1,-Licenses are required to conduct nearly every £ of £ from parties £ng or doing business in the €. I #1880URI-Merchants must pay an ad valorem tax, equal to that £ied on real estate in their locality, on the highest amount of mer: $';*ndise in their possession or control between the first Monday in 'arch and first Mönday in June of each year. . This does not apply to £9mmission merchants tiealing in manufactured articles., Before deal- ing in merchandise a license to do so must be obtained, otherwise a #y is subject to penalty of from $50.oo to $5,000.00 for each offense. 'lifacturers dealing in goods of their own manufacture, manufact- '*ed in this State and sold at the place of manufacture or at their office: *.*ot.require a license. Before # a license # merchant # ;ive bond, with ample security that he will pay his lawful tax, £ied as above. A further license is also required of merchants by £ cities who do business within their limits, varying in amount in 'different cities. Merchants may sell refuse stock at auction once *ry twelve months without paying auctioneer's license. MON TANA-No Territorial laws imposing license. #BRASKA.—Peddlers are required to pay $30.00 for a license to peddle thrö. ghout the State for one year. NBWADA—Licenses are necessary for nearly all occupations. Sales. "en from other States are £ to #y heavier licenses than resi- 's of the State, and the courts hold t *th the California courts. NEW HAMPSHIRE,-Licenses are necessary in each county to e rule good, therein differing £ble a person to peddle any commodity, excepting fish, provisions, "d articles of his own manufacture. it. NEW JERSEY.—Licenses are required only of peddlers, hucksters, and retail liquor dealers. NEW MEXICO,-No territorial law. * e'EW YORK.—Licenses are not required, excepting in some cities, to *y on ordinary business operations. NORTH CARöLINA-Sec commercial Travelers. 0,-In all cities of the first grade of the first class the following # procure license annually, which, is . not, transferable: , Dance- £cs, ball-rooms, billiard and pool tables, intelligence offices, bowling £, circuses, etc., peddlers, pawnbrokers, scavengers, theatres, otels, lodging-houses, restaurants, vendors of gunpowder, shooting £alleries, livery and sale stables, dogs, riding schools, dancing schools, £its for building, hacks and vehicles, junk dealers, astrologers, £une-tellers, mediums, sewer contractors, etc. All dealers will be *SSessed annually for each place where such business is carried on *oo,...except where such dealer is confined exclusively to malt or 's liquors, in which case the assessment is $109.99. All assess- £nts, if unpaid, are a lien upon the realty in which the business is *rried on, whether belonging to the vendor or not. OREGON.-Peddlers must obtain license from County Court at not less than $10.00 nor more than $200.00, according to sale. PENNSYLVANIA.-No State law. See Commercial Travelers. RHODE ISLAND-Licenses are required for shows, theatres, billiard saloons, bowling alleys, eating-houses, liquor dealers, and for all hawkers and peddlers # from packs, carts, or other vehicles. The State tax is $60.00, County of Providence $30.oo, and for other £ounties $13:oo. . Licenses for peddlers of jewelry $200.00 for the State, $100.00 for Providence County, $50.oo for other counties; patent articles $50.00 for the State. 80UTH, CAROLINA.—Licenses are necessary for all businesses, trades, and professions carried on in the State; are issued by the Comp- troller-General of the State, the Board of County Commissioners, and the assessors of municipal governments. TENNESSEE-Licenses, both State and Corporation, are necessary for almost every vocation, except on property raised or manufactured in the State; on such no tax is imposed. TEXAS.-State, county, and corporation licenses are required to pur- Suc occupations of different kinds. UTAH-Municipal taxes are imposed by towns. WERMONT,-No State law. 'I', 'se: are required to sell or offer for sale any description of goods. Issued by Commissioner of Revenue of some county or municipality; good anywhere in the State for one Year: firC not transferable. Tax for sampfe merchant $250,00; penalty for viola- tion $200.00 for first offense, and $500.00 for each succeeding offense. Sales must be made to manufacturers or licensed merchants; if to others an additional license of merchants must be taken out. All businesses, trades, and professions are taxed. WEST.VIRGIN.I.A.-Licenses, are required from hotel-keepers, liquor dealers, bowling alleys, billiard tables, public show, theatricai performance, hawkers, peddlers, auctioneers or other brokers, bankers. or to sell patent rights, unless the person is a resident of the State and has an established place of business therein; are issued by assessors of tfixeS. WISCONSIN.—No license is required, either resident or non-resident, except havkers or peddlers. WYOMING-Peddlers and hawkers must procure a license, or are liable for a misdemeanor. No license is required from traveling agents. -Q-->3)-(#)-C=#-o- CANADA. PROVINCE.0F ONTARIO,-Municipal licenses are required for sale. of spirituous liquors and for cabs, carts, hawkers and peddlers. Excise is the only business requiring provincial license. PROVINCE OF QUEBEC-Licenses for peddlers, hawkers, traders, and almost every occupation are fixed and granted by local municipal: ities or town councils. PROVINCE, OF NEW BRUNSWIOK.—No provincial Municipal and local tax similar to those of Ontario. * PROVINCE 0F NOVA S00TIA.—Licenses are not required for the carrying on of any business; except for the sale of spirituous liquors, cabs, carts, hawkers, eddiers, and traveling agents, and these are granted by each municipality. PROVINCE OF NEW FOUNDLAND,-Licenses are not required, except for sale of malt and spirituous liquors, wines, etc. PROVINCE OF PRINCE EDWARD'S ISLAND,-Licenses are not required, except for the sale of spirituous liquors, carts, trucks, hawk. erS, peddlers, and these are in some instances granted by incorporated license. towns, and in others by the provincial government. * # = -—le. --~- LICENSE LAWS OF THE SEVERAL STATES. 537 "---- 538 COLLECTION LAWS. # # # # r=Ir:# £ § CONDENSED summary of the Col- | '' ; lection Laws, etc., of the several $ States and Territories. In con- S:#29 nection with the special laws s given under head of “Exemp- # tions,” “Insolvent,” and “Limita- tions,” are designed to answer at once, in the fewest possible words, questions which are constantly arising among merchants. & ALABAMA. Arrest for Debt. Not allowed. * Attachment. Issues against non-resident, absconding and concealed debtor, and for fraudulently withholding property. Executions and Stays. Justices' judgments may be stayed from 30 to 60 days. Execution issues on other judgments from 10 to 20 days after court adjourns. Judgments without Defense. At first term if process served 20 days before court opens. Jurisdiction of Courts. Justices’, $100. Circuit, all demands ovcr. Limitations. Open accounts, 3 years. Written contracts, 6 years. Sealed, 10 years. £ of record, 20 years. Preferences under Assignment. Not allowed. ARIZON.A. Attachment. Issues against non-resident debtor, also on unsecured COntrict.S. Limitations. Open accounts, 2 years. Written contracts, 4 years. Sealed, 4 years. Judgments of record, 5 years. No Assignment Law. ARKARI SAS. Arrest for Debt, . For absconding, or concealing, or removing prop- erty out of court’s jurisdiction, and for fraud. Attachment. Issues against non-resident, absconding, and concealed debtor, and for fraudulently disposing of or removing property. Executions and Stays. Execution issues ten days after judgment, may be stayed for three months. Judgments without, Defense. If process served ten days before court, judgment entered during term. Jurisdiction of Courts. Justices’, $300. Circuit, over $100. * Limitations. Open accounts, 3 years. Written contracts, 5 years. Scaled, 1o years. Judgments of record, to years. Preferences under Assignment. Allowed. CALL FORN A. Arrest for Debt. Issues against fraudulent or absconding debtor and for embezzlement, concealing or disposing of property fraudulently. d Attachment. Issues against non-resident debtor, and on unsecured ebts. Executions and stays. Execution issues at once. May be stayed three months by giving security, also by special order of court. #248.2%22%22%22.82%22&2%22Ĝ.82% 4 S&S * ! 4.4% / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / #% $27% vs.” #7 *$2 R *% ****** *S*@*#277 *95) l Judgments without Defense. Entered immediately upon expiration of time designated in summons. Jurisdiction of Courts. Justices’, $300. District, all over. Limitations. Open accounts, 2 years. Written contracts, 4 years. Sealed 5 years. Judgments of record, 5 years. Preferences under Assignment. Not allowed. COLORADO. Arrest for Debt. Not allowcd. * Attachment. Issues against non-resident, concealed and absconding debtors, and for converting or disposing of property, or contracting the debt fraudulently. Executions and Stays. Execution issued at once. No stay. Exemption. Debtor with family, $2,000. Stock, $200. Furniture, $100. Professional man, library, $300. Judgments without Defense. To to 40 days. * Jurisdiction of Courts. Justices’, $300. County, $2,000. District, without limit. Limitations. Open accounts, 3 years. Written or sealed contracts, 3 years. Judgments of record, 6 years. Preferences under Assignment. Allowed. CONNECTICUT. Arrest for Debt. Issues for fraud. * Attachment. Issues against goods of defendant. If none found, * body may be liable. Executions and Stays. Execution issues one day after judgment. No stay. Judgments without Defense. If process scrved 12 days before term. Judgment entered during first 3 days of term. Jurisdiction of Courts. Justices', $300. Common Pleas in Hartford, Fairfield, and New London counties, $500. New Haven, $1000. Su- perior Court, unlimited. Limitations. Open accounts, 6 years. Written contracts, 6 years. Sealed, 17 years. £ of record, 6 years. Preferences under Assignment. Not allowed. DAKOTA. Arrest for Debt. Issues against non-resident or absconding debtor and for fraud. Attachment. Issues against non-resident, absconding or concealed debtor, and for fraudulent disposition of property. t Executions and Stays. On justice judgment, from 30 to 90 '' Exemptions. One acre of land in town, 116 in country, and uild. ings. Personal property, $1500, selected by debtor, and other minor exemptions. Grace on Sight Drafts. Allowed. Insolvency Law. None. Interest. Legal rate, 7 per cent. Judgments without Defense. Entered in 4 days in Justices’ Court, and 30 days in others. Limitations. Open accounts, 6 years. Written contracts, 6 years. Sealed, 20 years. Judgments of record, 20 years. Preferences under Assignment. Allowed. DELAWARE. Arrest for Debt. Issues on non-satisfied execution against property with affidavit showing fraud. Attachment. Issues against non-resident or absconding debtor for claim over $50. * Executions and Stays. Execution issues at once, may be stayed in Justices’ Court, 9 months, and Superior, 6 months. * g-e- = "--— 'dgments without Defense. First day of first term after suit. Jurisdiction of Courts. Justices’, $100. Superior, without limit. S £imitations. Open account, 3 years. Written contracts, 6 years. 'led, 6 years. Judgment of record, 20 years. *references under Assignment. Not allowed. DISTRICT of COLUMBIA. £rest for Debt, Not allowed. * s re'chment. Issues against non-resident and absconding debtor for 'oving property out of District. * s Justi ecutions and Stays. Execution issues 4 days after judgment. "stices' judgments may be stayed from 1 to 6 months. *dgments without Defense. From 25 to 60 days. d 'irisdiction of Courts, justices', $100.” Circuit, claims over $50. S £imitations open accounts, 3 years. Written contracts, 6 years. 'led, 12 years. £ of record, 12 years. * *references under Assignment. No statutory regulation, cxcept * preference by limited partnership are void. FLORIDA. Arrest for Debt. Not allowed. $tachment. Issues for removing property out of the State, and £inst absconding, and concealed debtors, and for fraudulently dis- P'ing of property. * N£tions and stays. Execution issues ten days after judgment. ay. £dgments without Defence. Judgment may be entered on rule day (first Monday in each month) if process served ten days before... Jurisdiction of Courts. Justices', $100. Circuit, without limit. S Limitations. Onen accounts, 4 years. Written contracts, 5 years. 'led, 20 years. £ of record, 20 years. *references under Assignment. Not allowed. CEORCIA. *rrest for Debt. Not allowed. * d ttachment. Issues against non-resident, absconding or concealed ebtor, and for removing or fraudulently disposing of property;........., *xecutions and Stays. Execution issues at once, except in Justices 'irts, and there four days after Judgment. May be stayed 60 days. b'dgment without Defence, When process £xecuted twenty days Jefore court, judgment entered first term thereafter in city courts, and *cond term in circuit. s * * * * * * Surisdiction of Courts. Justices', $100. Circuit, without limit. City *rt of Savannah, $1,000. Same of Atlanta. $3,000. S limitations. Open accounts, 4 years. Written contracts, 6 years. eitled, 20 years. *references under Assignment. Allowed. 1DAHO, £st for Debt, Issues against a debtor about to abscond, and for *d in contracting debt. co'hment. Issues against non-resident debtor, or on unsecured rict. **ecutions and stays. Execution issues immediately. No stay ex- *pt on an appeal. s S imitations. Open accounts, 4 years. Written contracts, 5 years. ealed, 5 years. Judgments of record, 6 years. * ILLINOIS. :*rrest for Debt. Issues for refusing to surrender property on execu- tion, and for fraid. tachment. Issues against non resident, absconding and concealed 'or, and for concealing property or fraud. ecutions and stays. Execution issues at once. , No stay. f 'dgments without Defence. Judgment entered during first week ** if process executed ten days prior to sitting of court. . . . Jurisdiction of Courts. Justices’, $200. Circuit, without limit. S *imitations. Open accounts, 5 years. Written contracts, 10 years. ‘tled, 20 years. £ of record, 20 years. *references under Assignment. Allowed. INDIANA. th:# for Debt. Issues for fraud, and for moving property out of * C. d £chment. Issues against non-resident, absconding or concealed £ or for removing, converting or disposing of property to defraud OrS. c£cutions and Stays. Execution issues at once, except in Justices' 're issues ten days after judgment. If over $75 may be stayed 1S, *dgments without Defence. Ten days in Circuit, 3 days in Jus- tices' Court. * li:isdiction of Courts. Justiccs', $200. Common Pleas, without C s'"'tions: Open accounts, 6 years. Written contracts, 15 years. # ed., 20 years. £ of record, 20 years. *ferences under Assignment. Not allowed. ~- "-- COLLECTION LAWS. 539 IOWA. Arrest for Debt. Not allowed except in cases of fraud. Attachment, Issues against non-resident and absconding debtor on debt fraudulently contracted, and for removing, concealing or disposing of property fraudulently. Executions and Stays. Execution issues immediately, may be stayed from 2 to 12 months. Judgments without Defense. During first term after ten days’ prior Service, Jurisdiction of Courts. Justices’, $100. District and Circuit, with- out limit. Limitations. Open accounts, 5 years. Written contracts, Io years. Scaled, 10 years. £ of record, 20 years. Preferences under Assignment. Not allowed. KANSAS. Arrest for Debt. Allowed for fraud. Attachment. Issues against non-resident, absconding and concealed qebtors, and for removing, disposing of or concealing property to de- fraud, and for debt fraudulen y contracted. Executions and Stays. Execution issues at once. Justices' judg- ment may be stayed from 1 to 4 months. Judgment without Defense. District Court must be entered while court is sitting. Process must be served before first day of the term. Jurisdiction of Courts. Justices’, $300. District, without limit. Limitations. Open accounts, 3 years. Written contracts, 5 years. Sealed, 5 years. Preferences under Assignment. Not allowed. KENTUCKY. Arrest for Debt. Issues against debtor about to depart from the State, who has concealed or removed his property, or is about to depart from the State with money or securities in his possession without leav- ing sufficient to satisfy the claim. * * Attachment. Issues £ non-resident, absconding or concealed debtor, or for concealing his property, and for fraud, etc. Executions and Stays. Execution issues 10 days after judgment, but may be stayed 3 months. Judgments without Defense. Summons must be served 10 days be- fore opening of court; if in a county where suit is brought, 20 days when served elsewhere. * * s Jurisdiction of Courts. Justices', $50. Circuit, without limit. Limitations. Open accounts, 2 years. Written contracts, 15 years. Judgments of record, 15 years. . Preferences under Assignment. May be set aside during 6 months. LOUISIANA. £ st for Debt. Issues to compel debtor to answer suit, but not to pay debt. t s * Xi'iment. Against non-resident, absconding or concealed debtor, and for fraud in concealing or disposing of property. s:" and stays. Execution issues 16 days after judgment. o stay. * Judgments without Defense. During session of court on ten days' notice. #" of Courts. Justices', $100. Parish, $500. District, over $500. Limitations. °: accounts, 3 years. Written contracts, 5 years. Scaled, 1o years. Judgments of record, 10 years. Preferences under Assignment. Not allowed. MAINEA Arrest for Debt. Issues for claim over $10, if debtor is leaving the State with more property than is necessary for his support. Attachment. Issues on mesne process in all cases. Executions and Stays. Execution issues one day after judgment. No StåV. £agments without Defence. Entered last day of term. . If sum- mons, served 14 days before court opens. Jurisdiction of Courts. Supreme, over $20. Limitations. Open accounts, 6 years. Written contracts, 6 years. Sealed, 20 years. Judgments of record, 20 years. Preferences under Assignment. Not allowed. MARYLAND. Arrest for Debt. Issues for fraud. Attachment. Issues against non-resident and absconding debtor, for fraudulently contracting debt and for concealing or removing prop. erty, with intent to defraud. Executions and Stays. Execution issues next term after judgment. May be stayed from 6 to 12 months. Judgments without Defence. Judgment entered second term after serving of summons. Jurisdiction of Courts. Justices', $100. Circuit, over $50. Limitations. Open accounts, 3 years. Written contracts, 3 years. Sealed, 12 years. £ of record, 12 years. * .. * * * = 2. 54O MASSACHUSETTS. Arrest for Debt. Issues on clairn over $20 if debtor is about to leave the State. Attachment. May issue in all cases. k N£ions and Stays. Execution issues one day after judgment. O Stål V. £ents without Defence. Entered on last day of term. Jurisdiction of Courts. Municipal, District and Police, $300. Su- preme Judicial, Suffolk county, $4,000. Other counties, $1,000. Supe- rior, over $20. Limitations. Open accounts, 6 years. Written contracts, 6 years. Sealed, 20 years. £ of rccord, 20 years. Preferences under Assignment. Not allowed. MICHICAN. Arrest for Debt. Issues for fraud. Attachment. Issues against non-resident and fraudulent debtor. Executions and Stays. Execution issues in£ Court 5 days after judgment; in Circuit at once. Justices' judgment may be stayed from 4 to 6 months. Judgments without Defence. Entered on opening of court. Sum- mons must be served 45 to 60 days prior. Jurisdiction of Courts. Justices’, $300. Circuit, over $100. Limitations. Open accounts, 6 years. Written contracts, 6 years. Sealed, 10 years. £ of record, 12 years. Preferences under Assignment. Regulated by statute. MIN NESOTA. Arrest for Debt. Issues for debt contracted by fraud. . Attachment. Issues if debtor is non-resident, guilty of fraud, or conceals property. Executions and Stays. Execution issues at once. May be stayed from 1 to 6 months. Q Judgments without Defence. May be cntercd in 20 days. Jurisdiction of Courts. Justices’, $100. District, without limit. Limitations. Open accounts, 6 years. Written contracts, 6 years. Sealed, 10 years. Judgments of record, 10 years. Preferences under Assignment. Not allowed MISSISSIPPI- Arrest for Debt. Not allowed. Attachment. Issues against non-resident debtor, or if he conceals himself or property, and for fraud. Executions and Stays. Execution issues 20 days after judgment. No stay except in Justices' Court, there 60 days. Judgments without Defense. Entered at first term on five days' no- tice before. * Jurisdiction of Courts. Justices', $150. Circuit, all over. Limitations. Open accounts, 3 years. Written contracts, 6 years. Sealed, 7 years. Judgments of record, 7 years. * Preferences under Assignment. Allowed in certain cases. M, ISSOURI. Arrest for Debt. Not allowed. • f £ent Issues against non-resident and concealed debtor and Of" trill! (I. Executions and Stays. Execution issues in Circuit Court after term closes; in Justices', at once. No stay. Judgment without Defense. Judgment entered on notes at first term, on accounts at second term if summons scrved 15 days before tertn. Jurisdiction of Courts. Justices’, $150. Circuit, in excess. Limitations. Open accounts, 5 years. Written contracts, 1o years. Sealed, 10 years. £ of record, 20 years. Preferences under Assignment. Not allowed. MONTAINA. Arrest for Debt. Issues for fraud. - * * Attachment. Issues on contracts, and if debtor is disposing of prop- erty to defraud creditors. Executions and Stays. Execution issues immediately. No stay. Limitations. Open accounts, 2 years. Written contracts, 6 years. Sealed, 6 years. Judgments of record, 6 years. No Assignment Laws. * NEBRASKA. Arrest for Debt. Issues for fraud in contracting debt or in removing or concealing property. * Attachment. Issues against non-resident debtor, and for fraud. Executions, and Stays. Execution issues at once; may be stayed from two to nine months. Judgments without Defense Entered on ten days' notice in County Court, 5 weeks in District Court, mnst be entered during term. Jurisdiction of Courts. Justices’, $1oo; County, $500; District, without limit. Limitations. Open accounts. 4 years. Written contracts, 5 years. Sealed, to years. Judgments of record, 5 years. Preferences under Assignment. Not allowed. g- COLLECTION LAWS. NEVADA. Arrest for Debt, . Issues against debtor about to abscond or dispose of his property to defraud creditors. Attachment. . Issues on unsecured contracts for the payment of money, and against non-resident debtor. Executions and Stays. Execution issues at once. Court may grant reasonable stay. Judgments without Defense. Entered from to to 40 days. Jurisdiction of Courts. Justices’, $300. District, over $300. Limitations. Open accounts, 4 years. Written contracts, 6 years. Sealed, 6 years. Judgments of record, 6 years. Preferences under Assignment. Not allowed. |NEW HAMPSHIRE, Arrest for Debt. Allowed. Attachment. May issue in all cases. . Executions and Stays. Execution issues one day after Court ad- journs. No stay. Judgments without Defense. Entered on fourth day of term. Jurisdiction of Courts. Justices’, $13.33; Supreme, unlimited. Limitations. Open accounts, 6 years. Written contracts, 6 years Sealed, 20 years. Judgments of record, 20 years. Preferences under Assignment. Not allowed. NEW JERSEY. Arrest for Debt. Issues for fraud. Attachment. Issues against non-resident and absconding debtor. Executions and Stays... Execution issues at once. May be stayed from 3 to 6 months on justices' judgments. Judgments without Defence. Entered in Justices’ Court, 5 days. Circuit and Supreme, 33 days. Jurisdiction of Courts. Justices', $100. Circuit, over $100. Supreme, over $200. Limitations. Open accounts, 6 years. Written contracts, 6 years. Sealed, 6 years. Judgments of record, 20 years. Preferences under Assignment. Not allowed. NEW MEXICO. Arrest for Debt. Issues against debtor about to abscond. Attachment. Issues against non-resident, absconding and concealed debtor, and for fraud. Executions and Stays. , Execution issues immediately in all courts except justices', and there in 10 days. No stay except on appeal. Limitations. None. Preferences under Assignment. Not allowed. NEw York. Arrest for Debt. Abolished by statute, but allowed in case of fraud. Attachment. Issues against non-resident, absconding, and con: cealed debtor, and for removing and concealing property to defraud creditors. Executions and Stays. Issue at once. No stay. Judgment without Defence. Entered in Supreme Court, 20 days. Superior, 20 days. Jurisdiction of Courts. Justices’, $200. Supreme, unlimited. Limitations. Open accounts, 6 years. Written contracts, 6 years. Sealed, 20 years. '# of record, 20 years. Preferences under Assignment. Regulated by statute. NORTH CAROLINA- Arrest for Debt. Same as New York. Attachment. Same as New York. . Executions and Stays. Execution issues after close of term. Jus- tices' judgments may be stayed 6 months. Judgments without Defence. Entered during the term on 10 days . notice prior to opening of term. Jurisdiction of Courts. Justices", $200. Superior, over $200. Limitations. Open accounts, 3 years. Written contracts, 3 years. Sealed, 10 years. £ of record, 10 years. Preferences under Assignment. Allowed. OHIO. Arrest for Debt. Issues for fraud. Attachment. Issues against non-resident and absconding debtor and for fraud. Executions and Stays. Executions issue at once, Justices', judg- ments may be stayed from Go to 240 days. £ents without Defence. Entered in five weeks during session Oli "Olli" Jurisdiction of Courts. Justices’, $1oo; Common Pleas, over $100. Limitations. Open accounts, 6 years. Written contracts, 20 years. Sealed, 15 years. Judgments of record, 20 years. Preferences under Assignment. Not allowed. — ==" r * * ~ -—9 QRECON, #est for Debt. Issues against fraudulent and absconding debtors. ttachment. Issues on unsecured contracts. £ons and Stays. Execution issues immediately. No stay. in *dgments without Defense. Entered in Io days if summons served f'; and 20 days if served out of county. S £ions. Open accounts, 6 years. Written contracts, 6 years. Caled, ro years. £ of record, 10 years. *references under Assignment. Allowed. PEN NSYLVANIA. Arrest for Debt, Issues for fraud. Ce £ent. Issues, against non-resident, absconding and con- # cd debtors, and for fraud. to'ecutions and stays. Execution issues at once. May be stayed 6 9 12 months. £ents without Defense. Entered from 12 to 30 days. 'risdiction of Courts. Justices', $100. Common Pleas, all over. Se £itation: Open accounts, 6 years. Written contracts, 6 vears. # 20 years. Judgments of record, 20 years. *ferences under Assignment. Not allowed. RHODE ISLAND. C..'t for Debt. Issues against absconding debtor, and for fraud in £ a debt, and disposing of property. dé'ent. Issues against non-resident debtor for fraudulent 5 and for concealing and disposing of property. s £ and stays. Execution issues five days after Court ad- 3. No stav. t m: "dgments without Defence. Entered second day of term, if sum- ' Served 20 days before the term opens. l #" of Courts. Justices', $100. Common Pleas and Supreme, IOO. S *imitations. Onen accounts, 6 years. Written contracts, 6 years. # 20 years. 'udgments of record, 20 years. *ferences under Assignment. Regulated by statute. souTH cARoLINA. *rest for Debt. Same as New York. Attachment. Same as New York. - ecutions and stays. Execution issues last day of term. No stay. d': without Defense. Entered on first day of term on 21 prior notice. * * * 'risdiction of courts. Justices', $100. Common Pleas unlimited. imitations. Open accounts, 6 years. Written contracts, 6 years. led, 20 years. £ of record, 20 years. *eferences under Assignment. Not allowed. TENNESSEE. *rest for Debt. Not allowed. for #ment. issues against absconding and concealed debtor, and 110. af ecutions and Stays. Execution issues in Justices' Court 3 days £, ''. Circuit Court, 30 days. Justices' judgment may be months. * w£gments without Defense. Entered in Justices' Court 1 to 3 'cks. Circuit, during term, on notice 5 days prior to term. c:# of courts. Justices', on accounts, $500; on notes, $1,000. * Court, over $50. . s:#itations. O £ accounts, 6 years. Written contracts, 6 years. 'led, to years. udgments of record, so years. n£rences under Assignment. Allowed, except by limited part- 1p. Sea TEXAS. *rest for Debt. Not allowed. dé'# # against non-resident, absconding and concealed • find for fraud. * * * aft *cutions and stays. Execution issues in District Court 20 lays £ judgment. County Court, 15 days. Justices', 11 days. Justices Judgment may be stayed 90 days. * # --- ? C *dgments without Defence. Entered at first term in Justices' and *nty Court. In District Court may be postponed one or two terms. D#diction of courts. Justices', $200. County $200 to $1,000. Strict, over $500. Se #tations. Open accounts, 2 years. Written contracts, 4 years. # cd, 10 years. £ of record, 10 years. *ferences under Assignment. Not allowed. -s (19<>$-&His- COLLECTION LAWS. 54 I Sealed, 20 years. 6-m-m- UTAH. Arrest for Debt. Issues against absconding and fraudulent debtor. Attachment. . Issues against non-resident, absconding and concealed debtor, and for fraud. Executions and stays. Execution issues immediately. Court may grant a stay for a limited time. Limitations. Open accounts, 2 years. Written contracts, 4 years. Sealed, 5 years. Judgments of record, 5 years. Preferences under Assignment. Allowed. % VERMONT. Arrest for Debt. Issues against defendant about to abscond, and has property worth $20. Attachment. May issue in all cases. Executions and Stays. Execution issues immediately. No stay. Judgments without Defence. Entered on notes at first term, on ac- counts at second. Jurisdiction of Courts. Justices’, $200. Circuit, over $200. Limitations. Qpen accounts, 6 years. Written contracts, 6 years. Sealed, 8 years. Judgments of record, 8 years. Preferences under Assignment. Regulated by statute. VIRGINIA Arrest for Debt. Issues against debtor about to abscond. Attachment: Issues against non-resident debtor, and for fraudulent- ly disposing of property. Executions and Stays. Execution issues 15 days after beginning of term, or when court adjourns. No stay. Judgments without Defense, Entered in Justices' Court after 1 day's notice. In other courts after the expiration of two rule days. (Rüle days first Monday in each month.) Jurisdiction of Courts. Justices’, $200. Circuit, over $200. Limitations. Open accounts, 2 years. Written contracts, 5 years. Sealed, 20 years. ''udgments of record, 20 years. No Assignment Law8. s" WASHINCTON TERRITORY. Arrest for Debt. Issues against non-residents, and for fraud. Attachment. Issues against non-resident, absconding and concealed debtor for fraud and fraudulent disposition of property. Limitations. Open accounts, 3 years. Written contracts, 6 years. Sealed, 6 years. Judgments of record, 6 years. Preferences under Assignment. Not allowed. WEST VI. RCI NIA. Arrest for Debt. Not allowed. Attachment. Same as Virginia. Executions and Stays. Execution issues after court adjourns. Jus- tices judgment may be stayed from 1 to 6 months. t Judgments without Defense. Entered on 60 days notice before Crin. Jurisdiction of Courts. Justices', $1oo. Circuit, over $50. Limitations. Open accounts, 3 years. Written contracts, 5 years. Sealed, 20 years. Judgments of record, 10 years. Preferences under Assignment. Allowed. WISCONSIN. Arrest for Debt. Same as New York. Attachment. Same as New York. Executions and Stays. Execution issues immediately, except on judgments entered by default during vacation. Judgments without Defense. Entered 20 days after notice. Jurisdiction of Courts. Justices’, $200. Circuit, over $200. Limitations. Open accounts, 6 years. Written contracts, 6 years. £ of record, 20 years. Preferences under Assignment. Allowed. WYOM, INC. Arrest for Debt. Issues for fraud. Attachment. Issues against non-resident, absconding or concealed debtor, or for concealing his property, and for fraud. Executions and Stays. Execution issues immediately. No stay al- lowed, except in Justices’ Court. Limitations. Open accounts, 4 years. Written contracts, 5 years. Sealed, 5 years. Preferences under Assignment. Not allowed. w INSOLVENT AND ASSIGNMENT LAWS. WWNW y: - - - ' * -* ** ill," *'' £: #: \ - : # *::: a 'h * -- - 7 :"..."::II, &: ! 1 ...: 'T' 5" | - 4'. 4'4 # - | " ". . 1.ll " !, " ' • | 11 I s > l f * s bIN CE the repeal of the United %" States Bankrupt Law, the laws of the different States respecting in- solvency, assignments for the bene- fit of creditors, exemptions of prop- erty from liability for debts, and attachments of property upon mesne process have become of gen- eral interest. A short epitome of them is here presented. The following are some of the general rules governing these matters: A discharge in insolvency does not affect the rights of a creditor, who is not within the jurisdiction of the State where the dis- charge is granted, and does not submit him- self to that jurisdiction by proving his claim against the estate of the debtor. In the absence of statutes, assignments of property for the benefit of creditors are valid, even though they provide for preferences, and for a release of the debtor by creditors taking the benefit of them. | # # An involuntary assignment, under the laws of one State, of choses in action and other property, in another, is not good against attaching creditors in the second State. A voluntary assignment will not prevail against a prior attachment, nor against a subsequent attachment, unless the assignment is valid under, and executed with the formalities required by, the laws of the State where the property is at- tached. For exemptions see following chapter giving abstract of State laws governing exemptions. ALABAM.A.-No insolvent law. Assignments regulated by statute, which forbids preferences, or any provision for the release of the debtor. Attachments issue against a defendant who is a non-resident, or ab- sconds, or removes his #y from the State, or is guilty of fraud, etc. # bond is required of plaintiff. Limit of jurisdiction justice of the peace SIOO. ARIZONA,-No insolvent or assignment law. Attachments issue in actions upon contract for direct payment of money where plaintiff has no security, or when defendant is a non-resident, etc. The plaintiff must give bond. Limit of jurisdiction justice of the peace $300. 4O g- ©S. (V/ T INSOLVENT —AND— ASSICN MENT Zs. %%# +#=L-A-TVNZTS:=#|- # # of THE DIFFERENT starEs of THE union. "a ! " - *. ''''', \ . % - * # *<==\ if 'A "...W. * 5 * '' 24 '' | + "li i r = "ill's". #TS S'z+\"" : | ARKANSAS,-No insolventJaw. Assignments regulated by statute, which forbids preferences and frees the debtor from liability to arrest or imprisonment. Attachments issue against a defendant who is non-resi. dent, about to leave the State, avoids service of process, conceals prop- £: or is guilty of fraud, etc. Limit of jurisdiction justice of the peace S300. CALIPORNIA.—An insolvent law, by which a debtor surrendering his property inay receive a discharge from his debts. . No preferences permitted. No discharge in case of fraud, nor from debts due as a de- positary of funds received as banker, broker, or commission merchant. Assignments not allowed, unless under this law. Attachments when defendant is a non resident, or in an action upon contract for direct pay- ment of money, where plaintiff has no security, the plaintiff giving bond. Limit of jurisdiction justice of the peace $300. COLORAD0,—No insolvent or assignment law. Attachments (plaint- iff giving bond) when defendant is non-resident, or conceals himself, or stands in defiance of oflicer, or in case of fraud, etc. Limit of jurisdic- tion justice of the peace $300. CONNECTIOUT.-Insolvent law, with compulsory proceedings, }: may be taken by creditor to amount of $1oo. 'Property put into hahds of trustee. Discharge from debts proved, upon payment of seventy per cent. Debtors property exempt for two years from legal process upon debts winich might have been proved. Assignments must be adminis- tered under this law. '' on mesne process, in all cases. Limit of jurisdiction justice of the peace $100. DAKOTA.—No insolvent law. Assignments, without preferences, al.: lowed, but are void against any creditor not assenting thereto, if they tend to coerce the creditor to release his claim, or provide for payment o fraudulent claim, or reserve any benefit to assignor, or confer any power upon assignee, which may delay the conversion of the assigned prop- erty, or exempt the nssignee from liability from neglect of duty, etc. Attachments (plaintiff giving bond) when £ is non-resident...ab: sconds, conceals or conveys property in fraud of creditors, etc. Limit o jurisdiction justice of the peace $100. DELAWARE,-No insolvent law. An imprisoned debtor may be re- leased upon making an assignment, except in cases of fraud. Volun, tary assignments governed by the common law, except that a special artnership may not give preferences. Attachments (plaintiff giving. ' when defendant has fraudulently left the State, etc. Limit of jurisdiction justice of the peace $100. DISTRIOT OF COLUMBIA.-No insolvent or assignment laws, ex" cept that assignments of the £ of a special partnership with pref- erences are void. Attachment (plaintiff giving bond) when the de- fendant is non-resident, or removes or is about to remove his property, CtC. FLORIDA.—No insolvent or assignment law. Attachments (the plaintiff giving bond) when the defendant is non-resident, or about, to |' with his property fraudulently, or remove from the State, or fraudu: # secretes property, etc. Limit of jurisdiction justice of the peace 1 CO, GEORGIA.—No insolvent law. Assignments regulated by a statute, which permits preferences, except by special partnership, but forbids the reservation of any benefit to the assignor. Attachments (the plainti giving bond) when defendant is non-resident, absconds, conceals him." self, resists a legal arrest, removes, or is about to remove his property, or fraudulently dispose of the same. Limit of jurisdiction justice of the peace $100. IDAHO,-Insolvent law, under which the debtor is discharged upon making an assignment, as therein provided, except in cases of fraud. Attachments (plaintiff giving £ in actions upon contract for the direct payment of money, when the plaintiff has no lien or security.or when the defendant is a non-resident, etc. limit of jurisdiction justice of the peace $100. f * #= -— INSOLVENT AND ASSIGNMENT LAWS. "-– Ul III INOIs,—No insolvent law. Assignments, without preference £ making which an imprisoned debtor may be released, allowed an £ by statute. Attachments (plaintiff giving bond) when de- £nt is non-resident, absconds, conceals himself or his property, is *ilty of fraud, cte. Limit of jurisdiction justice of the pcace $200. INDIANA-No insolvent law... Assignments, without preferences or £vision for release of debtor, allowed and regulated by statute. At- £ents substantially same as illinois. Limit of jurisdiction justice of 9 peace $200. #1 £p insolvent law. Assignments, without preferences, allowed # £lated by statute. Attachments substantially same as in Illinois. "it of jurisdiction justice of the peace Sico. By consent of parties $300. lo NSAS.—No insolvent law. Assignments, without preference, al- Il 'ed and regulated by statute. Attachments substantially as in Illi- * Limit of jurisdiction justice of the peace $300. preference may be set aside in six months. Attachment substan- Y as in Illinois. Limit of jurisdiction justice of the peace $100. n:#IANA-Insolvent law, with compulsory proceedings by a judg- £creditor, upon return of the execution “no property found.” The £ tor makes a 'surrender to the creditors, and may be discharged by £nt of a majority of creditors in number and amount, except in case *ud or preference is proved. Assignments, without preference, may C made without regard to the insolvent law. Attachment substantially * in Illinois. Limit ofjurisdiction justice of the peace $100. MAINE-Insolvent law, passed in 1878 and cxtensively amended 1879 £d on the U. S. Bankrupt Law. Voluntary petition may be fi'i #. debtor.owing $300. Involuntary proceedings by at least two cred- £, having one-fourth in amount of the provable debts. Debtors ov- # less than $300 may make an assignment in a summary manner. No £age is required to be paid to cntitle n debtor, for the first time in- 'ent, to discharge. . Attachments within four months from date of 31 's petition dissolved. Preferences given within two months void, £ £y be recovered by assignee. Assignments are probably acts of £y ency and may be set aside by the assignee in insolvency, if made thin four months of the filing of the petition. Otherwise probabl £, if without preferences. Attachments on mesne process in ail *s. Limit of jurisdiction justice of the peace $1oo. MARYLAND.-Insolvent law, under which the debtor is discharged *pon surrender of his property, except where fraud or preference, is £ed. Assignments subject to rules of common law. Attachment plaintiff giving bond) when defendant is non-resident, and in cases of "d, etc. Limit of jurisdiction justice of the peace $130. I'AS$ACHUSETTS.-Insolvent law, similar to the U.S. Bankrupt ''': Proceedings generally the same except that involuntary petition may be filed by one creditor, and the acts of insolvency are not so numer- £ ischarge upon payment of fifty per cent., or by consent of major- y of number and value of creditors: "None in case of fraud £ ence. Assignments are acts of insolvency, but good if not avoided by issignce in insolvency. Attachments on mesne process, in all cases. "it of jurisdiction justice of the peace $300. t MIQHIGAN-Insolvent law, by which a debtor, with the consent of £hirds of his creditors, and upon surrendering his property, may be ischarged. Assignments, allowed and regulated by act of iS79. At- achments (plaintiff'giving bond) issue when defendantis a non-resident, * is guilty of fraud, etc.” Limit of jurisdiction justice of the peace $300. "'N NESQTA.—No insolvent law. , Assignments, without preference, allowed £i regulated by statute. Attachment (plaintiff giving bond) when tlefendant is non-resident, conceals his property, is guilty of fraud, etc. Limit ofjurisdiction justice of the peace $100. I MISSISSIPPI.—No insolvent law. Assignments not requiring a re- #se of the debtor allowed. Attachments (plaintiff giving bond) when e endant is non-resident, conceals property, or is guilty of fraud, etc. "it of jurisdiction justice of the peace $150. MISSOURI —No insolvent law. Assignments, without preference, "loyed and regulated by statutes amended in 1879. Attachments plaintiff giving bond) when defendant is a non-resident, conceals him- self or property, or is guilty of fraud. Limit of jurisdiction justice of the peace $306. t; '0NTANA.—No insolventor assignment laws. Attachments in ac- #9ns upon contracts to pay money, the plaintiff giving bond in double £ Value of property attached; also before debt due, if debtor fraudu- £ntly disposes of his property to defraud his creditors. Limit of juris- "ction justice of the peace $100. EBRASKA.—No insolvent law. Assignments, without preference £ and regulated by a recent # is: Attachments (the p intiff giving bond) when defendant is non-resident, or conceals prop- # or is guilty of fraud, etc. Limit of jurisdiction justice of the peace # tial d:#NADA-Insolvent law. No percentage or consent, required for ischarge, which is only from debts mentioned in debtor's schedules. £: if fraud or preference, etc. Assignments forbidden. Attach- In £(the plaintiff giving bond) in actions upon contract for direct pay- £of money where plaintiff has no security. Limit of jurisdiction ": of the peace $300. EW HAMPSHIRE-Noinsolventlaw. Assignments, without pref. £nce, or provisio: #: release of debtor allowed and regulated by £ , Attachment on mesne process in all cases. Limit of jurisdic- on justice of the peace $100. KENTUCKY—No insolvent law. Assignments regulated by statutc. 543 NEW, JERSEY.—No proper insolvent law. Assignment law by which the debtor is discharged from the debt proved under assignment, except where the debtor is guilty of fraud or concealment, etc. Attach- ment when defendant is non-resident or absconds from his creditors. Limit of jurisdiction justice of the peace $100. * NEW MEXIC0.—No insolvency or assignment laws. . Attachments substantially as in Illinois. Limit of jurisdiction justice of the peace $100. NEW YORK.-Insolvent law, under which the debtor surrendering his property is discharged by conscnt of the persons representing two-thirds of the debts. No discharge if fraud or preference is proved. No in- £ proceedings unless the debtor is imprisoned. Assignments and the dutics of assignees have been regulated by recent acts, S77 and 1ST3:... Attachments substantially as in Illinois. " Limit of jurisdiction justice of the peace $200. NORTHCAROLINAR-A law by which, upon surrendering his prop- erty, the person of the debtor is free from liability to arrest of imprison- ment cxcept when fraud is £ but the debt is not discharged. As- signments allowed. Attachments substantially as in Illinois. Limit of jurisdiction justice of the peace $200. OHIO-A law similar to that of North Carolina. Assignments, with- out preference, allowed and regulated by statue. Attachments substan- tially as in Illinois. Limit of jurisdiction justice of the peace $300. 0REG0N-Attachments (the plaintiff giving bond) upon all contracts, payment of which is unsecured. . Voluntary assignment law dissolves attachments, if made at any time before judgment, distributes assets pro rata among all creditors presenting claims within three months, Limit of jurisdiction iustice of the peace $250. PENNSYLVANIA-Law similar to that of North Carolina. Assign- ments, without.preference, allowed and regulated by statute. Attach- ments substantially as in Illinois. Limit of jurisdiction justice of the peace $300. RHODE ISLAND.-No insolvent law. Assignments allowed and reg- ulated by a recent statute, which took effect September, 1878. Attach- ments or levies, within sixty days after the same are made or commenced, may be dissolved by an assignment, without preference, under the act. Upon the giving of a preference by the debtor, any three creditors hold- ing not less than one-third of the debts may petition the supreme court in equity for the appointment of a receiver of his estate, who is to take possession like āfi assignee in bankruptcy. Preferences given by the debtor within sixty days of the commencement of proceedings, are void, as under U. S. bankrupt law. There is no provision for the discharge of the debtor. Attachments, when defendant is non-resident, or his fraudulently contracted the debt, or conceals or disposes of his property, or has refused to ''' his property to the payment thereof. Limit of jurisdiction justice of the peace $100. SOUTH CAROLINA.-Assignments, with .ut preference, allowed and regulated by statute. Insolvent may be released from prison on making general assignment, and is also released from the claims of all creditors who accept a dividend out of the estate so assigned by him. Attach- ments £ as in Illinois. Limit of jurisdiction justice of the peace $100. C. .TENNESSEE-Assignments without preference allowed and regula- ted by a recent statute, Act of April 2, 1881. Attachments substantially as in Illinois. Limit of jurisdiction justice of the peace, $50 to $1,000. TEXAS,-By law of 1879, debtor may assign, without preference, for the benefit of such creditors only as will assent to the discharge. At- tachments substantially as in Illinois. Limit of jurisdiction justice of the peace $200. . UTAH-Law as to insolvency and assignments substantially same as in Tennessee. Attachments (when plaintiff has no security) substan- tially as in Illinois. Limit of jurisdiction justice of the peace $300. WERMONT.-Insolvent law of 1876, inodeled on the U.S. bankrupt law, with involuntary proceedings by one or more creditors to amount to $250. No discharge, unless assets equal 30 per cent. debts, or by consent of majority in number and amount of debts proved. No discharge, also, in substantially same cases as in bankrupt law. Assignments appear to be acts of insolvency, which may be set aside by an assignee in insolv- ency, if made within four months offiling his petition. Attachments on mesne process in all cases. Limit of jurisdiction justice of the peace $200. VIRGINLA.-No insolvent or assignment laws. Preferences allowed. Attachments substantially as in Illinois. Limit of jurisdiction justice of the peace $50. WASHINGTON TERRITORY-Insolvent law under which debtor may be discharged whose assets equal one-third of debts, unless fraud or preference is shown. Attachments substantially as in Illinois. Limit of jurisdiction justice of the peace $100. WESTVIRGINIA-No insolvent law., Assignments regulated by statute, preferences being allowed. Attachments same as in Virginia. Limit # jurisdiction justice of the peace $100. WISC0NSIN-Insolvent law, by which debtor is discharged upon surrendering property and complying with law. Assignments, with preferences, unless by limited partnerships, allowed and regulated by statute. Attachments substantially as in Illinois. Limit of jurisdiction justice of the peace $300. WYOMING-Assignments regulated by statute, which forbid prefer- ence. Creditors accepting from assignee their dividend are obliged by the statute to release the assignor from all further liability. Attachments substantially the same as in Illinois. Limit of jurisdiction justice of the peace $100. * - -->= * STATE LAWS RELATING TO EXEMPTIONS FROM ATTACHMENT. * ABSTRACT OF THE WARIO ---4- *. -*. -*- *- .*. US STATE LAWS AND THE PROVINCE OF CANADA, SHOWING PROPERTY EXEMPT FROM FORCED SALE. ". . ." *- : ** £íž ~ * * * D. exemption Laws. These ... provide very generally, that # a HoMESTEAD is protected o from creditors, and exem- pted from all attachment of execution, except in some £ States for taxes or wages %' " of labor to a certain amount, that bed %. S. and bedding, and other necessary fur- Ç 9&#~£S # # niture, needful clothing, a Bible and 2(£ school books, and a certain amount of food and fuel shall not be taken on § attachment or execution. These stat- # utes often enumerate the articles ex- empted very minutely. © (@ AIRSTRACTS OF STATE LAWS RE- # = LATING TO EXEMIIPTIONS FROMI ATTACIIMIENT. Alabama. Homestead worth $2,000, and Personal Property $1,000. Personal property, to be selected by the debtor, to the value of one thous- and dollars, is exempt from sale on execution, or other process of court, also the homestead of the dcbtor not £ one hundred and sixty acres, not in any city, town, or village, or, in lieu thereof, any lot in any.city, town, or village, not exceeding two thousand dollars in value. Also are exempt, lots in cemeteries, pew or seat in church, proper wearing apparel, family portraits, books used in the family, and the Wages or Salaries of laborers or £yes, for personal service, not ex- ceeding twenty-five dollars per month. Arkansas. Homestead worth $2,500 and Personal Property worth $500. Personal property to the value of five hundred dollars to be selected by the debtor. The homestead of a married man, or one who is the head or a family, not exceeding one hundred and sixty acres, and not in any town, city, or village, or in lieu thereof, any lot in a town, city, or village, owned and occupied by the defendant, not exceeding two thousand five hundred dollars in valne. CIllifornia. Homestead worth £ and Personal Property to wit: Chairs, tables, desks and books, to the value of two hindréd dollars; necessary household furniture, including one sewing-machine, and One !' in actual usc, or belonging to a woman; Stoves, stove- pipe, and utensils, wearing apparel, beds, bedding, and bedsteads, pro- visions actually provided for one month, farm utensils, two oxen or two horses or two mules and harness, one cart or wagon, and food for said animals for one month, seed, grain, or vegetables for sowing, not exceeding in value two hundred dollars' Tools of mechanics or 'art: sans; the records and scal of a notary public; the instruments of sur- geons, dentists, and other professional men; the law libraries and oflice furniture of lawyers, and the libraries of ministers. The cabin of a miner, not exceeding five hundred dollars in value, with all the g-- implements and gear necessary for his business, with two horses, mules, or oxen, and harness, and food for the same for one month. Two oxen, mulés, or horses and harness, with food for the same for OI) (2 month, and the cart or other vehicle by which carters, hackmen, peddlers, etc., habitually earn their living, one horse, vehicle, and har- fless lised by physicians or ministers, in making professional visits; the earnings of the judgment debtor for personal services rendered Within thirty days next preceding the levy, when it appears by affidavit that such carnings are necessary for family support; £ a homestead, Consisting of the land on which the debtor resides, to be selected by him, to the value of five thousand dollars, if the head of a family, or one thousand dollars of any other person. Coloratio: //omestead worth $2,000 and Personal Property $1,000 Every person being a householder and head of a family, is entitled to a homestead not exceeding in value two thousand dollars. To entitle such person to this exemption, he must enter the word “IIomestead” on the margin of his recorded title. The following property, when owned by any person being head of a family, shall be £ Famil # pictures, school-books and library, pew in church, burial sites, all wearing apparel of family, all beds, bedsteads, stoves, and cooking utensils, kept for use of debtor and family, and other house- hold furniture, not exceeding one hundred dollars in value; provisions and fuel necessary to the family for six months;, tools, etc., of any mechanic, not exceeding two hundred dollars in value; library and im. lemcnts of any professional man, not exceeding three hundred dol- ars; draft animals to the value of two hundred dollars; one cow and calf, ten sheep, and the necessary food for them for six months; one farm wagon, cart, cte:, one plow, one harrow, and other farming im- # not exceeding fifty dollars in value. Persons not at the ead of a family, only entitled to wearing apparel and property to the value of three hundred dollars. Connecticut. , No homestead exempted. The necessary apparel and bedding, household furniture necessary for supporting life # clause is construcd liberally). The arms, military equipments, uni- forms, or musical instruments owned by members of the militia, pen- sion money received from the United States, implements of the debtor's trade, library not exceeding in value five hundred dollars, one cow not exceeding one hundred and fifty dollars in value, sheep not cxceeding ten, or fifty dollars in value, two swine, and two hundred pounds of pork. Of the property of any one having a family, twenty- iive bushels of charcoal, and two tons of other coal, two hundred pounds of wheat flour, and two cords of wood, two tons of hay, two hundred pounds of bc.cf and fish cach, five bushe's each of potatoes and turnips, ten bushels each of Indian corn and rye, or the meal and flour, there- from, twenty pounds each of wool and flax, or the yarn and cloth therefrom, one stove and'. the horse of a p'#' sician not exceeding two hundred dollars in value, and a saddle, bridle, harness and buggy, oyster-boat or shad-boat, and the ri ging thereto not ex- ceeding in value two hundred dollars, one sewing-machine, one pew, and lots in a burying-ground. ID alcota.-Homestead of 160 acres with buildings, and one acre in a village or city and personal property. The householder is entitled to a homestead consisting of hot more than one hundred and sixty acres of land with buildings and appurtenances thereon and per- sonal property aggregating in value not to exceed $1,500 which per- sonal property is defined by statute. Delaware. No IIome Exempted, Personal Property, $275.- Family library, school-books, £ Bible, family pictures, seat or pew in church, lot in burial ground, all wearing apparel of debtor and family; and in addition to above, tools, implements and fixtures neces- sary to carry on trade or business, not exceeding $75. Head of family, in addition to the above, or other personal property not exceeding $200. And in Newcastle county, wages for labor and services are ex- empt from an execution attachment. | * * * --— -—? :-- STATE LAWS RELATING TO EXEMPTIONS FROM ATTACHMENT. 545 "--— Ristrict or Columbia.—No home exempted. ta' ollowing property of a household is exempt, from distraint at- £nt or sale on execution, except for servants’ or laborers' wages # Wearing apparel, household furniture to the amount of $300, pro- Visions and fiel'for three months, mechanics' tools or implements of *y trade to the value of $200 with stock to same amount, and library £nd implements of a professional man or artist to the value of $300, a 'her's team and other utensils to the value of $100, family pictures Bnd library in value of $400. £lorida.—Home, Farm, or House and Lot, and Personal Pro: £rty.-A homestead to the extent of 160 acres of land, or the half of # acre within the limits of any incorporated city or town, owned by e head of a famil y residing in this State, together with $1,000 worth 91 personal roperty, and the improvements on the real estate, shall C CXem £ from £ sale under any process of law, and the real “state shall not be alienable without the foint consent of husband and Wife, when that relation exists. “But no property, shall be ex-, £pt from sale for taxes, or for the payment of obligations con- tracted for the purchase of said £ or for the crection of improve- In Cnts thereon, or for house, field or other labor performed on the same; he exemption herein provided for, in a city or town, shall not extend 9 more improvements or buildings than ihe residence or business Ouse of the owner." Georgia.—A home worth $1,600 and personal property worth $1,000. Tach head of a family, or guardian or trust e of a family of £ children, shall be entitled to realty or personalty, or both, to h9 value of sixteen hundred dollars in the aggregate, and both to be X'itled at the time they are set apart. And no court or ministerial £r in this State shall ever have jurisdiction or authority to en- orce any judgment, decree or execution against said £ SO Sct apart—including such improvements as may be made thereon from The to time—except for taxes, money borrowed and expended in the "provement of the homestead, or for the purchase money of the £ #d for labor done thereon, or material furnished thereför, or remova 9f incumbrances thereon." And it shall be the '' of the General A8- £mbly as early as practicable, to provide, by law, (or the setting apart £Valuation of said property, and to enact laws for the full and com; plete protection and security of the same to the sole use and benefit of said families as aforesaid. *daho.—Home worth sE,000 and personal property. The head Of a family being a householder, either husband or wife may select * homestead not exceeding in value $5,000; when the same is duly #lected and declaration made thereof, while furniture, teams, tools, £90k, and other personal property enumerated by statute, shall be £empt from execution, except upon a judgment recovered for its Price, or upon a mortgage thereon. h'impis-Home worth $1,000 and Personal Property. ...Every 90seholder, having a family, is entitled to an exemption to the ex- # of one thousand dollars in the farm or lot or land, and the build- # thereon, owned or possessed, by lease or otherwise, and occu- Pied as a residence. The exemption, unloss released by deed, extends he husband or wife surviving and to the children until the young- # becomes twenty-one, so long as they continue in the '# # the homestead. Homesteads are not cxempt from liabilities £d for their purchase or improvement. The proceeds, of any £ the owner are exempt to the extent of one thousand dollars for Gâr, $1 The following articles of personal property owned by the debtor # 'tempt, namely: Necessary wearing apparel, Bibles, school books £ family pictures of every person, and one hundred dollars worth of d her property to be selected by the debtor, and in addition when the £: is the head of the # and resides with the same, three £d dollars worth of other property to be selected by the debtor, £ Which selection shall not be allowed from money, salary or # due the debtor. "Should any of the exempted property be £, double its value may be recovered. to t en exemptions are claimed, the debtor, is required, to deliver hi he officer having the writ a schedule under oath, embracing all # personal pro erty, including money and debts due him, and prop- $1 y not £ therein is not exempted; the property is then Rplaised by three householders, and the debtor selects such as he £ at the appraised value, and the excess over the exemptions to W $h he is entified, he delivers to the officer. |S When the head of a family dies, deserts, or does not reside with same, lich family is entitled to the benefit of exemptions just mentioned. £nd services of a defendant, being the headg: a family and £ ding with the same, to an amount not exceeding $50, are exempt "9m garnishment. h Indiana. Property to the value of $600. Any resident householder £an exemption from levy and sale under execution of real or £al £: or both, or any debt, founded on contract since £as lic may select, to the value of $600, # #, case of £ £founded upon contracts made previous to May 31, 1879, the ex- 'tion is only $300. The exemptión does not affect liens for labor, £e money or taxes in any event. There is no homestead ex- *ption in the ordinary sense of the form. P£: Farm of 40 Acres or House and Lot in City and Personal b ? °rty-The homestead must embrace the house used as a home #. £9Wner thereof, and if he has two or more houses thus used by £ "t different times and places, he may select which he will retain : homestead. If within a town plat it must not exceed $4 acre in # if not in a town plat it must not embrace in the aggregate more *40 acres. But if when thus limited, in either case its value is iess == s-> than $500, it may be enlarged until its value reaches that amount. Wearing '' kept for £ use; trunks to contain same; 1 un; £ braries and family portraits; musical instruments not ept for sale; two cows; one horse; fifty sheep; five hogs; six hives of bees; one bed and bedding for every two in the family; household and kitchen furniture not exceeding $200; spinning-wheel; loom and sewing-machine; provisions and fuel for six months; the tools, in- struments or books of debtor, if a farmer, mechanic, surveyor, lawyer, clergyman, physician, teacher or professor. If a printer, printing. press, and types, etc., for the use of such newspaper of ice, not ex- ceeding $1,200. The personal earnings of the debtor of the family for the ninety days preceding the execution. To an unmarried person, a £ not the head of the family, ordinary wearing # and trunks to contain the same are excmpt. If a debtor abconds and leaves his family, such property allowed to the head of a family shall be exempt in hands of his wife and children or either. A single man, not the head of a family, non-residents, and those who have started to leave the State are excluded from the above cxemptions; their property is liable to execution, with the exception of ordinary wearing apparel, and trunks to contain the same; value not to exceed $75. No exemption shall protect property against execution for the pur- chase money thereof. Kansas... Home of 160 Acres of Farm Land, or House and One Acre in a Village or City, and Personal Property. A homestead to the extent of 100 acres of farming land, or of one acre within the limits of an incorporated town or city, occupied as a residence by the family of the owner, together with all improvements on the same, of what- ever, value is exempt., Exemptións of personal property'allowed a resident, being the head of a family, are: the family library, Bible and school books; family pictures and musical iustruments in use; a pew in a church and lot in a burial ground; all the wearing apparel and all beds, bedsteads and bedding used by the family; cooking-stove, ap- pendages and cooking utensils, and other stoves and # necessary for the use of the family; a sewing-machine; all spinning wheels and looms, and other implements of industry and other hous: hold furniture not above enumerated, not to exceed $500 in value; two cows; ten hogs; one yoke of oxen, and one horse or mule, or in lieu of the oxen and horse or mule, a span of horses or mules; twenty sheep and wool of same, either raw or manufactured; the necessary food for the stock mentioned above for one year; one wagon, cart or dray; two plows; one drag and other farming utensils not exceed- ing $300 in value; provisions and fuel on hand sufficient for a year; the necessary tools and implements of any mechanic, miner or other erson, used and kept for the purpose of £ on his trade and # together with stock in trade not exceeding $400 in value; the library, implements and otlice furniture of any professiona man. Exemption, of personal property allowed a resident of this State, not the head of a family, are: wearing apparel; pew in a cnurch and a lot in a burial ground; necessary tools and instruments of any mechanic, miner or other person, used and kept for the purpose of carrying on his trade or business, together with stock in trade as above. The ' of a debtor also, for personal services rendered within three months next preceding the issuin g of an execution, are exempt, if it appear they are necessary, in whole or in part for the sup- port of his family. No personal property is exempt from attachment or execution for the wages of any clerk, mechanic, laborer or servant. Rentucky. Home, worth $1,000, and Personal Property. To bona fide housekeeper with a family, resident in the State; two work beasts, or one work beast and one yoke of oxen; two plows and gear; • one wagon and a set of gear, or one cart or dray; two cows and calves; five head of sheep; provisions sufficient to sustain the family one year, and provender sufficient to support the stock one year; one Sewing machine; the usual household and kitchen furniture of limited value, etc.; the tools of a mechanic not exceeding $100 in value; the libraries of ministers of the gospel, physicians and attorneys at law, not to ex- ceed in value $500, and one horse with cart or dray for laboring man. In addition to the personal property exempt from execution on all debts or liabilities created after the 1st of June, 1866, so much land, including the dwelling-house and appurtenances owned by the debtor as shall not exceed $1,000, shall also be exempt to the bona fide housekeeper with a family. Louisiana. Home of 160 Acres of Land, and Personal Property in all worth $2,000. 160 acres of land, with buildings and improve- ments thereon, occupied as a residence, and bona fide owned by the debtor having a family, a person or persons dependent upon him for support; together with personal property, making in alf a value not cxceeding $2,000. Tools of trade, salaries, wages, and personal servi- ces, all wearing '' all agricultural implements, working cattle, and provisions and supplics necessary for carrying on the plantation for the coming year. A written declaration must be made by the person claiming such benefit. Maine. Home worth $500 and Personal Property. Homestead to the value of $500, or lot purchased from the State, for a homestead. After the death of the debtor, his widow and minor children are en- titled to the same exemption. A lot in a # wearing £ necessary household furniture not exceeding $50; bed, one bedstead and bedding for every two in the family; all family £: Bibles and school-books in use; copy of the statutes, and a library not cxceeding $150; one cooking-stove, twelve cords wood; five tons anthracite coal and fifty bushels bituminous coal; $10 worth of lum- ber, wood or bark: all produce until harvested; one barrel of flour; thirty bushels corn and grain; all potatoes; all flax raised on one acré of land and all articles manufactured therefrom for the family; tools --> 546 in trade; one sewing-machine worth $100; one pair working cattle or mules; one or two horses, not exceeding in value $300, and hay to keep them through the winter; one cow and heifer; ten sheep, and the lambs and wool raised from them, and hay to keep them £ the winter; one plow; a cart or truck wagon; harrow; yoke with bows, # and staple; two chains; a mowing-machine, and one boat of two OI) S. Maryland. No Homestead # but Personal Property. The property exempted is the personal property actually necessary for the sustenance of the family and the implements or tools necessary to carn a livelihood, and wearing apparel. The Constitution of the State directs tho i.egislature to pass laws exempting from judicial sale property not cxceeding £5 $100 is the amount fixed and ex- empted in pursuance of this constitutional requirement. The exact # of the law is, “all wearing apparel, books, and the tools of II] CCH111111CS. Massachusetts. Home worth # and Personal Property. Every householder having a family shall be homestead to the extent in value of $800, in the farm or lot of land and buildings thcreon owned or rightly possessed by lease or other- wise and occupied by him as a resident, and such homestead and all right and title therein shall be exempt from attachment, levy or exe- cution, sale for the payment of his debts, or other purposes. To con- stitute such estate of homestead and to entitle £, to Such cr- emption, it shall be set forth in the decd of conveyance by which the property is acquired that it is designed to be held as a homestead, or after the title has been acquired such design shall be declared by a Writing duly signed, £, acknowledged and recorded on the regis- try of deeds for the county or district where the property is situated. Personal property is exempt as follows: The necessary wearing apparel of the debtor and his family; two bedstead, bed, and the necessary bed- ding for every two persons of the family; stove and fuel not exceeding $50 in value; other necessary household furniture not exceeding in value $300; the family library not exceeding $50 in value; one cow, six sheep, one swine and two tons of hay; tools, implements and fixtures for £ on trade or business not exceeding $100 in value; materials and stock designed for his trade or business not exceeding $100 in value; nec- e88ary provisions not exceeding $50 in value; the boat, fishing tackle and nets of fishermen, actually in use in their business, not exceeding $100 in value; the uniform, arms and accoutrements required by law to be l:ept by the citizens; one sewing machine to the value of $100, and the wages for personal labor are exempt from attachment to the extent of 20 for a debt or demand other than for necessaries furnished to the ebtor or his family. Michigan. Home worth $1,500 and personal property. A home- stead consisting of any quantity of land, not exceeding 40 acres and dwelling house thereon and its # not included in any recorded town plat or city, or village; or instead thereof at the op- tion of the owner, one lot in a recorded town plat or city, , or village, and the dwelling house thereon and its appurtenances. Said property however, must not exceed $1,500 in value; if so, it may be sol and the excess applied in '' of the £ Personal property is exempt as follows: All spinning wheels, weaving loom with the appar- atus, and stoves put up and kept for use in an £ house, a seat, pew or slip occupied by a person , or family in any place of public worship, all cemeteries, tombs and rights of burial, all arms and ac- coutrements required to be kept by any person, all wearing apparel of every person or family, library and School books of every individual and family not exceeding $150 in value, and all family pictures. To each householder ten sheep with their fleeces, and the yarn or cloth manufactured from the same, two cows, five swine, and provision and fuel for six months' use, all household goods, furniture and utensils not # in value $250; tools, implements, materials, stock, apparatus, team, vehicle, horses, harness or other things to enable any person to Carry On the profession or trade, occupation or business in which he is wholly or principally engaged, not exceeding in value $250; and a sufficient quantity of ' grain, feed and roots for properly keeping for six months the animals hereinbefore specified; one sewing machinó for family use is also exempt. Any chattel mortgage, bill of sale, or #. '' exempt property, except tools of trade, is void, unless signed y witc. Minnesota. Home of Eighty Acres in Farm Lands, and Lot in Village or City, with Personal Property. Eighty acres of land and dwelling houses thereon, or instead thereof one town or city lot and the dwelling houses thereon, regardless of value. Family Bible, books, pictures and musical instruments; church pew and cemetery lot; wearing £ of debtor and family, also beds, bedsteads, and bedding; Stoves and appendages, cooking utensils, and furniture not enumerated not exceeding $500 in value; three cows, ten swine, ouc yoke of oxen and a horse (or a span of horses or mules), twenty sheep; necessary food for stock for one year; one wagon, cart or dray, one sleigh, two plows, one drag, and other farming utensils not cxceeding $300 in value; one sewin machine; seed grain for one year; one year's provisions for debtor an family; one year's fuel; tools or instruments used for carrying on trade, and stock in trade not cxceeding £ library and implements of any professional man; 80 acres of lan and dwell ng house thereon, or in- stead thereof, one town or city lot, and the dwelling houses thereon, regardless of value. Also the wages of any laboring man or woman or their minor children, not cxceeding $20, due for services rendered during the ninety days preceding the issue of the process. Mississippi. Home worth $2,000 and Personal property. On debts contracted after Sept. 1, 1870, only 80 acres of land to the head of each family, being a housekeeper, to a resident of any incorporated town, being # head of a family, and a housekeeper, $2,000 worth of real g-- entitled to an estate of STATE LAWS RELATING TO EXEMPTIONS FROM ATTACIIMENT. --" property, £ g the proper homestead. The exempt personality is, The tools of a mechanic necessary for carrying on his trade. 2. The agricultural implements of a farmer necessary for two male laborers: 3. The implements of a laborer. 4. The books of a student required for the completion of his education. 5. The wearing apparel of ever person. 6. The libraries of licensed attorneys-in-law, practicing Pl: * cians and ministers of the gospel, not exceeding in value $250. 7. The arms and accoutrements of every person enrolled in the militia of the State. 8. All books, globe, and maps used by teachers of schools academies and colléges; also the following property of each head of a family or housekeeper; two horses or mules, or one yoke of oxen, two cows and calves, flve head of stock hogs and five sheep, 150 bushels of corn, ten bushels of wheat or rice, two hundred lbs. of meat, one cart or wagon, not to exceed in value iö0, household and kitchcn furniture not to exceed $100 in value; and $100 of the wages of laborers is exempt from garnishment, in the hands of their employers. __Missouri. Homestead $1,500 to $3,000, and Personal Property. Homestead, if in the country, not to exceed $1.500 in value, and in cities of over 40,000 innabitants, not to exceed $3,000 in value. Per- sonal property is exempt as follows: For heads of families, all wear- ing apparel, usual household furniture not to exceed $100 in value, Provisions in the house and the usual tools of trade of a machanic, or farmers, working and other kind of animals announting in value to about $300. Persons may claim, in place of the aforesaid animals, any kind of property, real or personal. Women, being abandoned by their husbands, and being heads of families, may claim the same ex- cmptions as the husbands. Persons, other than heads of families, aro allowed, as exemptions, their wearing apparel and the necessary tools of a mechanical trade. The last month's wages, regardless of amount, aud excmpt from crecution and attachments. Montana. IIome worth $2,500, and Personal Property. A home; stead not exceeding in value $2,500; in a city or villagé not to cxceed one quarter acre, or farm land not exceeding 160 acres, the debtor tak- ing his choice selecting either, with all improvements thercon includ- ed in the valuation. The lien of a mechanic, laborer, or mortgage lawfully obtained upon the same is not affected by such exemption. In addition to the homestead, personal property to the value of $1,400, and more, according to value of articles cnumerated by statute, is al- lowed to the householder occupying the same. Nebraska. Home worth $500, and Personal Property. A home. stead containlug any quantity of land not exceeding 160 acres, and the £ house thereon, and its appurtenances, to be selected by the owner thereof, and not included in any incorporated city or village; or instead thereof, at the option of the owner, a quantity of contiguous land, not exceeding two lots in any incorporated town, city, or village, and according to the recorded plat of said incorporated town, city, or village; or, in lieu of the above, a lot or parcel of continguous land not exceeding 20 acres, being within the limits of an incor orated town, city, or village, the said parcel or lot of land not being laid off into streets, blocks and lots, owned and occupied by any resident of the State, being the head of a family, shall not be subject to attach- ment, levy or sale upon execution, or other process issuing out of any court in this State, so long as the same shall be occupied by the debtor as a homestead. All heads of families, who have neither lands, town lots, nor houses entitled to exemption as a homestead, under the laws of this State, shall have exemption from forced sale on execution the sum of $500 personal property. Nevada. A Homestead worth $5,000, and Personal Property. A homestead owned by a head of the family, worth $5,000, and the fol- lowing personal property: household furniture to the value of $100; provisions and fire-wood for one month; farming utensils of a farmer inot exceeding in value $200; two horses, two oxen or two mules, and and two cows, one cart or wagon, mechanics' tools; a miner's dwell- ing, in value, $500, and his mining tools; a library of a dentist, physi- cian, lawyer or surgeon; one sewing machine worth $150. A mort- gage or other security on the homestead is void, unless for purchase imoney or mechanic's lien. New Hampshire. Home worth $500, and Personal Property. Homestead to the value of $500, for the benefit of wife widow or chil- dren: Household furniture to value of $100; books and library in use by the debtor and his family to value of $200; necessary wearing apparel of debtor and family; necessary bed, bedsteads and b' OI) () cooking stove and its furniture; tools of his occupation, $100; provis- ions and fuel, $50; beasts of the plow, not exceeding one yoke of oxen or one horse; sewing machine, one cow, six sheep, one pig or hog. New Jersey. Home worth $1,000 and Personal # Lot and buildings thereon, occupied as a residence and owned by tho debtor, being a householder and having a family, to the value of $1,000. Personal property to the amount of $200, owned by a resident head of a family, appraised by three persons appointed by the sheriff; and the widow or adminstrator of a deceased person may claim the same cx- emption of $200 as against creditors. New York. Home worth $1,000 and Personal Property. Home stcad to the value of $1,000; but not as against an execution upon a judgment recovered for fraud. Burial plat not to exceed one-fourth of an acre. Personal property, when owned by a householder, is ex- empt as follows: Spinning wheels, looms and stoves in use in dwell- ing house, pictures and books in use to the value of $50, a pew in a church, ten sheep, one cow, two swine and their necessary food, necessary household furniture and library to value of $250; working tools, professional instruments, a team and necessary food therefor for ninety days, and a sewing machine, except on execution for pur- chase money for such things. –-" E-" | | *: := £ey Mexico. Home worth $1,000: £rgei:ions, 25; Furniture, # th Tools, $30. Real estate to the value of $1,000, is cxempt in farm an.' heads of the families reside on the same; also the clothing, be lli £othing required for the use of the family, and firewood re- # for thirty days, when '' provided and intended for use. famil ibles Testaments, hymn books, and school books used by the am '' and family and religious pictures; provisions on hand to the £ ''' of $35, and kitchen furniture to the value of $10, both to be £ ted by the debtor; also tools and implements belonging to the # that may be necessary to enable him to carry on his trade or An £8, whether agricultural or mechanical, to be selected by him, 0. *9t to exceed $20 in value. Real estate when sold must be first £ by two freeholders of the vicinity and must bring two- * of the appraised value. #! Carolina. Home worth $1,000, and Personal Property Cr • Every homestead, and dwellin # and buildings connected £ith not exceeding in value $1,000, to be selected by the owner £of of in lieu thereof, at the option of the owner, any lot in a £ b # 9r village, with the dwellings used thereon, owned and occupie s' resident of the State, and not exceeding $1,000 in value. Per- Property to the extent of $500 in value. p'; Home worth $1,000, and Personal Property. Every head hom # resident in Ohio, shall hold, exempt from cxecution, his pro *8tead, not to exceed $1,000. If the homestead exceed $1,000, the #y Will be partitioned and a homestead of $1,000 set off to the so'. If he have no homestead, he shall hold exempt real or per- whi # not to exceed # exclusive of general exemptions, £ eds and bedstead; one stove; one cooking stove; fuel for ££family wearing apparel; one cow, or instead #63 of honse: £"riture; two hogs, 3r #stead $15 of household, furniture: six £. or instead $15 of household furniture; all Bibles and hymn art' family pictures; provisions not exceeding $50, and such other ce' Qf household or kitchen furniture as may be needed, not ex- HOt ng $50; a sewin machine; a knitting machine; tools of his trade, £eeding $100; his personal earnings, and his minor children's, £ imore than three months before judgment; all specimens of ral history, if not kept for pecuniary exhibition; a doctor shall ex£rse, saddle, instruments and books, the two latter not to £ $100, exempt; a drayman, his horse and dray; a farmer, his ch' £*gon, and yoke of oxen. Widowers having, unmarried minor the £ widow' and married people having no children, may have b'fit of this act. The wife may claim exemption when the hus: #will or cannot, but the two may not claim exemption at the same bo's, 'marrried women may hold $100 of wearing apparel, $25 of ** a sewing and a knitting machine, exempt. Bo:##:Personal Property. The following are exempted: appard pictures, and musical instruments to the valie of $75; wearing £ to the value of $100, and if such #" be a householder, for a'b' of his family to the value of$50; the tools, implements, £, team, £ or library necessary to enable an £ to carry on the trade, occupation or profession by which such Qua QI). habitually earns his living, to the value of $400; also sufficient £yoffood to support such team, if any for sixty days. The follow- llSe 'ty, if owned by a householder and in actual use, or kept for to a y and for his family, or when being removed from one habitation Or £er on a change ôf residence: ten sheep, with one year's fleece ho' Warn or cloth manufactured therefrom; two cows and five swine; £ goods, furniture and utensils to the value of $300; also Sutli- visio food to Support such animals, if any, for three months, and pro- Of su 'actually provided for family use, and necessary for the support ' household and family for six months; the seat or pew occupied eft: £eholder or his family in a place of public worship; all prop- r £ tate, or an county, incorporated city, town or village therein, arti £ other public or municipal corporation of like character. Nö # of property, or if the same has been sold or exchanged, then # the proceeds of such sale or the article received in exchange £efor, shäll * ". n a judgment recov- ered for it. # exempt from execution issued o judg so'ylvania.—Real or Personal Property, $300. Real of £ and £ to the extent of $300, besides wearing apparel, Bibles a'" ool books and sewing machines in the use of the family, and the wa'outrements, and uniform of a soldier. The exemptióñ may be "ed in note or cott:t. I'le Island.—No IIome Exempted, but Personal Property.— tion seholders are entitled to hold the follówing exempt from execu- meces he necessary wearing apparel of the debtor and is family; his famil £y working tools, to value of $300; his household furniture and # 8tores, to the value of $300; one cow; one hog and one pig, and the pörk of * * ar promis £ne: debts secured by bills of exchange on negotiable A'. Carolina.—Home worth $1,000, Personal ### $500. £stead to the head of each family, his widow or the orphan “I £ *9t, to exceed $1,000. Also, personal property, as follows: W0. 'old furniture, beds and bedding, family library, arms, carts, £ farming implements, tools, neat cattle, work animals, Swinc, the £ sheep, not to exceed in value in the aggregate $500,—cxcept jud £d cannot be held exempt from execution issued on a £ obtained for the purchase money of the same, or for improve- CCCds In ade thereon, or taxes due thereon.” öne-third of yearly pro- ta'” Persons not the head of family is exempt, except as against £ee:Home worth $1,000, and Personal Property. The *g property is exempt from garnishment, execution, or attach- s-> ment: Thirty dollars of the wages of mechanics or other laboring men in the hands of heads of families, two beds, bedsteads and necessar clothing for each, and for each three children of one family, one addí. tional bed, bedstead and clothing, the value of such bedsteads in no case to exceed $25; two cows and calves, and if the family consist of six or more persons, three cows and calves, cte.; two horses or two mules, or one horse and one mule, and one yoke of oxen; one wagon or cart, etc., not to exceed in value $75; twenty-five lbs. corn; twenty bushels wheat; five hundred bundles oats, etc.; one thousand lbs. # or six hundred lbs. bacon; a homestead carpet, manufactured y the wife for family use; six cords wood, or one hindred bushels coal; one sewing machine, if used for livelihood, etc.; in the hands of mechanic, who is engaged in the pursuit of his trade, one set of mechanics' tools; a hömestead in the possession of each head of the family and the improvements thereon to the value of, in all, $1,000. Persons who are not the heads of families are not entitled to 'the benefit of exemptions. • Texas-Home worth $5,000 and Personal Property. To eve citizen, householder, and head of a # Inot to exceed two hundre acres of land (not included in a city, town or Village), or any city town or village lot or lots, not to exceed $5,000 in value at the time of their designation as a homestead, and without reference to the value of any improvements thereon. Also, all household and kitchen furni. ture, all implements of husbandry, all tools and apparatus belonging to any trade, or profession, and all books belonging to private or public libraries; five milch cows and calves; two yoke of work Oxen; two horses and one wagon, one carriage or buggy; one gun; twenty hogs; twenty head of sheep; all provisions # forage on hand for hone consumption; all saddles, bridles and harness necessary for the use of the family; and to every citizen, not a head of a fam ly, one horse, bridle ind saddle, all wearing apparel, all tools, apparatus and books belonging to his or her privaté library. Utah.—Home worth $1,000, and Personal # To each member of the family $250. To the head of the fami # is allowed all homestead, not exceeding in value $1,000, to be selected by the debtor, and personal property to the value of $700 or more, according to the value of the articles exempt by statute; aside from the homestead each member of the family is allowed $250...No property shall be exempt from sale on a judgment received for its price, on a mechanic's lien, or a mortgage thereon. Vermont.-Home worth $500, and Personal Property. Home- stead to the value of $500, and products, such suitable apparel, bed. ding, tools, arms and articles of furniture as may be necessary for up- #: one sewing machine kept for use, the best swine, or the meat of one swine, ten sheep, and one year's product of said sheep in wool, yarn or cloth; forage sufficient for keeping not exceeding ten sheep and one cow through one winter; ten cords of firewood, or five tons of coal; twenty bushels of potatoes, such military arms and ac- coutrements as the debtor is required by law to furnish; all growing crops, ten bushels of grain, one barrel of flour, three swarms of bees #hives, together with their produce in honey; two hundred pounds of Sugar, and all lettered gravestones: the Bibles and other books used in a family; one pew or slip in a meeting-house or place of religious worship; live poultry not exceeding in amount or value the sum of $10; the professional books and instruments of physicians, and the professional books of clergymen and attorneys-at-law, to the value of $300, and also one yoke of oxen or steers, as the debtor may select, with sufficient forage for the keeping of the same through the winter; or in lieu thereof, two horses kept and used for team work not to ex: ceed in value $200, with sufficient forage for keeping same; also pistols side-arms and £ ersonally used by any soldier of the nited States and kept by him or his heirs as mementoes. Virginia. Homestead and Personal Property to the Value of $2,000. In case of a husband, parent, or other person who is a house- holder or head of a family, the law exempts from distress or levy divers enumerated articles of household and personal use, furniture, bedding, etc., ranging in value from fifty to five hundred döllars, according to the condition and size of the family. Besides the foregoing, every householder or head of a family is cn- titled to a homestead exemption of two thousand dollars, to be set apart out of any property which he may select. Washington, Territory. Home worth $1,000 and Personal Property. To each householdër being the head of a family, a home- stead worth $1,000, while occupied by such family. All wearing apparel, private libraries, famil y pictures and keepsakes; to each householder, one bed and bedding, and one additional bed and bedding for every two additional members of the family, and other household goods of the coin value of $150; two cows and their calves; five sw.ne; two hives of bees; twenty-five domestic fowls, and provision and fuel for six months. To a farmer, one span of horses and harness, or two yoko of oxen, and one wagon, with farming utensils, not exceeding $200 coin value. To attorneys and clergymen, their libraries valued at not to exceed $500, with office furniture and fuel. Small boats and fire- arms kept for use, not exceeding $50 in coin value; £ engaged in # lightcring, two lighters and one small boat valued at $250; the team of a drayman. West Virginin., Home worth $1,000 and Personal # Homestead to the value of $1,000, where the property of that value is demised or granted by debtor, being a husband or parent, and resident in the State, as a homestead; and where he, previously to contract- ing the debt or liability, has placed a declarátfon of his intention to keep the property as a homestead on the land records of the county in which the real estate is situate. Personal £ to the value of $200 is also exempt, provided debtor is a resident and a parent. -:- =}- STATE LAWS RELATING TO EXEMPTIONS FROM ATTACHMENT. 547 "- ! 548 Wisconsin. Farm of Forty Acres, or House and Lot in Village or City, and Personal Property. A homestead, consisting of land not exceeding forty acres, used for farming purposes; or in lieu of the above, at the option of the debtor, a lot in any town or city not to ex: ceed one-fourth of an acre. Family Bible, pictures, school-books and '' library; church pew; all wearing apparel; usual household turniture, not to exceed $200; gun or rifle, not to exceed $50 in value; two cows; ten hogs, yoke of oxen and horse or mule; ten sheep and wool therefrom, and necessary food for said animals and for the debtor's family for one year; wagon and other £ utensils not to exceed $50; also, all insurance money arising from the destruction of property exempt from execution; also, the carnings for the past Fixty days of persols who have families to support. The tools and stock in trade of a mechanic or other person, not to ex- ceed $20o; library of any professional man not to exceed $200; sewing machines kept for use; any articles presented by Congress or the mcm- bers thereof. Printing materials to value of $1,500; married persons with- out a homestead $500 in money, or other property in lieu of a homestead. Wyoming. Home worth $1,500 and Personal Property. A homestead consisting of a house and lot in a village or city, or land not exceeding 160 acres, the value not in either case exceeding $1,500, is allowed to a householder occupying the same. Also the following W£ of a householder, being the head of a family, is cxempt. 'caring apparel, family Bibles, pictures, school-books, cemetery lots, bedding, furniture, provisions and such other articles as the debtor may sclect, not exceeding in value $500. Tools, team, or stock in trade of a mechanic, miner or other person, kept and used for the purpose of carrying on his business, or trade, not exceeding $300, are exempt. Library instruments, and implements of any professional man, worth not more than $300. The person claiming cxemption must be a bond fide resident of the territory. Ontario, Canada. The bed, bedding and bedsteads in ordinary use by the debtor and his family. The necessary and ordinary wearing apparel. One stove and pipes; one crane and its appendages; one pair of and Irons, one sct of cooking utensils; onc pair tongs; one { : f- - - _*- - *-ā- arxx-xx-xx:E * * * * £ '%'. D AN STATE LAWS RELATING TO EXEMPTIONS FROM ATTACHMENT. —--" shovel; one table; six chairs; six knives; six forks; six plates; six teacups; six saucers; one sugar basin; one milk jug; one tea pot; spoons; fifteen hives of bees, all £ wheels and weaving looms in domestic use, ten volumes of books; one saw; one gun, six traps, and such fishing news and seines as are in common use.” All necessary fuel, meat, fish, flour and vegetables actually proved for family use: not more than suflicient for the ordinary consumption of the debtor and his family for thirty days, and not exceeding the sum of $40. One cow; four sheep; two hogs and food thereof for thirty days. The tools and implements or chattles ordinarily used in the debtor's occupation to the value of $60. ExENIPTION FROM ForcED SALEs.—On Free Grants and Homesteads in the Possession of Actual Settlers, in the Algoma and Nippissing Districts, and certain lands between the River Ottawa and the Georgian Bay, are exempt from seizure, while in personal property, beds, bed- steads, bedding, and wearing apparel of the debtor and his family, household furniture, provisions, farm stock, tools, and implements to the value of $60, are exempt from seizure. New Brunswick, Canada. There is no homestead law in this Province. The wearing # bedding, kitchen utensils, and tools of his trade or # to the value of $100, of any debtor, are exempt from levy or sale under cxecution. Quebec, Canada. Personal property exempt from forced sale being used and owned by the debtor: Bed, bedding and bedstead; necessary wearing apparel for himself and family; set of table an stove furniture; all spinning wheels and weaver's fooms in use in the family; one axe, one gun, one saw, six traps, fish-nets in common use, and ten volumes of books; fuel and food for thirty days, worth # one cow, four sheep, two hogs, with necessary food for thirty ays: tools and instruments used in his trade to the value of $30; fifteen hives of bees, and wages and salaries not yet due; besides certain other properties granted by the courts. Nova Scotia. There is no homestead exemption law in this Province, Nothing is exempt form forced sale except personal pro- perty to the amount of $40. #3 * |TEDE's A circular published by a prominent Western Railway Company, thus condenses much valuable information for all who contemplate taking up government land. “1. What is a homestead? It is a farm given to any man or woman who lives on it and cultivates it for five years. We say “given,” for the charges are only about ten cents an acre-that is, the cost of surveying and recording, amounting in all for one-fourth of a square mile to eighteen £r: at most, and four dollars of this sum is not payable for five yearS. “2. IIow large a farm is a homestead?. It is a farm of one hundred and sixty acres, except on tracts one half of which has been granted in aid of railroads or other public improvements. On such tracts the homestead is no more than half the usual size, unless the homesteader has served at least ninety days as a soldier. In that case, his home- stead is a quarter-section anywhere. “3. Who may become a homesteader? Any man or any woman- that is, any native, of legal age, and #. foreigner who has declared his £ to become a citizen, which any immigrant may do on the very day he lands in America. “How does one become a homesteader? He goes to any United States land-office, where he has free access to maps showing all the vacant lots in the neighboring £ He then goes and picks out the one he likes best, returns to the land-office, makes an application according to the legal forms furnished by the oflicer there, for that lo as his homestead, and leaves those forms for record, pays at most four- teen dollars, and is henceforth monarch of all he surveys on the farm of his choice. But the homesteader is not obliged to go in person to the government land-office. In most cases he can ascertain from local land-agents or residents what lands are vacant, and then make his application for the homestead he wishes to occupy, before the clerk of the court in the county where it lies, sending with it an aili- davit, with his reasons for not appearing in £ “5. How soon must a homesteader begin to occupy his land? At any time within six months after his '#' is put on record, and he may journey away from his land at will, if not absent more than hal a year at once, and provided that he fixes his residence nowhere else. “6. Can a homesteader become the full owner of his farm sooner than at the end of five years? Yes; after six months' residence, he can, at any time, £ his land by paying the government price, tne" maximum of which is two dollars and fifty cents, and the mini mum half that sum, per acre. “7. What if a homesteader is in debt? His homestead is exempt from liabilitics for any debt contracted previous to his perfecting his claim to that land; and in some States it is not liable to attachment for any subscquent debt. **8. HOW is n full title # obtained? After the homesteader has resided on his land, and tilled it for five years, if at any time within two years he proves that fact to the register of the land-office where his application was recorded, that officer will obtain for him from #on a full title to his land, charging him only a fee of four O||{i18. “9. Is not one man as good as another? ‘Yes," said an Irishman, ‘and a great deal better. But Congress has enacted that every soldier is equal to two other men. The act was approved by the President, July 15, 1870. It provides that every person who has served loyally ninety days in the national army or navy is entitled, on the terms above explained, “to enter and receive a patent for one whole quarter- section of land’—that is, one hundred and sixty acres—where other men can only enter eighty, ‘of the alternatc reserved sections along the lines of any one of the railroads wherever public lands have be'. granted by acts of Congress." In order to gain, these privileges, the soldier milst !' the same routine and pay the fees as if he were * civilian. But he gets twice as much land.” *=" - - - - * : - 's- LAWS OF THE TERRITORIES. ** £ g". % CHATEL MORTGAGES, % RIGHTS OF %, % MARRIED woMEN, 4. * Yo- ( as a- ( ) - C - I #ERHNME: i:''''ATTEL MORT CACES.—The statute authorizes the mak- ' of chattel mortgages upon certain classes of personal property enu. "d in the act, provided the mortgage be executed and recorded in £ prescribed by the act; and declares that no chattle mortgage be valid (except between the parties thereto) unless the same shall £ **n made, executed, and recorded in conformity to the provisions act **ct, provided, however, that if the mortgagee receives and retains c ual Possession of the property mortgaged, he may omit the recording of his mortgage. .."'Ebs must be acknowledged, proved, or certified to in the manner Se P°cified in Law of Deeds in Dakota. The wife must be examined £*te, apart from, and without the hearing of her husband, and must *wledge that the act is free and voluntary, and without fear or com- Pulsion or under influence of her husband, and that she does not wish to r * £ the influence of the same. Right of dower and courtesy are abol- tol. v's of MARRIED woMEN:A' wned by her before marriage, and that acquired afterward by gift, £ devise, or descent, shall be her separate property. The husband wife ' the management and control of the separate property of the * *t no sale or alienation thereof can be made, nor can it be incum- '. "nless by an instrument in writing, signed by both husband and : ' acknowledged by her upon an examination separate and apart Or £ husband, before a justice of the supreme court, probate judge, Of a *y public, or if executed out of the Territory, before some judge th.' of record or before a commissioner appointed under the au- of Ja V of this Territory to take acknowledgments of deeds. But the act on: *y 23, 1871, provides that “married women of the age of twenty- £ and upward shall have the sole and exclusive control of their in: 6: property, and may convey and transfer lands or any CState or Qut £ therein, vested in or held by them in their own right, and with- fectl 1ng joined by the husband in such conveyance, as fully and per- '' they might do if unmarried.” The separate property of the debts ' liable for her husband's debts although it is liable for her own in their arried women may become sole traders and carry on business rate pr *n names. They may sue and be sued concerning their sepa- in : *P*ty as though unmarried. Marriage contracts may be recorded office of the county recorder, and such record imports constructive S £# S2 O PERTAINING To s’ DEEDS, WILLs, * ->}\}: % 4% £s-- .# % :=- '' § *o- # T. ************************** .* AND * 5 MECHANICs’ LIENs. ; * S *** *\s"u"\s">"Ma"ws"'s "sff"at"Matasus", notice of their contents. An inventory of the separate property of the wife acknowledged or proved in the manner required by law for the acknowledgment or proof of conveyances of real estate, and recorded in the office of the county recorder wherein the parties reside and the filing of such inventory in the recorder's office, shall be notice of the title of the wife. WILLS to be valid must be in writing, signed by the testator or by some person in his presence and by his express diction, and attested and subscribed in the presence of the testator and of each other by two or / more competent witnesses, except for nuncupative wills, in which the value of the estate bequeathed shall not exceed three hundred dollars, and proved by two competent witnesses. And except in cases of any soldier being in actual military service, or of any mariner being on ship- board, who may dispose of their wages and other personal estate by nuncupative wills, the statute provides in great detail the manner in which wills shall be executed. LIEN LAW.-Artisans, builders, mechanics, lumber merchants, and all others performing labor or furnishing material for the construc- tion or repair of any building, wharf, or other superstructure, have a lien upon the interest therein of the party for whom the labor is done or material furnished, to secure the payinent therefor; and any mechanic or artisan who shall make, alter, or repair any article of personal prop- erty at the request of the owner, or legal possessor thereof, has a lien thereon to secure his just charges, and may hold possession of the prop erty until paid. The statute provides in detail the mode of procedure to enforce these liens. # DAKOTA. H. # I-C-C-C-C-I CHATTEL MORTCACES.-A mortgage of personal property can be created, renewed, or extended only by a writing subscribed by the mortgagor. A mortgage of personal property is void as against creditors of the mortgagor, and subsequent purchasers and incumbrances of the property in good faith and for value, unless it is filed by depositing the original or an authenticated copy thereof, in the office of the register of deeds of the county where the property mortgaged or any part of it at such time situated. Mortgage must be renewed every three years. Mortgage must be signed by mortgagor in the presence of two persons, who must sign the same as witnesses thereto, and no further proof or acknowledgment is required. £w Q—- DEEDS must be in writing, duly signed by the maker, and recorded with the register of deeds of the county in which the real property af- fected thereby is situate. The proof or acknowledgment may be made at any place within this Territory, before a justice, clerk of the supreme court, or notary public, or may be made in the judicial district, county, subdivision, or city for which the officer was elected or appointed, before either a judge or clerk of a court of record, a mayor of a city, a register of deeds, or a justice of the peace. If without the Territory but within the United States, and within the jurisdiction of the officer, before either a justice, judge, or clerk of any court of record of the United States; or of any State or Territory; a notary public, or any other officer of the State or Territory where the acknowledgment is made, authorized by its laws to take such proof or acknowledgment, or by a commissioner appointed for the purpose by the governor of this Territory, pursuant to the Political Code. Without the United States, before either a minister, commissioner, or charge d'affaires of the United States, resident and accredited in the country where the proof or acknowledgment is made; a consul, vice- consul, or consular agent of the United States resident in the country where the proof or acknowledgment is made; a judge of a court of rec- ord of the country where such proof or acknowledgment is made; or a notary public of such country. When any of the officers above men- tioned are authorized by law to appoint a deputy, the acknowledgment or proof may be taken by such deputy in the name of his principal. Proof of the execution of an instrument, when not acknowledged, may be made either by the party executing it, or either of them, or by a sub- scribing witness, or by other witnesses in certain cases. A conveyance by a married woman has no validity until acknowledged. Officers taking and certifying acknowledgments or proof of instruments for record must authenticate their certificates by affixing thereto their signatures, fol- lowed by the names of their offices; also their seals of office, if by the laws of the Territory, State, or country where the acknowledgment or proof is taken, or by authority of which they are acting, they are required to have official seals. Judges and clerks of courts of record must authen- ticate their certificates as aforesaid, by affixing thereto the seal of their proper court; and mayors of cities by the seal thereof. No certificate of the official character of the officer is necded, when the acknowledgment is taken out of the Territory. Conveyance may be made by husband to wife, or wife to husband; all rights of dower or courtesy are abolished. The wife need not join in a conveyance of land belonging to her husband, nor is it necessary that the husband shall join in conveyance of land belonging to his wife; ex- cept homesteads, in which case, if the owner is married, and both hus- band and wife are residents of thc Territory, both must concur in and sign the same joint instrument. RICHTS OF MARRIED WOMEN.—A married woman may own, in her own right, real, and personal property acquired by descent, gift, or purchase, and manage, sell, convey, and devise the same to the same extent as if she were unmarried. She may make con- tracts, incur liabilities, may buy and sell goods, give notes and other obligations, and sue and be sued, as if unmarried. Either husband or wife may enter into any engagement or transaction with the other, or with any other person, respecting property which either might enter into if unmarried. IReal or personal property may be had jointly or in common by husband and wife; neither husband nor wife, as such, is answerable for the acts of the other. The earnings of the wife are not liable for the debts of the husband. The carnings and accumulation of the wife and of her minor children living with her or in her custody, while she is living separate from her husband, are the separate property of the wife. The husband or his separate property is not liable for the debts of the wife contracted before the marriage. The separate property of the wife is not liable for the debts of her husband, but is liable for her own debts contracted before or after marriage, although such property is not liable for debts contracted for the support of herself, her children, or the family, as her husband's agent. She may dispose of her separate estate by will. WILLS.-Every will other than a noncupative will must be in writing, and every will other than a noncupative will and an olo- graphic will must be executed and attested as follows: It must be sub- 55O LAWS OF THE TERRITORIES. scribed at the end thereof by the testator himself, or by some person in his presence, and by his direction must subscribe his name thereto; the subscription must be made in the presence of attesting witnesses, or be acknowledged by the testator to them to have been made by him or by his authority; the testator must at the time of subscribing or acknowledg: ing the same declare to the attesting witnesses that the instrument is his will. There must be two attesting witnesses. An olographic will must be entirely written, dated, and signed by the hand of the testator himself. It may be made in or out of the Territory. It is subject to no form, and need not be witnessed. Wills are recorded in the office of the probate judge. MECHANICS LIENS.—No person is entitled to a mechanic's lien who takes collateral security on the same contract. Every mechanic or other person who shall do any labor upon, or furnish any materials, machinery, or fixtures for any building, erection, or other improvements upon land, including those engaged in the construction or repair of any work of internal improvement, by virtue of any contract with the owner, his agent, trustee, contractor, or sub-contractor, upon complying with the provisions of this chapter, shall have, for his labor done, or materials, machinery, or fixtures furnished, a lien upon such building, erection, or improvement, and upon the land belonging to such owner, on which the same is situated, to secure the payment of such labor done, or materials, machinery, or fixtures furnished. - I-C-C-C-C - A ) * o - s * # |DAH0. 5 --> -->|->|->|-I CHATTEL. MoRTCAcES may be given upon all kinds of personal property; they must show the residence, the profession, trade, or occupation of the mortgagor and mortgagee, and the mortgagor must make affidavit thereto, that the mortgage is made in good faith and without any design to hinder, delay, or defraud creditors. When so made they must be recorded in the county where the mortgagor resides and Ialso in the county where the property is located; unless otherwise stipulated, property will remain in possession of the mortgagor. DEEDS must be in writing, signed, and sealed (a scroll will answer),—witnesses are not required,—and duly acknowledged or proved and certified to. Acknowledgments, same as in Dakota. A husband and wife may, by their joint deed, convey the real estate of the wife. The wife must be examined apart from, and without the hearing of her husband, and must acknowledge that the act is free and voluntary, and without fear or compulsion, or under influence of her husband, and that she does not wish to retract the execution of the same. No rights of courtesy or dower allowed. Ric HTs of MARRIED Wom EN.—All property, both real and personal, of the wife before marriage, and that acquired after ward, by gift, bequest, devise, or descent, is her separate property, and all the husband's his separate property. All other property acquired after marriage is common property. The wife must make, sign, "c" knowledge, and have recorded a complete inventory of her separate property in the office of the recorder of the county where the property is situated. The husband has the management and control of the wife's separate property during marriage, but cannot alienate nor create a lien or incumbrance on the same, except by instrument signed and acknow" edged by both husband and wife. The district court may on application of wife appoint trustee to take charge of and manage her separate prop" erty, if husband mismanages or commits waste. The husband has entire management and control of common property and his own sep" rate property, and the rents and profits of all the separate property of both husband and wife is decmed common property, unless expressly provided in the instrument of devise to the contrary. Upon dissolution of the community by death, half of the common property goes to survivor and half to descendants, if there are any; if not, all to the survivor. Upon dissolution by decree of court, the common property must be cqually divided, unless the decree is granted upon the ground of adultery " extreme cruelty, when the division of the same is left to the discretion of the court granting the decree. The separate property of the husband is - ---> 4 I not liable for the debts of the wife contracted before marriage, but the sp 1ratc property of the wife is liable for all such debts. She may by £ract make herself liable so as to charge her separate estate. She *y dispose of her separate property by will. b WiLLs.—Every will must be in writing, signed by the testator or £ Person under his direction and in his presence, and must be at- : by two. or more competent witnesses at his request, and in his £ and in the presence of each other. Wills are first recorded in is a * clerk's office. They must be recorded in all counties where there *y real estate conveyed by the will. r£ics' AND ARTISANs LIENs-Any pe'a - ing labor or furnishing material to the amount of twenty-five S ' for the construction or repairing of any building or other super- "re, has a lien on the same for the labor done or material furnished. Any Person performing labor or furnishing materials for the improve- £ Or development of any quartz lode, claim, or mine, or upon any h "g lot in any city or town, or upon the street in front of the same, **lien thereon; as also upon any bridge, ditch, flume, or aqueduct to 's hydraulic power for mining purposes. Any artisan or mechanic i. *y alter or repair any article of personal property has t lien Ire *, and may hold and retain the possession of the same until his *sonable and just charges are paid, and if they are not paid within two months after the work is done, he may sell the same at public auction by £ three weeks' notice of sale by advertisement. A party to avail ' of the benefits of his lien must file with the county recorder, "sixty days after the completion of the building, a verified account : the demands due him, together with a description of the property *ged with the lien. If the party be a sub-contractor, journeyman, or P*son other than the contractor, the account must bc filed within thirty * after the work was done or materials furnished, and within five *ys thereafter he must serve a copy on the owner of the property or his *#ent. The lien expires after one year unless a credit be given or suit brought to enforce the same; and continues in force two years from the "the work was completed, and no longer. A lien is allowed upon **press contract in writing. |-4- MUNTRN. '' X=C-X)=C=C-O =< N CHATTEL MORTCACES.—A chattel mortgage is not good *gainst the rights of third parties unless possession is delivered to mort- #"gee, or the mortgage is acknowledged and recorded, expressly provid- ing that the Inortgagor may retain possession. Such mortgage must be *corded in the county where mortgagor resided when the same was *de, and is good for one year from date of record. A person selling *tgaged chattels during the continuance of the lien forfeits to the pur- £ twice the value thereof, and by Act February 11, 1876, is guilty of : "canor, and may on conviction, be fined not less than fifty dollars, *re than five hundred dollars. In b#bs: conveyance in writing of or affecting real property The w: * acknowledged or proved and certified same as in Dakota. : ' must be examined and made acquainted with the contents of *trument, separate, apart from, and without the hearing of her hus- ' that she executed the same freely and voluntarily, without fear or to £ or undue influence of her husband, and that she does not wish *ct the execution of same. The law of dower is virtually abolished. 's of MARRIED womeN.-The property of a by gift woman, owned before marriage, and any acquired after marriage £ grant, devise, descent, or otherwisc, and the use, increase, and £ thereof, is exempt from debts or liabilitics of husband except for of a *ics for the benefit of herself and children under eighteen years £ But such property so claimed must be set forth in a list to be act of : with the register of deeds in the county where she resides. By triaki *bruary 4, 1874, a married woman may become a sole trader by her i ' acknowledging, and recording with county recorder of deeds sh "tion so to do, and setting forth the nature of the business that **ends to transact. If the amount by her invested in business ex- ceeds ten thousand dollars, the declaration must contain a statement under oath that the surplus above ten thousand dollars did not come from any funds belonging to her husband. Such married woman is responsible for the maintenance of her children. The husband is not liable for any debts contracted in the course of business done by his wife, except by special consent in writing. The law of dower is virtually repealed by the Probate Act, which gives to surviving husband or wife one-half in fee if there are no children; if there are children, then one-third in fee. Probate Practice Act, 1877. In the Probate Practice Act, Feb. 16, 1877, $550, it is provided that upon the death of the wife the cntire community property belongs to husband without administration, except such portion as has been set apart by judicial decree for her support. This she may dispose of by will, and it goes to her heirs exclusive of her husband. Section 551 of same act provides, that upon the death of the husband one-half of the coinmunity property goes to the surviving wife and the other half is subject to the husband's testamentary disposition. WILLS.-All wills must be in writing, signed by the testator, or by some one in his presence, and by his express direction, attested and sub- scribed in his presence by two or more competent witnesses. A married woman may by will dispose of any property, real or personal, held by her or to which she is entitled in her own right. MECHANICS’ LIENS.-Mechanics, laborers, and all others who contribute to the construction, repairing, or improving of any kind of property, have a lien thereon for their demand. If the claimant is an original contractor, he must file his account, with a description of the property upon which lien is claimed, with the county recorder of the county wherein the property is situate, within ninety days from the date of the last item; if a sub-contractor, he must file a copy of his settlement with the contractor, in the county recorder's office, with description of property, etc., within thirty days from the date of last item. The sub- contractor should, prior to doing the work or furnishing the articles, or at that time, notify the proprietor or his agent of his intentions, and the probable value of the work to be done or materials furnished. All liens filed within thirty days after filing the first lien arc entitled to share alike. Those filed after thirty days and within sixty days are of the second class, and share alike after those of the first class are satisfied. Suit must be commenced within one year from date of filing, or lien is lost, and in case of sub-contractors, within ninety days. s[D]": "#"T), # NEW MEXICO $ CHATTEL MORTCACES.—All personal property except growing crops is subject to mortgage. Such mortgage, if not accom- panied by an immediate delivery and actual and continued change of possession, is void as against creditors of the mortgagor, and subsequent purchasers and mortgagees in good faith, unless the mortgage or a copy thereof be deposited forthwith in the office of the recorder of the county where the mortgaged property shall then bc situated. And is void as to such creditors, purchasers, and mortgagees after the expiration of one year from the filing thereof, unless within thirty days from the expiration of one year, and each year thereafter, the mortgagee, his agent, or at- torney, shall make and file with such mortgage an affidavit exhibiting the interest of the mortgagee in the mortgaged property at the time of such filing; and if such mortgage is to secure the payment of money, the amount remaining due. A copy of such mortgage, or of a copy thereof and of any such affidavit certified by the recorder in whose office the same shall be filed, shall be received as evidence that the same was re- ceived and filed, according to the indorsement of the recorder thercon. In the absence of a stipulation to the contrary, the mortgagor shall have the right to the possession thereof. DEEDS must be in writing, signed, sealed (a scroll is a seal), and duly proved or acknowledged, and duly recorded in the county where the real estate is situate. Acknowledgments may be made, as in Dakota. A married woman may convey her real estate by a conveyance executed by herself and her husband, and the acknowledgment made by her must show that she was personally known to the officer taking the same, or = -—Pl:”. LAWS OF THE TERRITORIES. 55 I "-_ f - l, Q--- --> */ —- -—% ** — –=" 552 LAWS OF THE TERRITORIES. her identity proven by at least two reliable witnesses, and that she was informed of the contents of the conveyance, and that she confessed on an examination independent of, separate and apart from, her husband, that she executed such conveyance voluntarily and without compulsion or the illicit influence of her husband. The husband must join, and the ac- knowledginent be in the form below, otherwise no title passes even as against herself. The examination of the wife separate, apart, and inde- pendent of her husband is necessary, but she need only join with her husband when the property is her own, or when she has an interest therein in her own right independent of her husband. RICHTS OF MARRIED WOMEN.-Married women are the solc owners of the property they inherit or bring into the marriage community, but can convey their real estate only by joining in a deed with their husbands. The husband has the control and inanagement of his wife's property, and the proceeds become their joint property. The wife has no dower whatever except her private property, which is the first deduction from an estate, and has precedence over all other creditors as an implied privileged mortgage. After paying off all the debts the remainder of the property is divided equally between the husband's estate and his wife, this being called the “acquest property,” and under the laws belongs to the two, the relation of husband and wife to each other, with reference to property, being almost identical with that of equal partners. After giving to the wife one half aforesaid, the remain- der is divided by giving to the wife one fourth thereof, first deducting sufficient to pay off any legacies. The wife becomes heir to all the ac- quest property if the husband dies without issue. A wife's separate property is not liable for debts contracted by her as agent for her hus- band for the support of herself and children, inor for the expenses of the family in any case. WILLS may be either written or verbal. When in writing they shall be signed by the testator, or if he be unable to write he may request some reliable person to sign for him; and the will shall be attested by three or more able and qualified witnesses, who shall have the same qualifications as witnesses before a court of law. Verbal wills must be proved by five witnesses, two of whom must swear that the testator was at the time of making his will in possession of a sound mind and entire judgment. The witnesses must all be present, see and hear the testator speak, and each and cvery one of them shall understand clearly and dis- tinctly every part of the will. All written wills are irrevocable, except by specially mentioning it in a subsequent will and either setting it out in full or by stating that he would have repeated it verbatim, could he have remembered it, and declaring that he thereby revokes the same. The probate judges have power to qualify and approve wills after hear- ing the evidence of the witnesses who attest the will, and any other facts connected with the execution of it. MECHANICS" AND OTHER LIENS.-A person who performs work, or furnishes materials for the erection or repair of any building, has a lien upon such building and the land upon which the same is situate, for the value of such work or material, provided he shall file in the office of the county clerk within sixty days after the work is done or material furnished, a just and true account of the amount due him, verified by oath of himself or some other person, with a true de” scription of the property to be charged with such lien. Suit to enforce such lien must be commenced within one year from the time the pay" ment should have been made or becomes due, otherwise the lien is dis- charged. Artizans and mechanics have a lien on articles made or repaired by them for the amount due for the work. Landlords have a lien on the property of their tenants in the premises rented for rent due. Inn- keepers have a lien on the baggage and other property of their guests which may be upon the premises, for the amount due for board or lodg- ing. # % W. CHATTEL MORTCACES: -'This territory has no statutes concerning chattel mortgages. To make a mortgage on chattels of any UTAH. # mm (. . m . . m . . m . avail it must be accompanied by their delivery to the mortgagee, who must kcep them in his possession, as in cases of pledge. DEEDS must be written, signed, sealed (a scroll is sufficient), and attested by one credible witness, and acknowledged or proved. A deed must be recorded in the recorder's office of the proper county. Ac" knowledgment in the Territory or other States and countries as in Dakota. A married woman may convey her real estate as if a femme sole. Dower is abolished RICHTS OF MARRIED WOMEN.—All property owned by either the husband or wife before marriage, and that acquired afterward by gift, bequest, devise, or descent, is the separate property of each, and may be held, managed, controlled, transferred, and disposed of without limitation or restriction by reason of coverture. And either may sue or be sucd at law. WILLS.-A will must be in writing, subscribcd by the testator, and attested by at least two witnesses in the presence of the testator and of each other. All wills executed according to the law of the State or country where made may be admitted to probate here. Married women may make wills as if femme sole. MECHANICS LIEN.—Any person who performs any labor upon, or furnishes materials for the construction or repairs of any build- ing or other improvement, may have a lien therefor on such building or improvement, and on the right of possession of the ground on which the same is situate, by filing in the recorder's office at any time within three months after the labor performed or material is furnished, or after the completion of such building or improvement, a notice of intention to hold such lien, stating amount and description of the property. Lien expires after one year from the completion of the building, etc., unless suit be brought. But if the amount be not due before such year expires' then suit may be brought within three months after it becomes due. This lien has precedence of all other liens after the commencement of the building, except taxes. Any sub-contractor, journeyman, or laborer thereon may give notice in writing to the owner, stating the amount due from the contractor, and hold such owner liable to the extent of what he owes the contractor at time of notice, and recover the same by action commenced within one year from date of notice. MINER'S LIEN.—Any person performing work on, or furnishing materials for any mine, under contract with owner of interest therein, may have a lien on such mine or such owner's interest at time of making such contract, to be"enforced as prescribed in the mechanic's lien law. "WASHINGTON, I-C-C-C) = . cHATTEL. MoRTCACEs.—A mortgage of personal property is void as against creditors of the mortgagor and subsequent purchasers and incumbrancers for value unless accompanied by the affidavit of all the parties thereto that it is made in good faith, and without design to hinder, delay, or defraud creditors, and acknowledged and recorded in like manner as conveyances of real estate. In a mortgage of property exempt from execution the wife must join. There is no statute or deci- sion permitting or prohibiting the mortgage of a stock-in-trade, but such a mortgage would prevent the mortgagor from selling any part of the stock. * - DEEDS must be in writing, signed and sealed (a scrawl is a seal) by the maker thereof, witnessed by two witnesses. Acknowledgments may be made as in Dakota, both in the Territory, other States or foreign countries. A married woman shall not be bound by any deed affecting her real estate or releasing dower, unless she is joined in the conveyance by her husband, and shall, upon examination by the officer taking the acknowledgment, separate and apart from her husband, acknowledge that she executed the deed of her own free will, and without fear of or coercion by her husband. The officer must certify that he has made known to her the contents of the deed. Dower and tenancy by the cour* tesy are abolished. . --~ ~-TC) * | += -- LAWS OF THE TERRITORIES. "- RICHTS OF MARRIED WOMEN.—A married woman may .* and be sued without joining her husband, when the action concerns her separate property, or her right or claim to the homestead property, when she is living separate and apart from her husband, or when the **on is between herself and her husband. If a husband and wife be *d together she may defend for her own right, and for his also if he neglects to do so. All property, both real and personal, owned by the wife before marriage, and that acquired afterward by gift, devise, or descent, is her separate property. Property thus acquired by the hus- "d constitutes his separate property. All property acquired during marriage except by gift, devise, or descent constitutes their common "perty. The husband has the management and control of the separate Property of the wife during marriage, but cannot sell or convey such "perty or any interest therein without she joins in the conveyance and *cknowledges as in deeds to land. If the wife has just cause to appre- "d that her husband will waste or mismanage her estate, she may by '''Plication to the district court obtain the appointment of a trustee. * separate property of the wife is liable to be seized upon execution, and sold to pay the debts of the husband unless she shall have signed, *cknowledged, and filed and recorded in the office of the auditor of the *hty where the land is situated an inventory thereof. This does not apply to money in specie, unconverted. The separate property of the wife, when recorded as aforesaid, is not liable for debts contracted by her for the support of herself and family. WILLS.—Every will shall be in writing, signed by the testator, or by *ome person under his direction, and shall be attested by two or more "petent witnesses, subscribing their names in the presence of the tes. tator. A nuncupative will, when the estate bequeathed exceeds two hun- dred dollars in value, must be proved by two witnesses who were pres- Cnt at the making thereof, and the testator must have, at the time, bid some person present to bear witness that such was his will, and such "cupative will must have been made at the time of his last sickness, and at his dwelling-house, or where he had been residing ten days or more, except where such person was taken sick from home and died be- 9" his return. This statute does not apply to soldiers or sailors. roof of any nuncupative will must be offered within six months after the speaking of the testamentary words. M ECHAN ICS" LIENS.—Every person performing labor upon saw-logs, spars, timber, or lumber, has a lien thercon for his wages, and the owner of land upon which he permits others to cut timber, has a lien for the value thereof upon the manufactured timber. A person claiming the benefit of such lien must file a notice of lien for record in the office of * county auditor within sixty days from the time the lien accrued, and Commence proceedings to enforce the lien within four months thereafter. Every building, together with the interest of the owner in the land on Which it is erected, wharf, bridge, railway, or other work of internalim- *vement, shall be liable for the payment of any labor performed, or "erials furnished in its construction or repairs. In cases of insolvency, Wages of laborers, servants, mechanics, and others to the amount of one hundred dollars each, and all moneys earned therein within sixty days previously, are preferred claims. A farm laborer engaged in tilling the Soil and raising crops, has a lien on the crops for the payment of his wages, except that where the land is cultivated by a tenant for a share of the crop, the landlord’s share shall not be liable to the lien. The lien "be filed and enforced as in other cases. # £ E\ 553 |X=(X=C=C=C-C – WYOMING, H: CHATTEl- MORTCACES.–Mortgages of personal property' must be executed and acknowledged in the same manner as conveyances of real estate; and, unless accompanied by an immediate delivery, and followed by an actual and continued change of possession of the property mortgaged, are absolutely void as against sureties and subsequent bona Jide purchasers, unless such mortgage be recorded in the office of the county clerk of the county where the property is situated. When duly executed, acknowledged, and recorded, the mortgage is valid as against third persons for the term for which it is given and for two months there- after; but the mortgage remains of full force and effect as between the parties thereto until the statute of limitation runs. When the mortgage is duly recorded the mortgagor may retain possession of the mortgaged property, but it is made a felony to sell the same, or to remove the prop- erty out of the county, without the consent of the Inortgagee, the penalty being imprisonment in the penitentiary not exceeding ten years. DEEDS must be made in writing under seal (a scrawl is sufficient), attested by two witnesses, acknowledged before some person authorized by law to take acknowledgments of deeds, as in Dakota Territory. They must be recorded in the office of the register of deeds of the county where the lands lie, within three months of the date of such instrument. A married woman may by deed or mortgage convey her real estate in like manner as she might do if she were a femme sole. s RICHTS OF MARRIED WOMEN.—The rights of a married woman in this Territory are very nearly the same as those of an un- Inarried woman, as respects her property, both real and personal. She may make a will, sue and be sued, make contracts, carry on a trade or business, retain her own earnings, and hold property, real or personal, with the rents and profits of the same, in her own name, free from the control or interference of her husband, the same as though she were sole and unmarried. And her property is exempt from execution or attach- ment for the debts of her husband. She has also all the rights of an elector, and may hold office and vote at all elections in the same manner as other electors. She may not, however, be appointed administratrix or hold that trust after marriage. Dower and tenancy by the courtesy are abolished in this Territory and in lieu thereof the statute of distribution, gives to the surviving husband or wife the entire estate of the deceased, real and personal, after payment of debts, provided the same does not exceed the sum of ten thousand dollars. WILLS.—No statutory regulations exist in this Territory as to the execution or proof of wills. A compliance with the common law is all that is required as to wills executed either in or out of the Territory. Wills must be proved and allowed in the probate courts, in the county where the deceased resided; or, in case of non-residence, in the county where his real estate, or a part thereof, may be situate. MECHANICS" LIENS.-Mechanics and material-men have a lien for labor and materials employed or used in the erection or repair or buildings. The claim therefor must be made out and filed in sixty days from the time the work is finished or the last item of material furnished, and proceedings to forclose the lien must be cornmenced in one year. Any person performing any work in the making or repair of any article of personal property has a lien on the same for his charges. ex: #2% £: # #2IS:#% & '#' =#2 # r #|NS: £ # & 5• #*E-<< #*- # # # # < LAWS FOR THE PROTECTION OF GAME. laws in the United States. As the latitude, faunae and seasons differ in the several localities, so do the laws for the protection of game. The following exhibit is a brief but complete synopsis of the laws, with amendments up to November 15, 1880, showing the “open seasons,” i.e. when game may be killed in the States, Terri- tories and Provinces mentioned. The States and Territories not named have no laws on the sub- ject. This summary has been prepared expressly for this work, with much diligent research, and is believed to be the first and only one before the public. Profes- sional and amateur sportsmen will find supplied here the long felt want of a convenient manual, and can confidently rely upon it in every particu- lar. They, and all others who favor a proper protection of game, have thus a valuable aid with reference to such protection, and may be fully informed as to all essential points of law on a topic which is growing in interest among in- creasing numbers. ALABAMA.–In the counties of Mobile, Monroe, Baldwin, Marengo, Hale, Lowndes, Dallas, Montgomery, Clarke, Greene, Wilcox, Pike, Talladega, Pickens, Bibb, Autauqua, Chilton, Clay and Jefferson, deer, Oct. 20 to Feb. 14; wild turkeys, Oct. 20 to May 1; turtle doves, Aug. 1 to April 1; quails or partridges, Sept. 15 to March 15; wild ducks, Oct. 1 to May 1; pursuit of wild ducks or water fowls at night prohib- ited (applies only to the counties of Mobile and Baldwin); float, sneak- boat, box or battery prohibited in hunting water fowls: and mocking. birds, cat-birds and thrushes protected; also nests, except birds of prey. Possession or sale in close season, and transportation by com" mon carrier, forbidden. In Choctaw, Washington, Sumpter and E* cambia, deer, Sept. 1 to April 1; doves, Sept. 15 to April 1; quails, Oct. 1 to April 1. It is unlawful to catch, kill or injure ducks at night. In Lawrence Co. deer, partridges, quails, or rabbits, Sept. 1 to April 1. CALIFoRNIA.-Quails, partridges or grouse, ducks, rails, marsh-hens, Sept. 15 to March 15, trapping forbidden; doves, July 1 to Jan. 1: ducks' eggs protected; in Lassen, Plumas, or Sierra counties, quails, partridges or grouse, Aug. 15 to March 15, mallard ducks, wood, teal, or spoonbill, Aug. 15 to Mar. 15; deer, July 1 to Nov. 1; antelopes, elks, mountain sheep, female deer or does protected till 1882; spotted fawns altogether protected. Possession or sale in close season forbidden. CoLoRADo.—All game birds from Oct. 1 to Nov. 15; all insectivorous, carrion and other birds, except birds of prey, entirely protected. Net: ting and snaring entirely forbidden. Deer of all sorts, antelopes, buf- faloes and mountain sheep protected from Sept. 1 to Jan. 1. Person* to be liable for the infringement of the law by their dogs. Those who kill for their own immediate use alone exempt from this law. Twen" ty-five cents premium on the heads of hawks. Shipping out of the State, of game, birds or animals, for speculative purposes, at any time, prohibited. CoNNECTICUT-Quails, woodcocks, ruffed grouse (called part: ridges), Oct. 1 to Jan. 1; eggs and nests protected; wild ducks, gee" and brants, Sept. 1 to May 1. Nests and eggs of above protected equally. Trapping, snaring or netting of woodcocks, quails and ruffed grouse forbidden, except on a man's own grounds. Possession by any person or any express company or carrier during the close seas": or shooting without leave on the enclosed grounds of any individual or corporation, a breach of the law. Shooting, hunting, or having fire- arms in possession on Sunday in the open air, illegal. Song and in: sectivorous birds and their nests protected. Restrictions placed "P" certain parts of Housatonic river and flats. - DAKorA.—Quails, prairie chickens, grouse, plovers, snipes, and cur" lews, protected always, against sale, trade, or traffic: open *Il Aug. 15 to Jan. 1. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - DELAwARE.—Woodcocks, Nov. 15 to Jan. 15; quails, ruffed grouse and rabbits, Nov. 1 to Feb. 1 (in Kent and Sussex counties), Nov. 1 to Jan. * (in Newcastle county); reed birds, Sept. 5 to July 1. Non-citizens * State forbidden to take fish or kill wildfowls. Trapping or hunting **ight forbidden, and insectivorous birds protected, also their nests. Ferreting forbidden; artificial lights forbidden. DISTRICT or CoLUMBLA.—Partridges or quails, Nov. 1 to Feb. 1; pheasants or ruffed grouse, Aug. 1 to Feb. 1; woodcocks, July 1 to Feb. 1; prairie chickens, Sept. 1 to Feb. 1; snipes, Sept. 1 to May 1; | #"se, ducks, Sept. 1 to April 1; reed birds, Sept. 1 to Feb. 1. Insect- ivorous birds protected, also nests and eggs; traps or snares, and swiv- cl guns forbidden; no hunting or shooting on Sunday. "outda—Sept. 1 to April 1, deer of all kinds, wild turkeys, quails, *ocking birds and partridges. Sea-birds and birds of plume protected. *ong A.—No general law. Minute special laws for sectional dis. tricts and Separate or various counties. *Alio-Quails and partridges, Sept. 1 to April 1, grouse of all *ts, Aug. 1 to March 1, elks, deer, or antelopes, Aug. 1 to March 1; "d ducks, Sept. 1 to April 1. Special laws for Boise county. ItLINors.—Deer and turkeys, Sept. 1 to Jan. 15; pinnated grouse, or prairie chickens, Aug 15 to Dec. 1; ruffed grouse, or quails. Oct. 1 to * 1: geese, ducks and other water-fowls, Aug. 15 to May 1; wood- *ks, July 4 to Jan. 1. Possession or sale in close season prohibited. Birds generally and nests protected. Trapping and night hunting Prohibited. Game selling out of season prohibited. Non-residents forbidden to kill, trap or ensnare for market or profit, or to remove **me out of State. Five days allowed for disposal of game after expi- ration of Open Season. *DIANA.—Deer, Oct. 1 to Jan. 1; quails and ruffed grouse (pheas- *ts), Nov. 1 to Jan. 1; prairie chickens, Sept. 1 to Feb. 1; woodcocks, "lyi to Jan. 1; turkeys, Nov. 1 to Feb. 1; ducks, Sept. 1 to April 15. *ll insectivorous birds and their eggs and young protected. Fifty dol- lars fine for shooting on inclosed land without permission. Express and carrying companies and all persons prohibited from carrying game "ring close season, or out of the State at any time. Iowa-Prairie chickens, from Aug. 15 to Dec. 1; woodcocks, July 10 to Jan. 1; ruffed grouse, wild turkeys, and quails, Oct. 1 to Jan. 1; deer and clks, Sept. 1 to Jan. 1; wild fowls, Aug. 15 to May 1. Not "hore than twenty-five grouse, snipes, woodcocks or quails to be killed in any one day by any one person. Beavers, minks, otters "d muskrats, November 1 to April 1, (for the protection of private Property, at any time). Five days allowed after close season begins in Which to dispose of game. Trapping, snaring and netting of above birds forbidden. Shipping out of the State prohibited. sAs.—Prairie chickens, Aug. 1 to Feb. 1; quails, Oct. 1 to Jan. 1. All other wild birds, except wild geese, wild ducks, snipes and birds of prey, protected. All transportation of game out of the State forbidden; game in transit from one State or territory to another across Kansas, exempted from the carrying prohibition. **NTUCRY.—The shooting, trapping, netting, snaring or killing of *ne of any kind for two years (till the fall of 1882), prohibited. "ouisiaNA.—All kinds of deer, Aug. 1 to Feb. 1; wild turkeys, Sept. ** April 1, quails or grouse, Sept.15 to April 1. Birds generally protected. 'MAINE.—Moose, deer and caribou, Oct. 1 to Jan. 1; hounding for- bidden. Minks, beavers, sable, otter or fisher, Oct. 15 to May 1; ducks, Sept. 1 to May 1; plover, Aug. 1 to May 1; ruffed grouse, or partridges, * Woodcocks, Sept. 1 to Dec. 1; quails protected till Sept. 1, 1883; P"nated grouse, or prairie chickens, Sept. 1 to Jan. 1; trapping and suaring prohibited; insectivorous birds protected, also theirnests and ***, excepting crows and hawks; transportation during close season Prohibited; deer in Waldo county protected till 1888; wild fowls altogether protected in and around the town of Plymouth; pigeons in Harmony, or Hartland, in Somerset county, protected for a radius of "'hundred rods from nesting place. *LAND.—shooting from blind or artificial point further than one hundred yards from shore, at water-fowls bedded in flocks, for- bidden. Partridges, Oct. 20 to Jan. 15; woodcocks, June 10 to Feb. 1; *ants, Aug. 12 to Feb. 1; wildfowls in the northern division of Maryland, Nov. 1 to March 31; night shooting and shooting from water craft of any description, within a half mile from shore, forbidden; S- also use of swivel gun. Shooting or gunning after wild water-fowl in Northern Maryland is regulated as follows: Prior to Jan. 1, on Mon- day, Wednesday and Friday; and after Jan. 1., Monday, Wednesday, Friday and Saturday. Each day shall comprehend the time between one hour before sunrise, and half an hour after sunset. Shooting north of the line from sneak-box prohibited, without license. Numer- ous special county laws. MASSACHUSETTS.—Woodcocks and ruffed grouse, Sept. 1 to Jan. 1; quails, Oct. 15 to Jan. 1; pinnated grouse protected except upon own- cr's premises. Possession and sale allowed Jan. 1 to May 1, provided same are not taken or killed contrary to law. Trapping or snaring of game birds prohibited entirely. Upland plovers, snipes, sandpipers, rails or shore birds, July 15 to April 1; wood ducks, summer ducks, black ducks and teals, Sept. 1 to May 1; hares, rabbits and gray squir. rels, Sept. 1 to March 1; pigeons, doves, gulls, tern or sea-swallows, Sept. 1 to May 1: deer, Oct. 1 to Dec. 1. Penalty of killing all other than above undomesticated birds (except birds of prey, crows, crow black-birds, herons, bitterns, wild pigeons, jays, Wilson's snipes, wild geese, black-breasted and chicken plovers, red-breasted sandpipers), ten dollars. All nests and eggs, save of birds of prey, protected. Trapping and snaring of game birds or animals prohibited. Shooting at wild fowl or beach birds by artificial light prohibited. Pigeon shooting (or trap shooting with any live bird) prohibited. MICIIIGAN.-Elks protected till 1889; deer, Aug. 1 to Nov. 15 in up- per peninsula; Sept. 15 to Dec. 15, in lower peninsula; wild turkey", Oct. 1 to Jan. 1; prairie chickens, ruffed grouse, water fowls, Sept. 1 to Jan. 1; quails from Nov. 1 to June 1; woodcocks, Jan. 1 to July 4... No trapping or snaring allowed for market. No punt or swivel guns allowed; nests and eggs of birds to be protected. Insectivorous and song birds protected. Transportation of game out of season pro- hibited. Pigeon nesting protected to a radius of five miles from breeding place against fire arms, and three miles against traps or £(131I (28. *This is the wording of the law on woodcocks. It is popularly con- strued to mean the reverse. (ISS3), Aug. 1 to June 1. MINNEsotA.—Woodcocks, July 4 to Nov. 1; prairie chickens, Aug. 15 to Nov. 1; quails and ruffed grouse, Sept. 1 to Nov. 1; aquatic fowls, Sept. 1 to May 15, elks, deer, etc., Nov. 1 to Dec. 15; no game birds except pheasants to be shipped out of the State; nests protect- ed, and trapping prohibited; deer in Stearns Co., Nov. 15 to Dec. 15. MISSISSIPPI.-Quails, Sept. 15 to March 15; wild turkeys, Sept. 15 to May 1 ; deer, Sept. 15 to May 1; doves or starlings, Sept. 15 to March 15; mocking birds, cat-birds and thrushes protected. MissouT.I.—Deer, Sept. 1 to Jan. 15; turkeys, Sept. 15 to March 1; prairie chickens (pinnated grouse), Aug. 15 to Feb. 1; ruffed grouse (commonly called pheasants) and quails (Virginia partridges), Oct.15 to Feb. 1; woodcocks, from July 1 to Jan. 10; turtle doves, meadow larks and plovers, Aug. 1 to Feb. 1. All birds and nests altogether pro- tected. Trapping or netting or robbing or disturbing the nests en- tirely forbidden, except the trapping of quails, or prairie chickens by a man on his own land for his own consumption, or the destruction of the nests of all birds of prey. Possession of game out of season illegal. Birds not showing shot marks to be considered as illegally killed. All railway companies, express companies and carriers are forbidden to carry game out of season. Non-residents forbidden to trap or kill for market any deer, turkeys, prairie chickens, quails, ruffed grouse, wild geese, brants, wild ducks or snipes. Shooting on enclosed lands without permission, illegal. NEBRASRA.—Grouse, Aug. 15 to Feb. 1; turkeys and quails, Oct. 1 to Dec. 1. All nests and eggs protected. Buffaloes, elks, mountain sheep, deer and antelopes, Oct. 1 to Jan. 1; sneak-boats, and punt or swivel guns forbidden. Minks, muskrats and otters, Feb. 15 to April 15. Insectivorous birds protected: hounding deer prohibited in the counties of Burt, Washington, Douglas, Sarkey, Cass, Saund- ers and Dodge. NEVADA.-Prairie chickens, partridges, grouse, quails, pheasants, (or ruffed grouse), woodcocks, wild geese, brants, swans, any kind of ducks, sand hill cranes, plovers, curlews, robins, meadow larks, and bitterns, Sept. 1 to April 1. Sage chickens and snipes, Aug. 1 to April 1. Insectivorous birds altogether protected. All kinds of deer, antelopes and mountain sheep from July 1 to Jan 1. -: |-- ! . LAWS FOR THE PROTECTION OF GAME. 557 "--— *le—- NEw HAMPSIIIR.E.—Moose and deer protected till Sept. 1, 1881, except in Coos county; decr, Aug. 1 to Dec. 1; moose, Sept. 1 to Dec. 31; minks, otters, beavers, sable or fishers, Oct. 15 to April 1; raccoons, Sept. 1 to Jan. 1; muskrats, hares (rabbits), Oct. 1 to April 1; wood- cocks, Sept. 1 to Feb. 1; plovers, sand-pipers, yellow legs and rails, Aug. 1 to Feb. 1; ruffed grouse, quails (partridges), Sept. 1 to Feb. 1; All insectivorous and song-birds protected; eggs and nests of all above birds, also pigeons' nests, protected. All snaring or netting of game birds, except by a man on his own grounds, forbidden. Exposure of poison, except on one's own premises, for rats or other vermin, or potato bugs, forbidden. Transportation, possession, or sale in close season, prohibited. NEw JERSEY.—Deer, Oct. 15 to Dec. 1; grey, black and fox squirrels, July 1 to Jan. 1; rabbits, from Nov. 1 to Jan. 1; upland plovers, Aug. 1 to Jan. 1; woodcocks, Sept 1 to Jan. 1; quails, Nov. 1 to Jan. 1; ruffed grouse (pheasants), Nov. 1 to Jan. 1; prairie chickens and tur- keys, November 1 to January 1; rail birds, September 1 to Dec. 1; reed-birds, August 15 to December 1; summer ducks, September 1 to Jan. 1. Punt and swivel-guns forbidden, also netting or trapping. Insectivorous birds, and eggs and nests protected. Pigeon nestings protected against fire-arms to a radius of one-fourth of a mile from breeding place. Non-residents must comply with the by-laws of the West Jersey Game Protective Society while shooting in Camden, Gloucester, Atlantic, Salem, Cumberland, and Cape May counties. NEw MExico.-Game of all kinds, Sept. 1 to March 1. NEw YoitR.—Moose, altogether protected. All deer, Aug. 1 to Dec. 1; sale, transportation or possession prohibited Dec. 1 to Aug. 1; fawns with spots altogether protected. Trapping, spring gun or artificial lick, strictly forbidden. Hounding, Aug. 15 to Nov. 1, ex- cept in St. Lawrence county. Deer, in Suffolk and Queens counties, protected to 1883. Wildfowl, Sept. 1 to May 1, in waters of Long Isl- and, Oct. 1 to May 1; night shooting forbidden, also lanterns; wood- cocks, Aug. 1 to Jan. 1, except in Oneida and Herkimer countles, and there Sept. 1 to Jan. 1; black or gray squirrels, Aug. 1 to Feb. 1; quails, Nov. 1 to Jan. 1: rabbits, Nov. 1 to Jan. 1. Owners of orchards, etc., may trap in their inclosures. Ruffed grouse and prairie chick- cng, Sept. 1 to Jan. 1. Song-birds protected. Meadow-larks and star- lings protected from Jan. 1 to Aug. 1; wild pigeons protected on all nesting grounds. No netting of grouse, prairie chickens or quails. Birds' nests protected, except crows, blackbirds, hawks and owls. North CARo1.INA.—Deer, Aug. 15 to Feb. 15; quails and wild- turkeys, Oct. 1 to April 1. OIIIo.-Quails and prairie chickens protected till Nov. 1, 1880; wild turkeys, Nov. 1 to Jan. 15; ruffed grouse and blue-wing teals, Sept. 1 to Jan. 1; ducks, Sept. 1 to April 1; woodcocks, July 4 to Jan. 1; deer, Sept 20 to Nov. 1. Pigeon nesting protected for a radius of one-half mile from breeding-grounds. OREgoN.—Deer, moose or elks, July 1 to Feb. 1; wild fowls, Aug. 1 to April 1; grouse, pheasants or sage-hens, June 15 to April 1; quails, Aug. 1 to April 1; prairie chickens, July 1 to March 1. PENNsy LVANIA.—Elks and deer, Oct. 1 to Dec. 16; squirrels, Sept. 1 to Jan. 1; hares or rabbits and wild turkeys, Oct. 15 to Jan. 1; plov- ers, July 15 to Jan. 1; woodcocks, July 4 to Jan, 1; quails, Oct. 15 to Jan. 1; ruffed and pinnated grouse, Oct. 1 to Jan. 1; rails or rced birds, Sept. 1 to Dec. 1; wildfowls, Sept. 1 to May 15. Inscctivorous birds altogether protected. Pigeon nestings protected against fire- arms to a radius of one-fourth mile from roosting or breeding-place, and penalty for disturbance in any manner while nesting; and snar- ing or netting, for the purpose of killing, during the nesting season, prohibited. Snaring, netting or catching of game birds by torchlights, prohibited. Sunday hunting or shooting forbidden. RIIoDE IsLAND.—Woodcocks, Sept. 1 to Jan. 1; ruffed grouse or par- tridges, Sept. 1 to Feb. 1; quails, Nov. 1 to Jan. 1: sand-pipers or grass plovers, Aug, 1 to April 1; dusky or black ducks, and wood or sum- mer ducks, and blue or green winged teals, Sept. 1 to March 1. Trap- ping prohibited and shoulder guns only allowed. Ferrets, weasels and hares, Sept. 1 to Feb. 1; wild plgeons, Aug. 10 to Jan. 1. Eggs and nests protected. All fresh-water ducks other than those before mentioned, all sea-ducks, geese, crows, kingfishers, crow blackbirds, cow blackbirds, herons, bitterns, plovers (except as mentioned above), 558 LAWS FOR THE PROTECTION OF GAME. curlews, rails, sand-pipers, snipes, and all birds of prey except fish- hawks or ospreys, may be killed at any time. - SouTIL CARol.INA.—Deer, Sept. 1 to March 1; wild turkeys, quails, woodcocks, ruffed grouse and snipes, Sept. 15 to March 15. TENNESSEE.—All game birds, such as grouse, quails, woodcocks, larks, snipes, Sept. 15 to March 1; wild turkeys, Sept. 15 to May 1; deer, Sept. 1 to March 1; all insectivorous and song-birds, and eggs and nests protected. Special laws for various counties. TEXAS.-Female deer protected from March 1 to Aug. 1; open sea- son-prairie chickens, July 1 to March 1; quails, Sept. 1 to March 1; insectivorous and song birds protected. No law for aquatic fowls, wild turkeys, or wild pigeons. Many counties are exempt from the above laws. UTAII.-Quails and all grouse, Sept. 15 to March 15; wild fowls, \ Aug. 15 to March 15; all deer, antelopes and mountain sheep, July 1 to Jan. 1. - VERMoNT.—Woodcocks and ruffed grouse, Sept. 1 to March 1; and the use of dogs in hunting ruffed grouse or partridge forbidden (ex- cept on one's own lands); wildfowls, Sept. 1 to May 1; nests and eggs protected, and trapping or snaring forbidden; insectivorous birds, eggs and nests protected. Sunday shooting prohibited. Deer protected till Nov. 1, 1886; elks, Sept. 1 to Jan. 1; minks, beavers, fishers and otters, Nov. 1 to April 1. VIRGINIA.—Partridges or quails, Oct. 15 to Jan. 1 (in some counties Nov. 1 to Feb. 1); pheasants, Aug 1 to Feb. 1; woodcocks, July 1 to Feb. 1; robins, Nov. 1 to April 1; wild turkeys, Oct. 15 to Feb. 1; deer, Sept. 1 to Jan. 15; ducks, Sept. 1 to April 1 (except summer ducks which can be shot at any time). Wild geese unprotected. Eggs and nests protected. Song birds protected. WASHINGToN TER.—Deer, Aug. 1 to Feb. 1; quails, Oct. 1 to Jan. 1; grouse of all kinds, Aug. 1 to Jan 1; fire hunting prohibited; killing decr for their horns and hides illegal. WEST VIRGINIA.—Insectivorous birds protected. Quails, Oct. 15 to Jan. 1; grouse (chickens or pheasants), blue-wing teals, mallards, wood-ducks, wild ducks, wild geese or brant, Sept. 1 to Feb. 1; sneak boats, and pivot or swivel-guns forbidden; and eggs protected. Deer, July 15 to Jan. 15. WisconsiN.—Deer, Sept. 1 to Dec. 1; no netting or trapping of any game bird, or hounding of deer; woodcocks, July 10 to Jan 1; grouse and prairie chickens, ruffed grouse, quails and ducks, Aug. 15 to Jan 1; wild ducks' eggs protected; otters, minks, martens, muskrats or fish- crs, Nov. 1 to May 1; shoulder guns only allowed for wildfowl; shoot- ing from sneak-boats, blinds, and other than natural cover forbidden. These provisions apply only to the northern divisions of Wisconsin or that portion of the State lying north of the boundary line of the coun- ties of Vernon, Sauk, Columbia, Dodge, Washington and Ozaukee. Burnett county, all game, Oct. 15 to Nov. 1; Pigeon nestings protected to a radius of three miles from breeding-place. Transportation with- out the State limits, of partridges, ruffed grouse or prairie chickens, forbidden. Numerous special county laws. . WYoMING TER.—Elks, deer, mountain sheep orantclopes, Aug. 15 to Jan. 15; pheasants, quails, prairie chickens and sage-hens, July 15 to March 1. BRITISH POSSESSIONS. BRITISII Columbia.—All game birds, Aug. 15 to March 1; deer of all kinds, Aug. 1 to Feb. 1. NEW BRUNswicF.—Laws are identical with those of Nova Scotia. NEwFounDLAND.—Partridges, Aug. 25 to Feb. 20; wild geese, Aug. 20 to April 1. Nov.A. ScoriA AND NEw BRUNswick.—Deer of all kinds, Oct. 1 to Feb. 1; grouse, no open season; partridges, Oct. 1 to Jan. 1; wood- cocks, snipes, teals, Sept. 1 to March 1; blue-wing teals, Aug. 1 to April 1; hares and rabbits, Sept. 1 to March 1. ONTARIo.—Deer, clks, moose, Sept. 15 to Dec. 15; turkeys, grouse, pheasants, partridges, Oct. 1 to Feb. 1; quails, Oct. 1 to Jan. 1; snipes, Aug. 15 to May 1; teals, mallards, gray, black and wood ducks, Sept. 1 to May 1; rabbits, Sept. 1 to March 1; dog hunting prohibited; rails, Sept. 1 to Jan. 1. • QUEBEC.—Deer of all kinds, Sept. 1 to Feb. 1; wild ducks and geese, Scpt. 1 to May 1; grouse of all kinds, quails, wild turkeys, snipes, Sept. 1 to March 1. %. 2. . !-- | HOW TO CONDUCT PUBLIC MEETINGS. 559 # .." 2 *% £* . * | | | | f | * * N. f I : #" | # N most occasional assemblies, convened for the transaction of business, a plan of pro- ceeding is already adopted by the organic law, by commit- tees with functions continuing ~. from a previous meeting, or *—” States Congress. In the present instance a County Convention is called to appoint delegates to a State Convention. In such case, certain leading citizens, of different parties, and entertaining among them- selves some differences of opinion, unite in a call for a meeting of the citizens, at a stated time and place, in some such form as the following, which is by precedent. But it is fre- quent that a L meeting is £ called to take original steps: on some sub- ject, regard- # ing which | % no organiza- tion has previously existed. In such cases loss of time, if not *mbarrassment, arises from the want of some definite plan. To meet the demand of such " "eetings, and others which are without direction, * form of proceeding is here laid down, which can be adapted, by suitable changes, to most others. It is supposed that a belief exists among men of all political parties that changes, if not a radical *vision, are desirable in the tariff regulations of the °untry,and that an attempt will be made to originate and organize measures for concert of action in the State of Pennsylvania, with a view to finally laying * plan before a National Convention or the United MMW put before all who ### would be likely to take an interest, one or more * speakers of prominence having been secured to | address the meeting: # * , “TARIFF MEETING.” ) “The citizens of Al- # legheny County, irre- * spective of political parties, who are in fa- vor of a change or revi- sion of existing tariff # regulations, are re- Z | quested to meet in - Library Hall, in the City of Pittsburgh, on Wednesday evening, No- vember 24th, at 7 o'clock, to take such measures as may be deemed best, and to appoint delegates to attend the Tariff State Convention at Harrisburg, on December 15th, if such step shall seem advisable. “The meeting will be addressed by Hon. Samuel Randall, Hon. W. D. Kelley, and prominent busi- ness men of the County.” Previous to the time advertised, those who are arranging the meeting, hold a conference, and agree £ # Q—- upon nominations for officers of the meeting. They are present promptly at the time set for the meet- ing, but do not institute proceedings until a half hour thereafter, due allowance thus being made for differences in time carried, and ample opportunity given for all to be present. Then one of the managers of the meeting will take a position from which he can be seen by all, and say: “Will the meeting please come to order?” Upon compliance with his request, he will con- tinue: “I move that Mr. William H. Brown be chosen Chairman of this meeting.” Another of the managers will respond: “I second the motion;” when the first puts the question thus: “It has been moved and seconded that Mr. William H. Brown be chosen as President of this meeting. All who are in favor of this motion will say "Aye!” The affirmative vote being taken, he will say: “Those who are opposed will say ‘No.’” If the motion be carried, he will add: “The ayes have it. Mr. Brown is elected and will please take the Chair.” He will then withdraw, and Mr. Brown will take the Chair. Some other gentleman will then say: “I move that Mr. Henry Hawley be chosen as Secretary of this meeting.” Another member will second the motion, and the chairman will put the question and announce the result of the vote. If elected, Mr. Hawley will take his proper place. The meeting is now organized. The Chairman will direct the Secretary to read the call for the meeting, and when that is done, will say: “Gentlemen, you have heard the call agreeably to which we have assembled; what is your pleasure?” A member now rises and says: “I move that a committee of five be appointed by the meeting [or by the Chair] to prepare and report resolutions on the subject named in the call.” Another member seconds the motion. The Chair- man then says: “Gentlemen, you have heard the motion. Are you ready for the question?” Should any member desire to oppose the resolu- tion, he will now rise and address the meeting, beginning with the words, “Mr. Chairman.” 5 I © . ". 560 HOW TO CONDUCT PUBLIC MEETINGS. –---"mass- The Chairman turns towards the speaker and listens respectfully to him, and to all who may fol- low him. In case no one opposes the motion, or when the speakers against it have concluded their remarks, he will put the question and announce the vote. If the motion prevails, he says, if it is under- stood that he shall appoint the committee, “I will appoint Mr. (the mover of the resolution) and Messrs. (Jour other members) as the committee.” The committee will now withdraw to prepare the resolutions. During the absence of the committee the speakers appointed to address the meeting will be introduced in due order by the Chairman. When the speaking is ended, the Chairman, or other member, appointed for the purpose by the Committee on Resolutions, comes forward, and says: “Mr. Chairman, the committee on 1esolutions beg leave to report the following which they have unanimously adopted.” He then reads the resolutions, and hands the paper to the Secretary. The Chairman now says: “Gentlemen, you have heard the report of the committee. What order shall be taken?” Some one says: “I move that it be received, and the resolutions adopted.” Another seconds the motion. The Chairman then states the question as follows: “The motion is made and seconded that the re- port of the committee be received, and the res- olutions adopted.” Debate is now in order, and, on such an important measure, will most likely be extended, especially if the resolutions recommend the appointment of del- egates to the State Convention. The business will probably not be concluded at this meeting. In such case, some member will rise and say: w “Mr. Chairman, in view of the lateness of the hour, and the gravity of the subject, I move that this meeting do now adjourn to 7 o'clock on Wednesday evening, December 1st.” Another seconds the motion in the usual form, and without allowing further debate the Chairman says: l . | | – - GS: # = -—9 “It is moved and seconded that this meeting do "ow adjourn to 7 o’clock on Wednesday evening, ecember 1st. All who are in favor of the motion Will say "Aye.” The negative is called and the re- "lt of the vote declared. In case of a definite adjournment, the matter Will be taken up at the adjourned meeting where it Was left. ' * In this case, however, it is assumed that no such "djournment takes place. The discussion continues, With amendments, until all seem ready to vote. he Chairman then states the question on the re- Seption of the report and adoption of resolutions * he did at first, and puts the question according to the usual form as given above. If the vote be fa- Vorable he will say: “The motion is carried, and the resolutions "dopted. What is the pleasure of the meeting?” If delegates are to be appointed to the State con- Vention, a regular motion will be made, seconded "put to vote on such appointment, stating that * selection shall be by ballot or viva voce. The hairman will then await nominations. If the "hoice is to be viva voce, one says: “I nominate * Albert G. Keller as a delegate.” This may *ceive a second or not. . The Chairman then says, “Mr. Albert G. Keller * nominated. All who are in favor of his elec- tion as a delegate will say ‘Aye.” The negative then, “All who are opposed, No.” He declares the result, "d so treats the names in the order presented. Or the meeting may nominate all, and then vote at *ce on the whole. In case of choice by ballot, the Chairman appoints tellers and says: , “Gentlemen, prepare your ballots. All who are "favor of A. G. Keller [or naming all if they are ° be voted apon together] will write yes on their "lots, and all who are opposed, no, and deposit *ir ballots with the tellers.” The tellers collect the ballots and assist the Chairman in counting them. The result of the vote being in the affirma- "We, the Chairman says: “Mr. Keller [or naming all, if elected] is chosen ** a delegate [or delegates].” hen, by this process, the delegation is full, the airman says: HOW TO CONDUCT PUBLIC MEETINGS. 561 “What is your further pleasure?” If there be no further business, an appropriate reso- lution of thanks to the officers for their services is passed. One will then move that the meeting adjourn, another making a second, and the Chairman will immediately put the question to vote, it being not debatable. This motion being carried, he will say: “This meeting stands adjourned without day.” Should it be intended that the proceedings be published, the Secretary prepares a careful account and supervises such publication as the meeting may direct. In case of the meeting assumed, in which there was no adjournment to another time, the account should be substantially as follows: “Pursuant to a public notice, a large number of the business men and other citizens of Allegheny county, irrespective of political parties, met in Li- brary Hall, in Pittsburgh, on Monday evening, No- vember 24th, to consider the subject of a change in the tariff regulations. “Mr. William H. Brown was chosen Chairman and Mr. Henry Hawley elected Secretary. “On motion of [naming the mover], a commit- tee of five consisting of [naming the members] was appointed to prepare and report resolutions on the subject named in the call. “While the committee was out, able and instruc- tive addresses were made to the meeting by Hon. Samuel Randall, Hon. W. D. Kelley, Herman L. Wisner, Esq., and other leading business men of the city and county. “The committee on resolutions, through the chairman, [or naming the one who presented the report] reported the following, which were adopted, [giving the resolutions]. [If the resolutions of the committee were amend- ed, the record should be: “The Committee on Resolutions, through the chairman, etc., reported a draft, which was amend- ed and adopted in the following form:”] “Agreeably to the resolutions, the following gentlemen were appointed delegates to the State Convention at Harrisburg [naming them]. “The meeting then adjourned. “HENRY HAwl.EY, "Gentlemen, the delegation is full, and stands Secretary. as follows:” [naming those chosen, or asking the “WILLIAM H. BRow N, w “cretary to do so] and continues: Chairman.” --S - IMANUAL OF PARLIAMENTARY PROCEDURE. TABLE OF RULEs observKD IN congress AND IN PUBLIC RoomEs. Follow each motion to its respective references on this page, and you master the intricacies of Parliamentary Law in this country at one glance, embracing about three hundred points of order. —a - —===* Motion to adjourn -- - - - --- * E. E. E. as ims is " £ is as in I a * B a II x 1 Question undebatable; sometimes remarks tacitly allowed. Motion to determine time to which to ad. 2 a. A a II x 2 Undebatable if another question is before the assembly. Motion to amend-------------- * * * * * * * * 3 a ! A a II x || 3 Debatable question. Motion to amend an amendment-------- 3 a * A a II x 4 Limited debate only on propriety of postponement. Motion to amend the rules ------------- 3 a + A 5 II x a Does not allow reference to main question. *: to appeal from Speaker's decision Sk II b Opens the main question to debate. reindecorum ----------------------- I at A a * Cannot be amended. Motion to appeal from Speaker's decision y t May be amended. generally------- * * > * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *E. × <> 3 a * A a II y || A Can be reconsidered. Call to order-------------------------- I a * A a III y B Cannot be reconsidered. Motion to close debate on question------ 1 a t A II x || C An affirmative vote on this question cannot be reconsidered. Motion to commit:----------- * * * * * * * * * b t A a 11 x || 5 Requires two-third vote unless special rules have been enacted. *'. to extend limits of debate on # A II a Simple majority suffices to determine the question. Question - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - '* * * * * * * * * * * = I 3. & * || II Motion must be seconded. Leave to continue speaking after indeco- III Does not require to be seconded. run ------------------------------- I a * A a II x x Not in order when another has the floor. Motion that -:-- do lie on the table * me £ in als I a * C a II x y In order at any time though another has the floor. Motion to limit debate on question------ I 3. t A # U. × || 2 May be moved and entered on the record when another has the floor. Objection to consideration of question --- 1 a sk A 5 III y but the business then before the assembly may not be put aside. The Motion for the orders of the day -------- I 3. A a III y motion must be made by one who voted on the prevailing side, and Motion to postpone to 3. definite time---- 4 a. t A a II x on the same day as the original vote was taken. Motion to postpone indefinitely * * * * * * --- 3 b sk A a II x 5 Fixing the time to which an adjournment may be made; ranks first. Motion for £ question ----------- I al. % 5 # X. 6 To adjourn without limitation ; second. £ # # priority of business--- I a | A. Q: II X 7 Motion for the Orders of the Day; third. Ques ions of privilege-------------- - - - - 3 a 42. X. 8 Motion that.------ do lie on the table; fourth. Reading papers ----------------------- I a * A a II x Motion for th tion : fifth Motion to reconsider a debatable question 3 b * B a II z || ? *: £" Motion to reconsider an undebatable ques- IO £ to pos £ C : y: $1xth. tion :------------------------------- 1 a + B a II z || 13 Motion to £ £ * Motion to refer a question-------------- 3 b + A a II x || 3 Motion to amend; eighth. |v < ni Motion that committee do now rise------ I a * B a II x || *4 Motion to postpone indefinitely £ C- Question whether subject shall be dis- 15 on. motion to strike out words i. Shall the words stand part of the m cussed ----------------------------- I a * A 5 III y tion,” unless a majority sustains the words they are struck out. Motion to make subject a special order-- 3 a + A & II x || 16 On motion for the previous question, the form to be observed is. “ Shall To substitute—in the nature of an amend- the main question be now put?” This, if carried, ends debate. ment ------------------------ * * * * * * 3 a t A a II x || 17 On an appeal from the Chair's decision: “Shall the decision be sus" Motion to suspend the rules------------ I 3. B 5 II x tained as the ruling of the house?” The chair is generally sustained. Motion to take from the table----------- 1 a * C a II x || 18 on motion for Orders of the Day: “Will the house now proceed to the T' tup question out of its proper or- :k 5 II Orders of the Day?” This, if carried, supersedes intervening mo" CF - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - I 3. A. X tions. Motion to withdraw a motion----------- I a * A a II x 19 When an objection is raised to considering question: “Shall the que” Questions of precedence of questions----- 5 6 7 8 9 Io 12 tion be considered t” objection may be made by any member befor" Forms in which questions may be put----13 14 15 16 17 18 19 debate has commenced, but not subsequently. —–==" Motion to reconsider, if made in proper form, when another question has the floor, may be “called up by the mover, when that question is disposed of, in any way, for the time being; and it then takes precedence of all other questions, except motions * adjourn, or to fix the time to which this house upon its rising shall adjourn.' * When the yeas and nays are called for and the house has ordered the vote to be taken in that way, the question may be put thus: “As many as are in favor----will answer aye, those opposed will answer no, when their names are called.” When in a division it shall appear that a member has been counted on the side against which he intended to vote, an amend- ment may be made by order of the presiding officer, who shall ask the wrongly voting member “on which side he intended to give his voice.” This can only be done upon the representation of the member concerned, and his answer to the question is final in the disposition of his vote, which will be recorded accordingly. – * A COMPENDIUM OF PARLIAMENTARY RULES. 23 & * * * . . . is * BASED UP0N THE RULES AND PRACTICE OF CONGRESS. <# BODY regularly organized has a demand for a set of Rules which will expedite its proceedings and settle mat- ters of dispute. Such usually designates in its Constitution, if it have one, certain Rules, which will be specially neces- sary to its government, and then state that, on other points, the authority shall be the laws in vogue in some other assem- # bly, or those set forth in some manual or digest. Others prepare a code embody- ing, usually, what will be required in all meetings, with such additions as are more especially adapted to their purposes. Un- *ganized, occasional bodies are not bound to any °ode, but it is customary to act upon those which * generally accepted by deliberative assemblies. The following are in common use, and will £ve the purposes of most ordinary assemblies. hey are suitable as a basis of a code for a body °rganizing for permanent or stated work, if supple- thented or abridged as the peculiar nature or cir- "mstances of the body may require: I.-ORGANIZATION. (1) Upon the assembling of a meeting, if no °he has been previously anthorized to preside, some * usually addresses the others on the necessity of an organization, and requests nominations for a hairman. Nominations being made, (sometimes "ith a second, sometimes not), he puts the question "ther the one first nominated shall take the Chair. CF # # £#__": AAAZCa2CJX'AAA'Z-2'asa'a A^******** - : r * * * *. .". *. * 2 * o #: :-- * . * •' (RY-O-G) . (5) s: *.G.'... • t 92% (9 # :5. * #& #######$#& As * 2MXYYYY-w www.x.y vivXXV.V.Y.Y:2:2.2%.<>~ *: *##### £Y” £ - £EEEEEEEEEEEEEEE -ca/\{ 563 ts:4*~~~~~ ; : PARIAMEN The Organization and Conduct of Business for Societies, Conventions, and Other Deliberative Assemblies. # 3 # & *-* - - - - - - --~~~~~~:-:...: If the vote be negative, action is taken on the other names in the order they were mentioned, until a Chairman is appointed. The presiding officer, who is usually denominated Chairman, President, -Moderator, etc., takes the Chair, and continues the organization by asking for nominations for Secre- tary (or Clerk) and such other officers as may be thought best. (2) The organization thus effected is frequently sufficient; but, if it be desirable to increase the number of officers or to select them more deliber- ately, it is customary to consider the above-described organization temporary, and refer the matter of permanent organization to a committee, usually with power to make nominations for the offices, upon whose report the meeting organizes, either in con- formity thereto or with modifications, which modi- fications may amount to an entire rejection of the report. (3) When the members of an assembly are rep- resentatives of others it is necessary to determine, before entering upon the regular proceedings, who ale duly chosen members. This bars unauthorized persons from the proceedings, and procures a list of members for use in the appointment of com- mittees, and other business. Usually a Committee on Credentials is appointed to prepare such a list, and often is empowered to investigate rival claims, if any be presented. When a member's right to a seat is in dispute, he should be allowed a hearing, and then withdraw until the case is decided. He may, by the indulgence of the meeting, retain his seat during action on his case, but should take no * = |-> --> G. 9–- -: -: 564 A COMPENDIUM OF PARLIAMENTARY RULES. —-T part in the discussion and vote. It being a univer- sally accepted principle that those whose claims as members are in question have no rights in the pro- ceedings, only those should be selected as officers or members of committees whose rights or claims are not so questioned. II.-QUORUM. In all regular bodies it is necessary that a certain number of the members, called a quorum, should meet and participate, in order to transact business; otherwise, haste and unfairness are possible, or mat- ters may be decided by a number too small to be considered representative of the will of the member- ship. This number may be determined by a con- stitutional provision, by law, by custom, or not be named at all. In the last instance a majority of the members is requisite. In bodies unorganized or without precedent no restrictions as to quorum can be urged. If, at the beginning of a meeting, or during its progress, it is ascertained that a quorum is not present, a less number may be called to order, but can do nothing more than adjourn, except in such bodies as have provisions for compelling the atten- dance of members. III.-DECISION. In most questions and elections the majority of votes of those present constitute the will of the body—in some, a majority of the whole member- ship; but a special provision may change this. In legislative assemblies, for instance, even one-fourth may require the yeas and nays. Changes in any rule of order may require a vote of two-thirds, or even more. In elections where more than two receive votes a plurality only is often required. The President and Secretary are necessary to the con- duct of a meeting, and, hence, should be chosen by such a vote as will insure their retention in office in the ordinary course of business. Their election, therefore, requires a major vote, with a few excep- tions. Otherwise, since they are subject to removal by the body electing them, they may be deposed by a majority formed from those who had voted for two cr more rival candidates. IV.--DUTIES OF OFFICERS. (1) The presiding officer has, in the main, the following duties to perform: Call the meeting to order at the appointed time; announce the order of business at the several stages; receive motions regu- larly made; put to vote the questions and announce the result; receive and announce to the assembly messages and communications; sign, when directed, the acts, orders or other proceedings of the assem- bly; give information, when referred to, on a point of order or usage; name the members of com- mittees when no other provision is made for the appointment; enforce the observance of the estab- lished rules of order, and general order and decorum; represent impartially the will of the assembly, and guard its general interests. (2) If the organization has Vice-Presidents, the duties of the presiding officer will devolve upon one of these in his absence, or in case of his leav- ing the Chair to participate in the proceedings. If no Vice-President has been chosen, in the absence of the presiding officer a Chairman or President pro tempore is appointed, in the choice of whom the Secretary or Clerk should conduct the proceedings. The presiding officer should stand when putting a question, but may sit while reading. (3) The duties of the Secretary or Clerk are: To call the roll of the assembly whenever ordered, noting the answers on the yeas and nays; to take notes of all proceedings, making entries in the records of all things done in the assembly; to notify committees of their appointment and the business to them referred; to read all papers, etc., when ordered; to sign, sometimes with the presiding officer, the acts and other proceedings of the as- sembly; to guard all the papers and documents of the assembly and have them for convenient ref- erence; and in some instances, to make an entry of what is merely proposed or moved, without coming to a vote, and to take notes of all or particular speeches. He is expected to stand while reading or calling a roll. If he have no assistant, his place is filled by the appointment of one to act pro tem- fore. * V.-PRESENTATION OF BUSINESS. (1) Proceedings are ordinarily initiated by some member submitting a motion or proposition to the assembly, or presenting a communication from one who is not a member. (2) In speaking to an assembly, whether to pre- sent a proposition, petition or other communication, – ==-3) |f . | | +-- -—9 - -- - A COMPENDIUM OF PARLIAMENTARY RULES. 565 T- * "make or second a motion, to make a mere state. "nt, or to make an address in debate, one must rise, address the presiding officer by his proper title, and wait until recognized by name. He then * obtained the floor and may proceed with his usiness. - (3) In case two members or more rise and ad- *ss the Chair so nearly at the same time that he * not decide who rose first, the one first heard is "titled to his recognition. Should his decision be "nsatisfactory, any member may question it by say- "g that in his opinion another was first up, and get the sense of the assembly as to which of the mem- *s shall have the floor. The question should first " taken whether the one announced by the pre- *ding officer should have the floor, and if the vote * negative their action should be taken upon the * for whom the floor is claimed against him. (4) A member desiring to put a motion before an *sembly draws it up and introduces it in the form " which he desires it to pass. If it receives a sec- Ond it may then be put to question. (5) A petition or other communication from per- *s not members should be signed by the peti- "oner, or other one communicating, in his own "me, unless he be sick, or be present at the meet- "g, and should be offered by some member to Whom it has been intrusted. The member so pre- senting a petition should be informed of its pur- Port, so as to be prepared to state its substance When offering it, and be ready to say that he be- lieves it to be in proper form and free from objec- "onable features. The member, in presenting the P"tition, states its substance, lays it before the as- *mbly and moves it be received, or resumes his *at without such motion, which may be made by "other. If it obtains a second the question is put Whether it shall be received. Usually, however, a P*ition is received by the presiding officer, requir- "g no motion on reception unless objection be made. After its reception the Clerk reads the pe- "on to the assembly, sometimes by motion of the *sembly, before any order regarding it can be "ade. It is then ready for action to grant, post- P*, or lay on the table for further examination. (6) A member submitting a principal motion, or Incidental motions, such as for adjournment, lying on the table, postponement, etc., are not subject to this rule. If the mover of a principal motion, or an amendment to one, fails to reduce it to writing, the presiding officer may refuse to receive it, or may himself put it in writing. (7) A motion must receive a second, as a rule, before action can be taken, though in routine busi- ness motions pass without this. In some privileged or particular proceedings, also, a second is not nec- essary, while in a few, motions must be seconded by more than one member. A second is not neces- sary, for instance, to proceed with an order of the assembly, as the order of the day, observance of decorum or regularity in proceedings. (8) After a motion has been made and seconded, the presiding officer states it, and it is then ready for decision. Previous to the statement it is not in order to speak on it or to make other motions. After the statement of a question it belongs to the assembly, and can be withdrawn only by leave of the assembly, which must be given by a regular motion. The restriction as to modifications, with- drawal, or suggestions by the mover, do not apply previous to the statement of a question. When the motion is once under the control of the assem- bly the presiding officer must state it, or cause it to be read, if in writing, as often as a member wishes it, for his information. At this stage of a motion -i. e., after statement—other motions can not be entertained, except such as in their nature are pre- vious and entitled to be first decided. A VI.-ACTION ON MOTIONS. (1) If a proposition be made in such form that the assembly is ready to act upon it, the question may be put at once, and the result determined. If, however, the assembly desire to suppress the prop- osition altogether, a motion for indefinite postpone- ment is common. (2) If the assembly desire to entertain the prop- osition, but not immediately, action may be delayed for further information or examination, or to give place to more pressing business, by a motion to postpone or lie on the table. (3) The substance of a proposition may be ac- * offering an amendment to such, which requires ceptable, but the form so unsatisfactory that the "tional words, must reduce the same to writing. assembly cannot give the necessary consideration := -mm- G-- l | for modifying the form. It is then proper to refer ate consideration of a matter, to gain further in- the matter to a committee for revision. (4) If it is desired to suppress debate on a ques- tion, it is the practice to move the previous ques- tion. - (5) The proposition being acceptable, and the form satisfactory, the assembly may desire to alter or amend; in which case a motion to amend is the COII] II.] O11 OL16. VII. MOTIONS: THEIR NATURE AND HOW MADE. (:) INDEFINITE PostPoNEMENT.—A motion may be entirely suppressed without a direct vote upon it by an indefinite postponement, i.e., a post- ponement without setting a day for further consid- eration. If this question be decided in the affirma- tive, the motion cannot be renewed; if in the nega- tive, it has no effect, the question being still in the possession of the assembly. (2) DEFINITE PosTPoNEMENT.—When it is . desired, for any reason, to defer the consideration of a question to a future time, a motion to postpone to a day named is the most common. Sometimes, however, it is wished to effect a practical indefinite postponement; this can be done by fixing a day which will ordinarily prove to be beyond the close of the session. Such a motion is substantially one for indefinite postponement. (3) LIE on THE TABLE.—The assembly may put off a question for future consideration by a motion to lie on the table. . The decision being affirmative, the matter so deferred may be taken up at the con- venience of the assembly, although, strictly, no fur- ther action is in order on the same day. The mo- tion may, however, specify that the question shall lie on the table until some other topic shall be dis- posed of. The motion, at the proper time, to pro- ceed with the subject is that the assembly “do now consider the subject in question.” Sometimes a motion is made to take from the table. If this be seconded, stated and decided in the affirmative, the main question is before the assembly. A negative decision on taking up leaves the question on the table. The motion to lie on the table is sometimes intended as a final disposition of a matter, and, whether so designed or not, has that effect when no step is made to consider or take it up. (4) CoMMITMENT.—To secure a more deliber- | ----- l 566 C. A COMPENDIUM OF PARLIAMENTARY RULES. .r —-T formation upon it, or to improve the form in which it is presented, a motion is usually made to refer to a committee; a committee's report may also be re- committed. This committee should be the regular one whose duties embrace the subject, if there be such; otherwise the motion should be to refer to a cpecial committee, whose character should be named in the motion. If there be doubt as to whether the functions of the standing committee named extend to the matter, and motions are made for a reference to that committee, and at the same time to a special committee, the question regarding the former should be first put. A part of a subject may be referred to a committee, or different parts to different committees. If the committee be instructed as to the duties assigned, such instruction must be strictly followed. In the absence of in- structions, the committee has full power to report in any manner consistent with the received forms of parliamentary proceedings. A committee's au- thority on the matter referred, as well as on the time and manner of proceeding, is wholly depend- ent upon the order instituting it. It can act only upon what is committed, and is not authorized to change the subject by amending. A Committee of the Whole is subject to the same rule. (5) PREvious QUESTION.—In the United States the previous question is mainly used to suppress debate on the main question. The motion being made and seconded, the presiding officer, without delay, states the question and asks, “Shall the main question be now put?” If the decision be affirma- tive, the main question must be immediately put, without debate or further consideration, the result being the will of the assembly on such main ques- tion. If the decision on the previous question be negative, the effect, in the United States House of Representatives, is to remove the main question from the house for the day; which is, also, usage in most other bodies. In some places such nega- tive decision leaves the main question under debate at any time during the sitting. The mover may have different ends in view at different times. He may desire to secure an immediate vote on the main question, judging the assembly to be in an attitude at the time to give such a decision as he may wish. In this case he, of course, wishes the decision on – ==-o } |# | * - s A COMPENDIUM OF PARLIAMENTARY RULES. 567 the previous question to be affirmative. If he Wishes to remove the principal question from the *embly, without a vote, he will move the previ- * question at a time when he thinks the house is * ready for it, and will give a negative decision * the previous question. Again, he may desire to *pedite the proceedings by forcing the assembly to an immediate disposition, in some form, of the "atter before it. VIII.-AMEN DMENTS. (1) BY THE MovE.R.—After a motion has been Stated by the presiding officer as a question, the "over may modify it only by general consent. If "ch modification be objected to, the mover must *in permission of the assembly, by a motion, sec- "d and statement, before he can modify his mo- "n. When an amendment has been moved and *conded by another, the mover sometimes consents to it, and the amendment is made without a ques- "n being taken; but this can be done only by gen- * consent, and, in case of objection, can not be ef. fected excepting by a regular question. Before a ‘!"estion has been stated the mover may modify or withdraw, but after the statement, in the absence "general consent, he can take such a course' only * any other member. (-) BLANKs.—The mover may leave blanks to be filled by the assembly. If these are for numbers "d times, motions to fill them are to be decided before the principal question. If they are for pro- "sions of a nature similar to the main question, they are filled by the same method as amendments y insertion of words are made. Blanks for times "d numbers are filled upon motions, and each may be considered apart from the others. The more *mmon and convenient mode, however, is for sev- *l motions to be made and then arranged in such *der as will best secure an agreement of the as- sembly. In filling blanks with numbers and times * is the rule to begin at a point where the least "mber will probably agree, and recede or advance until the requisite agreement is secured. In cases " which the greater includes the less, as in *ing a limit to a sentence, the questions begin from the greatest number and the longest time, and recede toward the lowest number and nearest * When the less includes the greater, as when " assembly shall finally adjourn, the question must begin with the least and advance until the proper agreement is secured. This order, never- theless, is far from uniform. Most legislative as- semblies regulate this by special rules. (3) DIVISION.—If a motion embraces two or more parts so distinct as to admit of division into independent questions, and it is believed that the assembly would approve a part, and not the whole, a motion is frequently divided into separate ques- tions, to be decided apart from one another, the di- vision being effected by a regular motion, made and seconded. In this case the mover should state how he intends to make the division, and his motion is subject to amendment, in like manner as others of the character of amendments. Sometimes delib- erative assemblies provide for these divisions, when the question is susceptible of them, upon the mere demand of a member; but, in the absence of such provision, one member's demand alone is not suffi- cient. In cases of division the presiding officer must decide into how many parts a motion can be divided, or, indeed, whether it is divisible at all, i.e., whether the question comprehends parts so dis- tinct that in the absence of one or more, the others shall be entire. (4) UNION AND SEPARATION.—When two or more parts of a motion may be better united into one, usually one is rejected, and then its substance incorporated as an amendment. If, on the contrary, one part may be better resolved into two, any part may be cast out in the form of an amendment, and put into a separate part as an amendment. In either of the cases named it is still better to refer the matter to a committee, when consistent with the pro- ceedings. (5) STRIKING OUT AND INSERTING.—When an amendment on striking out has been rejected, although a motion to strike out just the same words would not be in order, it is allowed to move to strike out the same, or a part, together with other words, provided the amendment is sub- stantially different from the one rejected. So, too, when an amendment has been adopted striking out a part, it is not allowable to move the insertion of merely the same, but it is in order to move to in- sert the same or a part, with such additions as will make the insertion proposed actually different from what was struck out. A proposed amendment to = -= --> 568 strike out a paragraph may be itself amended by striking out a part of the paragraph, by inserting w 'rds, or by both. Those who desire to retain such paragraph, but in an amended form, must se- cure their amendment before the question is put on striking out; for the vote on striking out, whether affirmative or negative, according to rules already given, prevents further amendments. In stating a question on striking out, the passage to be amend- ed is read as it stands, the words to be struck out then named, and finally the entire passage as it will be if the amendment is agreed to. Agreeably to the rules on amendments by strik- ing out, it is not allowable, when an amendment to insert has been rejected, to move the insertion of the same; nor, when an insertion has by vote been agreed to, can one move the rejection of the same; but it is in order to move the insertion and rejec- tion, respectively, of the same or a part, provided additions be made which shall make them essen- tially different questions from those just acted upon. A proposed amendment to insert a paragraph may be amended in the same manner as was de- scribed above on striking out one. So, too, those who desire to amend a paragraph which it is pro- posed to insert as an amendment, must secure their amendment thereto before the vote on amendment by insertion is taken. The order in stating an amendment by insertion is to read the passage to be amended, then the words which it is proposed to insert, and finally the passage as it will stand if the amendment is agreed to. * A question on amending by striking out and in- serting is susceptible of division, and such division must be made by order of the assembly, by a regu- lar motion and vote, or by demand, under special rule, of a member. If such division be made, the vote should be first taken on striking out. If this be decided in the affirmative, then the vote on in- serting is taken; but if the vote on striking out be negative, that on inserting falls. On such division, each part is subject to the same proceedings as if it were a separate question. If the question to strike out and insert is put undivided and the vote is neg- ative, the same motion may not be renewed; but it is in order to move to strike out the words which it was originally proposed to reject, or a part of them, with others, and insert.the same as proposed A COMPENDIUM OF PARLIAMENTARY RULES. before; or to make any other combination by striking out and inserting, which will be an essen- tially different proposition from the one rejected. If the vote on striking out and inserting be decided in the affirmative, it cannot be moved to strike out what has been inserted, nor to insert what has been taken out, or a part thereof; but a motion is in order to insert or strike out, or both, in such a manner that the motion shall really differ from the question agreed upon. A proposed amendment on striking out and in- serting may be amended by striking out from and inserting in either or both paragraphs proposed to be struck out and inserted, and this may be done as other amendments. Those who desire to amend either of the paragraphs which it is proposed to strike out and insert, must secure the amendments before the question comes to a vote, because after a negative vote a part which the assembly has re- fused to strike out can not be amended, nor can that which it has refused to insert be moved again; and after an affirmative vote that which has been inserted can not be amended, nor can that which has been taken out be moved again. A motion on striking out and inserting should be stated as those named before, namely: first, the reading of the passage proposed to be amended as it stands, then the words which it is proposed to strike out and insert, and, finally, the whole passage as it will stand if the amendment shall prevail. (6) AMENDMENT to AN AMENDMENT.—An original amendment is itself susceptible of amend- ment, but an amendment to an amendment can- not be be further amended. One may, however, bring about the effect of such third amendment by securing the rejection of the amendment to the amendment and then renewing it in whatever form he wished to amend it. That which an assembly has by vote agreed upon, whether in adopting or re- jecting an amendment, can not be subsequently amended or altered; nor can that which has been rejected as an amendment be again moved. If a proposed amendment is inconsistent with one that has been already adopted by the assembly, this is sufficient ground for rejection by the assembly, but its suppression does not come within the powers of the presiding officer. When two or more distinct parts are embodied in a proposition, amendments == E- f 52 —- === | * * #s= a—912" (* = * A comPENDIUM of PARLIAMENTARY RULES 569 T- * *them should be made in the order in which they the proposition of some question, the reading of a *cur. An amendment to a later part may not be journal, or a part of it. When a question is pend- followed by one to a previous part; but the ing, a motion simply to adjourn is in order, if it does same effect may be secured by giving notice regard- not specify a particular time, and is not subject to "g a previous section, that one proposes an amend- debate or amendment; but, if no other question is ment to it in anticipation of an amendment to a fol- before the assembly, a motion to adjourn may be *Wing section. A sub-amendment takes preced- amended, as other questions. In general, if the na- *ce, on the vote, over an original amendment; ture of a pending question is involved in a motion "t of several sub-amendments which often occur, to adjourn, debate on the latter is allowable. * one has, in its nature, precedence over the others, Unless a time has been previously fixed, the as- and they should be brought to vote in the order in sembly, upon passing a question of adjournment, is which they were proposed. adjourned to the next sitting. A question pend- (7) CHANGING ORIGINAL INTENT.—It is in or- |ing when a vote on adjournment is passed is re- * to propose an amendment which is not only £ from before the assembly, and can be "compatible with the intent of the main question, rought up again only in the usual way. When an Ult directly opposed to it, excepting in the few as- £ : without a time fixed for re-as- *mblies which have a special rule regulating this. | *8. t € OllS111CSS is not usually resumed at the series of resolutions is often amended by striking next meeting, where the adjournment left it, as is *t all after “resolved that,” together with the pre- often the case when the adjournment is to the next amble, perhaps, if there be one, and inserting an regular sitting, as determined by custom or the "tirely different series. Legislative bodies fre- | *8" law of the assembly. * * quently amend bills by striking out all after the (2) Privileges—when the privileges of the "acting clause and inserting a new bill. By such assembly, or of its individual members, are 1Il- "endments a proposition is often so changed that fringed, as by a disturbance of any kind, questions its original supporters are compelled to vote against on privileges take precedence over all questions, "; and sometimes those who are opposed to the except that of adjournment. when such question original motion, being sufficient in number, adopt of privilege has been decided, business is resumed this plan of passing a measure against the wishes at the point where the suspension occurred. of their opponents at a time when such opponents (3) ORDERs of THE DAY.—Matters that may * esired to gain some advantage. have been assigned to a certain day or hour for con- sideration are called “the orders of the day,” and a IX.-PRECEDENCE. motion for the order or orders of the day, when When a question is regularly before an assembly, the time appointed arrives, takes precedence over "o other is in order, except “privileged questions,” all other questions or motions pending, or which (which are those relative to adjournment, to the may arise, except those of adjournment and of priv- Privileges of the assembly or its individual mem- ileges. Such questions are introduced by moving * and to the orders of the day); “subsidiary to proceed to the orders of the day, and such orders *stions” (which are, to lie on the table, the pre- must be taken up in the succession determined by * question, postponement, indefinitely or to a the record. An order fixed for a particular hour *tain time, commitment and amendment); and takes precedence over others when that hour ar- “incidental questions,” (which are questions relat | rives, unless, in the course of previous proceedings, 's to order, to reading of documents, leave for with it has come up in regular order and been decided. "Wal of a motion, suspension of a rule and amend | By this it will be seen that an order of the day, "g of an amendment). u which has been set for a particular hour, may be (1) ADJournmENT.—The motion to adjourn is taken up with other orders, and, if not sooner almost always in order. But, if it has been decided reached, has an exclusive claim to the hour fixed "...the negative, the motion can not be renewed | for it. If orders of the day are not disposed of without some intervening business, as, for instance, on the day assigned, they fall, and can come up 57O A COMPENDIUM OF PARLIAMENTARY RULES. only by a renewal, excepting in the few bodies which have provided that, in case of a failure to dispose of them, the orders for a special day shall stand for every following day until they receive ac- tion. (4) PorNTs of ORDER.—When, in the course of any proceedings, a question arises on a breach of or departure from the rules of order, this ques- tion supercedes the main question from which it arose, and, after its decision, the original question is regularly before the assembly, unless its decision has been reached in the incidental question. A question of order is not stated for the assembly's decision, but the presiding officer, either of his own accord or at the suggestion of a member, may de- cide that a departure has or has not been made from the rules. Should his decision be unsatisfac- tory, one member may object to it and have the assembly decide it, which is called an “appeal from the decision of the Chair.” The presiding officer then states the question, “Shall the decision of the Chair be the decision of the assembly.”” when the assembly may debate and decide this question as others, the presiding officer, however, being al- lowed to participate in the debate. Although a point of order, when made by the presiding officer or a member, is not debatable as questions which are for a vote of the assembly, and although the presiding officer may decide such point without al- lowing any one to express his opinion regarding it, he may, before giving his decision, obtain the views of others. - (5) READING OF PAPERs.—A member has the right to have a paper read at least once when it has been laid before the assembly for action, and a de- mand for, the same shculd be followed by the Clerk’s or Secretary's reading; but a member does not have the right to read matter foreign to the question, without leave by vote or general consent. Papers relating to a proposition are usually in- cluded in a reference to a committee when such is made. In a debate, if a reading meets objection, a question on the same must be made and decided as other incidental questions. (6) WITHDRAwal.—It has been noted that, when a motion has been once stated it cannot be modified or withdrawn by the mover, without general consent or a unanimous vote. If such gen- ing as the assembly may determine. == "E-------" t —-T eral consent be given, or the vote on permission to withdraw be decided in the affirmative, the mo- tion is removed from the assembly; but, should the consent of the assembly not be given, the business proceeds as if the consent had not been asked. (7) SUSPENSION of RULEs.—When a proposed proceeding is desirable, but is prevented by a rule, it is the practice to suspend the rule, which can be done only by a question and regular vote. Such motion, of course, takes precedence over the vote on the proceeding in question. The suspension usually requires more than a majority vote, accord. (S) SUBSIDIARY MoTrons MoDIFIED.—The sub- sidiary motions named above (Ix.) cannot, as a rule, be applied to one another; for instance, a mo- tion on commitment, amendment of a main ques- tion, or postponement, may not be subject to one on the previous question, nor may a previous question, commitment, &c., be postponed. But a motion on postponement, commitment, or original amend- ment may be amended—for this is calculated to assist the question to which it is applied, while the others are designed to dispose of or suppress a sub- ject. The previous question, from its nature, cannot be amended. (9) PREvious QUESTIoN.—The previous ques- tion, if made before a motion on postponement, commitment or amendment, takes precedence over them, nor is a main question subject to one to post- pone, commit or annend after the previous ques- tion has been put and the vote taken upon it. The principal question must then have attention, be- cause, if the previous question be decided in the affirmative, the vote on the main question must be put without delay, while, if it be negative, the main question is taken, for the time, from the assembly. (10) REFERENCE To CoMMITTEE.—A motion for reference to a committee may be amended by an entire change of the committee to which it is moved to refer it, by changing the number of the committee, or adding instructions. In case of an affirmative vote on commitment, the main question is removed from the assembly, and is, of course, not subject to further action at the time; if negative, the main question is in the possession of the assembly, and subject to any disposition. The motion on com- mitment takes precedence over one on amendment, — == f . *I'- | +== -—? -- A COMPENDIUM OF PARLIAMENTARY RULES. 57 I | "- "d, also, over one on the previous question, or on [ that question; one on suspension of rules precedes H- Postponement, if first made. (ii) LIE on THE TABLE.—An affirmative vote to lie on the table removes the principal question, With all motions connected with it, from the as- *mbly. The main question may be taken up by a "otion and vote when it desires. A negative vote "ves the main question just as it was before the "otion to lie on the table was made. (12) PostponEMENT.—A question on indefinite P°stponement may be amended by inserting a par- "cular time, and this amendment may in turn *ceive a sub-amendment. The effect of a sub- "endment may be secured by a rejection of the *iginal amendment and the substitution of a time *rent from that which it embodied. A motion to postpone to a particular day may be amended by substituting a different time; but the better mode "to proceed as in filling blanks. Such a motion *Persedes those for the previous question, amend- *nt and commitment, if made first. An affirma- "evote on commitment removes a question from the house with all that is subsidiary and incidental; * negative vote leaves the proposition subject to action as before. s (13) AMENDMENTs.—A question on amendment *ay supersede one on indefinite postponement or Previous question, if made before them, but is itself *"perseded by one on definite postponement or on Commitment. (14) SUMMARY of PRECEDENCE.—The subject of Precedence of motions gives rise to much confusion. The following will answer most ordinary questions: hen a main question is under debate in the House of Representatives of the United States Congress, the questions which may supersede it are these: Adjournment, to lie on the table, the pre- vious question, postponement to a certain day, *mendment, and indefinite postponement, which have precedence among each other in the order "med. A question of adjournment supersedes all others; one on privileges of the house or its indi- vidual members, all except adjournment ; one on orders of the day, all but those of adjournment and Privileges; one on point of order, all motions on the subject Jrom which it arises , one on reading Papers concerning a proposed question, the vote on the vote on that from which it arose; one to lie on the table has precedence over all other “subsidiary questions;” one on the previous question supersedes those on postponement, commitment and amend- ment, if made before them; one on definite postpone- ment supersedes those on the previous question, commitment, and amendment; one on commitment always precedes one on amendment, and supersedes those on postponement and the previous question, £f made Jirst, one on amendment aiways takes pre- cedence over a vote on that which it is proposed to amend, and, likewise, supersedes those on indefi- nite postponement and the previous question, if made first, one to fix the day to which the assembly shall adjourn has been accorded precedence over one simply to adjourn. X.-METHOD OF PROCEEDINGS. (1) ORDER OF BUSINESS.–In all assemblies which will hold several sittings, or will hold one of considerable length, a definite order of business should be established to expedite proceedings and insure due consideration to all measures. decide the order in which several subjects awaiting consideration shall be taken up. The following will be found a convenient order for most assemblies: (1) Call to order. (2) Roll call, if there be any. (3) Chaplain's exercise, if there be any. (4) Reading of proceedings of prev- ious meeting. (5) Unfinished business, left over at adjournment of last meeting. (6) Reports of regular committees. (7) Reports of select com- mittees. (S) New business. (2) ORDER OF DELIBERATION.—In considering a proposition consisting of distinct parts the proper method is to begin with the first and take them in order. This may be varied when the assembly is of such size as to make it practicable; and in gen- eral, in a series of resolutions with a preamble, it is the practice to first consider the resolutions and then recur to the preamble. Such resolutions, or other proposition of distinct parts, should be read entire by the Clerk; and then in separate parts by the presiding officer. During this second reading the amendmen's should all be made. Finally, the question is put on the adoption of the whole, amended or not, as the case may be. When a re- This will ( ... --- 572 A COMPENDI UM OF PARLIAMENTARY I: ULES., port has come back from a committee, whether amended or not, the reading is made by the Clerk, followed by the second reading by the presiding officer, amendments to amendments of the com- mittee only being admitted at this stage. Then, other amendments are made, if desired, followed by the final vote on adoption. It is a common practice to receive the report of a committee when presented, or after it has been amended, and the proposition becomes one of the assembly "pon the vote for adoption, and not a report of a mmittee. If the committee shall report back a new draft, it may be accepted as a substitute for the original, and so considered; or it may be treated as an amend- ment, and then amended when necessary, the vote on the report being as on an amendment, followed by a vote on the main question as amended. XI.-ON SPEAKING. (1) RIGHTS To THE FLoor.—A member desir- ing to address the house must rise and address the presiding officer before he can claim the right to address the assembly. If recognized he then has the floor, and can hold it as against another who rises with any motion whatever. If, however, another thinks he is infringing on any rule of order, he may address the Chair, and state his point of order, when the presiding officer may direct the speaker to take his seat until the point is decided; then, unless the point is such as to cut off the speaker, he may pro- ceed. When a member has information which is essential to the assembly, he may interrupt the speaker to communicate the same. In almost all other cases, interruptions are not in order, unless they be in accord with some special rules. The rule that one shall stand during debate is of course waived in case of infirmity or other physical incon- venience. (2) YIELDING THE FLoor.—When the speaker yields the floor to another for any purpose, with an agreement with him to receive it again, there is no rule to enforce such agreement, and the original speaker can not claim the floor, though it is gener- ally conceded to him. (3) PERSONAL MENTION.—No one in debate should speak of another member by name. He may designate him as the one on the left, or right, the one who has just spoken, the mover of the mo- tion; &c. (4) Points of ORDER.—One may not make an extended address to an assembly when no question has been stated, unless he shall express his inten- tion of closing with a motion. Nor, in the course of a debate, may he make remarks that are foreign to the question under consideration. Nor may he use disrespectful or abusive language concerning the assembly, or its members individually; nor on pro- ceedings which have been finally passed, unless he expresses a purpose to move for reconsideration. Should a point of order be made on a speaker, and sustained by the presiding officer and assembly, the objectionable remarks must be abandoned if the address be continued. (o) SPEAKING MoRE THAN ONCE.—Every member is entitled to speak once on each distinct debatable question, and only once, unless it be other- wise specially provided. This rule applies to every question that comes up by motion. Leave to speak a second time must be obtained of the assembly, either by general consent or by vote. This, how- ever, does not apply to one who desires to explain himself in some essential part of his speech, or to “clear a matter of fact,” or to speak on the orders of the assembly, which he may do, though he has spoken before; yet a member can not interrupt one who is speaking in order to make a personal ex- planation. In most assemblies the mover of a question is allowed to speak a second time, after all others have had an opportunity. (6) LIMIT of SPEECH.—It is sometimes provided that one shall not speak longer than a specified time, upon the expiration of which the presiding officer shall inform him his time is passed, and the member shall be seated. (7) PERSONAL PRIv1LEGEs.—It is out of order to trespass on a speaker's right to be heard, by making any noise, moving about or doing anything which would disturb him. In case of such disturbance, the presiding officer should call the offending mem- ber to order. This may give rise to questions of order to be decided by the assembly. When such question is raised on the conduct of a member, the offending party, before the vote on his case, should have a hearing in his own defence, and then with- draw, unless he remains by the indulgence of the assembly, until his case is passed upon. * — --> F:* ~ } S-- Ess" (8) IMPROPER LANGUAGE.—When a speaker "ses language offensive to an individual member, or to the assembly, he should be immediately in- terrupted by one member or more calling him to order. The one complaining of the language should then, either of his own accord, or by direc- tion of the presiding officer, repeat precisely the Words of which he complains. The recording officer then takes those words in writing. But, if the presiding officer deems the objection insuffi. cient as a ground for considering the language dis- °rderly, he may delay directions for their record "ntil he can determine whether the members are, * general, in favor of such record, in which cases he should, of course, execute their will. The words then being read, the one who is said to have used them, may deny that he used them, when the as- sembly may, by a vote, decide whether he did or "ot. When the assembly has determined what Words were used, whether upon the speaker's denial * not, the member charged may explain in what sense they were used, removing their offensive char- *cter, otherwise justify them or make an apology. Should such justification or apology be deemed sufficient, this will finally dispose of the matter and the member may proceed with his speech. Should two members object to this settlement, they may *ise a question, by a motion and second, when the "ember charged must withdraw, (though he may "emain by indulgence of the house), and the as- sembly shall then determine by vote the punish- ment deemed proper. If the speaker is allowed to Sonclude his speech and another addresses the *ssembly, or other business is resumed before notice staken of the offensive language, no action can be subsequently taken on the offense. XII.--THE VOTE. (1) Its NEcessity.—It is a general rule that all questions must receive a formal vote of an assembly to be considered its will. . But, on matters unim- Portant, or such as are usually taken for granted as the will of the assembly, such as receiving and reading reports, petitions and other papers, the pre- siding officer, without a vote, supposes the assem- ly consents. But, after such decision has been declared, any member may object and compel a de- cision by vote. S- . (2) “MoTION,” “quEsTion,” “voTE,” ETC., DEF1NED.—A proposition made and seconded be- comes a “motion; this, when stated to the assem- bly becomes a “question,” and this, in turn, if adopted, becomes a “vote,” “resolution,” “bill,” “act,” etc., of the assembly. (3) TAKING A vote.—When a motion of any nature whatever has been stated, and all amend- ments or other alterations, together with all de- bate, appear to be concluded, the presiding officer asks if the assembly is ready for the question. If no one rises the question is put to vote, sometimes with a re-statement. A common mode of taking a vote is this: The presiding officer, after stating the question, says, “As many as are in favor of the question, say Aye;” the members in favor respond “Aye.” The presiding officer puts the negative thus: “As many as are opposed say “No,” when those opposed answer “No” [The form in which, on the affirm- ative, the presiding officer says: “As many as are of opinion that” etc., and, on the negative, “As many as are of a different opinion,” etc., is perhaps, more common in legislative assemblies, but the form given above will give most presiding officers less trouble.] The presiding officer decides by ear which side has the major vote, and declares that “the ayes have it,” or, “the noes have it,” as is the case. In case of doubt as to the major vote the ques- tion may be put a second time; and if the presiding officer is still in doubt, or, if after he has decided, a member rises and expresses the belief that the side decided to be in the minority cast the major vote, the presiding officer orders the assembly to divide, that each side may be counted. No mem- ber, however, after the presiding officer has declared the result, and a new motion has been made, can call for a division. This division is sometimes made by the members ranging themselves in different parts of the room until counted by the presiding officer or others appointed for the purpose; but the more common mode is for the members to rise and stand in their places until counted, those in the affirmative voting thus first. Another form of taking a vote in the United States is by yeas and nays. By this method both sides are stated together, thus: “As many assare --> "-_ * -- A COMPENDIUM OF PARLIAMENTARY RULES. 573 "--— – —-----" t *19– ~ ! l 574 A COMPENDIUM OF PARLIAMENTARY RULES. * –--ms-" in favor of the question,” [“or, As many as are one who voted with the majority on the question of opinion that,” etc...] will, when their names are which it is proposed to reconsider, or that it shall called, answer “Yes,” and, “as many as are op- be made within a given time, or both. posed,” [“or, As many as are of a different opin- A motion that a vote named be reconsidered ion,”] will, when their names are called, answer opens the original question to full debate again, “No.”. The roll is then called by the recording and, if it prevail, puts such original question in pos- officer, and each member, when his name is called, session of the assembly, subject to any proceedings rises and answers “yes” or “no,” the response be- as it was before decision on it was made. ing entered on the list. After such roll the record- XIV.-COMMITTEES. 1ng officer reads the names recorded in the affirma. (1) APPoINTMENT AND ORGANIZATION.—In tive and those in the negative separately, to give an determining the number of a committee, the meth- opportunity to correct any mistakes made in an od should be to commence with the largest of the swering or recording. The recording officer re- numbers proposed and recede, as in filling blanks. ports the number on each side to the presiding offi- The members may be appointed either by the pre- cer, who finally declares the result. When such siding officer, upon vote of the assembly, or in a vote on yeas and mays is taken, and each side be accordance with a rule to that effect; by ballot, gins the voting, debate on the question can not be upon a vote of the assembly; and by nomination renewed; but in other methods of vote, previous to and vote, when no other method is specified. In taking the negative, any member may rise and many bodies, the presiding officer appoints com- speak, make amendments or otherwise renew the mittees, when no other method is mentioned. Upon debate. In this case, the question must again be an appointment by ballot, the proceeding is the put to vote from the beginning. same as in other elections, a majority vote being If a point of order arises during a division, the necessary to a choice; but the number may be presiding officer must decide it immediately, subject voted upon together or separately; if the appoint- to revision by the assembly after the division is ment be by nomination and vote, each name is put through. This is done without debate, though a to vote singly, except when the presiding officer is member, by request or permission of the Chair, may directed to nominate, in which case he may pro- give his view in aid of the presiding officer, but he pose them all together or singly. When the nom- must do this while sitting. inations are made at large, the first name heard by In almost all cases, every member in the room the presiding officer is first put to vote. The same may and must vote, and only such have the privi effect as appointing a new committee is secured by lege. *. reviving one which has been discharged upon a re- "In the absence of rules to the contrary, it is the port, or charging a standing committee, with the duty of a presiding officer to give a “casting vote” matters under consideration. It is the usual prac- in case of an equal division, and he has the privi- tice to appoint a committee from such as are in lege, if he desire, when doing so, to give his rea- favor of the matter being referred; and to make sons for voting as he does. - the mover and second of a motion for a committee No decision can be reached without a quorum, members of it, the mover generally being the but a subject under consideration when a division chairman. s is made and a quorum is not present continues as it The member first named on a committee is the was before such division, and when resumed, chairman until the committee shall effect a perma- whether on the same or another day, must be taken ment organization, and the courtesy is usually ac- up at the point of division. corded him of acting as chairman through the pro- XIII.—RECONSIDERATION. ceedings and presentation of the report. In the absence of special rules, a motion to re- (2) PRocBEDINGs.—A committee must follow consider is subject only to the rules which apply the directions of the assembly regarding time and to other original motions. In some bodies, special place of meeting and the subject referred. In the rules require that such motion shall be made by absence of instructions, and special rules, the com- | g-- -- | } f * | | * mittee may select its own time, place and method of treatment, except that it may not sit during a sitting of the assembly, nor may it change the subject of what is referred. A majority of a committee is necessary for a quorum, unless a different number be provided. A committee is closed, if it fails to meet at a time set for it by the assembly; but, if acting without instruction, it may arrange its own meetings and adjourn from time to time until its business is finished. A paper before a committee for consideration should be read entire by the Clerk, if there be one, otherwise by the Chairman; then read by para- graphs, amendments and other proceedings taking the same course as in an assembly. This is the usual, though not the necessary order. When a committee originates a paper, amendments are to be acted upon as the paragraphs’ are read, but the Vote on the paragraphs themselves is reserved to the last, when the vote is taken upon the paper as a whole. When a paper has been referred to a committee by an assembly, questions are put on amendments only, and none is put on the whole. The commit- tee must report back any matter referred to it, even if unanimously opposed to it, but the matter may be reported without amendment or change. This rule is subject to the exception that, when the “subject,” along with the “form” or “details” of a matter, has been referred, the committee may finally dispose of the matter. When a paper has been referred, the committee * to keep the draft as it was when referred, putting all amendments agreed upon on a separate paper, with minute explanations as to the amendments proposed. Should the amendments be complicated or numerous, they may be reported altogether, as a new draft, along with the original draft. Upon finishing the business referred to it, the committee rises by motion, with instructions to some member, usually the chairman, to report the action to the assembly. (3) REPoRTs.—When reporting to the assembly, the member appointed for the purpose, rises and informs the assembly that the committee, having fully considered the subject, agreeably to order, have directed him to report thereon, which he is prepared to do at the pleasure of the assembly. A T--- *==" ©-e- | motion being then made by him, or another mem- ber, the question is put on the reception of the re- port by the assembly. The vote will be to receive it then or to fix its reception at another time. When the time arrives for reception the member in charge of the report reads it and delivers it, with all pa- pers pertaining to it, to the recording officer, who reads it again in some instances. Then it lies on the table until the assembly takes it up for consid- eration. When the report consists of a paper with amend- ments, the member in charge reads the amend- ments in their connection in the report, giving the reasons of the committee for the action. In the reading at the Clerk's table, the amendments only are read with their connection. In the making of a report, a motion and vote on reception is often dispensed with, if no objection is made. If the presiding officer sees any irregularity in the report, he may decline without a motion or vote to receive it. In the case of long reports, fre- quently no reading is made until the time of con- sideration by the assembly. Upon the acceptance of a report the committee is discharged, and the report is a subject of proceed- ings by the assembly, and, at the time of consid- eration, is open to treatment just as any other proposition. When accepted, the report, of course, becomes the will of the assembly. A report not being received, the committee is not discharged, and may be ordered to sit again as originally. A report may be recommitted to the same committee or any other, in which case the consideration of the recommitment proceeds as if no committee action had been taken. Offenses of all kinds in a meeting of a committee should be put in writing and reported to the assembly for action; the committee has no authority to punish. (4) MINORITY REPORTs.—The report of the majority is considered the report of the committee; those who dissent are permitted to present their re- port together, or each one separately; this, by courtesy, accompanies the regular report, but can be adopted by the assembly as an amendment, and upon a motion and vote. (5) OF THE WHoLE.—When the time arrives for the consideration of a matter referred to a ! # = =#- "-----__ A COMPENDIUM OF PARLIAMENTARY RULES. 575 "--—- * The figures given from 1856 to 1879, inclusive, are from the report of John Sherman, Secretary of the Treasury, to the Senate of the U.S., June Io' 1880, and can be relied upon as correct. The amounts given under head of Public Debt, represent all outstanding principal. The cash in Treasury has not been deducted from amount. i. Fiscal year changed from Jan. 1 to July 1. # Includes $150,700,575 Redemption of the Public Debt. * - =-4 4 ~. 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U S - • * * * I I I * ,725 2I G H ew Johnson 2 # ||# #: #3 : ..;|Jim' £: # D. # 26 £ #|G: £ s Dewitt * Otle = * C. & 8 * * * * * * * * * * * * * 3. * V eymour ,015,071 (2 * * * * * * : 1816|19|221| R '#': ; #### # £ I I 1872|37.366 D' U £ # £63,613 # # Colfax * : * * * * * * * O s * * * * * * I y * * rant......' ... * * * * • * * * * F. # Monroe.... #### II . . . £: $: #. #: 31 3 97 23 £: 8o s {1S King. * * * * 16 '3 E # 5 183 D. D. Tom skins. I T. #: £: 6 3. # 2S6 Henry wiis * - © & + 23 ............. :|3| #### #|# # ' islack...... # # :::::::::::::::::: # * : . . . James Ross . . . . . 22 B. G Hendricks 5 £: 47 1820 24|2 Vaca. . . . . . . . . £ # 5– * * * J. Marshall....... S C. ratz Brown * | | * * * * * p A. H. Col 1ān.. * 5 '# ######| | ### £: ; S * * • * * * * * * * T. l S'- " - - - - * * * * * * * * * * * * Cr. . . - : ##!' £ #| || #|##| | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * # *: * T1S, top .* - 5: - - - - * * * * * * * * * S * * * * * * ... * * * * * * # ### 3 ##": ": I 76 38.369 #: R £ * * * * * * * * * ... # : :::::::::::::::::: : C- * * * Robt. Cy . . . . * S. : ayes”.... * * * * * * * * * * 17 : * san ... Vacancies?...." # ###|'': ### CY, # G. #: : 4,033,295]18 w. A wi. * * * * : 182 - * * * * © : 3 * * tlSil. • . I P. G er Cooper * * 7 4,2 $,26 5 * A. Whc l * 4. 4|24|261 o £- C • * * * * * * * * * * * - 1880 . C. Smith * * * * * 3: 5|184 T. A. H cler. . 185 #: And'w Jacks : 3:5 • • •l 3 38.369|| R. # * * * * * * # * * * * endricks . [184 g 3C - $15. A. * * * * * * * * s * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * # # '' ###### lh # # S. # *#. :::::::::::::::::: ... | # # #: £ # #" "#. # * * * * * * * * * * * * * 3 at'l M s 30 - S - * * * * * * * p 40 * # I.I] li *=- * * * * * * * ,587| 37| And #1COT1- NOTE cattering * IO B. J. Ch glish. |155 * * * * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * * reV ackson. 24 lon .-In the c * * * * * * * * *30 II. ambers... : #oral vot Vacancyii...... ........ [... £% £ ' # £ to which # A. Thompson. * &#### Va., 2 : == y 'y: 2 # £ letter: I' he various candi bein e Vote f. not cast: , 2; Md., 2 • * * * * * n; C.U., C cratic: W. ; O., Oppositi ds for F didates b # #|: #: # # # | n the £ ction devolved Ul ron Burr ion devolved u no choice for Presid −iberali Ti, Ten: #'I is..., Indép. S.Š, Free Soil: , ., Anti! £ce of S, resulting upon the Ho a choice bei pon the Hous resident, the perance; G # Democra A., Ameri- J.''' n Jefferson as , on the 36th £ receivin # £ of Representa elec- | ...” Presi ., Greenback, and # D. & L. # £|": # #|: # # * 1812 linton. Vic s, was ect’l vot * n 7 Stat ine Presidênt." ice Presi ril 1 $ * V 12 e not * CS 13 ent. resid 4, 186 & # Vote , Vice President; died April t" £ # M'res: R-1 . it':# £: 23, 181 ridge Ge not cast: K. the electoral e having re d. , 2. • *. La. 7 Mi , viz.: Ala. 8 : Nevada, 1: 7 i: rry, Vice Pr y: I . elected R £ for Vice # 31 majori Vn. to SS - 7, N. C. 9 s * Ark. 5. Fla * States $ ectoral esident: died Franci * ..Johnson b resident, th ity of 19 * 1 *-** C. 6, Tct: • 3, Ga. 9 le Vote Nov. is Gran , by a vot e Senat Electoral n. 10, Te | Elect' ral vote ast: Ohio * resident Harri 33 to 16 f • ? IO- not cast: Mi D I v. S not cast: • I* Presid arrison di or 20 H st: Miss., 7: l G-- st Miss. 'B' el., 1. P President # er became Pre # 1841. Vic 22, # * ilson, Vice Presi * * * * , 1; Pa., 1; Tenn., 1 £nt Fill aylor died Jul sident. C 21 #et. al resident; died N * * * * * W R. # became P y 9, 1850 Vi Greele r vOtes thr OW’s * ng, Vi residêht." ice d y, then de irow: gut: , Vice Pres’t; died April 3's returns £ Ark. 6, £a's of Ga. for 18, 185 * Decided oth Stat . 8, becau 3. I poi t by 3. CS. se of nted by Co n Electoral on ap- 23 Assassinated July 2, 188 - 1; died Sept. 19, 1881. "E) | 584 D-rm------- ~~ * * 2- ----- - ~ ~~ * - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - AMERICAN. DATE. *: CES OF E #1 = AMERICAN. BRITISII. gag’d Loss. * Col. Barret and Maior ol. t; 3. April 19, 1775. LEXINGTON, Concord.... ! £: {e r£: ......] ......5ok 34 w. * s 4 t May 1o, “ | Ticonderoga............. £ Capt. Delaplace............ 83! ...... .... 5p. June 17, “ | BUNKER HILL............ #6'. #|Gens. Howe and Pigot''....] 3 coo! .... 450 k & w. Dec. 6-31, “ | Quebec................... £ ; M'Lean and Carleton*..... 900' .... 160 k. & w. Dec. 9, “ | Norfolk, Va.............. I Col. Woodford............. [Lord Dunmore.............' ..... . . .......... I w. M'ch 17, 1776. Boston...................] The British Evacuate the City and Harbor. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * June 28, “ Charleston (Ft. Moultrie.) {*:£: Gen. Clinton...............] 4ool ...... 10 k. 22 w. Aug. 26, “ BROOKLYN, L. I......... Gens. Greene and-Sullivan. £ : 10,000] 2,000 k. w. & p. Sept. 16, " | Harlem Plains, N.Y.....] Washington..... ..........} ::..........................] ......] ................ Oct. 2S, “ | WHITE PLAINS, N.Y,.... Washington.... ...........] Howe”....... .............. 1,600! .....3ook & w. Nov. 16, “ . Fort Washington, N.Y..] Col. Magaw................] Gen. Howe"...............] 3,000] .... iook. & w. Dec. 26, “ . TRENToN, N.J...........] Washington*............... £: 2,400] .... .2 k. 2 froz. Jan. 3, 1777. PRINCE roN, N.J......... Washington"............:..] Col. Mawhood..............! 3,000] .... took 300 p. July 7, * } Hubbardton, Vt..........! Warner, Francis and # Gen. Frazer"............... 7ool .... 324 k. & w. Aug. 6. " |Fort Schuyler, N.Y...... 3", £FCen. St. Leger....................... sok & w. Aug. 15,16 “ | BENNINGTON, Vt........] Gens. Stark and Warner"...# Cols. Baum and Beyman...! 2,000] .... 200 k. & w. Sept. 11, “ | Brandywine, Pa...:::::...] Washington. .............] Howe"............. .......] 11,000 30ok.6oow.4oop. Sept. 19, “ | BEMIs HEIGHTs, N.Y...] Gates".....................] Burgoyne.................. 2,500]..... * * * * * * * * * * * Oct. 4, * f. Germantown, Pa.....:... Washington............... Howe - - - - - - - . . . . . . . . . . . . . ] I I, COO 152 k.521 w.4oop. Oct. 4-6, ** ! *: James Clinton.............. Sir II. Clinton"............. 6oo * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Oct. 7, “ . STILLwATER (SARAtoGA)]. Gates”. ...................] Burgoyne..................] 8,000] ................ Oct. 32, “ . Fort Mercer, N.J. ....... Col. Greene'............... | Ponop...................... 450] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oct. 22, " | Red Bank, N.J..........] Col. Greene"...............| Sir William Howe.........] ......] ...... 8 k. 28w. Nov. 16, “... Fort Mifflin, Pa........... | Major Thayer.............. Gen. Howe"................ 4CO - * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * June 28, 1778. MonMoUTH, N.J........] Washington"..............| Sir Henry Clinton... ......] 12,000] .... 67 k. 16ow. July 2, “ Schoharie, N.Y..........] Col. Brown"...............] Indians....................] ......' ..... i4k. Iow. July 3, * { Wyoming, Pa............ Col. 2. Butler. * * * * * * * * * * * * John Butler”................ 400 * * ... Massacre. Aug. 29, d : Quaker Hill, R. I......... Sullivan"................... Pigot. ... . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * 5,000 3ok. 132w.440 m. Dec. 29, * * Sāvannah, Ga. . . . . . . . . . . . Robert Howe.............. Campbell”...... * * * * * * * * * * * 900 .... look. 453 p. Jan. 9, 1779. Sunbu p Ga. . . . . . . . . . . . . Lane * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Prevost.*.... * to a s r. s is is © s is is a 2OOl • - - - - - - - - - - - - - - March 3, * @ Brier reek, Ga.... * * * * * * Gen. Ashe....... * * * * * * * * * Prevost".................... 1,200 is * * * I ok. 162 p. June 2O, * { Stony Ferry, S. C........ Sen. Lincoln. ... •:......... Col. Maitland"............. 8oo 146k. &W. I 5 m. July 16, * * Stony Point, N.Y....... Gen. Washington"......... Clinton.......... . . . . . . . . . . . 1,200 ...... 15 k. 3 w Aug. 13, dić Penobscot, Me........... I ovell........ * * * * * * * * * * * * McLean"........ * * * * * * * * * * 900 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Aug. 29, q : Chemun , N.Y.......... Sullivan"........ * * * * * * * * * * Brant......... * * * * * * * * * * * * * 4,000 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Oct. 9, ** Savanna * Ga.... . . . . . . . . Lincoln. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prevost”... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 4,500 is a si e < * * * * * * * * * * * May 12, 17So. Charleston S. C. . . . . . . . . Lincoln...... • - - - - - - - - - - - - Clinton*......... . . . . . . . . . . . 3,700 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * May 29, ( & Waxhaw, S. C,.......... Col. Abr. Buford........... Tarleton". . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * 400 113 k. 15ow. 53 p. # 23, ' | Springfield, N.J.........|Gen. Greene"..............] Gen. Knyphausen...... ... 3,000) ..... 13 k. 58w. uly 30, * Rocky Mount............. Sumter..... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * £: 600 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Aug. 7, {{ Hanging Rock, S. C.. ... Sumter”.................... Col. Brown.... • * * * * * * * * * * 600 • . . . . 12 k. 41 W’s Aug. 15, d4 ca': £ } Gen. Gates............... * * * * Cornwallis"........... . . . . . 3,000 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Aug. 18, ' | Fishing Creek...........] Sumter.:::.................] Tarleton"................... 700 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Oct. 7, “ KING's MoUNTAIN, S.C. | Campbell"..................] Ferguson................... 90ol ...........20 k. Nov. 12, 66 Fishdam Ford. S.C...... Sumter”............... . . . . . Wemyss.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Nov. 2O, gt. Blockstock's, S. C........ Sumter”............. . . . . . . . Tarleton............ * * * * * * * 500 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Jan. 17, 1781. CowPENs, S.C...........] Gen. Morgan" .............I Cornwallis and Tarleton.... gool ......70 k. & w. Feb. 25, q : Battle of the Haw........ Col. Lee*.............. * * * Col. Peyle..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . 1 - - - - - - - - - - -nones March 15, ' ' Guilford C. H. N. C. ...] Gen. Greene............... I Cornwallis"................] 4,400 ... 1,3ook. & w. April 25, “ . Hobkerk's Hill, Va...... Gen. Greene................! Rawdon"................... i. 3ool . .266k. w. & m. May-June,' | Fort 96, N.C.............! Gen. Greene...............] Col. Cruger* .......... ...| 1,000 - 150 k. w. &m. June I*4, 6. " £” Maj. Eggleston".... * * * * * * * '. ######&# * * * * * * * * * * * 23k. 28w. * ew London, enedict Arno Ol. Sept. 6, Fort Griswold, }conn... Col. Ledyard............... #. #: 150 16k. Iow. 12 m. Sept. 8, “ EUTAw SPRINGS, S.C....! Gen. Greene................ rd Rāwdon..............! 2,000 Oct. 16-19, " | York rowN, VA......... Washington".... ..........] Cornwallis................. 16 ooo THE MILITARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES, Showing all the Battles of the War of the Revolution, War of 1812, Mexican War, and Civil War 1861-'65. THE PRIN ~~:-.....: so-c =w=::= x - ~~ --- C- -------- - s- coMMANDERs. *~...~ ::::= <::=::= OLUTION. E-----------------~~~~--~~-o-T-------~~~~~~~--------------- .—*l- E.--- ~===<---> --> BRITISII. En- gag’d 1,700 4S 4,500). 1,200 . . * * * * * * 4,000]. 2O,OOO]. * * * * 1,000 1,800 I,2OO]. I,200 18,000 3,000 15,000 3,000 6,000].. 2,000 mix’d 2,000 t; tı 5,000 * * Loss. 65 k. 180 w. 28 p. is in s : * * * * * * .48 p. * * * * * * * * * 1,050s ... .20 k. & w. ......62 k. & We s is a s is is a # sh * * * * * * ... 225 k & w. ......... 4ook. ... ...18 k. 90 w. ... 3ook. & w. • I,000 k. & W’s ... .36k. 1,ooop. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * is * * 183 k. & W's . . . . . . unknown. £p. . . . . . . . . . .500 K." ... Iook. 4oo w. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ::::::::## .... 4ook. & w. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 11,000|3ook.30ow.1oop. is * * * * * 1,000 5,000 2,000. 2,000 1,800 2,000 6oo 3,000 400 I, 100 3.4% 900 550 * * * * * * 8oo * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * .... 222 k. & w. . . . . . .2O k. & W. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * . . . . . IOO k. & W’s ... . .63 k. 543 p. ..........#6 p. ... ...5 k. 15 we * * * •.35 k. 50 p. * * *. * * * * * * * * * * * * **** * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * .......... 150 k. .8%k w. & p. .....&# & W. ... . .258 k. 3: 'We .....52 k. 334 we * * * * ..52 k. 20 W. |..... 187 k. & W’s 152 k-355w.40 m. 2,Soo!..693 k.w. &m. -: The British sent 134,000 soldiers sailors to this war. The colonists met them with a occo ... ." Continentals and oooo militia. The British let loose Indians and Hessians. The colonies had for their allies the brave Frenchmen. celebration are printed in SMALL CAPITAL LETTERS. The * denotes the successful army; k., killed; w., wounded; p., prisoners; m., missing; s., surrendered. The following is a complete list of the various officers who have com- manded the army of the United States since the foundation of our service to the present time, giving the rank held by each, with the period of General and Commander-in-Chief, George Washington, , to the close of the Revolution. From that date # , the army consisted of cight companies of infantry and a battalion of artillery (act of September, 1785), when Brevet, Brigadier- Lieutenant-Colonel commandant of the infan was assigned, and held until March, 1791; Major-General Arthur Clair, March, 1791, to March, 1792, when he resigned. Major-General March, 1792, to December 15, 1 hut on the bank of Lake Erie, in Pennsylvania, while en route from Maumee to the East. Brigadier-General James Wilkinson, December command: June 15, # tember, 1 General Josiah Harmer Anthony Wayne, g-- D e leading battles of CHIEF COMMANDERS OF THE ARMY. CIO = # 796, when he died at a 1798, till his Macomb, May, 18 ''{# ral July 2 Mar. 8, 1869, to Nov. 1, 1883. 16, 1796, to July 2, 1793. Lieutenant-General George Washington, July 8, # December 4, 1799. Brigadier-General kinson (again), June, 18oo, to January, 1812, when he was promoted to Major-General. Major-General Henry Dearborn, January, 1812, to June, 1815, when he was mustered out. Major-General Jacob Brown, June, 1815, till his death, February 24, 1823. 38, until his death, in June, 1 Winfield Scott, June 25, 1841, to November 1, 1861, Lieutenant-General from May, 1861. Major-General Geo. B. McClella", November 1, 1861, to March 11, 1862. Major-General Henry W. Halleck, 1862, to Mar. 12, 1864. Lieut.-Gen. U. S. Grant , 1866), Mar. 12, 1864, to Mar. 4, 1869. Gen. V I • e war particularly worthy of ames Wil- Major-General Alexander Major-General eing also Brevet * inted Gen- (#. ieut.-Gen. P. H. Sheridan, Nov. 1, 1883. ~-> 48 f PRINCIPAL BATTLES OF THE WAR OF 1812. 585 COMMANDERS. AMERICAN. BRITISII. DATES NAMEs# T*LACES OF E. En s ATTLES. I) • s AMERICAN. BRITISII. gag"d. Loss. gag’d Loss. Aug. 5, 1812. Brownstown, Canada....] Van Horn..................] Tecumseh"................ 20ol . . . . . ...........! Gool................ Aug. 9, f : Maguauga...... . . . . . . . . . Miller”.......... * * * * * * * * * * * Tecumseh * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 600 is a s : * * * * * * * * * * * * 900 - - - - - * * * * * * * * * * * £ug. 15, “ . Detroit..... .............] Hull.......................] Brock". . . . . . . . .............] 2,500' ... . Surrender. 1,300 : - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Oct. 13, 6 * Queenstown.... . . . . . . . . . Van Rensselaer...... . . . . . . Brock". . . . . . . .... * * * * * * * * 1,200 ....99 k. 900 w. 2,500|- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Oct. 2i. “ Ogdensburg........ . . . . . . Forsyth....................|-*.... ........ . 1,200' ... .20 k & w. Cool .....60 k, & w. Jan. 22, 1813. Frenchtown..............] Winchester................! Proctor*.................... Sool . . . . . 26ok. & S. 1,500|................ April 27, “ York (Toronto).......... Pike"........ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Sheaffe........ • . . . . . . . . . . .] 1,700' . .300 k. w. & m. 1,500|................ May 5." “ Fort Meigs....... . . . . . . . Clay"....... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Proctor. . . . . . . . ‘. . . . . . . . . .] 1,200' ...Sook. w. & p. 2,000]................ # 27, “ . Fort George, Canada..... Dearborn"................. Y£;........ * * * * * * * * . ....72 k & w.l......]................ |ay 27, “ . Fort Miming............. Beaseley................... Tecumseh.*................ ... . . . . . . .300 k.l......!................ 'May 25, “ | Sackett's #arbor......... Brown". . . . . ... ............ Prevost. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...| 1,000' .... 100 k & w. 1,000...........60 k. June 8," “ Stoney Creek.............] Winder. .....' ............ Vincent"... .............. . ... Iook. w. & p.]......].. 100 k. w. & p. '# 2, “ . Fort Stephenson......... Croghan"............. . . . . . Proctor. . . . . . . . . . . . ........ loo * * * * * k. & 7 w. 1,300|................ Oct. 5, “ Thames, Canada.........] Harrison*..................! Proctor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,500' ..... sok. & w. 2,öool................ Nov. II, * { Chr sler's Field.......... Boyd" ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . £............... I,500 * * * * 200 k. & w. 2,000 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * r * Mar. 30, 1814. I'êoeil Mili........... Wilkinson.................. Hancock"............ * * * * * * d' . . . . 150 k & w. 2,oool................ A ril 25, * * Washington..... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Ross". . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ apit aland buildings burnt. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * July 5, st Chip €Wä. . . . . . . * is a s as * * * Brown"......... . . . . . . . . . . . #: * * * * * * * * * * * * 1,900 68k. -67 w. & p. 2,100 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * July 35, f : Lun v's Lane............ Brown". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . £: 3,500 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 5,000 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Aug. 15, “ . Fort Erie (assault)....... Gaines"........ . . . . . . . . . . . . £mon ‘. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,500' ...........84 k. 5,000]................ Aug. 24, {{ Bladensbur * * * * * * * * * * * * * Winder...... . . . . . . to * * * * * * * Ross * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 3,500 ....Surrendered 5,000 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Sept. 11, “ Plattsburg................ Macomb".................. Prevost. . . . . . . . . . . . . .......] 3,öool ....... • - - - - - - - - 12,000l. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . # 2. ' | North £|Stric:..................|#.................. : ............'...'................. #. 13, " | Ft. McHenry, Baltimore: Armistead.*........... . . . . . Cochrane. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .] 3,oool ................ Ships................. ept. 1S, * * Ft. Bowyer...... . . . . . . . . Lawrence"... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nicholls................ * * * I2O * * * * * * 8 k. & w. Mix’d * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Sept. 17, “ . Fort Erie (sortie)......... Brown". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bru':............ 2,500' .... 3ook & w. 3,500]................ Dec. 19, “ . Fort Niagara............| Leonard................... Br. and Indians"............ 350 ##### p. 1,200)......... Slight. Dec. 33, * { miles from N. O........ Jackson. .... . . . . . . . . . . to p * * * Keane. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,000 • .240 ... w. & p. 2,500 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Jan. 8, 1815. New Orleans............. Jackson*... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pakenham.................] 6,000] ...71 k. w. & p. 12,000]................ RINCIPAL BATTLES OF THE MEXICAN WAR. e Americans were victorious in every battle. COMMANDERS. AMERICAN. MEXICAN. DATEs. NAMES AND PLACES OF * * BATTLEs. AMERICAN. MEXICAN. £ d. loss. £:d Loss. "-- May 8 18 Palo Alto is a s as a s is a m = * * * Ta lor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arista s is E. E. E. * * * * * * * * * * is * * * * * 2,300 .....4 k & 40 w. 6,000 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * May 9. #6 Resaca. de la Palma. . . . . . #::::::::::::::::::::: Arista ... • - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2,000 ..... 120 k. & W. 5,000 .....Sook. & w. Sept. #, “ | Monterey................] Taylor.....................] Ampudia:................. 6,600l.. 120 k. & 368 w.] 1ö,oool................ Dec. 25, “ Bracite. ..................] Doniphan........ .........] Ponce de Leon. . . . . . . . . . . . . 500 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1,200l................ Feb. , 1847.] Buena Vista..............] Taylor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Santa Anna. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,700. . . . . 723 k & w.] 17,oool...2,0ook. & w. Feb. # f Sacramento * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Doniphan........ . . . . . . . . . . Trias.............. . . . . . . . . . 900]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . # * * * * * * Mar. 27. “ | Vera Cruz................] Scott.......................] Morales....................! 12,oool...... 19k & w. 6,oool...2,0ook. & w. Cerro Gordo ............. Scott. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Santa Anna................ 8,500|..... Sook. & w. 12,000|.....5ook. & w. - C 3. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Scott.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Valencia........ . . . . . . . . . . . ,000 ... ....... Sli ht. 7,000 .2,500 k. & w. Aug. 20, d's {&#::::::::::: Scott.......................] Santa Anna................ £::::## : W. 25,000].....700 k. & w. Sept. 8, “ Moline del Rey...........] Worth.....................| Alvarez ...............'....| 3,500|..... 787 k.k w. 14,000].....230 k. & w. Sept. 13, “ | Chapultepec..............! Scott....................... Bravo.......................] 7,200.......... Slight.]25,000 .....Heavy. Sept. I4, * (i. Mexico............. . . . . . . Scott.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Santa Anna................ 6,000 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ..... Surrender. Oct. 9, {6 Huamantha.... * * * * * * * * * * Lane. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Santa Anna................ 500 ... ... 24 k & w. 1,000 * * * * * Unknown. *===- i`s- D ------------------- :: * ~ : - - - - -: . . * e ---- *=F-----------armeneurs-rgy ex- The only naval en ments of importance during the war with Mexico was the bombardment of Vera Cruz, Commodore Connor, which lasted four ays, and # £ surrender, and the bombardment of Monterey, by Commodore Sloat. p FEDERAL PRISONERS RECEIVED at andERsonville, GA. First detachment of prisoners received Feb. 15, 1864. Total number of prison- ers received, 49,485. Largest number imprisoned at one date (Aug. 9, 1864), . 006. m | * Total No. # hospital.... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ... .8,735 LENGTH AND COST OF AMERICAN WARS. LENGTH, Cosr. "-- #####e Revolution:.....7 years: 75-17s 5:35,193.70: * Indian War in Öhio Ter...... D In stockade............: .....: ........3,737-12,462 1790 Average number of deaths per month, for the thirteen months.....958 P * [. * * 3. War with the Barbary States. 1803-1804 £ number of deaths # one day (Aug. 23, 1864)............... 4. Tecumseh Indian War........ 1811 % . • War with Great Britain ears-1812-1815 107 159,003 Number of escapes........................... * * * * * • - - - - - - - - - - - - - -3 : Algerine War............... 3 y 1815 # * > /* PRINCIPAL, O.ISEASES RESULTING IN DEATH, • First Seminole War.......... 1817 Diarrhoea. ..........3,952|Pneumonia.............221|Rheumatism.............S3 | * Black Hawk War............ 1832 Scurvy...............3, # Debility:::.....:::::...198 Varioloid...............63 : 9. Second Seminole War. * * * * * * 184 |D sentery....... * * * # Intermit’t & remit’t f’s..177 Gangrene.... * * * * * * * * * ...63 so. Mexican War................]2 year's—ss 66,000,000: Unknown........ ... 1,268 Gunshot wounds...... .149|Catarrh..................55 I 1. Mormon war................ 1856 *nasarca. . . . . . . . . . . . . 377 Pleurisy.................109 Ulcers: ..................5i 3. Civil War. .................. 4 years-S61–1865!6,500,000,000 hoid fever....... 339|Bronchitis.............. 93 +: INDIAN WARS. 1835-'42. War with the Seminoles. is 1837. Capture of Osceola. 1676. King Philip's War. 1855. Defeat of the Rogue River Indians. * * * # Deerfield, £usetts, burned. 1856. War with the Indians in Oregon and Washington Territories. *708. Haverhili, Massachusetts, burned. Capture and escape of Mrs. 1862. Indian war and massacres in Minnesota. Hannah Dustan. 1S64. (Nov. 29.) “Chivington's massacre” near Fort Lyon; over 50o #713. The Tuscaroras expelled from North Carolina. Indians, men, women and children# to the sword. * * w *755. Braddock defeated y the French and Indians. 1873. (April #. Gen. Canby and Rev. E. Thomas, peace commission- # Conspiracy of Pontiac. * ers treacherously slain by the Modocs. *778. Massacre of Wyoming. 1873. (Oct. 13.) Execution of the Modoc murderers of Messrs. Canb # Treaty with the Six Nations. and Thomas-Captain Jack, Schonkin, Boston Charley and Blac # * , Treaty with the Delawarcs. Jim. * #3-'74 - War with the Creeks in Florida. 1876. (June 25.) The command of Gen. Custer defeated by the Indians #. War with the Seminoles. * on Big Horn River, and Gen. Custer and the greater portion of 1832. ar with Black Hawk. Stillman’s defeat on Rock River, his force slain. 586 PRINCIPAL BATTLES OF THE LATE CIVIL WAR. COMMANDERS. KIL'D, WOUND’D, PRIS'RS. DATE. |NAMES AND PLACEs of REMARKS. BATTLEs. FEDERAL. CoNFEDERATE. FEDERAL | CoNFEDERATE. Apr. 12, 1861. Bombardm’t Ft.Sumpter Maj. Anderson......... Gen. Beauregard.......l....no one hurt.l............ W. pr:12, 19 | Riot Baltimore..... p: £včiš. :::::::... ::::::::::... [...::... 3k 7 w.].....7 k & 8w. June 1o Big Bethel, Va......... Brig. Gen. Price... ... Maj. Gen. MacGruder... ... 16k.34 w.6m.......no report. July 5 | Carthage, Mo.......... Col. Sigel”............. Price and Jackson . ...|...... 13k. 31 w.l.....25ok. & w. I d 1 f f 12 | Rich #, W. Va. Gen. McClellan"....... Col. Pegram. . . . . . . . ... .... i: k. 35s: ....14ok. 150 w. £ # tf 21 | Bull Run, Va... ... ... Gen. Irwin McDowell... Gen. Beauregard*...... 4 £ .... 1852 k. & w. # .# * f. Aug. Io X' Creek, #w: # # ioids...". ####' # # # en. Lyon killed. s * * :* - a . . . O * * sh * * * * * * * * * * * * * p * * Sept. I2 # #.* * * * * * #. # # * * * * * * * * Gen. Price".... ....... 42k.108 w: ... . . .25 k. 75 w. Col. Baker killed g a 21 | Ball's Bluff, Va........ Col. E. D. Baker....... Gen. Evans"...........[220 k.266w.5oop. 36 k. 264 w. 2 p. Col. Baker killed. Nov. 7 | Belmont, Mo...........} Gen. Grant"..... ...... ........................ 84 k. 288w.285m. #### 64 7 | Pt. Royal, S.C......... ! ce:# £ } Gen. Drayton.......... [8 k 23 w. 250 p. # | 6t 8 || Piketon, Ky............] Gen. Nelson*,.........] ........................] ..... .6k. 24 w.|4ook & w.2coop. 70 Wagons with stores § Col. J. C. Davis and and equipage. Dec. 18 Milford, Mo............ } Ge.'Steele'........ } * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * .......2 k. 17 w. • * * * * * * * * 13CO p. * * * Jan. 19, 1862. Mill Spring, Ky..... ...] Gen. Thomas” ......... Gen. Zollicoffer..............39 k. 207 w.l....192 k. 140 p. Gen. Zollicoffer killed, 9, pring, Ky Com. Goldsborough * 1200 horses and mules Feb. 8 Roanokc Island, N. C. ! Gen. Burnsi # : } Gen. Wise..............'..... 5ok. 15ow.[30k.5ow.25oop. Ioo large Wagons, an * * 8 Ft. Henry, Tenn....... . . Surrendered £ Foote,by Gen. Tilghman. 231k. 6 #£ : # ** 16 || Ft. Donelson, Tenn. ... # C.' * '. } Gen. Buckner..........]446k.1735w.15op ! .# w: } small arms £ * g ic: Gens. VanDorn & Pri I k. 1163 k. ašoo {|Gen. Buckner captured: Mar. 8 Pea Ridge, Ark........ Gen. Curtis” ...........] Gens. VanDorn & Price. [.1351 k. w. & m. w. 1600 p. } Gens. Floyd and Pillow fd 14 | Newbern, N.C........ Gen. Burnside".........|9en. Branch...........].....91 k.466 w. Sok:200w.zoop. - esca ed. * s * Gens. McCulloch, McIn- f : 23|Winchester, Va........] Gen. Shields*.......... Gen. T.J. Jackson..........10ok. 4oo w.6ook. &w.300p. tosh, and Slack, killed. G * is s s Apr. 6-7 | Pittsburg Land'g, Tenn.) Gen. Grant and Duell". ! £ £ *: # # ! "# } Com. Foote & Gen. * '' | 6 forts captured. * : IO Island No. IO. . . . . . . . . . . £ope: ........... } Gen. Makad......... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 17 k. 6300 p. Confed. report. May 5 || Williamsburg, Va...... G#y. : } Gen. Longstreet........ 2073k & w.623p. | : } “. . 25 | Winchester, Va........] Gen. Banks............] Gens. Ewell& Johnson*|...... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * # £ e amount f : 25 | Hanover C. H., Va..... Gen. Morrell*..........] Gen. Branch................ 53 k. 526 m.4ook. & w.6oop. of '. inlies # tured o 4 36 | Corinth, Miss...........] Gen. Halleck"..........] gen, Beauregard............. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * • . . . . . Fed '' £ back. * f. 31 || Fair Oaks, Va......... Gen. McClellan..... ...|9en.J. E. Johnston*....Sook.3627.wi222p|..2Sook. # W. * June 1 | Fair Oaks, Va......... Gen. McClellan".... ... Sen. J. E. Johnston..... [... 5739 k. & w.l....8oook. & w. * * 8 || Cross Keys, Va........ Gen. Fremont........... Gen. T.J.Jackson*.....].... # k.5oow.l.....600 k. & w. 64 9 | Port Repúblic, Va...... I Gen. Shields........... Gen. T.J.Jackson*.....|67k.361 w.574m.[10oo k. w. &m. $f 25 | Chickahominy, Va..... Gen. McClellan"... ....! Gen. R. E. Lee.........]. ....8ok. 1.5ow.l.... 10ook. & w. ** 27 | Gaines Mills, Va....... Gen. Porter............ Gen. R. E. Lee*....... |75ook. w. & m. About the same. July #| Malvern Hill, Va...... gen. McClellan" ......] gen. R. E. Lee....::...|ióook, w. & m.....Nearly £ Gen. Williams killed Aug. 5 | Baton Rouge, La....... Gen. Williams"....... Gen.J. C. Breckenridge...25ok. w. &m...600 k. w. &m. Conied s. repulsed ". t * 9 Cedar Mountain, Va. * * Gen. N. P. Banks". * * * * Gcn. Jackson. * * * * * * * * * * | * 1500 k. W. & II]. ... • IOCQ k. 1500 W. Gen £ C1 tured tit 22 Gallatin, Tenn.......... Gen. Johnson. .........] Gen. Morgan"......... 64 k. Toow.2oop.'..... 11o k. & w. g p s of 27 | Kettle Run, Va. ....... # #: Sigel." # # * * * * * * di ..Sook. w. & m.[8ook. &w.10oop. * r, S1:e CI1S. - 16:KSO *L* ** {{ 29. Groveton, Va. * * * * * * * * * * ! £ £ } ! £ * : * } it is E. .6000 k. & W. I2OOO k. W. &m. di 30 | Bull Run 2nd:.......... # # c. * * % Crañs. $: #: 'Smiths..... # . . .700 # W. * { 2 * O Richmond K. * * * * * * * * * * CI1S. £15CI1 I'll * * *CI]. If y I'll * * * * * 2OO .7oow.20oop * * •.2 O 500 W. * Sept. 9 3. Chantilly, #* * * * * * * * * * Gen. Pope ............. Gen. Lee*............. . .... 13ook. & w.l.....# k. & w. F: £. Kearney “. . 14 | South Mountain, Md... Gens. Hookcr & Rcno*. Gen. Lee............... [443k. 1Soów.76m ! #.' <'' } Gen. Reno killed. { { 15 # 's Ferry, 3 days' Col. Miles.............. Gen. A. P. Hill*....... [Sok.12ow.11583p}.... 15oo £| Col. Miles killed. f f 17 A:##:::::::: gen. McClellan".......|Gen. R.E. Lee................125ooloss]..... 15cooloss. s ..“ 19-20 ! Iuka, Miss ............ Gen. Rosencrans* ...... Gen. Price.............]....135 k. 527 w.]263k,400w.6oop. Oct. 3-5 | Corinth, Miss.......... £ } ! "#.''} 315k.1812w 232 m ! “ 8 || Perryville, Ky......... Gen. Buell"............ Gen. Bragg....... . . . .3200 k. w. &m. 3 | Pe 1Ilc, B-y Il !": # { 1423 k. 2268 l D. #: w. } 1300 K. # W. 200 p. Marmaduke, Par: } |....495 k. 600 w.]....15ook. & w. sons and Frost... ** 13 | Fredericksburg, Va.... Gen. Burnside.......... Gen. R. E. Lee*...... . ! 1512 k. #} .... 1800 k. & w. Dec. 7 | Prairie Grove, Ark..... Gens. Bluntand Heron* w. 2078 p. did 27-29 Vicksburg. is to s is a s is is a + a s Gen. Sherman..... * * * * * Gen. Johnston*. * * * * * * * * 191k.982 w.756m. • * * * * - In Q report. 186 Jany. 3 2 | Stone River, Tenn. ... Gen. Rosencrans*...... Gen. Bragg............]...1533 k. Gooow. 90ook.w.. 10oop. f : 11 || Fort Hindman, Ark.... . . A£ } Gen. Churchill......... l. loook. w. & m. ! #, # w: } Feby. 3 | Fort Donelson, Tenn... 1. Harding...........] Wheeler and Forrest...]......12 k. 20 w. 1ook.40ow.300p. Confed. repulsed. May I | Suffolk, Va............ . I Col. Nixon*.......... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 13ok.718w.5 m. ... 1506k.w. &m. f : 1 LaGrange, Ark........] Capt. DeHuff...........] ............... ........ 20ook w. & m.l........ ... ... “ 2 | Fredericksburg, Va.... Gen. Sedgwick......... Gen. Longstreet".......]... .20ook. & w.... ............ " 2-3 [chancello'ille, va.....|Gen. Hooker'..........|Gen. R. E. Lee........|{#}|| "# y: * * 12 Jackson, Miss...... ....! Gen. Grant*......... ..] Gen. Johnston..........|4ok. 240 w.6 m...... 400 k. & w. f* I £ ion Hills, Miss... Gen. Grant*............ Gen. Pemberton........ [...426 k. 1842 w.l.. k. w. & m. # £ £ ** 16 | Big # River, Miss. Gen. Grant*....... #2,” “Y Gen. Pemberton........ [.....29 k. 242 w.]2,6ook. w. & m. 7 p * “ 18-22 | Vicksburg, Miss........ °:# Gen. Pemberton".......|.......25ooloss.]......no report. ** 27 | Port Hudson....... #: jen. Banks.... .......! Gen. Gardner.......... ...90o k. w. &m.]..6ook. w. & m. June 6 || Milliken's Bend, Miss... Gen. Thomas” ......... Gen. McCullough...... 127k.287w.157m.]....200 k. Soo w. ** 9 | Beverly Ford, Va...... Gens. Buford & Gregg. ! 6:# # } ..3Sok. w. &m...750 k. w. & m. Cavalry fight. f* 14 | Winchester, Va....... Gen. Milroy............ Gen. Ewell*...........].2cook. w. &m.]..850 k. w.& ". did 20 | Shelbyville, Tenn... ... Gen. Rosencrans*...... Gen. Bragg.............[85k. 468w. 13 m. ! #. £:&: ! E-...-----. . . .--> -- * ---~~~e:=-----...----.':- ==== <=---------~xo~~~~~~~~<-----------~~~~~~ * —----r-s".--> *-> --~~~~ --------------~~~~--- * > C- D C- C- --------------------------- - ~ *~~~~~~~~~ :=x=rz -- ~~~~-...-a -u- ~ : - -- " - 590 PoPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES IN 1880. THE POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES IN 1880, AS ISSUED BY THE U. S. GOVERNMENT. The following table presents the final official figures of the population of the United States at the Tenth Census, with a column showing, for comparative purposes, the population of 1870. The figures for Indian Territory and Alaska are omitted, as their inhabitants are not considered citizens. All Indians not subject to taxation are also omitted, in conformity with the census law. | The column headed “Colored” comprises only persons of African descent. TOTAL s POPULATION. 188O. STATES AND TERRITORIES. £, d •e tly # w; r * * * 1880. 1870. ti # # # : # # # # & £ # | 5 | # | 3 | # # # pr: : 'Z £- * C) Q B-, w The United States ...........|50,155,7S3 ||38,558,371 25,518,820 24,636,963 || 43,475,840 | 6,679,943 43,402,970 6,5So,793 105,465 148 | 66,407 The States. ........... .....|49,371,34o 38,155,505 || 25,075,619 |24,295,721 |42,871,556 6,499,784 |42,714,479 6,518,372 | 93,782 141 44.5% Alabama........ . . . ..............] 1,262,505 996,992 622,629 630.876 | 1.252,771 9,734 662,185 600,103 + . . . . . 213 Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * 'So?: $# 3.16.2% # # 16, 50 # aro.6% 133 . . . . 195 California ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 864,694 560,247 518, 176 .# 571,820 292,874 767, 181 6,018 75,132 86 16,277 Colorado........ ................ 194,327 39, # 5, 1 # 39,790 191,126 2,435 612 ... . 154 Connecticut...................... 622,7oo 537,454 305,782 316,918 492, 129,992 610,769 11,547 123 6 255 Delaware........................ 146.60s 125,01 74, IoS 72,500 137, 140 9,468 120,160 26.442 * I • * * * 5 Florida .......................... # 137.7% # 133.3% # £oo i£605 1:# 18 ' .... 180 Georgia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 1,543, t 1,184, io9 762,981 779, I 1,531,616 10,504 816,906 | 725,13 17 | . . . . 124 Illinois...........................! 3,077,871 2,539,891 1,586,523 1:# 2,394,295 533,576 3,031'5! 46,3 209 3 140 Indiana .... . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... 1,97S,3ot | 1,680,637 | 1,010,361 967,940 1,834,123 144,178 1,938,79S 39,228 29 - - - - 246 Iowa............ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , 1,624,615 1,194,020 848,136 6,479 | 1,362,96 261,650 | 1,614,600 9,516 33 | * * * * 66 Kansas • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 'oo: '36.3% 36.6% # # noo '953,155 43, 107 19 | . . . . 15 Kentucky................... ..... 1,648,609 | 1,321,011 32,590 16,100 "# 59,517 | 1,377, 179 #: IO ! . . . . 52 Louisiana............... ... .......| 939,946 | 726,915 438,75 471,192 $5,800 # # 54 || 483,655 * * * * * 848 Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 648,936 626,915 324,05 324,878 590,053 58,883 ,852 I,451 * * * * 625 Maryland.... ... ...............- 934,943 780,894 62, 18 472,756 | 852,137 82,806 724,693 210,230 5 ! . . . 15 Massachusetts........ * @ is a s a r * • • • •l 1, $ # # ,351 .# # # 44. '91 1,76# 18,697 229 8 369 Michigan............. . .......... 1,636,937 | 1,184,059 862,355 # 1,248,429 || 388,50S # 15, 100 27 I 7,249 Minnesota...................... * * 780,773 39,706 419, 149 361,624 # 267,676 776, 1,564 24 | 2,300 Mississippi...................... 1,131,597 27,922 567,177 564,420 | 1,122,3 Q,209 479,398 || 650,291 51 | . . . . 1,857 Missouri.................... .... 2,168,380 1,721,295 | 1,127,187 | 1,041,193 | 1,956,892 211,578 || 2,022,826 145,350 91 | . . . . I 13 Nebraska... . . . . . . . . ........... 452,402 122,993 249,241 203,161. 354,988 97,414 449,764 2,3 18 .... 235 Nevada ........ ................. 2,266 42.49 I 42,019 20,247 30,613 25,653 53,556 4 S,416 2,803 New Hampshire ................. 346,991 318,300 170,526 176,465 300,697 46,294 340,229 685 I4 . . . . 63 New Jersey...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,131,116 906,096 559,922 571,194 909,416 221,700 | 1,092,017 38,853 17o 2 74 New York .......... ............] 5,082,871 4,382,759 2,595,322 2,577.549 3,871,492 | 1,211,379 or 6,022 65,104 909 17 819 North Carolina ............ ..... 1,399,750 # f 'ó3:03 # #. 96,00S " 3% # 531,277 | . . . . . . I 1,230 Ohio ............................ 3,193,062 2,665,260 | 1,613,936 | 1,584,126 2,8o3,119 || 394,943 3,117,920 79,900 109 3 13C Oregon................. ... ...... I # 90,923 # I 71,387 144,265 30,503 163 o?5 487 || 9,519 2 # Pennsylvania ...................| 4,283,891 3,521,951 2,136,655 2,146,236 || 3,695,062 587,829 || 4,197,016 85,535 148 8 I Rhode Island .................... 276,531 217,353 133,030 I43,501 202,538 3,993 269,939 6.4SS 27 | . . . . 77 South Carolina...................} 995,577 7o £3 £35 # # # 35:13; &#: 9 | . . . . 131 Tennessee... .............. ... ... 1,542,359 1,258,520 $# 773,oS2 1,525,657 16,702 | 1,138,831 | 403,151 25 | . . . . 352 Texas............................! #501,749 818,579 37,340 753,909 1,477, 133 114,616 | 1,197,23 393.3 136 .... 992 Vermont * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 332,2 O 330,551 166, 7 165,399 291,327 40,959 331,21 1,057 * * * * * * * * * * II Virginia...... ... ................. 1,512,565 1,225,163 745, 66,976 | 1,497,869 14,696 || 8So,85S | 631,616 6 .... 85 West Virginia................... # '#'o' # # '%'.1% # # # 5 ! . . . . 29 Wisconsin........................ 1,315,497 | 1,054,670 6So,069 635,428 9io,072 | 405,425 | 1,309,618 2,702 16 .... 3,16t |-EE:#EE: I --><=::=xes - *= |* | * The Territories............... 784,443 402,866 443,201 341,242 504,284 1So, 159 6SS.491 62,421 | 11,6S3 7 21,841 Arizona........................." 40,440 9,6 8 2S.202 12.238 24,391 16,049 5 16o I I 639 2. 3,493 Dakota ...: - ... :::. . . . . . . . . . . . . 135,177 # $3.2% # # 51,795 # #47 # '#5 * * * * 1,391 District of Columbia.............. 177,624 I31,700 # 94,046 160,502 17,122 118,006 59,596 13 4 5 Idaho ....... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 32,610 14,999 21,818 10,792 22,636 9,974 29,013 # 3,379 | . . . . 165 Montana.......................... 39, 159 20,595 28,177 # 27,638 II,521 35,385 34 1,765 .... 1,663 New Mexico ............... * * * * * 119,565 1,874 64,496 55,069 1 II,514 8,051 IoS,721 1,015 57 | . . . . 9,772 Utah ........ .................... 143,963 # #ó 85.15% 99, # 142,423 ’23: 53% . . . . . $; Washington. ... . . . . . . . . . ....... 75,116 23,95 45,973 29, 143 59,313 15,803 67,199 32 3,186 1 4,405 Wyoming ............. . ..... 20,789 9, 11 14, 152 6,637 14,939 5,850 19,437 2 914 | . . . . 140 . G-- | k :- HISTORY OF THE SEVERAL STATES AND TERRITORIES. and Representatives comprising the Legislature, Miles of R. R. in operation January 1, 1882. 59 I Showing Population of 1870 and 1880; When Admitted to the Union, Public Debt, Area, Where and By Whom First Settled, National Electoral Vote, Salaries, Term of Office of Governor and Memhers of Legislature, Number of Senators == * Is * # ... . : t;| Š # $ # w: STATE GovKRNMENT. .# .# # 8 : Š #: : ". Q # Governor | Legislature. .# p:%2 wi £: - * * * * ## STATES AND CAPITALs Tr: to: .9 *- .9 + #& First Settled at 5 - #, * #, .# #, * # p: 5 :S ITERRIToRIRs. * | * | * : * # * •c •: * * #|*|: °: | *- : o | ** * sms ... * : *.c. £- £ t" | # l'. * | | | - C. ri 5 * | * à. à. £- E * {} # E * E |< É| E.8 , ; < .#| || Q Q - " P. # | 3 || 5 || || 2 || 3 |.5 .#" | # 2. £rl | < 94 £4 5 H- £: ;: | ti | F |2|+| # {-| | | | E 5 Z. r: "----- *m-- * 1820]!Maine ------- Augusta ------- O 6| 626,915 $4,682,741 Bristol.:-------- French-|1625|$2,000| 2 |31 || 1 |151| 1 |nonet 1,09 *1783|N. Hampshire £ * -: * ~ *E. E. --> --> .# # 318,300 || 3,561,200 |Little Harbor --|English 1623| 1,000 || 2 |34 | a # 2 |nonet # **79: Vermont ----- Montpelier----- ,565 | 332,286. 330,551 4,000 1|Fort Dummer--|English ||1764 1,000] 2 30| 2 |232| 2 |none: 836 *788|Massachusetts|Boston--------- # 1,783,035||1,457,351 |20,159,478 |Plymouth -----|English ||1339| 5,oool 1 |ze 1 2 3 r nonet 2,250 £792|Rhode Island Prov. & N'port 1,256 276,531 || 2:7,353 | 1,832,463 2|Providence----. English ||1336|| 1,000 || 1 ||37 || 1 || #2 1 |nonet 153 £738|Connecticut--|Hartford ------- 4,990 | 622,7oo 537,454 4,967, Windsor;------|English 1635 2,000 || 2 |z1| 2 |245 x none: 931 £738||New York----|Albany -------- 49,17o |5,082,871'4,382,759 || 7,536,732 3 #. York -----|Dutch - 16:4|10,000 || 3 ||32 - ##| 1 |none s# £787||New Jersey--|Trenton-------- 7,815 1,131,116 ,096 | S13,675 # #: Dutch, -162o 5,000 || 3 ||31 || 3 || 6o 1 |none # £787|Pennsylvania |Harrisburg----- 45,215 |4,282,891 |3,521,951 *# hiladelphia ...|English ||1682|10,000 || 4 |so |201| 2 |nonet. 6,74 £782 elaware ----|Dover---------- *. 2,056 1146, 125,015 # 5|Cape Henlopen. Swedes.|1627 2,000 || 4 || 9 || 4 || 2 || 2 |nonet|| 2:7 #788 Maryland ----|Annapolis------ 12,2io || || 934,943| 7So,894 | 7,627, St. Mary------- English 1634. 4,500 || 4 |26|| 4 | 84] 2 loot ||$1,147 #788|Virginia.-----|Richmond ----- 42.45o 1,512,565!1,225,163 |29,345,226 G|Jamestown----- English ||1637 5,oco 4 |40 4 || 99| 2 |got 2,505 *789|N. Carolina--|Raleigh.-------- 52.25o 1,399,750 | 1,071,361 5,706,616 7 Chowan River - |English ||165o 3,000 || 4 |$o 3 |133| 2 |6ot 1,61 # . Carolina.--Columbia ------ 30,570 # 705,606 || 6,639,171 |Ashley River---|English ||167o 3,500 || 2 |34 || 4 |124| 2 |nonet 1,34 *788|Georgia.------|Atlanta -------- # 1,542,180 |1,184, I # Savannah --- - - - English 1733| 3,000 || 2 |44|| 4 |175|| 2 |4c: 2,621 *845|Florida....... Tallahassee ---- 58,6S 269,493 | 187,748 1,134,8 St. Augustine.--Span’ds 1565 3,500 || 4 |-| 4 |-|--| 2 |Cof 775 *319|Alabama-...- Montgomery --- 52,250 | 1,262,505 5,992 9,071,765 |Mobile--------- French. 1711] 3,000 || 2 |33 || 4 |1co 2 |50: 2,297 , #7|Mississippi ... Jackson.-------- 36,8to 1,131,59%. 827,902 379,485 Natchez--------|French 1716, 4,000 || 4 |37| 4 |12o 2 |nonet # *312|Louisiana ----|New Orleans... 48,720 | 939,946| 726,915|23,437,646 |Iberville ------- French- 1699 4,000 || 4 |36|| 4 || 99| 4 |90+ | 1, 1845 Texas........ Austin.... . . . . . 265,780 | 1,591,749| 81S,579 5,566,92 San Antonio ---|Span’ds|1692] 4,000 || 2 |31 || 4 || 93| 2 |Cof 5,144 *836|Arkansas. ----|Little Rock ---- 53,850 2,525| 484,471 4,039,737 Arkansas Post--|French-|1685. 39'2] 2 |31 || 4 || 93 2 6o: 67o *796|Tennessee ---|Nashville ------ 23,050 | 1,542,359|1,258,520 |27,410,431 |Fort London ---|English 1757| 4,999| 2 |2: 2 | 75] 2 75: 1,904 #92|Sentucky----|Frankfort ------ 3 to 450 | 1,338,690),331,611 || 'o';6 |Boonesboro -...|English ||1775 5,909 4 ||38|4|133|2|&# 2,93 $63|West Virginia|Wheeling ------ 6 24,7So 618,457| 442,014 |See Note S|Wheeling ------|English 1774 2,799 || 4 |34} 4 || 65|| 2 |45t 227 *8o3|Ohio........|Columbus -----. 23| 4R, 3,193,062|2,665,26o || 5.732,500 - |Marietta ------- English ||1788 4,000 || 3 ||36| 3 |12o 2 |none: 7,890 $37|Michigan .... nsing --------|'. 58,915 1,633,937|1,1$4,959 |See Nöte 9|Detroit -------- French.|165o 1,0 o| 2 |32 || 2 |1co 2 |nol et 4,07 *816|Indiana ...... Indianapolis----|" 36,350 1,978,301 £ 4,988,178 |Vincennes------|French 173o 5,999 || 4 |5c 4 |1ool 2 6o: ,966 *318|Illinois. ...... 'S ringfield.----- 23| 56,650 |3,077,871 2,539,891 ||No debt. Kaskaskia ----. |French. |1682 9,000 || 4 |51| 4 |153| 2 |none# 10,6S5 *$48|Wisconsin ... [Madison ....... £ 1,315,497|1,054,679 2,252,057 |Green Bay.----|French. 1669| 5,309| 2 |33 || 2 |1co. 1 |nonet 5:303 *858|Minnesota.... St. Paul........ 3,365 7S3773| 439,706| 2,565,06610|Red River......] Amer:-j'813| 3:Soo 2 || || 2 |106| 1 |6ot . 3.973 1846|Iowa.......I. Des Moines ---- 56,625 | 1,63:5|1,194,020 376,435 Burlington.....|English ||1830, 3,900] 2 |50| 4 |107| 2 |none: 2,269 *82, Missouri ..... Jefferson City -. 69,415 |2,168,389/1,721,295 |16,259,006 St. Geneviève...|French- |1764 5,000 || 4 |34| 4 |103; 2 |7o: 4,543 #$!!Ransas ......'Topeka ........ 82, 996, 36,399 || 1,087,70011!------------- ---|Amer --|----| 3,000 || 2 |46|| 4 |129| 2 |5o: 3,507 *867|Nebraska ... Lincoln ------. 76,855 || 452,492 | 122,993 || 375,582 |---------------- Amer --|----| 2,500 || 2 |3c| 2 | 84| 2 |4o: # *876|Colorado ----- Denver -------- 163,935 | 194,322 v 39,864 || 3:2.814 ------ ----------|Amer --|----| 3:009| 2 |26| 4 || 49| 2 |4of 2,06 1864||Nevada ...... Carson City---- 110,700 62,2 42,491 See Note 12|Genoa.------ ---|Amer --|185c 9,000 || 4 ||25 || 4 || 5o 2 |6o: 443 *856|California ----|Sacramentó .... 158,360 # 560,247 3,306,614 San Diego ----- Span’ds|1769 6,000 || 4 |4ö| 4 || Bol 2 #60: 2,871 o: Oregon.------ Salem.---------- 96,030 174,7 99,923 || 511,376 |Astoria --------|Amer --|1811| 4,500 || 4 |30| 4 || 6o 2 |4o: 761 an- #" * 1863 Arizona * * * : * * * * 113,020 40,440 9,6 S * E is is is a to a to in s is is E. E. E. E. * * * * * * *E* * * * * Span'ds f 59C 2,600 4 s s. 2 I - - - 1 2 40 384 *861 |Dakota ... #: 149,100 || 135,177 # * * * * * * * * * * * * 1 m * * * * * ----------|Amer --|1859| 2,6co] 4 |13| 2 | 26|| 2 |49 53 1833|Idaho..... -|Boise City ----- # 32,61o 14,999 ,381 ---------------- Amer --|1842| 2,600| 4 |13| 2 | 26|| 2 |40 1864|Montana III. Helena--------- 146,080 || 39,159 # * * * * * * * * * * * * -----|Amer --|1852| 2,600| 4 |13| 2 | 26|| 2 |40 IO *$56||New Mexico Santa Fe...... 122,58o. 119,565 # # ............|Santa Fe.......|Span’ds|1537| 2,6Co] 4 |13| 2 | 26|| 2 |40 512 185o|Utah....... Salt Lake City- # # ,78 9,120 Salt Lake City..|Amer -- |1847 2,600| 4 |13| 2 | 27| 2 |40 976 #33 Washington. Olympia ....... 69,1 75, II *# ............|Astoria.........|Amer --|1811] 2.6col 4 || 9 || 2 | 39| 2 # 2 I 2 12.868|Wyoming ...[ćheyenne...... 97,890 | 20,7 , II 17,000 ||------ * * * * * * * * * * mer --|1867| 2,6co| 4 |13| 2 | 26| 2 |4o -: 799.91|Dis. Col's II."...I. * * * 7ol 177,624|131,799 |22,675,459 |---------------- English ----|------ * * * * * * * * * * * | * * * ***** s’eMd # Indian Ter ** Tahlaquah...... 64,690 * * * * * * * * * s: * @ B is a * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * is * * * | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * - " ": * * * * * * * * * * * * * > || 275 ~868|Alaska ** * itka * * * * * * * * * * * * * 577,390 * * * * * * * *-* 661 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | | | | * * * * * * = * * * * * * : * * * * * a s. S- = * * * *Original thirteen States, and date of ratification of the Constitution. Official. The Legislature meets annually. #The Legislature meets biennially. SIncludes the District of Columbia. **No Territorial Government. ***This does not include 383,712 Indians, estimated. * 1. Vermont has no State debt except $4,000 bonds due in 1876, but never presented for payment. Against this amount Rhode Island has $338,393.32. 3. This amount is Canal Debt, redeemable ISS3-1S93. 4. War Bonds, redcemable $100,000 each year. 5. Against this amount the tate held, Jan., 1833, railroad securities to the amount of $1,168,799. The State is practically out of debt. 6. This includes $15,239.371 which irginia has charged to the state of west Virginia as her proportion of the State debt of Virginia at the time of separation, 1863. This is dis- Puted by West Virginia, and the matter remains unadjusted. 7. The amount returned as net State debt by the United States census report *PPears to be incorrect. By Funding Law passed 1879 a compromise was effected with holders of bonds. From late statements (1882) the funded debt is $16,900,045; unfunded, $10,160,183. 8. No State debt except her proportion of old State debt of Virginia. See Virginia. 9. The tate has a Sinking Fund of $1,20s,Sos, against which her debt is $905,150, leaving a cash balance in excess of debt of $303,745. 10. The State is "so indebted to the School Fund of the State $2,849,000. This is held as a permanent investment. 11. Of this amount the Sinking and Perma- ment School Fund held, Nov. 26, 1SS2, $716,950, on which they receive interest only. 12. The State of Nevada has a debt of $75,396, against which the cash in the treasury is $312,372, an excess over debt of $236,976. | d 2. ">==" 592 THE PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD, Showing their Population, Area, Religion, Government, Capital, Debt, Standing Army, Navy, Miles of Railroad, and Trade with the United States. # 34.3.1 g al-- U. S. CoMMERCE: POPULA 5:# 33 # # Ż ## NATIONAL PREVAILI WITII Count"RY. TION. ### ## # -% # DEBT, CAPITAL. f'" = Gover NMENT. |Foreign countries &## |#####|#### 1883. 1882. 5 |&#| < || 2: 6 IMPoRTs. ExpoRTs. Chinese Empire. ...|433,000,000 3,924,627|110 |270,000 3S 10. 51,100,000|Pekifi..........] Buddhic .......] Monarchy .....! 20,214,341 5,933 British #. * * * * * 237,391,788 # 30 # s: 26,988 1,735.6%: London........ [Protestant ..... Monarchy ..... See # s# Russian Empire....] S6,952,347 £ io |768,437| 333 |12,945|4,314,607,599|St. Petersburg..|Greek Church.. Monarchy ..... 2,566,021 11,573,778 United States.......] 59,155,783 3,026,504 Io 25,000. 146 S1,955|1,551,091,207|Washington ...|Protestant .... Republic ...... German Empire....] 42,727,260 208,744]201 4:575s, 74 $19,020 ##### . . . . . . . . . Protestant .....|Empire" .......] 56,368,542. 54,228,953 Austria-Hungary .. 37,700,000] 240,916|1 392,166 43 [11,16S 1,197,978,118 Vienna ........ Catholic ....... Monarchy ..... #: 2,295,702 France. ............] 36,90 # 204,096 1S2 502,697; 492 ||14,100 £:::::::: Catholic * * is is a s is Republic ......' 88,897,606 5%3.85 apan ...:... . . . . .] 35,358,994| 156,604|214 || 78,512 17 67| 311,294,347|Tokio..........|Buddhic .......|Monarchy .....] 14,439,495. 2,540,664 Great Britain & Ire- 6o 8 Lond P M and . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,160,000 121,230|268 |135.452] 222 || 17,092.3,814,500,000|London . . . . . . . . rotestant .....] Monarchy .....|195,588, oS,347,155 Turkey ...... ..... 3.66,147 # 17 # ITO # '####o Constantinople. |Mahomedan ... # * > * * * # # # 'Italy............... # 114,406|243 jig.9,55 1 5,000|2,342,900,000|Rome. ........ Catholic ....... Monarchy......]. 12,114,231. 9,076,297 Spain............... 10,835,5 195,775|| 92 # 13S 4,112|1,826,613,093|Madrid.....:...|Catholic .......|Monarchy ..... # .# Brazil..............] 9.930,478; 3,28S, iro 3 | 16,055 63 | 1,364 409,866,550|Rio de Janerio..]9atholic .......] Monarchy. ....] 48,861,878 9,152,503 Mexico ............! 9,276,079 761,640 13 21,136, 4 || 403 # 5|Mexico ........|Catholic : ......|Republic ......] 8,461, 15,482,5S2 Persia .............! 6,500,000 64S,000 to $30,000|none none o debt. [Tcheran .......|Mahomedan ... Monarchy ..... none In OIMC Morocco * * * * * * * * * * * 600,000] 260,000; 25 20,000|none! none 3,000,000] #: e: Mahomedan ...] Monarchy ..... none In Orl C. Siam...............] 5,700,000 310,000 25 | none |none! none | No debt. Bangkok.......] Buddhic ........] Monarchy .....] none In Orlé Roumania.......... 5,376,ooo. 49,262|105 | 18,000 9 || 791 125,727,822|Bucharest......|Greek Church...] Monarchy .....] none 110116: Belgium * * * * * * * * * * * 5,336,185 1 I-373 469 46,383 IO 2,300 341,917,662 Brussels * @ is . . . . . . is Catholic * * * * * * * Monarchy * , a r * 20,999,668 25,107,013 Egypt........ * * * * * * 5,250,000 212,600 24 14,000 14 1,163 529,383, 150 Cairo * * * * * * * * * * Mahomedan * * * See Turkey. Portugal : ... ...:...] 3.441,037 35,S12|12 || || 63,920 34 705. 439,879,399 Lisbon....... . Catholic ......|Monarchy...... 1,141,884 4,585,771 Norway & Sweden. 4,439,713 # 25 || 36,495. 42 3,051 99, 5,353 Stockholm .....|Protestant .....] Confederation. 1,639,972] 1,743,791 Canada..............] 3,603,321| 3,483,952| 1 | "3,065; 7 || 4,929, 199,861,537 Ottawa ........|Protestant ..... Colony......... 51,113,475 38,565,822 # or Nether- 76 Sol A d Prote M h 8 ands . . . . . . . . . . . . ,52 12,6So]282 || 61,803 ro5 1,262| 376,523,3So|Amsterdam ....|Protestant .....] Monarchy ..... 8, 165,728] I 23 Abyssinia.......... # 158,000) ,803| 105 I, p Magdala.......!Coptic Chris’ns. # :: * 5,7 3,737, Columbia..........] 3,951,211 432.4ool 6 2,600|none 42| 19,971,219 Bogota ........]Catholic .......|Republic ......] 4,961,470) 6,408,346 Madagascar ....... 2,90oooo 228,57o 10 Antananarivo . Monarchy ..... none 11OI) & Switzerland......'.. 2,776,035 15,991 ISI 106,1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,500 7,389,409 Berne * * * * * * * * * * Protestant * * * * * Republic....... Peru * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 2,699,945 502,760 # 13,200 1S 744 *#. Lima * * * * * * * * * * Catholic * * * * * * * Republic....... # 544,819 Chili * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 2.375,971 130,977 I 3,500 12 # ,762,664 Santia O = • * * * * Catholic g is is a G + is Republic....... 1,SIo, 37 1,774,645 Denmark ...... ... 1,513,142 14,553||131 || 35.703|| 33 I9 # Copenhagen ...|Protestant .....|Monarchy..... 933.4%| 4:59.4% Norway............ # 123,2Sö 14 | 18,006. 33 || 510) 27,384,000|Christiana.....|Protestant .....]Confederation...] See N'w'y|& Sweden Yenezuela ......... 1,784,197 368,235. 5 || 5,494|nonel 39 67,399,999/93raccas.......[Catholic .......|Republic....... 5,746,300 2,175,185 Bolivia....::...:...] 1,743,353 $39,370 4. ,635 37 none | 17,428,673|Chuquisaca ....!Catholic .......|Republic....... Argentine Republic 1,715,681; $71,000] 2 # 2 1,466 107,681,639|Buenos Ayres... iCatholic .......|Republic...... 5,234,914] 2,964,253 Servia ............. 1,726,270 1S,787 S7 || 14,150 none 20,248,090|Belgrade ......|Catholic ... ... Monarchy ..... none In OT1C Greece..............] 1,457,894 19,941| 73 || 12,397.| 21 97,231,4So|Athens ........|Greek Church...] Monarchy ..... 899,561] 349,467 Guatemala..........] 1,150,754 49,7 $ 29 || 3,200 none! none 3,877,3S4|Gratemala.....] Catholic .......|Republic....... See note | See note |Ecuador ...........] 1,100,000 .# 3 I,200' 3 75] 17,459,000 Quito...... ...|Catholic .......|Republic....... See note | See note. Hayti............... I,000,000 29,000] 2O 6,82S 2 Il One 54 ,022|Port £1! Prince. Catholic * * * * * * * Republic....... 4,4 5,997 4,159,609 Liberia ........ ...} 1,000,oool 25,oool 25 No debt. |Monrovia ...... [Protestant ..... Republic....... 3,S85 197,594 San Salvador....... 600,000 9,500 7; 1,000|none|nonc |* - - - - - - - - - - - San Salvador ..|Catholic .......|Republic.......] See note. See note Uruguay........... 455,000 70,000 # 34o 47,861,042|Montevidio ....|Catholic ... ...|Republic.......] 6,837,736 1,555,4 Nicaragua......... 300,000 49,000 5 sooo none! none |............|Nicaragua.....|Catholic .......|Republic.......] See note | See note Paraguay......... . 221,000 57,223| 4 || 2,000|none 47' 251,000,ooo!Assumption....|Catholic ... ...|Republic ......I See note | See note Honduras.......... $: 47,092 § 1,500|nonel 56]............|Coinavagua.... Catholic .......|Republic.......] See note See note 'l Costa Rica......... 1S5,000 2 1,495 900 none] 29]. . . . . . . . . ...|San Jose ...... .|Catholic .......|Republic ......] See note | See note San Domingo...... ISO. 20,000 S 4,000 Pl(OH)10: " " " * * * * * * * * * San Domingo... St. Catholic....|Republic ...... 657,509, 803,315 | Hawaii............ 60,000 7,600|| 8 || none none] none 299,200 Honolulu ...... [Protestant ..... Monarchy ..... 7,646,391 3,350,775 NorE.—Trade with the British Possessions, Great Britain and Ireland excluded, was-Imports, 33,787,285; Exports, 26,932,857. With South American Ports not given above-Exports, 92,747. With the Central American States-consisting of San Salvador, icaragua: Honduras, Guatemala, and Costa Rica-Imports, 4,735,398; Exports, 1,644,013, "The Empire forms a Customs League named “Zollverein.” The greater part of this trade is with Cuba. #A Province of Turkey, yet practically independent. 1British India. 2Includes Germany, Prussia, etc. THE COMMERCE OF THE WORLD, The following table shows a Comparison of the Commerce, Population, Annual Imports and Exports of the several Geographical Divisions of the World for 1882—the latest published statistics. The following shows the variations in total imports and PopULATION. CoMMERCE. IMPORTS. ExpoR1s. £xports of all the countrics of the world from 1967 to £ ANNUAL ANNUAL 289 SO6 IMPORTs. ExpoRTS. _ Europe.... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ,000,000 $11,133, ,600 $6,153,051,000 $4,9So,75 ,600 I -68 * * * * * * > * * * * * * * * * ~ * : * * * $ ,828,600,000 $ ,22 ,000,000 America.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,840,000 2,413,054,600 1,171,906,500 1,241, I # 70. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * £ £ Asia...: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . £ 1,024,495,703 490,917,440 534,478,263 1872-73...................... 7,772,000,ooo 6,669,200,00? Australasia ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,500,000 481,037,165 229,851,325 251,185,849||1874-75...................... 7,251,400,000 6,448,400,0' Africa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * 80,000,000 302,506,229. 162,01 I,099 140,495, 130 # is a * * * * * * * g. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * $# £ # 2. I*. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,206,837,364; 7,14S,00+933 Total...... is s = n = * * * * * * * * * * 1,262,34ooool $15,354,900,297 $8,206,837.36; $7,148,062,933 These figures carry with them their own importance. --~~~~ * = ~--O * - UP" s: | . | POPULATION OF THE PRINCIPAL CITIES OF THE UNITED STATES AND THE WORLD. 593 POPULATION OF THE 100 PRINCIPAL CITIES OF THE UNITED STATES, IN ALPHABETICAL 0RDER—cENsus 0F 1880. otal Popula'n. 18So. otal Popula"n. 1SSo. CITIES d s * * -: - s * * * * s STATE. # | 3: || : £ # 5 ||Citres. STATE .# | : B || # 5 | # 5 * I 18 s Q "T- # ##|| 2:3 #3 880. 7o # | ##||25 | ## Albany N Y. & * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 6 22 C. 6 C. 66 2 6 Mobile.............. * * * * 2 Alleghen •..........Pa...... # # # # # Nashville......... #. # # # # # # £: -Ga..... #3; # # 2 #. 3 #8 Newark.::..........N.J.... 1#. OS # # # # .# £............N. Y... 17,225] 10,940 10,9 16,981| 4,943 New Bedford.......Mass... #6. 5 3' 2C) 13. I, I '# %. #3 * 2 #:..........G.... 15.389 9,827. 12,064|| 20,693 1,168||New Haven........Conn... 6:58: 50% C # # # : # timore...........Md.... 26,354|157,393,74,926|276,177 56,136||New Orleans........ La..... aičoo 15's ičo:303 #19 1:53: £i 7 £ City....... * * * * * Mich... 7,064 1 1,318 9,375 11,389 9,304 Rewport............K * * * * * 20,433 £3; 5.5% 13.5% #. 22 # #3:............Mass... ########|:#####|New ££b's:####### # Sport.......... Conn... 18,969 13,42 I 14,222. •o,204 7,439 Norfolk.............Va..... * 21.0% # # # # # '835 £ lyn .........N. Y... 396,099272,248,291,415||383,969.177,6 4||Oakland.............Cal. 3# ió. iš. ić. , 13 I.O2 I £............S. Y... #7.71% #6.9% 7 33: to $6% # Omaha..............Neb..". 3: # # # #: ' O ë'ridge..........Mass... 36 634, 25,024; 27,645|| 37,001| 15,668 Oswego.... ........N.Y... #16 20. # 15% 4 # #5 # &#: :::::::::::::::::: 20,045 19,923 21,736 37,164 4,495 Paterson...... to £ it ..N. J.... $1,03: 3 19 2 p 5 26% 3. 2 I * 32 &#ton..........S. * @ e - 48,9 C 22,585 27,399 46,03: 3,950 Peoria.... -------...Ill.... * * 39.3% #. # # I '69. # # 5''.............Mass... #########| #|####.........y.a..... :3#|######|# "# #go....... ... ... Ill...... 298,977 256,905 24.6% C 298,326 204,859 Philadelphia........ Pa...... S47.1 # 2. 204,335 £nati.... ......Ohio... R. 416,239 125,492 129,64 n 183,480 71,659 Pittsbur h.... * * * * ... Pa...... 156, I. o76 7 # p ? #: 5 4 # £d...........Qho... 92.829, 80,174 79,972||1oo,737, 59,499 Portland............ Me..... # 3:13 #: # $||26. 'oo: ö: "mbus...........Ohio... 3.37% 26, oo 25,238 43,576 # Poughkeepsie..... ..N. Y... 20,207 30.88% # # 16. 13| # b£gton...........Ky..... #3; # 13.53S 33.333 6.487|Rrovidence... ......R.I.... 104.85%| 63 on, 4%;8; 55.3% # s: B'nport..........Iowa... #####|####'::::::::::::: #|# ##### i5's..............Qhio... #####|##| #|###...........'.....] :#|#########| # #:............Colo.... 4,759 21,539. 14,997 26,924 # Richmond...........Va::... 63.6%|| 3:335 # 3:1; # # #: Moines.........Iowa... 13,035; 11,53: 13,877|| 13,205 4,293 Rochester...........N.Y...] 89,366|| 62.38% # 33.9% 6% s: £:............Mich... # 55%, 59.5%||73,6345.645|Sacramento..........Cal.... 2:22|| 16.38: 12:#| "...#|####| "...#3 #'...... .....Iowa. ######|##"&#|###ph...........M. : 3:#####| #|##| # #beth...........N.J... 20,833 13.668. 14,631|| 20,644. 7,535||St. Louis.......... .Mo.....] $50,518 # 1755301;&#|: *05 £::::::::::::: 1:53: 5,749 1ó,792|| 16 3,574||St. Paul....... #: "############ #::::::::::::::::: # ###|##| #|$::::::::::::::::::: #######|### £ille .........Ind.... 21,830, 14,338 15,653|| 23,177 6, tog|Salt Lake City...... Utah... 20.763||13,854 9,953| 10,815 13.93 #3; Fo River..... ... ... Mass 26,766 23,163 25,793 25,386 23:575|San Antonio........Texas... 20559) 12,256. 16.67 ,877 13.9% # G # Wayne ... ..Ind 17,718 13,717 13,163| 21.028; 5,852||San Francisco.......Cal ....] 233,959||149,473 1:# 101,351||129,715; 164,244 I Weston...... .....Texas. 13,813 11,066 11,182|| 17,202 5,046||Savannah....... ....Ga.....] 35,709|| 38,235 i3,936 16,773| 27,715, 3,994 # Rapids.......Mich... 16,507 16,183. # 22,016 13,cool Scranton............ Pa.....! 45,850|| 35,092] 23,170 # 29,993] 15,857 i£burg..........Pa...... 23,194 14,769 16,032 28,446 2,316|Somerville....... ::::::::: #|####|##| # #d...........gonn. 37,18ö 26,146 21,869| 31,420 to,595|Springfield..........Ill ..... 19,743|| 17,364 9,805 g 938|| 15.459 3:23; Hol oken............N. J.... 26,297 15,254 15,745||18,004 12,995|Springfield.......... Mass...| 33-34o 26,703 15,767] 17,573|| 25, 7,533 £:........Mass... 10,733 # II, 11,000 10,915|Springfield...... ... Ohio.... 20,730|| 12,652] 10,563. 1s, 167 ,646 3 £r *polis.........Ind..... *|| 48,244; 30.803. 38,193|| 62,446 12,613||Syracuse............N. Y...] 51,792|| 43,051] 24,675 27,117 $ 4 13. # $YS.ity..........N.J... # 59,919 63,823|| 81,464; 39,258 £: Mass...| 21,313||18,629, 16,328. 10,885 # 5, 129 *Sas City........Mo 32,360 31,999; 23,786|46,484 9,361||Terre Haute.........Ind;....] 26,042|| 16,193 13,128 12,914|| 22,056 3.9% ift'ster...........Pa. zo,233 12,212 13,557|22,39c. 3,379|Toledo............... Öhio...] 56,137|3:58: 2:034 35 is: 35,783| 13, '*ence...........Mass 23.9% 17,785 21,366|| 21,885] 17,266||Trenton...... N.J....] 29,91c $2.87% I o: I ? Soll 2 : 4,349 #ille......... ky.... ico's 58,982 64,776 106.60% 23:56 Troy................N. * * * 56,747 46. 65 # # # # L well............ ..M 3.SS, 40,928 26,853 32,622 36,421 23,054 Utica. ...............N. Y... 33,914 # # 15.2 #53: 9,333 £i:.........Mass. 33,333 18:# 30,031||31,234 7.0%|Washington.........D. C. 137,393||1-0.1%. 633ro 73.93||3:35, #3 £ster... ... ... N. H. 636|| 23,536. 14.69S 17,932|| 20, 151] 12,479||Wheeling........... W. Va.; 30,737|| 19,2Sol 15,127| 15,616 # &: #:..........:nn. 33,592|| 40,226, 16,302 17,490 29,621] 3,971 ||Wilkesbarre........ Pa......] 23,339|| 10,174] 11 451 1:8 T #03; 6. OO Mi'i:.. * 71,449. 57,475 53.1% 69,514. 46,073||Wilmington.........Del .... 42,478|30.84. 20: 2:727 38.3% # Polis ..... ...Minn... 13,666 25,291. 21,596 31,874 15,013||Worcester..... ....Mass...] 58,291|| 41,1: s 28,927. 29,361|| 42,667 15,624 ... Population of THE CITES OF THE WORLD HAVING OVER 100,000 INHABITANTs. erdeen, Scotland is th * * Ailri. * nd........ 105,818 Chang-Choo-Foo, China... 1,000,000 | Lisbon, Portugal.......... 240,000 £ Turkey....... £5 Chicago, Ill... : ............ 503,185 Liverpool, #: # #* * * * * * * is is a “g # X:#dia......... ...... 125,000 | Cincinnati, Ohio........ ... # 1 on '#'.......:33:#|####".: : #: £bad, India......... 126,000 | Cologne, Prussia.... ...... 150,000 || Louisville, Ky............. 12: :S # England...... 156,3 A'hiria, Egypt......... 1Soooo | Cleveland, Ohio............ 160,146 || Lucknow, India........ • * * * 3% Prague £ * * * * * * # A': China...... ..... . 270,000 | Constantinople, Turkey.... 6co,000 | Lyons, France............. $73.5% £ R. i... . . . I # £an, Holland...... 263,204 || Copenhagen, Denmark..... 234,850 | Madras, India........... * * * #5.0% Riga it.ussia.............. # 57 £# Belgium..... . 169,112 | Damascus, Turkey......... # Madrid, Spain..... * * * * #oco rtiojaneiro Brazil......... 168,840 # razil.............. 1S6,000 | Delhi, india...... ... . . . ... 180,000 || Manchester, England. : . #1'50s Rome Italy * * * * * * * * * £ iš' Md............. 332,313| Dhar, India.... ........ 105,000 | Manilla, Phillippine Is..... i£300 Rotterdam. Holland....... £ Ban # Jaya.............. 140,000 | Dresden, Germany......... 220,820 Marseilles, France........ 3#50 fouen, Érance * * * * * * * # £ Siam............ 3óoooo | Dublin, Ireland ......... 330,500 || Maranhao, Brazil.......... £5.3% Salford Eng * * * * * * * * * * * * I # £ *3, Spain..... ..... 215,960 | Detroit, Mich...: ........ ... 11634c | Melbourne, Australia...... 247,079 St. Louis Mio. . . . # # Belf * India....... ... ... 116,000 | Dundee, Scotland....... ... 125,000 || Mexico, Mexico ... 2:3.0%|St. Petersburg. itussia..... #: Be *st, Ireland....... ..... 1Sooool Edinburgh, Scotland....... 184,ooo Miako, Japan. * * * * * * * 'ooo |San Franci # £: 76,570 #'s. india............. 600,oool Florence, Italy............. 169,000 Milan, ita y................ # O £ 31. - - - - - - - # # Prussia............ 1,222.5ool Foo Choo Fod, China...... 1,006,90o Milwaukee, Wis........ # Seville Spain.......... * * * * £ # India........ oocoo Frankfort, Germany....... 136,822. Montreal, Canada.......... #&o Shan £ £ #'England..... £3,757 genoa, stily:............ #9 ooo. Moscow, Russia........... 6'50 Sheffield, England.”. ... 100,000 Bord *y, India. " . . . . . . ... 898,218 Ghent, Belgium............ 137,431 || Munich, Bavaria........ * * 33% s'A'or . . . . . 2S4,410 13ost'": France.......... 23o,960 | Glasgow, Scotland. . ...... 525,000 | Nagpoor, India.... .... : *ścoo Stockholm, Sweden * * * * * * * # £: Mass.. ........ 362,839 || Greenwich, England....... 135,000 | Nanking, China......... * 503 ooo. Sydney Australia * * * * * * * # Bresl ord, England * * * * * * * * 183,032 || Hamburg, Germany.... . . . . 410,120 | Nantes, France....... . ... #5,000 # itussia in Asia. • * * * 15723 £ Prussia.....: * * * * * 272,91o Hanover, Germany........ 122,840 Naples, Italy.... ........ 493 rio Tokić Ja an. * * * * * * # £: England........... 206,503 || Havana, Cuba....... ... ... 225,000 | Newark, N. J . . . . . . : #oš #ce * * * * * * * * ~ * # Pruss #. N.Y * * * * * * * * * * * * 566,663 || Hull, England::... ........ 120,000 | Newcastle-on-Tyne. Eng.. 1:32s Trieste Austria * * * * * * * * * * # Buc' Belgium......... 391,393 | Hyderabad, India.......... 200,000 | New Orleans. Li ... .... ... 25.0%|Tunis, Africa''............ :... Ruen £est, Turkey......... 221,806 ||Joodpoor Marwar, India... 100,000 | New York, N.Y.. I 206: Turi * Italy . . . . . . . . . - - - - - 150, OS. A * * • * * * * * * * * * * 99 ur111, tà V - - - - - - - - * * * * * * * * 252,830 * yres, S. A....... 150,000 |Jersey City, N.J........... 120,722 | Nottingham, Eng..... ..... 186,656 || Valencia, Spain IOO,OOO Egypt.” “ . . . . . . . . . . 155,134 || Leeds, England........ .... 309.126 Odessa, Russia............ 1935io Venice Italy ...” ". . . .'; ..., '."gypt...... * * * * * * * . 300,000 | Leipsic, Germany.... ..... 149.SSo' Palermo, Italy ............ 24.4,990 vienna, Austria. ...: # # nto - *** - - - - - - ... ... 600,000 | Liege, Belgium............ 123,131 | Paris, France .............2,23:30 Warsaw foland........... * IC3, O w: China: ........... Soo,000 | Lille, or Lisle, France..... 177,940 Ratna, India............... 306,000 | Washin :ton, D.C......... # f Pore, India........... 100,000 | Lima, Peru................ too,ooo ! Pekin, China.............. 1,850,000 | Yeddo, £:::::::::::# In China and India are not given. Those g! - - ven are from the latest published information. --> 594 THE PRESIDENTS AND THEIR CABINETS. THE PRESIDENTS AND THEIR CABINETS FROM THE FOUNDATION OF THE GOVERNMENT. SECRETARY of STATE. SECRETARY of TREASURY. PRESIDENT. VICE-PRESIDENT | | *-| *| Geo. Washington............. 1789 John Adams......... ....... 1789 Thomas Jefferson............. 1789 |Alex. Hamilton...............]1789 Geo. Washington.. * * * * * * * * * * * 1793 John Adams................. 1793 Edm. Randolph........ it is is is is * 1794 Oliver Wolcott........... * * * 1795 * r * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Dim. Pickering............... 1795 is + 8 + · · P · is © e s - * * * * * * * * * * * - | *-m-m-m-, *=== * * > * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * s is * * h d * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * I > Thomas efferson............. 179 Tim. Pickerin * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * I Oliver Wolcott........ * * * * * 7 John Adams " * * * * * * * * J. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * #7 j:#:::::::::: * * * * * I 97 S. Dexter..................... # e e s • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ~ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * **** * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * is a £ 4 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * s e s is a e s - * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * m" Thomás Jefferson............. 1801 |Aaron Burr. ... . . . . . . . . . ....] 1801 |James Madison.............. 1Sol S. Dexter............... ... ...|1Sot Thomas Jefferson.......... ... 1Soš George Clinton........ * * * * * * 1805 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Albert Gallatin............... 1802 • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | * *** ames Madison....... * * * * * * * •l I George Clinton.... ..........] 1809 |Robert Smith........ ... ......] "Soo |Albert Gallatin............... 1809 # #: * * * * * * * * * * * # Elbridge Gerry............... I813 James Monroe................ 1811 G. W. Cann bell.............. 1814. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Alex.J. Da las............... 1814 • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * James Monroe * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1817 Dan. D. Tompkins.. * * * * * * * * * * 1817 John Q. Adams.. * * * * * * * * * * * * 1817 W. H. Crawford....... * * * * * * * 1817 James Monroe..... * * * * * * * * * * * 1821 • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | **** John Q. Adams.............. • 1825 John C. Calhoun..... ....... 1825 |Henry Clay........... ... ... 1825 |Richard Rush.......... ......]1825 - = }-|--|--|--" Andrew Jackson..............] 1829 |John C. Calhoun. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1829 |Martin Van Buren............ # Samuel D. Ingham...........|1829 Andrew Jackson... .......... 1S33 |Martin Van Buren........ ... 1833 ||Ed. Livingston............... 1$31 |Louis McLane............... 1831 • e o e s • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Louis Mc ne. • * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1833 William J. Duane............ . 1833 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * • * * * | . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | * * * * John Forsyth................ 1834 Roger B. Taney.............. 1833 • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Levi Woodbury... * * * * * * * * 1834 ----|-- Martin Van Buren............ 1837 |Richard M.Johnson.......... 1837 ||ohn Forsyth................. 1837 |Levi Woodbury..............|1837 • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ... s. s is ----|--|--|--!" Wm. II. Harrison............ 1841 ||John Tyler...................] 1841 |Daniel Webster... . .......] 1841 Thomas Ewing............... 1841 John Tyler...... ............. 1841 |........................ .....] .... Hugh.S. Legare............ ... 1843 Walter Forward.............]:#: • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Abel P. Upshur.. * * * * * * * * * * B is 1843 John C. Spencer............. 1843 | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * ....................... .... John Nelson. ............... 1844 |George M. Bibb..............#4 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | * * : John C. Calhoun........... * 1844 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * • * * * * James Knox Polk............. 1845 |George M. Dallas............. 1845 James Duchanan..... ....... 1845 |Robt.J. Walker.............. 1845 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * s & de • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | * * * a s & & e < * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * e = * * | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * • | * * * * Jolin M. Clayton. * * * * * * * * * * * * 1849 VV. M. Mercdith. * * * * * * * * * ~ * * * 1849 Zachary Taylor....... ...... 1849 |Millard Fillmore........ . . . 1849 " Millard Fillmore.............! 1850 |.......... ................... ... |Daniel Webster..............] 1856 Thomas Corwin...............]1859 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ............] .... [.............................. . . . . [Edward Everett... . . . .......] 'S5* ... ...........................I.: h Franklin Pierce.............. 1853 ||William R. King............. 1853 ||William L. Marcy............] 1853 |James Guthrie......... ......|1853 James Buchanan........... ... 1857 |J. C. Breckenridge ... ....... 1857 |Lewis Cass................. ..] 1857 |Howell Cobb................. # * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * • e s • * | * * * * Jeremiah S. Black. * * * * * * * * * * * 1SóO Philip F. Thomas............ 1: : * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ...}......... * * * * | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * . .... [John A. Dix.................[156* | *- * I mism I mis- | *m-m-m-m- |- Abraham Lincoln............] 1861 IIIannibal Hamlin.............] 1861 Wm. H. Seward........... - 1861 Salmon P. Chase.............]:3# * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | * * * * W. P. £::::::::::# a * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | * * * * | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | * * * * Hugh McCulloch............. 1865 Abraham Lincoln * * * * * * * * * * * 1S65 Andrew Johnson............. 1865 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * • * * * Andrew Johnson.. * * * * * * * * * 1865 * s - © - * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * • . . . . . " I "*** i Ulysses S. Grant.............] 1869 Schuyler Colfax.............. 1S69 |E. B. Washburne............ 1869 |Alex. T. Stewart............. 1S69 Ulysses S. Grant............. 1873 |Henry Wilson............ ... 1873 |Hamilton Fish......... . . . 1863 |Geo. S. Boutwell.............[1$69 It is * * * • * ~ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * W. A. Richardson............ 1873 :::::::::::::::::::::::::::: : : ......................... : • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Benj. H. Bristow............. 1874 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * @ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * L. M. Morrill................. 1876 Rutherford B. Hayes.......... S77 Wm. A. Wheeler............ . 1877 Wm. M. Evarts.............. 1877 John Sherman................|1877 James A. Garfield......... ... 18S1 |Chester A. Arthur............ ISS1 # G. Blaine..............! 1881 William Windom............]183t Chester A. Arthur......... * * * ISSI * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * , T. Frelinghuysen......... ISSI Charles J. Folger : . . . . • * * * * * * 1881 em--> , f THE PRESIDENTS AND THEIR CABINETS. 595 THE PRESIDENTS AND THEIR CABINETS FROM THE FOUNDATION OF THE GOVERNMENT. Concluded. E E .E. E .5 SECRETARY or war. # Secretary of Navy. 'g Sec'y or INTERio". g. PostMASTER GENERAL. # AfroRNEY GENERAL | #. 3. 3. .# 3. 3. "T- - == --- #enry Knox * s S * * --- - - - - - - - - - 17SQ|H Knox. ........... 1789 Interior Department [.... Samuel Osgood......... 1789 E. Randolph ..... .....|1789 # # ickering.. * * * * * * * * * # £: * * * * * # created 1849. .... IT. Pickering * * * * * * * * * * * #|Win. £rd * * * * * * * * 1794 • McHenry............ 1796|J. McHenry............|1796|..... . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ...|Jos. Habersham........ 795|Charles Lee........ .... |1795 ~-– -- - "|"--|--|--|-- J. McHen Jos. Habers! **** * is w ry * * * * * * * * * * * * 79 Geor c Cabot.. * * * * * * * * * 1798 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * = . * * * * * *OCrS11:lin. . . . . . . 1797 Charlcs Lcc..... * * * * * * * 1797 S. Dexter * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * # B. £ n is ~ * * * * * * * #3 • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | * * * * | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * . . . . . . . * * * | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * #"Marshali * * * * * * * * * 18oo * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | * * - I • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | * * * * | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * r * * * * tog. Griswold * g g g - * * * * 1Sol * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * I e = * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | * * * * s * - - - ST-|-- - = |*==-|" •-miss *- II. Dearborn..... to t t + , a 1801 |B. Stoddert......... ...]isor]............................|Jes. Habersham........ iso.Th. Parsons............ 1801 " ' " " . . . . . . . . . . . . .......].... Robert Smith...........lişoal........................].... Gideon Granger....... . iso: Levi Lincoln ...... ... "Son * * * * * . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | . . . . J. Crowinshield......... 1So5 * * * , * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ... I . . . Robeit Smith.......... 1805 * * * * * * * . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * . . . . . J. Breckenridge........ 1SoS * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * | . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * . . . . . C. A. Rodney. * * * * * * * * 1807 :-1– - J-t - | *- *- William Eustis ISOO |Pall s * Gidcon Granger $oo!C. A. R. 4. • * * * * * * * * * ul Hamilton........ . I * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * #. * * * * * * * * 1809 * *. odney........... 1Sog l. Armstrong..... * * * * * * # William Jones......... * #::::::::::::::::: ....|R.J. Meigs.............|1814|W. Pinckney........'. '1811 (# Monroe.......... 1814|B.W. Crowinshield..... 1814|... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * | . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ichard Rush.......... 1814 V. II. Crawford....... 1815 . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * T-– -I*==-| - *- *- Isaac Shelby........... is: B.w. Crownshield..... 1817. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R.J. Meigs............ 1817|William Wirt.......... 1817 J. C. &#: a s is a # S. Thompson... . . . . . . . . ISIS * * * * is is * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * John Mc C3Il. * * * * * * * * 1823 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * " ' " " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * £#: 1823 • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | * * * * | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | * * * * " " " ' " . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * S.--. Southard..... . . . . . 1823 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * "----- same -- I -i == - ** • ** - James Barbour....... ..! 1825 S. L. Southard..... - 1825. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t is is © s > * * * | * * * * John McLean........ .jiS25|William Wirt.......... }1S25 P. B. Porter m r * * * * * * * * * * 182 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | * * * * | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ~-l– •= |*m-m-m-m-m-m-m-i == - * ohn II. E: * * * * * * * * * d h * * * * * * * * * * * 182 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * . * * * * * * * * * * * * * W. T. Barry" • * * * * * * * * * 1829 J. M. Berrien........... 1829 ' £ * * * * * * * * # 'W'. * * * * * * * * * # * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ** * * * Amos Kendall. * * * * * * * * * 1835 # #. #: * * * * * * * * * 1831 * * * * > . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | * * * * M. Dickerson..... . . . . . . 1834 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | * * * * | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * utler............ 1834 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * +-l- a * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * - s a e s • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | * * * * • J. R. Poinsett 1837|M. Dick 11837]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amos Kendall.......... 1837|B. F. Butler........... 1837 | t * * * * * * * * * * 37|M1. Dickerson. . . . . . . . . 37] . . . . . . . . * * * - - - - - - - - ohn M. Niles 1840. Felix G | * * * wer # - - - - - - - - - I IS3&I. . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * $o|Felix Grundy... ....... 1838 | £#: J': ######## || ~-l— *= mm mm."m-mm-mm * *-i- * John Bell. Gco. E. Badger...... . . 1154.1 ! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....|Francis Gränger.......|1841|J.J. Crittenden.........|1841 t John C. Spencer........ # Abel P. £: * * * * * # a w s • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | * * * * C. A. Wickli C. • * * * * * * * 1841 H. S. Legare.. * * * * * * * * 1841 (£ Porter....... 1843 David Henshaw... . . . . . 1843 • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * John Nelson.... * * * * * * * 1844 ' Wm. Wilkins...... * * * * * 1844 T. VV. Gilmer * * * * * * * * * * 1844 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | * * * * : * * * * * * * . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * John Y. Mason. ... . . . . . 1844 - * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * , |* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * . . . . . . . * * * . | <--|-- *-* | *-ū-ma" | *- * *- W. L. Ma Geo. Bancroft.......... 1845l. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cave Johnson..........]1845|J. Y. Mason............ 1845 ::::::::::::::#:#:::::::::::::::::::::::: • * ~ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * N. Clifford ........... |1846 " * * * * * * . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * . . . . . . . e. • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * ... • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | * * * * Isaac Toucey... * * * * * * * * 1848 ~-1– •======="-"| =- *-ū - *- S.W. Crawf Wm. B. Preston........|1849|Thomas Ewing. .......|1849|Jacob Collamer........]1849|R.Johnson........ .... 1849 Winfield #: # W: A. Graham..... * # A. H. H. Stuart........|1850]Nathan R. Hall........|1850]J.J. Crittenden.........[1850 Chas. M. Conrad....... 1850 J. P. Kennedy • * * * * * * * 1852 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * S. D. Hubbard......... 1852 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Jefferson Davis......... 1853 Jamcs C. Dobbin * * * * * * * 1853 R. McClelland.......... 1853 James Campbell.... * * * 1853 Calcb Cushing.... * * * * 1853 ~-l- *- *- - *- John B. Fl S57|I Touccy. . . . . * * * * * * 1857|J. Thompson...........]1857|Aaron V. Brown.......|18 . S. Black............. 1857 #:#':| #:p: * * * * * * * * * s: #::::::::: #####: 1S60 ' ' ' ' ' ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * oratio King.. * * 1861 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * <-1– -* - *- * *- S. Cameron Gid Welles........ ..]1861|Caleb B. Smith.........]1861|Montg. Blair...... .....|1861|Edw. Bates.............]1861 E. M. Stanton.......... # * s' * * * * * * * * * * * * * * # P: Usher.........]1863|Wm. Dennison.........]1864|James Speed...........|1864 * * * * * . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | * * * * ames Harlan.......... 1865 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * , •: . . . . . . * * * ###G#...: #|:::::::::::::::::::::::::::5 it. Browning::::::::3%|A witänäi:::::::::3%ii: Süß:y::::::lis: £orenzo Thom:::::::: 1S6 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * : * ~ * = Q.H. Browning........ 1868 J. M. Schofie'...... 1S631. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * a • * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * * * * * a s = * * * * * * * * • * * * * * * * * * W. M. Evarts. .........|1S63 --—l— *- * -> - *g- J. M. Schofield $60|Adolph E. Borie........ 1S69|J. D. Cox.............. 1869|J. A. J. Cresswell....... 1869|E. R. Hoar.............|1869 "...A. Rawlins.......... # G. £ 'b:::::::: # C. Dclano.... --........ # as. W. Marshall...... # A. T. Ackerman....... 1870 V. W. Relknap........ 186]........... ................|Zach. Chandler........ 'S75|Marshall Jewell........|1874|E.S. Pierrepont........|1875 Jas. D. Camerón.......|1876]..... ........... ......i. ** = . I • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Jas. N. Tyner..... .....|1876|G. H. Williams.........|1876 : | " . . . . . . . . . . ........... • s • * * * * * * * * * • * * * * * * * * * • a & = * . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * = • * * * * * * * A. Taft * * * * * * * * * * * * • * * * * 1876 t > - *- sms mamm-mm, it *-m- *m "m">-m-m-m-, -, *- | G. W. McCra 18 * 77|Carl Sch S77|D. M. Kcy * | *- S * *** * * * * * * * * 877|R. W. Thompson.......]1877|Carl Schurz. ........... RS77|1 P. M. E.eys. . . . . . . . . . . . 1877|H. Devens............. 1877 Alex. R£’....: #7 §a'. * * * * * Il - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - I . . . . Horace Maynard....... [...]. ......... ............ [... -l- •mm- I -m-msm- mm. •- *- Robt.T Lin * * * * d * * * * coln. ...... Wm. H. Hunt...........|1881|Sam'i J. Kirkwood...... 18Si Thomas L. James.......{1S81|Waync VacVeagh.....|1881 * * * * * : is: W' E. Chandler..........! H. M. Teller .........]....Timothy O. Howe....., 1881|B. £ ..... [1881 === |1883|Walter Q. Gresham.... * Refore the accession of Andrew Jackson to the Presidency the Postmaster General was looked upon as the head of a bureau, but President Jackson invited Mr. Barry to a seat in # cabinet meetings, since which time the Postmaster General has been considered a regular member of the Cabinet. + - t *19—a- ->'' g –--- 596 LEGISLATURES OF THE wohlD. *=" UPPEIt Hous E. Low ER Hous E. Count RIES. LENGTITU LENGTII] ... REMARKS. IIOW CIIOSEN. TERM. N9. IIOW CIIOSEN. TERMr. N9- | Argentine Republic | State Legislatures-----| ---- 28 Popular suffrage-------- * * * * 5o | Compensation, S3,500 per annum. | Austria ------------ Crown and hereditary- Life 104 | Property-holding citizens | 3 yrs. 253 | Elected # different times, as the crown * may order. . . Belgium ----------- Citizens, property test- 8 yrs. 68 |Property-holding citizens 4 136 || Only natives eligible. One Representative Crown and indirect * to 4o.ooo inhabitants. ter Brazil-------------- | election } Life 77 | Indirect election--------- 4 122 | Senators, must be 40 years old; Deputies * * * * * * * * * * Catholics; both natives. Canada ------------ Governor General.----- Life 58 Popular suffrage -------. 5 206 | Slight property qualification required of Vof CrS. Chili-------------------- * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Q 20 | Popular suffrage ------- 3. -- |One Representative for 20,000 inhabitants. Colombia (U.S.)----| State Legislatures----- * * * * 27 | Popular suffrage ------. * * * * Each State has 43 Senators. Representa- w Life or * * * tives according to population. Denmark ---------- Hercditary and clect'v | 9 yrs } 66 Citizens 30 years old...-- 3 IQ2 *# either house must be at least 25 * years old. Ecuador----------- Popular suffrage------ :- - - 18 Popular suffrage ------- * * * *E* 30 | Congress meets annually, September 15. France------------- Indirect clection ---- : ! 3oo Popular suffrage ------- 4. 538 Scnators must be 40 years old; Deputies 25. | Germany----------- Appointed by States... ---- 59 | Popular suffrage -------. 3. 397 | Prussia has 17 members Upper IIouse; 236 Hereditar CrOWIl - Until of the Lower House. Great Britain ------ | and #ch } Life 537 Household suffrage---->| | dissolu- ~658 . The election is by ballot. A member of the * * * * * * - tion House must be 21 years of age. No com- pensation is allowed. Greece------------- Elected by the people.-- 4 188 ------------ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * -- || Only one body, called Boule. IIungary----------- Hcreditary and church- Life 705 : Popular vote------------ 3. 445 |The citizens of full age may vote, if they " pay taxes amounting to S4 a year. Italy----------- ---. Hereditary and crown. ---- 27o | Popular vote------------ 5 508 |A voter must be 25 years of age, and tax- * payer to the cxtent of $8 a year. Mexico ------------ State Legislatures----- 6 54 | Popular vote------------ : 33% s' must be 30 years of age; Repre- sentatives 25. Netherlands-------- States, from rich------ Q 39 People, property test---- 4. 86 | Property test for voters exceptionally high. * - Clcrgymen disfranchised. New South Walcs--i British Crown--------- Life 39 Popular vote.----------- * * * * * Q2 N: £, # for voters, and the elec- * on is by ballot. New Zealand.------- British Crown--------- Life 45 | Popular vote------------ 5 88 || A £ £ry test required of voters * * and legislators. Nicaragua --------- Popular vote ---------- 6 1o | Popular vote.----------- 4 11 | No £ test is required. Norway ------------ Popular vote ---------- 3 28 | Popular vote.----------- 3. 86 | Slight property test for voters,who must be * * 25 years of agc. Peru.--------------- Districts -------------- 6 44 || Indirect clection--------- * 11o | The ratio of representation is one member * * * for 20,000 inhabitants. Portugal ----------- Hereditary -----------. Life 133 | People, property test ---- 4 99 || Besides a property test, there are several * ersonal tests applied. Prussia ------------ Mostly hcreditary----- Life -- | Popular vote------------ 3 433 Electors must be at least 25 years of age. Queensland.-------- British crown --------- Life 30 | Popular election--------- 5 55 Voters may vote where they have property s and where they reside. Roumania --------- Indirect clection------- * * * * 76 Indirect election--------- * * * * 157 | The people elect the Electors and they * choose the Legislators. South Australia----| Popular clection------- 2 18 || Popular clection.-------- 3 46 *'' the ''. House must be 30 ycars of age; of the Lower. 21. Spain.------------- £ # }. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 5 332 The Senate has no fixed number of mem- :------- bers, nor uniform method of designation. Sweden ------------ Popular clection------- Q 137 | Popular election--------- 3 2O4 s' £ no pay; Representatives, 811]:ll I 8:11:11"1(38. Switzerland.-------- Cantons--------------- * * * * * 44 Popular election.-------- 3 135 A'. £ £ a clergyman, is eligible O Cit!) Cr in OllSC. * Tasmania.---------- Elected, property test... ---- 16 | P'i' prop- } * * * * 32 | Besides elected Legislators, are ex-officio y UCSE----------- members holding other important offices, * . and resident subjects possessing degree8. Victoria ----------- * * * * * * YQ, 36 * * 3 86 c' and felons are incligible as C£1Sl{l (OTS. Western Australia- Appointed.------------- is so is E. 7 | Elected is * * * 14 | Slight property test for voters. A legislator si must hold real estate to the value of $5.coo- TJNITED STATEs.----| State Legislatures.---- 6 7ó | Popular vote------------ : 325 | A Senator, must be 30 years of age; a Rep. resentative 25. Each house sole judge of the election and qualification of its Inel Il DCr8, NoTE.–In the preparation of the above tables, reliance has mainly been placed upon the Statesman's Manual for 1881. No country which docs not '' # of the rights of self-government, however important in other respects. has a place in this connection. Of the several States of the United States it may be added, that each has two legislative bodies, both elected by popular vote, and that, under the 14th amendment to the Constitution of the United States, no citizen can be deprived of the right of suffrage on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. No State allows female suffrage, nor does any require an intelligence test. * r CONGRESSIONAL APPORTIONMENT. The number of Representatives in the popular branch of the Congress of the United States to which each State will be entitled, from March 4, 1883, to March 4, 1893, based on the tenth census, is as follows: * Alabama. ---------- *E. E. E. × " as E & " " -> * 8 OWüsee- * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * I Missouri.......- * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * #4 Rhode Island------------------ * Arkansas ---------------------- 5 l\{! I'SilS.-. --- * * * * * * *E. E. * * * * * * * * * * * 7 | Nebraska ------ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 3 | South Carolina ---------------- 7 California -------- * * * * * * *E. E. * * * * * 6 * * | Nevada ------------------------ * | Tennessee -- ----------------- IC) Colorado----------------------- * I LOUllSlt!!!! ---------------------- 6 | New Hampshire.---------...-- -- 2 Texas-------------------------- II Connecticut-------------------- 4 | \ll1110 ------------------------ - 4 || New Jersey-------------------- 7 | Vermont----------------------- =#" * 5 Ú/ *g ! Y # ... *le—- – 8. PRINCIPAL CEREAL AND FARM PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. Lif") From the Official Returns of the Tenth Census. £" WII EAT. OATS. IRARLEY. RYE. BU ("KW II EAT. HAY HOPS, RICE. POTATOES. MILK. BUTTER. CHEESE. STATES AND RN. – i-------— m-m-- - - - -- * = -- - - - - - - TERRITORIES. * Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. Tons. l'ounds Pounds. Bushels. Gallons. Pounds. Pounds. Alabama......... 25,451,278 1,529,657 3,039,639 5,281 28,402 6 10,363 |........ * * * * 810,8S9 334,925 267,38 7,997,719 I 4,091 Arizona.......... 5 34,746 136,427 64 239,051 ...' * * * 3% 5,606 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 26,249 42,61 # 18,360 Arkansas.... .... 24,156,417 1,269,730 2,219,822 I,952 22,387 548 # * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 402,027 316,858 7,790,013 26,301 California........ I,993,32 29,017,707 1,341,271 12,579,561 81,681 22,307 1,135,1 1,444,077 | . . . . . . . * * * a s 4,550,565 12,353,178 14,0S4,405 2,566,618 Colorado. . . . . . . . # I,425,014 640,900 107, 116 19,465 I IO 5,062 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 333, I23 # ,379 10,867 Connecticut. . . . . I,öSO,421 38; 2 1,009,706 12, 2 370,733 137,563 557'S60 |. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 2,581,262 12,2S9,893 8, 198,995 S26,195 Dakota........... 2,OOO, 2.8% 2,217, 132 277,424 24,359 2 #2 I 308,036 |........... * | * * * * * * * * ,0S6 415, 119 2,000,955 39,437 Delaware...;...... 3,S91,264 I, 175,272 378,50S 523 5,953 5,857 49,632 I............ * * * * * * * * * * 2S3,864 1,133,434 1,870,275 I,712 Dist. Columbia... 29,750 6,402 1440 ! . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,704 l. • . . . . . . . . . . 3,759 | . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * 33,064 496,78 20,920 | . . . . . . . . . . . . Florida........... 3,174,234 422 40S, I 12 21 O 2,965 |............ 149 | . . . . . . * * # 2O,221 4O, 353,156 2,406 Georgia.. 23,202,018 3, 159,771 5,548,743 18,662 101,716 402 14,409 . . . . . . . . . . . . 25,369,687 249,590 374,645 7,424,4S5 19, 151 Idaho.... ...... 16,408 540,58 462,236 274,750 4,341 is . . . . . . . . . . . 49,953 . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * 157,307 15,627 310,614 20,295 Illinois........... 325,792,481 51, I IO,502 63,189,200 "### 3, 12 1,785 '# 3,239,319 7,7SS . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,365,707 ### 53,657,913 1,035,069 Indiana.......... 115,482,300 || 47,284,853 | 15,599,518 3S2, $ 303, IOS ,707 1,361,083 21,236 |.... . . . . . . 6,232,246 6,723,840 # 367,561 Iowa............. 275,024,247 31, 154,205 50,610,591 4,022,5 1,518,605 16# 3,613,941 16,915 . . . . . . . . . . . * 9,902,537 15,965,612 55,481,958 1,075,988 Ransas * * * * 105,729,325 17,324, 14 I , ISO,3 $ 3OO,273 413, 18i 24,421 I,5S 38; 500 | . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,894,198 1.300,235 21,671,762 # ,98 Kentucky. ... . . . . . 72,852,263 11,356,113 4,5So,73 486,326 668,050 9,942 219,739 j . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,269,890 2,513,209 18,211,904 53,4 Louisiana........ 9,906, 189 5,034 229, b{O ! . . . . . . . . # * * * 1,013 | . . . . . . . . . . . . 37,029 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23, 18S,311 180, 115 #: 916,089 7,618 Maine.... ....... 960,633 665,714 2,265,575 242,185 26,39S 382,701 1,107,78S 48,214 |............ 7,999.625 3,720,7S3 14, 103,966 1,167,730 Maryland........ 15,968,533 8,001, 1,794,872 6, 283,067 136, 264,468 |............ ............ 1,497,017 4,722,914 7,435,871 17,41 Massachusetts. . . 1,797,593 15,7 645,159 80,1 213,710 67,117 # 9, B95 ! . . . . . . . . . . . 3,070,389 29,662 95.3 #. 587 829,52S Michigan . . . . . . . . 32,461,452 35,532,543 | 18,190,793 1,204,316 294,918 413,062 1,393, 266,010 | . . . . . . . . . . 10,924, 1 II 7,898,273 || 3: # 440,540 Minnesota........ 14, # 34,6O1,030 23,382,15S 2,972,965 215,245 41,756 1,636,912 io,92S '............ 5, 184,676 1,504,107 19,161,385 523, 13S Mississippi....... 21,3to, 218,8 1,959,620 #8 5, 134 . . . . . . . . # * * * * * * * 1,71S,951 303,821 427,492 7,451,657 | 4,239 Missouri. . . . . . . . . . 202,485,723 24,960,627 20,670,95S 123,031 535,426 57,640 1,077,45 a s # * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 4' 3, 173,017 2$#. 12 2S3,484 Montana..... . * * * 5,649 £ QOO,915 # 4 437 3,947 l. . . . . . . . . . . . 228,702 41,165 403,73 55,570 Nebraska . . . . . . . 65,450, 135 13,817,007 *# 1,744, 424,348 17,562 785, |33 | . . . . . . . . * * * * | * * * * * * * * * * * * 2,150,893 # 9,725, 198 230,519 Nevada. . . . . . * * * * 12,891 ,298 186,860 513,470 ! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,853 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 393 |13 I49, 335, 1 17,420 New Hampshire. 1,350,248 169,316 1,017,62O 77,877 34,638 94,090 583,069 23,955 |. . . . . . . . 3,358,828 5,739,12S 7,247,272 ,07 New Jersey...... I 1, 150,705 1,901,739 3,710,573 4,091 949,064 466,414 518,990 ............ [........ . * * 35' 15,472,7S3 9,513.835 66,518 New Mexico. . . . . 633,786 # 156,527 50,053 24O | . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,650 | . . . . .. . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * 21,833 10,036 44,827 IO,501 New York ; : - - - - 25,875,4So 11,587, 37, # 7,792,002 2,634,690 4,461,200 5.240,563 21,628,931 ............ 33,644,807 || 231,965,53 1 I 1,922,423 8,362,599 North Carolina.. 2S,019,539 # 3,833, 2,421 2. 5,160 * 93,711 . . . . . . . . . 5,609, 191 722,773 # 7,212,507 57,3 Ohio............. 111,877,124 46,014, 28,664,505 I,707, 129 3$9,221 2SO,229 2,210,923 5,510 | . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,719,215 46,Son 537 67,654,263 2, 170,248 Oregon.......... # 125,862 7,4So,oio 4,385,650 920,977 I3,305 6,215 266, 18 244,371 * * 1,359,930 227,540 2,443,725 153,198 Pennsylvania. ... 45,821,531 19,462,405 33,841,439 438,100 3,6S3,621 3,593,326 *# 36,995 !...... # * * * * 16,284,819 36,540,5io 79,336,012 1,' Rhode Island. ... 372, 240 159,339 17,783 12,997 I,25i 79,3 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 606,793 3,831,7 1,007, 103 67. 171 South Carolina... 1 1,767,099 962,358 2,715,505 16,257 27,049 | . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,706 |............ 52,077,515 I44,942 257, 186 3,196,851 16,018 Tennessee ... . . . . 62,764,429 7,331,353 #. 190 3O,OI9 156,419 33,434 186,698 |............ * * * * * * * * '# 1,006,795 17, SS6,369 9S,740 Texas............ 29,065,172 2,567,760 4, $: 9 72,7 25,399 535 59,699 |............ 62,152 225,532 1,296,806 13,SQ9,320 58,466 !"tah........... * * 163,342 1,169,199 418,032 217, 140 9,605 |............ 92,735 | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573,595 155,263 I,052,903 120,727 Vermont......... 2,014,271 37,257 3,742,282 267,625 71,733 356,618 1,051, 183 109,350 | . . . . . . . . . . . 4,433, 172 6,526 550 25,240,826 1,545,789 Virginia. ........ 29, 106,661 7,822,504 5,333,131 I4,223 324,431 136,00 2S7,255 1,599 * * * * * * * * 2,016,7 1,224,469 11,470,023 85,535 Washington.: .... 39, 183 1,921,322 1,571,7 566,537 7,124 2,49 106,819 793,277 . . . . . . . . . . . . I.O35,177 226,703 1,356, 103 109,200 West Virginia. . . 14,090,609 4,001,711 1,90S,505 9,740 113, 181 2S5,29S 232,338 |.... . . . .... * * * * * * 1,398,539 750,279 9,309,517 100,300 Wisconsin........ 34,230,579 24,884,689 || 32,905,320 5,043,118 2,29 '# 299, IOT 1,896,969 1,966,827 |............ 8,509, 161 ; 25 156,977 || 33,353,045 2,2S1,411 Wyoming..... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 4,674 22,512 |.... . . . . . . . . 7S ] . . . . . . . . . . . 23,413 | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30,986 75.343 105,613 2,930 Total U.S. 18So|1,754,861,535 | 459,479,505 # # 19,831,595 # 35,205,712 26,546.37S 110,131,373 169,458,539 530 129,755 777,250,287 27,272,489 Total U.S. 1850] 838,792,742 | 1 # 172,643,185 | 15,825,89S 21, 101,3So 17,571, S1 27,316,048 25,456,669 3,635,021 || 143,337,473 235,500,595 || $14,052,683 53,492,153 Total U.S. 187o 760,914,519 7,745,62 282,107,157 29,761,305 16,918,795 9,821,721 19,083,896 io991,996 | 187,167,032 117,14S,867 |............ 459,631,372 | 103,663,937 LEADING EXPORTS AND IMPORTS OF THE UNITED STATES FOR 1882. ExPORTs. | IMPORTS. Cotton, raw . . . . . . $199,812,644! Wheat. . . . . . . . ... ... $112,929,71S/Cheese........... :#; Woolens. . . . . . . ... . . $4S,457,570|Silks............ .... $51,875,959 Coffee. . . . . . . ........ $46,oji, too Cotton, m’f'g....... 13,212,979 Bacon and hāms.... 46,675,774|Petroleum.... ... 51,232,7 Cottons. . . . . . . . . .... &# Sugar......... * * * * * a 90,099,407/Spirits and wines...; 9,819,533 Iron and steel m'f'g. # 51,322. Lard * * * * * * * ,975,002/Tobacco and tn’f’r... £o's Hemp and in 'f'g..... 6,292,3ro/Molasses.... . . . . . . . . 10,385,206 Earthen, stone and : f" . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * 28,815,83ol. Pork.... . . . . ........ 7,201,27ol Wood and In’f’r...... 24,072,029 | Iron and steel m'f'g... 51,377,633/Tea........ * * * * * * * * * * 19,392, 102 china ware........ 6,979,659 | Flour .............. 36,375,055! Butter.... . . . . . . . . . . 2,Sót,570 Linens and flax....... 17,720,518 * =-3. --- | - *19—- 598 THE GREAT PRODUCTIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. (From the Report of the Bureau of Statistics, Nov. 2, 1881.) -—? | Quantities and Values of Leading. Domestic Articles Produced n the United States during the Cal endar Year 18 United States during the Fiscal Year 1880, with the percentage of the quantity of each £ : Exported from the - :=r:E:=:E: © ---------------- *-*. | | PRODUCTION. | DoMEstic ExpoRTs. | Per cent. | ARTICLES. CALEN Y **- retained ALEN DAR YEAR 1879. YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 18So for Per cent, | p - consump- | Exported. l tion. | Quantities. Values. Quantities. Values Corn - | *- * s * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * bush. . I * * * CA. •->=m- Wheat................. ,547,901,790 $5So, S6,21 1S 3. 1 * #| # #| || #| #| #| # ats. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * p*-*. f O. I 5,507.43 I 3.4% * * (2” 3%" • Barley....... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * .... bush.. 36:8:30 I' | # 32,3S ,493 79-39 20.61 Buckwheat.................... ... * * * * * * * * * * # * * 40,2S3, Ioo 23,714,444 1,£ 2 # '# 99.79 .2I | Potatocs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bush.. 13, 140,000 7,856,191 | Not £ Not sp # I 97.20 2.So | Tobacco, ieaf ............ * * * * * * .............bush. 181,626.40 , 79, 153,673 696,OSo *: - IIay.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .'..................t lbs.. 472,661, 159 36,624,357 215,610. S. 16 # 99.62 .3S Cotton, raw................................. to s - © # #. s 35,493,000 330,Sot,494 13,739 '#'. 54.3% 45.69 Wool, I'l W. . . as a s is + 4* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * S.. 2,367,540,900 242,140,9S7 1.822 O61 I 14 211. ** 9 99.99 .C.# Sugar ............ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * g » is lbs.. 232,500,000 Not stated p '91'55. # 23.04. 76.96 | Mölasses........................ .................lbs. 177,644,000 Not stated 30,142,661 2:# 99.92 .OS Pig-iron........ ... ............................ galls. I2,200,000 Not stated 3.5% oić ,7 £ $3.93 16.97 Railroad bars or rails. f * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * .lbs.. 5' Not stated #. $'; 539, 3 70.52 29.4 * @ • 4 ': S3 £ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * lbs * 10,320,000 Not stated # # 5t's # .05 Coal........ ... cel.................... ...ibs.. 1,386,226,000 Not stated # 33,739 99.81 . 19 + * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * tons. 59.SoS,39S Not stated £o 2 o: 99.49 .51 l Corn Meal included. 2 wheat Flour included –#--–£- - 98.97_ 1.03 : 3 Rye l'lour included. F COTION MANUFACTURES OF THE UNITED STATES. Silk Production in the United States–Continued { rom the Report of the Tenth Census upon the Specific Cotton M s Jpholstery and military trimmings. 's--- as | - acture of the United £ Janua % # Il Manu Coach laces and £e £: * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * $947,405 | States, January, * Fur, hatters’ and undertakers' £ $..................... 23,470 Number | £mbroiderics........ ................ #S. - - - - - * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * £ STATES. Ne'er Nu'er Bales of Persons Silk value in upholstery and mixed goods. . . . £. 13:#o , Sni | Cotton employed | Looms. Spindles. ' ploye : Total..................................... .............. $9.98% | £:::::::::::: ====#|= AREA AND value of FARMs N THE UNITED STATEs. Connecticut................... s: 9: 1 O' $: l £: From the Official Returns of the Tenth Census. | £, * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * S23 | # | #. £4% | # | STATES AND TERRITORIES. ACR ES. VALUE. Ge * . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 16 * 350 33 *-* # * * * * * * • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 4,713 | 200,974 67, S74 6,678 £: * * * * * * * * * * * 18,855,334 $ 7S,954,648 indiana........................ 2 4,SGo 2,261 281 £: 135,573 ####6 kentucky..................... 7, 33,396 11,55S 720 C £ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 12,061,547 7:215,835 £ * * * * * * * * • * * * * * * * * * * * * 73 9,022 4,215 359 | £ Ornith. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * 16,593,7 2 2 3.0 £283 Maine ** * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * I2O 6,096 1,354 toS # * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * # # 223 Ma land* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 15,978 696,6S5 112,301 11,318 onnecticut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 76,413 1:# IO #setts. . . .. ... .. * * * * * * r o:# 4. # # 4,159 #: . in s a s is 4 × < * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * # # #: * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * '3. * 13.1% 57 # *::: pistrict of Columbia............... *# 3' #" * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 704 26, 17 6,411 748 Florida......... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 3.29:3# 3, 3 * 3 £hire:::::::: #: 19,312 6,399 515 Georgia............. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 23.1%: # # R&# 11F.C.. • - - - - - - - - - - - 25,4 7 1,00S,521 172,746 16,65 Idaho... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * # # $ew #: * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 3,344 232,395 20,569 4,65S Illinois..... * * * * * * * ** a s a s • * * * * * * * * * 32, #3 1.oo. 32,89 N th £ in: * * * * * * * * * * * * I2, 22 578,512 | 70,014 IO.' IO Indiana • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 2O 56 35% # ö£ all'Olln:l . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * 1,960 102,767 27,50S #5 19wa............ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25,035,153 # # ** Fennsylvania ................ 42 | 14,328 | IO,597 * 563 #: * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * > 21,454,476 # £ • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 10,541 446,379 S6,355 11,871 £: * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 21,941,774 3%.S. South Carolina. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 30, # *# 161 ,694 22,228 M uisiana. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 8,273,506 $5% 1 I? Tennessee * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1,77 | 92,7 SS 33,099 2,195 #nd ': * * * * * * * * * * > * * * * 6,552,578 13:3: Texas * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1,06S 46,26S 11,699 I,312 #. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 5.18 ,221 iós. 3: 41 Utah * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 71 2,648 246 71 \'::::::::::::::: 3,359,079 # Vermont....................... 14 432 [.. . . . . . . . . . 29 | \# * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 13.8%,231 £š Vir inia * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1,18o 55,0S$ 7,404 735 £: is * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 13, O3,019 £26o w£in. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ": # 11,461 ": §:p": * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * I # ###,015 • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 5 3,173 282 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * , 177,990 ,6 3. O Total *= | *-m- - - - £: * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 405,683 # # -# loginia, lists. Lisixas. S'.....::::::::::::::: 9,944,826 10:33:3# or:The above does not include the Hosicry Mills, or : New Hampshire................... 530,862 3. $335 mills known as Woolen Mill ry Mills, or any of the Xew Hampshirc................... ,72 I, I ''': used in the manufacture. s, where cotton may be a componentinaterial £ #,is * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * # # Ne Y * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * O31,131 5,514 399 silk PRODUCTION IN THE UNITED STATEs. #::::::::::::::::: #| # - - - —£ of the Tenth Census, 18So. Ohio...................... ... : #. # 135,793.6% Machine twist * * * * * * * * * * * * : ----------------------------- - --- Oregon. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * : * # "#. 353 £:#| # ;:# * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | an * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *: '*c. - ###### '#| # Tie silks and scarfs.... '........... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * I? ico, 75 | Texas. * * * ... .. : * * : : : : : : .. # # 37 # * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * # '' ont................ * * * * * * * * * # # £d goods not above enumerated............... ... . . . . . . . . . 977.495 || Yermont........................... #233; *** 3: " 4 £ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 3: # \'* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * #. # * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * .** 5 #SIlln * * * * * * * * * * * s t £::::::::: ...: # W'i....:::::::::::::::: 1&# 13,844,224 Braids and bindings * * * * * * * * ... : : * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * # Wisconsin * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * # # Fringes, dress and cloak trimmings. • * * * * * * * * . : : * * * * * * * 2 # Wyoming. • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * "#33 357: 7 Cords, tassels, passementerie and millinery trimmings.... ... *# Total U. S *- S$5.95.so *** * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 539,309,179 $10,197,096,776 Q * =-8) ** ->|<--- k * = —l. --- -v- *. | | 5 MANUFACTURES AND 000UPATIONS OF THE PEOPLE IN THE UNITED STATES. 599 MANUFACTURES. OCCUPATIONS. From the Official Return of the Tenth Census, 1SSo. From the Official Returns of the Tenth Census, 1SSo. See also Pictorial Di -> ee also l'ictorial Liagram. Num- Number £ Engaged Engaged 'Eneascal' JN 111H1 DCI 1111 Oll Il ngage [11't CC1 It'. Il CCI i II). * (r £: AND # Canital of hands paid in Value of Value of P', in £ Engaged in £. in £ I'd:#1 ERRITorrBs. # ' apital. €1ms wages. materials. products. ||ro'n' kinds of in Agri-sional and ...and trades "'s ployed. during the over." occupa- culture. Personal | Trans- and "--— s year. tions. Services. |portation. mining. Alab Dollars. Lollars. I Dollars. Lollars. #bama...... 2,07 668,008 10,019, 2,500,504 8,470,200 13,565,594 || $51,78o 492,990 380,630 2,2 II 16, 22 £: * * * * * 4 9, 272,600 22O # 1 * I £o: # 32,922 22,271 3 £ # # # Ca' . . . . .33: 23,953,139 4,556 925,35S' 4,382 oso. 6,756,159|| 531,876. 260,692. 216,655 23,466 9,233 #33 č' *nia..... 5,SS5 61,243,7 43,799 21,076,5$5] 72,607,709 116,227,973 CSI,062. 376,505 79,390 121,435 57,392] 118,2S2 £orado ..... "595, 4,311,714 5,074; 2314,42 8,777,262| 14,260,159 15S,220 iór,351 13,539 24,513 I5,491 47,40S £ticut. ... 4,4SS, 120,482,275] 1 12,91 $ 43,5oi,518, 102,769,341| 185,6So,211 497,303. 241, # 51,296 29,920, 116,091 : ota........ 251 # S6S 339,375 # 2,373,970 99,849 # 28,508 14,016 6,219 9,101 #Wire:... 736, 15,655,822 12,63S 4,267,349 12,325,36, ### 110,856 54.5 17,849 17,616 # 14,148 # Col...] 57; #526 7.136. 39: 5,365,499. "S$3:#| #7 &# I,464. 39,975 9,S4 '# "rida....... 326 3,3ro, 5,504 i,376,875 3,646,119, 5,546,448 184,650 91,536 5S,731 17,923 6,446 ,436 £ia....... 3,593 25,612,312| 2:# 5:23:59: *#39| 3:#: *3,319| 597,862. 432,35; 104.3%. 25.232 36,187 #'...... .. 162 677,215 $ 136,32 844, S74 f,271,3-, 25,005 15,578 3,85 3,861 I,32 6,532 £. * * * * * * 14,549. 140,652,066. 144,727. 57,439, S5 2S2,836,907| 4:3,991,673 # 999,7 436,37t| 229,467; 128,372. 205,57o *diana....... 1 1,198 65,742,962 ,50S 21,960, 109,260,992 14S,006,411 || I,4OS,095 635,OSo 331,240 137,281 56,432 11o, 127 £ 3: # # 9:# #| #| "#| # #| #| # 3:3: £: ....] 2 So; # 93,315 12.5%; 3,993:99) # 39.7%: , ; # 3:#5 £, 53,597 26,379 36,319 $ntucky..... # 45,813,535 37,391 | 11,657,844. 47,461,S90, 75,493,377|| 1,163,4 # 320,571 rot,239 33,563 61,481 M '''Siana..... 1,553 it,463,468 12,167 4,358,84; 14,442,596 24,305,183 649,070, 363,22 205,306 9S, I 11 29, 130 30,681 £: ....' 4.8: 49.931:57: 52,913 13:538 5'9": .795:5:3#| #| ####| #38 # #| £ * £d . . . 6,787. 58,735,ö$4| 74,932, 18,901,005 &923,939 too,771,393 695,364. 324,432 90,927 ,934 49,234 85,337 M *śsachusetts. #53 3:# 352,255] 128,315,362 3S6,952,655 631,511, 184 1,432,133 720,774 64,973 170,160 115,376 370,265 £an ..... $873, '93,936,955, "77,50: 25,315,682 93,352.9% '59,690,0:# 1.33% 569,204 240,319. 143,249 54,723; 130,913 #nnesota....| 3,493 31,654,811 21,312 8,613,194 55,690,0S 76,965, 98 559,977. 255, 125 J31,53 59,452 24,349 39,789 ississippi... ',375, 4,727,600 5,827 1,192,645, 4,669,658 7,495,So2 753,693 415,506. 339,93 49,448 12,975 I3, 145 #'ssouri...... 8,553| 73,507,844 63,995 *# I fo,698.392 *# ,005 '# 692,959. 355,297. 148,5SS. 79,300 100,774 N 9mtana...... 195 ** #8 318,759 1,000,442 1,835,S67 31, 22,255 4,513 6,954 2,766 ,022 Šebraska..... 1,403 4.SS1,150 4,793 1,743,311 8,208,47S 12,627,336 318,271 152,614 90,507 28,746 15, 106 1S,255 "Vada... . . . . 184' 1,323,300 577 oi,So?] 1,040,794| 2,179,626 9,6% 32,233 4, ISO IO,373 4,449 13,231 'Iampshire 3, is 5:63, 4S,S3: 14,814,793 43,552,4631 73,953,023; #18 li:#8, #499 28.206 #735 5S,037 R£J ersey... ', 12S 106,226,593. 126,038 46,083,045. 165,350,179 254,375,236|| 865,59: 396,879 59,214. 110,722 66,382, 160,561 R£w Mexico...] "144 463,275 557 218,731 S71,3521, 1,384,849 $7,966 eio,S22. It i39 19,942 3,264 # N£grk:...' 42,739. sis,' s:# 93,3:# 679:3#16&#|| 3:03: 1:# 3: ## 339,49, 6:g, #hcarolina 3:3: 'ols:# is a 2,7:#| |3%; 29.9%: .959.95: '#' ' ' ' 33,963 ë':...... 26,699 ISS,935,614, 183,609 62.93%. 215,093.92%. 348,395,39: 2,399.3% 99:475 37'95 °52′37: "o's 242,394 £gon. ...... 1,075 6,234,256 3,424; 1,636,566 6,933,336 Io,S79,932 130,565 67,343 27,091 16,645 6,149. 17,45S #ylvania. 31.2%; 474,399,953. 387,112. 134,055,304. 463,977,258 744,748,945|| 3,203,235. 1,45%007 30 I, I I2 446213 179,965 529,277 £Island. 2,20; '75,575,343| "62,87s 3:355'9' 53:33,443 iopić,6# 220,461| 116,979 10,945 24,657: 15,217 60,160 #'uthCarolina 2.0% 1 1,205,894| 22, 12 2,836, 9,SS5,538 16,738,00S 667,456. 392,102 294,602 64,246 13,556 19,69S £nessee....] 4,326, 20,095,845 22,445 5,254,775 23,719,125, 37,074,886. 1,092,139 447,979| 29t'73 94,107 23,628 36,082 $xas. . . . . . . . . 2,996 9,245,561 | 12, 159 3:# 12,956,269 20,719,928|| 1,064, 196' 522, 133 359,317 97,561 34,909 30,346 tah.......... o 2,656,657 2,495 5S,S63| 2,561,737, 4,324,992 97, 194 49,055 14,550 II, 144 # 10,212 £mont...... 2,8;4| 23,265,234 17,516, 5,164,479. 18,330,677 31 # 264,052 11S,5S4 55,251 28,174 ,94 26,214 w'ilia * * * * * * 5,710 26,968,990 4.2, 184 7,425,261 32, 73 1933 5 I, 10,692 I,059,034 494,240 254,099 146,664 30,41 63,059 W£ington 261' 3,202,497 I, I.47 532,226, 1,967,469' 3,359,134 55,720 39,122 12,781 ,640 3,405 7,296 'st Virginia 2,375 13,883,390 14,351 $# $39,444, 23,867,136|| 4:S,587. Tê,199 lot,573 31,680 10,653 26,2SS W'sin * * * * 7,674 73,82 1,802 57, 109 IS, £4,9. 5,7 g 17 *# 965,712 *# 195,901 97,494 37,550 86,5 IO yoming..... 57 364,673 391 IS7,7 601,214 ,494 16,479 p' 1,639 4,OI I I,545 1,6S9 S-Total, 1SSo 2 "oô|| 36.76 670.40 * , 53,840|2,790,223,506. 2,738,930 947,919,674,3,394,340,0295,369,667,706||36,761,607 17,592,099, 7,670,493 4,074,238 1,810,256 3,837,112 £otal, so 28,228,945 12.505,923, 5,922,471 # 1,191,23S 2,707,421 --~- TOBACC0 PRODUCTION OF THE UNITED STATES. From the Tenth Census of the United States, ISSo. STATES AND STATES AND TERRITORIES. ACRES. POUNDS. TERRITORIES. ACRES. POUNDS. Alabama 2.1 2,426 || Mi * £................................. "? *#|#::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: # *# #nsas................................. 2,064 979,220 || Nevada ................................. 2 I, SOO alifornia................................. & 73,317 || New Hampshire................. ....... 8S 170,843 onnecticut.... . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * S, 14,044,952 || New Jersey.............................. 152 172,315 al otn. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 5" 1,897 New Mexico............................. 7 # £re..... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 4. 1,278 New York * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 4,93 6,481,431 #t of Columbia...................... 2 1,490 || North Carolina.......................... " 5:30 26,936,213 orid: * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 90 21, 182 O io..................................... 34,676 34,735,235 i££ia. ................................. 971 228,590 Oregon.................. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 43 * 17,335 #'..... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 2 OO Pennsylvania............................ 27,566 36,943,2 2 inois.... * * • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 5,612 $$. 25 Rhode Island........... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 2 # adiana............ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1 *,955 ,872,842 || South Carolina............... * * * * * * * * * * * * 169 45,67 Owa . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * = 692 42O,477 Tennessee................................ 41,532 29,365,0 2 :*sas.................................... 333 19,669 || Texas.................................... 685 221,283 $ntucky..................... * * * * * * * * * * * * 226,120 171,120,784 Vermont................................. I I? 32 ouisiana * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 253 55,954 Virginia................................. 140,791 79's £:................................. •. I 250 Washin ton...................... * * s a s is © 8 6,930 \#and........ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 38, 17 26,082, 147 West Virginia........................... ,07 I 2,296,146 £chusetts * * * * * * * * * * * * is is a s is is is a si e is a s is 4 & 3,35 5,369,436 Wisconsin.......... * * * * * * * * * * ~ * * * * * * * * * * ,81o 10,60S,423 !ichigan * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 17o S3,969 p p #sota: ..................... * * * * * * * * 163 69,922 || Total United States.................... 63S.841 472,661,157 *Ssissippi * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1,471 414,663 - Q--> = ~ r "...[ & Fr. ! k *19—a- -—i. * *=(- G AMERICAN RAILROADS OY o O O SHOWING THE MILEAGE, CAPITAL, C0ST AND REVENUE OF ALL THE RAILROADS IN THE UNITED STATES. (Sce also Pictorial Diagram.) From Poor’s Manual of the Railroads of the United States for 1882. Sidings, ‘CAPITAL ACCOUNT. Cost of rail- REVENUE ACCount. IDividend STATES AND TER- Length of 'double track, road and Interest paid paid on RITORIES, line. " C{C. | equipment. || Gross earn- || Working Net on bonds. stocks. Capital stock. Funded debt. Other debt. |Total amount. ings. expenses. earnings. Miles. Miles. $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ Alabama........... 2,296.95 198.72 34,So?,39S 47,05t,0So 3,792,769 85.654,247 $4,424,205 8,115,455 5,682,292 2,433,163 2,052,829 I IO,793 Arizona............ 381.17 £ 19,995 COO 9,604,000 ,370 29,8S7,370 29,599,621 |............ * * * * * * * * * * * * 622,355 576,240 l. . . . . . . . . . . . Arkansas.... 669.95 35.90 i4,350,309 12,038,917 # .# 21,651 2 1,709,299 1,107 4S4 GoI,815 432,212 | . . . . . . . . . . . California ...... 2,871.30 395,23 1298$9,831 126.966,6So 11,365,801 .222,362 259,883,5 26,927,218 13,085,196 13,842,022 5,909,792 4,156,652 Colorado..... * 2,067.83 120.4% 30,392,300 31,129,476 4,221,386 65,743,362 71, 139,659 9, 135,5 5,5So,72S 3,554,816 1,595,631 1,621,764 Connecticut. . . . . . . . 931.OI 322 8 34,605,350 S,9SS, .78 2,510,607 46,104,335 45,964, 193 9,943,3 6,385,693 3,562,695 607.456 2,335,571 Dakota............. 52.50 2.63 1,000,000 930,000 160,000 2,000,000 2,090,000 | ........... * * * * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * * * * * r * * * * * * * * * * * * : * ~ * * * * * - - Delaware .......... 216.83 28.96 2,784,910 1,520,000 74,859 4 379,799 4,350,900 593,409 416,023 177,386 # 88, 136 Florida. . . . . ....... 775. Io 38.55 9,601,790 4,307,000 722,319 14,631, 109 11,447,530 433,670 275, 473 158,397 1 II, 6,600 Georgia.... . . . . . . . 2,627.84 201.75 34,586,019 I9,333,7OO 1,299,770 55,219.4S9 55,408.478 9,141,326 $: ,975 3,731,351 8S1,060 £95% b- Illinois....... ..... 10,6S4.91 2,890.56 || 274,401,262 223,725,022 15, 150,921 513,277,205 || 500,429,772 S9,148,So? 4:3,723,927 40,621,8So 10,867,253 13,366,213 * Indiana............ 5,965.90 1,612.21 | 133,990,577 | 131,227,416 # '# 263,431,879 34, 145, 192 26,064, 189 8,0S1,003 5,340,143 1,779,036 | * Iowa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,269. 15 225-39 50,768,870 33,779. I2O , 197. ,745, SS7 71,000, 139 6,360,630 4,075,906 2,284,724 1,456,274 555,933 tr; Kansas. . . . . . . . . . 3,506.51 257.94 Iol,661,835 #: ,800 ,407,047 168,820,692 123,997,01 I '# 10,706,537 6,330,290 2,937,002 2,074,647 % Kentucky.... ...... 2,893.C 377.7 41,336,066 ,17o 640 3,573,373 || 134,030,079 107,004,567 9,718, 106 5,416,439 4,301,667 2,229, 170 1,302,253 S Louisiana * * * * 1,585.61 176.43 32,370,000 42,650,000 *# 77,151,719 74,330.516 9,783,341 # 2,845,S72 I,904,490 ,OOO := Maine......... * * * * * 1,094. 12 2O7.44 17,780,492 20,743,300 762, 1 39,235, o,473,216 4,241,738 2,929, SOI 1,31 1,937 1,012,436 467,2So Maryland.......... 1,146.66 # 4 41,259.093 44,960,329 2,918,461 $9,137,888 3,571,024 13,652,963 8,303,168. # 2,605,298 1,653,Soš 2. Massachusetts..... 2,249.70 1,418.05 # 59,021,300 1 1,740,408 168,494,122 167,848,5to 29,433,217 21,003,406 ,429,721 3, So 714 4,317,951 Michigan . . . . . . . . . . 4,073.44 1,205.22 1, 13O, 74,207,855 £ 162,506,247 | 160,190,901 20 293,466 13,841,215 6,452,251 3,804,372 2.379,376 | < Minnesota.......... 3,972.02 2So.S6 152,839,131 64,092,675 # | *# | *# "#### 7' 4,794,447 3,165,537 #37 | P: Mississippi......... 458.93 24.65 8,451.49 7,So,969 2S1, 16,537,555 14,918,560 1, 163,515 766,887 401,628 277,321 |... . . . . . ... E Missouri... . . . . . . . 1,543. I2 519.81 149,358,457 | 132,235,487 12,671,63 ### 239,530,162 29,456,792 15,957, #19 13,499,373 7,335,62 2,299,977 > Nebraska.... . . . . 2,013. IO 342.50 ,731,500 || 137,372,034 4,035,07 203,138,612 || 172,067,659 25,392,836 13,582,915 I 1,719,921 4,819, 1 4,076, 134 O Nevada . . . . . 443.45 63.50 ,300,0 O 4,991,000 141,674 19,432,674 16,570,715 1,806,223 972,305 33,918 182,750 £ 5. New Hampshire... 897.44 I59.37 18,033,895 6,493. Soo 647,335 25, 175,030 25,370,787 3,779,241 2,492, IoS 1,2S7,133 373,396 16,261 New Jersey........ 1,663.22 1,323.52 99.878,216 116,956,653 6,233,480 214,068,349 | 168,218,355 31,845,802 20,335,891 If,509,911 6,595,33S 3,250,864 t New Mexico. . . . . . . 5.12.22 15.00 26,479,Soo 24,6SO,OOO £ 51,2S5,700 39,238,600 |...: ........ .... ........: 242,223 106,7So '............ £n New York......... 5,9S1.27 4,43 it 35s:#795 || 2:5628. Si 14,608,520 | 602,723,796 || 559,921,240 So,452,327 51,566,936 28,SS5,391 12,559,23S 11, 141,773 North Carolina..... 1,615.24 IQ I. 21,032,100 13,647, ISO 1,556,911 36,236,161 39,192,940 3,778,946 2,525,416 f,253,530 468 351 372,138 Ohio.... ... ....... 7,890.15 *::::: 367,416,295 || 330,429,734 17,067 234 || 714,913,263 6io,728,103 65,530,099 41, I 15,857 24,4I4,242 9,652,737 9,222,860 Oregon. . . . . . . . . . . . 760.70 51.85 31,000,000 12,811,000 948,935 44,759,935 # 4,518,734 2,537, 1,981,448 744,OCO 2,864,0Sg Pennsylvania....... 6,748.28 4,361.97 || 371,327,011 || 374,271,947 34,454,68 7So,053,643 # 101,010, SS2 62,214,185 38,796,697 21,243,3 17,166,731 Rhode Island....... 153.07 70.54 4,766,437 2,379,500 210,01 7,355,953 ,736,799 1,353.363 827,212 #: 148,37. 253, 186 South Carolina..... 1,347.65 # 16,667 540 2O,SSO,022 1,819,992 39,367,554 36, # 4,007,354 2,719, 172 1,288,182 374,999 |............ Tennessee.... . I,904-31 418.5 53,475,613 9, 191,000 # 115,247,263 | 114,785,774 6,709,631 4,516,903 2,172,728 1,108,805 513,075 Texas . . . . . . . * * * * * * 5,144.15 197.75 # ,988,857 4,855,96S '##### 142,654,627 14,282,644 9,704,905 4,577,739 3,993,235 | . . . . . . . . . . . Utah........ . . . . . . . # 5 I 31.OO 13,136, 14,550,000 # * # 21,802,259 2,663,021 1,307,926 1,356,095 O43,205 261,750 Vermont........... 36.00 129.37 19,531,600 18,516.900 791, 38,840,3 34,680,521 4,124,862 3,326,126 79S,736 406,991 202,781 Virginia.......... 2,505,78 324.36 7# 70,957, 5,975,696 || 147,992,176 || 142,891,043 "## 6,926,638 3,654,105 1,738,054 196,454 West Virginia...... 227,40 44.24 8, 149,585 5,942, 134 3,2SS # 14,963,945 12, $38 699,314 # 216,050 3,272 Wisconsin.......... 5,303.06 557.91 85,816,244 111,074,000 3,003,39S | 199,393,642 174,193,117 I ,337, 167 11,553,SO3 7,7 # 4,450,347 1,9So, 132 Wyoming....... • * * 6S. * - - * * * * 130,000 I,500,000 ! . . . . . . . . . . . . I,030,000 1,630,000 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 28,628 * * * * * * * * * * 26,000 R.E.A.F." L.A.:CN = S- G- EO"U"-ERS CE SCC.A.T.E.E.S. New England...... 6,161.40 2,307.65 192, $50,288 116,143,178 16,662,422 325,255,888 321,074,026 52,SSo,809 36,964,436 15,916,373 6,129,371 8,393,030 Middle States...... 15.983.72 10,787.44 S72,885,645 || 773,279 544 5S,573,293 |1,701,738,482 (1,416, 150,210 228,398,221 || 143,535,517 84,862,704 #: 33,315,581 Southern States....] 18,004.49 1,969.7 323,395,496 || 374,992,569 23,734,287 | 722,117,352 | 672,474,545 63,737,087 41,496,4 22,240,623 II, 146,877 3.593,2 Western States.....] 58,226.99 Io,5S0.90 "#. 10, 186 |1,432,479,393 100,456,353 £3,120,843,932 |2,771,109,312 || 344,393,Soó | 209,665,941 '### 59,844,556 40,254,829 Pacific States....... 5,918.35 $74,24 22S,Sol,511 | 193,602,6So 13,339,912 || 441,744,133 396,883,838 35,915,196 17,902 713 18,878,066 , t^2,567 7,787,491 Total United States. 101,324.95 26,21 1.02 |3,195,139,156 |* 212,766,267 (6,311 699,787 (5,577,996,931 725,325,119 || 449,565,071 | 276,651,159 128,5S7,302 93.344,200 -" *\- -- t Al * Q—*- -a-9 |-| OUR PUBLIC LANDS-WHERE THEY LIE. E UNITED STATES S Table showing the Number of Acres of Public Lands Surveyed in the Land States and SHIPPING OF TH D * Territories up to June 30, 1882; also the Total Area of the Public Domain Remain- ing Unsurveyed. See also Pictorial Diagram of Unsurveyed Territory. Number, Tonnage, and Distribution of the Shipping of the United States, From the Annual Report of the Commissioner of the General Land Office for 1882. June 30, 1882. Area of Public Lands Number of Acres of Public Lands # = 3 # es - - in States and Ter'ries. Surveyed. 5:53.5% STATES AND * * * * "##### TERRITO i*IES Sailing Steam Canal Barges Total. * : 5 # et ce.8 °C §, IN WHICH Vessels. Vessels. Boats. * 3 = 5% CŞ. .g.: #2 OCUMENTED * * LAND wn % "e 2. * : £ #### No Tons. Wo. Tons. | No. | Tons. | No. 1 Tons. | No Tofts * * * * * * * * S. s ** * * * * * * * * s:#" # 9, £5 # # # #####| || Alabama......| 9 || 9.2:8 || 5 || 7.3% |.......... 4 175 || 149 | 16,61: RIES, In Acres. # # ## # 5 s: #### : £ * * * * * * I 2 149 % # * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ...; #51 ' # *-* €3. * *: *~ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * s: * * * * * * * * * * * # .# T#3 #: g" # #: #, California. 556 | 127,562 170 75,385 * * * * * * * * * * * * 61 | 8, 178 SS7 211,126 Cr' 3 2": c.: * <= 5'8 # Connecticut...] 595 || 41,130 117 | 32,065 |.... . . . . . . . . . . . 154 || 23,215 866 96,411 " £, 5 : 5 E: $ : #### Delaware...... 144 | 12,304 19 # * * * * * : * * * * * 2 590 165 16,669 5 : ": £ c. # 5. £ ### #5 Dist. of Colum. 49 2,290 38 ,273 | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * : * * * * * * * 87 10,567 C. * É- Florida . . . . . . . . .333 20, 174 S6 % * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * 419 30, 160 Georgia. . . . . . . 82 9,975 | 38 16,703 ||...... * * * * * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * I2O 26,684 Alabama.... 32,462,115 59,722 || 32,462,115 [.................. ..] 31,462,115 ............ li. Illinois........ 251 60,645 || 17o 1S,552 j . . . . . . . . . . .... 2,246 427 81,442 laska......] 369,529,600 577,390 ........... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369,529,600 || Indiana ..... * * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * 58 5,843 | . . . . . . ] . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * 58 5,843 Arizona..... | 72,906,240 I 13,916 5,812,970 335,784 293,036 6,441,790 66,454,450 Iowa. .....l. * * * * * * * * * * * * * 67 7,67 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 07 7.67 Arkansas... 33,410,063 52,203 || 33,410,063 ... ... * * * * * * * * * 3,410,063 i. . . . . . . . . . . . Kentucky .....!...... [........ 60 I7,93 * * * * * : * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 60 17,03S California... 199,992,640 157,Soi 57,560,118 1,987,747 # ,497,543 | 40,495,097 Louisiana. .... I 452 # 223 56,707 | . . . . . . . . . . * * * * 5 23 I 6SO 8.1,202 Colorado.... ,SSO,OOO 104,500 35,026,83 6,407,692 5,818, 1 # 47,252,5Go | 19,627,440 Maine. . . . . .... 12,494 | 507,81 93 16,050 l. . . . . . [........ 3 973 || 2,590 525,447 Dakota. .... 96,596,480 150,932 27,031,815 1,761,290 | 1,565,256 30,411,361 | 66,185, ii.9 Maryland...... 1,7 77,301 | 153 / 47,626 |. . . . . . * * * * * * * * 3 249 1,922 125, 177 Florida......] 37,931,520 9,263 30,475.027 96,936 |..........] 30,272,01 7,659,507 Massachusetts.]2,0S1 || 374,598 IGO 50,922 | . . . . * * * * * * I I ,573 #, 429 C92 Idaho........ 55,228, 160 ,294 7,853 375 .# 242 # 47, I 11,652 Michigan . . . . . . 148 1,S65 || 486 || 92,522 |..... [........ 105 || 2S,071 | 1, 2O2,45S Illinois...... # 55,414 || 35,465,093 |..........]... * * * * * * * 35,465,093 |............ || Minnesota . . . 2 79 57 6,661 |......'........ IO 1,021 69 ,761 Indiana...... 21,637,760 33,809 21,637,760 |.......... * * * * 21,637,7 ............ || Mississippi...] 147 7,056 26 1,401 | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 1,263 192 # Indian Ter’y. 44, 154,240 ,991 # - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - || 27,OO3, 17, 150,250 Missouri......l...... [........ 163 57,933 . . . * * * * * 145 | 120,665 30S 178,598 Iowa........ 35,228,Soo # 35,228. Soo l..........l.......... 35,2 # * * * * * * * * ... Il Nebraska. ....'...... ........ 32 6,762 |... . . ]........]... . . . ].... 32 6,762 Kansas...... 51,770,240 ,891 || 51,770,240 * * * * * * : * * * * * * * 51,770,240 |............ || New IIamps’re 5S 8,791 7 254 . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * 6 9,045 Louisiana...! 26,461,4io 41,346 # 68,054 || 330,426 25,916,111 515,329 New Jersey. ... 953 || 60,025 | 135 20,237 219 21,960 | 106 || 21,204 || 1,413 123,425 Michigan ... 36,128,640 56,541 || 36,128,640 !..........].......... 36,128,610 !............ New York. ... |2, S67 5S,472 1,207 | 407,397 78,730 || 482 | 97,961 || 5,423 1,165,471 Minnesota ...} 53,459,840 3,531 40,213,003 I 19,951 222,826 40,635,782 | 12,824,058 North Carolina' 2SO 8,655 56 4,685 . . ..l........l.. ...l........! 336 13,341 Mississippi. 30,179,8io 47,156 30,179,840 [.......... [.......... 30, 179,S4O | . . . . . . . . . . . . Ohio ........ 187 57.742 241 SS,814 ...... * * II | 3,907 439 150,463 Missouri. . . . . 41,836,931 65,379 || 41,836,93" |.....................] 41,836,931 ............ Oregon........ 43 8,386 106 || 39,3So |......]....... * 7 || 4,802 156 52,569 Montana....] 92,016,640 || 143,776 | 11,759.oS2 | 150,173 69,367 11,978,622 | So,038,018 || Pennsylvania. 599 || 129,994 || 479 || 136,529 45 5,990 || 74 21,460 | 1,197 293,973 Nebraska...| 48,636,800 75,995 || 42,915,936 || 392,28 645,802 || 43,983,119 4,653,681 Rhode Island..! 255 | 19,900 5 24,340 ! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * 3 44,240 Nevada. .... 71,737,600 112,090 17,825,600 # 631,37 22,599,6SS 49 137 912 So'th. Carolina. 182 5,702 4 4,993 |- - - - - -] . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * 22 10,695 N. Mexico ... 77,568,640 I21,2Of 14,639,083 || 7,584,319 | 1,287,3 23,510,710 | 54 O57,930 Tennessee.....l......l........ 93 14,522 * * * * * * * * * * * * * a * 93 14,522 Ohio. . . . . . . . 25,581,976 39,972 25,576,960 5,016 |.......... 25,581,976 ............ || Texas.........] 236 6,895 37 3,709 | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 861 277 11,465 #" * * * * * * ,975,360 5,274 26,444,066 3,393,336 1,318,618 31,156,oto 29,819,341 Vermont...... 17 I I 2,422 7 714 | . . . . . . . . . . * * * * 35 4,116 Utah......... 54,064,640 ,476 | 19,076,369 ; 203,044 202,540 | Io,486,953 43,577,687 Virginia....... 1,152 28,611 | 107 8,515 ......l........ 2 156 | 1,261 37,312 Washington 44,796,1 69,994 | 16,368,489 || 934,oio || 454,534 || 17,757,633 27,639,127 Washington... 73 || 31,403 SO 5, * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 123 37,072 Wisconsin...] 34,511,360 53,934 34,5:1,300 .................... 34,511,366 ............ West Virginia.......].... .* * * * I44 17,330 | . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * 14 17,330 Wyoming... 62,645,120 97,S$3 io,366,940 4,681,032 412,271 | 15,463,243 || 47,181,877 || Wisconsin.... 261 | 56,257 || 145 || 35,52 * * * * * * * * * * * * * IOI 40 91, SS3 Total.... 1,814.793,938 2,835,615 784,906,979 |32,614,323 |14,204,562 | 831,725,863 9S3,068,075 Total..... ...] 16,819,2,361,251 5,191 [1,355,826 1,138 107,394 | 1,220 1341,462 | 24,368 || 4,165,933 POPULATION OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND, AT EACH DECENNIAL CENSUS. QUICK PASSAGES OF 00EAN STEAMERS. FROM 1801 TO 1881. - New York to Q t MILES. Ari STEAM ER. S £s D. H. 's eW YOrk to QueenSIOWn. . . . 2,950. . . Arizona. . . . . . . . . . . . SCD. s. ISI •. 1Soi. 1811. 1821. 1831. 1841. | 1851. 1S61. 1871. 1881. £ # {O 3' * :# * £ * * * * * * B. * * * # #: ; % # ev York to Queenstown. . . . 2,950... Britannic. . . . . . . Dec., 1876.. 7 12 46 Eng. and Wales.| 9,156,171 '# 12,172,604. 14,051,986 16,035.19s. 18,054, 17 '# 22,712,266|25,968,286 || New York to queenstown. #: ..City of Berlin..... Oct. #. ; 15 # Scotland........ # I, SS4,044, 2,137,325 #' 2,652,339| 2,922,362| 3,096, | 3,360,913. 3,734.44' | Queenstown to New York....2,550...City of Berlin......Sep., 1875. 7 is 32 Ireland" ........ [ 5,319,867 *6% 6.9%;1; 7,833,347, 8,332,664 6,623.9S2 5,359,309| 5,411,416. 5,159,839 || New York to Queenstown....2%%...itussia ......... ... july, 18%. $ 630 Islands* ; : . . . . .'; 82,810 S5,547 92,654 106,512 126,249 145,435 145,674 144,638 141,223 Queenstown to New York.... 2 950 ... Russia .............June, 1869 2 58 Arty, Navy.' Liverpool to New York ......3,050... Russia................... 1869. 9 8 12 Merchant Sca- * s: * £ to Queenstown. .3,oro... Illinois ............. Dec., 1876.. 8 18 13 men abroad. ..]..........l.......... * * * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * 202,954 212, 194 250,356 229,000 242,844 New York to IIavana..... ... • , 1,225. . City of Vera Cruz. Aug., 1876.. 4 O 43 * p- * * * Havana to New York......... 1,225. ...City of New York...May, 1875. 3 Io 7 United Kingdom' 16,237,300 *: ": *: 27,239,404 *::: 29,571:6ft 37,857,33$ 35,246.633 || New York to Aspinwali......2,303. ...ifenry Chauncey......... iść... à 14 .. Increase, per ct. | 13.99 14.92 14.71 11.67 2.63 5.77 7.72 6.33 £ to N: # . . . . . 2,300. . . £: '. ........ 1875. 6 5.30 ----- - s ==--------------------- - * * * * * San Francisco to Yokohama. 4,764 ... City of Peking........... -, - 15 9 .. *The population of Ireland and that of the Channel Islands in the British Seas for 1801 and 1811 are given r * * '4 * * by esti'. '' census having been taken before 1821. # Yokoharna to San Francisco. .4,76;...Occanic.................. 1876.. 14 13 .. *I @-e- =|- 9—a- —a—9 FAILURES IN THE UNITED STATES FOR 1883, 1882, 1881, 1880, 1879 AND 1878. g - * Compiled by the R. G. Dun & Co., Commercial Agency. ly Number STATES 1883 | 1882 : 1881. | 1880. 1879. 1878. Number in AND No. Amount | No. Amount | No. Amount | No. Amount # No. Amount : No. Amount in Business TERRITORIES. Fail- | . . . of . Fail- . . . of. Fail- | . . of . l'ail- O Fail- O Fail- O Business in 1883. ures. Liabilities. |ures. Liabilities. |ures. Liabilities. |ures. Liabilities. |ures. Liabilities. |ures. Liabilities. in 1878. EASTERN STATES. $ $ S $ S $ 13,151 |Maine.......: ................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ." | *23 2,253,110 61 942,014 76 442,7 73 687,230 87 796,600 || 17o '# 11,004 7,813 ||New Hampshire............ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 418,799 54 395,04 51 332,404 32 151,684 62 4.17,748 I I I 54,739 7,587 6,703 Vermont...... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 45 5,724,263 39 #! 22 155,000 32 251,725 63 # 113 1,843,350 6,751 42,447 { Massachusetts........ . . . . . . . . . • -- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .391 4,560,83 327 2,888, 161 || 319 3,835,795 || 22: 1,355,554 || 335 4,820,592 || 604 12,707,645 6,71 p Boston City......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 20,90S,85S 107 6,064,450 97 3,856,450 || 106 1,951,400 || 17 3,613,200 || 325 I 1,279,523 30,713 5,925 [1thode Island............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 3,251,792 96 *# 77 1,012,011 #3 958,707 95 3,094,562 I2O 2,521,981 5, 123 14,292 |Connecticut............... . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * 119 744,242 SS SQS,963 130 836,788 || 17 1,63.81% 1$ 2,474,844 I 4,6So,588 12,587 90,331 Total Eastern States.................... 1, 197 37,861,897 || 772 13,491,400 i 772 11,071,156 || 723 6,460,117 || 97o 15,577,2S2 1,734 35,294,020 79,765 MIDD LE STATES. 83,057 ||New York........ . .:... ::, ........ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 585 10,794,703 || 414 7,144,217 || 429 4,851,074 || 461 5,617,766 || 785 8,389,378 || 969 15,791,084 73,2OS 41,297 || New York City and Brooklyn................. 545 2S,210,225 || 455 21,212,3 388 14,674,314 || 415 '?' 519 13,303,969 # 42,501,731 37,392 23,949 |New Jersey........... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . 121 2,182,425 113 1,871,99S 4,536,346 S9 934,55 I43 1,201,0So I ,741,993 19,500 70, Pennsylvania............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53" 10,062,071 || 431 5,655,815 || 250 1,853,522 || 291 2,943,502 || 522 # 77 18,714,270 || 60,540 21,593 |_ Philadelphia City.................. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 174 3,509,349 || 109 4,005, SS7 || 134 4,341,7S7 || 131 3,842,222 || 189 3,0S6,116 || 257 *::::: 19,068 3,685 Delaware................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * 15 206,757 #2 79,400 7 3,200 1S 127,4CO 14 186,137 23 I,500 3,635 14,493 |Maryland................. . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * I 2 '# SO 1,261, 140 75 2,484,991 53 820, 163 S5 916,S74 119 2,568,986 13,329 3,131 1Dist. Columbia................ ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 278,497 23 154,887 | 2 109,304 14 157,939 33 207,932 30 320,2O2 2,713 263,021 Total Middle States............ . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 130 57, IoS,53 4, 1,667 41,385,652 || 1,372 32,924,538 || 1,472 33,953,292 : 2,290 35,534,191 #3, 199 95,293,466 229,385 * * SOUTHERN STATES. * 13,149 |Virginia....:..... • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * I34 1,148,815 || 137 2,235,292 98 670,5S3 S5 708, 1So 84 848,666 || 126 1, 195,615 IO,144 7,545 West Virginia..................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 4O7,053 45 # I 1S,233 || 14 96,105 27 124,000 40 369,011 5,390 9,305 ||North Carolina......... ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 1,357,806 || 134 931,822 3 # 5. 411,658 || 100 1,000,290 89 # 6,635 6,120 |South Carolina......... . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 93 1 * I # 9.3 ,542 90 684,55 4 393,239 $ 2,497,740 59 1,7SS,522 4,59 11,537 |Georgia. . . . ............ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 213 2, 180,839 || 138 1,930,563 || 132 2,379,548 77 1,018,763 574,323 119 3:# 7,74 2,865 |Florida............................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..] 34 297,677 17 # 16 223,352 12 104,500 19 120,077 22 133, 1,879 #159 |Alabama.............. . . . . ........ . . . . . . . . . . . ...... 55 650,710 85 1,188,276 || 104 2,041,340 47 759,694 24 202,109 51 S74,062 5,315 8,216 |Mississippi................ * @ is © is a g is as to 4. s. s is a " " - is * * * * 151 2,658,722 : 19 2,335,957 || 153 1,942, 149 55 700,549 76 991,374 99 1,073,660 5,525 ,54" |Louisiana................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * 177 3.335,678 || 17 3, 162,9 106 1,604,577 54 706,2 90 # I 2 4,830,462 7,859 18,857 Texas.... .................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32O 3,057,S65 || 204 1,644,254 234 2,713,920 15 1,493,210 || 1.59 1,223,892 || 2 2,733,725 I 1,909 ,853 Arkansas..... • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 84 596,723 95 754,724 IO2 # 2 340,072 48 42 ,427 41 407,653 4,211 19,869 Kentucky. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * I 54 1,667,727 13 I 3,716,096 3. I,O33,413 104 1,030,000 13S 1,546,577 22O # 16,846 13,143 Tennessee.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * 22o 974,326 || 104 1,632,864 187 1,393,353 105 1,051,219 || 152 1,569,671 194 2,205,873 8,243 135, 159 Total Southern States......................... 1,844 19,785,607 || 1,61S 20,993,123 || 1,439 16,469,412 || 835 8,813,442 #1,076 15,876,703 || 1,415 26,322,961 96,297 h * WESTERN STATES. 536 485,27 2SS 686,817 S 1,292,067 6.218 6o 30,176 || 515 10,7 Ohio........... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * • * - - - - - - - - - - - - - - | 53 IO,455,273 2,050,81 I ,292, I52 1,320,31 2 3,230, 17O || 51 O,799,300 61,921 { Cincinnati City.................................] 79 # 47 765,734 4: 1,507,Soo 38 514,241 74 1,177,699 || 216 7,570,31 I } 49,158 33,953 Indiana............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .279 3,426, 182 I 2 1,6SS,565 7S 683,289 $9 # I 22 1,509,791 374 5,233,549 25,402 60,064 !"&#C#:::::::::::::::::::::::::: 32S 3, 18S,733 || 15 1,193,740 || 103 585,71S 91 483,802 '#' 3,390,4 470 7,672,931 ! 51,075 J--- . Chicago City.......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .277 13,203,279 || 103 2,239,534 37 # 43 780,154 3 # 303 12,926,800 * 32,466 Michigan...........................................] 275 4,347,095 || 189 1,456, S70 || 209 1,750,832 || 153 2,285,266 || 179 2,063, 369 6,627,709 23,336 25,803 ||Wisconsin............... . . . . . ........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '73 2, S67,432 97 1,106,942 7 1,469,616 74 560,207 || 145 1,SS6,345 || 163 2,317,382 2O,305 29,119 |Iowa................ * r * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 42O # 394 1,415,773 75 926,601 92 95,555 I52 I, I21,900 400 3,428, IOO 22,7 15,312 Minnesota.. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 116 I, I29, #2 7o 5,990 73 391 827 S2 1,&# 128 1,241,697 I 49 1,052,403 9, 127 2? I ! Missouri................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I55 SS5,669 || 221 | 1,446,450 | 163 | 1,062,720 || 85 429 972 || S3 284,394 || 101 | 1,036,416 } 26.S7 39,23 St. Louis City............. * * * * * * * 71 2,252,262 79 2,701,720 55 1,87S,331 54 1,186,216 56 2,444,000 || 167 4, 171,300 ***/ 15,677 |Kansas ... ......................... * * * * * 161 726,670 || 267 1,510,967 || 262 1,704, SIO || 1 12 446,953 66 392,043 44 617,902 S,863 9,33" | Nebraska......................... . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * |OO 350,700 || 1 13 450,023 || 132 360,415 || 106 359,919 66 221 Soo || 106. S25,400 4,029 322,S77 Total Western States............... . . . . . . . . 2,961 46,878,403 || 1,950 19,019, 175 || 1,504 15,594,732 || 1, 171 11,519,419 || 1,608 21,207,519 |3,436 6í,309,503 240,933 O PACIFIC STATES AND TERRITORIES. 5, 106 35 5 96 67 8,045 13 73,500 f 4,445 Oregon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 955, I 193,500 33 296,214 I 4,342 55 433,04 ta 173, 2,679 21. IO: &#::::::::::::::::......::::::::::::: ...] 281 £ 23 1,552,000 || 169 1.437,OOO # 1,123,700 # 251 2,650,736 || 310 6,899,539 17,058 * **5 San Francisco City........................... # 2, £ 13 2,195,000 || 106 1,353 OOO || 11 I 1,795,700 || 2:21 5,317,118 || 222 4,700,591 3"> 7,157 |Colorado.............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..] "S* 1,986,664 || 169 1,260,191 97 687,479 7 540,500 47 335,661 58 541,542 2,522 1,411 ||Nevada....... * * * * * * * * * * * * ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I 35 3 IO,200 29 182,200 24 ': 4 I 541,900 34 425, IOO 37 419,797 1,516 2,424 (Utah.................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 305,220 15 274,071 IO 18,200 9 64,000 IO 383,854 17 121,050 1,265 '# New Mexico * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 31 544,324 1.2 135,500 4 51,500 5 35,800 8 26,639 IO 63,900 369 29 Wyoming * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 5 13,300 is * * * * - * * * * * * * * * * * 2 4,000 4 9,000 I 2 25,400 I I 62,050 394 932 |Idaho..... ................................ . . . . . . . " 173,300 5 12,500 4 63,000 3 49, OCO | . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * | * * * * * | * * * * * * : * * * * 299 8,256 Dakota.......... * * * * * g is is a s - © L & " " - " is is a s * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 90 1,075,7So 33 194,952 I 2 121, 10S 4 19,060 I I 6S,000 7 83,000 84o 2, it infontana............................................! 26 315,000 7 1,000 4 X8,000 5 27,500 3 ,000 || . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OI 2,277 Washington.................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 # 2O 12S,300 I2 99,593 13 ,588 5S 171,305 3 16,900 16 936 Arizona.............................................] 36. 5S2,100 31. 4°4,000 18 630,000 6 44,700 4 _21,500 6 81,307 202 53,2S6 Total Pacific States and Territories.... . . . . . 1,046 11,239.73" | 731 6,653,214 || 495 5,096,094 |_534 5,005,730 | 714 9,053,353 l 694 13,163, 176 28,361 S53,674 | Grand Totals. . . . . . . o, 183 l 172,S74,172 'G,728 ioi.5:7,564 c.5S2 81,155,932 "3,735 | 65,752,ooo '6,65S 98,149,053 Mio,378 234,3S3,132 \_674,741 w *w- -\. || $.5 ! : & 5 Washington........ $794,019 II.4,379 | £" | 9 - | 9 9 - | 9 .9 Wyoming.......... £33,126 | # Ż Z Z Z. | 2. + * * | i * Roman Catholic..............! 21 114 1 Universalist.................. 2 I 2 34 Total........... $686,574 $1,317,256 #### * * * * * £' . # # # #:::::::::: 2 1g # Grand Total. . . . Soi $84,913,8 rotestant Episcopal...... .. I 300 || Free Will Baptist............ 2 S $55,353,Sol | $84,913,834 Presbyterian........... * a s = * * 16 # 643 || Methodist Episcopal (South). 2 7 # * Lutheran..... .......... .... 16 5o 433 || Cumberland Presbyterian.... 2 6 35 . (a) In 18So... (5) Includes salaries of Super- || Methodist Episcopal......... 12 52 3So || Unitarian......... ... ........ I 7 | . . . . . . intendents. (c) Amount expended from tui- || Congregational... .......... 1 I -: 353 || Reformed (Dutch)........... I 5 45 tion revenue. (d) Includes expenditures, for || Christian. .................... 6 I 2 136 || United Brethren.............. I 4 32 contingencies. (e) In the five civilized tribes. || Reformed.................... 4 14 51 || New Church.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . I 4. 6 ) In 1875. (£) In 1879. (h) Amount paid || German Methodist Episcopal. 3. $ 23 || African Methodist Episcopal. I | . . . . . . • * * * * * or tuition only. United Presbyterian....... * * * 3 * 69 Total......... ........... 143 612 |4,782 PR06.RESS OF THE AMERICAN PERIODICAL PRESS, 1850--1880. ALL CLASSES. DAILLES. WEEKLIEs. ALL OTHERs. Totnl number of Peri- £ing, Cen- * * * odicals published in SllS 1 &Q. . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,816 No. |Circulation. No. Circulation. No. 'Circulation. No. Circulation. English, census ISSo. 10,625 | Religious Periodicals.. .5% | Total number of Peri- Agricultural “ ... 162 1850. . . 2,526 5, 142, 177 # 758,454 1,902 2,944,629 37o 1,439,004 odicals in foreign lan- Periodicais devoted to } 1800. 4,951 13,663,409 387 1,478,435 3,173 7,581,930 491 4,603.044 guages, census 1880. 778 general literature . . . 146 1879. 5,871 20,842,475 574 2,601,547 || 4,295 10,591,643 | 1,002 7,646,285 Periodicals devoted to Periodicals of all other 1SSo...! 11,403 || 31,177,924 9So 3,637,424 $#8 19,459,107 | 1,705 $o 1,393 news, politics and classes. . . . . ... ..... 1,7° b *= - -, * - GE * HARWEST DATES OF THE WORLD. 5anuary.—Harvest is ended in most districts of Aus- tralia, and shipments have been made of the new crop, Chili, New Zealand, Argentine Republic. ^ebruary.—Upper Egypt, India. March.–Egypt, India. 4£ril.—Coast of Egypt, Syria, Cyprus, India, Persia, Asia Minor, Mexico, Cuba. */ay-Persia, Asia Minor, Algeria, Syria, Texas, Florida, Morocco, mid-China, Japan, Central Asia. June–California, Oregon, Southern United States, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Hungary, Turkey, Roumelia, Danube, South Russia, South of France, Danubian Prin- "Palities, Greece, Sicily, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Carolina (North and South), Tennessee, Virginia, Kentucky, Kansas, Arkansas, Utah, Colorado, Missouri. Šuly–Southern, Eastern, and Midland English counties, Oregon, Nebraska, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, New England, New York, Vir- ginia, Upper Canada, France, Germany, Austria, Hungary, Switzerland, Italy, Russia, Poland. August.—Great Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, Holland, Manitoba, Columbia (British), Lower Canada, Hudson's Bay Territory, Denmark, Poland. September.—Scotland, England-Hops and roots. America —Maize. Athabasca-Wheat, barley, etc. Russia, France—Beet-root, buckwheat. October.—Scotland, America—Maize crop. many-Vintage. AMovember—Australia (north), Peru, South Africa. December—Australia (south), Chili, Argentine Republic. Sweden, North France, Ger- -- w- 605 ILLITERACY IN THE UNITED STATES IN 1880. | WITAL STATISTICS OF FOREIGN CITIES. [From the Reports of the Board of Health of the From the Official Returns of the Tenth Census. City of New York.] * r:*: . ## 3 CANNor WRITE-10 YEARS AND OVER. .# 3 #2 #3 # l + = or * * : Aggre- CITY. ######## gate Cannot #* | Whire, wirit N:- # Col. #3 ". d: #3 STATEs AND TER - | Popula- read- White WHO CANNOT WV RITE, £ # |- C. RITORIES. tion:o royers ||and'. Chinese || Algiers I o.OS years ând d wh | d C A. #1CrS. . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * 9,53 I,490 30. and over. || Orcd Who * * an msterdam ........ ..... 282,000 7,332| 26.07 OVCI", cannot Total. Native. Foreign. Indians. Antwerp.............. ... 153,645; 3,795. 24.69 Write. #,* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * o: .# #: £ * * * * * * * * * * S51,7So 370,279 433,447 111,040 111,040 727| 321,6So £, * * * * * * * * * * * # # # * * . . . . * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * - I e s is is is s • * * * * * * * * * i * * * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * * * :* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I I ,40 ,951 s *ona............ 32,922 5,496 5,842 # 1,225 3,599. 1,01S # *y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64,495 15,665. 24.31 £nsas........... 531,876. 153,229. 203,015 93,542 97,990 S 552. 103,473 £ Calix . . . . . . . . . ....... 194,055 5,190. 26.74 *trornia. ........ 681,062 48,583. 53,430 26,090 £ £130 27,340 £els.................. 185,000, 5,377 29.96 5'do * * * * * * * * * * * 158,220 9,321 IO,474 9, $37 # 56S £ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i. 52,451 1,481 28.23 £cticut. - - - - - - - || 49, 3303 20,936 2S,424 26,763 3,72S *# 1,661 £, * * * * * * * * * * * * * 437,69 11,557 25.82 £:........ s 99,S49] 3,094 4, S21 # # # I # £a * * * * * * * * * * # 1,566. 21. S3 Claware.... . . . . . . 110,856 16,912 19,41 # 6,630 # £o £ * * * * * * * * * * * * * ... 179,67 6,257|34.S2 |St. of Columbia.. 136,907 21,54 I 25,77 3, 1,950 2,03 £ F #: ; : - ,' ' '.' * * * *322, 4,577. 21.97 orida ............ 184,650 70,219 S$; 19,763 # # # £ ort-on-the-Main ... 100,000 2, 2O, £ia. * * * * * * ... 1,043,840 446,683 520 416 128,934 128,362 # 391,482 &#, * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 135,2S3 4,973 36.75 £: * * * * * * 25,005 1,384. 1,77S 7S4 443 34' 99.4 Th £: * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 54.395 14,876. 28.92 #9 is ... .........| 2,269,315 96.80%| 145,397 132,426 $5:9 # # # *gue. . . . . . . . . "Sgs 2,470 26.05 ndiana.... . . . . . . . . 1,468,095 7o,ooS 116,761 Ioo,39S 87,786 # 40,303 # '' ........ ......... 31.53% 739] 23.39 OWa..... ...... ... 1,181,641 28, 117 46,009 44:33 # *:: # #:::::: . . . . . . . . . . 205,679 7,755 37.7o K IlS:1S * * * * * * * * * 704,297 25,523 39,476 24?' £ 7:0 : 4,5 * i' t * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * # 1,639 1 Io.35 £cky.......... 1,303,498 258, Sö 348,332 *# 2O # 5,70 133,895 Le £: * * * * * * * * * ,520 645 24 32 M thisiana. * * * * * * * * * 649,079 297,312 318,380 S,951 $: I .# *59: £ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * # # 31.37 £: * * * * * * * * * 519,669 I , 181 22, 179 21,758 S,775 # 4 Lei sic * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * IO4,3 2, 17 # £d * * * * * * * * * * 695,364 111,387 13's 44,316 36,027 8 #2 9: £ Pool...... . . . . . . . £ 2,869 # *ssachusetts..... 1,433.583 75,636 92,9So 90,65S 6,933 725 2.3% £ • * * * * * * * * * * * . . . . 5 # 74 # #: # 'gan . . . . . . . . . . 1,236, 47, I 12 63,723 5S,932 1995: #: 4,791 M'ster * * * * * * * . . . . . . . [3,350,073| 76 (134 #: 3 £nesota: ........ 559,977 20,551 34,546 33,50C 5,671 27, # I,040 #fayence............ :::: 3# ' 2 # ississippi * * * * * * * 753,693 # 373,201 53,44 $39:0 # 3.19,753 £ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * .# 3 # : : issouri.... * * * * * * * 1,557,6 I 13 .# ,754 152,510 I37,949 14,5 t 6,34 M xi O * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 2 * 54 # 34 .9 'Montana. . . . . . . . . 31, 1,539 # 631 272 35 I 1,076 \# 1C * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 2 # p 03 30.94 ebraska.... . . . . . 318,271 7' II,5 | 10,926 5 102 5': 602 \#eal”:''''' * * * * * * * * # 9,272 # “vada........... * o,666 3,703 4,069 I,91 240 # *,' | #"...::::::::::: # # ### ew Hampshire. .. 286,188 11,982 14,302 I4,2 2,710 £493. 94. Newcastic ............... , # £5 5 # £y:......] §559; 33.3% ###| #| # *# 9:#| #*:::::::::::::: '#' # # !ew Mexico....... 87,966 # 57,156 # 46,329 £ 7.559 Nottingham ............. # # S| 34.' S *W.York......... 3,981,428 166,625, 219,600) 208,175 59,516. 148,659. I 1,425 f' 1nghin . . . . . . . . . . . . . # # 6. 35 #: £h Carolina..... "####| 3g. 463,975 192,933 g!,943 # *#| #":::::::::::::::::::#| #### Ö':............ 2,399,357 &75# 131,837. "5,49. 3,183. 32,308 ió,356 # ..::::::::::::::: '#' #| # **Ron ............ 130,565 5,376 §: 43.343 3,433 OIO 3,OSO £ bec ................." £ 1 1,323. 49.23 £ylvania..... . 3,203,3: 145.38 228,0: *%| "3.3% # 18,033 £: £ ### hode Island....... 22O,4 1. 17,4 6 # 23.544 4,261 19,2 3 I, I49 # * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 24S, o? 3479 # Suth Carolina..... 667,456, 32i; 369,848 59,77 59,415 362; 310,071 || || £ ' ........ ...... 135,893 3,963. 31. Cnnessee . . . . . . . . 1,062,130 294,385 4 10,722 216,227 214,99. 1,233 194,495 # 1011" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I47,249 4,4S4, 30.4 £s * * * * * * * * ... ... 1,064, 196] 256,223 316,432 123,912 97,4 29,414 192,520 £:::::::::::::: £ 2,354; 25. '::....... * * * 97, 194 4,851 8,826 8,137 3, 183 4,954 ' *rland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , 104,3 2,34I 22.42 *mont........... 264,052 12,993 15,837 15,081 5.354 IO,327 156 V'. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 214,425 5,575 # #inia........... 1,059,034, 360,495. 430,352 114,692 113,215 777, 315,660 W: Par:11SO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . £ 6,135 64.5 W'hington * * * * * * * 55,720 3, 191 3, I,429 S95 534 2,460 \'ć: ...............] '35%: 4,949. 36.36 $st Virginia..... 428,5S7 52,041 S5,376 75,237 72,826, 2,4 II IO, I 39 gra Cruz ............... iś,500 1,093 70.51 .'sconsin....... . . 965,712 3S,693 55,55S 54,233 11.494 42,739. 1,325 \' . . . . . . . . . .........| 700,000 24,791 35.2S yoming.. . . . . . . . . 16,479 42 55 374 177 197 182 ilna.;... ...............] 77,18S 2,362. 30.60 "----- | | Wolverhampton ......... 79,900 1,726, 24.65 Grand Total..... 36,761,607| 4,923,451| 6,239,958! 3.019,9So 2,255,460. 763,620 3,220,S78 || Zurich ...................] 56,695. 1,451] 25.59 += • –l- 606 RATES OF WAGES PAID IN EUROPE AND UNITED STATES. RATES OF WAGES PAID IN EUROPE AND UNITED STATES. NATIWITIES OF THE FOREIGN B0RN POPULATION. Comparative Rates of Weekly W: Paid in Europe and in the United [From the Official returns of the Tenth Census, 1SSo.] © C. [From the Report of the Secretary of State on the State of Labor in Europe] * * * All foreign countries.................. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 6,679,943 | Ś UNITED STATES. || Bortn IN-Africa (not specified)...................... 2,204 * i. Asia (not specified)........................ 1,054 # E 3 : 3 : —— Atlantic Islands,........................... 7,512 : *: | c. * N | 3. ‘5, E = # 5: e: New ..., Australia.............. is G is a s a • * * * * * * * * p * * * * 3,996 .# 5 # , = , = Q Y Chicago. | Austria.................................... 3S,663 42 . " i: . . . . . * ork. w * £ G | G. Ö i = C } |Belgium................................... 15,535 -|--| – |-|--|--|- — Bohemia................................ * * * 85,361 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ Britisit AMERICA:-Canada.......................... 610,01 Bakers................. 4.404.255.55 3.503.90 6.50- 6.60 5- 8 S- 12 New Brunswick................ 41,7 Blacksmiths .......... 4.403.90 # # 7.04- 8.12 10-14 9- 12 Newfoundland................. 4,7 Bookbinders........... [.... 3.724.853.833.90|6.50-7.83 12-18 9- £, |Nova Scotia.................... 51,160 Bricklayers . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.ool....[4.063.60;3.45|7.53- 9.03 12-15 6- 10 Prince Edward Island.......;;. 7,537 Cabinet-makers...: ....|4.8o|.... 6.003.97 4.957.70- 8.4S. 9–13 7- . 15 British America (not specified). 1,793 Carpenters and Joiners 5.4oli.255.424.604.18%.33- 8.25 0-13 7%-13 Total British America....... 717,084 Farm Laborers.... . . [.... [...]3.152.87|3.593.40- 4.25 ........ . . . . . . . . . . . * * - Laborers, Porters, etc.. .oo * * * * | * * * * 2.92.2. GO 4.50- $: 6- 9 5%-9 Central America................ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 707 Painters................ 4.294.15|4.903.934.607.25–$.16 to-16 || 6- 12 || Citi'::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ... 104,541 Rlasterers... ..........|5.40|........ 3.So 4.35||7.6S-10. 13 to-1 9- 5 || Cuba....................'.............................. 6,917 £::::::::: **, 3,5:##########| # #: # || Benmark............... ............................... 61.9% Printers................ i.... 4.624.704. Sol3.90|7.52- 7.75 S-18 12- $ Rurope (not specified)....... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 3,314 Shoemakers............|....|3.3o4.753.124.32 7.35 12-13 g- $ || Fran£ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 106,971 Tailors...................:-4.io 5.103.584.30|5-oo- 7.36 ro-rS 6- IS s:== Tinsmiths.............. 4.903.904.4 3.653.60°-oo- 7.30 *-* | 9" " || GERMAN EMPIRE:-Baden........ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 127,SS5 Ex:E:E-ME:-----E- Ef :--~~~~re:EE.L.E-E.--> --~~~EE: == - - Ravaria............................ 171,699 Comparative Retail Prices of the Necessaries of Life in Europe and Brunswick....................... # the United States. | £: .# [From the Report of the Secretary of State on the State of Labor in Europe.] £ :* ... . ... # —— -= a - Lubeck........................... 264 > 5 "c: UNITED STATES. Mecklenburg..................... 45,959 | # , c 5 T ‘E – Nassau. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,253 # # , # >, | S t: | * Oldenburg....................... 9,924 | | .# # | E 2. | # * New York Chicago. £ (not specified)........... '# we : | ". * Saxon * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ,70. sm *m-. +---- ---—# cts Ct. # * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * s: Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. ICts. Cts. S. S. 'urtemburg......::..... . . . . . . . . IOS,223 Beef-Roast.... lb. 20 22, 22 20 : 22 12-16 S-12%| Germany, (not specified)......... 624,200 “ Corned... ib. 16. 16 13 I 2 IS 18-20 S-12 4-7 | Total German Empire....... . 1,966,742 Beans.......... # * * * * * * * * * 1 O 13 . . . . 9 7- 19, 5- 9, j Bread.......... 1 | 4-5 3. 3-7 6 4 3%- $% i 4- 4% 4- 4% Gibraltar.... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 167 JButter.......... lb 20-50. 25.22 || 28 36 29-. t 25-32 16:9. | Coal ......... toni..... . . $4.25 $11.oo.... $2.65-$4.10 $3-#5 *75, Great BRIran-England........... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 662,676 Codfish.........lbl.............. 9 | . . . . . 6-8 7 5- 9 Ireland.................... * * * * * * * * 1,854,571 Coffee..........lb|30-19 39, 35 | 3: 30, 2S-50 20-30 | 16-40 Scotland........................... 170,136 Eggs.........doz|20-25 is 20, 18 30, 15-39 *5-3" | #, Wales..................... s is do e e s - * 3,302 Flour..... * lb|..... # 5% to 7 3%- $% 3- 4 *# Great Britain (not specified)...... 1,484 Lard............lbl. 20 20 2. 22 : ... :-" # – 6 Total Great Britain and Ireland. 2,772,169 '#####"#": 4. 7 : 5 5- 9 IO 3 I : Mutton,fore qr.lbl. 16 16, 14%| 15 18 16- 17., 9-10 5-12% Greece 776 Oatmeal........ lb is s a s a ! . . . . . S * * * * * * . . . . . 3%- 4% | £: 4- 5 Greenland.....' • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * I29 * Pork, fresh * * * * * lbf 16 14. 17 13 i 18. 10-16 - IO 4- 5. Holl d * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * • * * * * * * * * * * * * 5S ogo - * * salted.... lb 16 14 17 IS 20 10-16 S-10 6-12 H and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #6 | * Bacon....lbl. 1S 20, 20 22 . . . . . 12-16 8-ro £ || | £y * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * #67 * (i. Sausage...lb 2O 16. 19 2O le . . . 1S | S-IO 6-10 # £ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * £5 Potatoes ... bushel 56 50 50 $1.15 GO 6S-$2.00 $1.40-$1.60 60—So j: #. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 61 Rice............lbl..... - 9 6 . . . . . 3%-8 S-10 5-10 £:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: I2 36 Soap....... . . . Ib|.....'.... to 4 |: 5%-9 | 6-7 3-8 Malta # - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - '335 Sugar..........lb 15-2O .... 11 S$4. oš 5%-10 | # 2 £o Mexico........ ... * * * * * s or e a :::::::::::::::::::::::: 68,399 Tea.... . . . . . . . . Ib|..... |..... 75 .... , 50. 43-88 50-Co 5–$1. Norway........... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 's' Pacific Islands............... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Poland........ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 48,557 Portugal....... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * S, 138 Itussia. is * * * * * * • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 35,722 | Sandwich Islands..................................... 1,147 Per cent. Per cent. || South America.............. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 4,566 Count RIES. Year. of Cou!"TRIES. Year. .... of Spain ....... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 5, 121 Illiteracy. Illiteracy.|| Sweden........ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 194,337 ---, *- * --|- | Switzerland * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * SS,621 Argentine Rep... Recent. 83 India * * * * * * * * * 1871 # Turke * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1,205 Austria (1) * * * * * * * gd 49 Ireland (*)....... Recent. l 4 West #ies.... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 9,4S4 Bavaria * * * * * * * * * * 6 : 7 Italy * * * * * * * * 1861 73 At SČ:l. under foreign flags............ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 4,06S Belgium ......... |.......... 30 Japan............ Recent. I ~ Brazil.... * * * * * * * * Recent. * * Mexico .. * * * * * * * * 64 # Europe.... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * is © s • * * * * * * * * * * * * * # China. * * * * * * * * * * * 6 50 Netherlands (1). d4 t I America........ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ,157 England......... 44 33 Poland. * * * * * * * - 44 91 Africa........ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 2,204 France........... 1872 30 Russia..... * * * * * * d 6 91 Asia. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * # Germany. * * * * * * R't $: £ * * g is " " - i. "i386" # All others.... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 18, 73 Greece....... . . . . CCCI) 2 Spain. . . . . . . . . . . . I Hungary * * * * * * * 46 51 nited States.... 187o 2O Total born abroad........................ + 1. Conscripts. :=- £::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: .# NotE:-These statistics are not in most cases based upon a census of illit- Total native.............................. +375 So eracy, which few nations have provided for in systematic form. They are to sm:=== be regarded rather as an attempt to approximate the proportions ignorant of Foreign born......................................... 6,679,943 the arts of reading and writing, from such data as exist concerning soldiers, s=== the signing of marriage registers, etc., than as exact statistics of illiteracy. Aggregate population................................. 50,155.783 4. alike *= 'ight and fineness, their names being also alike: s—"terchangeable, as also are the peso of Chili, Colombia and Uruguay. WALUE OF FOREIGN COINS IN UNITED STATES MONEY. As Proclaimed by the Treasury Department, Jan. 1, 1883. art adopted by Spain, Servia, Bulgaria, 'ssia, Finland and Roumania, but they have not joined the Union. Francs and centimes of France, Belgium and Switzerland, are res ectively $ignated lire and centesimi in Italy; drachmai and lepta in Greece; dinars and paras in Servia; pesetas and centimos in £: leys and banis in oumania; levas and stotinkis in Bulgaria. Similarly the Scandinavian countries, Norway, Sweden and Denmark, emp The Venezolano (of 10 decimos) of Venezuela and the sol (of 10 dineros) of Peru, are alike ExplanatorY Notes.—France, Belgium, Italy, Greece and Switzerland constitute what is known as the “Latin.” Union, and their coins are in weight and fineness, occasionally differing, however, in name. The same system has been in oy coins of the same . . . . . Peso....... Gold and silver. .93,2 #. • * Crown.... ...Gold.... • e s is $ 8 + = .26,8 #'or. ... Peso.......Silver.......... .81,2 doubloon. Io and 20 crowns. Peso. I-16, #4, %, 3% and 1'Peru.........Sol Russia.......|Rouble of ol.........Silver.......... Portugal. Milreis of STANDARD COIN. .26,S to and 20 crowns. .S1,2 Sol. *=_ | VALU H. VALUE °ounTRY. | ****** srANDARD. IN U. s. STANDARD COIN. COUNTRY. *#x STANDARD, IN U. S. - UNIT, MONEY. * * MONEY. #ustria. * * * * * |Florin.......Silver .... . . . .40,1 India........ 'Itupee of 16 * * elgium.... . Franc......Gold and silver. .ig,3 5, 19 and 20 francs. annas..... Silver.... ... . . .3S,6 °livia....'Boliviano...Silver.........' 'St.' Boliviano. Italy........ Lira........'Gold and silver. .19,3 razil... * * * * Mil reis of t * Japan...... Yen........ Silver..... * * * * * .S7,6 I , ? = • 1,000 reis. Gold...... ... . . . .54.6 l. ; British "...”" 546 *... polar. |Gold............ 1.00 c',N. A. ...Dollar......'Gold........... $1.OO |Mexico * * * * * s Dollar...... Silver.... * * * * * * ili......... 'Peso....... Gold and silver. .91.2 Condor, doubloon and | | Col 1 | | escudo. |Netherlands. Florin...... gold and silver 423 ë'bia. ... Peso. ...Silver ......... .81,2 Peso Norway.....|Crown.....'Gold..... • • gol .8S,2 Peso or dollar, 5, 1o, 25 and 60 centavo. 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 lire. 2, £: Io and 20 yen, and silver yen. * * * * * * 1.0S 2, 5 and 10 milrcis. +== -—Pl”. T---" - -v- FOREIGN MONEYS AND THEIR ENGLISH EQUIWALENTS. 607 * |Intrinsic value with silver at per Legal a cost. " ": Troy ounce. C GOLD COINS. weight in Sterling SILVE inatio S. w: s' '. | ' ! "#. 4.6°. OUNTRY. IDenomination. grains, value. Denomination in grains, ver, in Troy sod, gid * d. £ i | ounces.” 504. , 5* : 52a. 53a. ** * | | | l 15.5 is to 1 America.... ... ...~. See United States...... * s. d. Florin or £ttlden d s. d. s. d. s, d. s. d. s. d. OP', 'f s Austro-Hun ID S5 too kreutzer....... i 190.5 S6 I - X I % 1 S I S34". 1 1.1% £1ty. . . . . . ücat. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53.85 O 9 4 £2.5 O.3 7% I 7% s Relgium y $. £ Or £ 99.57 o 15 16%||% florin. . . . . . . . . . . | S2.4 o,097 o 4% o 5 o 5 o 5% o 5% * * * * * ... . . . . . . . . .Y fé !" T3.11CC #111 Ús s * • - s | | # . . . . . . . . . . . . IO £ 138.35 '1 2 5% milreis of 1,000 reis' 196.S O.406 1 S3%. 1 S34 9 | 9%. 2 o;% 111, Colombia, Uru- | * t #tiny...... : doubloon or 5-peso piece: 117.7o o 18 9 £ 3SS.S o.7S2 3 3 3 4 3 434'3 5%. 3 1.1% #1C i • * #"......................... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ... ...... ....... || conderin or rooocash 583.3 1.2SS 5 4% 5 5% 5 7 5 8%| 6 6% #* * * * * * * * * * * * * * 10-crown piece.......... 69.14 |o 11 o'4 £ # £ ' # o.209 o 10% o ''. 10% # I : : # *::: * ~ : - - - - - - - ........ too-piastre piece...... ... 132.oo 1 o 4. arts. # , o.o.39 o 2,29 g o 3 2.É. # inland.... . . . . . . . . . . . £ piece........ 39.78 |o 7 11%||1 mark of too £ # o:56 o 7% o S o S o $% o 9% / *ce................|10-franc piece..... * * * * 46.78 |o 7 11%||5-franc piece:::::::::... 3 5.8 O.7S2 3 3 |3 4. ... 3 4%3 5 3 11% # £ s 77.2 O. 145 O 7% o 7% O 7; o 7% O 8% I refc/S/ft af'A. Of IOO * f | German Empire....... Crown of to * 61.45 |o 9 9%|_ pfenni 'siliff, ..] S5.7 o.173 o 8%lo S34 o 9... o 9% o 10% *t Britain..........Sovereign of 20 shillings 123.37 |1 o o # # 4 # - # 3 9%.3 '# '# 4 # 4 7% * •3; ; O. I 52 O O O O O II Sreece...... ... ........ See France, and footnote * I : , * l 9 9%lo 9 * Holland and Java..... Ducat................. 53.92 lo % # # S # # # # 3. # 3 # # 4 $ 10-florin piece. ... . . . . . . . | 103.71 o 4. * * g * I 4%, I 4% | 1 1 5%, I Rupee of 16 annas, 64 : r 1 #. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Mohur of 15 rupees. . . . . 1So.oo #1 9 2%| pice or 192 pies..... 1So.o 237 %. 7 || 7%. 1 7% 1 10% Y. . . . . . . * * * * * * * ... ... See France, and footnote - I Japan ..........' ... £ £e * * * * * * * ...... 257.21 |2 o 11%; yen of loosen: 46.9 o-S#3 3 %3 7 ||3 #3 S3%, 4 3% '# ............ Io-peso piece.... . . . . . . . 2ó1.12 |2 o 5%||1 peso of 100 centavos 417.8 o,819 3 6%3 7:45 8%3 9 4 33% *crlands.... ...... iSee Holländ............. - N S. Denmark and foot. 9rway and Sweden... . #. * * * * * * of loopi. * Turkish pound of 100 pi- | | . | | Otto * * * ... "... 111.36 lo 18 o'4"|1 piastre of 40 paras. 18.6 o.o.35 o 1% o 1% o 13%"o 13% o 2 #" Empire...... r: ió'shahis... # O 9 5 4. £ # 1o shahis So.2 O. 163 o S3%to 8% o 8% o 8% o IO * * * * * * * * * * * * * 'Sol of 10 dineros or i Peru and -sol ni .... 248.91 || 19 7%||_100 cents. . . . . . ... .. 385.8 o.782 3 3 3 4 '3 4%. 3 5%. 3 1.1% fortu' V': £, miireis..... # 2 : #|Teion of 100 reis'. $o oos o 4 o 4 o 4% o 4% o 44 *ssia................ See German Empire..... i i | °umania............. See France, and footnote Rouble of 100 ko- | Russia * Ol' Ol{- O o.626 %2 s > si 2 9% 2 s'":; ; * * * * * * * ... 3-rouble piece........... 60.60 |o 9 to z' ##### 32O.O O.Q2 2 7% 9 : 3 ervia : s *... I * t C/e/ I'e?"fa/: Or S à and Bulgaria... [See France, and footnote # %d li ; So.o o. 156 o 7% o S o S o S34" o 9% pain....... Escudo (or 34 dollar - * * l "Doubloon of Io escudos. 129.43 : o 7% of to reals.......... 2003 orio 8% I s: 9 I 9% 2 o'4 Swit l 25-peseta piece... . . . . . . . 124.46 o 19 10 ||Peseta of 100 centim’s 77.2 O. 145 o 7% o 7% jo * 7% o 83% **tzerland .......... See France, and footnote * £unis................ £ piece.......... 30.09 'o 4 9%. Piastre......... ...... 46.7 o.995 o 4%io 4%|o 5...io 5 o 5% urkey..... * * * See Ottoman Empire.... ... .... [...... - || | Trade dollar....... 42o.o o.851 3 %3 7%|3 8%|3 9 4 3% inite States ....... ... Eagle of to dollars. . . . . . 25.8o 2 1 1% | Dollar of 100 cents. 412.5 o,836 3 5343 6%3 $% 3 $% 4 2% *guay.............. See Chili, and footnote. % dollar of 50 cents 192.9 o.391 I 7% S |1 S3%|i s:4 1 11% ='Szuela............. See Peru. and footnote.. ! t #pt. .....|Piaster..... Gold........... .o!,9 5,10, 25, 50 and too piast... . roo copecks Silver.... . . . . . . .65 %, 3% and 1 rouble. ë': : ....' Franc...... Gold and silver. .16.3 5, 10 and 20 francs. Spain........|Peseta. of | reat Britain fou'd sterl- | 100 centimes Gold and silver. .193 5, 10, 20, 50, too pesetas. G ing....... Gold............! 4.86,6% #4 sovereign, sovereign. Sweden......|Crown. Gold........... .26,8 iro and 20 crowns. *ce.......[Drachma. Gold and silver. "...io.3" # 10, 20, 56 and too Switzerland. Franc...... Gold and silver. .19.3 5, 1o and 20 francs. G drachmas. Tripoli ..... Mahbub of . t | } erman Emp Mark ... . . Gold. • * * * * * * * * * * .23,S 5, 1o and 20 marks. | ... 20 piasters Silver.......... •73,3 '''ui I... Dollar...... Gold............ 1.oo Turkey * * * * * * |Piaster. . . . . Gold.......... ... .o.4.4 25, 50, too, 250, 500 piast. #ti, ...... Gourde... . Gold and silver.' .96.5 1, 2, 5 and so gourdes. Venezuela... Bolívar..... Gold and silver. .19,3 is, 16.20, 50, too boolivar. - —A- -- -->p. Q—- – –=" 608 PROGRESS OF AMERICAN EXPORTS IN THIRTY YEARS Of Values of the Principal Articles of Domestic Merchandise Exported from the United States During the Years Ended June 30, 1850, 1860, 187O, and 1880. [From the Quarterly Report of the Bureau of Statistics, No. 1, 18Sr.] ARTICLES. 1850. 1SGo. 1870. ISSo. — 1|Grain and breadstuffs............. s 13,066,509'$ 24,422,320.5 72,250,933 $288,036,S35 2 Cotton, ! #1 W . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | 71,984,616 191, Soó,555 2 7,027,624 211,535,905 3|Provisions............... .........' *ro,927,485. 16,612,443; 29, # 127,043,242 4|Mineral oil....................... ..... ....] ........... 32,668,960. 36,218,625 5|Tobacco.... . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... 10,599,855 to,289.975 22,705.325 18,442,273 6|Wood, and manufactures of......' 4,826,oS7| 10,047,956, 13,7 £538 16,237,376 7|Animals, living.................. | 155,247. 1,855,051 1,045,039. 15,8S2,120 SIron and steel, and manufactures Ot. . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * I,9f I,32O 5,703,042; 11,002,902' 12,605,576 9.Cotton manufactures........ . . . 4,734,424 to,934,7 3,787,382, 9,981,418 To Tallow.................. * * * * * # 1,598, 176 #s6. 7,689,232 11|Leather, and manufactures of.... 224,291 I,547, 177 673,331 6,760, 186 I2 Oil-cake.... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * £ 3,419, SS 6,259,82 13|Furs, and fur skins..... ...... 852,466 1,533,208 1,941, 139 5,4O4,41 I4 Dru: chemicals, medicines, and ye-stuffs, including acids. . |334,789 ||1,115,455 2,495,156 3,530,450 15|Vegetable oils . . . ... ...........'............ 26,799 326,309| 3,476,2to 16|Sugar and molasses............. %22,230 440,210 661,526 3,339,997 17|Distilled spirits................... 316,604 1,461,438 725,421 3,027,545 iŠseeds. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 4,040 600,729 98,47: 2,776,823 19|Hops.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142,692 #3% # 2,573,292 20||Naval stores......... ......... , 1,142,713, 1,969,642. 1,939,085 2,452,90S 21|Agricultural implements ........ ". . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * 1,068,476 2,245,742 22|Spirits of turpentine....... . . . . . . . $229,741 1,910,289 1,357,302 2, 132, 154 23|Fruits.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......' 24,974. # 542,502. 2,000,634 24|Coal.................. * * * * * * * * * * * 167,090 740,783 1,306,358 2,058,0S 25|Metals, and manufactures of, not elsewhere specified . . . . . . . . 197,954 2,121,683 853,445 1,928,030 26|Animal oil........................' 1,461,434 2,382,419, 1,148,3to 1,676,079 27 Sewing machines, and parts of: ||........ ........... ... 2,233,326 1,649,367 2S Clocks and watches, and parts of...... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 5SQ,00S 1,453,237 29 Carriages, cars, and parts of.. Q5,722 816,973 976,543. 1,407,425 30|Quicksilver....................... ............ # 2 5, 1,918 1,360,176 31|Hemp, and manufactures of...... '68,7 2S3,91 330,791 1,272,451 32 £ and stationery............. } 99,696 285,7 514,592 I £o Alt other articles................. "..o.o.4S 14.62×8. "Sólo 20215.5% Total......................... $134,900,233 $316,212,133,5155,203,3tr $23,946,353 *Including tallow, horned cattle, and live hogs, not separable: fLIorses, mules, and GOLD AND SILVER PRODUCTION OF THE UNITED STATES DURING THE CALENDAR --" YEAR 1881. [Estimate of the Director of the Mint.] Gold. Silver. Total. Alaska ............... $ 15,000 $.......... $ 15,000 Arizona............... 1,060,000 7,300,000 8,360,000 California. • - - - - - - - . . . . 18,200,000. 750,000 18,950,000 Colorado.............. 3,300,000 17,160,000 20,460,000 Dakota................ 4,000,ooo 70,000, 4,070,000 Georgia....... - * * * * * * * 125,000' . . . . . . . . . * * 125,000 Idaho........... . . . . . 1,700,000; 1,300,000, 3,000,000 Maine....... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | 5,000 5,000 Montana.............. 2,330,000' 2,630,000. 4,960,000 Nevada............ ... 2,250,000 7,060,000, 9,310,000 New Mexico.......... £oo 275,000 460,000 North Carolina....... i 15,000 . . . . . . . . . . . 115,000 Oregon............... I, 100,000 50,000 1,150.000 South Carolina ....... 35,000 . . . . . . . . . . . 35,000 Tennessee............ 5,COO . . . . . . . . . . . * tah.................. 145,000 6,400,000 6,545,000 Virginia... . . . . . ... } IO,OOO - - - . . . . . . IO Washington.......... I2O, COO . . . . . . . . . * 120,000 Wyoming ............ 5,OOO . . . . . . 5,000 Total............. 'S34,700,000 $43,000,ooo $77,7oo.oco For the fiscal year ending June 30, 1SS2, the Director estimates production (less amount used in arts) at $31,500, Ooo Gold, and $47,700,000 Silver; Total, $76,200,000. AMOUNT OF SPECIE IN THE UNITED STATES. The Director of the Mint estimates the Gold and Silvcr Currency in the United States: June 30, 1879-Gold, $2S6,490,698; Silver, $112,050,985; w Total, # Total, $4S1,691,069 N 4S1,691 Sov. 1, išŠo-Gold, $444,012,030; Silver, Total, $602,2S3,35 Nov. 1, 18 £Gold, $469,000,000; Silver, Total, $650,000,000. Nov. 1, 1882-Gold, $567,105,456; Silver, Total, $777,429,791. ESTIMATE OF GOLD AND THE UNITED STATES FROM 1845 T0 1881, INCLUSIVE. [From Official Reports by the Director of the Mint of the United States.] Nov. 1, 1879-Gold, $355,6S1,532; Silver, $126,009,537; $158,271,327; $181,000,000; $210,324,335; SILVER PRODUCED IN sheep only. tincluded in “Provisions.” Drugs and medicines only. §Including Year. | Gold. I Silver. "Total. linseed-oif, not separable. "[Including flax and its manufactures. h l A- $ "From 1849 to $ # * * * * * * | 1,008,327 185S. 1,00S,327 - " ***-* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * I,239, ,357 SUMMARY OF INTERNAL REVENUE RECEIPTS, FROM ALL SOURCES, #::::::::::::: '#' Estimated "# - 1848............. 10,000,000 product, 10,000,000 FOR TWENTY YEARS, 1863-1882. 1849.... . . . . . . . . 40,000,000; $50,000 per 40,000,000 [From the Annual Reports of the Commissioner of Internal Revenue.) #. .......... #11), Ill! II}. # -- 1852............. (The silver 60,000,000 Articles || | 1853.............. mines of the 65,000,000 and occupa- || 1854.............. U. S. were 60,000,000 Banks 1. tions form- || 1855. . . . . * * discovered in 55,000,000 Years. Spirits. Tobacco. Fermented and Penalties, Adhesive erly taxed, || 1859.............. 1859.) 55,000,000 Liquors. | Bankers. etc. Stamps. but now #: • * 55,000,Coo | exempt. 1858. 500,000: 50,500,000 * - * * IS59.......... * * * 100,000 50, too,cco $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 1SGo.............. 150,000. 46,150,000 1S63... 5,176,530, 3,097,620, 1,628,934|.......... 27,170. 4,140,175. 26,932,763 || 1861 ............ • . . . 2,000,000. 45,000,000 1864.. 30,329,150 8,592,099] 2,290,209 # 193,600 5,894,945. 67,008,225 || 1S62 * * * * * * , £ 43,700,000 1S65.. 18,731,422 # 3,734,928 4,940, # 520,363 11,162,392; 160,638, ISö || 1S63 * * * * * ,500,000, 48,500,000 1866....] 33,268,172 16,531, 5,220,553| 3,463, 1,742,853' 15,044,373 236,236,037 || 1864.............. 11,000,000: 57,100,000 1S67.... # # 6,057,501| 2,046,562. 1,459,171' 16,094,718, 186,954 423 || 1865. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,250,000 (14,475,000 1S6S....] 18,655,531, 18,730,09 5,955,869 1,866,746 I'S$3. 14,852,252. 129,863,000 || 1S60........ ... .. 10,000,000; 63,500,000 1869....! 45,071,231 23,430,7 6,099,SSo 2,196,054 $77,0S9 16,420,71o 65,943,673 || 1867............. 13,500,000, 65,225,000 1870....] 55,606,094; 31,350,70S 6,319,127 3,02O,OS4 827,905: 16,544,033 # is& ... * 12,000,000 €o,000,000 1871.... 46,2S1,848. 33,57S,907 7,389,503 # 636,98o 15.342,739. 37,136,958 || 1S69.... . . . . . ... 12,000,000. 61,500,000 1872.... 49,475,516. 33,736,171, 8,258,49S. 4,628,229 442,205; 16, 177,321 19,053,007 || 187O .. * * 16,000,000 66,000,000 1873.... 52,099,372. 34,386,393 9,324,93S 3.77.1.03: 461,653, 7,703,377 6,339,782 || 1871. . . . . . . ... 23,000,000) 66,500,000 1874... 49,444,000 20,242,876, 9,304,6So 3,387,161 364,216, 6,136,545 76t,SSo || 1872.... ........ 2S,750,000 64,750,000 1875... 52,0S1,991 37,303,162| 9,144,0_4 4,097,248 2S1, 10S 6,557,230 1,0So, 111 || 1873... . . . . . . . . . . 35,750,000 £ 1876....] 56,426,365' 30,795,34o 9,571,281| 4,006, 409,284 6,518,488 509,631 || 1874 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37,324,594, jo,815,496 1877....] 57,469,439, 41,106,547 9,480,789 3,829,729. 419,999 6, £ 23S,261 || 1875........ . . . . . 31,727.5%. 65,195,446 1878....] 50,420,816 40,091,755, 9,937,952| 3,493,332, 346,00S $3. # 429,659 || 1876. . . . . . . . . . . 39,929, 3S,7S3,016 78,712, 182 1879. 52,570,2S5' 40,135,003 # 3, 198,SS4 #: 6,237,538|........... * #::::::: ... ... 46,892,390 # $6%6.93 1886.... 81,185,505, 38,876,146 12,826,803 3,350,985 3 # £; ... . . . . . . . . . || 187S. ... ... ... 5:306360 45,2S1,385, 96,487,745 1$1.... 67,153,975 # 13,700,241, 3,762,2OS 231,078; 7,924,7 153,163 || 1$79.......... 3S,S99, SSS 43,812,132, 797 too." 18S2.... i. 69,873,408, 47,391, 16,153,920, 5,253,458, 199,S30, 7,570,109 78,559 || 18So .......... 36,000,000 3S,450,000 74,450,000 Tot’l i ISSI. . . . . . . . . . 34.700,000 43,000,000, 77,700, O in * ! | * | 20 yrs. 904,863,687 * 163,130,829 66,793.03o 11,059.74o 200,820,191 1,146,696,675 Total 37 years... 1,558,378,301 504,172,26o 2,074,545,471 -] I--" ~ : * O | *- --~~ The figures are for the latest attainable years as to each country. DEBTs, REVENUES, EXPENDITURES, AND COMMERCE OF NATIONS. :- - . Countries. - #l Public Debt Revenue. F: Imports." Exports.1 "---- | | ' Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Argentine Republic...... 1881 107,681,639 24,339,450 26,747,4So 54,029,545. 56,009,100 *Stralasia2 ............. 1SSI 449,551,245 S5,345,076 93, £ # 2++,330,840 Austria. IIungary........ 1881 1,167,5:8,118 46,855,819 46,856,818.25S.Sooooo. 2S6,320,000 ustria proper......... 1SS2 176,914,016 # 194,2SS,3So # Austria-Hungary. Hungary proper....... ISS2 400,532,142 129,736,885 131,394' Jn Austria. IHungary. #m * * * * * * * * * * * * * ..... 1SS2 341,917,662. # 59,043,620 514,976,000. 422,7SS,000 I olivia................... ISSI 17, $6: 2,841,948 3,935,364 e5,000,000 5,047,000 3razil.................... iś, £ 58,479,649, 59,143,3So # Io2,3S0,270 Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ISSI 199,861, 537 29,635,297 35,533,554 105,339,840, 98,290,820 Seylon. . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... ISSo 6,848,661 6,491,775 ,6S6,4 25,067,400 16,251,140 Qhili . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 18So 85,762,664 7,122,100 43,123,8 } 27,041,560 46,999, Shina........ . . . . . . . . . . . iss: 51, too,ooo; 125,210,000 121,475,000. 135,975,930, 199,937, olombia . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... iSS1 io971.21% 5,917,000 9,525,547 12,071,4So # *mark................. ISSo 43,331,657; 12,962,573| 13,682,292 59,120,360. 51,104,826 £cuador......... ... ... . 1879 #59.0%. 1,899,346. 3,755,200 5,164,299| 26,289,481 £gypt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . išš. 529,3S3, 150. 42,097,105 # 2,749,664 64,941,600 France.................. ." 1882 4,683,846,ooo; 712,420, 1 714,343,841, 987,264,841; 722,648,540 $many................ . . ISS2 120,197,52S 151,SS3,693. 14 # 719,100,090 E:#" *ussia. . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 1882 493,921,812 # 234,539,4' # £# Other German States. 1881 #35,608,892. 138,763,722. 137,700,083 (In German mpire. "Cat Britain............ 1882 £oo.o.o 429,111,405. 427,362,7SQ2,137,417,249 1,491,216,340 *ce.................. . ISSO 9,231.4So 9,810,312 24,831,028, 22.8 Ž 15:52, Hawaii........ . . . . . . ... isso 259,200 1,7So,öSo 3,196,006 .45' 6,355.9% #, British............, 18So 765,673,425 # # 3ro,569,920, 379,973,365 taly ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1882 2,042,000, 439,580,865, 435,8So,773. 266,400,000 238,490,000 Japan ............. . . . . . . . isso "3:1:29:3# '30,364,126. #5,264,136, 32,631,000 28,364,000 *embourg............. ISSI 3,000,000 2,073,375] 1,947,233. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *ico.... .............. 1882 144,953,785 30,170,000 27, 12S,21S # 33,33,535 'Netherlands.... . . . . . . . iss; 376,523,386. 42,968,62o 51,995,057. 335,8S9, 251,895,200 £9rway.... . . . . . . . . . . ... 1881 7,384,000 ir,240,1ool i2,236,904 46,199,16o 33,361,520 £aragua * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ISS1 251,000,000 412,740 313,429 1,27S,000 1,S12,000 Persit. '........ . . . . 1876 . o debt 8,216,000 8, 131,000 7,500,000 4,500,000 £.................... iśo 24,650,ooo. 66.60%: 6563,122 2:79,095 39,79,202 £ortugal ................. išší 430,879,399. 29,654,082 35,276,211, 24,875,000. 17,4SS,990 9umania.......... * * * * * * 1SS1 125,727,822, 245,525,408 24,664 # # 41,503,663 *Šia................... 1882 4,314,607,599, 502,922,978 524,023, 419,932.9%. 329,143,000. £"in.................... 1881 2O,24S,090 6,527,000 6,523,238 6,243,848 7,002,975 "..................... 1879 |........... . . . . 17,000,000 # ,596 6,341,519 9,703,293 Spain * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * is: 1,826,613,093 I ,76 ,472. I4S ,701,457 99,482,000, 1 18,23 ,496 weden.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ISSI 63,373,293 21,262,267 21,051,267 , 76,352,760 - 63,393,6to Switzerland * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ISSI 7,389,409 8,385,Soo 8,458,800. Not given. Not Given. Turke " ................. • ISSI 532,186,17o 72,701,280 86,169,436 107,500,000 99,250,000 hited States. . . . . . . . . . . . 1SS2 | 1,518,312,904 403,525,250. 257,982,439 767,111,964, 799,959,736 *guay................. ISSI 47,861,042; 7,890,000 7,918,443 39,209,271; 19,752,201 *nezuela.... . . . . . . . . . . . ISSI 67,309,990 4,680,000. 4,448,000 14,Sooooo. 11,300,000 s r | – Total debts.......... 27,423,074,682 | | toria and Western Australia. "---~~ * Including merchandise, specie and bullion. * Including New South Wales, New Zealand, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Vic- AMOUNT OF PAPER M0NEY IN THE UNITED STATES. 3. The Turkish government by arrangement with a committee of bondholders, “scaled" its Public debt in 1831 from $1,264,009,425 to $532,186,170, pledging its revenues for payment. "--- [From the Report of the Comptroller of the Currency, December, 1882.] The following table shows, by denominations, the amount of national bank and legal tender *cs outstanding on Oct. 31, 1882, and the aggregate amounts of both kinds of notes at the same Period in 18So and 1881: :*-- --~- * ISS2. 1881. ISSO. * ational |Legal ten- DENoMINATIONs b.'. d £o: S. Aggregate.|Aggregate. Aggregate. *-*-__ h £ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * $ 813,800S 27,255,144|$ 28,06S,944 $ 25,793,171 # 24,247,362 #.............................. # #| 1:# 1' '# ".............................. 96,920,955 ,344,11o 165,265,065. 168,3So,062 167,042, ': * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 122,713,260 72,012,211, 194,725,471. 196,717,671 189,055,588 #ies.......................... 84,00i,540, 66,716,419 tsogt,959. 153,923,563. 147,715,837 ifties............................. 23.65%. 2,145.45 "Soz,6# 3,441.77; # ,475 £undreds..................... 31,553,Soo 34,237,9%. 65,336.6%. 63,190.3% $5,358,öö "We hundreds......... . . . . . $53,500 14,671,000 15,624,500 14,949,500 16,765,500 #', 'ousands.................... 197,000 12,200,500 12,397,500 12,266,500 14,640,500 'We, thousands............ . . . . . ... ... . . . . * * 2,395,000 2,395,000] 2,430,000 565,000 * thousands.... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 230,000 230,000 260,000 320,000 or unredeemed fragments of * Ded'ional bank notes............ 18,233].............'plus 1S,233 plus 36,5S6 plus 15,129 educt for legal , tender notes destroyed in Chicago fire ................. -1,000,000 –1,000,000 -1,oooooo -1,oooooo – Totals.. $361,000,946 $346,68, ord $707,6Sr,962, $705,622.5ot $68,744.4 609 PAY TABLE OF THE LEADING CIVIL OFFICERS OF THE UNITED STATES. President of the United States, per annum, $50,000. * Vice-President of the United States, per annum, $8,000. Cabinet ministers, per annum, $8,000. Chief-Justice Supreme Court, per annum, $10,500. Justices of the Supreme Court, per annum, $10,000. Senators and Representatives in Congress, with mileage, per annum, $5,000. Speaker House of Representatives, with mileage, per annum, $8,000. Secretary of the Senate, per annum, $5,000. Clerk House of Representatives, per annum, $5,000. Assistant Secretaries of Departments, per annum, $3,500 to $4,500. IIcads of Bureaus, per annum, $3,000 to $5,000. Superintendent Coast Survey, per annum, $6,000. Judges District of Columbia, per annum, $4,000. Secretary Smithsonian Institution, per an- num, $4,000. * Ministers Plenipotentiary to Great Britain, France, Germany, and Russia, per annum, $17,500. Ministers Plenipotentiary to Spain, Austria, China, Italy, Mexico, Brazil, and Japan, per annum, $12,000. Ministers Resident and Plenipotentiary to Chili, Peru, Central American States, per annum, $10,000. Ministers Resident to Belgium, Netherlands, Sweden and *Norway, Turkey, Hawaiian Islands, Hayti, Colombia, Venezuela, Argen- tine Republic, and Greece, per annum, $7,500. Ministers Resident to Denmark, Switzer- land, Bolivia, Paraguay, and Uruguay, $5,000. Minister Resident to Liberia, $4,000. Interpreter and Secretary of Legation to China, per annum, $5,000. * Dragoman and Secretary of Legation to Turkey, per annum, $3,000. Consul-General to Cairo, per annum, $4,000. Consul-General to I.ondon, Liverpool, Paris, IIavana, and Rio Janeiro, per annum, $6,000. Consul-General to Calcutta and Shanghai, per annum, $5,000. Consul-General to Melbourne, per annum $4,500. Consul-General to Kanagawa, IIonolulu, Montreal, and Berlin, per annum, $4,000. Consul. General to Vienna, Frankfort, Rome and Constantinoplc, Halifax, Bangkok, per annum, $3,000. Consul-General to St. Petersburg and Mexico, per annum, $2,000. Charge d'Affairs to Portugal, $5,000; to Roumania, $4,000. Secretaries of Legation, from $1,500 to $2,625. Consuls, from $1,000 to $7,000. The Postmasters, Collectors of the Revenue, Territorial Governors and Judges, and other officers employed throughout the country, are too numerous to be designated in this placc. -—" --> * l - * *—- --> - A TABLE SHOWING PYRAMIDS, CATHEDRALS, MINSTERs, MONUMENTS AND ARCHES OF ALL AGES. *r- – MonuMENTs. City or Place. Count RY. HEIGHT, Feet. PURPosE. BUILT. BUILDER. —-T Cathedral * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Colo Inc ------ German * * * * * * I I Wors * * Church Great Pyramid------------------- £iro". £: *:w 450 £nt #: &# £ Catholic Khafras Pyramid.----------------|Near Cairo ----|Egypt-...------- 454, now 447 * * t \ About 2356 Khapa Menkara's Pyramid --------------|Near Cairo ----|Egypt.---------- 219, now 203 * * * * * 27oo, Menkara Cathedral of St. Stephen's-------- Vienna -------. Austria -------. 470 S. Tower Worship A. D. |Roman Catholic Church Cathedral ------------------------ Strasburg ---. -- Germary ------ 468 Spire * , Completed 1439. “ b h. t is Cathedral Notre Dame ----------- Antwerp ------- Belgium. * * * * * * * 46o ** ** £ 1352 { % $ 6 t # Cathedral -----------------------|Goniens-------- France -------. 422 * * - # * h * & Ot Church of St. Martin.------------|La'rdshut ------ Bavaria -------- 42o * to a 1450; " * * * , St. Peter S - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Rome * * * * * * * * * * Italy * * * * * * * * * * Dome 405. Cross 448 * { 1:30 ** t 4 * * Cathedral --------------- Cremona. ------|Lombardy------ .306 ** 1333 “ * * * * Cathedral ------------------------ Florence ------|Italy ---------- C. ūt 1298. “ t . ** Cathedral * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Freiberg * * * * * * * Baden * * * * * * * * * 367 | 1 1122-1513 | ". * * th Cathedral St. Paul's-------------- London --------|England ------- 365 t* 1675-1715 English Church Cathedral of St. Mark------------ Venice -------- # * * *-* - - - - - is 353 { \ 167: Roman Catholic Ch rch Cathedral La Giralda Tower.------ Saville -------- Spain ---------- 350 { % 1196–1568. “ t , * * Cathedral ----------- -------------|Milan ---------. Lombardy ---- 350 $t 1387. “ * * * * Cathedral ------ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Salisbury ------ England ------ | 35o * * 12.20 ** * , * * Parliament House, Victoria Angle|London --------|England ------ 340 Legislature 1830–1868 English Government Cathedrat of St. Martin ----------|Utrecht --------|Netherlands---- 328 Worship 720-1382|Roman Catholic Church Cathedral of St. Patrick----------|New York-----. United States -- 328 * { 1870-188o “ { % * * Cathedral ------------------------|Munich --------|Bavaria.-------- 320 & 1368-1494 * * * ** Cathedral.-----------------------|Bologna-------. Italy ---------- 32x * : 1396 " * @ * * Cathedral.-----------------------|Lincoln.-------- England -----. 3Co ** 1250|_ " t; tı * * Church, Trinity------------ to e <-- * * New York * * * * United States * * 284 * . Episcopal Church Cathedral.------------------------ Mexico --------|Mexico -------- 28o * : * 1573-1667 Roman Catholic Church Cathedral ----------------- -------|Montreal ------ Canada -------- 28o $t 1865-1880. “ * * ** Campanile Tower --------- ------|Florence ------ Italv ---------- 276 1334|| “. 66 ** Cathedral ------------------------|Canterbury ----|England ------ 250 $4 1150. “ * * * * Cathedral • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Dantzic * * * * * * * * Prussia * * * * * * * * 250 { { 1343-1503 *t 6 * " (, Column ----------- * * * * * * * * - * * * * * Delhi * * * * * * * * * * India as s e s m = - *** | 26o Commemoration] £: * - * * * * * * * * £in * * * * * * * * ####| 26o ty h 1413 athedral ---------- --------------|Lima ----------|Sout IT CITIC:l. : Worshi Piza Westminster Abbey ------------|London --------|England ------ # snip esc-à. £ Catholic Church Notre Dame Cathedral * * * * * * * * * * * Paris * * * * * * * * * * France * * * * * * * * 224 44 1250 * , * * a * English Cathedral.------ ----------|Montreal ------|Canada -------- 224 ** Episcopal Church Notre Dame Cathedral ----- ------|Montreal ------ Canada -------- 226 * 4 Roman Catholic Church Monument, Bunker's llill -------- Boston --------|Massachusetts 22 I Commemoration 1825-1842|Republic Ö £ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * $: * * * * * * * * # * * * * * * * 22O Worship Unfinished, 1211. Roman Catholic church * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 22O to k th * , Cathedral.------------------------ Ely.-------- ----|England ------ 218 $4 # ūt “. . * , SS. Peter and Paul Cathedral ----|Philadelphia ---|Pennsylvania -- 2 IO 6 * { % * . * * Christ Church---------- * - * * * * ----|Philadelphia --|Pennsylvania .. 196 * & 1727|Episcopal Church Leaning Tower.------------------|Pisa.-------- ----|Italy ----------- 179 Bell Tower 1174|Roman Catholic Church Washington Monument.----------|Baltimore ------ Maryland.------ *: IO Commemoration Republic Troian's Column ---------------El Rome----------|Italy ---------- 132 6 * 114|Rome Arch of Triumph * - - E s = ----------|Paris ---------- France -------- 162 ** 1805-1845 France Column of July ----- -------------|Paris ---------- France -------- X54 t 6 1832]. “ Garisenda Campanile ------------ Bologna--------|Italy ---------- 250 Bell Tower 118o Roman Catholic Church Monument Place Vendome-------|Paris ------ ----|France--------- I43 Commemoration 1805 Napoleon Bonaparte Marcus Aurelius' Pillar-----------|Rome---------- Italv ---- 123 © . 176 Marcus Aurelius Colossus, Brass Statue------------|Rhodes --------|Turkey -------- IoS Honor of Apollo B. C. 280|Rhodians Obelisk of Luxor * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Paris ------- ---|France -------- IQ Commemoration From Thebes|Thebans Lateran Obelisk Thothmes ------|Rome -------- 'Italy ---------- 150 * , Br’t from Egypt'Constantine_- Great Assembly Rooms, in the 0Id and New World. – ... . } BUILDING. CITY. CAP. BUILDING. CITY. CAP. BUILDING, CITY. CAP. BUILDING. CITY. CAP- –l-T Coliseum ------|Rome -------|87,ooo! Alexander ------|St. Petersburg|2,332|Theater Italien. is -------- * ----. 1.5% St. Peter's------| “ ------- £ San Carlos------ Naples------ g # £ #: * * * * * * * * # £Ath'' Boston I.....[1,275 Cathedral ------|Milan -------|40,ooo! Haverly's. Th’re Chicago.------|2,238|Odeon ----------| “ --------|1.65o|Durley Hall----- Bloomington - 1,200 Th’re of Pompey Rome 40,000|Music Hall Boston ------- # Opera Comique..." --------- 1.533 Academy ......|Des Moines-- £ T. of Marcellus...] “ -------|20,oool Academy of ----|Paris---------|2,092|Stadt. Theatre --|New York --- 3:35 Niblo's Garden. New York --- *% St. P.tul's * * * * * {& * * * * * * * 38,000 Imperial * * * * * * * * St. Petersburg|2,160 Acad. of Music.. * * * * * 3.433 Bowery Theatre * , * * * 1.775 St. Paul's. ------|London ----|31,ooo La Scala-------- Milan --------|4,cool Acad. of Music...'Philadelphia - 2.36: Music Hall ----|New Haven.--|* 5oo St. Petronia ----|Bologna ----|26.coo!Covent Garden--|London ------|2,684|Carlo Felice ---. Genoa ------- 3:63 Mobile Theatre Mobile, Ala-- 2,500 Cathedral ------|Antwerp ----|25,000|Boston Theatre. Boston ------. 2,972|Opera House----|Munich ------ 2.367 Greenlaw Óp. H|Memphis ---- 1,507 Cathedral ------|Florence ----|23.5oo G'd Opera Hall|New Orleans. 2.652 Opera House....|Birm'gham Pala:03 Acad. of Music. New Orleans. 1,674 St.John's Latuan Rome -:-:- 23,ooo|St. Charles Th. * * |2:36'd opera House Cincinnati ... 2.35% varieties * * * { 1,565 St. Sophia's ----|C'nstanti ple|23,oool G'd Qp. House. New York----|1383 globe Theatre--|Boston ----> 2.2%|Wallack's Th’re New York---- 1,60 Notre bame de...|Paris........!27.5cc Booth's Theatre|| “. . . .307|6pera House....|Columbus, Ö.3.Cooltjnion Sq. There “ . . .…- 1.21o Cathedral ------|Pisa -------- 13 coolopera House....|Detroit ---...|1,796|Acad. of Music. Charleston ...a cool Walnut St. Th’re Philadelphia-l: St. Stephen's----|Vienna------|12,4oo!McVicker's Th:|Chicago.------|1.786|Opera House.--. Canton, Q. -- 2,000 Arch St. Theatre $4. * # St. Dominic's --|Bologna ----|12.öoolNew. Music Hall|| “..." ...---|1,786 Opera House.---|Atlanta, Ga...|2,ocoChestnut St. Th. * * - 12.3 # St. Peter's ------|Bologna ----|11,400|Ford's Op. House|Baltimore ----|1.720 Opera House----|Battle Creek 2,ooo Fox's Amer. Th... " ' - |2,25 Cathedral.------|Vienna :---|11.coo!National Theatre Washington --|1.709|Tremont Temple|Boston -------|1,942|Qpera House.-- |Terre Haute. 2.9% Mormon Temple Salt L. City- 10,coo G’d Opera IIouse St. Louis ----|2,676 Burtis Op. House Davenport. Ia. 2.83 Acad of Music. Peoria, Ill---- £ St. Mark's ------ Venice ------ 7.5oo|Cal. Theatre----|San Francisco 1,651|Acad. of Music. Indianapolis.[1,800.Th’re Comique. St. Louis---- 1.504 Gilmore'sGarden|New York...| 8,443 Euclid Av.Op. H|Cleveland.----|1,7óo Opera House----|Adrian. Mich. 1.5co Opera House----|Pittsburg ---- £ Bolshoi Theatre St. Petersb'g 5,ooojQpera House----|Berlin.------- 1,636|Opera House----|Allentown, Pa. 1.5oo 5th. Ave. Th’re * * ---- £ Music Hall.------ Cincinnati---| 4,824|Martin's Op. H. Albany ------ 1,460 Opera House....|Altoona, Pa...r.o.o. Collingw'd Qp. H|Poughkeep' 2.25 Washington Hall|Paterson, N.J. 3,ood Hooley's Theatre|Chicago.-----|1.373|Hill's Op. House|Ann Arbor----, 1.5oo! Maguire's Th’re San Francisco # University Hall. Ann Arbor. 3,500|Ambigu Comique|Paris---------|t.goo!!!ethooven, Hall ||Boston ------ £re Roval...!Montreal.---- 1,3 City Hall ------ Columbus, Ö." 3.5oo'Porte St. Martin' " ........ 11.5ool Front st. Theatrel Baltimore ....":56:'G'd Opera House Toronto.-----> *- 6 IO –=: - 250 196 - | ALGIERS, DENMARK. HOLLAND, 8PAIN, Sweden, Italy, Turkey. Canada. Proportion of Production of the Meat supply of the World. In Thousand Tons. EXPLANAtion GRAIN SUPPLIES. The centre diagram rep- *ents the cereal produc- *ons of the United States, 5- OUNTRIES. the entire square repre- C #5 *enting the production of 53. ", in bushels: the entire United Stat 8 o *uare next in size, that of ited States....48 ...41 '. etc. From this, it C OR N, Russia..............20.2.18 "beseen that nearly four times as many £ of 1,754,861,535. Germany...........21.1.23.7 " are produced than France.............. 19.9.24 wheat. The diagrams at top and foot of page show how much *d, grainand meat, is pro- duced in the world, and the "portion furnished by *h country. Austria............. 14-3-13.5 Gt. Britain........ 11.9.20 Spain...............17.9.17.6 Italy................. 9.4... 9.6 ...' table shows the ratio Canada............ 40.3-37.9 *d (grain only) con- - '' and produced per in- Belgium............ 17.2.22.8 : "t. Europe has a defi- Sweden............. 11.7.1.2 of 38ooooooo bushels of stain and nearly 853,000 Denmark.......... 36,8.30.8 £ of meat yearly. The "d States have a sur- - 9.7 : of 370,000,ooo bushels Australia.........-21 -14 '", and 1,076,000 tons Holland............ 12.5.16.2 £, or enough to sup- * the deficit in Europe. Portugal............ 7.1. 8.3 TURKEY. BELGIUM. AUSTRALIA. |*|--|--|| || Proportion of Production of the Grain Supply of the World. In Million Bushels. -> * - 4, *- 616 --THE OGG UPHTIONS.-- Pictorial Illustration showing the Total Number of Persons Pursuing Gainful Occupations in the United States in 188o. - PROPORTION OF SEX. PROPORTION OF SEX. NoTE-It appears from these diagrams that the aggregate num- ber of persons having gainful avocations in the United States is 17,392,099, being 34.68 percent of the entire population and 47.31 per cent of the population ten years of age and upward. There are 3,991,038 males over ten years of age unaccounted for; this is probably made up chiefly of the following classes: children attend- ing school, students who are pursuing courses of instruction, those who are afflicted by permanent bodily or mental infirmities, the members of the criminal and pauper classes, and the number of per- sons sixty years of age and upward, of whom there are 518,778. Male, 1,750,892. #: TRADE AND TRANSPORTA- TION. MANUFACTU RING. Unaccounted for, 32,763,684. PROPORTION PROPORTION OF SEX. EXPLANATION. These tables embrace only gainful and reputable occupations. The inner circle of the large diagram represents the entire popula- tion of the United States; subdivided, showing the number of per- sons having occupations and number unaccounted for. The outer circle represents the four great classes, viz: agriculture, professional and personal services, trade and transportation, and manufactures, including the mechanical and mining industries, and the number employed in each; also accounts for the part of the unemployed as under ten years of age. There are 15,378,470 unemployed females over ten years of age. This large number is chiefly made up of the classes named in above note, accounting for unaccounted males, AGRICULTURE. and of the far greater classes of women-wives, mothers, or grown Female, 1,361,295. PR - daughters, keeping house for their families or living at home without OFESSIONAL any special avocation. The smaller diagrams show the proportion of sex in each of the four great classes of occupation. 617 | * = --> (RADUFHCTURES OF THE WORLD. Table showing the Total Value of the Textile, Hardware and Sundry Manufactures of the World. In Million CountRY. | Dollars. Also pictorially tabulated. - Holland, - 29 Nor, and sw. 34 34 219 287 I 5 I 6 I 205 | I Switzerland and Greece, | 24 is 345 384 | * Colonies 165 97 146 4.08 Belgium, - 146 63 204 413 || 1 Spain, - 107 29 292 428 Italy, - - 122 24 4I4 560 Textiles, - Hardware, Sundries, - EXPLA NATION. The figures given represent the total value of the manufactures of each country in mil- lion dollars as estimated by the Balance Sheet of the World. The diagram shows the relative proportion of each to the other. The United States appear as foremost among the manufacturing nations, owing to the fact that Austria, - 175 73 754 I,oo2 754 flour, timber, etc., enter so largely into the list of Sundries. If table were confined to Russia, - - 263 73 778 1,114 778 textiles and hardware only, Great Britain would be the first, the United States being but about 61 per cent of that of Great Brit- Germany, 462. 302 1,314 2,078 *314 ain. Great Britain's manufacture of sundries being but a little more than one-half of the whole amount, while that of the United States is about four times that of hardware and textiles together. "ance - 6s2 109 1508 2,359 1,508 * Britain, 1036 754 1897 3,687 | " . " Un. States, 559 530 3230 4,319 –55 3,230 * t | " POPULHTIOR OF THE URITED STATES. PROPORTION OF SEX Pictorial Diagrams, showing the Relative Proportions of the Native and - Foreign Male and Female, White and Colored Population in the United States, according to the Tenth Census. PROPORTION OF SEX, FEMALE, 21,587,586. S NATIVE POPULATION, %2 35 5 * MASSACHUSETTS. & 5' 5 A £ S 3 & # - | FEMALE, EX PLA NATION. - 24,636,963. The inner circle represents the entire population of the United States, 52,155,783, as shown by the Tenth Census. This circle is divided, showing the native and foreign pop- ulation. It will be seen that the latter are about one-seventh of the whole. The larger or outer circle shows the relative population of the several States, and can be relied upon as correct. The united population of New Jersey and Ohio, for instance, equals that of Pennsylvania, as is shown on the diagram. The space given to the outer circle of diagram shows the nativities of our foreign pop- ulation. There are in the United States, 14,955,996 persons having one or both parents foreign-born, or foreign-born persons having parents both native-born. The small diagrams representing the proportion of sex in native, foreign and total population and proportion of color, explain themselves. It is here shown that the males predominate both in native and foreign population. For fuller statistics, see page giving tab- ulated statement of the population of the United States, | --" - *-|-- - except the Territory of Alaska. -°l THE PUBLIC LADDS WHERE THEN LIB." Table showing the number of Acres of Public Land Unsurveyed in the states and Territories, June 30, 1882, 47,181,877. wYoMING TER, Louisiana, 515,329, CALIFORNIA, 40,495,097. ARIZONA TER., 66,454,450. DAkoTA TER, |66,185.11g. g Q 5 : MonTANATER, NEw MEXICOTER, 5 # | - 80,038,018. - 54,057,330. = 2. r- = - = - - C- - I. - - Ú/ - < - B. UTAH-TER, 43,577,687. OREGON TER., 29,819,341. IDAHO, TER, 47,111,652. Nebraska, 4,653,681. INDIAN TERRITORY, 17,150,250. EXPLA NATION. Diagram represents the total area of the public domain of the United States remaining unsurveyed, inclusive of private land claims surveyed up to June 30, 1882; this is exclusive of Alaska (369,529,600 acres). From this it will be seen that Montana has 80,038,018 acres unsurveyed, while Dakota and Arizona are nearly equal; the smallest number of acres of any one State being in Louisiana, which occupies but a small corner of the diagram. This diagram should be studied in connection with the reference table, Our Public Lands, * given in this volume. – –- G-T |- 18–- - * * FRIIIILIETILIN IIF FIL. IRIIN IN THE WIRLII. ** IN TONS. - - EXPLAN ATION. The entire production of pig iron in the United States for the year 1881 was 4,641,564 tons, of which Pennsylvania produced nearly one-half, or 2,190,786 tons. This enormous production is shown by the large center circle, around which are £ smaller circles showing the relative proportion of production of each of the several States; the number of tons produced is also given for each State. The central diagram inside of triangle shows the relative production of the leading countries of the world, from which we learn that Great Britain produces more than double the amount produced by this country, and Germany but a little less than the United States. Texas, Vermont, 3,000. 2,796. MISSOURI, Connecticut, Massachusetts, North Carolina, Washington Ter O 1,200. Kentucky, 45,973. California, All other- 4,414. countries|| WISCONSIN, Io2,029. United States, 2741,853. EGreat Britain:#337. THE WORLD'S PRODUCTION OF PIG. IRON. PENNSYLVANIA, 2,190,786. Minnesota, FOR ADDITIONAL STATISTICS SEE TABULATED MATTER. - 7" --> *THE EIIHIFTIIdIII:firin IIf the IIIIifed States.** 621 Diagram showing the Number of Tons of Coal Produced in the United States. (Saward's Estimate/or rāśr.) EXPLA NATION. The square represents the entire production of coal in the United States, the smaller squares representing the relative proportion Produced by each State—the State of Pennsylvania producing nearly 65 percent of the total amount, and with the exception of Ioooo tons from Rhode Island, the entire Anthracite supply of the United States. west virginia, *— coLoRADo, E 700,000. ALL OTHER I,500,000- STATES. Alabama, KANSAS, - 750,000. Tennessee. = Iowa, - Wyomind. | Er 1759, ooo- | - - OHIO, 8,250,000. PENNSYLVANIA: Anthracite, - - 28,500,or 6 Tons. Bituminous, - 20,000,ooo “ == Total, - - 48,500,016 “ E - - - - | = - | Georgia............................. 150,000 North Carolina................... 35o Utah................................. 275,000 Michigan........................... IOOOOO Oregon.............................. 43,205 Virginia............................. IOO,OOO Montana........................... 224 Rhode Island................. ..., IOOOO Washington Ter.................. 175,000 Nebraska........................... 2OO Tennessee............-------------750,000 Wyoming................. - 225,000 * *> -: 2. 622 COTTON, IN BALES. T Kentucky, 1,367. Virginia, 11,ooo. Indiana, 12,ooo. Missouri, 19,733. | | North CAROLINA, 389,598. The Cotton and Tobacco Production of the United States. From the Returns of the Tenth Census. -o-o- TOBAcco, POUNDS. STATE- _Total PRODUCTION: Kentucky, E- 171,120,784. North Carolina, 26,986,213. Maryland. ====26,082,147. Connecticut, - E Missouri, - - LOUISIANA, 508,569. Wisconsin, Indiana, - - New York, - Massachusetts, - Illinois, - - West Virginia, - Arkansas, - - GEORGIA, 814,441. 12,015,657. - o,608,423. 81872,842. 3,935,825. 2,296,146. 970,220. T MISSISSIPPI, 955,808. to pounds, it will be seen that the United States consumes but were used in cotton manufactures, not including the hosiery mil Explanation.-The left-hand column of this pictorial illustration shows, the relative proportion of cotton-producing States, and the amount of production in 1879, according to the tenth census. Taken in connection with the illustration on the opposite page, and reducing the number of bales £ per cent. of the production. ###". were raised in 1879; 1,586,481 bales n mil s or any of the mills known as woo s. See table of Cotton anufactures. - - -e) * 623 == --> * Consumption of Cotton, W00 and Flax in the World. IN MILLION POUNDS. --- Z *x. $ # 3 + O 2 - O © P- - E- Scandinavia, 25 23 19 67 Cotton, Holland, - 13 7 55 75 Wool, - Switzerland -> Fl and Greece, | 7o 20 20 IIo ax, - Spain, - - 76 4o 26 I42 76 |49 6 Italy, - - - 4 25 149 go 34.25 - 9o 3 = EXPLAN ATION. An interesting table is here presented, showing the consumption of cotton, wool, and flax by the leading nations of the world. Great Britainstands at the head, consuming 1,404,oooooo pounds of cotton, 401,oooooo pounds of wool, and 766,oooooo pounds of flax-one- half more cotton than that consumed by the United - States, 62 per cent greater of wool and 33% times more = - m flax; the consumption of cotton being greater in *~ | pounds than France's entire consumption of the three staple articles. Here we find a confirmation of the table showing the Manufactures of the World, where Great Britain's manufacture of textiles is more than double that of the United States. Br. Colonies, 105 35 so I90 Belgium, - 48 ros 148 3or Austria, - - 13o 8o 95 305 Russia, - . 133 16s 220 sis 133 Germany, - 390 265 305 960 -390- France, - 270 35o 402 1,022 -270- United States, | 911 258 23 1,192 Gt. Britain, 1,404 4or 766 2,571 I7404 *- - 1 :- - - THE RELIGIOCIS CREEDS 0F THE WORLD. t Showing their Proportion, Sect, Number and Location throughout the World. --- - - PARSEES, I, OOO,Ooo. g : & 5 - - 3 * s: #: a | - # \ - |- s \ % 3. * - ~ * S. a. | : S $ R. \ | * - - '-> - - S S See * N '*or s' s _al - <> - * w O Co- £ co” *. O V. gu RoP” <> * c” ooooo ooo £9 20*. 147,300." |C & | oTHER - RELIGIONS, % Ż Ż - 817,ooo.o.o.o. Ż % EXPLAN ATION. The inner circle represents the entire world; this is divided, showing the proportion of Christians to other creeds, also giving the numerical strength of each. The second inner circle shows the distribution of Christians in the three great Churches: the Roman Catholic, the Greek or Eastern, and the Protestant; each of these is again subdivided, as shown in the third or outer circle, giving their strength on the different continents. The location of Mohammedans, Buddhists and other creeds is also given. There are 3,750,000 Jews in Europe, over 2,oooooo being in Russia alone; about 250,000 in America, 2,000,000 in Asia, 1,000,000 in Africa, and 3,000 in Australia. e 624 - g- - ---, . | | ---> # *NoMINATIONs. # > ~ Six-p-, Q- *Princ. Baptist.... 20... "depend. Methodist 13- Shaker.................... 17... Amer. Communities. I4--- New Mennonite....... 31. Primitive Methodist 121 New Jerusalem........ 91. Reformed Presbyt... 41- Seventh-Day Bapt... 87. Reformed Episcopal. 55... Adventist................ 91--- * Methodist....... 287. Jews...................... 269... Seventh-Day Adven. 608... Moravian - 74--- Wesleyan Methodist 26o... Unitarian................ 342.-- Winnbrennerian - 569. Universalist............. 719.-- Anti-Mission Baptist, 1,090... second-Adventist..... 583... *iends................... 621... Meth. Epis, colored 1,038... Free-will Baptist...... 1,485... Refehurch of Am... 489. United Presbyterian. 793. Dunkards - 7Io... *vangelical Ass'n. 1,332.-- Mormon................. 654... 3 394.-- Religious Denominations in the United States." Pictorial Diagram and Table showing the number of churches, Ministers and Members of the several Denom- inations in the United States, January 1, 1883. EXPLANATION. This table gives the latest statistics of the relig- ious denominations in the United States, the tab- ulated matter being illustrated by a diagram show- ing the relative proportion of each. The Baptist denomination being the strongest numerically, after the Roman Catholic, they occupy in the diagram a double line, equivalent to nearly four times that of the Presbyterians. Several of the de- nominations are so small that they cannot be shown in the diagram. It is estimated by the publisher of the N. Y. Independent that Jan. 1, 1884, there were 115,610 churches, 81,717 ministers and 17,267,678 communicants in the United States, in a total pop- ulation of 50,155,000. Subtracting the Catholic population from the 17,oooooo, we have in round numbers Io,5ooooo Protestant communicants. A very low ratio would be three children and adher- ents to a communicant; upon this basis, the Protes- tant population would be 42,500,ooo, to which add the Catholic population, and we have a total Chris- tian population of about 48,83oooo, leaving the Jews, Mormons and other classes, besides the non-religious, to make up the small balance of 1,200,ooo. 625 -> * The Roman Catholics have 5,975 churches, 6,366 priests, and 6,370,858 adherents of that faith, according to the Catholic Directory of 1882, but the Church membership is not reported. *b. Cumberland. 2,474... 1,386... 111,855 Meth. Protestant..... 1,501. 2,12o. 118,170 Presbyterian south. 1,928. 1,031... 119,970 United Evangelical. 366... 363. 144,000 Ref Church in U. S. 1,384. 752... 154,742 United Brethren...... 2,207... 2,200... 155,437 Protestant Epis........ 3,049... 3,496. 342,590 Congregational - 3,689... 3,589. 383,685 - - Christian....... ... 4,681. 3,658. 567,448 | *sbyterian............ 5,338... 4,920... 573,377 "theran................. 5,556... 3,102. *th. Epis, south............ 3,593- Methodist Episcopal, 16,721. 9,261.1,680,779 *ptist....................24,794...15,401-2,133,044 - 626 -*** - #STANDARD T£2. *\s, TIME.: "HE adoption of a practical system of standard time had long been considered “a consummation devoutly to be wished,” but exceedingly difficult to accomplish. After several conferences and a careful examination of the several schemes pro- posed from time to time by various scientific *** men, the railroad officials of this Continent decid- ed, at their last National Council, to adopt as their standard of regulation the time of the Greenwich Observatory, London, England, and, as the longitude in which their roads were situated was fifteen degrees westward from Greenwich, make their standard of time that many hours slower than . Greenwich. Hence the 60th degree of longitude is four hours, the 75th five hours, the 90th six hours, the 105th seven hours, and the 120th eight hours slower than Green- wich time, thus making five different standards of time between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, viz.: Interco- lonial, Eastern, Central, Mountain, and Pacific. The *: - | 4thany & ū. - * *_ E. X \ Austin #: hihuahua * * > * \La - *Z- O ~9& £o- - THE NEW STANDARD RAILROAD TIME EXPLAINED AND COMPARED-WITH *# ===-Q0) (75) |- - # - - | | ENTRAL TIME - - #" | i # N-T on' EastE","N s * I'r £"o s'ss E.' * * W. ff. - - rthurs - =-|--"cs | ≤: *...//*: \ **. St. Vin - . ...) & - - Croo. £ 3. • A M *are **'. \ */Zie' T - 9%: C. a syzy'." - * ottaw - --> |\ - - £5 - |- -:)-. ILLUSTRATED DIAGRAM. present system, and the first practical one ever devised, was perfected and carried through by William F. Allen, editor of the “Official Railway Guide,” and Secretary of the National Railway Convention. The several meridians are plainly indicated upon the map, and the territory included in the divisions shown by colors. The irregularity in the color boundaries is caused by various roads wishing to adopt as their standard the time of the meridian nearest to which the greater portion of their lines are situated. The unanimity with which towns and cities responded to this radical change was remarkable. At the present time the people have generally conformed to, and regulated their timepieces by, “Standard Railroad Time,” no matter how much the same may differ from “Sun Time.” This difference between local or sun time is shown by the following table of the principal cities of the United States. In this table “faster” means that standard railroad time is so many minutes faster than local time, etc. Gre '- > '' ST. * - ' ' - '' - £ #ngr’s, * -Minutes- -Minutes- -Minutes- -Minutes- Cities, Faster. Slower. Cities. Faster. Slower. Cities. Faster. Slower. Cities. Faster. Slower Albany------------. - Danville, Va....... 18 - Louisville, Ky..... - 18 Richmond, Va.... IO - - Atchison, Kan..... 21 - Denver ... ........ The same. Memphis, Tenn.... The same. St. John, N. B...... 24 - Atlanta ............ .. 32 Des Moines. . . . . . . . 47 - Milwaukee, Wis... - 8 St. John's, N. F.... .. 32 Augusta, Me...... .. 21 Detroit...... - - - - - 28 Minneapolis, Minn. 13 - St. Louis, Mo...... I - Baltimore.......... 6 - Dubuque........... 3 - Mobile, Ala........ .. 8 St. Paul, Minn..... I-> Bangor.... ----- - - 25 Fargo.... ......... 27 - - Montgomery....... 15 - Salt Lake City..... 28 Bath, Me.......... 21 Galveston......... 19 - New Haven.... . . . . . 5 Santa Fe, N. Mex. 4. Boston............. - 16 Halifax............ 14 - New Orleans . . . . . . The same. San Francisco..... IO Buffalo . . . . . . . . . . . 16 - Hartford, Ct....... - 9 New York......... - - 4. Topeka, Kan....... 23 Charleston......... 25 Houston... ........ 24 - Omaha........ .... 24 - Toronto, Can. . . . . . 15 - Charlottetown, Indianapolis....... - 16 Philadelphia..... .. | - Trenton ............ - I P.E.I............ I- - Jefferson City...... 9 - Pittsburgh ......... - - 40 Virginia City, M.T. 28 Chicago............ .. 9 |Kansas City, Mo... 19 - Portland, Me...... - - 19 Washington, D.C.. 8 Cincinnati, O...... 22 Lacrosse, Wis..... 5 - Portland, Ore. . . . . . 1- - - Wilmington, Del... 2. Cleveland, O.... .. 33 Lincoln, Neb...... 27 - Providence, R. I. - 14 Yankton, Dak...... 30 Columbus, O....... 2S Little Rock, Ark... 9 - - – ---> |- .. ~ > t k l #== £r 9|2: . |-E *E=mem= 2, REE RELEGRHPE LIEES OF TRE WORLD. ! Diagram showing the Miles of Telegraph Lines and Number of Offices in all of the Countries of the World. 5 # s M. J. I., s: S COUNTRIES. * * # * • s 2 : # 2,500 5,ooo 7,500 ro,ooo 12,500 15,ooo 1775oo 20, ooo 22,500 25,ooo Q *: "nis.................. IQ.." 599 British Columbia- ...... 642 # Honduras * * * * * * *** * * * E. E. i - Ø 649 - Uruguay * * * ****** *** 2 I see 654 |- Philippines.......... 37... 713 - Ceylon * * * * **** * *** * * * * * * * * * 813 -. Guatemala * * * * * ***** 63... 1,160 * Cochin China...... ...... 1,229 mm EXP LA N AT I ON * Orange Free State. ...... 1,274 = * Servia. 67... 1,341 Each space ruled is supposed to represent 2,500 miles, or 25,000 miles across the Peru ,341 - page, the United States requiring nearly six lines to show the number of miles of *************** 34... 1,374 = telegraph lines, or 143,940 miles, while Russia with her 53,736 miles requires but a little Bulgaria-............ 37... 1,495 m- more than two lines. From this diagram a good idea can be formed of the vast amount of Greece ............... 88... 1,906 business controlled by the American lines over that of all other countries. It should be Denmark............ 132... 2,190 = borne in mind that this table represents only the miles of lines, not miles of wire; for in- Netherlands 203... 2,448 m- stance: the Mutual Union Telegraph Company, possessing 8,000 miles of line, had over Port * * * * * *** J. 60,000 miles of wire before being absorbed by the Western Union. The Western Union ugal ............. 196... 2,713 - Telegraph Company of the United States, with a capital stock of $80,000,ooo, has ex- Cuba .................. 187... 2,796 - clusive contracts with the International Cable Companies, operating eight Atlantic cables, Cape Good Hope. ...... ... 3,140 mm- The aggregate mileage as here given for the United States does not include railway, Roumania.........- 102... 3,297- government, private and telephonic lines, as same are not ascertainable. The entire length Belgium 827... 3,535 mm- of lines open for public business in the world will aggregate in 1884 about 600,000 miles. * * * * * * : * * * * **** * * * * Persia...... * * * * * * * * * . 78... 3,623 mm- Telephones.—The aggregate number of telephones in use in the United India (Dutch)...... 82... 3,644 States is somewhat over 300,ooo, with nearly 1,ooo telephone exchanges and an Ja aggregate length of wire of over Ioo,000 miles. It has been estimated that S "… 125.-- 3,929 120,000,000 communications per annum have been held with the exchanges. The Witzerland......... 1,034... 4,114 American Bell Telephone Company (Boston) had in use, January 1, 1883, about Algeria............... 106. 4,212 245,000 telephones, 7oo telephone exchanges, 69,000 miles of telephone wire and Brazil......... ......... 131... 4,657 a capital stock of $5,950,ooo. No data are at hand giving any reliable information Norway............. 132... 4,676 in regard to the extent of the telephone business of other countries. Egypt ** * * * ******* * * * * 168.... 4,872 Sweden.............. 171 .. 5,195 Chili.... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 118... 5,714 Argentine Rep...... 485... 7,303 Spain........... • ****** 354*** [O,013 Mexico......... ...... 363... 10,578 * Canada.......... ..... 830.... ro,994 *ly................... 1,633. 16,692 | Turkey............... 417... 17,085 | India (British)...... 239.... 20,468 Great Britain....... 5,443-26,289 *ustralasia.......... 675.... 27,831 = Austria-Hungary. 3,598. 31,121 | Germany * * * * * * * * * * * * * 7,366... 45,070 I i France ** * * * * * ". 5,481.... 45,878 : l I —T- : # L l l | | | l *ussia................ 2,510.... $3,736 = " | - | United States •..... 13,538-143,940 L– = L– | | | | 1 628 - # THE # RHILRIIHIIS # IIF # THE # WIRL II.44 Showing the Number of Miles of Railroad operated in all Countries of the World, January 1, 1883. M. I. L E. S COUNTRY. MILEs. I,OOO 2,OOO 3,Ooo 4,000 5,ooo 6,ooo 7,ooo 8,000 9,000 Io,ooo United States, 117,717 Germany, - 21,565 Great Britain, 18,168 France, - - 17,027 Russia, Aust.-Hungary, 11,738 India (British), 9,872 Switzerland, - 1,636 Arg. Repub. - 1,619 Netherlands, - I,227 Chili, Denmark, - - 978 Norway, - - - 946 = 96 Japan. Egypt, - - - 942 99 U.S. of Colombia Roumania, - - 916 IOI Natal. Cape Colony, - 905 Turkey, - - - 889 Cuba,. - - - 858 Algeria, - - - 804 Philippines, - 279 Turkey (Asia), - 250 Uruguay, - - 235 ~#- nearly $12,500,000,ooo. British railways have been the most costly, yet they render more service for the capital Canada, - - 7,894 Australasia, - 5,592 . Italy, - - - 5,4Io Spain, - - - 3,849 Sweden, - - 3,836 Java, - - - 3,498 Greece. Belgium, - - 2,597 I6 Trinidad. Mexico, - - 2,219 2I Guiana. Peru, - - - 2,030 25 Jamaica. Brazil, - - - 1,899 34 Nicaragua. Portugal, - - 1,039 * - " - 14,067 44 Paraguay. 56 Honduras. 66 Mauritius. - - - I,193 7o Vcnezula. 75 Ecuador. 95 Mamaqualand. IoS Costa Rica. 136 Ceylon. I55 Tunis. EX PLAN AT I O N. Owing to the great length of lines in the United States, it requires nearly twelve lines completely across the page to show them, against which but a little more than two are required to show the extent of Germany's railroads, and a second table with a much larger scale of miles to the inch is required to show the number of miles of railroad in the minor countries of the world. It has been estimated that there are nearly 300,000 miles of Railroad in opera- tion in the world, January 1, 1884. Over 100,000 miles of railroad have been built since 1870, estimated at a cost of expended than those of other nations; thus, for every $500 of capital invested, they carry 120 passengers or tons of cargo, against 54 in the rest of Europe, 41 in the United States and 25 in other countries, – –=* ~-TC) #" f < * += ==|-> "|S # $ k ($: * 'HE RAILROHDS OF THE UNITED STHTES. ” Diagram showing the Number of Miles of Railroad in Operation in each of the United States, Cost of Road and Equipment and Area of States. Note-For each roo miles of railroad in the United States there are 25.12 miles of second track, sidings, etc.; 19.28 locomotives; 13.94 passenger cars; ##########: -: #. IM. I 6 £o : 8 S - s #: cos'#" | Area. rooo 2,000 |3,000 || 4,000 5,000 | P: 7,999 || 8,990 || 9,000 to,ooolti,oool_M's Eq'nent. *bama............ 52,250 2,297...S84,424,205 Arkansas............ 53,850 - 67o... 21,651,284 California.......... 158,360 * . 2,871...259,883,598 °olorado...........103,925 === | 2,068... 71,139,659 Connecticut........ 4,990 '- - 931... 45,964, 193 Pelaware........... 2,oso" 217. 4.350,960 Florida.............. 58,680 - 775... II,447,530 Georgia............. 59,475 2,621... 55,408,478 Illinois..........a.. 56,650 ro,685.5oo,429,772 "diana............. 36:350 5,966...263,431,879 "................. 56,025 | 2,269... 74,000,139 *ansas.............. 82,080 3,507... I23,997,OII Kentucky.......... 40,400 2,893...Io7,oo4,567 Louisiana.......... 48,720 == 1,586... 74,330,516 *ine................ 33,040 = *- 1,094. 40,473,216 Maryland.......... I2,21o m- 1,147... 83,571,024 Massachusetts..... 8,315 2,250...I67,848,510 "ichigan........... 58,915 4,073... 160,190,901 Minnesota......... 83,365 3,973...213,379,999 Mississippi......... 46,310 L. : 459... 14,948,560 "souri............ 69,415 4,543.239,530,162 *braska........... 76,855 2,013...172,057,659 *vada.............11ozoo E. * 443... 16,570,715 New Hampshire, 9,305 = 897... 25,370,787 New Jersey........ 7,815 - 1,663...I68,218,355 New York • * * * * * * * * 49, I7O | . 5,981...559,921,240 "orth Carolina... 52,250 - : 1,615... 30,492,940 "................ 41,060 7,890...6Io,728,103 *gon.............. 96.030 - || 761.... 29.794,045 Pennsylvania....... 45,215 - | 6,748.585,424,686 *hode Island...... 1,250 - || 153... 6,736,799 South Carolina... 30,570 –– I,348... 36,740,932 Tennessee......... 42,050 -- | 1,904...II.4,785,774 *...............265.780 | 5,144...142,654,627 Vermont............ 9,565 - | 836... 34,680,521 Virginia............ 42,450 . —"— 2,505...I.42,891,043 West Virginia..... 24,780 - 227... 14,963,945 Wisconsin....... ... 56,040 ' I 5,303...I74,198,117 *rritories.......... ......... * - - - - El 1,994... 90,360,480 , = l From Poor's Manual of the Railroads of the U. S., 1882. . -= ~-e 16- > *19—-- 630 THE WORLD'S RULERS. -—21% GIVING THE NAMES OF ALL RULERS, ENGLAND, SC0TLAND, IRELAND, WALES, FRANCE, GERMANY., AND RUSSIA, NAME. EGBERT.... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ETHELwulf............... ET11ELBALD. . . . . is is © to is g a g # t is . . * * * * *THEI-RED. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ALFRED. ... ............... EDwARD T11E ELDER...... ATHELSTAN................ EDMUND........... * * * * * * * * EDRED is * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * EDwY.... a s is g is a s r. s is is s a G s = * BDGAR........ ............ EDwARD THE MARTYR.... ETHELRED II • * * * * * * * * * EDMUND IRoNSIDE......... CANUTE * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * HARolp I.......... * * * * * * * * HARDICANUTE............. EDWARD THE CoNFESSOR.. HAROLD II................. WILLIAM I................ WILLIAM II * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * HENRY I.. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * STEPHEN ............... * * * * HENRY II.................. Richard I................ OHN. . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * ENRY III. ............ is " a # EDwARD I ................ EDwARD II................ EpwaRD III.............. Ricitàro II....... ........ HENRY IV ................ HENRY V . . . . • HENRY VI .... EdwarD TV......... * * * * * * EDwARD V........... ... Richard III............... HENRY VII......... * * * * HENRY VIII... ........ EDwARD VI. ............. MARY I.... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * PLIZABETH................ JAMEs I. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * CIIARLEs I..... * * * * * * * * * * * CoMMONwFALT1:..... ... } CIMARLES II. ....... * * * * * * * * JAMES II.... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * WILLIAM III............. and MARY II. . . . . . . ANNE.......... * * * * * * * > * * * * * * * * * * * * * GEoRGE I.................. GEORGE II. ................ GEORGE III................ GEort GE IV............ WILLIAM IV .............. VICTORIA * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * -- AND THE PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. Dates of Accession, Age, Reign, and Date of Death. TD==C-E E:::N’G-S A_N-D QTC":EE:STS C-F ENT&---A-N-D- SAXONS AND DANES. First # all England................ . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * is Son of E ert.... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Son of Ethelwulf................ . . ................................................. Second son of Ethelwulf.......... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Third son of Ethelwulf........... ................... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Fourth son of Ethelwulf ..... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * to a s " " " E is * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Son of Alfred. . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * is E. E. E. s. s = * * * * * * * * is * * * is a Eldest SOIl of Edward * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Brother of Athelstan........................................ .......... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Brother of Edmund * * * * * * * * • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Son of Edmund.... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Second son of Edmund.... * * * * * * * is * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Son of Edgar * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Half-brother of Edward * * * * * e • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Eldest son of Ethelred........ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * is * * By conquest and election... s it is is + * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Son of Canute.... a s = • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Another son of Canute............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ * * * Son of Ethelred II * * * * • e s p < * * * * * * * * Brother-in-law of Edward........... * THE HOUSE OF NortMANDY. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Obtained the Crown b conquest. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Third son of W# Youngest son of William I....: '....: ..:...::::::::.................::::::::............ Third son of Stephen, Count of Blois, by Adela, fourth daughter of William I..... * * * THE HOUSE OF PLANTAGENET. Son of Geoffrey ### by Matilda, only daughter of Henry I.......... ........ Eldest surviving son of Henry II............... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * it is is a t to E t is + is an is a + i s a " ". Sixth and youngest son of Henry II........... .... Eldest son of John..... is * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * > * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * is E. E. is is is is is a s a s is in s : * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Eldest son of enryiii.................... • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Eldest surviving son of Edward I................ * * * * * * Eldest son of Edward II. ... as s R & # * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Son of the Black Prince, eldest son of Edward' III.................................... THE HOUSE OF LAN CASTER. Son of John of Gaunt, fourth son of Edward III.................................. ... Eldest son of Hen Only son of Henry IV * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * (Died 1471). * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * THE HOUSE OF YORK. His grandfather was Richard, son of Edmund, fifth son of Edward III.; and his ndmother, Anne, was great-granddaughter of Lionel, third son of Edward III. E. dest SOT! of Édward IV.... * * * * * * * * * * * g is is is g : * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Younger brother of Edward IV * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * THE HOUSE OF TUDOR. Son of Edmund, eldest son of Owen Tudor, by Katharine, widow of Henry V.; his mother, Margaret Beaufort, was great-granddaughter of John of Gaunt............. Only surviving son of Henry VII. .......... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Son of #. ''' Seymour.... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Daughter of Henry VIII. by Katharine of Arragon................................... Daughter of Henry VIII. by Anne Boleyn..... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * THE HOUSE OF STUART. Son of Mary Queen of Scots, £ of James IV. and Margaret, dau. of HenryVII. Only surviving son of James I. Commonwealth declared May 19. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector.................................... ................ Richard Cromwell, Lord Protector............. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * THE HOUSE OF STUART-RESTORED. Eldest son of Charles I........... * : * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Second son of Charles I, (Died 16 Sept., 1701)..... ..... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Interregnum, Dec. 11, 16SS-Feb. 13, 1689.)........................................... on of William Prince of Orange, by Mary, daughter of Charles I................. | Eldest daughter of James II...................................... Second daughter of James II................................ THE HOUSE of HANovER. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Son of Elector of Hanover, by Sophia, daughter of Elizabeth, daughter of James I.. Only son of George I................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Grandson of George II........ • - - - - - - - - * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Eldest son of George III......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Third son of George III................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Daughter of Edward, 4th son of George III................ • - - - * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1216 1272 1307 1327 1377 1399 1413 1422 1547 155. 155 1603 1625 1649 1653 1658 1660 16S5 * 1702 1714 I'72 # | S2O 1S30 1837 # Dep. 1399 Dep. 1461 Res. 1659 Dep. 1688 Dec. 17or 1016 1oró 1035 1040 1042 # 1066 1087 I IOO 1135 1154 1189 1199 1216 1272 1307 1327 1377 1413 1422 1483 1483 1485 1509 I547 155. 15 1603 1625 1649 16;s 1685 1702 1694 1714 172 # £ 1830 # t # 5 54 6S 51 32 49 67 § 68 72 Š-- –2]: 631 *. | - THE world's rulers—continued. ==SV===rcists or scort, Asrie ==eo: A. D. ice? re ri:= ar:ost vira: = "TGT.A:D. D Tegan to Reign. NAMEs. Began to Reign. - ... **19 July 8 || James IV......................... 14SS, June 11 Margaret:::::........... . . . . . . “1236, Mar. 19 || James V.......................... 1513, Sept. 9 John (Balliol)........ * * * * * * * * *392, Nov. 17 | Mary.............................1543, Dec. 16 Robert J. (Bruce)................ 1399, Mar. 27 | Francis and Mary................ 1558, Apr. 2: X':;....................... 1997, Sept. David II. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * . . . . . 1329, une 7 Mary.... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ..:# Dec. 5 £nder I...................... 1107, Jan. 8 || Robert II (Stewart).............. 1371, Feb. 22 | Henry and Mary................. 1565, July 39 £id.I........................... 1124, Apr. 27 | Robert IIT........ . . . . . . 1399, Apr. 12 | Mary __...... ... . . . . ............. 1567, Feb. 10 ######:### James I................ . . . . . . . . . . 1406, Apr. 4 || James VI.......... • - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 '' 29 I liam (The Lion)............... 1165, Dec. 9" | James II............. ... . . . . . . . ... 1437, Feb. 20 (Ascended the throne of England as James I., "exander II........ • . . . . . . . . . . . . 1214, Dec. 4. James III. ... * * * * * * * * . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Aug. 3 24th March, 1603) Rev EEEETEEREEEGENE 3: FEENTGES-A E. Eac":"... E. Lee." £-============ Roderick the Great * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * is a s a s a s is is a s = * * * * * * * * * 8;o I]:lf d * % Bleddyn........................................................... 1063 H *1\V , son of Roderick.................................... * : * * 877 Trahaern ap Caradoc * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1073 0\vel Dda, the Good.................................... * * * * * * * * 942 Griffith ap Cynan.. |NAMEs. Alexander III...... * * * * * * * * * * NAMEs. Began to Reign. Malcolm Ceanmohr) 10:7. Apr £d # * * * * * * * * * * * * * #. £ i5': is a si e s is is t < * * * * * * * * * ... 1094, May. £d (Bane)rest. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1095, Nov. - : * ~ *:: * : ~~~ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Jefan and Jä Q . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 948 Owain Gwynedd....................." : * * * * * * * * * * * * * * # Howel ##, the Bad.... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 2 David ap Owain Gwynedd.... ... ::::::::::::::: 1169 £ his brother...... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * # Llewellyn the *............................................... I 194 * ltil 1 Id Owen a Howel Dha........ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * # ap M C # dwal Voel........ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * I ewelyn ap itsyl ht................ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1015 #' ap Idwal ap Meyric............ s: s is as a # * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1023 riffith ap Llewelyn ap Sitsylht .......................... . . . . . . . . . 1934 David ap Llewell Th . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * I 2 #" Griffith, last Prince, 1246; slain | 2S2 O Ed' f Carnarvon, afterward King Edward if of England; Created Prince of Wales. 985 992 • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1284 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1301 ---~~~~~~~~~~~ --~~~~~~----------. *~ - D- ~~~~-ra-r: ~---------- --~~~- **-*- :- = ~:-----------. : E:As-TIES Asr=_se-E:E: THE MEROVINGLANS. Son of Childric I. The Hairy King of Salic Franks........ * * * * * * * * * * * * • . . . . . . . . .... 481 465 46 30 The last of his F:10C. . . . so e s • * * * : * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 737 752 * 15 | THE CARLOVINGLANS. PEPIN | Younger son of Charles Martel * 752 6S * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 16 SiiARLEMAGNE * * * * * * * * Son o Pepin. The Great Em eror of the West...................... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 68 14 # 46 #4;..... s is is s : * * * * First King of France, son of harlemagne... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . w • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * I4 OUIs V The “Indolent,” last of his race........ . . . . * THE CAPETLAN DYNASTY. Overthrows the Carlovingian Dynasty. The Great....................................... Surnamed Le Gros, or the Fat............ . . . . . . . . • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Son of Louis VII. The Greatest of the Capets. • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Son of Philip C II.--------------. . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Son of Louis III. St. Louis....: * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * I220 Surnamed the Bold, son of Louis IX.............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . # * The Fair p > ####, * Ic Bel.”...................................... 1285 Son of Philip e IV., * Ic ng.”............................. * * * * * • - - - - - - * * * * * * * * * * * * * * I314 J31 *E. Second son of Philippe IV........ ::......:::...................................... -------| 1316 “The Handsome,” third son of Philippe IV...................................... 1322 THE HOUSE OF VALOIS. de Valois, ndson of Philippe III........ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Son of Phi ippe VI * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Son of Jean. le Sage, Regent 1356......... le Bien Aime. Son o Charles * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * le Victorieux. Son of Charles VI............ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Eldest son of Charles VI1........ Last of his race. *r-rr-e-r- NAME. | Assn. "- Slovis........ is * * * * * * * * CHILDRIC IV.......... Died. | Age. Regn * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Hugir CAPEr Louis Vf............. PirilippE if........ * * * * UIS VIII......... * * * * Louis IX.............. £irilipp Eiii........... |PHILIppe IV'........... Louis PC... * * * * * * * * * * * * Ruilippi.v............ CHARLEs IV..... * * * * * # 1179 122 58 44 1223 122 *= 3 a. * * * * * is • * * * *** * * * * * * * * * * + r * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1328 1350 1304 13So 1422 1461 1574 1589 1610 1643 #intip VI............. £ oRJoiiN II....... HARLES V.... s: s , a p * * * CHARLEs VI.... * * * * * * * CIIARLEs VII. . . . . . |-ouis XI.............. HENRY III......... s is − s. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * is is is * = e s a s is a e s p s is is a s is a s s a s 8 s = * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * - Massacre of St. Bartholomew........ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * THE HOUSE OF BOURBON. *NRY Iv.............] The Great King of Navarre, Grandson of St. Louis...................................... Louis XIII............ The Just.... ::: . . . . . . * * * * * * * * > * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Louis XIV. * * * * * * * * The Great “Dieudonné”............................ * is a w w w = * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Louis XV * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Louis XVI...... * * * * * LouisjöVff............ RoNAPARTE !oNAPART BoNAPARTE. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 'Napoleon I..... NApoleoN It J-ouis XVIII, CIIARLEs X.. # PHILIPPE....... OMPTE DE PARIs...... *ouis Napoleon * * * * * * NApoleon III * * * * * * * * * * MARsitA. McMAlion. The WVel} Beloved.... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Guillotined January 2 It 1793. . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Never Reigned.................... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * THE FIRST REPUBLIC. The National Convention first Sat September 21 . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * r * is a e e < * * * The Directory Nominated November * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * THE CONSULATE. Cambacérès and Lebrun, December 24. . . . . . . . . " * - * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Consul for 10 years, May 6.... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Consul for life, August 2......... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * . THE EMPIRE. Decreed Emperor.... . . . . . . . . .-----------................. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Never reigned, died......... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * THE RESTORATION. Brother of Louis XVI. Re-entered Paris May 3.......................................... Deposed July 30, 1830 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * THE HOUSE OF ORLEAN.S. King of the French. Abdicated February 24, 1848........................ ............... Heir Expectant-b 1838........................ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * THE SECOND REPUBLIC. Provisonal Government formed February 22. . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Elected President, December 19. . . • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * THE SECOND EMPIRE. Elected Emperor. Deposed 1870 ..................... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * • THIRD REPUBLIC. Committee of Public Defence * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * , * * * * * * * * Elected President * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Elected President................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ES GREvy.... * * * * * * Elected President................ , - d. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ~i= 1715 1774 1793 1792 1795 smaï- * 3 - - 4 ="amis- * i 3 * --> 2 I 8 2 # – I C I S5 O 7 77 I S * : Now | President. Tl -->|rr 632 THE WORLD'S RULERS-Concluded. G--ERIM.A.N"SA" -A-TNT-C EC-E-R, ETCT-Ti-E-Es. NAME. | Assn. Died. Age. Regn. CLovis................... Ruled over France and Germany as one........ . . . . . • * * * * * * * * * * * * * - - - - - - - - - - - - - ... ... 48: 6 46 30 DAGoBERT I............ The Imbecile, son of Childeric II .............. ............ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | 628 $ 3 IO Crittneric IV........... [The last of his line............................................................. . .... 737 752 *- 15 PErin.................. ... | The Short, Carlovingian Dynasty..... ........ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * is a s is + . 752 *768 S4 16 C11ARLEMAGNE........... The Great, Sovereign of France and Germany.................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268 8: 72 46 J-UpwiG ................. The Pious founds the German Monarchy................................. ...... * * $3 876 71 33 CoNRAD I................ Count of Franconia.......................... • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * • - - - - - - - - || 911 918 * 7 IIENRY I................. The Fowler, first Emperor -- .... - ............... . . . . . . . . .................. 936 66 *- QTito I....... ........... The Great, son of Emperor Henry I.................. • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 936 973 61 37 OTito II..................] Surnamed Rufus the Red, son of Otho I.................. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 973 # 28 IO OTito III.................] Three years old when he commenced to reign.... ........... .......................... # IOO2 22 19 HENRY II................ | The Lime, last Saxon King. Canonized 1152............................ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * MOO2 1024 52 22 CoNRAD II............... King of £ Emperor of Rome.... . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . - - - - - - - - - || 1024 1039 •- 15 HENRY III............... Son of Conrad II. ....... • s p → * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1039 1056 39 17 HENRY IV............... Elected King 1054, crowned Emperor 1084............................... . . ...... * * * * * * west- 1106 56 52 HENRY V........ ....... | Son of Henry IV, Emperor IV................................ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1106 || 1125 44 19 CoNRAD III.............. Emperor............................ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1125 1152 59 2 FREDERICK. I............ Barbarossa, nephew of Conrad III............................ * * * * * * * * * * • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1152 1190 69 3 HENRY VI....... ... .... The Cruel, successor of Frederick I..................... . . . . .......... . . . . . . . ] I 190 1197 32 7 FREDERick II............ I Grandson of Frederick I............................................ * * * * * * * 1197 1251 57 # RUDoLF I................ Founding of Hapsburg Dynasty........................................ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1273 1291 79 I ADoLPIIUS of NASSAU... Nassau, defeats Albert I............ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1291 1298 46 7 ALLERt.................. Returns as Emperor................. : :::... ... . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1298 1308 60 IC) FREDERICK III.......... As Emperor of Germany. Frederick IV as King of Germany.......................... — I493 78 * MAXIMILIAN I... . . . . ... 1486 King of the Romans. . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1493 1519 | Go 26 CHARLEs V.............. Charles I. of Spain 1516, Emperor of Germany, Deposed 1586.......................... 1519 1558 58 3# FERDINAND I............ Son of Philip I. £ Rome............. ...................... ........ 1556 1564 61 FERDINAND II .......... o years war, grandson Ferdinand ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....................! 1619 1637 57 | 18 FERDINAND III. ... * * * * * * Smperor • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * # 1657 4Q 2O LEoPoLP I............... Son of Ferdinand III. of France................................. ...................... 165: 1705 65 47 Josepit I.................. | Son of Leopold I.................... . . . . ............................................... 1705 1711 44 29 CHARLES VI............. Last of the line of Hapsburg................................................... • . . . . . . . 1711 1740 55 | 6 PRUSSIA. FREDERICK III....... .... Elector of Brandenburg, first King of Prussia.............................. ............ 1688 1713 6S 25 FREDERICK WILLIAM I. Son of Frederick III. . . . . ...::::... . . . . . . ........................................ 1713 # 52 27 FREDERICK WILLIAM II.. The Great, son of Frederick William I.................. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * # I 74 46 FREDERICK WILLIAM III. | Son of Frederick William II....... • * : - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I # 7o 54 FREDERICKWILLIAM IV. | Son of Frederick William III: ... ...: ................................................... # ISO 1 66 21 WILLIAM I * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Second son of Frederick William III. ... ............................................ * * * I I 1871 - * Proclaimed Emperor of Germany........... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1S71 *- - - E"C"S.S.C.A.N." -->~">N.A.ST. "Sz". NAME. FROM PETER THE GREAT. Assn. Died. Age. Regn PETER 1....... ...........! Alexeivitch, the Great Czar of Russia......................................... * * * * * * * . 1689 1725 53 36 CATIARINE I........ ... | Mistress of Peter the Great......... ... ................................................ 1725 1727 42 2 PETER II................. Grandson of Peter 1.:...................... * * * * * * * * * * * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1727 1730 15 3 ANNA.................... Empress of Russia, niece of Peter the Great........................... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1730 1740 47 IO IVAN IV * * * * * * * * * * * * * Grand-nephew of Anna, imprisoned 1741, assassinated 1764............................. 1740 1764 24 * ELIZABETIf .......... . Petrovna, daughter of Peter the Great.......... * - " " - " - s is is s p * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1741 1761 53 2I PETER III........ .... Grandson of Peter I, assassinated July 10, 1762.......................................... 1761 1762 34 |7 mos CATIIARINE II........... Wife of Peter III, the Great....... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1762 # 67 34 PAUL .................... Second son of Peter III. and Empress Catharine II. assassinated....................... # ISOI # 5 ALEXANDER I........... | Son of Paul, Emperor of all the Russias................................................ So: 1825 4 24 N1c11or.As........ * * * * * * * * Properly Nikolai Paulovitch, third son of Paul I.........................................] 1825 # 59 30 * ALExANDER II. .......... | Son of Nicholas, assassinated £ L. is is a + - " " " - ....................................] "S55 IOR3|| 63 26 ALEXANDER III.......... | Son of Alexander II., crowned 1883........................... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1881 ||Now on the Tlhrone ": "E.E.ESESI-D-E-N'``'s C E → E "U">NITIE-2 s." T_A_TES. Resid'ce Inaug- NAME. Native of when, Where Educated. Born. Died. Age. |urat £ Term of office. Elected. * *** * GEORGE WASHINGTON..... Va. Va. | Private Tutor.................] Feb. 22, 1732 || Dec. 14, # 68 1789 S Years. John ADAMs............... Mass. Mass. | Harvard coile c..............] Oct. 30, 1735 # 4, 1826 I 1797 # * { THoMAS JEFFERSON........ Va. Va. William and Mary College.... 1743 uly 4, 1826 3 I ŠOI 46 AMES MADISON............! Va. V:1. Princeton College............. Mar. 16, 1751 |June 23, 1826 || 85 1809 || 8 “ AMES MONRoe............ Va. Va. William and Mary College.... April 28, 1758 July 4, 1831 $: 1817 | 8 “ JoriN QUINCY ADAMs...... Mass. Mass. Harvard College.......... .... # I 1, 17 % Feb. 23, 1848 1825 $ s & AND REw JACKSON.......... N. C. Tenn. Common School and Academy Mar. 15, 1767 June 8, 1845 78 1829 | ** MARTIN VAN BUREN......] N. Y. N.Y. Common School and Academy Dec. 5, 1782 July 24, 1862 $o 1837 || 4 || “ WILLIAM II. HARRIsoN....] Va. Ohio. Hampden Sydney College.....| Feb. 9, 1773 Apr. 4, 1941 | 68 1841 i Month. JoHN TYLER..... * * * * * * * * * * * Va. Va. YVilliam and Mary College.... 1790 Jan. 17, 1862 | 72 1S41 || 3 Years, 11 Mo’s. JAMEs K. Polk............] N. C. Tenn. University of N. C. ........... Nov. 2, 1795 June 15, 1849 # 1845 4__ “ ZAcHARY TAYLOR.........! Va. La. Limited Education............ Sept. 24, 17S4 July 9, # 1849 1Yr.,4 Mos.,#P. ys MILLARD FILLMORE. . . . ... N. Y. N. Y. | Self-Educated............... ... Jan. 7, 1800 | Mar. 8, 1874 || 74 1850 2 “ 7 “ 26 “ . FRAN" LIN PIER CE. . . . . . . . . N. H. N. H. Bowdoin College.............. 1804 Oct. 8, 1860 || 65 1853 4 Years. JAMES BUCHIANAN. . . . . . . . . . Penn. Penn. Dickinson College............. April 23, 1791 June 1, 1863. 77 1857 4_. “ An RAIIAM LINcoLN........! - Ky. Ill. Limited Education...... ....! Feb. 12, 1So? | Apr. 14, 1S65 56 1Sö1 4Ys., 1Mo., 1o Days ANDREW JoIINSON... . . . . . . . N. C. Tenn. | Self-Educated...... * * * * * * * * * * . Dec. 29, 1808 || July 31, 1875 67 1S65 3 “ 10 “ 2o “ ULYssES S. GRANT. ........ Qhio. ill. West Point................... 1822 | 1S65 $ Years. RUTHERFoRD B. HAYES.... Ohio. Ohio. Kenyon College...............! Oct. 4, 1822 IS; 4. * @ JAMES A. GARFIELD....... Ohio. Ohio. Williams College............. Nov. 19, 1831 Sept. 19, 1881 | So išš 6 Months, 15 JDays CHESTER A. ARTHUR... ... * Vt. N. Y. Union College ............. Oct. 5, 1830. I -------------------- --~---------------------------- x 6- =#" ~ 4. # = -—” --~~ LONGEST RIVERS OF THE WORLD AND HIGHEST MOUNTAINS. 633 Contrasting the Geographical Features of the Old World with the New. *--~~~ Average Di River's NAME. CountRY. R1s as IN. EMPTIES IN. Length.| £ N£, DRAINING AREA. | NAME SIGNIFIEs. "--— Missouri..... --|North America -- Rocky Mountains Gulf of Mexico.- 4.5oo 8oo ft. 2,500 miles from * * river Mississippi. || 518,000 sq. m. | Mud River. Mississippi -----' " t", -- Lake Itaska------ * * “ --| 3,200 || 3:0co ft. Arms, inlets,bran-|Ter'y of U.S. bet. - ches,&c., 15,000 m. Alleg'y & R'ky M. Father of Waters. #mazon-------- Brazil------- -----| Andes------------ Atlantic---------- 3,200 2 miles 2,500 n \| 2,500,000 sq. m. ||River of Amazons. 9ang Ho------ China ------ Koulkoun Mts----|Gulf of Pechili----| 3,000 Unknown Unknown 200,000 sq. m. |Yellow River. M *ray -------- Australia--------- Australian Alps-- Encounter Bay --| 3.0oo 500 ft. Sometimes 900 m. 500,000 sq .m. |Name of Discover’r. Qbi----....I.I. Siberia.----------- Altai Mountains--|Sea of Kara.------ 3.oOo 350 ft. Unknown Nearly all Siberia Unknown. Nile .....I. ...] F gypt, Abyssinia. |Central Africa.----|Mediterranean --- 3:ooo 500 ft. 22C T1, 150,000 sq. m. Genius of the Wat's Mackenzie * * * * * B. North America Rocky Mountains Arctic Ocean ----| 3,000 ||---------- 2 OOO IIl. ------------------|Name of Discover'r. *g Tse Kiang China------------ Thibet -----------|China Sea-------- 3,000 | 1.ooo ft. 1,500 m. 750,000 sq. m. ||Son of the Sea. Congo *** * * * * * * Africa------------ Central Africa----|Atlantic---------- 2,500 950 ft. 280 m. 8oo,ooo sq. m. N: eh an ged to ivingstone. !-ena. iberia Irkutsk Heights...|Arctic Ocean ----| 2.5oo 1,050 ft. 2, OCO III. 6oo-ooo sq. m. 1.-------------------- 'Niger ...I.I.I. #: Base of £a Gulf of Guinea. . 2,500 | 1,903. ft. 2OQ TT1. Unknown The River. “. Lawrence --|Canada .......... River St. Louis...|Gulf St. Lawrence 2,060 2 miles 750 m. 4oo,ooo sq. m. |Name of Patron St. Volga "...I. Russia -------- ...|Valdai Hills, Vol-|... . * housky -------- Caspian Sea------ 2,ooo 1.ooo ft. 850 m. 5.oOvooo sq. m . ] ---------------- * - - - Shukiang * * * - - - Siam ------------- Thibet ...-------|Chinese Gulf --- | 1,700 ---------- Unknown 200,000 sq. m. |Pearl River. Indus ...I. ----| Hindostan-------- Little Thibet ----|Arabian Sea ---. 1,700 | 8oo ft: 6oom. 280,000 sq. m. ||Sindh u or River. Panube --------|Germany---------|Black Forest.------ Black Sea-------- 1,630 | 2.5oo.ft. 6oom. 250,000 sq. m. The Gift. *ges--------- British India----- Himalaya -------- Bay of Bengal.----| 1,600 1 mile 5oom. 7ooooo sq. m. ||Stream... *hmaputra...|Thibet.... ------. Himalaya -------- : * ...--| 1,600 500 ft. ICO II, a 200,000 sq. m. ||Sacred River. olumbia ......|North America Rocky Mountains Pacific Ocean ----| 1,099 550 ft. 165 m. 25o,ooo sq. m. & of '' 'i which s apt. Gray dis. riv'r Solorado -----. ** * --|San Iaba -------- Gulf California -- 2.ooo 650 ft. 669 m. 375,000 Sq. m. £ Beauty. usquehanna. “ * -- Lake Otsego------ Chesapeake Bay.--| Soo rooft. I.------------------ *** *q in j;---------.55:------ *cs---------- t". t". -- Allegheny Mts -- . . * 5 o # #. # : £ #: II]. In hon'r of K. Jas. I. Otomac - to: * --|Gt. Bl'k Bone Mts. * -. | 400 200 II. 40 IT1. 200 wood SQ. In • ... -- - - - - - - --- - - - *** * * * * 800 ft. 160 m. 25Q, COO SQL. II]. I. "r of "v’r. Hudson ... . 44 44 -- Adirondacks. ----|Bay of New York 325 5 q. m. In hon"r of Disc'v'r Mountains. S- ON THIS CONT1N ENT. IN THE OLD WORLD, ETC. "- - Ele- Names of Ele- M': Count RY. Location. vation. |M. Mountains. CountRY. Location. vation. |M|. *-*** * * - *-*. *ata ------------ South America--I Bolivian Andes------ 24,8oo |4-7 ||#imalayas --------| India----------|Thibet -------------- 28,173 5.5 $2ncagua -------- * * * -- Chilian Andes ------ 22,422 |4.5 || Petermann -------- ... ---------- ... --------------| 28.15% 5.5 I "ani------------ * * tht. -- Bolivian Andes------ 21, 1.5o || 4-5 Chumulari * * * * * * - - - - - - - - - - - - - :----------- ---| 23.946 |4.6 *quipa ---------- %t “ ... Peruvian Andes ----| 20,320 3.9 || Hindoo Koh-------- '' ---------- Afghanistan -------- 20,6oo 4.o himborazo... ... “ * -- Ecuador ------------ 21,422 || 4.1 || Hindu Kush-------- ---------- Mountain Range ----| 20.coo 4.o Nevadod Choroique * * , * -- Chilian Andes ------ 16,546 3.3 || Mt. Roa------------| Hawaii----- --- Oceanica ------------ 16.coo ! 3.1 otopaxi * * * * $ 3. * * • - ht * ------ 18,887 3 7 Mont Blanc-------- Savoy * * * * * * * * Alps * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 15,786 3.0 htuco ... : * h ** - - * * “ ------ 13.056 2.5 || Mt. Rosa ---------- " -------- ” ---------------- 15,38o || 2.9 ntisana ... ... “ ** ... * * “ ------ 19,138 3.6 || Matterhorn -------- Italy ----- ----- Pennine Alps.------- 14,835 | 2.9 olima ............] New Granada.---| Quindiu Andes------| 18,270 3.5 || Demayend.-------- Persia --------| Elburz Mountains----| 13,000 |2.5 °Pocatepetl ------- South America--I Mexico.-------------- 17.540 | 3.4 || Mt. Berapi-------- Sumatra * * * * * * Indian Archipelago... 12,400 2.2 Qrizaba *** * * * * * * * * * 4t # * * * * -------------- 17,176 3.2 || Mt. Ophir---------- • * - - - - * * * , * * -- 13,8oo 2.6 "nchinca.--------- * * “ -- Ecuador ------------ 15,922 || 3-1 || Mt. Indrapura------ " -----. { * %t •- || 1335CO | 2.5 escabezado. ------ t% * * -- Chilian Andes ------ 12,102 2.4 || Mt. Abong Abong-- " . ------ ** * , -- *3.1oo 2.5 Srro de Potosi.--- | * * * -- Bolivian Andes------ 16,040 || 3 || || Mt. Ararat -------- Armenia ------| Noah's Mountains -- 17,212 3-4 Mt. Whitney ------ California -------| Rocky Mountains----| 14,887 2.9 || Lesser Ararat ------ "... ------ : " -- 15,908 || 3.1 Haltieri.......... South America.-l Bolivian Andes.----- 22,000 || 4.2 Peak of Teneriffe--| Canaries ------|Africa -------------- 12.236 2.2 Mt. Shasta I.I.I. California. ------| Rocky Mountains----| 14,442 2.7 || Miltsin ------------ Morocco -----. Atlas Mountains ----| 12.ooo 2.2 Gray's Peak.------ - Colorado -------- * * * * ----| 14,450 2.7 || Mt. Lebanon ------ Syira--------- Taurus Range ------ 1o,6oo 2.o ike's Peak III. " -------- * * t", ----' 14-336 2.7 || Mt. Perdu---------- France -------- Pyrenees------------ 10,950 | 2.1 reckenridge Pass. " -------- t", 4t ----| II sooo 2.1 It. Etna ---------- Sicily---------- Mediterranean ------ 10,835 | 2.1 #9nt's Peak ----|Wyoming-------- * * t \ ----| 13,570 2.6 || Monte Corno ------ Naples --------| Appennines -------- 9,523 | 1.7 Middle Park-------- Colorado -------- * h “ ----| 8,8oo 1.7 || Sneehatten --------| Norway ------ Dovrefeld ---------- 8,115 | 1.5 9ng's Peak........ ” -------- it h { % ----| 14,272 2.7 || Jebel Serbal-------- Arabia --------| Horeb -------------- 8,278 | 1.5 * Lincoln-------. “ -------- * * t b ----| 14,190 2.7 || M. Sinai,ječ'l Musa ” -------- " ----------- ---| 9,28o | 1.7 M anier -------- Washington Ty. t \ %t ----| 14,444 2.7 || Olympus ---------- Greece -------- The Peleponnesus -- 9.754 | 1.7 *sentine Pass ----| Colorado -------- $t * * ----| 13,000 2.5 || Pindus --------- * - - " --------' " * --| 7,677 | 1.5 Mt. Hoo ----------| Oregon.-------- * * | t 3 t \ ----| **,225 | 2.1 || Parnassus---------- " --------| Central Greece------| 8,068 | 1.6 *compaghre M'n. Colorado -------- * * { % ----| 14.540 1 2.7 || Mt. Hecla----------| Iceland ------- Rangaryalla.-------- 5.106 | 1.o Mt. St. Helens ----| Oregon ------ * - 4- * ** ". . ----| 9,750 1 2.0 || Ben Attow -------- Scotland ------| North Highlands----| 3.998 || 0.7 "quibamba ------ South America...] Bolivian Andes------| 21,ooo 4.0 || Ben Nevis --- - - - - - * ------ Grampians ---------- 4,379 |o. 7 Blac Mountain---- 1 North Carolina.. Appalachian Range. 6,707 | 1.2 || Ben McDhui------- " ------ ” ---------- 4,296 |o.7 malache ..........] South America...] Bolivian Andes------ 18,500 || 3.9 || Mt Vesuvius ------ Naples -------- South Italy---------- 3.932 O.7 it. Washington.... New Hampshire. White Mountains----| 6,293 | 1.2 a- Mi'*'be ---------- South America--| Andes of Ecuador----| 19,648 || 3.7 Lakes. # # --------| New York -----. £ Mts.---- 5.402 || I. I. Length A. L h A. an’s * -, -, -, -, * do ------ • - i ROC Quntains... - || || 4 330 || 2.7 eng rea engt Ital £: $' is is is se - - • * £ Mountains----| 4,279 |o.7 NAMEs. Miles. Sq. Miles. NAMEs. Miles. Sq. Miles. osa's Peak...... Colorado ------ --| Rocky Mountains----| 14,34o 2.7 - • eaks of Otter ... Virginia --------|---------------------- 4.26o o.7 || Superior ------- 360 32.OOO Maracaibo -- --| 1oo 7.5oo °rrey's Peak.------ Colorado -------. Rocky Mountains----| 14-336 2.7 Baikal -------- 375 17,750 Great Bear ----| 150 I4.000 *nd Top -------- New York -----. Catskill Mountains..! 3,804 o.7 || Michigan -----. 32o 22,4to Ladega ------ * . . I2O. 6,804 St. Elias £: B. North Americal Borders of Alaska----| 19,ooo 3.4 || Great Slave----| 3oo 8,oco Champlain -...] 126 15,000 it. Brown ... ----' " * , Rocky Mountains.--. 15.90o 3.1 || Winnepeg-----. 26o 8,500 L'k o'the Wo'ds 85 7,650 Pass of Antaraugra. South America.-- Peruvian Andes. ... -- 16,199 || 3-1 || Huron --------| 250 21,OOO Great Salt Lake 75 2,290 * Fairweather ... North America.-- Russian Possessions... 14,796 || 2.7 || Erie ---------. 24O 9,600 Constance------ 40 2OO Harvard' : Colorado -------- Rocky Mountains----| 14,384 2.7 || Athabasca ----| 230 4,600 Geneva -------- 53 490 Yale * * * * * * * * * * * * * = $ 8 is * r * * * * * * . * * ----| 14,150 2.7 || Ontario -------- 180 6,300 George -------- 38 II.4 *nceton -------- * * “ -------- * h * h ----| 14,199 2.7 || Nicaraugua --- 11o 2,830 Cayuga -------- 38 IOC) S- 634 *19—- --> * DISTANCES AND STANDARDS OF TIME OF THE PRINCIPAL CITIES OF THE WORLD. Air-Line Distances from Washington to various parts of the World. + MILES. Alexandria, Egypt.------ •==== 5,275 Amsterdam, Holland --------- 3,555 Athens, Greece--------- ------ 5.005 Auckland, N. 2.-------------- 8,290 Algiers. Algeria-------------- 3,425 Berlin, Prussia---------------- 3,847 Berne. Switzerland.---------- 3,730 Brussels, Belgium ------------ 3,515 Batavia, Jaya.----------------11,118 Bombay, Hindostan ---------- 8,548 Buenos Avres, A. C.------- • - - 5:013 Bremen, Prussia-------- • --- - - 3,500 Constantinople, Turkey... --- 4.88o Copenhagen, Denmark------- 3.89 Calcutta. Hindostan---------- 9.34 Canton, China---------------- 9,000 Cairo, Egypt.----------------- # Cape Town, Cape Colony ---- 6,684 Cape of Good Hope ---------- # Carracas, Venezuela---------- 1,80. Charlotte Town, P. E. I.----- 82o MILES. Dublin, Ireland -------------- 3,076 Delhi, Hindostan ---------- * * # Edinburgh, Scotland -------- 3,275 Fredericton, N. B------------ 67o Gibraltar, Spain.------ # * * E. E. E. E. - 3:150 Glasgow, Scotland.----------- #: N d * * * * * * is is s * * * * * is i e i ; amburg, Germany --- - - - - - - - 3,573 Havana, Cuba-------- * * * * * * * * 1 : 139 Honolulu, S. I. --------------4,513 Jerusalem, Palestine---------- 5,495 £St. Helena-------- 7,150 ima, Peru ----------------- 3:575 Lisbon, Portugal.-------------- Liverpool, England ---------- London, * * * * * * * * * * * * City of Mexico, Mexico.------ Montevideo, Uraguay -------- Montreal. Canada.---- •- - - - - 471 Madrid, Spain---------------- 3,485 Moscow, Russia -------------- 4,466 3,215 78o g * MILES. Manilla, Phil. Islands -------- 9,360 Mecca, Arabia---------------- 6,598 Muscat. "-...---------------- 7,600 Monrovia, Liberia.----------- 3,645 Morocco, Morocco.--------- • • * 33305 Mourzouk, Fezzan------------ Mozambique, Moz------------ Ottawa, Canada.------------- Panama, New Granada------- Parana, A. C.-------- * * * > * * * * Port au Prince, Hayti-------- Paris, France -------------- * * Pekin, China ---------------- 8: Canada-------------- 5,525 7.348 462 1,825 4,733 I-425 3.485 8,783 - 6or sito, Ecuador.-------------- Rio Janeiro, Brazil.--------- Rome, Italy-------. * * * * * * * * * * St. Petersburg, Russia-------- Stockholm, Sweden ---------- 4 oss Shanghai. China.------------ 8,600 Singapore, Malay ------------11,300 2.531 4,28o 4,365 4,296 MILE5. St. John's, N. F. ------------ I,349 San Domingo, S. D.--------- 4,300 San Juan, Nicaraugua-------- 1,740 San Salvador, C. A.----- ----- 1,65° Santiago, Chili -------------- - 4,979 Spanish Town, Jamaica.----- 1,446 Sydney, C. B I.-------------- 975 Sydney. Australia------------ 8,963 St. Paul de Loanda---------- 5.578 3 .395 4.425 4,240 343 3,835 4,11 5 4 # 4,010 7,639 7,078 Timbuctoo. Soudan ---------- Tripoli. Tripoli -------------- Tunis, Tunis ---------------- Toronto, Canada ------------ Venice, Italy------- * * * * * * * * * * Vienna, Austria-------------- Valparaíso, Chili ------------- Vera Cruz, Mexico.----- * * * * * * * Warsaw, Poland.------------- Yeddo, Japan * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Zanzibar, Zanzibar ----------- Distances by Water from New York to various parts of the World. MILES. Alexandria, Egypt ----------- 5,075 Aspinwall ------- ------------- 2.338 Amsterdam, Holland.---------- 3.5io Az 'res ------- * * * * * * * * * * * • • - - - 2,240 Bilize, Balize----------------- 1,790 Batavia. Java ----------------13,066 Belfast, Ireland.---------------2,895 Bermudas, West Indies ------ 660 Bombay, India ---------------11.574 Bordeaux, France.---- •- - - - - - 3.310 Botany Bay, Australia--------13,294 Bremen ------------ It is is is as is is + -ī as 3,575 Bristol ------- 3.oro Brussels, Belgium ------------ 3:420 Buenos Ayres, S.A. ---------- 6,120 Callan 3,500 Cape of Good Hope, Africa.- 6,838 Cape Horn, S. A. * * * * * * * * * * * * 7,ooo Havana, MILES, Chagres, New Granada.------- 2.328 Cherbourg---------------- -- - - 3 125 Columbia River -------- * * * * * * 15,965 Constantinople. Turkey ------ 5,140 Copenhagen, Denmark ------ 3,640 Calcutta, India --------------12,500 Canton, China----------------14,099 Galway ---------------------- 3,000 Gibraltar, Spain-------------- 3.300 Glasgow, Scotland ----------- 2,926 Guayaquil: Equador---------- 2,8oo Halifax, Nova Scotia ------- • 555 Havre, France--------------- 3:325 Hamburg, Germany ---------- 3,775 Cuba.--------------- 1:280 Hong Kon ---, ------------ * * 6,488 i£amaic::::::::::: 1,635 Lima, Peru * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * -- it "3 Io * * MILES, Lisbon, Portugal.------------- 3.175 London, England ------------ 3.375 Liverpool. .” ------------- 3:084 Madras, British India--------11.856 Malta.------------ •- - - - - - - - - - - 4.325 Manilla, Philipine Islands.... 10,750 Melbourne, A stralia --------11.165 Monrovia, Liberia------------ 3859 Mozambique, Moz.---------- 6,960 Nagasaki-------- ------------ 9,8oo Naples, Italy -------- *** - - - - - 4.330 Panama, New Granada.-------- 2,066 Pekin, China ...----- • • - - - - - - - - 15.325 Pernambuco, Brazil ---------- 4.78o £ Canada.-------------- 1:400 io-Janeiro, Brazil---------- s' St. # New Foundland.---- 8oo St. Petersburg, Russia-------- 4,420 in MILES.” San IDie Q-------------------- 4,500 Sandwich Islands, S. I.------- 7.157 San Francisco, Cal------------18.85° San Juan, Nicaraugua.------- 2,279 Shanghai, China--------- ----- 14,59° Smyrna, Asia Minor.----- ---- 5,009 Southampton * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 3,156 Stockholm, Sweden ---------- 4,059 Tahiti, S. I. * E. * * * --------------7 5 Trieste, Austria . 5,139 Valparaiso, Chili-------------- 4,8oo Vera Cruz, Mexico * * * * * * * * * * 2,200 Victoria, Australia------------12,825 Vienna, Austria-------- * * * * * * 4, 1oo Yokohama, Japan------------ 7.520 Distances from London, England, to various parts of the World. MILES, Amsterdam, Holland -------- 290 Baltimore, Md.-------------- 3,700 Barbadoes, W. I.-------------- 3.78o Batavia, Java ----------------11,812 Bermudas, W. 195 Bordeaux, France ------------ 758 Boston, Mass ---------------- 3:25 Botany Bay, Australia-------- 8,040 Bombay, India---------------11,320 Buenos Ayres, S.A.---------- 6,685 Calcutta, India --------------12,160 Canton, China----------------1-,650 Cape Horn, S. A.---------- • * - /* 50 Cape of Good Hope, Africa.-- 6,58o MILES. Chagres, New Granada ------ 4,650 Charleston, S. C-------------- 4.315 Columbia River --------------16.136 Constantinople. Turkey------ 3.26o Copenhagen, Denmark-------- 7 to Dublin, Ireland -------------- 590 Gibraltar, Spain-------------- 1,380 Halifax, N. S 2,750 Hamburg, Germany---------- 420 Havana, Cuba---------------. 4,61o Havre, France - 275 Kingston, Jamaica ---------- 4,560 Lima, Peru * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * is •- IO*730 Lisbon, Portugal.------------- I Ioo Liverpool. England ..": iverpoo * th 2.1.1 * * * * * * * * * * 50 Madras, British India --------11.58o Malta ------------------------ 4,212 Manilla, Philipine Islands---- 12,425 Monrovia, Africa------------- 3:475 Naples, Italy ----- •= • - - - - - - - - 2,429 New Orleans, La ------------ 5:15 New York, N. Y.---- •- - - - - - - - 3.375 Panama, New Granada.----- 4.7oo Pekin, China --------- •- - - - - - 15s.100 Pernambuco, Brazil ---------- 4,450 Philadelphia, Pa * * * * * * * * * * * * 3,840 £ Canada------- • *-* * * * 330 to io Janeiro, Brazil * * * * *E. E. E. × E. & 5,400 * MILES. Sandwich Islands, S. I. ------15, too San Francisco, Cal------------ 8.2° St. Petersburg, Russia-------- 1.375 Singapore, China ------------12,475 Smyrna, Asia Minor---------- 3,12° Stockholm, Sweden ---------. 1,120 Tahiti, S. I. * * * * * * * * * * --------11,80° Trieste. Austria.------------- 3:2” Valparaiso, Chili-------------- 9,475 Vera Cruz, Mexico.----------- 5,14° Victoria, Australia------------12,575 Washington, D. C. is is is is in a r * * * 3,775 Standards of Time in the Principal Cities of the world, compared with 12:00 noon at Washington, D. C. Albany, N.Y., 12 13 p.m. Amsterdam, Holl'd, 528 p.m. Angra, India, 3 19 p.m. Atchison, Kan., to 47 a.m. Athens, Greece, 643 p.m. Atlanta, Ga., 11 40 a. m. Augusta, Ga., 11 40 a.m. Augusta, Me., 12 29 p.m. Baltimore, Md., 12 oz. p. In Bangor, Me., 12 33 p.m. Bath, Me., 1229 p.m. Berlin, Germany, 6 o2 p.m. Bombay, India, 1o oo p. m. Boston, Mass.: 12 24 p.m. Brussels, Belgium, 525 p.m. Buffalo, N. Y., 1152 a.m. Cape Town, Africa,622 p.m. Cairo, Egypt. 7 13 p.m. Calcutta, India, 11 or p.m. Cantrn, China, 12.41 a.m. Cambridge, Mass., 12 29 p.m Charleston, S. Charlottet'n.P.E.I. 1258 p.m. Chicago, Ill., 11 17 a.m. - Cincinnati. O., 11 30 a.m. Cleveland. O., 11 41 a.m. Constantinople, 7 oA p.m. Columbia, S. Columbus, O., 11.36 a.m. Danville, Va., 11 50 a.m. Denver, Col., 1o o8 a.m. Des Moines, Ia., 1o 53 a.m. Detroit, Mich., 11 36 a.m. Dubuque, Ia., 11 oš a.m. Dublin, l reland, 443 p.m. Edinburg, Scotland, 455 p.m. Frankfort, Ky., 11 29 a. m. Galveston, Tex... 10 49 a.m. Halifax, N. S., 12 54 p.m. Hamilton, Ont., 11 49 a.m. Hannibal, Mo., 11 of a. m. Hartford, Ct., 12 17 p.m. Houston, Tex., 1o 44 a.m. Indianapolis., Ind., 11 24 a.m. Jacksonville, lll.. 11 of a. m. C., 11 43 a.m. ' City, Mo., 1o 59 a.m alama, Wash. T., 858 a. m. Kansas City, Mo., 1o 49 a.m. C., I 44 3 * IIl Key West, Fla., 11 41 a.m. Knoxville. Tenn., it 32 a.m. Laramie, Wy. T., 1o 12 a.m. Leavenworth, Kan., 1049 a.m. Lisbon, Portugal, 4 31 p.m. Lincoln, Neb., 1o 41 a.m. Little Rock, Ark., 1o 59 a.m London, England, 5 of p. m. Louisville, Ky., 11 26 a.m Macon, Ga., 11.37 a.m. Melbourne, Aus., 2.48 a.m. Memphis, Tenn., 11 o& a.m. Meridian, Miss., 11 14 a.m. Milwaukee, Wis., 11 16 a.m. Minneapolis, Minn., 1o 55 a.m. Mobile, Ala., 11 16 a.m. Montgomery, Ala., 11 23 a.m. Monoton, N. B., 12 48 p.m. Montreal, Que. 12 14 p.m. Moscow, Russia, 7 38 p.m. Nashville, Tenn., 11 21 a.m. New Haven, Ct., 12 16 p.m. New London, Ct., 12 20 p.m. New Orleans, La., 11 o8 a.m. New York, N.Y., 12 12 p.m. Omaha, Neb., 1o 44 a.m. Ottawa, Ont., 12 oš p.m. Paris, France, 5 #: |Il Paducah, Ky., 11 16 a.m. Pensacola, Fla., 11 19 a.m. Philadelphia, Pa., 12 o? p. m. Pittsburgh, Pa., 11.48 a.m Port Hope, Ont., 11 54 a.m. Port Huron. Mich. I 1 34 a.m. Portland, Me., 1227 p.m. Portland, Oregon,856 a.m. Portsmouth, Va., 12 oz. p. m. Providence, R. I., 1222 p.m. Quebec, Que., 12 23 p.m. Quincy, Ill., 11 o? a.m. Raleigh, N. C., 11 50 a.m. Richmond, Va., 11.58 a.m. Rio Janeiro, Brazil, 2 15 2. m. Rome, Italy, 558 p.m. Rome, Ga. 11 32 a.m. St. # N. B., 1244 p.m. St. John, N. F., 1 37 . m. St. Joseph, Mo., 1650 a.m. St. Louis, Mo., 11 oz a.m. St. Paul, Minn., 1o 56 a.m. Salt L. Cit * U. T. 9.40 3 * IIl Santa Fe. N. Mex., 1o o4 a.m. San Francisco, Cal., 858 a. m. Sault St. Marie, M., 11 31 a.m. Savannah, Ga., 11 44 a.m. Selma, Ala., 11 20 a.m. Shreveport, La., 1o 57 a.m. Sioux City. , Ia., 1o 42 a.m. Terre Haute, Ind., 11 18 a. m. Topeka, Kan., 1o 45 a.m. Toronto, Ont., 11 51 a.m. T N. J., : cQ P• IT1 Miss., 11 of a " 614 p.m. 11 17 a.m. w T., 940 a. In Del., 12 of p. " II of a. In Wheeling, W.Va., 11.45 a. * Yankton, D.T., 1o 38 a.m. N. C., 11 58 a.m. 2. * | k +-_ – "------ EXPECTATION OF LIFE.-LEGAL HOLIDAYS. 635 "---— * Table of Expectation.* Legal Holidays in Warious States. January rst, New Year's Day, is a legal holiday in all the States, except Arkansas, Delaware, Georgia, Kentucky, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island and South Carolina. Showing the expectation, or mean duration of life, at every age, ac- cording to the Carlisle and Northampton Tables. Compara-. Carlisle Nor:mp. Compara-. Carlisle Nor:mp. February 22d, or Washington's Birthday, is a legal holiday in all the tive age. Experience. Experience. tive age. Experience. Experience. States, but, Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, *-— Kansas, Maine, Missouri, Ohio, Oregon, Tennessee and Texas. : # # # # # Afāysots, or Decoration Day, is a legal holiday in Colorado, Connecti- 2 47-55 37.79 43 25.71 21.54 cut, Illinois, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Hampshire, New 3 49.83 39.5 44 # # Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, R. Island, Vermont and Wisconsin. # # #. # # #: january&th, the Anniversary of the Battle of New Orleans; February 7 51.$: 41.07 # 23.17 # **, the Anniversary of the birth of Abraham Lincoln; and March 4th, 50. 41.03 22, RO * the Firemen's Anniversary, are legal holidays in Louisiana 8 50.24 40.79 49 21,85 I 18.49 * * #: ay **** # # # So # # 5uly 4%, Independence Day, is a legal holiday in all the States and I I # # # 13.85 17.02 Territories. # # # # # # # 49ecember 25th, Christmas Day, is a legal holiday in all the States and I4 45.75 37.17 55 17.58 15.58 Territories. # 45.00 36.51 56 # # Thanksgiving Day and Public Fast Days appointed by the President I # # # I 5.53 14.1: of the United States, are legal holidays. Such days arc legal holidays I 42. 34.58 59 14.92 13. in such States as may set them apart for religious observance by the # # # # #. # # Proclamation of the Governor. 41.4 33- * * # # # # #: : # Days appointed for General Elections, State or National, are legal 23 # # # 12.30 1 I.3 holidays in California, Maine, Missouri, New Jersey, New York, Oregon, 24 # 31.36 # I 1.79 IO. South Carolina and Wisconsin. * IO,42 * * * * * * * : # 4. # # # Good Friday is a legal holiday in Florida, Louisiana, Minnesota, and 27 36.41 29.82 # 1Q.23 9.50 Pennsylvania. 28 35. .30 69 9.7.2 # e * - * * * * A is 29 35.00 23.79 70 # .6o Shrove Tuesday is a legal holiday in Louisiana, and in the cities of 30 # 28.27 71 # 8.17 Mobile, Montgomery and Selma, Alabama. # # # # 7.7% # Memorial Day (April 26th) is a legal holiday in Georgia. 33 32.36 26.72 74 7.33 6.92 Afarch 2d, the Anniversary of the Independence of Texas, and April # # # # # # 21st, the Anniversary of the Battle of San Jacinto, are legal holidays in 3 30.33 25.16 7 6.40 5.8 Texas. 3 # # # # # Thermometers. 3 25. 24. I * * 39 28.28 . # So 5.51 4.75 There are three thermometers in use-Fahrenheit's, Centigrade, and 40 27.61 23. Reaumer's, each differing from the other with reference to the number of degrees between the freezing and boiling points of water. In Fahren heit's thermometer, zero is placed at 32 degrees below the freezing point, while in the others zero marks the freezing point. The boiling point in Fahrenheit's is placed at 212 degrees, in Centigrade at 100, and in Reaumer's at 80. The degrees between the freezing and boiling points in the instruments are therefore respectively 1So, 106 and 80. c fol- lowing diagram will perhaps give a more effective idea of the variance: *THE CARLISLE TABLEs given above have been adopted as the ap- proved standards for ascertaining the present value of life, estates, also as a basis for the verdict of a jury in suits to recover for injuries, result- £ loss of life or limb, see the following named cases: Greer v. ayor, etc., Abb. Pr. N. S. 206; Donaldson v. R. R. Co.; 18 Iowa, 28o; M . Chi & North-Western R. R. Co., 26 Iowa, 124; it... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . £# & £h#. R. R. Co., 41 Iowa, 71; and 'Simmonson #. Fahrenheit : : 7 # : * "######" admited in the follow C d : : : : : : HE NORTHAMPTON TABLES have bec ving entigrade..................-17. O 2 O 1CO £ cases: Sauter v. N. York Central R. R. Co., 66 N. Y., 5o; Geo. . gr #7 : 5 s # : • Co. v. Oaks, 52 Georgia, 410. - : * g : : : The Court may take judicial notice that the tables produced are ap- Reaumur....................-14.22 O Go So roved £. £ w. Tokum, 27 Ills, 160; Donaldson v. R. #. Ulrrill r" 14.22 o 2O 4 o., 18 Iowa, 280. How Money Grows at Interest. If one dollar be invested and the interest added to the principal annu- Gold and Silver in the United States. Table of Coinage-1793 to 1880. * ally, at the rates named, we shall have the following result as the accu- mulation of one hundred years. * Years. Gold. Silver. Minor. 8: #. IOO years at I per cent. . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * > *# C dollar, IOO Vears at 2 per cent. . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * % * One dollar. # at # cent. . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * 19% Prior to 1835..;..:...] $15,7So, 16o oo $39,690,079 90 he dollar, 1oo years at 4 percent.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50% 1835 to $53, inclusive. 227,011,4°o oo 39,523,292 oo $11,919,SSS 55 he dollar, 100 years at ## cent. . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 13.1% # to 1873, inclusive. 5So, 114,25S 5o 65,928,512 7o * One dollar, IOO years #1t per cent. • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * $49 £74. • * * * * * * s is * * * * * * * 50,442,690 OO 5,983, I 30 4II,925 OO he dollar, 100 years at ###:::::::: * * * * * * * * * * * * * * $68 1875- - - - - - - - - - - - . . . . . 33,553,965 Ool 10,070,36S Oo 230,375 Co he dollar, too years at 8 per cent............ . . . . . . . . . . . 2,203 1876.................. 38,178,962 50 19, 126,502 50 260,350 Oo One dollar, IOO years at 9 per cent. a s e e s p a s • * * * * * * * * * * * * * # #: * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *** # OO *2S,549, 35 OO 62,125 OO ne dollar, IOO Vears lt Io per cent. . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * 13, 187 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * is so a s. 52, 8, OC) t28,290, 25 50 30,69 OO Int: dollar, ICO years at 12 per cent. . . . . . . . . • * * * * * * * * * * * * * 84,675 18 9. • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40,936,912 OO 27,227,882 SO Q7,7 OO ne dollar, 100 years alt $ per cent. . . . . . . . . . . . . • * * * * * * * * * 1, 174,405 I * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 56,157,735 OO 27,942,437 50 269,971 50 "e dollar, 100 years at 18 per cent..... ...... . . . . . . . . . . . 15, 145,000 l - Ile dollar, IOO years at 24 per cent. . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 2,551,799,404 Total * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * $1,133,103,322 CO $292,333,436 90 $13,283,167 OS * Trade dollars $9,162,900; fractional silver, $19,387,075. ... tTrade dollars, $11,37S,oto; standard silver £ $8,573,500; frac- tional silver, $3,339,315 50. $treNGTH of Ice.–Ice 2 inches thick will bear infantry; 4 inches thick, cavalry or light guns; 6 inches thick, heavy field guns; 8 inches ck, a weight on sledges not to exceed 1,0óo bs. per square foot. 5O . '- ~ |-- Rates of Mortality. THE CARLisi.E TABLEs, showing how, many per- sons out of 10 ooo will annually die, on the average, Weight and Stature of Man. The mean weight and stature of the human body at birth, and at every subsequent age. RATES OF MORTALITY, WEIGHT AND STATURE OF MAN, ETC. Relative Values and Weights of Woods. Showing comparative value of fire woods for fuel in a seasoned state, or when burnt to charcoal, Shellbark Hickory being taken at roo as the standard. until all are deceased. Used by all Life Insurance Companies in their computations of risk, premi- MALES. VALU IGHT lims, cto. th 3 * NAM E. ALUE. WE G Age. Feet Los Shellbark. Hickory-------------------- 1oo -------- 4.469 * * Pignut Hickory ---------------------- # - - - - * * * * 4.241 : $: O------------ 1.64 7.06 Chestnut White Oak------------------ 6 -------- 3,955 : wn : wn 2- - - - - - - - - - - - 2.6o 25.of Service-tree or Shad-bush ------------ 84 -------- 3.964 YEAR. < -5 YEAR. < .5 4--- - - - - - - - - - 3.04 31.38 White Oak.---------- * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * -81 ------- - 3,821 d : d : 6------------ 3-44 38.8o Western Hickory-------------------. -81 -------- 3.795 % Q %2, Q 9- - - - - - - - - - - - 4.00 49.95 White Ash --------------------------- 77 - - - - - - - - 3.450 mamma - sma-m mamm-mm mm - * I - - - - - - - - - - - - 4.36 59.77 Dogwood-------- it. E. ". . 4- 4- - - - - - * * * * * * * * * * 75 -------- 3,643 s 13- - - - - - - - - - - - 4.72 75.81 Post Oak-------- * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * • 74 -------- 3,464 At Birth 1oooo | 1539 53------ 42 II 68 15- - - - - * * * * * * * 5.o? 96.40 Swamp Whortleberry------------- ---- 73 ---- - - - - 3.361 I * * * * * * * 8461 682 54 * - * * * * 41.43 7o 17-...---------- 5.36 116.56 Barren Scrub Oak * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 73 * - - - * * * * 3.339 2.--------| 7779 505 55- - - - - - 4073 73 18------------ 5*44 127.59 Witch Hazel ------------------------- 72 -------- 3,505 3-------- 7274 276 56------ 4ooo 76 20 ------ - - - - - - 5.49 132.46 Pin Oak------------------------------ 71 -------- 3.339 4-------- 6998 2OI 57- - - - - - 392.4 82 30--- - - - - - - - - - 5-52 140.38 Scrub Black Oak ------------- * * * * * * * - 7: -------- 3,254 5- - - - - - - - 6797 I? I 58------ 3842 93 4Q- - - - - - - -----| 5-52 140.42 Apple--------------- * - - - - - - * * * * * ----- 7o -------- 3,115 6-------- 6676 82 59.------ 3749 106 50- - - - - - - - - - - - 5.49 139.96 Red Oak * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 69 * * * * * * * * 3,254 7--------| 6594 58 6o.----. 3633 I22 Go------------ 5.38 136 of Persimmon --------------------------- 69 -------- 3,178 8-------- 6536 43 6:------ 3521 126 70------------ 5.32 || 131.27 Sour-gum ------------ * -- * * * * * * * * * * * * * 67 -------- 3,142 9--------| 6493 33 62.-----| 3395 127 8o---------- • - # 5.29 127.54 Barren Oak --------------- * - * * * * * ---- 66 -------- 3,102 to--------| 646o 29 63------ 3268 125 9Q-- - - - - - - - - - - 5.29 127.54 Mountain Laurel --------------------- 66 -------- 2.963 ** -------- 6431 31 64------ 31.43 125 Mean, 103.66 lbs. White Beech----------- * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 65 ------ - 3.236 12--------| 6400 32 65------ 30:18 124 F American Hornbeam ----------------- 65 ------- - 3.218 13 - - - - - - - - # 33 # * - - -, * * 2894 123 EMALES. # '' * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ---- 65 -------- 3,044 14-------- 335 35 7- - - - - - 2771 123 - ack Birch ---------- * * * * * * * * * * * * ---- 63 -------- , I I 5 15 -------| 63oo 39 68------ 2648 123 Age. Feet. Lbs. Rock Chestnut Oak ------------------ # * * * * * * * * # 16-------- i. 626: 42 69------ 2525 124 *- Yellow Oak -------------------------- Co ----- --- 2,919 17--------| 62.19 43 70--- - - - || 24of 124 Q -- - - - - - - - - - - 1.62 6.42 Hard Maple-------- * - * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Go -------- 2,878 18-------- 6176 43 71 - - - - - - 2277 13 2------------| 2.56 23-53 Sassafras --------------------- •- - - - - - - 59 - - - - - - - - 2,762 19--------| 6133 43 72. - - - - - 2143 1.4 4 - - - - - - - - - - - • | 3.00 28.67 White Elm--------------------------- 58 -------- 2.592 20--------| 6090 43 73------| 1997 156 6------------ 3.38 35.29 Sweet-gum * - se - © - - - - - - - - - -, * * * * * * * * 57 -------- 2,834 21--------| 6047 42 74------| 1841 166 9 - - - - - - - - - - - • 3.92 47.1o American Holly -------- * - * * * * * * * * * * * * 57 - - - - - - - - 2.691 22- - - - - ---| 6oo5 42 75 - - - - - ..] 1675 16o II - - - - - - - - - - - - 4.26 56.57 Large Magnolia ---------------------- 56 -------- 2.7°4 23--------| 5963 42 76------ 1515 156 I3 - - - - - - - -----| 4.60 72.65 Red Cedar -------------------------- 56 -------- 2.525 24- - - - - - - - 592 I 42 77- - - - - - 1359 146 15- - - - - - - - - •- - || 4-92 89.04 Wild Cherry ------------------------- 55 ------ -- 2,668 25- - - - - ---, 5879 43 78------ . 1213 I 32 I7- - - - - - - * -- - - || 5-10 || 104.34 Soft Maple ------------------- * * * * * * * - 54 -------- 2,668 26-------- 5836 43 79 - - - - - - 1081 128 18------------ 5, 13 112.55 Yellow Pine, soft ---------- * * * * * * * * * * * 54 -------- 2,463 27 - - - - - - - 5793 45 8o------ 953 116 2O - - - - - - ------| 5.16 115.30 Yellow Poplar ------------ * * * * * * * * * * * * 52 -------- 2.516 28 -------| 5748 5o 8:------ 837 I 12 30------------ 5.18 119.82 Spanish Oak-------------------------- 52 - - - - - - - - 2,449 29 - - - - - ---| 5698 56 82------| 725 I O2 40---- - - - - - - -- 5.18 121.81 Sycamore ---------------------------52 -------- 2,391 36-------- 5642 57 83------| 623 Q4 50- - - - - - - - - - •- I 5.04 123.86 American Chestnut---------- * * * * * * * * * 52 -------- 2.333 3t -------- 5585 57 84------| 529 84 60------------| 4.97 119.76 Butternut ----- * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * - - - - 51 -------- 2.534 32--------| 5528 56 85------! 445 78 79- - - - - - - ----- || 4 -97 113.60 White Birch.------ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ---- 48 -------- 2,369 33- - - - - - - - || 5472 55 86------| 367 71 8o------------| 4.94 Io8.8o Jersey Pine--------------------------- 48 -------- 2,137 34-- - - - - - • 5417 55 #: 296 64 90- - - - - - - - - - - - A. 94 Io8.81 Pitch Pine------------ * * * * * * * * * E. P. E. * * * * 43 - - - - - - - - 1,906 35-- - - * * - - 5362. 55 8 * * * * * * 232 5t Mean, 9 .7 lbs. White Pine fe is - * * * * * -č * - - - -, * * * * * * * * * * * 42 * - * * * * * * 1,868 36--------| 5307 56 ii. 89------ 181 39 —+2+- 37 - - - - - - - - 525t 57 || 9Q------ I42 37 - * * 38-------- 5.194 58 || 91------ IoS | 3o A Woman's Chances of Marriage at Warious Ages. 39 - - - - - - - - 5136 61 || 92------ 75 2Y 40- - - - - - - - 5075 # 93--- - - - 54 I4 This curiously constructed exhibit by Dr. Granville, is drawn up from the registered cases 4t -------- 5oog 9 || Q4 - - - - - - 4O IO of 876 married women in France; owing to the difference in climate in the United States, it is 42--- - - - - - # #| #: 30 7 safe to say that our women are no nearer maturity at 20 than the French at 18. Of the 876 43-------- 4869 71 QQ- - - - - - 2% S tabulated, there were married : * 44-------- 4798 71 || 97- - - - - - 18 4 45-------- 4727 7o 98------ I4 3 Years of age. Years of age. Years of age. Years of age. Years of age. Years of age. 46-------- 4057 69 99 --- + -- II 2 3 at 13 77 at 18 59 at 23 22 at 28 7 at 33 2 at 37 47.-------| 4588 || 67 || 100------ 9 2 11 at 14 115 at 19 53 at 24 17 at 29 5 at 34 o at 38 48-------- 4521 63 || 1or------ 7 2 16 at 15 118 at 20 36 at 25 9 at 3o 3 at 35 1 at 39 49-------- 4458 61 || 102.--...-- 5 2 43 at 16 86 at 21 24 at 26 7 at 31 o at 36 o at 40 50-------- 4397 59 || 103 - - - - - - 3 *: 45 at 17 85 at 22 . 28 at 27 # 32 5E-------- 4338 62 || 104------ I 1. £ salutary experience, it would be safe to say that the best results would follow, did our 52-------- 4276 65 girls not marry until after 20, and our men till after 22, or even 24. CAPACITY OF BOXES. The following table will often be found convenient, taking inside dimensions: A box £ 2-5 inches by 8 inches, and 8 inches deep, will contain a ££/. A b: 8 inches square and 4% inches deep, will contain a gallon. A box 7 inches square and 2% inches deep, will contain a half gallon. A box 4 inches square and 4.1-5 inches deep. will contain a guart. A box 3 inches square and 3% inches deep, will contain a £int. A box 24 inches by 17 inches and 28 inches deep, will contain a barrel. A box 18 inches by 15% inches, and 8 inches deep. will contain a Bushel. A box 13% inches square and 11% inches deep, will contain a bushel. A box 12 'ches by 11% inches, and 9 inches deep, will contain a half bushel. A box 10 inches square and 10% inches deep, will contain a half bushel. TA BLE SHOVVING THE AVERAGE VELOCITIES OF WARIOUS BODIES. Per hour. Per seC. A man walks--------------------------------- 3 miles, or 4 feet. A horse trots--------- ------------------------ 7 " or ro ** A horse runs. ------------------------------- 20 ** or 29 * Steamboat runs --------------- * * * * * * * * * * - - - - - 18 * * or 26 ** Sailing vessel runs --------------------------- so '' or 14 " Slow rivers flow------- * * * * * * * *s is as “a mass - - - - * * * * * * 3 “ or 4 * Rapid rivers flow----------------------------- 7 “ or 10 ” A moderate wind blows ----- * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 7 “ or 10 ” A storm moves------------------------------- 36 “ or 52 '' A hurricane moves ----------------- * - * * * * * * * 80 ** or 117 “ A rifle ball “ ------- * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 10oo ** or 1466 '' Sound " ------- * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 743 “ or 1142 “ Light { } * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1920oo miles per sec. Electricity “ ------- * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * -----288ooo " * * :-3|*r * - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - | - - - - *** *...*.*.*.*. | - l # = -—9 THE TURF. 639 # &:XXXXXXX-Xxx-xx-xx: D T ~ * - I ~ E. - -- - - - - · · = <- ~~~~-E." C- D * **r- }T } $ N * * # *THE TURF SHOWING THE FASTEST TIME ON RECORD,-- #: ŚggNSEgg-Sigg: £££££g; } -:s *male--" FASTEST RUNNING TIME. **::::: *gainst time, “:#" * * ile- is Xington, F., UC * : ** * * * * i- £" | 2:#: #: % mile-oliti a. * *rs. 3, ibs Saratoga July two consecutive licats 1n. harness, Steve £ SOe # * he is £ t; “ba # 25, 1874, : #. yrs., 97.1bs., Saratoga, Maxwell, Rochester, N. Y., Aug. 10, ISSo £ £ £ £ £ : £ $% #itenwick 5 yrs., 11.5 lbs., San ... .4:56%, Gen. Butler, first £ Start. f .-13eaten Dya distance or irom the "rancisco, Cal., #ov. 3, #', :OO * 1S63, * Dexter, second heat, Fashion * Course, L.I., Oct. 27, 1865, both to wagon. Bour--To give up the race by running to 4.3mile-Force rs...": 'bs. 1 ouisville * t Js one side. zz^y: Sept. 2 '# 1: 3. # * 3 '-g: # '' £ # Boors:-Leather or canvas appliances to % mile-Little Phili, 4 yrs., 111 lbs., Mon ide: £ic ficacón course, Hobok' protect the ankles or knees. I £h£ ''' 3, #, b :28%. . # : iš; 9 £ i.ongfellow, wagon, £eak-in trotting, to change to a run or lile-Ten Brocc rS., I IO I DS., JLOll1S- # * * * * ... " " &. * - SK1 D. ville, Ky., May ###. I 39%. * ££, #on. Califor. #Exten ~A horse is said to be a good or * £6 mile-Creosote, 4 yrs., 114 lbs., Louis- 4. nia, ### 10:51, Dutchman, sad- bad breaker as regards his ability to get quickly Yille, Ky., May 19, 1883, 1:4S * 34. * * •. back to the proper *% mile-itosaic, 4 yrs., 8o fbs, Brighton dle, May, iS36.... 11:06, Trustee, harness, prop * it. BROKE 5' 'en the tendons support- 19each, N.Y., Aug. 13, SS1, 1:53%. £ 'san Fran. ing, the cannon bones give way, the horse is 1% mile-Getaway, 3 yrs., 100 lbs., Saratoga, 5 miles & 'April 2 iš7; I3 #3% Little said to be broken down. N.Y., Aug. 4, iSS1, 2:07%. '. : £ ###".” BRUsit-A short contest on the road or ''' and Sooyards-Bend Ör, 4 yrs., 115 lbs., # wag : c£r harness, San track. '# £ Y., July 25, 1882, 2:10%. "I'', Nov. 23, 'is's 38.0% b # £Wh: a horse wins £, $3# # lbs., Sheepshead # Stuart, wagon, Boston, # 39, # £ sometimes said to have won *% mile-Lui: Blackburn. ‘rs... 102 lbs. ISOs. * * f CARoM.-So called when one horse in a race I £o:# # * 'A # 17,', SSo, 2:3 #. *# #: £, £e: # * 1S to £ w: the '' mile-Bend O’r, 4 yrs., 125 lbs., Saratoga, $#7. Controller, wagon. San išrancisco, £or's borrowed from the game o $. Y 19, 1 $3, 2:49 #A' 2O, 187S. gon, billiards, and in England, where the idea was * • Aug. + * * '#. 5 yrs., 116 lbs., Saratoga, first applied to the running turf, the word is 50 £#. Ariel, harness, driver !,Y., Aug. 5, 1882, 3:oi. * weighin lbs., Albany, N. Y., 1846 “cannon,” the cquivalent of “carom.” * 2 £en #. $ yrs., #9 lbs., Louis- £ $ aniel, wagon 'i driverweighing *:::"To catch up with the leading e', 'Sy., May 29, 1877, 3:27%. 400 lbs., # Course, L. I., Oct. 15, 1855. * *% miles:Monitor: 4 yrs., iio Ibs., Balti- #"ore, Md., Oct. 20, 18So, 3:44%. $:# applied to a male horse until *% miles-Springbok, 5 yrs','!? lbs., Preak- 10% mile:S:55:53, Conqueror, in harness, he has completed his fourth year. Union G's: L., I., Nov. 12, 1853. * CoNFEDERACY--An association of a number 'ss, aged, 114 lbs., d. h., Saratoga, N.Y., £% IIinda # earling, £: of owners of race-horses. July 29 is's 3.56%. * * * * * * time, # £. al., Nov. 21.1 's' CRACK (To).--This is said of a horse that *%i'-Kàstić yrs, to lbs., Lexing. £ o'” # "''' gives way and falls behind the moment he is $on, Ky., May 13 'Szé #. £ Cal, oc L 22, 1 #### caught up with. # miles: Ten Bröcci''y's lot Ibs., Lex- '', 's', ''n'' exington, £: Ct. CRoss.-See “Barney.” It is a double cross '"gton, Ky., Sept. 16, 1876, 4:58%. #: # 6: % #. £. where the party who agrees to lose either wins 23% imiles-IIubbard, 4 yrs., 107 lbs., Saratoga, Sce, 5 #, Frovi dence, R. I., §§t. 15, #. or tries to win without giving warning to his I confederates. . ; *... Aug. 9, : * . 3:lic:#####, 102 lbs., Sara- PACING. CAMPAIGN.-To make a tour through the 'a, N.Y., Aug. 26, 1882, 5:25. * 1 mile-2:10, Johnson, against time, Chicago, country during the racing season. s 4 miles-Ten broeck, 4 yrs., Io; lbs., Louis- Ill.,. Oct. 10, 1883....2:11%, 2:11%, 2:12% CATCH-To fall quickly into the proper 'ille, Ky., Sept. 27, 1856, 7:15%. * Little Brown jug, harness, fastest time and stride. * * * * to miles-Afr. 1 rown, 6 yrs., 165 lbs., ridden best two and three consecutive heats, Hart- CAUTion.--To admonish a jockey or driver by H. C. Peel, match for $1,000 with L. L., ford, Ct., Aug. 24, 1881...2:12%, Sleepy against any infraction of the rules. * * * #ed, 160 lbs., ridden by A. Belmont Purdy, Tom, harness, fastest fifth heat, Chicago, C#Curr. A number of tracks associated Rancocas, N.J., March 2, 18So, 26:18. Ill., -July 25, 1879....2:1334, 2:16%, 2:15, together, such as the Grand Circuit, Eastern # 2:13%, 2:14, harness,; fastest sixth Circuit, etc. * : * * TROTTING. and six consecutive heats; Rowdy Boy won CLAIM.--To protest; to claim a name for any 1 mile -2:10%, Maud S., against time, in hat- the first, Sleepy Tom the £ fifth, and horse. * 'ss, accompanied by running horse, Roch- sixth, and Mattie Hunter the hird and Cluck. To make a clucking sound to en- *Ster, N.Y., Aug. 11, ISS1 .....2:10%, sce- fourth heats, Rochester, N. Y., Aug. 14, courage a horse to greater exertion. s Ond best record, Maud S., against time, in 1879....2:14, 2:14, 2:15, 2:16%, in harness CoLLAR.—To draw up on an antagonist. larness, Pittsburgh, Pa., July 14, 1SSI...... fastest, four consecutive héâts; first and . Colors.-The caps or costumes worn by #1%, 2:11, Maud S., harness, against time, fourth heats won by Lucy, second and third jockeys or drivers to distinguish one from fastest third trial, and two consccutive trials, by Sorrel Dan, Buffalo, N. Y., Aug. 6, 1SSo another. * 'hicago, Ill., July 23, 1881....2:12, 2’13%, :::.2:14%, Billy Boyce, under £ii. Buf- CoMBINATION.—A pool formed by jockeys £2%, Maud S., harness, against time, fast- falo, Aug. 1, 1868....2:17%, Pocahontas, or drivers to fix an event. s $t three consecutive trials, Philadelphia wagon and driver weighing 265 lbs., Union CoNvERT-To change a horse's gait, such ** July 28, 1SS1....2:oS3%, Frank and Course, Iz: 1., June 21, 1855.... 2:18, 2:18, as a pacer to a trotter; a term used by trainers. £nning mate, against H. f. Winship and 2:17%, 2:18%, 2:19%, 2:16%, to wagon, fast. Cup-When, a track is so moist that the **te, the latter's best time 2:10%....2:15%, est four five, and six consecutive heats; j. horse's feet make deep impressions, it is said *7.2:16%, Smuggler, harness, fastest time, Sweetser won the first, fourth, and sixth to “cup.” . *d best two and three consecutive heats by heats, Lucy the second, and Sleepy George CUT Bows—To run a horse into another and a. stallion, Hartford, Ct., Aug. 31, 1876. ... the fifth, Buffalo, N.Y., Aug. 2, 1878. injure his limbs so as to disable him. g #5:4, 2:17, 2:16%, 2:17%, 2:18, 2:19%, fast- 2 £% Hero, harness, Union Course, CUT IN.- To take £ of an opening. $t five and six consecutive heats, and best L. I., May 17, 1853... # James K. Polk, CUT OUT.--To lead the others from the start; six-heat race Smuggler won first and saddle, also Roanoke, Philadelphia, June 3O, to set the pace. * Second, the third was dead between him 1850 - 4:58%, Young America, to wagon DAisy-currett-A horse that keeps his feet £ Goldsmith Maid, and the latter won the E:# Bowery Boy, saddle, Centrevi le, near the ground in trotting or running. three following, Hartford, Ct., Aug. 31, L.I., Sept. 7, £ * DEAD ONE.—A horse that will not run, or # #....2:15%, 2 :16%, 23.5%, 2:17, best four- 3 #: Oneida Chief, saddle, Hoboken, has no chance to win, or is not meant to win. *t race; Goldsmith Mātā won first heat, N.J., "# 15, 1843. . . .7:44, James K. Polk, DASH.-A single heat of one or more miles. #" the others, Rochester, N. Y., Aug. 14, harness, Centreville Course, L.I., Sept. 13, DEAD BEAT.—Beaten to a standstill. # Great #. ' £ 1847. # £ two # inore horses leat, Morissiana. N. Y., Sept. 22, 1877 " . . . . cross the score at the same instant. ###16%, 2:17, 2:17, Hopeful, #: time, T U R F D | RECTORY. D1stANCE.-In races of mile heats, So yards; *d best two and three consecutive heats to - of two mile heats, 150 yards; of three mile Wagon, Chica: p *: GlWING DEF NITIONS OF COMMON TERMS :* : * wards. # * Chicago, Ill., Oct. 12, is; 3....2:17%, IN USE UPON THE RUNNING AND heats, 220 yards; of mile heats, 3 in 5, 100 yard #17, 2:20, Smuggler, #arness second Horses in these positions are declared “dis- # dead with # £ TROTTING TURFS. tanced ” when t'. leading horse or horses *r.consecutive heats by a stallion, Phila- AGED HORSES.-Usually applied to horses have crossed the score. * Šphia, Pa., July 15, 1876.. ..2:16%, double on the running turf that are over six years of Dos ED.—When a horse has been given a £n Pick Swiveller and Edward, against age. drug to cause him to lose a race, he is said to "e, Morissiana, N. Y., July 14, 1882. BEEFY.--A horsc with too much fat. have been dosed. - -= * --> += * 640 DRAwN.—Withdrawn before or during a £tcC. DUFFER.—A horse which loses heart or rc- fuses to exert himself during a race. ENTRY.-The posting of the names of an owner and horse intending to participate in a T:Ct. END TO END.-A race in which the pace is forced from start to finish. FEATHER weight.-Seventy-five pounds. If all the contestants in a race were privileged to “feather,” it would be a race at catchweights, although £ “catchweight” means that the owner of a horse can place any weight upon him that he chooses, and he is presumed to choose the lightest practicable. FILLY.-Usually, a mare continues to be so called until # has completed her fourth Cill". y F1xED.—A race which is decided, before coming off to go a certain way, is said to have been "fixed.” FLAG-The signal used by the judge to shut out or distance a horse. FLUKE.-So said when a horse has won a race through an accident. Also called a ** scratch.” FREE HANDICAP.-It is called a free handi- cap race in which the owner, if he does not like the weight imposed by the handicapper, # withdraw his horse without paying for- eit. Fox BLooD.-An expression used by drivers when they drive to win. For FEIT.--To pay forfeit; nonfulfillment of the conditions. GAD.--To whip or lash a horse. GET AwaY.--To rush from the score. Go As T11EY PLEASE.—To wagon, harness, or under saddle, as the owner pleases. GoNE WRoNG.—Out of condition, off the feed, or incapacitated from further turf use or training. GENTI.EMAN RIDER.—An amateur, or one who does not ride for pav. Got AT.-See * £" HANDS Down.—A horse that wins without the aid of his jockey, and by the sheer force of his own speed is said to “win with (his jockey's) hands down.” HULL. Down.—A nautical term which, in its £ to the turf, means that a horse is so far out of sight (behind) that he has no chance to win. HANDICAPPED.-Weighted according to age, or the distance to be run or trotted. 1 IARNEss.—When a horse trots to sulky, he is said to go in “harness.” HEADED.—To lead the way by a head; to be led by a head. HEAT.-A division of the distance of a race, such as half-mile heats, mile heats, etc. HIPPopRoME.-A race that aims at gate money only, while professing to be for a stake, purse, or prize. HoMESTRETcil.-The last quarter of a track. HURDLE.--A fence-like arrangement used in hurdle-races for horses to jump over. IN CoNDITION.—A term used by trainers to express a horse's being in good form for racing. ocK.-Jockey, driver, or horsedealer. Jog.-Generally used where a horse has won easily. Such as: “He came in on a jog.” LEVANTED.-Applied to a word-of-mouth bettor who disappears as soon as he ascertains that he has lost. LEFT AT THE POST.-A term used on the running turf, where a horse scores for race, but refuses to go on. f] £nsabre-steady. The opposite of ightv. #-A term used by drivers when manip- ulating the reins to rouse a horse to greater exertion. MAIDEN.—A horse that has never won a running race. Marcii RACE.—One made expressly between horses, usually not more than two, in contra- distinction to a race for a pursc. M1LE AND REPEAT.-A rac in which a mile is trotted and then repeated, the horse winning each mile being the winner. MixED-GAITED.—When a horse changes from a trot to a pace, or runs in front and trots behind, he is said to be mixed-gaited. *16-- THE TURF. MoUNT.—A jockey, who is £ to ride a horse in a race is said to have been given the mount. - MoRAL.—"A moral” is a “sure thing.” It is a contraction of “a moral certainty.” MUSICIAN-A horse that roars. NoHDLE:-To poison a horse on the eve of a race, or otherwise unfit him. NAMING AT Post.-Naming the starters at the starting post; used on the running turf. NoMINATIoN.-The entry or naming of a horse or embryo foal for a race. OFF.-Out of condition; off the feed. ören rite GA:To draw away from the others. * OFFIcE:-The same thing as the “tip,” which is secret information as to the condition of a horse or the purpose in the race of those who have him in charge. It is called “the straight tip” when the information comes from owner, trainer or rider. ON.—To be “on” is to back a horse. A person is also “on” who fancies he knows what will be the outcome of a race that other persons believe is to be conducted squarely. OUTSIDERs.--All persons who do not, in one way or another, thrive by means of racing. Another terrn for “Producers.” PULLING A HoRSE.-Riding or driving to lose, by repressing the speed of a horse. The same thing is popularly ut erroneously called “hippodroming.” PUNTING.--When a man backs a horse for small stakes, he is called “a punter;” and if he uses the money he wins on one race to bet on the one next succeeding, he is said to be “play- ing on velvet.” That is, as he cannot lose, he has “a soft thing.” PERMIssion.--Assent from the judges to dis- mount or get out of the sulky. PLATEs.-Light shoes worn by horses for racing. PLAY or PAY.—Either start or lose the money paid for entry. Pole.—The inside, or inside fence of a track. Pole-11ors E--One of a double team; the one having the inside of the track. * Pool:-A combination or aggregation of bets. A clique. PROTEST-A complaint made to the judges for having been fouled or otherwise obstructed; a complaint against a horse, driver, or jockey who is not qualified to enter in a certain race. or go upon a certain track. PULLED.—When a horse is prevented by his driver from winning a race, he is said to have been pulled. QUARTER-11orse.-In running-turf parlance, a horse good for a short distance only. QUARTER-Pol.E.—The first dividing mark of a mile track. JITTER.-A horse that loses heart in a race; a "duffer" or bolter. RACKER.—A horse having a gait between a pace and a trot. Ii #Tiritsabre-unsteady, flighty, unre- 11 Olć. RECALL-A call back after a false start. REcoRD.—The time made by a horse, under the rules; more specifically, his best time. RIGHT OFF THE REEI.--Winning in straight heats. See “Straight Heats.” RINGER.-A running or trotting horse that is entered for or participates under an alias in races slower than those of his class. RoAD-11orse.--A horse used for road-driving. RoARER.—A horse that is broken-winded or breathes laboriously. RULED OFF.-Bänished from a track, or all tracks, for infraction of rules. RULES To GovERN. -The National Associa- tion rules are £enerally meant when this ex- pression is used. RUCK.-The main body of horses in a running race-neither the leaders nor the tailers, the latter of whom are termed whippers-in. S11 UT OUT.—A horse that is distanced. SANDw1c11ED.—When running and trotting races are alternated at the same meeting, the events are said to be sandwiched. ScoRE.—'I he starting-point on a track; to score for a start. s SEAsoN.—The duration of racing or stud service for the year. SENT.-Driven to win, or driven fast. SET BACK.—When a horse has finished first in a heat through an infraction of the rules, the second horse is given his place; this is called a “set back.” d SILAKE UP.—To rouse or encourage a horse. SIIUT OUT:-Distanced, or prevented from getting ahead of the others. SIDE-wire ELER-A pacer. SKIP.-A short break. g SPIN.—A short burst of speed; a sharp drive; used by road-riders. SPLIT HEATs.—Heats divided among the ConteStants, SpokED.-Having the spokes taken out of a wheel by the hub of another's vehicle. SquaRE Away.—To get away steady from the start. SquaRE-GAITED.—Of level, steady action. STARTER.—The person who sees that the horses are in proper positions, and that they get away together. STAYER.-A horse that maintains steadiness, and has the ability to go a long race without distress. - STEADY.-Pure-gaited, level-headed; to keep a horse well in hand. * STEEPLEcHASE.—A running race in which fences, ditches, and other obstructions are to be jumned. * TRAIGIIT HEATs.—Heats of anv races which are won, in succession by one horse. As," technicality, the race is not one of straight heats if the first heat is “dead” or is lost by a horse that wins the race in the next consecu- tive heats. STRIDE:-The distance from the point where a horse's hind foot leaves the ground to where it is put down. SUGARED.—Bribed, or paid to throw a race or heat. * SUSPENDED.—Ruled off a track or tracks for a time. SweepsTAKES.-A race in which the winner or first and second horses take the stakes, each owner contributing an equal amount. SweRVE.-Going out of the regular course, such as cutting in ahead of an opponent. TICKER.–Stop-watch. TIME-BAR.-A record which bars a horse from entering in a slower class. TIP.-Sec ** Office.” * TRAck HoRsE.—A horse used exclusively for racing. TRAIN ON.—When a horse is able to race season after season, and improve. TRIAL.—A private test of a horse's speed. TURNED OUT.—Withdrawn from the turf and stabled or pastured. Tours.—Hangers-on around stables for the purpose of picking up information and selling it. UNTRIED HoRs.E.-Said of a stallion or a mare whose progeny has not yet been a winner: UNPLACED.-On the running turf, where a field of more than four start, the first four are numbered as they cross the score at the finish; the rest are unplaced. WAGoN (To).–To be driven to a skeleton four-wheeled vehicle. WALK Over.-A race in which all the con" testants but one are withdrawn. WEAvE.R.—A pacer is sometimes called 4 weaver from the peculiar motion of the head and neck while in action. * £ the jockeys with their whips and saddles, or drivers in a handi" cap race, before the start. * VEIGIITs.–Metal appliances for a horse's feet, to stead v him or convert from one gait to another. A bar of metal carried by a driver to bring him to the required weight. * WEIGHT-For-Age.—The handicap or weight apportioned to a horse according to age. VELTER WEIGHTs.—Heavyweights. WINDED.—Blown out, exhausted. * * WINN 1NG STRAIGHT.--See “Straight Heats. WIRE.—The line from the judges' stan which marks the score. WoRD —The signal from the judges for a fair start. VVIIIPPERS IN.-See * Ruck.” WEARING SILK.—Said of a jockey when he has donned the full suit of his stable. * WELCIIER.-One who bets with no intention or means of paying if he loses. ~-3) =! ** =: * f METRIC AND STANDARD SYSTEM OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. W^\As * is sea?:\\ £ # "simiș'ism', '' MSRES 2- WITH \ \#2 d : g- Q @ r * . . [. § 2, © * £ $HE Metric System is the whole *** * £('X'X assemblage of measures derived # SS, | from a fundamental standard called METER.” : The metric system of weights and measures originated in France about 1790. In 1799 an international com- mission assembled at Paris on the invitation of the government to set- tle, from the results of the great Meridian Survey, the exact length of the “definitive meter.” Representatives were present from France, Holland, Denmark, Sweden, Swit- zerland, Spain, Savoy and the Roman Re- publics. A committee from the Assembly of Sciences had spent several years of labo- rious determinations, upon which were to be the standard units of the new metro- logical system. As the result of the inves- tigations of this international commission, a £en millionth part of the earth's quadrant Was chosen, and called a meter. To determine the unit of weight a cube of pure water at its greatest density, each edge of which is one hundredth of a meter, was taken and called a gramme or gram. The mul- tiples and subdivisions were made to correspond to the decimal scale, hence its great simplicity. Probably no influence had contributed, previous to the adoption of this system, more largely to embarrass trade among the different nations of the world, than the endless diversity of instrumentalities employed for the purpose of determining the quantities of exchangeable commodities. It is to this long-felt necessity for one common system of weights and measures throughout the world, that this sys- tem, after a lapse of but three-quarters of a century, has been adopted by nearly two-thirds of the inhabitants of the civilized and Christian world. In 1866 an act to authorize the metric system in the United States was passed by Con- gress. The utility of this system will commend itself even at a glance, and hence the importance of every person be- coming acquainted with it. All metric measures are uniformly multiplied and divided by ten, which causes the system to be also called decimal system of weights and measures. - The metric system comprises only five standard units, or six, including the units of moneys. The names, uses, and values of these units are: – # s:#N's? S+(2*N* S®%ilă P-6 \z\'za *#"aşa, –e4+é#########"- The METER, which is the unit of length and the basis of all the other metric measures. The ARE, which is the unit of land measure, and is the square of ten meters. The LITER, which is the unit of measure of capacity (both liquid and dry), and is the cube of a tenth part of a meter. The STERE, which is the unit of solid or cubic measure, and equal to one cubic meter. The GRAM, which is the unit of measures of weights represented as previously stated by the weight in vacuum of one-hundredth part of the meter. The FRANC, which is the unit of metric money, repre- sented by a silver coin weighing five grains, and of which nine-tenths are fine metal. Each unit has its decimal multiples and sub-multiples, i.e., weights and measures ten times larger or ten times smaller than the principal unit. These multiples and sub- multiples are indicated by seven prefixes placed before the several fundamental units. The following are the prefixes: , The multiples are taken from the Greek, the sub-multi- ples from the Latin. MULTIPLES. . . SUB-MULTIPLEs. 1. Deka, which means TEN. JDeci, which means TENTH. 2. Aftecto, “ * Hundred. Centi, “ * A undred/h. 3. Kilo, . “ “ .2"housand. | Milli, “ * Thousandth. 4. Myria,” “ * Ten Thous’d, * Thus with the meter we have The Meter, - * > I Incter, The Meter I • * Deckameter, or IO 44 “ Decimeter, * O. I * Hectometer, “ IOO & 8 “Centimeter, - • O,OI * Kilometer, “ 10oo “ * Millimeter, * Q.COI NoTE-A similar series may be obtained with any other unit, such as the GRAM, one Kilogram, one thousand grains; the LITER, one Hecto- liter, one hundred liters. The unit of money the Franc, admits no multiplying prefixes. Its divisions are termed Decime, Centime, Mill- ime, instead of Decifranc, Centifranc, Millifranc, although Decime and Millime are seldom used. The formation of the tables can be seen at a glance by . the following: REI.ATIVE VALUE. +ENGTH. SURFACE. CAPACITY. SOLIDITY. WEIGHT, IO, COO. . . . . * * * iameter*. 1,000........Milometer. Kilare." Kiloliter. Kilostere." Kilogram. roo........Hectometer. Hectare. Hectoliter. Hectostere.*Hectogram. to........Decameter. Decare." Dekaliter. Decastere. Decagram. UNIT, METER. ARE, LITER, STERRE, GRAM. •r . . . . . .--Decimeter. Deciare. Deciliter. Decistere. Decigram. •ot.........Sentimeter. Centiare. Centiliter. Centistere." Centigram. •CO1 - - - - - - - - Millimeter. Milliare." Milliliter. Millistere." Milligram. *Are not in use. "--~~ * -- when prefixed to Are. Tables of Standard English Measures and Weights, and the Metric System. ILONG MEASURE. 5% yards make 1 rod or pole. £ rods make 1 furlong. furlongs 1 mile. 3 lines or 3 barleycorns nake I inch. 3 fect make 1 yards CLOTII MEASURE.* 1 eighth. | 1 quarter. I half. 1 yard. 2 quarters - 4 quarters e- 2 sixteenths = 2 eighths *- OTHER MEASURES. 3 inches make 1 palm. 4 “ “ 1 hand. 6 did “ 1 span. 18 q ft * f. I #. b 21.8 “ “ 1 Bible cubit. I 2% feet make 1 military pace. # #miles {{ st d : 6 * 1 common pace. # part of an inch, a hair's breadth. 3.2S I in etCr. * is * *. d : ships cable is a chain usually $d fathom. s'ad." make: #" £ 12o fathoms or 720 fect ong. w * knot or geographical mile is 'g of a degree. %knots make I marine league. 1 degree. -v- *D-=" 642 METRIC AND STANDARD SYSTEM OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. –- ScALE or CoMPARIsoN. NAMES. PRONUNCIATION. ABR. mi. fur. rod. yd. ft. in. * -: - 22O s- * - Millimeter Mill’-e-mee'-ter 77???. I am 5% - 16% - # Centimeter Sent'-e-mee'-ter C}}}. I am's # * # Decimeter. Des -e-mee'-ter dm. * * Meter Mee'-ter - Ż71. TABLE OF EQUIvALENTs As BBTwBEN METRIC AND STANDARD MEAS • ? f URES. Decameter Dek'-a-mee'-ter dkm. Hectometer Hec' -to-mee'-ter him. 1 in. - 25% m; m: (nearly). 1 mi. - 1609.35 m., . Kilometer Kill' -o-mee'-ter Am : # – # : # " # =#: 3% # £9. Myriameter | Mir'-e-a-mee'-ter "nym. # = 5,029 “ “ 1 km. L' mi- # #. 13 ft. Milliare Mill' -e-fire *}! (!. IO II). Centiare Sent'-e-fire CQ. SQUARE MEASURE. Deciare Des -e-ure da. 1 sq. in. - 6.5 sq. cm. 1 sq. cm. - ..f55 sq. in.. Are? Are {Z. . I sq. ft. -- 9.3 sq. dm. I SQ. 111. = ! 1550 Sq. in. Decare Dek'-fire - | dka. # #d. * , ££1. II is 1 : # SQ. #. Hectare Hec' -tire ha 3 * 40. re. = I 19.0 Sq. yd. * * - + o ha. . = 2.471 acres. Kilare Kill' -fire ka. : Myriare Mir'-e-fire *nya. - CUDIC SOLID MEASURE. * :- ill '.a. w 1 cu. in - . 16.387 cu. centm. * - 4 1.0567 qt. liq, meas. £ # £e steer 773.S. 1 cu. ft. - {*:'#' I liter = | # entistere Cnt." -C-Steer CS. *. .o2S3 steres. I hecto- 2.837 bu: dry meas. JDecistere Des'-e-steer ds. 1 cu. #d. -, # #. # * 26,417 #: #" D. "w w I COr - 3.6281 Steres. 1 kiloli- 35.316 Cu. S!ere # #% 1 fluid oz. - .02958 liters. tCr 1.308 cu. # Decastere ek'-a-Steer - S. I # - 3.786 liters. 1 cu. ine- } = { 264.17 gal. liq. Hectostere Hec'-to-steer . * . I hs. I DllS. - 35.24 liters. ter 111C1S, Kilostere Kill' -o-steer * ks. I Štěre . .2759 cord. Myriastere Mir'-e-a-steer - 7tys. WEIGIIT. s - Milliliter Mill'-e-li'-ter - ml. 1 oz. troy - 31.1 grains. , 1 ton avoir. - 907.2 kilos. Centiliter Sent'-e-li'-ter. cl. | | | # £h }- 373.2 “ I gram. * | # £ a# Deciliter Pes'eli'-ter dl. 1 oz. avoir. = 28.35 “ 1 kilogram - '3 ×6.jb. avoir. # # £ l * #" 1 lb. avoir. - 453.6 “ 1 tonneau - 2204.6 lb. avoir. Decaliter ck'-a-li'-ter "l (1A:l. ANGULAR M . . . | Hectoliter Hec'-to-li'-ter . /hl. I T. 31 roo grades A. :- 400 grad * * ill "...O-li'. Ál. • 31. "' $101CS, t C11". *-r •- £S. | £, £, myl '" - # , , | #de = # yrianter - j/l. I' - 1.85 minutes ('cen.). | 1...cen: - , 5.4. Milligram Mill'-e-gram *g. 1” - 3.0S seconds (”cen.). “cen - 3:24”- £ - £ âm r #.* DRY MEAsURE. Lecigram Les' -e-gram £". 2 pints (pt) I quart, t- Gram Gram ".. £ . S #" I # * # Decagram Dek'-a-gram dkg. # £ 1 bushel, U- | Hectogram Hec'-to-gram kg. 36 bushels 1 chaldron, cald. t Kilogram Kill' -o-gram kg. SCALE OF CoMPAR1soN. : Myriagram Mir' #ram * *yg. cald. - bu. pks. qts. pts. || Quintal Quin'-ta | ?. # * - 36 , = 144 - 1152 - 230?. Tonneau Tun'-no T. I *- 4 for i 32 = * The a in deca and myria, and the o in hecto and kilo are dropped I ir I – : NoTE.—The standard bushel is the Winchester, which contains 2150.42 cubic inches, or 77.627 lbs. avoirdupois of distilled water at its maximum density. Its dimensions are 18% inches diameter inside, 19% inches outside, and 8 inchcs deep. LIQUID or WINE MEASURE. 4 gills make : 't pt. 3% £as make 1 barrel, bbl. 2 pints ** I quart, qt. 2 Dall"TCIS 3 #s £, gal. | 63 gallons } “ 1 hogshead, hb. SURVEYors' MEASURE. 25 links make 1 rod. 4 rods “ 1 chain. So ch. ** 1 mile. SURVEYors’ SquarE MEASURE. &# sq. links make 1 sq. rod, sq rd. 16 sq. rods “ 1 sq. chain, sq. ch. Io sq. ch. “ 1 acre, A. 64o A. * 1 sq. mile, sq. mi. 36 sq. miles (six mile s: make 1 township, Tp. SquaRE MEASURE. 144 sq. in make 1 square foot. 40 #: rds, make 1 rood, or qr, acre. * The old system of measuring cloth by nails and ells is not now used 9 sq. ft. “ 1 square yard. 4 it. ** I acre. in this country. 30% sq. yds. “ 1 square rod. 640 A. “ 1 sq. mile or sec- One minim cquals one drop. tion. --~. ->" ~~~ : ]". k *. Q—a- -—% *= == 644 THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES. &. jić # & *@ <9:#ée —£3THEC- GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES THE DUTIES OR ITS ORRIGERS AND IT'S DEPARTMENTs. *N 3. £SR *&S * "YU'S S--> Š [. ') :*-* #S: # #& O3%RNGC * **: # £ # HE people of the United States * | * * * live under the most complex government on earth; Demo- cratic in principles and Repub- lican in form, as are all the political institutions of the country. There is great com- plexity because there are sev- eral governments within the same area, the United States and the State. Each has its own Constitution and system of laws. Then, too, the cities, counties, and in some States the townships, have their political author- ity. The object of this and the suc- ceeding chapters, is to give an idea of our government and the separate State governments, the duties and respon- sibilities of each officer of such govern- ments, and the different departments connected therewith. While some State governments date back to Colonial settlements, others belonging to a very recent date, the government of the United States may be said to have been born Sept. 5, 1774, when the first Continental Congress met at Philadelphia. That body accepted Articles of Con- federation in 1777, and continued to be the only national government of the United States until the present Constitu- tion was adopted, 1787, under which our present system of laws exists. The constitution went into effect the next year, at which time the Continental Congress ceased to exist. Since the adoption of the Constitution of Sept. 17, 1787, there have been fifteen amendments added, the first ten, Dec. 15, 1791, the eleventh amendment, Jan. 8, 1798, the twelfth amendment, Sept. 25, 1804, the thirteenth, Dec. 18, 1865, the fourteenth amendment, July 28, 1868, and the fif: teenth amendment, March 30, 1870. The Constitution created three distinct branches or authorities of the general government, the executive, the legislative and the judicial. The President is the head of the first, is a part of the second, but has nothing to do with the third, except to select judges. The method of selecting the occupants of the different offices differs widely. The President and Vice-President are elected by the votes of electors chosen in and for the several States, each State having as many electors as it has repre- sentatives in both branches of Congress. The electors are chosen by the ballots of the people of their States, and all the electors of a State constitute an electoral college. Each college meets at the capital of its State, casts its ballots for President and Vice-President, which are forwarded to Con- gress, and opened by the President of the Senate, in pres- ence of Congress, and the candidate who has received a majority of the whole number of electoral votes cast is de- clared President for the ensuing term. If no one has a majority, then from the three highest on the list, the House of Representatives elects a President, each State having only one vote, two-thirds of the States forming a quorum for this purpose. The Constitution vests in Congress the power to provide for the succession to the Presidency and Vice-Presidency in case of vacancy or disability. Statute of 1792 (Section 146) provides that in case of such vacancy or disability the President of the Senate, in case there is one, or, if none, the Speaker of the House of Representatives shall become President until the disability is removed, or a Presi- dent elected at the expiration of the term of office. The Forty-Sixth Congress, March 4, 1881, adjourned, leaving no President of the Senate, and no Speaker of the House in ex- istence. Fortunately there was no vacancy in the Vice- Presidency at the time of President Garfield's death, hence – g- ==-3) *I PRESIDENTS AND WICE-PRESIDENTS. 645 a great peril to the country was averted. The Vice-Presi- dent is similarly chosen. * The President is chosen by popular vote, but the vote of each State is separate, so that a candidate might have a large majority of the aggregate popular vote of the country, and still not be elected. It is customary to place at the head of an electoral ballot the candidates for President and Vice- President the electors are expected to support in the college, but those names do not form a legal part of the ballots cast. The popular election is held the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November; the electoral colleges meet the first Wednesday of December and the inauguration occurs the 4th of March, or if that day fall upon the Sabbath it is postponed a day. The term of office of President and Vice-President is for four years. There is no law against any number of re-elections, but the precedent set by Washington in retiring city. As now completed, it is unquestionably the finest and largest building of the kind on the face of the earth, and does credit to the skill of the architects, and the taste of the nation. In durability of structure and costliness of material it is also superior to any other. The entire length of the building is 751 feet and the greatest depth 324 feet, includ. ing the portico and steps; the ground plan covers three and a half acres. The structure in detail consists of a main building 352 feet long and each extension 143 feet with a connecting corridor connecting with the main building of 44 feet. Out of the center of the main building rises the great dome of the capitol designed by Walter. This dome is sur- mounted by a statue of Freedom nineteen and a half feet high. Total height from base line to crest of Statue of Freedom 397% feet, diameter 135% feet. This great white dome, which surmounts this mighty pile, can be seen for THE CAPITOL. to private life after the close of the second term, has had the force of a law. The United States consists of thirty-eight sovereign States and ten Territorial governments, occupies the cen- tral part of North America between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, in lat. 25° 49° N. and long. 67°124° 30' W. The *rea including Alaska is 3,607,604 square miles. The Water surface is computed at 239,630 square miles. Only *bout one-fourth of the area is, to any great extent, in a state of cultivation. The coast line on both oceans is *ckoned to have a length of about 13,200 miles, exclud- ing the numerous bays and sounds, besides 3,620 miles °n the great lakes. For statistics of population, financial, Political and military history, its railoads, products, etc., see "Tables of Reference.” The CAPITol of the United States stands on the west brow of the plateau which forms the east portion of the * miles around; from it as far as the eye can reach may be seen rolling hills, broad valleys and rivers. The material employed in the central building is freestone from the gov- ernment quarries at Aquia Creek, Va. This is painted in order to conform to the general appearance with the wings, which are built of white marble from Lee, Massachusetts. The entire appropriations made by Congress from 1800 to date for its erection, repair and preservation, amount to $13,000,000. PRESIDENT AND WICE-PRESIDENT, During the President's term of office no king in Europe has more real power, the entire executive department of the government being under his supervision. The Presi. dent is Commander-in-Chief of the Army and Navy, and of 646 THE STATE DEPARTMENT. f the Militia in the service of the Union. By and with the consent of the Senate he appoints his Cabinet or Constitu- tional advisers who are responsible only to him. He appoints the Chief Justice, the Associate Justices of the Supreme Court; the judges of the other federal courts; the repre- sentatives of the United States abroad; makes treaties with foreign powers; signs all laws, unless such are passed over his veto, a two-thirds vote being required to do so, and ap- points directly or indirectly officials of various grades in the army, navy, post-office and revenue services. When the Senate is not in session he can appoint without reference, though subject to its approbation when it re-assembles. He is independent of Congress and the Supreme Court, and can only be brought to trial for violation of the Constitution be- fore the Senate by the process known as impeachment, a two-thirds vote of the Senate being required to remove him. His pardoning power is limited to convictions under the Federal law. The President must be a native-born citizen of the United States, having attained the age of thirty-five years. The office of destroyed by the British. The present edifice was not ready for occupancy until 1818, since which time there have been frequent renovations and repairs of the interior. The President's salary is $50,000 per annum, and the use of the furniture and effects belonging to the United States and kept in the Executive Mansion. The official household consists of a Private and Assistant Secretaries and Executive Clerks, one Steward and one Messenger. The Steward of the President's household, under the direction of the Presi- dent, is responsible for the plate, furniture, and other public property in the President's house, and must give a bond to the United States for a faithful discharge of his trust. No bond is required of the President. Assistant Secretary, $2,250; 5 clerks, from $1,200 to $2,000; Stenographer, $1,800; Steward, $1,8oo; Chief Usher, $1,400; 9 Ushers, Doorkeepers and Messengers, $1,200; Watchman, $900; Fireman, $864. The Vice-President has a salary of $8,000 per annum; Secretary, $2,100; Messenger, $1,440. The Constitutional Advisers or Ministers of the Presi- dent, called “The # Vice-President is mainly provision against a vacancy by death or other- wise in the Presi- dency. He being next in rank below the President, the Vice-President is ex-officio President of the National Senate, but has no vote unless there be a tie. Four times in the his- tory of the United THE WHITE HOUSE. Cabinet,” are the “Secretary of State,” “Secretary of the Treasury,” “Secretary of the Interior,”“ Secre. tary of War,” “The Secretary of the Navy,” “The Postmaster Gen- eral,” and “The Attorney Gener- al.” The duties of each are given un- der the heads of the several depart- States the Vice- President has succeeded to the Presidency; John Tyler succeeding President Harrison, 1841; Millard Fillmore suc- ceeding President Taylor, 1850; Andrew Johnson succeed- 1865, and Chester A. Arthur succeeding President Garfield, 1881. The declination or resignation of the President or Vice- President must be in writing, and delivered into the office of the Secretary of State. The official residence of the President stands on the west plateau of the City of Washington, a mile and a half west of the capitol, and is popularly styled the “White House.” It is built of freestone, painted white, is 17o feet long by 86 feet wide; two stories high, broken by numerous pilasters, and crowned with a balustrade. The general style is a modification of the residence of the Duke of Leinster, Dublin. The principal or first floor contains the “East Room,” the “Green Room,” the “Red Room,” the “State Dining Room,” with several smaller rooms. The western part of the second floor is devoted to the offices connected with the executive. In 1814 the “Executive Mansion” was ing President Lincoln, ments. During the sessions of the Cabinet the President, sits at the south end of the Cabinet table and the Ministers in the following order: The Secretary of State on his right, the Secretary of the Treasury on his left, and thus alternating Secretary of War and Navy, and Postmaster General and Attorney General. The Secretary of the Interior sits at the north end of the table. THE STATE DEPARTMENT. While the Constitution specifies no man as an executive officer, excepting the President, his Cabinet Ministers have always shared the title with him. The highest appointive office is Secretary of State. He is the nearest approach there is to a prime minister. This department was created by the act of Congress passed Sept. 15, 1789, or, as it might be claimed, by the act of July 27, 1789, the latter denominating it the Department of STATE DEPARTMENT. Foreign Affairs. Besides having charge of relations with OFFICERS OF DEPARTMENT OF STATE. other countries he is the official Secretary of the President, Countersigning all commissions issued by the President. % •. ź. Date of s. He i e signing all com iss %. 23% # » % OFFICE. NAME. Residence. Comm is - a. He is specially charged with the negotiation of all treaties sion. +: with other nations, and the conduct of diplomatic corre- £ s £ #3 % **** * # Y. # # is *** * *. # *: ECW ral % % $ pondence. The State D epartment is divided into seve Secretary of State . . . . F.T. Frelinghuys'n New Jersey Dec. 12, '818ooo bureaus, to-wit: £" #. *tary. John Davis .... .... Dis. Colum. July 8, 82,45oo •. **** *ssistant tw:11:..., 11...... #. # # # #% & 1 * 1 " " ". . ." Bureau of Indexes and Archives, whose duties are to open the Secretary . . . . . . . . y William Hunter.... R. Island... July 27, '66'35oo icial ...~ : 1... % ### #&# # # # #%% #% # ########## .. * * % # *# Third Assistant •. *#& # 8% .. official mails, prepare an abstract of the correspondence of each day, Secretary . . . ": Alvey A. Adee..... Dis. Colum.July 8, '82|35oo and an index of it, and superintend the miscellaneous work of the de- Chief Clerk. ........|sevellon A. Brown. New York. Aug. 7, '732750 partment. # ##laims. Henry Q'Connor... Iowa.......Feb. 5, #35 o . N. * * * * **** ****** **** #### Chief of Diplomatic Alfred Williams. . . . . ..., || || Diplomatic Bureau looks after affairs with foreign £ 115 £ ... ' 'w i. ": | Ohio ....... Aug. 11, ’8221oo : Consular Bureau, correspondence with consulates and miscellaneou Chief of Consular Francis O. St. | Marviz %.' . . # * : * # Correspondence relating thereto. c£f indexes | Clair... . . . Maryland. Nov. 1, 8121oo Bureau of Accounts looks after all the finances of the : : and Archives . . . . . John H. Haswell... New York. Aug. 7, 7321oo such as custody and disbursement of appropriations; charged with the Chief of Bureau of . Robert C. Moro. * . 3 :... .3.x. 3: . ** indemnity funds and bonds; care of the building and property of the Accounts..... ... " er - morgan. New York. Aug. 15, '74,2100 department, etc. Librarian ............ Theo. F. Dwight... California. uly 1, 75,212 NEW DEPARTMENT OF THE STATE, wAR AND NAVY. *ureau of Rolls and Library has the custody of the rolls, treaties, The consular service is divided into seven classes accord- public documents; superintendence of library and care of the revolu- ing to salaries, namely: Five consulates at $6,000 a year, tion •. ": # . % # % # # 3% # * # ni *** # •. •. . # . •. *ary archives of international commissions three at $ 5,000, one at $4,500, five at $ 4,000, eight at $3, 5oo, There is also a “Bureau of Statistics” for the preparation twenty at $3,000, nineteen at $2,500, thirty-five at $2,000, Of reports on commercial relations. The examination of all fifty-nine at $1,500, twenty-five at $1,000. All fees in ex- Questions of a legal nature and claims belong to the law cess of the fixed salary must be covered into the United bureau from the department of justice. The “Private | States Treasury. It may be added here that the Secretary Secretary ” has charge of confidential correspondence. has two Assistant Secretaries at a salary of $4,5co each. There are besides, the “Offices of Translator,” of “Par There are two Comptrollers. The first revises, certifies to dons and Commissions,” and of “Passports,” together with and supervises the accounts of the civil and diplomatic the Telegraph Office and the waiting Room. service, and the second the accounts of the army, and navy, | . 648 DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY. | —- also the Indian and Pension bureaus. Salary $5,000. There been any internal taxation by the general government prior to the civil * * * * * war. There is a Solicitor of Internal Revenue, the law officer of this are six District Auditors, salary of each, $3,600. Each bureau. © t * ". The Solicitor of the Treasury, or chief attorney, attends to all legal receives and adjusts a specified line of accounts. No matters connected with the Treasury #. # Comptroller or Auditor has precedence really over another. The Bureau of Printing and Engraving is responsible especially * s ti, for the plates and paper used in making United States notes. The most important subordinate is Treasurer. C * * Number of persons in the employ of the general govern- onnected with this department are also the £ ment varies constantly, but is believed to be nearly 100,000, £ in charge of the Supervising Architect, wit not including the army and navy. Most of these, except : Assistant Architects, Superintendent of Life Sav. postmasters, are clerks in the several departments and ing Service, Supervising Surgeon General of the Mari" branch offices Hospital Service. The bureau of statistics is also a part of this department, as also the Light House Board and United -O-->=9-s&-(N-3G>C=#--o- * States Coast Survey. DEPARTMENT []F THE TREASURY OFFICERS OF THE TREASURY DEPARTMENT. | - - * * * OFFICE. NAME Residence. Appointed. : The Department of the Treasury was organized Sept. 2, esidence. Appointe % 1789. Its head, the Secretary, is charged with the admin- --------- —= * * * s * $ istration of the financial affairs of the executive, the collec- s:# y * *}|Charles J. Folger... New York.oct. 27, 's Scoo tion of the revenue, the safe custody of the public funds, Assistant Secretary, vacant March 10' - 4500 and the maintenance of the public credit. Each year he c£# Henry F. French. Massachus. Aug. 12, 764500 must report the condition of the treasury, together with any £ #|Amos Webster.....Massachus. May 29, 822700 * * * * * - s * recommendations he may have to make for the fiscal year | #.'8:### ending June 30. Besides finance proper, he superintends C.' *}|Henry C.Johnson. Pennsylva. April 8, '74 too the survey of the coast, the light-houses, the Marine hos- # £: # £ #: #1 18, # g * * * * * * {*COrl uditor......|Orange Ferris...... New York. May 1o, 3 £ the buildings belonging to the United States used for £ # * * * * * * #: s £: # gain . . # 25, 79 # civil purposes. *ourth Auditor......!Charles Beardsley..|Iowa .... ..|Aug. 2, ’79.3 purp * * * Fifth Auditor........ [D. S. Alexander y: Indiana .... £ 2, 'S'éoo He has two Assistant Secretaries, two Comptrollers, six | Sixth Auditor........ jacob if £....|New Hampjune 2, 'Si!'too Auditors, a Treasurer and a Register, with duties as follows: "#'s'. the } A. U. Wyman......|Wisconsin.......... s& # # Comptroller # # # # accounts of the civil # T£ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | * * * * * * * * * * . * 3600 and diplomatic service as well as the public lands. Blanche K. ..|Mississippi M. *S1 |4000 £ £ £ £ ‘' the accounts of the C £of # anche K. Bruce...|Mississippi |May 19, '' army and navy, of the Indian and Pension Bureaus. omp hn J. K. • * : * * * * .#April 24, '72 5000 #: of Customs has charge of all of the accounts of the Currency "...e. "..." #Jo J. Knox New York. April 24, 7' 5 ££isbursements. and for the building and repairing C#. £ ; Walter Evans......|Kentucky.......... 'S36oco Cl1 - * * * * :**'. * * The First Auditor receives and adjusts the accounts of the revenue Solicitor of Internal leg Cl t t. p OO and disbursements, appropriations ' cxpenditures on account of the Revenue ......... ; Charles Chesley... [New Hamp|Oct. 13, '7145 civil list and under private acts of Congress, reporting the balances to Solicitor of the } Vacant March 10,’84 4500 the Commissioner of the Customs and the First Comptroller, respect- Treasury .... ... • ively, for their decision thereon. Pi:ctor of the #|Horat. C. Burchard. Illinois.....Feb. 22 ’79,4500 The Second Auditor looks after all the accounts relating to the pay, Mint.:*:. . . . . ...; * clothing, and recruiting of the army; the armories, arsenals, and £: Chief of Bureau of St * p $'. # # £ relating to the Indian Department, reporting to the #£g and - Truman N. Burrill. New York......... 'S3'45oo econd Comptroller. rinting . . . . . . . . ; The Third Auditor has all accounts for sustenance of the army, forti- Chief of Bureau of . I h Ni ..|New York. Se *782 fications, military academy, military roads, and the £ de- Statistics ..:...: 3- oseph Nimmo, Jr..|New York. Sept. 1, '78.2400 partment, as well as for pensions, claims arising from military services Supervising Archi" ||Mifflin E. Bell.....Iowa............... ’83|4500 previous to 1816; for all property lost in the military service, reporting tect. . . . . . . . . . . . . to the Second Comptroller. Superintendent of * * * * * . . . . p The Fourth Auditor attends to all accounts for the service of the U. S. Coast Sur- -|Iulius E. Hilgard... [Illinois..... Dec. 22, '81 6000 Navy Department, reporting to the Second Comptroller. Vcy . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Fifth Auditor receives and adjusts all accounts connected with Chairman Light- } Robert H. Wyman.|Dis. Colum.June 5, 'S2.... # £e services of the State Department, reporting to the First s:#"s: - omptroller. . " . Iohn B. Hamilton..|Illinois.....|April 3, '79.4000 The Sixth Auditor receives and adjusts all accounts arising from geon-General ...; } O#111 In 11(OIl 1I] OlS pril 3, '794 the service of the Post-office Department. Unless an appeal be taken Superintendent of * * * p within twelve months his decisions are final in all matters connected Life-Saving Serv->|Sumner I. Kimball. Maine.....July 3, '784ooo # the Post-office Department. No one auditor takes rank over an- S £ vising ” in: oth CT. UlDCTV1S! •- * The Treasurer is the most important subordinate. He receives and spector - General - James A. Dumont... [New York. Nov. 24, #so keeps the funds of the government in his own office and that of the of Steamboats.... - Sub-Treasuries and other depositories of the government, paying out Chief of Appoint- } James B. Butler....|Idaho ......Jan. 1 siasco the same upon warrants drawn by the Secretary of the Treasury, or ment Division: * * - checks drawn and signed in accordance with law. He also pays all the Chief of Warrant } W. F. McLennan...|New York. April 1, 'So 2750 interest obligations on the national debt. There is also an Assistant c£"#"#. - Treasurer. is * * #E B. Dask .|C "ctic’t.|M p 25oo The Register keeps the accounts of public receipts and expenditures; Moneys Division. ugene 1SK3II), ©OIll" CI1C ay 1, ’77:25 receives the returns and makes out the official statement of commercé Chief of Customs ! Henry B. James....|New York. Jan. 1, ’77.2750 and navigation of the United States, receiving from the Commissioner Division. ........ p of Custon's and First Comptroller all accounts and vouchers decided by Chief Internal Rey. s * *** * them, and is charged with their safe keeping. enue and Navi-Y. Darius Lyman..... Ohio....... July 1, ’75.25oo The Director of the Mint has charge #all the coinage of the gov- ation . . . . ....... Crn Incrit. Chief. Loan, and ! William Fletcher... Michigan...Jan. 1, ’79.25oo The Comptroller of the Currency has charge of everything con- Currency Divisi'n nected with the issuing of paper money, and watches over the national °# - £"'Ezra w. Clark....ohio....... July 1, ’7S25co banks to see that they keep within the limits of # law. f e'" £; W The Commissioner of Internal Revenue collects the revenuc from ū 4 + A. L. Sturtevant...Massachus. July 1, ’75.25oo internal taxation; an office created during the war, there never having and Printing..... | Üt ssachus. 'uly 1, 75.25% * THE WAR DEPARTMENT. THE WAR DEPARTMENT, The War Department, created August 7, 1789, has the authority which its name implies. Originally it had charge of Indian as well as military affairs. Instead of being as- sisted by a corps of subordinates holding office for a definite term of four years, his chief subordinates, except a chief clerk, are officers of the regular army, who are paid salaries and perquisites. The Secretary may be called the aide-de- camp of the President who is ex-officio commander-in-chief. The Commanding General occupies the place next to the Secretary of War. His duties co, 'prise the arrangement of the military forces; superintends the recruiting service; looks after the discipline of the army, and orders court-martials and oversees the enforcement of the aws and regulations of the army. he Adjutant General keeps all the records which refer to the per- sonnel of the army, the rolls and the orders issued; also the returns in regard to the militia and the army of the United States... . The Quartermaster General superintends the supplies, transporta- tion that may be required for the army, and control of the barracks. OFFICERs of THE WAR DEPARTMENT.—Continued. The Commissary General is in charge of the purchasing and issuing of all rations to the army. - * The surgeon General's duties relate to all matters connected with medicine and surgery, as well as the management of the sick and wounded, and of £ hospitals. % . The Paymaster General disburses all the money required for the de- partment. • * * * * The Chief Engineer has the care of the 'it': Academy at West oint, and of the Engineer corps of the army. All appropriations for he improvement of rivers and £ are made through this office. The Ordnance office has control of the arsenals and armories, the £facture of arms, including cannons, and the custody of ordnance stores. The Typographical office is the bureau in charge of all surveys made for military purposes and for internal improvement, with the drawings and documents appertaining thereto. » # * * . The Judge Advocate General is the chief of the bureau of military Justice. The Chief signal office is literally “clerk of the weather.” OFFICERS OF THE WAR DEPARTMENT. Date of *. OFFICE. NAME. Residence, Commis - 5 sion. # Chief Clerk......George K. Finckel. Dist. Colum Jul 1, ’712,000 Paymaster-General. Wm. B. Rochester. New York. Feb. – : 5,500 c' £: • - - - # D. £ obt, i. Dist. Colum Sept. 16, 1772,000 on in 1s sary - || |Brig.-Gen. Robt. 1 [A, , * ~~: 1 - . General. ... : t McFeely ......." Mil, Acad...|April 14, '755,500 Chief ‘lerk.......W. A. De Caindry.............— —, 's 2,000 surgeon-General. G: Rob't Mur- Maryland........... '835,500 # | Mj.J.J. woodward Pennsylva . June 26, ’763,25. A". # in S. Billings|Ohio #: *C. 2. '% # * . » Mj. D. L. H’ntingt'n Pennsylva.............. 3.25o c£: '' cai' Samuel Ramsay.... [Virginia.... July 1, ’712,000 # o C11G-211 . . . - 1-. s Purveyor . . . : Col. J. H. Baxter. | Vermont..., June 23, '744,200 Attending Sur- |Lieut.- . Basil # ...:#"A" & "" udge Advocate- rig.-Gen. David * - £ * * * * * * * * { £ Indiana.... June 1, ’825,500 hief Clerk ... Joseph McDonald..]Kansas. *Q, I - 4. Chief of Engi- £ £ insas.... June 1, * 1,800 neers........... " I tio G. Wright.. } Mil. Acad. June 30, '795,500 £: william J. warren. New York. July 1, 777-235 * * * Col. Almon F. of public build- ...:” New York. April 1, ’814.5oo ings and gr’nds. Rockwell ...... { p * 4.5 Officer in charge of State, War, and '' De- partment Build- L--, -, . % £ £}|Col. Thos. L. Casey Mii. Acad...sept. 2, 74,000 Aqueduct, and # Washington c£ * * * * 2 hief Sign all Brig.-Gen. Wm. ) ..., * 11Cer s: | #." } Mil. Acad...]Dec. 8, '805,500 Chief Clerk.... . £s', Pennsylva. July 1, ’741,800 *# * ra...a...... }|Brig. Gen. Steph’ * * * ~3-#33.3 : • chief of ordnance: # £p ** {|Mil. Acad..June 23, '745,500 Chief Clerk......John J. Cook....... Dist. Colum|May 26, ’822,000 UNITED STATES ARMY. By the eighth section of the first article of the Constitu- Date of £, OFFICE, NAME. Residence. Com m is - - sion. # Secretary of War. Robert T. Lincoln. Illinois . . . . [Mar. 5, $: 8,000 Chief Clerk......[Iohn Tweedale.....Pennsylva. July 1, '822,500 Adjutant-General; "'" ||Pennsylva June is sols soo *: c: C. Kei- t Mil. Acad. June 15, "So 4,500 Chief Clerk .....R.P. Thian .... New York. July 1, ’712,000 'spector-General'." Mil. Acad. Jan. Io silsso Quartermaster % Gen. S. B. Hoia. t * - - - --> • * * &%# afs * 3. A4 - * * * * * * * * * * * * •S G: ''''''''Mil. Acad 835,500 tion of the United States, Congress is empowered in gen- eral “to raise and support armies;” and by the second sec- tion of the second article, the President is appointed com- mander-in-chief of the army and navy, and of the militia when called into the service of the United States. On Au- gust 7, 1789, Congress established a Department of War as the instrument of the President in carrying out the provis- ions of the Constitution for military affairs. * . Q—- * 650 r— By Acts of Congress, approved July 28, 1866, March 3, 1869, and July 15, 1870, the number of land forces constitut- ing the standing army of the United States was strictly limited. Section 2 of the Act of July 15, 1870, provides that on or before the 1st day of July, 1871, the number of enlisted men in the army shall be reduced to 30,000. It was subsequently enacted that from the year 1875 there shall be no more than 25,000 enlisted men at any one time. The actual enlisted strength of the army in the beginning of 1383, was, Cavalry, 6,383; Artillery, 2,493; Infantry, 10,767; Engineers, Sanitary Corps, etc., 3,381; total 23,024. Besides there were 2,162 officers—of which there was 1 General, 1 Lieutenant-General, 3 Major Generals and 6 Brigadier-Generals, 66 Colonels, 85 Lieutenant-Colonels, 242 Majors, 607 Captains, 40 Adjutants, 40 Regimental Quartermasters, 57o First Lieutenants, 448 Second Lieu- tenants, 28 Chaplains, 15 Storekeepers. The enlisted men embrace 32 Sergeant-Majors, 4o Quartermasters’ Sergeants, 637 musicians, 196 trumpeters, Io Saddler Sergeants, 114 Ordnance Sergeants, 148 Hospital Stewards, 148 Commis- sary Sergeants, 57 Wagoners and 17,522 Privates. Be- sides these there are employed in the signal service 495 persons—at West Point there are 7 Professors, 145 Cadets and 204 enlisted men, total 356. Number of retired army officers is 424. Number of privates discharged during the year 1882, 6,181; died, 223; deserted, 3,741; re-enlisted and enlisted, 7,734. The term of service in the army is five years. As now organized, the army is composed of 10 regiments of cavalry, consisting each of 12 troops or companies; 25 regiments of infantry, of 1o companies each; 5 regiments of artillery, of 12 batteries each; and 1 engineer battalion; besides the ca- dets of the military academy. The 9th and Ioth regiments of cavalry, and the 24th and 25th regiments of infantry, are composed of negro soldiers, but with white officers. Besides the regular army each State is supposed to have a militia in which all men from 18 to 45, capable of bearing arms, ought to be enrolled, but in several States the organ- ization is imperfect. The organized militia numbers 9,059 officers and 118,172 men. The number of citizens who in case of war might be enrolled in the militia is upward of 6% millions. The territory of the United States is divided for military purposes into nine departments, and these are grouped into four military divisions, namely, Division of the Missouri, composed of the Departments of Dakota, the Platte, and the Missouri; Division of the Pacific, composed of the De- partments of Columbia, California, and Arizona; Division of the Atlantic, composed of the Departments of the East, the South, and West Point; Division of the Gulf, composed of the Departments of Texas and Arkansas. The law provides for the retirement from active service of any commissioned officer who has served 30 years as such, on his own application, at the discretion of the President; or for placing on the retired list, unconditionally, after 40 years of service, any officer applying to be retired; or, if 45 years of actual service, or 62 years of age is reached, an officer may be retired at the discretion of the President. THE NAVY DEPARTMENT. The number of officers on the retired list is limited to 400 by law. The pay is fixed at 75 per cent of the pay allotted to the rank of officers in active service at the time of retire- ment. * The law provides that no allowances shall be made to officers in addition to their pay, except quarters and forage furnished in kind. Mileage at the rate of eight cents per mile is allowed for travel under orders. The pay of cadets at the U. S. Military Academy, West Point, was fixed at $540 per annum, by Act of Aug. 7, 1876, instead of $500 and one ration per diem (equivalent to $609.50), by former laws. The pay of private soldiers runs from $156 ($13 a month and rations) for first two years, to $21 a month and rations, after twenty years' service. PAY OF THE ARMY OF THE UNITED STATES. [From the Official Army Register, r&r.] Pay of Officers in Active Pay of Retired Service. Officers Yearly Pay. Yearly Pay. GRADE oR RANK. | | | | # # | # # | # | # # #- *m. I $ '. 2 ": 3 # $ s. $ $ $ General .......... * * * * Lieutenant-General .. Major-General ....... Brigadier-General ... Colonel ...... * | * * * * * * * * * * is * * * * * * * * * | * * * * | * * * * 1 s is a e | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * r * * * * * 3:02:38:24:03:02:500 2625.2S87|31503375.3375 Lieutenant-Colonel .. Major.... . . . . . . . . . . . . Captain, mounted Captain, not mounted. Regimental Adjutant. Regumental Quarter- master . . . . . . . . * * * * * 2500.27503000 330.23% 22602400 1932;go 1930° 160 1930.2 16o 2925.3000 2437.2625 1950,2100 1755|1890 1st L. i cu t e n a n t, mounted............ 16oo 1760, 1920 1st Lieutenant, not | mounted... ......... 1500 16501Soo 1950 2100 2d Lieuten a n t, | mounted ........... 1500 1650.1Soo 2d Lieutenant, not mounted............ 1400 1540 16So Chaplain............. 1500 1650. Soo * 1560, 16So 1125 1237 1350|1462.1575 I 125 ": 1462.1575 105o 1155 1260.1365,1470 1350.1 #### 12OO 132O 1950 2 IOO 1820, 1960 1950 21oo *The maximum pay of colonels is limited to $4,500, and of lieutenant- colonels to $4,000. ->#-G-co(#}o-3-3-6s-- THE NAVY DEPARTMENT. The Navy Department created in April, 1798, is presided over by a Secretary who has one assistant or chief clerk. In 1862 the department was reorganized by the division of its duties into eight bureaus, since increased to ten: The Secretary of the Navy has charge of everything connected with the navy of the United States; the duties of the several bureaus are performed under his authority, all instructions emanating from him; -> G- --O 2- | * -= += --- THE UNITED STATES NAVY. "- *issues all orders to commanders of squadrons and vessels; appoints all officers, commissions, requisitions for money, etc. The Marine Corps is attached to his department, and the commanding officer of that *ubmits all orders to him for approval. "he Bureau of Yards and Docks has charge of the navy-yards, in- *luding docks, wharves, buildings, machinery, labor, and general Police of the yard, also the Naval Asylum. The Bureau of Navigation takes charge of the maps, charts, navi. £ating instruments, flags, signals, etc.; attached to it are the Naval Academy, Naval Observatory, and Nautical Almanac. 'Bureau of ordnance attends to the purchase and manufacture of *nnon, guns, shot, shell, and powder, and charge of all ordnance and ordnance stores. *ureau of Construction and Repair.—The construction and repair of all vessels of war are in charge of this bureau. Bureau of Equipment and Recruiting looks after the cquipment of Wessels and the enlistment of men for the navy. IBureau of Provisions and Clothing.—All small stores, provisions : clothing, as name of bureau indicates, come under charge of this threau. There are also the “Bureau of Steam Engineering,” at- tending to the construction and repair of steam engines. “Bureau of Medicine and Surgery,” having the manage- ment of the hospitals, care of the sick, charge of the medi- cines and medical stores. The Marine Corps. This corps is attached to the Navy under the immediate supervision of a colonel commanding, the “Judge Advocate General of the Navy,” the “National Observatory,” and the Hydrographic Office. s Late of £, OFFICE. NAME. Residence. Com m is - 3 S.1QI) - £: Ú) *===-- * - s.l.” $cretary of the Navy|wm. E. Chandler..N. H. April 1, $2|Sooo # Clerk.......... John W. Hogg..... Tennessee...Jan. 1, ’54|2500 £ '' te } Col. W. B. Remey... Iowa. . . . . . . July 1, ’7S 45oo Chief of #ureaus' *ureau of Yards Rear-Admir’l Ed. } Georgia....|May 23, 'S1|5000 and Docks....... T. Nichols..... 'u of Naviga- } ce. I' G. } Mass.......!............ sood *.............. al t" . . . * * * - - ": of Ord- } c:#" | Dist. of Col............. 5000 *CC . . . . . . . . . . . . ery Sicard...... ": #: ; Joseph A. Smith....|Maine...... June 22, '82|5000 ureau of Medicine Surgeon - General * * s B' £: } Philip S. Wales } Maryland...Jan. 26, 'So sooo FC:lu O uin- £nt and I'. | Com. Earl English.|New Jersey Nov. 20, ’7S|5000 Il Bureau of construc- * * * . . . . . . .” ---- * * tion £ £ } Theodore D.Wilson|New York. Mar. 3, ’82|5000 "reau of Steam t|Engin'r-in-Chief ! Maryland...Feb. 26, ’775ooo O ngineering...... } | Wm. H. Shock. £ il. I’ # Comm. Thomas | New York. July 10, 'Sol{ooo X #: * * * * * * Pattison. * * * * * * * a: y Pay Office. s Pay # ...|Rich. Washington. Maine.......... . . . . . . . . 3000 Atarine Corps. Commandant Ma- ) |Col. Chas. G. Mc- * * ? = ": Corps........ £w. 'Coi. | Louisiana..|Nov. 1, ’76,4500 Charge Marine |Maj. Geo. W. Col- * *76 arracks......... W i: * * * * * * * * * * * * New York. Nov. 1, ’76.3500 Avavay Observatory. uperintendent.......R.-Ad. S. C. Rowan Dist. of Col. May 27, '82|5000 651 THE UNITED STATES NAVY. The naval forces of the United States consisted in 1882 of 65 steam vessels, all screw propellers except 6, besides 23 wooden sailing vessels, 24 ironclads, 2 torpedo-boats, and 25 tugs. Out of the total 139, only 57 were in efficient service. The total number of guns was 1,033. During 1882 con- siderable attention was given to the Navy by the United States government, and it was resolved to speedily complete the construction of five monitors which were on the stocks. It was resolved, besides, to proceed with the construction of several new cruisers of the latest type, and contract was made with Roach & Son, Chester, Pa., for their construc- tion. A large reduction in the strength of the enlisted force of the Navy was ordered by the Congress of the United States in the session of 1876, as inserted in the Naval Appropria- tion Bill, in consequence of which it became necessary to withdraw a number of the vessels from active service. The United States possesses ten Navy-yards and stations, namely, Portsmouth, Charlestown, Brooklyn, Philadelphia, League Island, New London, Washington, Norfolk, Pen- sacola, and Mare Island. Portsmouth, New Hampshire, has an area of 63 acres; Charlestown, of 80; Brooklyn, of 80; Philadelphia, of 15, and Washington, of 42. Nor- folk, Pensacola and Mare Island, are used only for tempo- rary repairs. There are four “rates” in the official classification of ships of war. First-rates are all vessels of 4,000 tons and upward; Second-rates, vessels of 2,000 to 4, ooo; Third-rates, vessels of 900 to 2,000, and Fourth-rates, all vessels under 900 tons. The active list of the Navy is composed of 1 admiral, I vice-admiral, 12 rear-admirals, 25 commodores, 50 captains, 90 commanders, So lieutenant-commanders, 2So lieutenants, 1oo masters, Ioo ensigns, 91 midshipmen, 126 cadet-mid- shipmen, and 135 cadet-midshipmen on probation at the Naval Academy, all of whom are officers of the line, Of the staff, there are I surgeon-general, 14 medical directors, 15 medical inspectors, 50 surgeons, 81 passed as- sistant surgeons, 12 assistant surgeons, 1 paymaster general, 12 pay directors, 12 pay inspectors, 5o paymasters, 30 passed assistant paymasters, 18 assistant paymasters, 1 engineer-in- chief, 69 chief engineers, 99 passed assistant engineers, 62 assistant engineers, 62 cadet engineers, 74 cadet engin- eers on probation at the Naval Academy; 23 chaplains, 11 professors of mathematics, 1 secretary for the admiral, and I for the vice-admiral, 1 chief constructor, Io naval con- structors, 6 assistant constructors, and 10 civil engineers. The warrant officers consist of 53 boatswains, 51 gunners, f \saph Hall ..!Mass... . . . . May 2, '63|3500 * s * - P # £ £rkness. New York. Aug. 2: #oo 54 carpenters, 37 sail-makers, and 40 mates. *ofessors..........' John R. Eastman...[New Hamp. Feb. 17, £5.35% The retired list is composed of officers of the line as fol- Edward S. Holden. Army...... Mar, 21, # * * AW Edgar Frisby...... Illinois.....[Iune 11, ’7š24oo lows: 48 rear-admirals, 19 commodores, 11 captains, Io autical A/ * * * up#'. Prof.s. Newcomb. Mass.......Sept. 11, 61.35% commanders, 16 lieutenant commanders, 9 lieutenants, 11 I Signal Office. - masters, 6 ensigns, 1 midshipman. Staff officers, viz., 22 9.charge............ Capt. P. C. Johnson. Penn ... . . . . . . . . . . . 79.3500 * s * * £ie Office. 's- medical directors, 2 medical inspectors, 2 surgeons, 4 passed ydrographer.' ... C'm.J.C.P. de Kraftillinois.....July *, *35° assistant surgeons, 7 assistant surgeons, Io pay directors, 2 S- M- --> pay inspectors, 4 paymasters, 2 passed assistant paymasters, - assistant paymaster, 9 chief engineers, 21 passed assistant | engineers, 25 assistant engin r val constructor, 8 | chaplains, and 6 professors of mathematics. % i | tics. Warrant offi- | cers, viz., 11 boatswains, 9 gunners, 11 carpenters, and 9 | 5. *irst five years...................................... Second five years................................... Third five years.................................... % #8% * 3: 23. * vey : # 2C1 of I 3 I O % 1CerS of the line y I 2O t w t enty y s. * * * * * * * # * * * * * * * * * * * * # & # * * * * * & # * * | int officers, and 6 professors of First four years.................................... Second four years.................................. After eight years *&^%u officers of the staff, 40 warra mathematics. | There were, July, 1882, in the service Navy Appropriation Act for the fiscal listed men, and 750 boys. arine Corps consists 372 non-commissioned office enlisted m ... ? * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * - #%jiš# Secretary to Admiral and Vice 1.... ............ Sec s to Commanders of Squadrons................ Secretary to Naval Academy............................. . Clerks to Commanders of Squadrons and Vessels. . . . . . . . . First Clerks to Commandants of Navy Yard Second Clerks to Command Navy Ya! Clerk, Mare Island N y Yard...: ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Clerk to Commandants Naval Stations.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Clerks to Paymasters at Navy Yards— Boston, New York, Philadelphia, and Washington. . . . . . . . . . Mare Island............ . . . . . . . . . ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ry, Norfolk, and Pen her stations of 90 commissioned officers, rs, 128 musicians, and 1,500 % a 4 * * * * * * # # * * * rds : # * * * * * * * * * * * * sola.... # # & # # # # # # 48 % # # # # # .# * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * » men is $258, and of ordinary seamen $210 per annu - * - - # # Admiral.... # * * * * * * * & # * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * "ice-Admiral............................... THE INTE | * «www. i Ad ##. rals # 4 & # * * * * * * * * * * & # # # * * * * * * * * * * * | | commodores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . %. *... ." |- - ----- a * * . . . " - - *%. As | | aptains...... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . his department was created March 3, 1849. The * * ommanders................................. retary is charged with the administration of affairs relating to the Territories of the United States, patents, public lands, sions, Indians, census, education and the beneficiary *% * asylums in the I Lieutenant-Commanders— First four years after date of commission. After four years from dat mmissi Lieutenants- I'l-e- : F> | "S )istrict of Columbia o * * ernment, and has supervisory control over the architect of the capitol. He has one Assistant Secretary and an Assistant Attorney General, who is his legal adviser. There are eight bureaus in this department. T * * * * * * * # * * * *% ## *%: years * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | After five years............................| | | Cadet Midshipmen................. . . . . . . . . Mates........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Medical and Pay Directors and M. # Pay In :tors and Chief Engi | ing the same rank at sea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | Fleet Surgeons, Fleet Paymasters, and Fleet| Engineers.... . . . . . ********** -- % D ***** *** #% #%: # # # ź * < * * * * * * * * * * * * > - | % | | * * * * - - - - - - - - * * * * 4,400 # * * * # * 2% # #%#" %' # % "( **** * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * # Third five years............................| Fourth five years................ .......... wenty years.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . # itant S. s, Pa Assist: "8. 3 * A ant F. ed. A After five vears............................| Assistant Surgeons, Assistant Paymasters *% C - 1. 21 p. £1.in * First five years. . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * ....! - After five years............ * * * * * * * * * * * * Gunners, Carpenters, er f - Pneral Land Office, whose C . * ** * ## #: management, sale, and pre-emption, and homestead settlement upon the public domain, and all matters growing out of public lands. This bureau audits i . . First y | | Third three ye. # * * * - * * * * * * * * * * - Fourth three y **I's . . # * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | After twelve years......................... val service. : : #. * POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT. #. !% # * % % igation Signals'. Wallac * * * * * . Je. | % -- connected with the Indian tribes, subject to the Secretary's approval. £n, Signals & Wallace A. Bartlett New York. Dec. 1, 75.25oo and Wood-work'g | | * The Commissioner of Indian Affairs has control of all business 22. Fire-arms, N. : The Commissioner of Patents is charged with issuing letters patent 23. Trade-marks to inventors, and the collection of statistics. ź. ": Labels.... .. { - < - • ** * : *%: (# *** *** * *### * 24. De Signs and , , *&^% # ... . & ti The Commissioner of Education collects and disseminates informa Sewing Machines ; Robert J. Fisher... Illinois..... Aug. 1, 'So 24oo on in regard to public instruction. 25. Milling...........[Robert Mason......Tennessee...July 1, S124oo The Commissioner of Railroads investigates and reports upon the Librarian............ Weston Flint.... . . New York. uly 1, 78.20oo financial relations of subsidized raliroads to the government -- - --~ --> - . . . . g intendent and INDIAN OFFICE. The Census Bureau is under the charge of a superintendent and Commissi i. # * * % 3. £4 wommissioner. . . . . 1 + - % #% | Iowr * * * * * attached to this department. Besides the foregoing, the Department of Chief *........ Hiram Price....... Iowa.......'Mar. 6, S140oo th # % ... & # *% 8 : - * * # 8. #4 × Chief Clerk.......... Ezra L. Stevens... Ohio. ... [May 6, ’812ooo he Interior has charge of the “Geological Survey,” the Mines of the w # Franklin A. Seely. Pennsylva. June 17, so 2soo United States, the Affairs of the Penitentiary of the United States, and BUREAU OF EDUCATION. the Hospital for the Insane in the District of columbia, and the £. :R: Eaton........ Tennessee...[Mar. 16, ’70,3000 appointment of Governors and Secretaries of Territories, and the Chief Clerk......... Wm. H. Gardiner... Illinois.... (Feb. 21, '... United States capital extension. - es capital extension GEOLOGICAL survey. | DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Director * * #:# W. Powell... Illinois.....'Mar. 14, '816ooo * * * '#2%%, * * * 3: 4.” # ***.*.*.*&^% £ Officer....James Stevenson... Kentuck ..M. : £ :- Chief Clerk.......... James C. Pilling... Dist. Colum July 1, 812200 Date of . CENSUS OFFICE. OFFICE NAME. Residence. Com m is - " Superintendent... |Charles W. Seaton. New Y *** -. # = % **. * • × * * * * * * * * . # * -- ". eaton. New York. Nov. 1, '81) OOO SIOI), # Chief Clerk..........'Geo. W. Richards. Ohio...... o: 1, £ * s Commer of Railroads Wm. H. ArmstrongPennn....... [Feb. o. 'S2 Sec'y of the Interior...Henry M. Teller... Colorado...|Apr. 17, $28ooo Superintendent of | o - M 9, S24500 Assistant Secretary. Merritt L. Joslyn. Illinois ... July 28, '824ooo #overnment Hos- #|Wim. W. Godding." #: # * * Sept. 1, ’77.25oo *ief Clerk and Su-3 George M. Lock 'New York. Apr. 10, 727so p!'.': Chusetts A£ % # *% ## wood.......... } New . Apr. 10, 75 P' £ |E Ga i. | |4000 Assistant Attorney- Jos. K. McCam- t|Pennsyl-Ülway ... " Institution for E. M. Gallaudet... Connecticut Mav. '73 ||ar General. * # # # : J Ill OT1... , , # # * * * * * * vania * } May 4, so sooo A: and '' # | # 57 . £ \rchitect 'apitol & F.A.... * w •. | GENERAL LAND OFFICE. £on' Edward Clark.....Penn....... Aug. 30, 651soo Noah, C. McFar- Kansas ...]oct. 24, '814ooo land............ | f * • |Luther Harrison... Pennsylva...Sep. 20, ’8220oo P0 STO FF CE D EPARTM E NT . * : * PENSION OFFICE. Commissioner........(Wim. W. Dudley... Indiana.... [Oct. 25, 8,500o The PostOffice Department was created Septembe | First £ Com’r..Q. P. G. Clarke.... Rhode isi..', 2. 'Si!'..., 789. The Postmast p G 1 was not a Cabi p * er 22, £ ommiss’ner. Calvin, B. Walker. Indiana.... '; * , 1789. he Postmaster-General was not a Cabinet officer un- hief Clerk..........|Abiel W. Fisher...] North Car. July 7, '81.25oo til 1829, when Postmaster-General Barry was invited by PATENT OFFICE. President Jackson to a seat in his Cabinet. Commissioner........[Beni. Butterworth. Ohio............... istant-Commiss’r. V. #. Stockbridge. Maine......June 16, Chief Clerk...... ...|Chas. J. Kintner... Michigan. Oct. 1, |Rufus L. B. Clarke Iowa.......April 23, Examiners-in-chief. R. G. Dyrenforth. Illinois.....June 16, Henry H. Bates ...|New York. May 1, Commissioner...... | Chief Clerk.......... * 81 3600 Examiners. || Interferences.........Joseph B. Church. Virginia....Jan, 1, 1. Agriculture.......Oscar C. Fox...... New York. July 1, 2. .. N # * * I' tural ; Wm. C. Behrens. { Pennsylva. Aug. 16, *...**iiürgy, l..... " white. New York An. rewing and # $Jesse H. w hitaker. New York. Aug. 1, Civil Engineering Benjamin W. Pond Maine... Aug. 7, ine Arts........ £ Burke....Wisconsin.-Sept. 9, Chemistry........ Thomas Antisell...|Dist. Colum|May 10, Harvesters.. # * * * * * Edward D. Boyd. * Texas.... # * Jan. 1, #, .... Malcolm Seaton. ...|Dist. Colum|Oct. 1, ; Hydraulics and * ź * * * ... -...- : * * > £ £ 4 Jas. E. M. Bowen. Dist. Colum|May 1, IO, * i: # # * 2% * % -> > * #W as: Henry P. Sanders...|New York. May 13, * Leather-worki'g '# 8. #. Machinery and John P. Chapman...Ohio....... Nov. 16, Products.... ..... % . # ' Engin'g|Albin Schoepf.....Maryland.. July 1, 3. £ & Joseph W. Jayne... Pennsylva. July 1, 14. Metal-working. Class B . . . . . £, # : 6. | P*# UNITED STATES POSTOFFICE. The direction and management of the Postoffice is in charge of the Postmaster General and three Assistant Post- masters General. The great proportion of the Federal offi- ces of the country belong to this department. What are ) Solon W. Stocking New York. May 1 * * * known as “presidential offices” are those postoffices of suf- # # * * #: £astics ...;....Benj.S. Hedrick....N. Carolina July 1, ficientlv hi . # % 17. #: Frank L. Freem: assachus. Sept. 1, iciently high grade so that the occupant is nominated by • "rinting and Pa- # * * #% # *** 2.3%. .2% r . . . % * * % % s's M' g { L. M. E. Cooke.... Dist. colum Mar. 1. the President and confirmed by the President. * Steam Engineer'g|Francis Fowler....|New York. Jan. 16, The First Assistant P *** * 1 controls the APPoinTMENT o”ck, and has charge of commissions, bonds, salaries, allowances, free delivery, and the blank agency. The second Assistant is the head of the contRAct office, includ- ing inspection of mail equipments, special agents, depredations, and topographical divisions. N. Hamp-l 19. Calorifics,Stoves shire... ) and Lamps....... 20. Builders' Hard. | Ware, Locks : * Surgery.......... *1. Fabrics and Tex. tile Machinery.... } Benj. R. Catlin.... June 1, A. G. Wilkinson... Connecticut May 15, Wm. H. Appleton. shire. .. July 1, # 654, DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE. The Third Assistant has charge of the finances, postage stamps, registered letters, and dead letters. There is a superintendent es- pecially for money orders, another for foreign mails, and an Assistant Attorney-General, Post-office Department. These offices are divided into a great number of Divis- ions, the names of which suggest the duties of each. The Appointment Division, Bond Division, Salary and Al- lowance Division, Free Delivery and Blank Agency Divis- ion of the Appointment Office. The Contract Division, In- spection Division, Mail Equipment Division, Division of Special Agents and Mail Depredations, and the Topograph- ical of the Contract Office. The Division of Finances, Division of Postage Stamps and Stamped Envelopes, Divis- ion of Registered Letters and Division of Dead Letters, are of the Finance Office. Date of * OFFICE. NAME. Residence. Com m is - £ Sl OI). .# of $ Postmaster-General... Walter Q. Gresham Indiana.... April 11, 'S3'Soco Chief Clerk........ Fred. N. Bassett...|Dis. Colum. Nov. 15, ’82,2200 F i r s t Assistant Postmaster-Gen- eral . . . . . . . . . . . . . Second Assistant Postmaster-Gen- eral is is a s is is is + i + ... * * Third Assistant Postmaster-Gen- eral .... * * * * * > * Superintendent, of t Joseph A. Blackfan New Jersey July 2S, * Frank Hatton...... [Iowa ......[Oct. 22, '$1,4000 Richard A. Elmer...|New York. May 16, ’81|4000 Abraham D. Hazen. Pennsylva...June 7, '77.4000 Foreign Mails... Assistant Attorney- General for Post- Office i) enartm’nt Superintendent # Alfred A. Freeman.|Tennessee...May 1, ’77|4000 Money Order Sys- tem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | Chas. F. McDonald. Massachus. y uly 1, ’65'3000 DEPARTMENT OF JUSTIGE, This department was not created until June 22, 1870, but there has always been an Attorney General, only the duties "of the office were somewhat enlarged under the law of 1870. He is not only the legal adviser of the President and of the Cabinet, but exercises general supervision over all United States attorneys and marshals who must report to him and are largely subject to his direction. All prosecutions on be- half of the Government are conducted through his depart- Inent. The Attorney General reports annually to Congress the business of his department and any other matters appertain- ing thereto that he deems proper, including statistics of crime under the laws of the United States, and as far as practicable under the laws of the several States. He must, when requested by the President or heads of the Executive Departments, give his advice and opinion upon all questions of law. His first assistant is the Solicitor General, and there are two assistant Attorney Generals, and an ex- aminer of claims. The Attorney General is required from time to time to cause to be edited and printed at the Government Printing Office an edition of one thousand copies of such of the opin- ===ms== ions of the law officers herein authorized to be given, as he may deem valuable for preservation in volumes. The De- partment is also charged with the distribution to the various Judges and Courts of the statutes, reports, and the judicial documents provided by law. He must also keep a register of the statutes of the United States and reports of the Su- preme Court, showing the quantity of each kind received by him from the Secretary of the Interior; also to enter on said register at the proper time, when, where, and to whom the same, or any part of them have been distributed and de- livered, and to report the same to Congress in his annual report. OFFICERS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE. Date of * OFFICE. NAME. Residence. Commis-i to .# es SlOil, * c: U. $ * | Attorney-General....|Benj. II, Brewster. Penn...:... Dec. 19, '81. Sooo Solicitor-General..... Samuel F. Phillips. N, Carolina Nov. 15, '72/7000 A: William A. Maury. '. Colum. May 17, ’725000 A#' #|Thomas Simons.... New York. May 25, is soo Chief Clerk........... James R. Young...'Penn.......|Dec. —, '82|2200 Law Clerk........... Alex. J. Bentley.... Ohio....... June 10, '67|2703 THE JUDICIARY Consists of three classes of courts, besides special tribun- als, namely: The Supreme, the Circuit, and the District Courts. There are nine judges upon the Supreme Bench, a Chief-Justice, and eight Associate Justices. There are nine Circuits, a Supreme Court Judge being assigned to each. There is also a Circuit Judge for each Circuit. There are fifty-five United States District Courts. All Federal Judges, except Territorial, are appointed for life, as are the clerks of the United States Courts. The pay of the latter is in fees, and not by salary; the same is the case with the United States Marshals and District Attorneys, both of whom are appointed for terms of four years. Besides the regular courts of the United States there are two courts of claims at Washington, one growing out of losses at the South by loyal citizens incident to the civil war. The other adjudicates the claims for depredations by the Alabama and other Confederate cruisers. Each Territory has a Judge and one or two Associate Justices, appointed by the President, and confirmed by the Senate. SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES. The Court holds annual sessions at Washington, commencing on the second Monday in October. -* • * Date of Name. ATF's Commis-Salary. s S1OI), Chief Justice Morrison R. Waite. Ohio...........|Jan. 21, ’74 $10,500 Justice Samuel F. Miller.........|Iowa.... ...... July 16, '62 10,000 Justice Stephen J. Field..........|California...... Mar. 10, '63| 10,000 Justice Joseph P. Bradley........|New Jersey.... 'Mar. 21, ’7o 10,000 Justice John M. Harlan..........|Kentucky...... |Nov. 29, # ro,oro Justice William B. Woods....... Georgia ....... [Dec. 21, ’8 10,000 } ustice Stanley Matthews ... . . . Ohio....... ... May 12, '81| 10,000 ustice IIorace Gray..............|Massachusetts. |Dec. 20, 81| 10,000 Justice Samuel Blatchford........|New York..... |Mar. 23, "S2 10,000 Clerk...-James H. McKenney.....]Dist. Columbia. 18SO) Fees Afarshal.-John G. Nicolay......|Illinois. .... ... 1872, 3,000 Reporter-William T. Otto...... [Indiana........ 1875|_2,500 – —===* ~--> * += - -— DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. "-– CIRCUIT COURTS OF THE UNITED STATES. First Judicial circuit.—Mr. Justice Gray, of Boston, Mass. Dis. *icts of Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island. Circuit Judge.—John Lowell, Boston, Mass., Dec. 18, 1878. Salary, $6,000. Second Judicial Circuit.—Mr. Justice Blatchford, of New York City. Districts of Vermont, Connecticut, Northern, Southern and Eastern New York. Circuit Judge.—William T. Wallace, New York City, April 6, 1882. Salary, $6,000. Third Judicial Circuit.—Mr. Justice Bradley, of Newark, N. J. Districts of New Jersey, Eastern and Western Pennsylvania and Delaware. Circuit Judge.—William McKennan, Washington, Pa., Dec. 22, 1878. Salary, $6,000. Pourth Judicial circuit.-Mr. Chief-Justice Waite. Districts of Maryland, west Virginia, Eastern and Western Virginia, Eastern and Western North Carolina and South Carolina. Circuit Judge.—Hugh L. Bond, Baltimore, July 13, 1870. $6,000. Pifth Judicial circuit.—Mr. Justice Woods, of Montgomery, Ala. Districts of Northern and Southern Georgia, Northern and Southern Florida, Northern, Middle and Southern Alabama, Northern and Southern Mississippi, Louisiana, Eastern, Western and Northern CXàS. Circuit Judge.—Don A. Pardee, New Orleans, La., May 13, SSr. Salary, $6,000. Sixth Judicial circuit.—Mr. Justice Matthews, of Cincinnati, Ohio. Districts of Northern and Southern Ohio, Eastern and Western Michi- gan, Kentucky, and Eastern, Middle and Western Tennessee. Circuit Judge.—John Baxter, Knoxville, Tenn., Dec. 13, 1S77. Salary, 3OOO. Seventh Judicial circuit.—Mr. Justice Harlan, of Louisville, Ky. Districts of Indiana, Northern and Southern Illinois, Eastern and Western Wisconsin. Circuit Judge.—Thomas Drummond, Chicago, Ill., Dec. 22, 1860. Salary, $6,000. - Fighth Judicial circuit.—Mr. Justice Miller, of Keokuk, Iowa. Pistricts of Minnesota, Iowa, Eastern and Western Missouri, Kansas, |Eastern and western Arkansas, Nebraska and Colorado. Circuit Judge.—George W. McCrary, Keokuk, Iowa, Dec. 1, 1879. Salary, $6,000. Salary, 655 JUDGES OF THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURTS. Date of Commis- sion. DISTRICTs. NAME. Residence. s# ALABAMA: * - i (Three Districts). John Bruce..........Montgom'ry Feb. 27,753,500 A#, 3astern District..|Henry C. Caldwell... Little Rock. June 30.’ OO Western 46 £%. Parker...... |Fort Smith...'Mar. # # CALIFortNIA........|Ogden Hoffman......S. Francisco Feb. 27,'5"|5,000 CoLoRADO......... Moses Hallett........|Denver . Jan. 20, '773,500 CoNNECTICUT......|Nathaniel Shipman.|Hartford.. Apr. 17, 733,5co DELAWARE ... ....|Edward G. Bradford. Wilmington Dec. 13, ’713,500 F# District'Th orthern District.Thomas Settle........Jacksonville Jan. o, '77!3,500 G# d is James W. Locke..... # West .. # # # *::"'). *enry K. McCay....|Atlanta..... Aug.4, 823,500 Northern Pistrict Henry W. Blodgett.. Chicago.... Jan. 11, '70'4,000 *O Southern “ Samuel H. Treat, Jr.. Springfield. Af: * I'........'. w# "#. IowA: ---. Dubuque....|Aug. 14,'823,500 £ District Oliver # Shiras. Outhern ames M. Love ....|Keokuk.....Feb. 2'' RSANSAs... . . . . . . . . . Cassius G. Foster....Topeka...... # £ucky.........John W. Barr........|Louisville...|Apr. 16',šoo "'5i trict...|Edward C. Bill N * 5 astern District.. Edward C. Billings...N. Orleans.. . Io.” Western $4 Aleck £: Shreveport.. # # # MAINE * * * * * * * * * * * * Nathan Webb. * * * * * * Portland.. * * Jan. 24, *82 500 MARYLAND........ Thomas J. Morris....Baltimore.. July 1, '794,000 MAssACHUSETTS....Thomas L. Nelson... Worcester..jan. 10, #54 ooo *#5 trict...H B. B Det astern District...|Henry B. Brown..... Detroit...... Mar. 19,” OO Western ** Solomon L. Whithey. Gr'd Rapids!Mar. # # MINNEsotA .......|Rensselaer R. Nelson St. Paul.....|June 1, ’5$3,500 MISSISSIPPI: * (Two Districts)...[Robert A. Hill....... Missou RI: 3, Oxford......May 1, '663,500 Eastern District... Samuel Treat: .......St. Louis::: Mar. 3,'573,500 Western ** Arnold Krekel.......|Kansas City'Mar.31, '653 Soo NERRASKA.........[Elmer S. Dundy......|Falls City...|Apr. # 3 500 NEvADA........... [George M. Sabin....|Carson City. £ 26,'823,500 NEw HAMPSHIRE..|Daniel Clark. ........|Manchester July 27,'66 3,500 NEw JERSEY......|John T. Nixon......Trenton.....Apr. 28,'714,ö o NEW YORK: Northern District|Alfred C. Coxe...... Utica........May 4, '824,000 Southern Addison Brown.:. . .N. York City # 2, ’814,000 Eastern * @ Charles L. Benedict..|Brooklyn....'Mar. 9, '654,000 NoRTH1 CAROLINA. Ninth Judicial Circuit.—Mr. Justice Field, of San Francisco, Cal. istricts of California, Oregon and Nevada. Circuit Judge.-Lorenzo Sawyer, San Francisco, Cal., Jan. 10, 1870. Eastern District.. Augustus S. Seymour New Berne. Feb. 21,'S23, 500 o'ern $4 Robert P. Dick......|Greensboro. June 7,772 3,500 IIIO: Northern District..|Martin Welker....... Toledo..... Nov. 25,733,500 Southern {{ George R. Sage......Cincinnati.. # 4,000 QREGoN...........|Matthew P. Deady...|Portland.....'Mar. 9, '553,500 PENNSYLVANIA: Salary, $6,000. UNITED STATES COURT 0F CLAIMS. Xppointed ... Pat'f Name. R.' Co £ is - Salary. Sharles D. Drake. Chief-Justice..|Missouri.......|Dec. 12, 7o $4,500 harles C. Nott. £ '' ....|New York ....|Feb. 22, '85 4,500 William A. Richardson.......... Massachusetts. !' 2, #4 4,500 lenni W. Scofield...............|Pennsylvania... | [ay 20, S. 4,500 *Wrence Welden...............|Illinois:... . . . . . . . . . . . . $3 4,500 *rchibald Hopkins, Chief Clerk. Massachusetts....Jun, i. 73 - 3.2 SUPREME COURT OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. *E=- Eastern District...William Butler...... Philadelphia Feb. 19.”o'4.ooo VVestern f : Marcus W. Acheson. £ #11), # # RIIoDE ISLAND....|Le Barron B. Colt.... Providence...Mar. 21,'S 3,500 SouTir CARoLINA.. George S. Bryan..... Charleston..|Mar. 12,'663,500 TENNESSER: East. & Mid. Dist David M. Key........' Knoxville...May 27,'So'.5oo T'rn District. Eli S. Hammond..... Memphis....June 17,’;83,5co EXAS: | Eastern District..|Amos Morrill........|Galveston...Feb. 5, 723,500 Western 44 Ezekiel B. Turner.... Austin.. Northern ** A. P. VERMoNT...... . . VIRGINIA: £istern District.. Robert W. Hughes...|Norfolk.....' Jan. 14, '743,500 w' * * '' Pau kson. Ir... £ 1SSR 3,500 T VIRGINIA, ...|John J. Jackson, Jr. ... [Parke • . 3. '013. WISCONSIN: J J.J J rsburg Aug. 3, : 500 Eastern District. Charles E. Dyer... ... iRacine......Feb. 10,753.5oo * Dec 20, 'o' 500 • McCormick.... Dallas.......|Apr. 10,’793,500 Hoyt H. Wheeler....Jamaica ....'Mar, 16 * Western * Romanzo E. Bunn. ... Madison. == Oct. 30, '773,500 ID:tte of Namc. Co m m i S- Salary. S1O!]. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ####### £ ## # # s 'STICES.-- VV * * * * * * * * * * * £1!". I * * **H.” * * £, #: }: 15, # 4,000 Besides the departments, the heads of which constitute Alexander B. Hagner, Md.... Jari 21, 19 £ the Cabinet, there is a Commissioner of Agriculture, who - Walter S. Cox, D. C.... • * * * * * Malr. - * 79 4,000 l k f d * ? DIST Charles P. James........ . ....|July 24, # $200 and £ ooks after and reports upon agricultural matters. Under - *= ill...! lan. 12, "So! .. T101 (GCS. * * £"# act of CongressJuly 4, 1836, the Commissioner of Patents *Sir AL-Clayton McMichael.......... Dec. 26, 'S3]... .2oo and fees. was instructed to give his attention “to the distribution of * ~- == %. * *Q- Q—- == 656 PUBLIC PRINTER-THE CONGRESSIONAL LIBRARY. rare grains, seeds and plants,” in the collection of which he was aided by the diplomatic and consular officers of the United States in foreign countries. In 1839 $1,000 were appropriated for this purpose. This gave rise to the agri- cultural division of the Interior Department. The Department of Agriculture was established by act of Congress dated May 15, 1862, “to acquire and diffuse among the people of the United States useful information on sub- jects connected with agriculture in the most general and comprehensive sense of that word, and to procure, propa- gate, and distribute among the people new and valuable seeds and plants.” The chief executive officer was to be tent foremen. Salary of Public Printer, $3,600. Present printer, S. P. Rounds. \ THE CONGRESSIONAL LIBRARY. The Library of Congress was founded under act of April 24, 1800. John Randolph, of Roanoke, of the new com- mittee on the Library, on Dec. 18, 1801, reported upon the needs of the Library, and on Jan. 26, 1802, Congress passed an act placing it on a permanent footing. The first collec- tion comprised about 3,000 volumes. From this time var- ~, known as the Commissioner of Agriculture, to be appointed ious sums from $450 to $12,000 per annum have been ap- by the President, and confirmed by the Senate. propriated by Congress for purchases. In the burning of There are now annually distributed about 1,200,000 pack- the capitol by the British in 1814, the Library was destroyed. ages of seeds, and 25,000 bulbs, vines, cuttings, and plants. On Sept. 21, 1814, Thomas Jefferson tendered the sale of The publications of the department consist of an annual his library of 6,7oo volumes. It was purchased by Congress report of about 700 pages octavo, 227,000 to 275,000 printed for $23,950. The collection contained many rare works for distribution, and monthly reports of about 48 pages gathered in Europe. In 1824 the Library was transferred octavo, on the condition of the crops, 28,000 printed. from its temporary quarters over the present offices of the This department was formerly a bureau of the Interior | Clerk of the Supreme Court, to the present main hall. On Department, but in its reorganization was made independent | Dec. 24, 1851, the Library, then numbering 55,000, was de- of that department. t stroyed by fire, occasioned by a defective flue. About 35- | OFFICERS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Ooo volumes were burned. Amongst the works of art de: stroyed were Stuart's paintings of the first five Presi- | Date of * dents and originals of Columbus and Peyton Randolph. OFFICE. NAME. Residence. Co £is- # In 1852 Congress appropriated $157,500 to refit the hall, o # which led to the present elegant accommodations. In 1866 Commissioner......'George B. Loring... Mass....... May 19, '81 |3,000 the Smithsonian Library, consisting of 40,000 volumes, em- Chief Clerk ........ E. A. Carman...... 8'. Jersey # '' # 2,002 bracing the largest assemblage of the transactions of scien- #: : # '#: #: : £ # $: # tific and learned societies in the world, was transferred to the #:#:#:#", ##| Library. In 1867 the Peter Force Collection of books, man- Microscopist........ Thomas Taylor ...|Mass............. ......|1;Soo uscripts, maps and papers relating to American History, the s' # ''} William Saunders...|Penn....... Sept. '62|2,ooo most complete extant, was purchased for $1oo,oco. On July 8, 1870, the copyright business of the United States was placed under the Librarian of Congress, subject PUBLI [. PRINTER. to the joint committee on the Library. Two copies of the best edition of every book copyrighted must be deposited The office of Superintendent of Public Printing was cre- with the Librarian. ated by an act of Congress in 1860. In 1852 the old con- The Law Branch of the Library of Congress was not reg- tract system of public printing was abolished, and the office ularly established until the act of 1832. The Librarian of of Superintendent of Public Printing for each House of Congress was placed in charge. The Justices of the Su- Congress was created. The work, though still executed by preme Court were to have free access to the Library, and to contract, was then done under the direction of those officers. make rules and regulations for its proper custody and man- In 1860 Congress took the public printing in their own agement, but not in conflict with the same for the govern- hands, and in 1867 the office of Superintendent of Public | ment of the Library of Congress. All appropriations, about Printing was abolished, and instead the Senate of the $2,000 per annum, are expended by the Librarian of Con- United States was authorized to elect some competent per- gress, under the direction of the Chief-Justice. The Li- son, a practical printer, to take charge of the Government brary now numbers about 50,000 volumes, and is the largest Printing Office. The Superintendent is really the foreman and most valuable in the United States. of the printing office or composing room of the government. The Library of Congress now numbers upward of 315,- The Public Printing Office is the largest establishment of ooo bound volumes, and, 100,000 pamphlets, besides manu- its kind in the world. The capacity for work is practically scripts. The annual increase is about 12,000 volumes. without limit. Upward of 120,000 pages of documentary | There are sixteen libraries in Europe containing a greater composition and 1,000,000 volumes of that class of work number of volumes. The Library of Congress is the larg: have been turned out in a single year. # in the United States. Each House of Congress has " * - * * * _ _ E. ocumentary library of its own, comprising all official docu The office is divided into the Composing Department, ments published under their own authority. Electro and Stereotyping and Bindery, each under compe- Ainsworth R. Spofford is Librarian. Salary, $4,000. —-4– – ~~ =-3) - *- * THE LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT. THE LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT, The whole Legislative power of the United States is Wested by the Constitution in a Congress, composed of Senate and a House of Representatives. The Senate or Upper House consists of two Senators for each State, elected by the Legislatures of their respective States for a term of six years. Senators must be not less than thirty years of age, must have been citizens of the United States for nine years, and be residents in the State for which 657 posed of members elected by the people for terms of two years. The total members of the House vary with each census as well as with the admission of new States into the Union. The present membership numbers 325 members, an increase of thirty-two members over that based upon the previous census. According to the terms of the Constitu- tion “No person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to the age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen.” THE SENATE CHAMBER, WASHINGTON. they are chosen. Besides its Legislative capacity the Sen. ate is invested with certain judicial functions and its mem- bers constitute a High Court of Impeachment. The judg- ment only extends to removal from office and disqualifica- tion. The senate has the ratification of all appointments made by the President, except those of slight importance, also the ratification of all treaties with foreign governments. The Vice-President of the United States is the President of the Senate, but has no vote unless they be equally divided. % The House of Representatives or Lower House is com- In addition to the Representatives from each State, the House admits a delegate from each organized Territory, who has the right to debate on all subjects in which his Territory is interested, but he is not entitled to vote. The delegates are elected, like the Representatives, by the vote of the people. According to Section 7 of the Constitution all bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Representa- tives; but the Senate may propose or concur with amend- ments as on other bills. Every bill which shall have passed the House of Repre- | | 65s THE LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT. sentatives and the Senate, shall, before it become a law, be presented to the President of the United States; if he ap- prove he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it, with his objections to that House in which it shall have origi- nated, who shall enter the objections at large on their Journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration, two-thirds of that House shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of that House, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both Houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the Journal of each House respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the of its own members and each of the Houses may with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member The Senate makes up its own committees, but the House delegates that authority to the Speaker, who is elected by the House itself from one of its own members. Congress has the power to alter the Constitution when- ever two-thirds of both Houses shall deem it necessary to propose amendments to the Constitution. The salary of a Senator, Representative or Delegate to Congress is the same, with traveling expenses. These expenses are calculated by the most direct route of usual travel and similar return, once, for each session of Congress. The salary of the Speaker of the House of Representatives is $8,000. SALARIES.–Senate—Two Senators from each State, HALL of Represent ATIVES, WASHINGTON. President within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by adjourn- ment prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law. Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be neces- sary (except on a question of adjournment) shall be pre- sented to the President of the United States; and before the same shall take effect, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two-thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill. Each of the two Houses of Congress is made by the Con- stitution a judge of the elections, returns and qualifications franking privilege, expenses of committees, and special deputations, $5,000, mileage (20 cents), stationery ($125), Secretary, $4,896. Chief Clerk, $3,000. Five Principal Clerks, $2,592. Librarian, $2,592. First Assistant Libra- rian, $2,220. Second Assistant Librarian, $1,800. Chaplain, $900. Sergeant-at-Arms, $4,320. 25 Assistant Doorkeepers, $1,440 to $2,592. Postmaster, $2,1oo. Assistant Postmaster, $2,088. Clerks to 25 committees, $6.00 per day. Reporter of Debates, and Assistants, $25,000, and a large number of other employes at salaries from $2.50 per day to $2,500 per annum. House of Representatives—Clerk, $4,500. Five other Chief Clerks, $3,000. Sergeant-at-Arms, $4,000. Chaplain, $900. Seven Official Reporters and Sten- ographers, $5,000. Clerks to 35 committees, $6.00 per day. #% * % # *% -**** STATIsTics.–First settled at Mobile by the F rench in 1702. Formed from Territory of South Carolina and Georgia. For two years it bore the name of Mississippi Territory. Organized as a Territory March 3, 1817, Admit. ted as a State December 14, 1819, having adopted a Con- stitution August 2 of the same year. Seceded Jan. 11, 1861; re-admitted 1868. Area, 52,250 square miles. Popu- lation 1870,996.992; 1880, 1,265,505. Males, 622,629. Females, 639,876. White, 662,185. Colored, 600,103. Electoral Vote, Io. - # ORIGIN.--Is named after its chief river. The name is of Creek origin, and said to mean, “Here we rest.” SUFFRAGE.-Requires a residence of one year in the State and three months in the county; before reconstruc. tion, extended the ballot to every free white male person of 31 years of age, who was a citizen of the United States aving had a residence as above. # # 2, # QUALIFICATIONs.–Governor—A native citizen of the United States, and a citizen of the State four years, thirty years of age, and ineligible for more than, four successive years. Senators–A citizen of the United States, of the State two years, and of the district where chosen one year, and twenty-seven years of age. Representatives-A quali- ed voter, resident of the State two years and of the county where chosen one year, and twenty-one years of age. irty-three Senators, elected for four years; too Repre- sentatives elected for two years. Governor elected for two years. Legislature meets biennially. * S.A.'' $3,000. Secretary of State, $1,Soo. reasurer, $2,100. Auditor, $1,800. Attorney-General and Adjutant-General, $1,250 each. Superintendent of Public instruction, $2,250. State Librarian, $1,500. Legislators, "T": "…" Giving a statistical History of Each, The origin of Name, Right of Suffrage, Qualifications Required of its officers, salaries of officers, succession to the Chief Magistrates, "he" udiciary, Finances, Geography, Climate, Chief Products and Industries, Education, and Description of Chief Cities of Each State and Territory. :* £ :" * .* Succession to THE Gover Nor—If a vacancy occurs from whatever cause, until such cause be removed or a new Governor elected: 1. The President of the Senate performs all the functions of the Governor. 2. Or in event of his removal or a vacancy occurring, the Speaker of the House of Representatives administers the government. JUDICIARY, SUPREME Court.—One Chief-Justice and two Associate Justices, elected by the people for a term of six years. Salary, $3,600 each. FINANCEs.—The State debt on Oct. 1, 1882, was funded $9,154,300, unfunded $2,999,423. State receipts, 1882, $1,012,- 547.or. State expenditures, $918,589.61. Amount raised by taxation in 1882, $1,012,547.or. Assessable property, real and personal, $152,920, 115. Rate of State tax, 65 cents on $1oo. A poll tax for the use of school fund is imposed, of 5 I. SO. $ d'ocearuy-The State is generally level, except in the northern part, where it is hilly and mountainous. The soil for the most part is productive, and in many places very rich. In the southern portion bordering on Florida large forests of yellow pine abound. The State is well watered; the streams in the northern part affording good and avail- able water power. - CLIMATE:-The climate of the State is almost tropical, it reaching within seven degrees of the torrid zone, and its productions are allied with those of the tropics. Rivers sel. dom freeze, although snow and ice are sometimes seen in the mountainous portions. Near the rivers the low lands are very unhealthy, but the hilly portions are salubrious. INDUSTRIES.—The commerce of the State is considera- ble; its manufacturing interests are increasing rapidly, chiefly cotton and cotton goods, yarn, thread, iron, leather and lumber. Its mining interests are very considerable; but the principal industry is agriculture, cotton and corn being the leading productions; other grains, sugar cane, rice and tobacco are also produced. EucatioS.–Is progressing satisfactorily, nearly 80,000 pupils attending the public schools of the State; the State has ten colleges, 147 academies and higher schools, beside nearly 4,000 public schools. It has also several benevolent institutions under charge of the State. Cities:- Mobile (Pop. 29,132) is the largest city in the State and its principal seaport, as it is also one of the most important commercial cities on the Gulf of Mexico. Mont- gomery (Pop 16,713) is the capital. It was in this city that the first “Confederate” Congress assembled. The " # 4 per day and 10 cents mileage. manufacturing and railroad industry is large. Selma (Pop. 659 THE STATES AND TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENTS. + - 7,529) has a large river and railroad trade. Birmingham is comparatively a new city. Its manufacturing and mining interests are large and rapidly increasing. Huntsville (Pop. 4,977), Opelika, Eufaula and Tuscaloosa are cities of import- ance, having large and varied industries. STATIsTics.—The State was first settled at Arkansas Post, in 1685, by the French. Originally a part of the Louisiana purchase. Organized as a Territory March 2, 1819. Adopted a State Constitution March 1, 1836, and admitted into the Union '' 15 following. Seceded March 4, 1861. Re-admitted in 1868. Area, 53,850 square miles. Population, 1870, 484,471; 1880, 802,525. Males, 416,279; females, 386,246. White, 591,531; colored, 210,666. Electoral votes, 7. ORIGIN of NAME.—Takes its name from the Arkansas River. The word is supposed to be derived from the Indian word Kansas, which means smoky water; the prefix arc, be- ing from the French, a bow. ź NICKNAME.—The Bear State. - SUFFRAGE.—Every male citizen of the United States twenty-one years of age, a resident of the State six months, is a qualified voter in the district where he resides. No soldier, seaman, or marine in the United Service can vote in the State. . . QUALIFICATIONs.–Governor—A citizen of the United States; resident of the State four years. Senators—A citizen of the United States; a resident of the State one year, and thirty years of age. Representatives—A citizen of the United States; a resident of the county where chosen and twenty-five years of age. Thirty-one Se'. ninety- three Representatives. The Senators are elected for four years. Representatives and Governor for two years. Leg- islature meets biennially. SALARIES.–Governor, $3,500; Secretary of State, $1,- Soo; Treasurer, $2,250; Auditor, $2,250; Attorney-Gen- eral, $1,50o; Superintendent of Public Instruction, $1,600; Land Commissioner, $1,80o; Legislators, $6 per day. SUCCEssIon To THE Gover Nor.—1. Devolves on the President of the Senate. 2. On the Speaker of the House of Representatives. No Lieutenant-Governor. JUDICIARY, SUPREME Courr.—Composed of one Chief- Justice and two Associate Justices. Elected by the people for a term of eight years each; one going out of office every two years. Salary, $3,000 each. FINANCEs.—The State debt Oct. 1, 1882: 517,500; unfunded, $2,554,992. This is exclusive of $1,- 986,773 Levee bonds, $5,350,000 Railroad bonds, and $3,694,644 other disputed debt. The Levee and Railroad bonds have been declared unconstitutional, invalid, or illeg- ally issued. Receipts for two years ending Oct. 1, 1882, $2,662,260.82. Expenditures, $2,394,898.66. Amount re- ceived from taxation, $636,393.86. Assessed real and per- sonal property valuation, $99,826,488. Rate of State Tax 7% mills on $1. GEOGRAPHY-Is situated on the right bank of the Mis- Funded $2,- sissippi River. The eastern portion is low, level and swampy. The interior is somewhat hilly, and in the north- ern portion mountainous. Its internal improvements, until within a few years, were confined to plank roads and exten- sive levees, which are necessary to prevent the lowlands from overflow. The development of the State during the past five years has been rapid; immigration has been encouraged. Railroad enterprises are doing much toward its increase in wealth, trade and population. The natural Hot Springs are much resorted to by invalids. CLIMATE.–In the low lands the climate is very un- healthful; in the elevated districts salubrious. INDUSTRIES.—The mineral resources of the State are very large, and receiving much attention. Stock raising is extensive. Agriculture is the chief industry; corn, cotton and wheat being the leading productions. Oats, tobacco, sweet potatoes and fine fruits are also produced to a consid- . erable extent. EDUCATION.—The State is giving considerable attention to the subject of education. CITIEs—The cities of the State are small, yet rapidly in- creasing. Little Rock (Pop. 13,138) is the largest city in the State, and its capital. The principal towns are Camden, Fort Smith, Pine Bluff, Helena, Hot Springs and Princeton. | | CALIFORNIA. STATIstics.—The State was first settled by Spaniards at San Diego in 1769. Was first discovered by Cortez in 1537, and by Sir Francis Drake in 1575, who named it New Al- bion. Originally Mexican Territory, was ceded to the United States in 1848, and adopted a constitution Nov. 13, 1849. Admitted into the Union September 9, 1850. Area, 158,360 square miles. Population 1870, 560,247; 1880, 864,694. Males, 518,176; females, 346,518. Native, 571,- 820; foreigners, 292,874; Chinese, 75,132; Indians, 16,277. Electoral votes 8. ORIGIN of NAME.—From the Spanish Caliente Formalla “hot furnace ’’ in allusion to the climate. NICKNAME.—The Golden State. SUFFRAGE.-Every male citizen of the United States of full age, resident six months in the State and thirty days in the district. The Legislature is empowered to extend the right of suffrage to Indians and their descendants. QUALIFICATIONs.–Governor—A citizen of the United States and of the State two years; twenty-five years of age. Senators and Representatives, Must be £fvoters; resi- dents of the State one year, and of the district six months. 4o Senators, 80 Representatives. The Governor and Sena- tors elected for four years, Representatives 2 years. Legis- lature meets biennally. SALARIES.–Governor, $6,000; Lieutenant-Governor, $12 per day during session of the Legislature; is also warden of State Prison, receiving a salary of $1 oper day. The Secretary of State, Treasurer, Comptroller, £ of Public Instruction, Attorney General, Surveyor General and State Librarian receive each $3,000 per annum; Legislators $8 a day, 10c mileage and $25. 4. THE STATES AND TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENTS. 661. Succession to THE Gover Nor-1. The Lieutenant "overnor. 2. The President of the Senate pro tempore. 3. The Speaker of the House of Representatives. JUDICIARY, SUPREME Court.—One Chief-Justice and six Associate Justices; elected by the people for a term of 12 years. Salary, $6,000 each. # "INANCEs-State debt July, 1881, $3,396,500. Receipts fiscal year 1882, $4,698,654.41. Expenditures, $4,418,362.13; amount raised by taxation, $3,934,183.90. Total assessed valuation of taxable property, $607,472,762. Rate of tax 593-5 cents on $100. A capitation tax of $2 is imposed, affording a revenue of $248,816. ... GEOGRAPHY.—Next to Texas, California is the largest State in the Union, and the wealthiest west of the Rocky Mountains. Its surface is £ hilly and moun- tainous, interspersed with numerous val eys and deep ra. Vines, and a large desert region east of the Sierra Nevada Mountains. In the valleys the soil is very fertile; tropical fruits abound in the southern portion. The State is rich in minerals. Gold, quicksilver, copper, silver and platina have been discovered in various places. Of the former the yield is nearly 25 million dollars annually. Among the natural attractions of the State are the “big trees;” a grove of sev; eral hundred trees, many of which are 300 feet high, and £20 feet in circumference at the base. The Yosemite val, ley, and the Sierra Nevada Range of Mountains are noted or their snow clad summits and picturesque and wild scenery. Lake Tahoe presents beautiful scenery. < &# CLIMATE.–In the coast valleys the climate is exceed. ingly mild and uniform. There are two seasons—the wet and dry. In the interior valleys the dry season is very hot, and the rainy season colder than on the coast. In the mountains it is colder; and the snow falls to a great depth, INDUSTRIES.–Mining, manufacturing: stock-raising and agriculture form the principal industries of the State. Commerce is extensive with China, Japan, the East In- dies, and Australia, and with other States and Territories. The State ranks first in the culture of the grape; and one of the foremost in wheat raising. No State in the Union has developed as rapidly. # •. EDUCATION.—The State has a progres sive system of com- mon and higher schools, a State University and several de- hominational colleges. # # CITIES.–San Francisco (Pop. 233,959) is the metropolis of the State; it has a fine harbor, and has an extensive Commerce and manufacturing. ' The city is regularly laid out, has many large and handsome business buildings and benevolent institutions. Sacramento (Pop. 21.420), the Capital of the State, is extensively engaged in trade. Qak- land (Pop. 34,555) is a city of suburban residences, and an educational center. San Jose (Pop. 12,567); Stockton (Pop. to,282); and Los Angeles (Pop. 11,183), are thriving towns. % colorado. #'- ~~~~~~ STATIstics–Formed as a Territory in 1861, and admit- led as the 38th State in 1876. Area, 103,925 square miles. *"opulation, 1870, 39,864; 1880, 194,327. Males, 129,131. Females, 65,196. Native, 154,537. Foreign, 39,790. Elec- toral votes, 3. ORIGIN of NAME.—The State received its name from the Rio Colorado River and its grand canyon; the name signifies ruddy or blood red, the color of the water of the river, although the river is not within the State. SUFFRAGE.-Gives the ballot to every male adult resi- dent of the State six months, and thirty days in the district, and a citizen of the United States. ..QUALIFICATIONs.–Governor—A citizen of the United States, resident of the State two years and thirty years of age, Senators-Must be twenty-five years of age, a resident of the State one year, and a citizen of the United States. **tes-Must be twenty-one years of age and pos- sess qualifications of Senators. 26 Senators and 49 Repre- sentatives; the former elected for four years, the Governor and Representatives for two years each." Legislature meets biennially. · SALARIES.–Governor, $3,000. Lieutenant-Governor, $1,000; Secretary of State, Treasurer, Auditor, Attorney- General and Superintendent of Public Instruction each $2,000. Adjutant-General and Librarian, $500 each. Leg- islators, $4 per day and 15 cents mileage.' " Succession to THE Gover Nor.—i. Devolves on the Lieutenant-Governor. 2. The President of the Senate pro tempore. 3. The Speaker of the House of Represen- tatives. JUDICIARY, SUPREME Court.—One Chief-Justice, two Associate Justices, elected by the people for nine years. Salary, $3,250 < i FINANCEs.--State debt Dec. 1, 1882, 233,688.28. Reve- nue for two years, ending Nov.30, 1881, $557,471. Expendi- tures, $558,470. Amount raised by taxation in 1882, $295- Iot. Assessed valuation of real and personal property, $73,776,109. Rate of tax 4 mills on $1, and an additional 50 cents per capita for military purposes. GeoGRAPHY.—The State is divided by the Rocky Moun- tains into the Eastern section, which closely resembles Kansas, and the Western section, which is a mountain- plateau region. The lofty mountain ranges surround the irregular plateaus. The large valleys are called Parks, as North, South and Middle Parks. It is said that from Mount Lincoln there are visible over 200 peaks from 13,ooo to 14,000 feet high. The principal tributaries of the Rio Colorado, Rio Grande, Arkansas, Platte and Kansas Rivers rise in this State. Vast deposits of useful minerals of al- most every kind are found in nearly every part of the State, it being the richest State in the Union in mineral production. CLIMATE:-The climate is healthful, and is resorted to by invalids suffering from pulmonary complaints. INDUSTRIES.-About one-third of the State is good agri- cultural land and easy of irrigation, bringing forth bounti- ful harvests of all the cereals. As a grazing and dairy country it is unsurpassed, its nutritious grasses having peculiar advantages for herding. Its chief production is mining; in its yield of gold and silver it is the leading State of the Union. EpticATION.—The State has three colleges, and is giving considerable attention to the organization of a complete system of common and graded schools. ... Cities-The capital of the State and principal city is Denver (Pop. 35,639); it is the center of a large trade and ex tensive region of country, and through its great railroads centering here, will soon rival all cities west of St. Louis and east of the Pacific Coast. Leadville, Pueblo, Colo- rado Springs and Silver Cliff are prosperous, and constantly increasing their influence and industries. . - 27. ~ R - *%. * —c.' *- THE STATES AND TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENTS. %connecticut.}<- %"8% STATIST1cs.—Settled at Windsor in 1635 by English Puritans. Embraced under the Charters of Massachusetts and continued under the same jurisdiction until April 23, 1662, when a separate Charter was granted which continued in force until a Constitution was formed September 15, 1818. Ratified the Constitution of the United States Janu- ary 9, 1788. Area 4,990. Population, 1870, 537,454, 1880, 622,700. Males, 305,782. Females, 316,918. Native, 492,708. Foreign, 129,992. Electoral votes 6. SUCCEssion. To CHIEF MAGIsTRATE-1. The Lieuten- ant-Governor. 2. The President of the Senate pro tempore. In the event of a vacancy by both Governor and Lieutenant: Governor, the Secretary must convene the Senate, and they at once elect a President pro tempore. JUDICIARY.—One Chief-Justice. Four Associate Jus- tices, elected by general assembly for a term of eight years. Salary, $4,000 each. FINANCEs-State debt funded Jan. 1, 1883. $4,080,600. Receipts, $1,720,438.21. Expenses, $1646. 432.85. Amount raised by taxation, $1,630,143. Total assessed property, real and personal, $332,170,856. Rate of State tax one and a half mills on the dollar. Incorporated companies are taxed. A poll tax of $1 is assessed on all males between the ages of 21 and 70, for town and State taxes. GEOGRAPHY-In general the State is undulating or hilly. The valleys of the Connecticut and Housatonic Rivers are very fertile. The numerous streams afford fine waterpower which the thrifty inhabitants have not been slow to avail themselves of. CLIMATE.—The climate is agreeable, and generally more mild than in other portions of the Eastern States. Total ORIGIN OF NAME.—Was so called from the Indian name of its principal river. Connecticut is a Mockea Kaunew word, signifying long river. NICKNAME.—The Nutmeg State, the Freestone State, and the Land of Steady Habits. SUFFRAGE.—Gives the ballot to all persons, whether white or black, who were freemen at the adoption of the Constitution (1818) and subsequently to all white male citizens of full age, having a residence in the State one year and six months in the town. * * QUALIFICATIONs.–Governor—A voter and 30 years of "age. Senator—A qualified voter. Representative—A quali- fied voter. Representatives elected for one year. Senators for two years. Governor for two years. Legislature meets annually. SALARIES.–Governor, $2,000. Lieutenant Governor, $500. Secretary of State, $1,500. Treasurer, $1,500. Comp- troller, $1,500. Secretary State Board of Education, $2,500. Adjutant-General, $1,200. Insurance Commissioner, $3,500. Secretary Board of Agriculture, $700. State Librarian, $1,800. Legislators $300 and mileage. INDUSTRIES.—Agriculture and manufacturing are carried on to a considerable extent by its inhabitants. Several ex- tensive granite and freestone quarries are successfully worked, as are also mines of silver, lead, copper and iron. Many of the towns have an extensive coasting trade and foreign commerce with the West Indies. EDUCATION.—The State occupies an enviable position in educational matters. In addition to its fine public school system, which includes common, high and normal schools, the State has three colleges, Yale, Wesleyan University, connected with which are schools of law, medicine and divinity, Trinity College, the Berkeley Divinity School, and the Hartford Theological Seminary. CITIES.–Hartford (Pop. 42,015) is the capital of the State. It has a large manufacturing interest, and extensive trade; is also noted for its large interests in banking and insurance business. New Haven (Pop. 62,882) the largest city of the State, is noted for its educational institutions. Is extensive- ly engaged in manufactures and commerce. New London, £ Waterbury and Middletown are rapidly extend- ing their manufactures, and are important cities. # # g- "... >% DELAWARE >8&= STATIstics–First settled at Cape Henlopen in 1627 by Swedes and Finns. Embraced in the Charter and continued under the government of Pennsylvania until the formation of a Constitution September 20, 1776. A new Constitution was adopted June 12, 1792, and amended in 1831. Ratified the Constitution of the United States December 7, 1787. Originally settled by the Swedes. Surrendered to the Dutch in 1655. Claimed by the Duke of New York in 1664, and purchased by William Penn in 1682. Although a part of Pennsylvania the State established a Legislature as early as 1703. Area, 2,050 square miles. Population 1870, 135,915; 1880, 146,608. Males, 74,108. Females, 72,500. Native, 137,140. Foreign, 9,468. Electoral votes 3. ORIGIN of NAME.—So called from Delaware Bay in 1703, which received its name from Lord de la War, who died on this bav. # NickNAME.-On account of its size, the Diamond State and also Blue Hen State. # * # SUFFRAGE.-Extends the ballot to every citizen of the United States of 21 years and upward who has resided II) the State one year and in the town six months. No adult convicted of an infamous crime, unless pardoned, and no lunatic or person non compos mentis shall vote. All voters must pay the Doll tax. - ''': Governor-A citizen of the United States 12 years, a resident of the State six years, and 30 years of age. Senators—A resident of the State three years, and 25 years of age. Representatives—A. citizen of the State three years, and 24 years of age. Nine Senators elected for four years; 21 epresentatives elected for two years. The Governor is elected for four years. Legislature meets biennially. * SALARIES.–Governor, $2,000. Secretary of State, $1,000. Treasurer, $1,450. Auditor, $700, Attorney General, $2,- ooo. Legislators, $3 a day and mileage. # Succession. To rhe Gover Nor-1. The President of the Senate. 2. The Speaker of the House. 3. The Secre- tary of State until the next meeting of the general assem- bly, who must elect a person to exercise the office until a Governor is qualified. 1. * * * : * * . . . .” JUDicIARY, SUPREME Court.—One Chief-Justice, salary 52,5co. Three Associate Chief Justices, salary $2,000. One Chancellor, salary $2,500. Appointed by Governor. Term for life. FINANCEs-State debt January 1, 1883, $715,000. As the State holds $1,168,799 paying securities, it is practically out of debt. Receipts 1882, £ Expenditures, $94, 259. The income is derived wholly from tax on excise and railroads. There is no tax on real or personal property, and no valuation of same. Electors must pay a poll Or county tax, assessed at least six months before election. w GeoGRAPHY-In soil and surface Delaware resembles New Jersey. Its soil is fertile in the northern part, sandy in the central and southern. CLIMATE.—The climate as well as the soil resembles that of New Jersey. * * INDUSTRIES.—The principal pursuits are agriculture and mining. Fruit grows in great abundance. Considerable manufacturing is done in the northern part of the State. THE STATES AND TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENTS. 663 EDUCATION.—There are two colleges, a female college and a State institution, and 421 public schools. Nearly one- third of the State are colored. Ciries-Wilmington (Pop. 42,478) is the largest city. It is also the wealthiest and most progressive. Has large mercantile and manufacturing interests. Dover, a small inland town, is the capital. New Castle is a thriving town. £ –-->*=- &_FLORIDA. & STATIstics-The State was first discovered in 1497 and first explored by Ponce de Leon in 1512. s' at St. Augustine by the Spaniards, 1565. Ceded to the United States by purchase from Spain 1821. Formed as a territory March 30, 1822, , Presented a Constitution February 26, 1839. Admitted March 3, 1845. Area, 58,680 square miles. Population, 1870, 187,748; 1880, 269,493. Males, 136,444. Females, 133,049. White, 142,605. Colored, 126,690. Elec- toral votes 4. ORIGIN of NAME.—So called because discovered on Easter Sunday, “Feast of Flowers.” NICKNAME.—The Peninsula State. SUFFRAGE.—Every male citizen of the United States. A resident of the State for one year and the county for six months. Persons convicted of crime are excluded. Voter must be duly enrolled in the militia. QUALIFICATIONs.--Governor—A resident of the State five years, and a citizen of the United States ten years, and 30 years of age. Senators—A citizen of the United States. A resident of the State one year, 25 years of age. Representa- tives—21 years of age, same qualifications as Senators. Legislature composed of 32 Senators; 76 Representatives, elected for a term: Senators four years. Representatives two years. Governor four years. Meets biennially. SALARIES.--Governor, $3,500, Lieutenant Governor, $500. Secretary of State, Treasurer, Comptroller, Attorney General and Superintendent of Public Instruction receive $2,000. Commissioner of Lands, $1,200. Legislators, $6 per day and Io cents mileage. SUCCESSION TO THE Gover Nor.–1. The Lieutenant- Governor. 2. The President of the Senate pro tempore until a Governor is elected, or disability is removed. JUDICIARY, SUPREME Court.—A Chief-Justice, salary $3,500, and two Associate Justices, salary $3,000. Term for life. Appointed by the Governor with the consent of the Senate. FINANCEs-State debt January 2, 1882. Funded, $1,- 276,500. Unfunded, $31,287. Sinking fund, $150,000. Re- ceipts, $321,093.40. Expenditures, $361,201.03. State taxa- tion, $317,625.40. Assessed valuation or property, $36,243, # Rate of State tax, 70 mills on $100. A capitation tax Ol D. I. GEOGRAPHY--The northern portion of the State is gen- erally level. The soil sandy, yet productive. The southern portion is a continuous morass, and the everglades are ex- £ve swamp lands overgrown with cypress and water O3 K. CLIMATE-Is semi-tropical. During the winter months is the popular resort of thousands anxious to escape the cold of the more Northern States. THE STATES AND TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENTS. INDUSTRIES.—The inhabitants confine themselves to agriculture. The chief products cotton, sugar cane, rice, corn and sweet potatoes, and tropical fruits of great variety. There is considerable trade also, in lumber. EDUCATION.—The State has given considerable attention to education, and making great progress. CITIEs—Jacksonville (Pop. 7,650) is the largest city and is the center of almost the entire trade of the State. St. Augustine was the first town settled in the United States. It has a delightful climate and is a popular winter resort. Tallahassee is the capital. Key West is a thriving town. It was for many years the most popular. _GEORGIA. : STATISTIcs.–First settled at Savannah, 1733, by the Eng- lish under Oglethorpe. Chartered June 9, 1732. Adopted a constitution February 5, 1777. A second in 1782, and a third in 1798, which was amended in 1831, and a new constitution in 1865. A fifth constitution was adopted in 1877. Ratified the Constitution of the United States Jan- uary 2, 1788. Seceded January, 1861. Re-admitted, June, 1868. Area, 59,475 square miles. Population 1870, 1,184,- 109; 1880, 1,542,180. Males, 762,981. Females, 779,199. White, 816,906. Black, 725,133. Electoral vote, 12. ORIGIN of NAME.—The State was named after George II. of England. NICKNAME.—Empire State of the South. SUFFRAGE.—A citizen of the United States, residing one year in the State, and six months in the County or District, having paid all taxes assessed against him can vote. QUALIFICATIONS.–Governor—A citizen of the United States twelve years, of the State six years, thirty years of age, worth $4,000 above liabilities. Senators—Citizen of the United States nine years, and of the State three years; a freeholder, all legal taxes paid, and twenty-five years of age. Representatives—A citizen of the United States seven years, and of the State three years; having paid all taxes due against estate; a freeholder. Legislators—44 Senators, 175 Representatives. The Senators are elected for four years. The Governor and Representatives for two years. Meet biennially. SUCCEssroN To CHIEF MAGIsTRATE-1. On the Pres- ident of the Senate. 2. On the Speaker of the House. No Lieutenant Governor. JUDICIARY, SUPREME Court.—One Chief-Justice, two Associate Justices. Elected by the Legislature for a period of four years. Salary $2,500 each. FINANCEs.—State debt Oct 1, 1882, $9,624,125. There are $2,688,ooo railroad bonds indorsed by the State. State receipts year ending Oct. 1, 1882, $2,403,976.61. Expen- ditures, $1,713,507.46. Amount raised by taxation 741,- 823.60. Assessed taxable property, value $287,249,403. Rate of State tax 30 cents on $100. Poll tax $1. GEOGRAPHY.—The surface of the State is low and level along the coast, hilly in the middle, and mountainous in the north. The soil is varied; along the coast and rivers it is very fertile, in the interior it is light but capable of pro- 2. east of the Mississippi River. CLIMATE-It is as varied as its soil, owing to its great size and the difference in the elevation of the different sections. INDUSTRIES.—The leading industry is agriculture; the products being corn, rice, cotton, and sweet potatoes, and manufacturing; in which it leads all other Southern States, having fine facilities. It is also the most populous and flourishing of the Southern States. Gold, iron, marble, and slate abound. EDUCATION.—The public schools of the State are excel- lent, and great interest in education is manifested through- out the State. CITIEs-Atlanta (Pop. 37,409) the capital, and most populous city of the State. # enterprises are extensive and its inhabitants active and pushing. It has been called the Chicago of the South. Savannah (Pop. 30,709) is pleasantly located; has a considerable trade, and is the prin- cipal seaport of Georgia. Augusta (Pop. 21,891) noted for its extensive cotton trade, and its cotton mills Macon (Pop. 12,749) is noted for its educational institutions, and large cotton trade. Columbus (Pop. 10,123) has the largest cotton mill in the South. Athens (Pop.6,099) the location of the State University, Milledgeville and Rome are towns of considerable importance. ducing good crops. It is the largest State in square miles STATISTICs.—The State was first settled at Kaskaskia by the French in 1720. Formed from the Northwest Terri- tory Organized as a Territory Feb. 3, 1809. Adopted a Constitution August 26, 1818. Admitted Dec. 3, 1818. Area, 56,650. Population 1870, 2,539,891; 1880, 3,077,871. Male, 1,586,523. Female, 1,491,348. Native, 2,494,295. Foreign, 583,576. Electoral vote, 22. ORIGIN of NAME.—Is of Indian derivation, meaning “Tribe of Men.” NICKNAME.—The State.” SUFFRAGE.—Every male citizen of full age, resident of the State one year, the county 90 days and district where voting, 30 days. Absence from the State in the service of the United States or State does not forfeit right to vote. QUALIFICATIONs –Governor—A citizen of the United “Prairie State,” also the “Sucker States for 30 years, and of the State two years. Thirty years of age and ineligible for two successive terms. Sena- tors—A citizen of the United States and of the District where chosen, and 25 years of age. Representatives—A citizen of the United States, and an inhabitant of the State two years, and of the county where chosen, one year, and 24 years of age. The Legislature is composed of 51 Sena- tors, 153 Representatives. The Governor and Senators elected for four years each The Representatives for two years. Legislature meets biennially. SUCCEssIon To THE Gover Nor-I. The Lieutenant- Governor. 2. The President of the Senate. 3. Speaker of the House. x. 4. THE STATES AND TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENTS. 665 SALARIES.–Governor, $6,000. Lieutenant-Governor, $1,000. The Secretary of State, Auditor, Treasurer, At- torney-General, and three Railroad Commissioners, $3,500 each. Secretary Board of Agriculture, $2,500. Legisla- tors, $5 a day and 10 cents mileage, and $50. * JUDic1ARY, SUPREME Court.—One Chief-Justice. Six Associate Justices. Elected by the people for the term of nine years each. Salary, $5,000 each. FINANCEs.—No State debt. Receipts 1881 and 1882, $7,658,172.23. Expenditures, $6,334,342.71. Raised by taxation one year, $2,140,000. Total assessed valuation, $311,000,895. Rate of State tax 36 cents on $100. GEOGRAPHY.—The surface of the State is generally level, consisting either of prairie land or of a gentle undulating plain. It is watered by three great rivers, the Mississippi, Wabash and Ohio, and other tributaries. It ranks as one of the most wealthy and populous States. CLIMATE.—The climate is mild and healthful. are without a parallel. It is advantageously situated on the shore of Lake Michigan, at the mouth of the Chicago River, having a harbor of nearly 40 miles frontage. In commercial importance it ranks next to New York. Fully 20,000 miles of railroad are directly tributary to the city. Its commerce exceeds $500,000,000 yearly. It is the great- est, grain market in the world, the grain being received and shipped in bulk. It is also the important live stock market in the United States, as also in the extent of its pork packing. Its lumber trade and manufacturing are very extensive. In October, 1871, the city was visited by the most disastrous fire of modern times, destroying 17,450 buildings and the loss amounted to $200,oooooo. This is more than the assessed valuation of many of the States. The energy displayed by its inhabitants in rebuilding in superb, brick, stone and iron edifices is one of the marvels of the age. Peoria, (Pop. 29,259) the second largest city in the State, is largely engaged in trade in lumber, grain and pork, *- Copyrigh". % STATE STREET, CHICAGO. INDUSTRIES.–Illinois is in the front rank as an agricul- tural State, surpassing all others in the production of wheat and corn, and second to none in the extent of stock-raising. It ranks the fourth in wealth and population, and next to Missouri in manufacturing, and the sixth in the Union. Its fruit and orchard products are very large. The State abounds in mineral productions, coal, lead and salt being the chief. Its great rivers and lakes present natural facilities for an extensive commerce. The railroads of the State are greater in the number of miles within the State than any other. - EDUCATION.—In the excellence of its schools it is also one of the foremost States, its common, high and normal schools being unsurpassed. It is also well supplied with colleges and universities. Fully three-fourths of a mil- ion pupils attend the common schools. -> * Cirres—The metropolis of the State and the West is Chicago. (Pop. 1884, 560,000). Its growth and enterprise distillation of liquor. Quincy, (Pop. 27,268) has a large river and manufacturing trade. Springfield (Pop. 19,743) is the capital of the State, delightfully situated and well laid out. Bloomington (Pop. 17,180) is an important railroad, trade, and manufacturing centér. Cairo (Pop. 9,011) is at the junction of the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers, the center of a large and increasing trade. Beside these the State is rich in cities, which, while not large in population, are extensively engaged in manufacturing and trade, among which are Aurora (Pop. 11,873) Rockford (Pop. 13,129), Galesburg (Pop. 11,437). Jacksonville (Pop. 10,927), Alton (Pop. 8,975), Rock Island (Pop. 11,659), The United States arsenal is situated here. Ottawa (Pop. 7,834), Joliet (Pop. 11,657), Galena (Pop. 6,451), Elgin (Pop. 8,787), Belle- ville (Pop 10,683), Decatur (Pop. 9,547), East St. Louis (Pop. 9.185), Freeport (Pop. 8,516), LaSalle (Pop. 7,847), Moline (Pop. 7,800). # % | | 666 THE STATES AND TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENTS. INDIANA. STATIsTics.–First settled at Vincennes in 1730, by the French. Formed from Northwest Territory. Organized as a Territory May 7, 1800. Adopted a constitution June 29, 1816, and amended in 1851. Admitted December 11, 1816. AREA.—36,350 square miles. Population 1870, 1,680,637; 1880, 1,978,301. Males, 1,010,361. Females, 967,940. Native, 1,834,123. Foreign, 144,178. Electoral vote, 15. &# OF NAME.—The name is derived from the Indians. NICKNAME.—The Hoosier State, a corruption of husher or bully. SUFFRAGE.—Extends right of suffrage to every male adult of full age, and six months residence in the State, town sixty days, ward or precinct, thirty days. The residence is not lost by absence from the State in the service of the United States or the State. QUALIFICATIONS.–Governor—A citizen of the United States ten years, and of the State five years, and thirty years of age. Senators—A, citizen of the United States, of the State two years, and of the district where chosen, one year; having paid a State or county tax, and twenty-five years of age. Representatives—A citizen of the United States, and State and county where chosen one year, and having paid a State or county tax, and of adult age. The Legislature is composed of 5o Senators, 100 Representatives. The Gover- nor and Senators are elected for four years; Representatives two years. Legislature meets biennially. w SUccEssion. To THE Gover Nor—1. The Lieutenant Governor. 2. The Constitution empowers the General Assembly to provide what officer shall perform the duties of Governor, should both offices become vacant. SALARIES.–Governor, $5,000. Leiutenant Governor, $8 per day. Secretary of State, $2,000. Treasurer, $3,000. Auditor, $1,500. Attorney General, $2,500. Superinten- dent of Public Instruction, $2,500. Secretary Board of Agriculture, $1,500. State Librarian, $1,200. Legislators receive $6 per day and twenty cents mileage. JUDicIARY, SUPREME Court.—Composed of five Justices elected by the people; each for six years. Salary $4,000 each. FINANCEs.—State debt November, 1881, $4,876,608.34. State receipts, $3,621,388.49. Expenditures, $3,766,603.14. Amount raised by taxation, $2,764,850.79. Total taxable property, $761,969,135. Rate of State tax thirty cents on each $100. GEOGRAPHY.—The surface of the State is generally level, except in the southwest, which is broken and rocky. Its natural advantages consist in its fertile soil, its extensive de- posits of coal and iron, and the facilities for communication by its railroads and rivers. CLIMATE.—is mild and healthful. INDUSTRIES.—The inhabitants are largely engaged in agriculture; large quantities of corn, wheat, oats, pork, and beef being exported. Its mining and manufacturing are considerable, and constantly increasing. EDUCATION.—The State has a flourishing common school system, and an extensive school fund; it has also, several colleges and higher schools of learning. Over one-half a million pupils attend the common schools. CITIES.–Indianapolis (Pop. 75,056) is the capital, and the most flourishing city; it is beautifully laid out, the center of a large system of railroads, an extensive mercantile trade, and manufacturing. Evansville (Pop. 29,280) has a large Ohio River trade. Fort Wayne (Pop. 26,880) engaged largely in manufacturing of hardwood. Terre Haute (Pop. 26,042), an extensive iron, whiskey and pork market. New Albany, Lafayette, Logansport, Madison, Richmond, #: South Bend, La Porte and Vincennes, have arge mercantile and manufacturing interests. STATISTIcs.—The State was first settled at Dubuque and Burlington. Formed from Indian Territory. Organized as a Territory June 12, 1808. Presented a Constitution De- cember 9, 1844. Admitted to the Union, December 28, 1846. Area, 56,025 square miles. Population 1870, 1,194,- ozo; 1880, 1,624,615. Males, 848,136. Females, 776,479. Native, 1,362,965. Foreign, 261,650. Electoral vote, 13. ORIGIN of NAME.—Named after its chief river. An Indian name meaning “The sleepy ones.” NICKNAME.—The Hawkeye State. SUFFRAGE.—Every male citizen of the United States of full age, resident six months in the State, sixty days in the county, and ten days in the ward, has the right to vote. QUALIFICATIONs.–Governor—A citizen of the United States, a resident of the State one year, and thirty years of age. Senators—A qualified voter twenty-five years of age. Representatives—A qualified voter and twenty-one years of age. The Legislature is composed of 5o Senators, Io? Representatives. The Senators are elected for four years. The Governor and Representatives for two years. Legis- lature meets biennially. SUCCEssIon To THE Gover NOR.—1. The Lieutenant Governor. 2. The President pro tempore of the Senate. 3. The Speaker of the House. SALARIES.–Governor, $3,000; Lieutenant-Governor, $1,1oo. Secretary of State, Treasurer, Auditor, and Supt. of Public Instruction, $2,200 each. Attorney-General, Ad- jutant-General and Librarian, $1,500 each. Register of Land Office, $2,000. Commissioner of Immigration, $2,500. Three Railroad Commissioners, $3,000 each. Legislators, $550 per annum. JUDICIARY, SUPREME Court.—One Chief-Justice, four Associate Justices, elected by the people for a term of six years each. Salary $4,000 each. Clerk, $2,200. FINANCEs.—State debt Dec. 1, 1882, 245,435.19. This amount is due to the permanent School Fund, and is irre- deemable. The State is practically out of debt. State re- ceipts, two years to Dec. 1, 1881, $2,514,262.08. State ex- penditures same period, $2,409,897.71. Amount raised by taxation, same period, $1,828,178.96. Taxable property as- sessed 1882, $409, Io2,728. State tax 20 cents on $1oo. GEOGRAPHY.—Iowa is generally composed of rolling prairies crossed by rivers whose banks are skirted with wood. A small portion in the northeast is hilly and rocky. No State in the Union is richer in its soil, or more fruitful and varied in its products. Large deposits of lead and coal |-- || THE STATES AND TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENTS. 667 * s bound; the latter are estimated to be practically inexhaus- tible. Building stone of fine quality is also found within its borders. CLIMATE–The climate is agreeable and healthful. . NDUSTRIEs.—Agriculture and mining are the leading Pursuits. The State takes a leading position in the produc- tion of wheat, corn and cattle. The manufactures are im- Portant, and show great progress annually. •. EDUCATION.—The State has a well organized system of common and high schools, in addition to which there are £ twenty colleges and universities. The school fund is large. &n-De Mome (Pop. 22,408), is the capital and largest city of the State, controls a large trade. Du. buque (Pop 22,254). Burlington (Pop. 19,450). *enport Pop. 21.83). Council Bluffs (Pop. 18,063). Keokuk (Pop. #2,117). Clinton (Pop. 9,052). Cedar Rapids (Pop, to 104). Iowa City (Pop. 7,123). Muscatine (Pop. 8,295). Ottumwa £ 9,004). Sioux City (Pop. 7,366), are the centers of ge trade and manufacturing. STATIsTics.—Formed from Indian Territory. Organized as a Territory March 30, 1854. Adopted Constitution 1860. Admitted January 29, 1861. Area. 82,080 square miles. £ £ 1880, 996,096. Males, 536,667. Females, 459,439. Native,886,oio. Foreign, I loosó. Elect- oral vote, 9. % ORIGIN of NAME.—Taken from the river by same name. From the Indian, meaning “smoky water.” NICKNAME.—The Garden of the West. . . . . . SUFFRAGE.—Every male citizen of the United States of adult age, a resident of the State six months, and thirty days in the town. # * * * QUALIFICATIONs.—Governor—Must be a citizen of the United States, a resident of the State two years, and thirty years of age. Senators—Must be twenty-five years of age; one year in the State, and a citizen of the United States. ^epresentatives—Must be twenty-one years of age, and pos- sess the other qualifications of Senators. The Legislature is composed of 40 Senators, 129 Representatives. The Senators are elected for four years. The Governor and epresentatives for two years each. Sessions biennially. Succession. To THE Gover Nor—1. The Lieutenant- Governor. 2. The President of the Senate pro tempore. 3. The Speaker of the House. •. SALARIES.–Governor, $3,000. Secretary of State, Audi- tor, Superintendent of Public Instruction, and Secretary Board of Agriculture, each $2,coo. Treasurer, $2,500. At- torney-General, $1,500. Adjutant-General, $1,200. State Librarian, $1, 500. Legislators, $3 per day, and fifteen cents mileage. > i & JUDICIARY, SUPREME Court.—One Chief-Justice, two £ Justices, elected by the people for six years each. 'alary, $3,200 each. F £ debt Nov. 26, 1882, $1,181,975. Sink- penditures, $814,907.02. Amount raised by taxation, $857,- 553.64. Total assessed value of property, $170,974,617. Rate of State taxation 50 cents on each $1oo. GEOGRAPHY.—The surface is level, or gently undulating, and in most parts of the State is well watered. The prin- cipal rivers being the Missouri, Kansas and their large tribu- taries. The valleys of these rivers are unrivaled in fertility. The prairies are covered with nutritious grasses, which last all winter, supporting vast herds of cattle which require no housing. Large deposits of coal and salt abound, also a very beautiful limestone is quarried. CLIMATE-The climate is dry and beautiful. ters are short and mild. * INDUSTRI's-Agriculture and stock raising form the chief pursuits of the inhabitants. Every variety of cereal and farm products is raised in great quantities. Nearly 2,000,000 acres are mineral lands. Three-fourths of the State is suited for agriculture. Epticarios. The State has an excellent system of com- mon high and normal schools, a State University, and an Agricultural College. CITIES-Leavenworth (Pop. 16, 546) is an important manufacturing city. Topeka (Pop. 15,452) is the capital, and controls a large trade. Lawrence (Pop. 8,510) is a great railroad center..., Atchison (Pop 15,105) is a thriving city, as are also Fort Scott, Emporia, Ottawa, Wichita and W£ dotte. ź. The win- STATISTICS.–First settled near Lexington, in 1765. Formed, from Territory of Virginia. Admitted June 1, 1791. Adopted a Constitution July 9, 1793. Area, 40,400 square miles. Population 1870, 1,321,011; 1880, 1,648,690. Males, 832,590. Females, 816,100. White, 1,377,179. Col- ored, 271,451. Electoral vote, 13. ORIGIN of NAME:-Taken from its principal river. Sig- nifying the dark and bloody ground. NICKNAME.–Corn Cracker State. SUFFRAGE.—Every male citizen of the United States of adult age, who has resided two years in the State, one year in the county, and sixty days in the precinct, a voter. QUALIFICATIONS.–Governor – A citizen of the United States and of the State six years; thirty-five years of age, and is ineligible for more than one term in seven years. Senators—A resident of the district where chosen one year, and other qualifications same as for Governor. Represen- tatives-A citizen of the United States and the State two years, and of the county where chosen the last year, and twenty-four years of age. Legislature is composed of thirty- eight Senators, one hundred Representatives. The Gov- ernor and Senators are elected for four years. The Repre- sentatives, two years. Sessions biennially. Succession to THE Gover Nor. — 1. The Lieutenant Governor. 2. Upon the President pro tempore of the Senate. SALARIES-Governor, $5,000. Lieutenant Governor, $1o per day during the session. Secretary of State, $1,500. ing Fund, and School Fund, $716,950. Leaving net debt, Treasurer, $2,400. Auditor, $2,500. Adjutant General and £ 5. £ receipts, # 's, $857,553.64. Ex- Quartermaster General, $2,000. Superintendent of Public --- THE STATES AND TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENTS. Instruction, $3,000. Attorney General, $500 and fees. Reg- ister of Land Office, $2,000. Commissioner of Agriculture, $2,000. Insurance Commissioner, $4,000. State Librarian, $1,000. Legislators, $5 a day and fifteen cents mileage. JUDICIARY, SUPREME CourT.—One Chief Justice; three Associate Justices. Elected for two years each. Salary, $5,000 each. _FINANCEs.--State debt, Oct. 10, 1881, $480,394. Cash in Treasury, $174,000. State receipts, June 30, 1882, $1,743,- 1724.52. Expenditures, $1,946,777.83. Raised by taxation, "$1,743,724,52. Amount of assessed property, $359,539,282. Rate of State tax, forty-seven and one-half cents on $100. GEOGRAPHY.—The surface in the eastern part is moun- tainous. Along the Ohio River it is hilly. The remaining portions are undulating or level. The soil is very produc- tive and adapted to the raising of various kinds of grain. CLIMATE.–It has an agreeable and healthful climate. INDUSTRIES.—Agriculture is the main pursuit. Wheat, corn, hemp, flax, and tobacco are the staple productions. Fruits of an excellent quality abound. Horses and cattle are reared in great numbers. Thousands of swine fatten in the woods. Mining is carried on to a large extent. Manu- factures and commerce receive much attention. Kentucky produces nearly one-half the tobacco raised in the United States. # EDUCATION.—There are forty-two colleges, 5,000 public schools, attended by upward of 200,000 pupils. CITIES. Louisville (Pop. 123,758) is the commercial empo- rium of the State. It has large tobacco warehouses and extensive pork-packing establishments, and carries on active commerce. Frankfort is the capital. Covington, Newport, Lexington, Paduca and Maysville are the centers of a large local trade, and engaged in manufacture. -** – LOUISIANA. & . ~~~~ STATIsTics.–First settled at Iberville, in 1699. Formed from French territory, having been purchased from France in 1803. Organized as a Territory March 3, 1805. Adopted a Constitution Jan. 22, 1812. Amended it in 1845 and 1852. A new Constitution formed in 1864 and 1879. Admitted April 8, 1812. Seceded January, 1861. Re-admitted June, 1868. Area, 48,720 square miles. Population 1870, 726,915; 1880, 939,946. Males, 468,754. Females, 471,192. White, 454,954. Colored, 483,655. Electoral vote, 8. ORIGIN of NAME.-Named after Louis XIV., of France. NICKNAME.—The Creole State. SUFFRAGE.-Every male adult, a citizen of the United States, resident of the State one year, of the parish ten days. QUALIFICATIONs.--Governor-A citizen of the State and the United States six years; thirty-five years of age, and possessed of property. Senators—A citizen of the United States and the State four years, and in the district where chosen, one year, and twenty-seven years of age. Represen- tatives—A resident of the State and United States three years, and of the district where chosen one year. Twenty- one years of age. Legislature composed of thirty-six Senators, ninety-nine Representatives. The governor and Legislature elected for four years each. Sessions biennially. SALARIES-Governor, $4,000. Lieutenant Governor, $8 % per day. Secretary of State, $1,800. Treasurer, $2,000. Auditor, $2,500. Attorney General, $3,000. Adjutant Gen- eral, Superintendent Public Instruction and Commissioner of Agriculture, $2,000 each. Register of Lands, $1,500. State Librarian, $900. Legislators, $4 a day and mileage. SUCCEssIox To THE Gover Nor.–1. Office devolves upon Lieutenant Governor. 2. The President of the Senate pro tempore. JUDICIARY, SUPREME Court.—One Chief-Justice, four As: sociate Justices. Appointed by the Governor and confirmed by the Senate. Term, twelve years. Salary, $5,000 each. FINANCEs.—Amount of debt Jan. 1, 1882. Funded, $12:- 169,493, funded old debt at 60 cents on the dollar; unfunded, $3,959,ooo; total, $16,128,493. Receipts year ending Jan. 1, 1882, $1,937,269.58. Expenditures, prev ious year, $1,750,- 555.13. Amount raised Jan. 1, 1882, $1,714.984.01. As- sessed valuation of property, $181,459,961. Rate of tax, 6 mills on $1. A poll tax of $1 is assessed. GEOGRAPHY.—The surface of the State is low, generally level and abounds with swamps and pine forests, which ren- der much of its surface unfit for cultivation along the banks of its larger rivers. Upward of 1,500 miles of embank- ments or levees have been thrown up to protect the planta- tions from inundation. The soil on either side of the Mis- sissippi River is very fertile, producing large crops. But few minerals are found. # * # CLIMATE.—The climate is semi-tropical; in summer it is excessively hot and often sickly. . INDUSTRIES.–Holding, as it does, the outlet to the Mis- sissippi Valley, the State is able to control both the foreign and domestic trade of this large and rich section, hence commerce is large and important. The manufacturing interests are comparatively small, except in sugars and molasses. Agriculture is the chief pursuit. This State is the only part of our country producing sugar in large quan- tities. Cotton is largely cultivated, Louisiana ranking fourth in its production. The rice crop is also large. Indian corn and other cereals are also produced to a considerable extent. The tropical fruits are abundant. EDUCATION.—There are seven colleges within the State, upward of 1,100 schools. About one-third of the inhabi- tants between the ages of six and twenty-one years attend either the public or private schools. CITIES.—The chief city and former capital is New Orleans (Pop. 216,090). It is the commercial center of the State. Its harbor is constantly crowded with ships, steamboats and river craft of all kinds. Many of its public buildings and churches are large and costly structures, and it is the largest cotton market in the world. Baton Rouge (Pop. 7,197) its former and present capital, is one of the healthiest towns in the southern portion of the Mississippi Valley, standing as it does on the first high bank in ascending the river. Shreveport (Pop. 8,009) is a thriving place on the Red River. It is in the midst of an extensive planting region, and advantageously situated for trade. — =++=£ M A N. E. --J-T-L- s STATIST1cs.–First settled at Bristol in 1624 by the Eng- lish. Formed from Territory of Massachusetts. Adopted a Constitution Oct. 29, 1819. Admitted March 3, 1820. Area THE STATES AND TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENTS. 669 33,040 square miles. Population 1870, 626,915; 1880, 648,- 936. Males, 324,058. Females, 324,878. Native, 590,053. Foreign, 58,883. Electoral vote, 6. . 2. ORIGIN of NAME.—Was so called as early as 1623 from Maine in France, of which Henrietta Maria, Queen of Eng- and, was at that time proprietor. NICKNAME.—The Lumber or Pine Tree State. •. SUFFRAGE.—Gives the ballot to every male citizen of the United States of the age of twenty one and upward, except. ing paupers, persons under guardianship and Indians not taxed, having resided in the State three months. QUALIFICATIONs.—For Governor—A native citizen of. the United States, five years a citizen of the State, and thirty years of age. Senator—Five years a citizen of the United States, one year of the State and twenty-five years of age. Representative—A citizen of the United States five years, an inhabitant of the State one year and twenty-one years of age. Senators, 31. Representatives, 151. Term of each, one year. Governor, two years. Legislature meets biennially. ź SALARIEs of OFFICERs.–Governor, $2,000. Lieuten- ant-Governor, none. Secretary of State, $1,200. Treasur- er, $1,600. Attorney-General, $1,500. Adjutant-General, $1,000. Superintendent Commissioner Schools, $1,000. Land Agent, $900. Insurance Commissioner, $900. Rail- road Commissioners, (3) fees. Secretary Board of Agricul- ture, $600. State Librarian, $600. # , ; # JUDrcIARY, SUPREME CoURT.—One Chief-Justice, seven Associate Justices. Appointed by the Governor for seven years. Salary, $3,000 each. . £ debt Jan. 1, 1882. Funded, $5,881,900. Unfunded, $2,521,657. Sinking fund, $1,436,367. Receipts Jan. 1, 1882, $1,417,526.83. Expenses. $1,435,46021. Amount raised by taxation, $1,534,448.90. Total assessable property, real and personal, $235,978,716. State tax, .45 cents on $100. A poll tax is assessed on every male in- habitant. •. GeoGRAPHY.—Great forests of pine, spruce and hemlock in the northern part. Large number of lakes and rivers. Extensive sea coast and numerous commodious harbors are among its most interesting features. ... # CLIMATE.-Has a variable but healthful climate. INDUSTRIEs—Extensive lumber and shipbuilding trade, fisheries, cottons, woolens, tanned and curried leather, boots and shoes, lime, etc. The agricultural portion of the State lies in the valley of the St. John and between the Penobscot and Kennebec Rivers. •. EDUCATION.—The State has an excellent system of com- mon, high and normal schools. Bowdoin College, State College of Agriculture, Bates College, and Colby University are the higher institutions. CITIES.–Portland, 33,810. 16,857. Lewiston, 19,083. Augusta, 8,665. Bangor, * --->=**=== & MARYLAND->3% ~ : rræ …" STATIstics–First settled at St. Mary in 1634 by Roman Catholics and English. Chartered June 29, 1632. Adopted a Constitution Aug. 14, 1775. Amended, 1795 and 1799, and further amended, 1812 and 1851. New Constitution abolishing slavery adopted September, 1864. Ratified the Constitution of the United States April 28, 1788. Area, 12,219 Square miles. Population 1870, 780.894; 1880, 934,- 943. Males, 462,187. Females, 472,756. Whites, 724,693. Colored, 210,230. Electoral vote, 8. % ORIGIN of NAME.—Was so called in honor of Henrietta Maria, Queen of Charles II, in his patent to Lord Balti- more, 1632. SUFFRAGE.-Every male adult, a citizen of the United States who has resided in the State one year and six months in the county, may vote. Criminals, unless pardoned, £, or persons non compos mentis are not allowed to VOIC. QUALIFICATIONs—Governor—A citizen of the United States, resident of the State five years, and thirty years of age...Senators-A resident of the State three years and twenty-five years of age. Representatives—Resident in the county where chosen one year and a citizen of the United States, and twenty-one years of age. The Legislature is composed of 26 Senators, 84 Representatives. The Gov- ernor and Senators are elected for four years each. Repre- sentatives for two years. Sessions biennially. % SALARIES-Governor, $4,500. Secretary of State, $2,- ooo. Treasurer and Comptroller each, $2,500. Attorney- General, $3,900. Adjutant-General, $1,500. Secretary State Board of Education, $1,000. Commissioner of Lands, $2,000. Insurance Commissioner, $2,500. Legislators, $5 a day and mileage. Succession to THE Gover Nor—The general assembly must elect a Governor if in session, if not then: 1. The President of the Senate. 2. The Speaker of the House. JUDICIARY, Court of APPEALs.—One Chief Justice. Seven Associate Justices. Elected by the people. Terms, fifteen years. Salary, $3,500 each. FINANCEs-State debt Oct. 1, 1881, $11,257,560.69. The State holds against this debt $3,461,085 in paying securi- ties and $26,112,298 in unproductive securities. Receipts, $1,996,641.08. Expenditures, $1,757,469:15: Raised by taxation, $1,771,564-14. A poll tax is forbidden by the Con- stitution. Taxable property, $522,771,314. Rate of State tax 1834 cents on $100. GEOGRAPHY.—The State is divided into two parts by the Chesapeake Bay. . The shores are level. The western por- tion is hilly and mountainous. The soil is productive. Iron and coal are its most important minerals. CLIMATE-In the western portion the climate is agree- able. Along the shores of the Chesapeake warm, and in summer unhealthy. INDUSTRIES.—The chief industry is agriculture; corn, wheat and tobacco being the leading products. Besides these, large quantities of other cereals are produced. Man- ufacturing is large. Mining of coal is extensive. The foreign commerce of the State is carried on chiefly through the city of Baltimore, which has all the advantages of a sea- port. The chief exports are tobacco, flour, canned fruits and oysters. EDUCATION.—The State has several colleges, universities and professional schools, and an established system of pub- lic schools, those of Baltimore specially ranking high. There are 3,350 public and private libraries in the State. Cities-Baltimore (Pop. 332,313) is the commercial cen- ter and chief city of the State, being favorably situated for commerce, and manufacturing. Its tobacco, flour and oyster trade is large, placing the city in the front rank. The coastwise and inland trade is much greater than its foreign... Annapolis, (Pop. 5,744) is the capital. The United States Naval Academy is iocated here. Frederick, (Pop. 8,526), Cumberland, ''. 8,056), and Hagerstown, (Pop. 5,779), are thriving manufacturing and trading towns. THE STATES AND TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENTS. $_MASSACH --0-3): STATIsTics.—First settled at Plymouth by English Puri- tans from Holland, who landed Dec. 22, 162o. Chartered March 4, 1629, also chartered Jan. 30, 1630. An explanatory charter granted Aug. 20, 1726, and more completely chart- ered Oct. 17, 1731. Formed a Constitution March 2, 1780, which was altered and amended Nov. 3, 1820, and on several occasions since then. Ratified the Constitution of the United States Feb. 6, 1798. Area, 8,315 square miles. Popu- lation 1870, 1,457,351; 1880, 1,783,085. Males, 858,440. Fe- males, 924,645. Native, 1,339,594. Foreign, 443,491. Elec- toral vote, 14. ORIGIN of NAME.—So-called from Massachusetts Bay, and that from the Massachusetts tribe of Indians, in the neighborhood of Boston. The tribe is thought to have de- rived its name from the “Blue Hills of Milton.” “I had learned,” says Roger Sherman, “that the Massachusetts was so called from the Blue Hills.” NICKNAME.—The Bay State. SUFFRAGE.—The ballot belongs to every male citizen THE CITY AND HARBOR OF BOSTON. twenty-one years of age (except paupers and persons under guardianship), who shall have paid any tax assessed within two years, or shall be exempted from taxation. Must also be able to read the Constitution of the State in the English language, and write his name. A resident of the State one year, and of the town six months. QUALIFICATIONs.–Governor—A citizen of the State seven years, and a freehold of $5,000. Senators—Five years a citizen of the State. A resident in the district where elected. Representatives—A citizen of the State one year. o Senators. 24o Representatives, elected for one year. overnor, one year. Legislature meets annually. SALARIES. – Governor, $4,000. Lieutenant-Governor, $2,000. Secretary of State, $2,500. Treasurer, $4,000. Au- ditor, $2,500. Attorney-General, $4,000. Adjutant-General, $2,500. Secretary Board of Education, $2,900. Secretary Board of Agriculture, $2,000. Insurance Commissioner, $3,000. Railroad Commissioners, three, one $4,000, and two $3,500 each. Librarian, $2,000. JUDicIARY, SUPREME CourT.—One Chief-Justice, salary ,500. Six Associate Justices, appointed by Governor and Council and hold office during good behavior, salary $6,000 each. Clerk, $2,000. FINANCEs.—Amount of State debt Jan. 1, 1883, $32,511,- 680.90. All funded at five per cent. interest. No floating debt. Amount in Sinking £ $20,536,550.61. Receipts, $18,610,914.99. Total expenses, $14,138,962.46. Raised by taxation, $6,666,548.81. Assessed taxable property, real and personal, $1,684,213,423. Poll tax, a condition of suffrage, $955,380. Rate of State tax 35 cents on $1,000. Cor- porations are assessed over and above the local and State tax upon a valuation of $74,244,884-38, which is assessed at THE STATES AND TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENTS. 671 the average rate in the State to wit, 15.35 on $1,000. The Proceeds are distributed to the cities and towns where the *tockholders reside, if in the commonwealth. GeoGRAPHY.—The State is generally level, or slightly "neven in the eastern and southeastern part, the interior *nd northwestern portions hilly, and the western mountain- °us. The State has many excellent harbors. Every part of the State is well watered. Used largely for water power rather than navigation. CLIMATE.—It resembles that of the other New England States, though the coast is subject to cold easterly winds. NDUSTRIES.–Manufactures and commerce chiefly en- Sage the attention of its inhabitants. The State ranks *cond in wealth and commerce, and third in manufactur- *g: . The middle and western parts are fertile. Farms are highly cultivated. The cod and mackerel fishing is an im- Portant industry, the State ranking first in this industry. EDUCATION.—The State is distinguished for the number "d excellence of its schools. In addition to its common £hools attended by half a million scholars, there are five State normal schools, five colleges and Harvard University, CITIES.—Boston (Pop. 362,839) is the largest city in New ngland. Is noted for its wealth and refinement of its citi. *ens, its numerous scientific and literary institutions. Its "anufactures are # ORIGIN of NAME.—An Indian name, signifying “The Lake country.” NicKNAME.—Called both the Lake State, and the Wol- verine State. SUFFRAGE.--Every male adult citizen of the United States, a resident of the State three months, and of the town ten days. QUALIFICATIONs.—Governor—A citizen of the United States five years, and of the State two years. Senators—A citizen of the United States, and a qualified voter in the county where chosen. Representatives—Same as Senators. The Legislature is composed of 32 Senators, and 100 Rep- resentatives. The Governor and Senators are elected for four years each. The Representatives two years each. Sessions biennially. SALAREs - Governor, $1,000. Lieutenant-Governor $3 a day. Secretary of State, $800. Treasurer, Auditor, Superintendent of Public Instruction, Adjutant-General, and State Librarian, $1,000 each. Attorney-General, $8oo. Secretary Board of Agriculture, $1,500. Insurance Com- missioner, $2,000. Railroad Commissioner, $2,500. Immi- gration Commissioner, $2,000. Legislators, $3 a day and ten cents mileage Succession. To THE Gover Nor—1. The Lieutenant- Governor. 2. The Various, and com- merce extensive. it has many fine buildings. Charles- town, opposite Bos- £9 m, contains United States navy Yard and Bunker Hill monument. well (Pop. 59,- 475) is a large man- £: city'. Springfield (Pop. 33,340) is the loca- tion of the United States arsenal. Is * important city. President of the Senate pro tempore. JUDICIARY, SU- PREME COURT.– One Chief-Justice. Three Associate- Justices, elected by the people for eight years. Salary $4,- Ooo each. Clerk $3,000. F IN AN c Es.– # debt Oct. 1, 1882, $900,149.97. Sinking Fund, #. 2 o'S,895.27. Re- ceipts, $2,916,084- Yorcester (Pop. •. # %# #. Expenditures, 58.291), Lawrence UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. * 2,951, 5 I 3.31. £ 39, 151), -ynn (Pop. 38,274), •. # * # C -- i.e.-- ** ----- are important manufacturing cities, as also Salem, New Bedford and Fall River. MICHICAN. : STATIstics.—First settled on the Detroit River in 1650 by he French. Formed from territory originally belonging to Virginia, Organized as a Territory Jan. 11, 1805. Ap- Pied for admission to the Union Jan. 25, 1833, having "dopted a Constitution. Amended in 1850. Admitted Jan. *1837. Area, 58,915 square miles. Population 1870, #84.959; 1880, 1,636,937. Males, 862,355. Females, 774- 582. Native, 1,248,429. Foreign, 388,508. Electoral vote, 13. Amount raised by taxation, $1,021,- op1.23, of which $575.937 was from tax on railroad corpora- tions. Total assessed valuation, $810,000,000. Rate of State tax, 12% cents on $1oo valuation. GEOGRAPHY-Michigan consists of two peninsulas. The northern lying between Lakes. Superior and Michigan, the southern between Lake Michigan and Lakes Huron, St. Clair and Erie. The northern portion is rugged, and in some parts mountainous with sterile soil. The southern portion consists of an undulating plain, seldom broken; the soil is very fertile, and adopted to agriculture and fruit rais- ing. Its mineral supply is very large, consisting of copper, coal, iron, salt and gypsum. Extensive forests overspread both peninsulas, affording vast supplies of lumber. Pos- sessing 1,000 miles of lake shore. Its commercial facilities are great. CLIMATE-The influence of the Great Lakes causes the climate of the Lower Peninsula to be warmer than that of adjoining States in the same latitude. The Upper Peninsula is cold and cheerless. INDUSTRIES.—Agriculture, mining, lumbering, manu- facturing and commerce, command the attention of the in- habitants. Large crops of wheat, corn, oats and potatoes are produced, as also great quantities of wool, butter and cheese. Fruit raising is extensively followed; the value of the orchard-products exceeds that of New Jersey or Cali- fornia. The copper mines of the State are the richest known, and are extensively worked. The production of | 672 THE STATES AND TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENTS. sawed lumber is greater than that of any other State. The value of manufacturing exceeds $1co,oooooo. The fisheries form one of the secondary, yet important sources of wealth, large quantities being taken for home use and export. EDUCATION.—All children between eight and fourteen years of age are required to be sent to the public schools twelve weeks in a year, unless taught elsewhere. The pub- lic schools have reached a high degree of excellence and efficiency. The University of Michigan is the largest and most distinguished of the Western Universities. It has over 1,200 students, and is open to both sexes. There are other colleges, situated at Adrian, Albion, Battle Creek, Hillsdale, Hope and Olivet, also two Young Ladies Sem- minaries. Michigan also possesses several large libraries. CITIES.—Detroit (Pop. 116,340) is the principal city of the State. It has great advantages for trade and commerce, which its people are not backward in utilizing; it is also noted for its beautiful situation and fine streets, large and commodious mercantile and public buildings. Grand Rapids (Pop. 32,016) is a large manufacturing city, having extensive water power. East Saginaw and Saginaw are the centers of a large lumber and salt trade. Lansing is the capital. Jackson, Bay City, Kalamazoo (the largest village in the United States), Adrian, Muskegon, Port Huron, Flint, Ann Arbor, Monroe, Battle Creek, Marquette and Ypsilanti, are important cities, the center of large local trade. STATISTrcs.–First permanent settlement on the Red Formed from Indian territory. Organized as a Territory March 3, 1849. Admitted Feb. 26, 1857. Area, 83,365 square miles. Population 1870, 439,706; 1880, 780,773. Males, 419,149. Females, 361,624. Native, 513,097. For- eign, 267,676. Electoral vote, 7. ORIGIN of NAME.—From the Indian “Mina-sota,” mean- ing “Whitish or sky-colored water,” as applied to the St. Peter River. NICKNAME.—The Gopher State. SUFFRAGE.—Every adult male, resident one year in the United States, and four months in the State, and ten days in tha district, and being either: 1. A citizen of the United States. 2. An alien who has declared his intention. 3. Civilized persons of mixed white and Indian blood. 4. Civilized indians, certified by a district court to be fit for citizenship. QUALIFICATIONs.—Governor—Must be a citizen of the United States, a resident of the State one year, and twenty- five years of age. Senators—A qualified voter, resided one year in the State and six months in the district from which elected. Representatives—Same qualifications as Senators. Legislature is composed of 41 Senators, and 106 Repre- sentatives. Governors and Senators are elected for two THE CITY OF ST. PAUL. years, Representatives for one year. Sessions biennially. SALARIES.–Governor, $ #: Lieutenant Governor, $600. Secretary of State, $1,800. Treasurer, $3,500. Audi- tor, Public Examiner and Railroad Commissioner, $3.ooo each. Attorney General, Insurance Commissioner, &: missioner of Statistics and State Librarian, $2,000 each. Superintendent of Public Instruction, $2,500. Adjutant General, $1,500. Legislators, $5 a day and fifteen cents mileage. SUCCEssion. To CHIEF MAGIsTRATE–1. The Lieuten- ant Governor. 2. The President of the Senate pro tempore. The Senate are required to elect the last name in event of such vacancy. JUDICIARY, SUPREME Court.—One Chief Justice. Sal- £ $4,500. Two. Associate Justices. Salary, $4,000. Elected by the people for seven years. FINANCEs-State debt, Dec. 1, 1882, $4,343,250.84, of which the State holds $2,849,000 as a permanent invest- ment by the school fund. State receipts, $900,116.27. Ex- penditures, $1,015,861.55. Amount raised by taxation, River in 1800. An earlier settlement, though not perma- $781,761.83. Taxable property, $311,200,841. Rate of nent, had been made on the St. Peter River in 1805. State tax, 11% mills on $1. No poll tax. % -–9 |-> THE STATES AND TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENTS. 673 GEOGRAPHY.—Minnesota occupies the most elevated tract of land between Hudson's Bay and the Gulf of Mex- ico, sending its waters north into the Hudson's Bay, east into Lake Superior, and south to the Gulf of Mexico. The State has a fertile soil, great forest wealth, and abundant natural highways for trade and inter communication. CLIMATE.—The climate is cold, especially in the north- ern part. It is famed for its salubrity, being dry and racing. | INDüsrRIEs.—The leading industries are: 1. Agricul- ture, the staple productions being corn, wheat and oats, while other cereals are largely raised. 2. Lumbering, great quantities of lumber are sawed in this State, and immense rafts of logs are floated down the Mississippi to be sawed in other States. 3. Manufacturing, the principal articles being Sawed lumber and flour. EDUCATION.—It has a fine system of public, high and normal schools, and numerous higher institutions of learn- ing, and a State University. $ % ITIES.–St. Paul (Pop. 41,473), the principal city and capital, and Minneapolis (Pop. 46,887), are the commer; cial centers of the State, having large lumber, wheat and flour interests. Winona, Red Wing, Hastings, Stillwater, Rochester, Mankato, and Duluth are centers of large man- ufacturing and agricultural interests. –492– :óð: TMissi STATIstics—State was first settled at Natchez in 1716. Tormed from Territory of South Carolina and Georgia. Organized as a Territory April 7, 1798. Adopted a Con stitution March 1, 1817. Amended it, 1832. Admitted Dec. 19, 1817. Seceded January, 1861. Readmitted, 1869. Area 46,810 square miles. Population 1870, 827,9: 'SSo, 1,13: 597. Males, 567,177. Females, 564,420. White, 479,398. olored, 650,291. Electoral vote, 9. ORIGIN of NAME.–From the river of that name, an Indian term which signifies “the Father of Waters.” NICKNAME.—The Bayou State. # SUFFRAGE.—Every male citizen of the United States of full age, who has resided six months in the State and one month in the county, is a qualified elector. * * * QUALIFICATIONs:–Governor—A citizen of the United States twenty years, and of the State six years; a freeholder, and thirty years of age; ineligible for more than four succes, sive years. Senators—A citizen of the United States and of the State four years, the last year residing in the district where chosen, and thirty years of age. Representatives- A citizen of the State and United States two years, the last year residing where chosen; a freeholder twenty-one years of age. The Governor and Senators are elected for four years; Representatives for two years. The Legislature is composed of thirty-seven Senators, and one hundred and twenty Representatives. Sessions biennially. SALARIES.–Governor, $4,000. Lieutenant Governor. $800. Secretary of State, Treasurer, Auditor and Attorney General, each $2,500. Superintendent of Public Education, $2,000. Commissioner of Lands, $1,000. Adjutant Gen. eral, $1,500. Commissioner of Agriculture, $1,000. State Librarian, $800. Legislators, $400 per annum. Succession to THE Gover Nor.-1. Lieutenant Gover- nor. 2. President of the Senate pro tempore. 3. Speaker of the House. 4. Same as Delaware. JubiciaRY, SUPREME Court.—One Chief Justice and two Associate Justices. Appointed by the Governor and Senate for a term of nine years. Salary of each, $3,500. FINANCEs-State debt Jan. 1, 1882, $2,685,866.93, deduct- ing school funds and amount in treasury. The freasurer claims that there remains but $322,615.11 as a net State debt. Receipts, $597,925.14. Expenditures, $848,165.14. Amount raised by taxation, $348,869.42. Assessed valuation of State, $86,288,810. Rate of State tax, 22 mills on $100. The greater part of taxes collected were from licenses and :* Poll tax of $1 per capita yielded $176,177 in | "O. GEOGRAPHY-The surface of this State is generally level and low upon the Mississippi River; the central and northern portions are undulating, and diversified by occa- sional hills and bluffs. The plantations along the banks of the Yazoo, and Mississippi Rivers are protected by levees from inundation. The soil generally is rich and highl y productive. e CLIMATE.—The climate is warm and pleasant. INDUSTRIEs-Mississippi is almost exclusively an agri- cultural State. In the production of cotton it ranks first in the United States. Great quantities of rice, corn, and sugar and sweet potatoes are also produced. Many tropical fruits grow in abundance. The labor is largely performed by colored persons. Horses, mules, swine, and cattle are ex- tensively raised. EDUCATION.—The State has a school fund of $2,000,ooo, two State Normal Schools for colored teachers, four univer- sities, a State college, 2,800 libraries, and various benevolent institutions. CITIES.-Jackson (Pop. 5,294), the capital, is a small city. Natchez (Pop. 7,058) and Vicksburg (Pop. 11,814), on the Mississippi, are the principal shipping points, and have a large trade in cotton. Columbus, Meridian, Oxford and Holly Springs are cities of considerable importance. STATIstics—The State was first settled at St. Genevieve by the French in 1764. Formed from French Territory. rganized as a Territory June 4, 1812. Adopted a Con- stitution. July 10, 1820. A new Constitution 1865. Ad- mitted March 2, 1821. Area, 69,415 square miles. Popu- lation, 1870, 1,721,295; 1880, 2,168,380. Males, 1,127,187. Females; 1,041,193. White, 2,022,826. Colored, 145,350. Electoral vote, 16. 7 *. * *—- | 674 THE STATES AND TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENTS. ORIGIN of NAME.—Named after the river of same name, also a tribe of Indians. Name signifies “muddy water.” NICKNAME.—The inhabitants are nicknamed “Pukes.” SUFFRAGE.–Gives the right of suffrage to every male adult citizen of the United States who has resided in the State one year, and sixty days in the county. QUALIFICATIONs.—Governor—A native citizen of the United States, a resident of the State four years, and thirty- five years of age. Senators—A citizen of the United States, of the State four years, and of the district where chosen one year, having paid a State or county tax, and thirty years of age. Representatives—A citizen of the United States, of the State two years, and of the county where chosen one year, having paid a State or county tax, and twenty-four years of age. The Governor and Senators are elected for four years. Representatives two years each. The Legislature is composed of 34 Senators and 103 Representatives. Ses- sions biennially. SALARIES.–Governor, $5,000. Lieutenant-Governor, $5 per day. Secretary of State, Treasurer, Auditor, At- torney-General, Superintendent of Public Schools, Register of Lands, and three Railroad Commissioners, each $3,000. Adjutant-General, $2,000. State Librarian, $4,000. Legis- lators, $5 a day and mileage, and $30. SUccession. To THE Gover Nor.—1. The Lieutenant- Governor. 2. The President of the Senate. 3. The Speaker of the House. JUDICIARY, SUPREME Court.—One Chief-Justice. Four Associate Justices. Elected by the people for a term of eight years. Salary, $4,500 each. Clerk, $3,000. FINANCEs.—Amount of State debt Jan. 1, 1883, 13,979,- ooo funded, also $3,000,ooo of bonds issued to Hannibal & St. Joseph Railroad, on which the railroad company pays the interest. Sinking fund, $3,031,000. State receipts, 188o and 1881, $2,725,440. Expenses same time, $2,861,- 638. Amount raised by taxes, $2,129,512. Taxable prop- erty, $649,267,243. Rate of tax 4 mills on $1. No poll tax. GEOGRAPHY.—The State is agreeably diversified in sur- face. North of the Missouri and Osage Rivers the surface is rolling or prairie region. South of these rivers the sur- face is higher and mountainous. Its area is nearly equal to the whole of New England. It possesses a fertile soil, an inexhaustible store of minerals, great forests, and vast water power. Its natural highways are the Mississippi and Mis- souri Rivers, CLIMATE.—Intermediate; as the State is between the cold climate of the north and the heat of the South it enjoys a salubrious climate. The summers being long and warm, the winters short and mild. INDUSTRIES.—Agriculture is the leading occupation. Mining is extensively carried on in the section south of St. Louis. The iron resources of the State exceed that of any other. The manufacturing interests are large and increasing. The chief agricultural products are great crops of corn, wheat, rye, tobacco, hemp and grapes. EDUCATION.—The State has a fine system of and normal schools, and several colleges. CITIES.–St. Louis (Pop. 350,518) the largest city west of the Mississippi River, possesses great facilities for trade and commerce, and is largely engaged in manufacture. The magnificent steel bridge spans the river at this point... The capital of the State, Jefferson City, is well built and prósper- ous. Kansas City (Pop. 55,785) is an extensive distributing point, having immense beef packing interests. St. Joseph, Hannibal, St. Charles, Springfield, Sedalia, Lexington, Chillicothe, Mexico and Columbia, besides several other small cities, have large manufacturing interests and ex- tensive local trade. COIT, ITTOI). Associate Justices. STATIsTics.—Formed from Indian Territory, organized as a Territory May 30, 1854. Admitted March 1, 1867. Area, 76,855 square miles. Population 1870, 122,993; 1880, 452,402. Males, 249,241. Females, 203,161. Native, 354- 988. Foreign, 97,414. Electoral vote, 5. ORIGIN of NAME.—From the Nebraska River. Derived from the Indian Me water, and bras shallow, and means “shallow water.” SUFFRAGE.—A citizen of the United States, who has re- sided six months in the State, forty days in the county, and ten days in the district. QUALIFICATIONs.–Governor, Senators and Representa- tives.—Their qualifications are not specified in the State Constitution, excepting so far as being citizens and qualified electors. The Governor, Senators and Representatives are elected for two years each. The Legislature is composed of 30 Senators, 8. Representatives. Sessions biennially. SALARIES.–Governor, $2,500. Lieutenant-Governor, $6 a day. Secretary of State, Attorney-General, Superin- tendent of Public Instruction and Commissioner of Public Lands, each $2,000. Treasurer and Auditor, each $2,500. Adjutant-General, $500. Secretary Board of Agriculture, $1,000. State Librarian, $1,500. Legislators, $3 a day and Io cents mileage. SUccEssion to THE GoverNOR.—Same as Missouri. JUDICIARY, SUPREME Court.—A Chief-Justice and two Elected by the people for a term of six years. Salary, $2,500 each. FINANCEs.—State debt Dec. 1, 1882, $449,267.35. Sink- ing fund, $59,469.26. State receipts two years ending Dec. 1, 1882, $1,163,568.58. Expenditures, $1,067,514.23. Amount raised by taxation 1882, $569,642.28. Assessed valuation, $98,537,475. Rate of State tax, 60 cents on $100. A poll tax of $3 or work on roads, on males between twenty-one and fifty years is imposed. GEOGRAPHY.—Nebraska, like Kansas, is principally a high prairie land, sloping from the foot hills of the Rocky Moun- tains to the Missouri River. The eastern section consists of rich bottom land, and the western of grassy plains. CLIMATE.—The climate is mild and healthful. INDUSTRIES.—Beef cattle and other live stock are raised in great numbers upon the grazing section. Corn, wheat and other cereals and fruit growing are carried on exten- sively, and with great success. The cheap and fertile lands offer great inducements for settlement to emigrants. EDUCATION.—The public schools are liberally provided for, and their advantages generally understood. There is a State University at Lincoln and a State Normal School at Peru. CITIES.–Omaha (Pop. 30,518) is the principal city and commercial center. A fine iron rail bridge spans the Mis- souri River at this point connecting with Council Bluffs, Iowa. Lincoln, (Pop. 13,003) second largest city in the State, is an important point, as are also # cities Platts- mouth, Nebraska City and Fremont. THE STATES AND TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENTS. STATIsTrcs—Formed from Indian Territory March 2, 1861. Adopted a Constitution. Admitted March 21, 1864. Area, 110,700 square miles. Population 1870, 42,491; 1880, 62,266. Males, 42,019. Females, 20,247. Native, 30,613. Foreign, 25,653. Electoral vote, 3. * * : ... * : * * * * * * * ORIGIN of NAME.—From the Spanish, signifying “snow Covered.” NICKNAME.—The Sage Hen State. # , SUFFRAGE.—Every adult male citizen of the United States, six months a resident of the State, and thirty days in the county, may vote. . QUALIFICATIONs.–Governor—Must be twenty-five years of age, and a citizen of the State two years. Senators and £epresentatives—Their qualifications are not specified in the Constitution of the State, excepting so far as being qualified electors. The Governors and Senators are elected for four years each. The Representatives two years. The two Houses are composed of 25 Senators and 50 Representa- tives. Sessions biennially * # *% SALARIES.–Governor, $5,000. Lieutenant-Governor, $3,000. Secretary of State, Treasurer, Comptroller, At, torney-General, Superintendent of Public Instruction and Surveyor-General, each $3,000. (The Lieutenant Gov- ernor is Adjutant-General ex-officio). State Librarian, $1,200. Legislators, $8 a day and 40 cents mileage. # Succession To THE Gover Nor-I The Lieutenant- Governor. 2. The President of the Senate pro tempore. JUDICIARY, SUPREME Court.—A Chief Justice and two Associate Justices. Elected by the people for six years. Salary, $6,ooo each. Clerk, $3,600. . # 8 FINANCEs-State debt Nov. 7, 1881, $527,ooo. Receipts Jan. 1, 1881, $328,257.82. Expenditures same year, $321,- 978.92. Amount raised by taxation, $196,07042. Rate of tax 55 cents on $100. Total assessed valuation, $27,598,- 658. A poll tax of $2 is imposed. •. GeoGRAPHY.—The surface is broken with mountains and Valleys, some of the latter being very fertile. The soil in the northern and western parts is sterile. The few streams wholly in the State flow into salt lakes or sink into sandy deserts. The Alkaline plains are covered with a growth of sage brush. The State is noted for its silver mines, those which have been developed, having proven to be the rich- est in the world. •. CLIMATE.—The climate is generally mild and healthful. INDUsTR1Es – The leading industry is mining. The mines of the State yield over three-fifths of all the silver produced in the United States. Stock raising is also large- ly followed, having a large amount of fine pasture land. # EDUCATION.—The State is giving considerable attention to public schools and higher institutions of learning. Pub. ic schools are maintained by general and local taxes and State apportionments, rate bilis, and the avails of a permanent school fund. . % CITIEs –Virginia City (Pop. 10,917) is the largest city and chief commercial center. Carson City, the capital, is Pleasantly situated in the Carson Valley. Eureka, Gold fill, Austin and Reno are important places, controling a *rge local trade. NEW HAMPSHIRE. S. "-->3–0- STAristics-First settled at Dover and Portsmouth in 1623, by the English Puritans. Embraced under the Char. ters of Massachusetts, and continued under the same juris- diction until Sept. 18, 1679, when a separate charter and government were granted. A Constitution was formed Jan. 5, 1776, which was altered in 1784; and was further altered and amended Feb. 13, 1792. Ratified the Constitution of the United States June 21, 1788. Area, 9,395 square miles. Pop- ulation 1879,318,300; 1880, 346,991. Males, 170,526. Females, 176.465. Native 300,697. Foreign 46,294. Électoral vote, 4. ORIGIN or NAME-Name given to the territory conveyed by the Plymouth Company, to Captain John Mason, by patent Nov. 7, 1629, with reference to the patentee, who was Governor of Hampshire, England. NICKNAME.—Granite State. SUFFRAGE.—Gives the ballot to “every male inhabitant” of twenty-one years, except paupers, and persons excused from paying taxes at their own request. Colored men were never excluded from voting or holding office. Resident of the town six months. QUALIFICATIONs.—Governor—A citizen of the United States seven years, worth £500. (one-half a freehold) and thirty years of age. Senators—Residence in the State seven years, a freehold estate of £200 and thirty years of age. Representatives—Two years an inhabitant of the State, and an estate of £100 (one-half a freehold). 24 Senators, 28o Representatives; elected for two years. Governor two years. Legislature meets biennially. SALARIES.–Governor, $1,000. Lieutenant Governor, none. Secretary of State, $800 and fees. Treasurer, $1,800. Attorney General, $2,200. Superintendent of Public In- struction, $2,000. Insurance Commissioner's fees. Railroad Commissioners, $3 per diem. Adjutant General, $1,000. Secretary Board of Agriculture, $1,000. Librarian, $800. JUDiciary, SUPREME Court.—One Chief-Justice; $2,900 salary. Six Associate Justices, appointed by the Governor and Council. Term of office until seventy years of age; salary, $2,700 each. * ... w. FINANCEs-State debt. June 1, 1882: Funded, $3,318,000. Unfunded, $73,757.54. Revenue, $503,114.31. Expenses, $461,191.74. Assessable property $191,740,345. Amount raised by taxation, $398,692. State tax twenty cents on $100. A poll tax (local) may be imposed on all males between the ages of twenty-one and seventy. GeoGRAPHY.—The State is noted for the remarkable beauty of its mountain and lake scenery; these are much visited during the summer season by tourists. Mount Washington, the highest peak of the White Mountains is situated in this State. CLIMATE-The climate is very healthful, and soil varied. INDUSTRIEs—Largely engaged in manufacturing; the abundant water power affords great advantages. Agricult- ure, pasturage, and drainage occupy a large number." EDUCATION.-Has an excellent system of normal, high and common schools; among the higher schools are State Normal, Phillips Exeter Academy, and Dartmouth College, including three schools of science and a school of medicine. Cirres-Manchester (noted for its manufactures) is the chief (Pop. 32,630). Concord (Pop. 13,843). n o JERSEY. STATISTICs.–First settled at Bergen, in 1620, by the Swedes, Danes and Dutch. Held under the same grants as New York. Separated into East and West Jersey March 3, 1677. In 1702 the government of each surrendered to the crown, and so continued until a State Constitution was adopted July 2, 1776. Ratified United States Constitution Dec. 18, 1787. Area, 7,815 square miles. Population 1870, 906,096; 1880, 1,131,116. . Males, 559,922. Females, 571,194. Native,909,416. Foreign, 221,700. Elec- toral vote, 9. ORIGIN of NAME.— So called in 1664 from the Island of Jersey on the coast of France, the residence of Sir George Carteret, to whom the territory was granted. NICKNAME. – Jersey Blue. SUFFRAGE.-Extends ballot to “every male citizen” of the United States, of full age, resid- ing one year in the State, and five months in the county, excluding all paupers, idiots, insane persons or persons con- victed of a crime which excludes them from be- ing a witness. QUALIFICATIONs. – Governor—A resident of the United States for twenty years, and of the State for seven years. THE STATES AND TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENTS. counties of the State. same manner and for same term as the Justices. Salary, $10,000. FINANCEs.—State debt, Oct. 31, 1882, $1,796,300. Amount of sinking fund, $1,458,852.34. State receipts for the year 1882, $823,525.47. State expenditures, same time, $1,104, 303.75. Amount raised by taxation, $710,946.64, of which $676,026 was from tax of corporations. Rate of tax 2% mills on $1. Total valuation of assessable property, $527,” 451,220. Local poll tax of $1 is imposed on male inhabi- tants of twenty-one years of age and over. GEOGRAPHY.–In the northern portion it is hilly; in the southern quite level. Its long line of sea coast is hemmed in by a chain of low sand islands, hence there are few good harbors. Large tracts of pines abound in the southern The soil is very productive. CLIMATE.–Is mild and healthful. Many popular resorts have sprung up along the coast and in the interior. INDUSTRIES.—The commerce of the State is small, its manufactures large and various. Its shad and oyster fish- eries are extensive. Mining is also a leading industry. But its chief industry is agriculture and market gardening, the State be- ing one immense gar- den, the mildness of its climate being such that small fruits are very productive, and being adjacent to the markets of New York and Phila- delphia, farmers and fruit raisers find large profits from their labor. E DU cAT 1 on.—The State has given great attention to educational matters, having estab- lished a fine system o graded schools. Within its borders are two of the oldest and most prominent colleges of the country, Princeton and Rutgers Colleges. C 1 T 1 Es. – Newark (Pop. 136,508) is the chief city and very ex- tensively engaged in manufacturing. Tren- ton (Pop. 29,910) is the capital, has large rolling Senators—A qualified voter, thirty years of age, and a resident in the State for four years. Representatives—A citizen of the State for two years and twenty years of age, and a freeholder. There are 21 Senators, 6o Representatives, the latter elected for one year. The governor is elected for three years. Sena- tors elected for two years each. SALARIES.–Governor, $5,000. Secretary of State, $6,000. Treasurer, $4,000. Comptroller, $4,000. Attorney Gen- eral, $7,000. Superintendent Public Instruction, $2,500. Adjutant General, $1,200. Secretary Board of Agriculture, fees. State Librarian, $1,500. Legislators, $500 per 1111111111. SUccEssion. To THE CHIEF MAGISTRATE.—No Lieuten- ant Governor. 1. The President of the Senate. 2. Speaker of the House, in event of a vacancy, or disability of the governor. JUDICIARY, SUPREME Court.—One Chief-Justice. Sal- ary, $5,200. Eight Associate Justices. , Salary, $5,000. Appointed by the Governor and confirmed by the Senate for a term of seven years. Also one Chancellor, elected in mills, iron works, and potteries. Paterson (Pop. 51,031) is noted for its extensive silk and locomotive works and other manufactures. Jersey City (Pop. 120,722), opposite New York, is the starting point of several of the trunk line railroads, and has a large and fine harbor. Elizabeth is an important city, was once the capital of N.J., many of the business men of New York re- side there. Camden is a flourishing city on the Delaware River, opposite Philadelphia, and noted for its ship yards and manufacturing. Rahway, about 19 miles west of New York, is noted for its carriage manufactories. Hoboken, directly opposite New York, is a city of 30,999. New Brunswick is a prosperous city, the capital of Middlesex county, situated on the Raritan River at the head of navigation, and the terminus of the Delaware and Raritan Canal. Rutgers Col- lege (Reformed) is located here. The chief manufactures are hosiery, carpets, shoes, etc. -—f NEW YORK. 36- STATIsrics.–First settled on Manhattan Island in 1614 by the Dutch. Granted to the Duke of York March 20, April 26, and June 24, 1664. Newly patented Feb. 9, 1674: formed a Constitution April 20, 1777; which was amended Oct. 27, 1801, and further amended Nov. 10, 1821. In 1846 a new Constitution was formed. The State ratified the Constitution of the United States July 26, 1788. Area, 49- $70 square miles. Population 1870, 4,382,759; 1880, 5,082,871. Male, 2,505,322. Female, 2,577,549. Native, 3,871,492. Foreign, 1,211,379. Electoral vote, 36. # * * * . . . a ORIGIN of THE NAME.—The State was so called in 1664 THE STATES AND TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENTS. 677 % Succession. To THE Gover Nor—In event of a vacancy, resignation or disability. 1. Office devolves on the Lieu- tenant Governor. 2. President of the Senate. Jubiciary, Court of APPEALs.—One Chief-Justice, elected by the people, for a term of fourteen years; as are also the six Associate Justices. Salary of each $7,000, and $2,000 extra for expenses. One Clerk of Court of Appeals, salary $5,000. FINANCEs-State debt Oct. 1, 1882, $9,109,054.87; this entire amount being canal debt, except $122,694.87. Amount in sinking fund, $2,422,981.57. State receipts £, $12,203,- 902.87. Expenditures, $13,898,198.21. Amount raised by taxation, $7,690,416.34. Assessed value of real property, $2,340,335,690. Personal $340,921,916. Total, $2,681,257,- 306. Rate of State tax, 45 mills on one dollar. A newly imposed tax on corporations is expected to produce $2,000- Ooo a year. No poll tax. GeoGRAPHY-The general surface of the State is uneven and somewhat elevated, the eastern and northern parts being hilly and mountainous; the western portion spreads out in table lands rising from Lake Ontario. The moun- tainous sections have a light soil, the more level being very rich and fertile. The natural curiosities of the State are on a grand scale, among which are Niagara Falls, Trenton *# # 8% % £: VIEW OF NEW YORK CITY AND HARBOR. | in honor of the Duke of York and Albany, to whom letters Patent were issued by the King of England. NICKNAME.—The Empire or Excelsior State. SUFFRAGE.--Every male citizen” of full age, who shall have been ten days a citizen, one year in the State, four months in the county, and thirty days in the district; has the right of suffrage. No person can exercise the right of suffrage who has been convicted of bribery, larceny, or in- amous crime: nor persons betting on the election. A residence is not lost by reason of absence from the State in the service of the United States, nor in navigation, nor 31S 3. student in a seminary, nor in an asylum or prison. A. registry law also exists. % a QUALIFICATIONs.—Governor—A citizen of the United States five years, a citizen of the State, a freeholder, and thirty years of age. Senators—A qualified voter and a free- holder. Representatives—No qualifications named. * * SALARIES.–Governor, $10,000 and a residence. Lieu- tenant Governor, $7,000, Secretary of State, $5,000. reasurer, $5,000. Comptroller, $6,000. Attorney General, $5,000. Superintendent of Public Instruction, $5,000. Ad- Jutant General, $3,009. State Surveyor, $5,000. Insurance ommissioner, $7,000. Falls, Genessee Falls, the Catskills, the Adirondacks, the Highlands, and its beautiful lakes. CLIMATE.—The climate is healthful, but very cold in the northern part. __INDUSTRIES.–In population, wealth, and commerce New York is the first in the Union. The commerce extends to all parts of the world. Manufacturing is large, and con- stantly increasing. Agriculture is one of the chief pursuits, wheat and corn being the staple productions. The develop- ment of the salt springs of the interior is also one of the industries of the State. Its magnificent system of canals and railroads has done much to increase its domestic trade. EDUCATION.—New York has an excellent system of com- mon, high, and normal schools; among the higher institu- tions are Columbia College, University of New York, Union College, Cornell University, Hamilton College, Hobart, College, Madison University, Vassar Female Col- lege, Elmira Female College, College of St. Francis Xavier, Manhattan College, and the following Universities, Alfred, Syracuse, Rochester, and Ingham. Over one million pupils attend the common schools of the State. CITIES.-New York City (Pop. 1,206,299) situated on Manhattan Island, is the largest and most important city 678 THE STATES AND TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENTS. on the continent; and the center of commerce and trade for America. In the extent of its commerce, and the amount of its manufactures, it exceeds every other city in the New World. In its costly and magnificent buildings, mercantile, and private residences, it far surpasses all other cities. Two- thirds of all the imports of the United States enter here. It has a safe and commodious harbor; which is visited by the ships of all nations. The Central Park, within the city limits, is one of the pleasure gardens. It is also, the chief center of all insurance companies, banking institutions, and exchanges, and great railroad corporations, and distinguished for its literary, scientific, and benevolent institutions. The Brooklyn Bridge, connecting the city with Brooklyn, is one of the greatest feats of engineering skill in the world; and its total cost was upward of thirteen million dollars. Brooklyn (Pop. 566,663) opposite to New York, is the second city in size in the State. It is largely a city of res- idences for people doing business in New York, although manufacturing is carried on to a considerable extent. Buf- falo (Pop. 155,134) on Lake Erie, has a large lake trade, and extensive manufactures. Rochester (Pop. 89,366) is noted for its extensive milling and manufacturing interests, also for its immense fruit and ornamental tree nurseries; they being the most extensive in the world. Syracuse (Pop. 51,792) extensive manufactures, and salt interests. Troy Albany Pop. 56,747) its extensive steel and iron works. # the capital, is an old and populous city. Utica, Kingston, Poughkeepsie, Oswego, Auburn, New- burgh, Elmira, Binghamton, Lockport, Rome, Ogdensburg, and a number of other cities, are largely engaged in manu- facturing, and have a large local trade. The State is noted for its prosperous, intelligent, and wealthy cities. 25N >% NORTH CAROLINA- > STATISTIcs.–In 1584 a colony of 108 persons settled on Roanoke Island, but returned the following year. In 1537 another colony came over of 106 persons under John White, who soon returned, leaving the colony. In 1650 English settlers from Virginia made a lodgement on the Chowan River, at Albemarle. Charles II. issued a charter to a company of eight persons March 20, 1663, and June 30, 1665. The State formed a Constitution Dec. 18, 1776. Amended in 1835 and 1845. Ratified the Constitution of the United States Nov. 21, 1789. Seceded May, 1861. Re- admitted June, 1868. Area, 52,250 square miles. Popula: tion 1870, 1,071,361; 1880, 1,399,750. Males, 687,908. Fe- males, 711,842. White, 867,242. Colored, 531,277. Elec- toral vote, 11. ORIGIN of NAME.—From original charter of Charles II. to the “Lord Proprietors of the Province of Carolina.” It is also claimed that it was named in honor of Charles IX, of France, by John Ribault, who built a fort on an island in the harbor of Port Royal in 1562, vacating it in a short time. NICKNAME.—The Old North State, or Tar State, or Tus- pentine State. SUFFRAGE.—A citizen of the United States of adult age living twelve months in the State and thirty days in the county. A freeholder may vote. QUALIFICATIONs.—Governor—A citizen of the United States residing in the State five years, a freeholder, and thirty years of age. Senators—A qualified voter, resident of the county one year, and a freeholder. Representatives- Same as Senator. The Governor is elected for four years. Senators and Representatives for two years each. The Legislature is composed of 5o Senators, 12o Representa- tives. Sessions biennially. SALARIES.–Governor, $3,000. Secretary of State, $2,000. Treasurer, $3,000. Auditor, $1,500. Attorney- General, $2,000. Superintendent of Public Instruction, $1,500. Adjutant-General, $300. State Librarian, $750. Legislators, $4 a day and 10 cents mileage. SUCCEssION TO THE Gover Nor.–1. The Lieutenant- Governor. 2. The President of the Senate pro tempore. JUDICIARY SUPREME Court.—A Chief-Justice and two Associate Justices. Elected by the people for a term of eight years. Salary, $2,500 each. FINANCEs.—Amount of State debt, Oct. 1, 1878: Prin. cipal, $16,960,045. Interest unpaid, $10,160,183. Total, $27,120,228. Exclusive of unacknowledged “Special Tax Bonds,” amount, $11,407,000. By funding law of February, 1879, the sum of $12,683,045 of the debt was recognized as valid, and ante-war bonds funded at 40 per cent of face values, while new railroad bonds were scaled at 25 per cent. of their face, and funding bonds of 1866 and 1868 at 15 per cent of face value. All the new consolidated bonds run thirty years, at 4 per cent, the first coupon of 2 per cent. having been paid Jan. 1, 1881. The sum total of new fund- ing bonds authorized is $3,618,511, and the amount issued up to Oct. 1, 1880, is $2,211,816, cancelling the sum of $7,- 470,245 of the old bonds. Other bonds of the State, amounting to about $13,000,000, are unprovided for in this compromise. The United States census report for 188o gives the net State debt, $5,706,616. State receipts Oct. 1, 1881: $553,049.51. Expenditures, $496,720.33. Amount raised by taxation 1881, $474,449. Amount of assessed property, $156,268,241. Rate of State tax 24 cents on $1oo. Capita- tion tax of 84 cents is imposed. GEogRAPHY.—The State is level and sandy in the eastern part, the seacoast abounding in swamps and bordered by sand bars. The interior is undulating and productive. The western portion is a broad table land, which rises into the Alleghany Mountains. Its forests of pine furnish quantities of lumber, turpentine and tar. CLIMATE.—Near the coast it is hot, but the elevated portions are cooler and more healthful. INDUSTRIEs.—Agriculture is the leading industry, the chief articles being corn, wheat, tobacco, sweet potatoes, oats, rice and cotton. Vast forests furnish three times as much pitch, tar and resin as all the other States together. Valuable gold mines are extensive; wrought iron, copper and coal also abound. EDUCATION.—With over 2,000 public schools, 17o ooo pupils, seven colleges, two normal schools and many other institutions of learning, the State may be said to have en- tered upon a new era and a great advancement in educa- tional matters. CITIEs.—Wilmington (Pop. 17,350) is the chief city and seaport, and is the center of a large and increasing trade and commerce. Raleigh (Pop. 9,265) the capital, has a healthful situation and is laid out with great regularity. Newberne (Pop. 6,443) Charlotte (Pop. 7,094) and Fayette- ville are flourishing manufacturing and trading points. | THE STATES AND TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENTS. 679 STATIsTics.—The State was first settled at Marietta in 1788. Formed from Northwest Territory. Organized as a Territory by ordinance of 1787, March 3, 1805. Adopted a Constitution Nov. 1, 1802. A new Constitution formed 1851. Admitted Nov.30, 1802. Area, 41,060 square miles. Population 1870, 2,665,260; 1880, 3, 198,062. Males, 1,613- 936. Females, 1,584,126. Native, 2,8o3,119. Foreign, 394,943. Electoral vote, 23. # ORIGIN of NAME.—From an Indian word signifying the “beautiful river.” NICKNAME.—Buckeye State. •. # 2, # SUFFRAGE.—Every male of full age, a citizen of the United States who has resided one year in the State, thirty days in the county, and twenty days in the district. # * QUALIFICATIONs.–Governor—A citizen of the United States twelve years, and of the State four years, and thirty- ve years of age. Senators–Thirty years of age, citizen of the United States and resident of the district two years, having paid a State and county tax. Representatives—A citizen of the United States and State, resident of the dis- trict where chosen for one year, having paid a State, and county tax, and twenty-five years of age. Governor, Sena- tors and Representatives are elected for two years each. State Legislature consists of 36 Senators, 120 Representa- tives. Sessions biennially. •. SALARIEs-Governor, $4,000. Lieutenant-Governor, $8oo. Secretary of State, Treasurer and Auditor each, $3,000. Attorney-General, Adjutant-General, Commis- sioner of Schools, Insurance Commissioner, Railroad Com- missioner, Secretary Board of Agriculture, $2,000 each, State Librarian, $1,500, Legislators, $600 a year and mileage. . •. Succession. To THE Gover Nor-1. The Lieutenant- Governor. 2. The President of the Senate. 3. The Speaker of the House. % # #& 2% £ $ JUDICIARY, SUPREME Court-A Chief Justice, four Associate Justices. Elected by the people. Term of each five years. Salary, $3,500. (Salary of Justices has been in- creased to $5,000, not to take effect during the term of the present incumbents). % #% # # 3 FINANCEs.—State debt Nov. 15, 1882, $4,901,665. Sink- ing fund, $196,892.70. Receipts, $5,112,975:11. Expendi- tures, $4,977,189.os. Amount received from taxation, 54,553,242.03. Total taxable property, $1,634,910,734. Rate of State tax. 29 cents on $100. No poll tax. GeoGRAPHY.—The State has no mountains, but the in- terior is elevated about 1,ooo feet above the sea. From this the surface slopes to Lake Erie on the North and the Ohio River on the South. The State is well watered. Ex- tensive forests of hard woods abound. Quantities of coal, iron, quarries of fine building stone and numerous salt springs and oil wells lie in the Eastern, Northeastern and southern part of the State. The soil is fertile. CLIMATE.—The climate is mild and salubrious. •. INDUsTR1Es – The agricultural interest is very large. >reat crops of wheat, corn, oats, barley, hay, potatoes, Union Feb. 14, 1859. Area, 96,030 square miles. live stock are sent to the Eastern markets. It is the fore- most State in sheep raising, the wool production being more than 20,000,000 pounds a year. In manufacturing it ranks as the fourth State in the Union. Its commerce by lake, river, canal and railroad transportation is very large. In wealth, population and progressiveness the State takes front rank, being the third in population. Ciries--Cincinnati (Pop. 255,139), the largest city in the State and the “Queen City” of the West, is distinguished for its wealth and its literary institutions, as well as for its great manufacturing and commercial interests. Cleveland (Pop. 160,146) is a beautiful city situated on Lake Erie, possessing great commercial facilities, having one of the best, harbors on the lake. Columbus (Pop. 51,647), the capital, is a great railroad center and extensively engaged in manufacturing. Toledo, (Pop. 50,137), Dayton, (Pop. 38,678); Akron (Pop. 16.512), Canton (Pop. 12,358), Hamil- ton, (Pop 12,122), Springfield (Pop. 20.730), Sandusky, (Pop. 15838) and Steubenville (Pop. 12,063), are thriving cities, largely engaged in manufacturing and commerce, as are Zanesville, Chilicothe, Lancaster, Bellaire, Ironton, Mansfield. Youngstown, Newark, and a large number of cities ranging from 4,000 to 7,000 in population. STATIsTics.–First settled by Spaniards. Formed from Indian territory. Organized as a territory Aug. 14, 1848. Adopted a Constitution in Nov., 1857. Admitted to the Popu- lation 1870, 90,923; 1880, 174,768. Males, 103,381. £ 71,387. Native, 144,265. Foreign, 30,593. Electoral vote, 3. ORIGIN of NAME.—From an Indian word, meaning River of the West. SUFFRAGE.—Every male citizen of full age, six months a resident in the State, and every white male alien, of full age, resident in the United States six months, and in the county or district ninety days. QUALIFICATIONs.–Governor—Must be a citizen of the United States, thirty years of age, and three years a resident of the State. Senators and Representatives.–Must be twenty-one years of age, citizens of the United States, and residents of their several districts for one year preceding their election. The Governor and Senators are elected for four years. Representatives two years. Legislature is composed of thirty Senators, sixty Representatives. Ses- sions biennially. 2% . SALARIES-Governor, $1.5oo. Secretary of State (also Auditor and Comptroller), $1,5co. Treasurer, $800. Sup- erintendent of Public Instruction, $1,500. State Librarian, $500. Legislators, $3 a day and fifteen cents mileage. Succession To Gover Nor—1. The Secretary of State. 2. The President of the Senate. , Jupiciary, SUPREME Court.—Three Justices elected by the people for six years each. Salary, $3,000 each. FINANCEs-State debt Sept. 1, 1882, $3o4.org.78. State garden and orchard products are raised, also flax, t bacc and grapes. Coal and iron mining are extensively carried on in the Eastern and Southern parts, and large numbers of receipts, $519,848.80 Expenditures, $545,196.13. "Amount raised by taxation, $258,000. Amount of taxable property, $59,256,175. Rate of State tax, 5% mills on $1. 68O THE STATES AND TERRITORIAL GoverNMENTs. : GEOGRAPHY.—The State is divided into two sections; the fertile valley region west of the Cascade Range, and the plateau region to the east. The former is a region of great beauty and fertility; the latter, being almost rainless, is in- fertile, and devoid of vegetation. Dense forests of pine, spruce, and cedar are found in the western slope of the Cascade Mountains. Gold and coal are abundant. CLIMATE.—The climate is mild and healthy. INDUSTRIES.—Agriculture, stock rasing, and lumbering are the chief pursuits; wheat being the staple article of the former, while most of the cereals of the middle States flourish. Cutting timber from the immense pine forests of the State gives employment to great numbers of inhabitants. EDUCATION.—Several colleges, universities, and academies have been founded. Over 600 public and private schools. The State has 2,400 libraries. CITIES.–Portland (Pop. 17,577) is the principal city, and the center of a large and increasing trade. Salem, the Sept. 2, 1790; and again in 1838 and 1857. Ratified the Constitution of the United States Dec. 12, 1787. Area, 45,- 215 square miles. Population 1870, 3,521,951; 1880, 4,282,- 891. Males, 2,136,655. Females, 2,146,236. Native, 3,695,- o62. Foreign, 587,829. Electoral vote, 30. NICKNAME.—Keystone State. SUFFRAGE.—The Constitution of 1857 gives a vote to every freeman of full age, who has resided one year in the State, and two months in the election district. QUALIFICATIONs.--Governor—A citizen of the State seven years, and thirty years of age. Senators—A citizen of the State four years, and of the district where chosen the last year, and twenty-five years of age, . Representatives— A citizen of the State three years, and for the last year a citizen of the city or county where chosen. The Governor and Senators are elected for four years each. The Repre- sentatives for two years. The Legislature is composed of 50 Senators, 201 Representatives. Sessions are held biennially. GIRARD AvRNUE BRIDGE, PHILADELPHIA. capital, is pleasantly situated in the midst of a fertile country. Astoria, near the mouth of the Columbia, is the principal port of entry. "...' $ PEN NSYLVANIA. STATIstics—First settled on the Delaware River 1682, by William Penn and the English. Chartered Feb. 28, 1681. Formed a Constitution Sept. 28, 1776. Amended £ SALARIES.–Governor, $10,000. Lieutenant Governor, $3,000. Secretary of State, $4,000. Treasurer, $5,000. Auditor General, $3,000. Secretary of Internal Affairs, $3,000. Attorney General, $3,5oo. Adjutant General, $2,500. Superintendent of Public Instruction, $2,500. Insurance Commissioner, $3,000. State Librarian, $1,800. Legislators, $1,000 for Ioo days, and five cents mileage. SUCCEssIon To THE Gover Nor-1. The Lieutenant Governor. 2. The President of the Senate pro tempore. s', SUPREME Court.—A Chief-justice, salary $8,500. Six Associate Justices, salary $8,000 each. Elected by the people for a term of twenty-one years. FINANCEs.—Amount of State debt Jan. 1, 1883, less sink- ing fund and cash on hand, $13,794,328.09. Receipts, $7 of 8- 529.66. Expenditures, $5.024,766.41. Amount raised by taxation on personal property, $437,716. The gross amount raised was $6,346,539, mostly derived from taxes on corpo- rations. No tax is levied on real estate for State purposes: hence no assessed valuation. - GEOGRAPHY.—The surface in its eastern section is level or undulating; with a fertile soil. The middle is moun- tainous; and the western hilly. It is distinguished for its THE STATES AND TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENTS. 68 I great mineral resources, extensive forests, and abundant water power. CLIMATE.—The eastern section has a mild climate; the middle is subject to extremes of heat and cold; and the wes- tern agreeable and pleasant. INDUSTRIES.–Pennsylvania ranks next to New York in wealth, population, and manufactures. The people are largely engaged in agriculture, mining, and manufactures; wheat, corn, orchard fruits, potatoes, butter, and wool are the chief products. The farms are generally large, and well conducted. The manufactures are very extensive, and com- prise a great variety of articles; iron, cotton, and woolen goods being the leading articles. In the production of coal and iron, Pennsylvania surpasses all other States. EDUCATION-There are 17,092 public schools, 350 acade: mies, several female schools and colleges, 28 colleges and universities, 7 schools of science, 15 theological schools, and benevolent institutions for the blind, for mutes, and for feeble minded children. The State has provided homes, food, clothing, and instruction for 7,500 children orphaned, and left destitute by the casualities of the civil war, at an expense of $6,000,000. # CITIES.–Philadelphia (Pop 847,170) the chief city of the State, and second of the United States, has a large domestic trade, though ranking the fifth in foreign commerce. In the value of its manufactures it exceeds any other city in the United States. It is regularly laid out in squares, remark: ably neat; and contains many elegant and costly private and public buildings. The United States mint, and navy yard are located here. Harrisburg (30,762) is a manufacturing and commercial city, and the capital of the State. ... Pitts- burgh (Pop. 156,389) is an extensive manufacturing city; its rolling mills, furnaces, foundries, machine shops, iron works, and glass works, are the largest in the Union; it is also the center of the bituminous coal district. Allegheny City (Pop. 78,682) is also extensively engaged in manufactur- ing, having large iron, steel, brass, and glass works. Scran- ton, Reading, Lancaster, Williamsport, Allentown, Potts- ville, Easton, Altoona, Norristown, Wilkesbarre, and Chester, are large and flourishing cities. Pennsylvania has 14 cities with a population ranging from 15,000, to 3oooo, 5 from Sooo to loooo, and 20 from 5,000 to 8,000. STATIstics.—First settled at Providence in , 1636, by Roger Williams and the English. Was chartered by Parlia. ment in 1644, by King Charles in 1663; which charter was Had an unwritten Constitution until 1842, when a written one was adopted. Ratified the Constitution of the United States May 29, 1793. Area, £250 square miles. Population 1870,217,353; 188o 276,531. Males, 133,030. Females, 143,501. Native, 202,538. Foreign. 73.993. Electoral vote, 4. . . # .3%. 33.3 .22-38 -3. 33.3 : ORIGIN of NAME.—Was so called in 1664, in reference to the Rhode Island of Rhodes in the Mediterranean. NickNAME.—Little Rhody. SUFFRAGE.-Gives the right of suffrage: 1. To every male abrogated in 1776. citizen of full age, one year in the State, six months in the town, owning real estate worth $130, or renting for $7 per annum. 2. To every native male citizen of full age, two years in the State, six months in a town, duly registered, having paid $1 tax, or done militia service during the year. QUALIFICATIONs.—The State Constitution does not specify the qualifications for Governor, Senators, or Repre- sentatites, only to the extent that they must make oath to support the State and Federal Constitutions. Thirty-seven Senators, seventy-two Representatives; elected for one year. Governor, one year. Legislature meets annually. SALAREs-Governor, $1,000. Lieutenant Governor, $500. Secretary of State, $2,500. General Treasurer, $2,900. , Auditor, and Insurance Commissioner, $2,500. Railroad Commissioner, $500. Attorney General, $2,500. Adjutant General, $600. Commissioner Public Schools, $2,500. Jubici'RY, SUPREME CoURT.—One Chief-justice, salary $4,500, Four Associate Justices, $4,000 each. Elected by General Assembly. Term, “each Judge shall hold his office until his place be declared vacant by a Resolution of the General Assembly to that effect.” FINANCEs-Debt Oct 18, 1882, $1,622,500 (funded), amount in sinking fund, $238,398.32. Receipts, $919,792.44. Expenses, $794,685-77. Raised by taxation, $492,796.32. Assessed valuation, $328,530,559. Rate of State tax 15 cents on $1oo; a poll tax required from electors unless paying al property tax. GEOGRAPHY.—Though the smallest State in the Union, it ranks among the most thickly settled and prosperous of the States. The surface is broken and undulating, but the elevations are gentle. The State is well watered. CLIMATE.—The climate is agreeable. The soil fertile on the coast, but barren in the interior. INDUSTRIES.—The State is largely engaged in manufact- uring, cotton and woolen goods being the largest. It has consid rable commerce. Farming is done to some little extent; the chief productions are grains, fruit, butter and cheese. EDUCATION.—Brown's University is situated in the State. The common school system is excellent. CITIES.–Providence (Pop. 104,857), and Newport (Pop. 15,693) are the only cities in the State; both cities being capitals of the State; the former city has a great variety of manufactures, considerable commerce. The latter is built on Rhode Island, which lies in Narragansett Bay, and is one of the most popular and fashionable resorts of the summer. STATIstics—First settled on the Ashley River by the English in 1670. Embraced in the Charter of Charles II. to the proprietors of Carolina—or North Carolina—from which it was separated in 1729. Formed a Constitution March 26, 1776, which was amended March 19, 1778, and June 3, 1790. A new Constitution adopted 1865. Ratified the Constitution of the United States May 23, 1788. Se- .# 682 THE STATES AND TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENTS. ceded Nov., 1860. Re-admitted June, 1868. Area, 30,570 square miles. Population 1870, 705,606; 1880, 995,577. Males, 490,408. Females, 505,169. White, 391,105. Col- ored, 604,332. Electoral vote, 9. ORIGIN of NAME.—See North Carolina. NICKNAME.—The Palmetto State. SUFFRAGE.—By her Constitution of 1865, gives the right of voting to every person who has the following qualifica- tions: He shall be a free white man, who has attained the age of twenty-one years, and is not a pauper, nor a non- commissioned officer or private soldier of the army, nor a seaman or a marine of the navy of the United States. He shall for two years preceding the election have been a citi- zen of the State, or, for the same period, an emigrant from Europe, who has declared his intention to become a citizen of the United States. He shall have resided in the State at least one year preceding the election, and for the last sixty days in the district. The adoption of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments placed the colored persons on the same equality, politically as the white persons. QUALIFICATIONs. – Governor – A citizen of the State ten years, a freeholder, and thirty years of age. Senators- A citizen of the State five years, a resident of the district where chosen, a freeholder, and thirty years of age. Repre- sentatives—A citizen of the State three years, of lawful age, and a freeholder. The Governor and Representatives are elected for two years each. The Senators for four years. The Legislature consists of 34 Senators, 124 Representa- tives. Legislative sessions are held annually. SALARIEs – Governor, $3,500. Lieutenant Governor, $1,000. Secretary of State, Treasurer, Comptroller, Attor- ney-General, and Supt. of Public Instruction, each, $2,100. Adjutant-General, $1,500. State Librarian, $625. Legis- lators $5 a day and ten cents mileage. SUccEssion. To THE Gover Nok. — 1. The Lieutenant Governor. 2. The Legislature must provide what officer shall act as Governor, in case of a double vacancy. JUDic1ARY, SUPREME Courts—A Chief-Justice, salary $4,000. Three Associate-Justices, salary $3,500 each, elected by the Legislature for a term of six years each. FINANCEs.—Total bonded debt, Nov. 1, 1881, $6,642,321.89. Sinking fund, $23,128.50. Receipts, $737,268.50. Ex- penditures, $745,550.65. Amount raised by taxation, $721,- 129.69. Total assessed valuation of property, $137,961,429. Rate of State tax, 5 mills on $1. A poll-tax of $1 is im- posed. GEOGRAPHY.—The State is level and marshy upon the seacoast. The interior and western sections are undulating. The soil is generally rich and fertile, though in many places it is sandy and unproductive, CLIMATE–In the lowlands it is unhealthful, owing to the moisture. In the elevated districts, it is more temperate and agreaable. INDUSTRIEs.—Agriculture is the principal industry, the State producing a larger amount of rice than any other State. “Sea Island Cotton” is of the finest quality, and superior to all other, and is raised on several islands along the coast of this State and Georgia. Corn, oats, wheat, sweet potatoes and tobacco are extensively raised. The ex- port of rice and cotton is large. But few manufactures are as yet established in the State, though considerable attention is being given to them. EDUCATION.—Has made considerable progress since the civil war. The State contains nearly 3,000 public schools, several academies, a small normal school, eight colleges and universities. . CITIES.–Charleston (Pop,49,984) the largest city, is exten- sively engaged in manufacturing and commerce. Colum- bia is the capital. Greenville, £ and Newberry are flourishing towns. # * *ard 3. *&^* % % &% ". STATISTICs.—Was colonized in 1757. Organized as the State of Franklin, 1785. Merged in the “Territory south of the Ohio,” 1789. Became a separate Territory, 1794. This Territory originally was a part of North Carolina. Adopted a Constitution Feb. 6, 1769, and amended in 1834. Admitted June 1, 1796. Seceded June, 1861. Re-admitted July, 1866. Area, 42,050 square miles. Population 1870, 1,258,520; 1880, 1,542,359. Males, 769,277. Females, 773,- oS2. White, 1,138,831. Colored, 403,151. Electoral vote, 12. ORIGIN of NAME.–From the Indian settlement named Tanassee. NICKNAME.—The Big Bend State. SUFFRAGE.—By her former constitution, adopted in 1834, gave the elective franchise to every free white man of the age of twenty-one years, being a citizen of the United States; resident of the State one year, and for six months a resident of the county; provided, that all persons of color who are competent witnesses in a court of justice against a white man, may also vote. Accepted the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments. QUALIFICATIONs.—Governor—A citizen of the United States and of the State seven years, and thirty years of age. Senators—A citizen of the United States, three years’ resi- dence in the State, and in the county where chosen one year, and thirty years of age. Representatives—A citizen of the United States, and of the State three years, residence in the county where chosen one year, and twenty-one years of age. The Governor and Legislators are elected for two years each. The Legislature is composed of 25 Senators and 75 Representatives. Sessions are held biennally. SALARIES.–Governor, $4,000. Secretary of State, $1,- Soo, and fees. Treasurer, $2,750. Comptroller, $2,700. Attorney-General, $3,000. Supt. of Public Instruction, $1,995. Adjutant-General, $1,200. Commissioner of Ag- riculture, etc., $3,000. Register of Lands, fees. State Librarian, $1,000. Legislators $4 a day and sixteen cents mileage. # SUCCEssion to THE Gover Nor—1. The Speaker of the Senate. 2. The Speaker of the House. No provision for the case of disability. JUDICIARY, SUPREME Court.—A Chief-Justice, and four Associate Justices, elected by the people for a term of four years. Salary, $4,000 each. FINANCEs.—State debt, Jan. 1, 1882, $20,206,300, funded. Unfunded (unpaid interest) $6,336,550. State receipts Jan. 1, 1881, 652.462.93. Expenditures, $631,651.60. Amount raised by taxation, 433,869.31. Total value of assessed property, 1882, $221,929,813. Rate of State tax 20 cents on $1oo. A State poll-tax of $1 is imposed. - GEOGRAPHY.—Tennessee is divided by the Cumberland Mountains into East and West Tennessee. The western portion is level or undulating, the eastern part is mountain- ous and rugged. Navigable rivers and streams with abundant water power water the State. It is exceedingly rich in minerals, and generally possesses a fertile soil. CLIMATE.—It is mild and agreeable. INDUSTRIEs.—Agriculture is the most important industry, the great staples being wheat, cotton, corn, hemp and to- bacco. In the production of tobacco, the State ranks third. THE STATES AND TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENTS. The iron and coal interests are growing rapidly, and will in time prove one of its richest resources. The marbles of the State are esteemed for their color and variety. Im- mense numbers of swine and mules sre raised in the State. The manufacturing industries are more developed than in any of the Southern central States. A large internal com- merce is carried on through the railroads and rivers of the State. x EDUCATION.—The State is distinguished for the number of its colleges and higher institutions of learning, literary taste and polished society. •. CITIES.–Nashville (Pop. 43,350) is the most populous, wealthy and prosperous city in the State, and the seat of : '. and higher schools; it is also the capital, Memphis (Pop. 33,592) is a thriving city and the §: grain and cotton market between St. Louis and New Or- leans. Knoxville (Pop. 9,693). Chattanooga (Pop. 12,802): Jackson, Murfreesboro, Clarksville and Columbia, control large and important local trade. STATIsTics.--First settled by the Spaniards under the name of New Philippines 1692. Obtained a provincial govern- ment 1835. An independent republic, acknowledged by the United States 1837; acknowledged by England, France, and Belgium, 1840. Annexed to the United States, and ad- mitted as a State 1845. Seceded Feb., 1861; readmitted 1868. Area, 265,780 square miles. Population 1870, $18,579 ; 1880, 1,591,749. Males, 837,840. Females, 753,909. White, 1,- 197,237. Colored, 393,384. Electoral vote, 13. ORIGIN of NAME.-Not determined; supposed to be from the Spanish; though it has been claimed to be from the name of a tribe of Indians. NICKNAME –Lone Star State. ź 2: SUFFRAGE.–Every male person of full age, a citizen of the United States, one year a resident of the State, and six months of the county. •. •. QUALIFICATIONs.-Governor-Must be thirty years of age, a citizen of the United States, and have been a resident of the State for three years preceding his election. Sena- tors—Must have attained the age of thirty years, be a citizen of the United States, a resident in the State for three years preceding his election, and one year in the district where he resides. Representatives—Must be a citizen of the United States, have resided in the State two years, in his district one year, and have attained the age of twenty-one years. The Governor and Representatives are elected for two years. The Senators for four years. The Legislature is composed of 31 Senators, and 93 Representatives. Sessions are held tennially. SALARIEs.–Governor, $4,000. Secretary of State, Ad- Jutant General, Attorney General, and State Librarian, $2,000 each Treasurer, Comptroller, and Commissioner of and Offiice, each $2,500. Legislators, $5 a day and Succession ToTHE Gover Nor-1. The Lieutenant Gov- Crnor. 2. The President of the Senate for the time being. JUDicIARY, SUPREME Court.—A Chief-Justice, and two Associate Justices; elected by the people for four years each. Salary $3,500 each. FINANCEs-State debt Sept. 1, 1882, $4,447,700. State receipts, $1,962,914. Expenditures, $1,769,879. Amount raised by taxation, $1,396,170. Amount of taxable property assessed 1882, $41ooooooo. Rate of State tax, 3 mills on $1. A poll tax of $2 is imposed. The public domain of Texas (the State having retained possession of their public lands upon admission to the Union) still embraces over 60,- Oooooo acres. The State has reserved for a school fund, all money that may come into the State from the sale of every alternate section of land reserved out of railroad grants, and also, one-half the public domain of the State. Geography:-Texas is the largest State in extent of ter- ritory in the Union. It embraces almost every variety of surface within its limits. It is level in the south east, un- dulating in the interior, and mountainous in the west, and north west. The soil is varied, yet its general character is that of great fertility. Vast grassy plains abound; and an abundant supply of coal, iron, and salt. CLIMATE-The climate is free from the extremes of the torrid and temperate zones. The heats of summer are much mitigated by the winds which blow steadily from the Gulf of Mexico, during that season. INDUSTRIEs-Stock raising is the leading industry; Texas ranking first in this production. Agriculture exten- sively engages the attention of its inhabitants; corn, wheat, and the other cereals are raised in the northern part, sweet potatoes, sugar cane, tobacco, and tropical fruits in the southern part. Its commerce consists of exports of cotton, hides, and live stock. The State has vast resources that have not, as yet, been fully developed; an abundance of most valuable timber, large deposits of coal, iron, and salt, and other useful minerals. EDUCATION.—The free school system is in a flourishing state. It has a large school fund, derived from the sale of public lands. Several seminaries, colleges, and universities, affording ample opportunity for a scientific, or classical education. CITIES.–Galveston (Pop. 22,248) is the principal city, and seaport of the State; has a large and increasing cotton trade, and is the port through which nearly all the exports and imports of the State pass. Houston (Pop. 16,513) is well situated for trade, and an important railroad center. San Antonio (Pop. 20,550) is the center of a large and populous district. Austin (Pop. 11,013) is the capital, and a flourish- ( ing town. Dallas (Pop Io,35S), Sherman (Pop. 6,093), Waco (Pop. 7,295), and Fort Worth (Pop. 6,663), are the centers of a large local trade. ...× -*- STATISTIcs.—First settled at Brattleboro, by a party from Massachusetts 1724, and at Fort Dummer in 1764 by Eng- lish from Connecticut, and under grants from New Hamp- shire. . Formed from Territory of New York. A Constitu- tion adopted July 9, 1793. First organized under the name of New Connecticut in 1777. Admitted as a State March 4, 1791. Area, 9,565 square miles. Population 1870, 330,551; 1880, 332,286. Males, 166,887. Females, 165,399. Native, 291.327. Foreign, 40,959. Electoral vote, 4. ORIGIN of NAME.—Was called so by the inhabitants in their Declaration of Independence Jan. 16, 1777, from the French verd mont, the Green Mountains. NICKNAME.—The Green Mountain State. SUFFRAGE.—Every man twenty-one years of age, who has resided one year in the State, three months in the town, and who will take an oath to vote “so as in his conscience he shall judge will most conduce to the most good” of the State, may vote. QUALIFICATIONS.–Governor—A citizen of the State four years. Senators—A qualified voter, and thirty years of age. A'epresentatives—Persons most noted for wisdom and virtue, and who have resided in the State two years. 30 Senators. 232 Representatives, elected for two years. Governor two years. Legislature meets biennially. SALARIES.–Governor, $1,000. £ieutenant Governor, $6 per diem. Secretary of State, $1,7oo. Treasurer, $1,7oo. Auditor, $1,400. Superintendent Public Instruction, $1,400. £, Board of Agriculture, $1,000. State Librarian, 350. JUDICIARY, SUPREME Court.—One Chief-Justice, six Associate Justices. Elected by the Legislature for two years from Dec. 1, 1882. Salary, $2,500 each. FINANCEs.—No State debt except $4,360 bonds due in 1876 but not presented for redemption. Receipts for year ending Aug 1, 1882, $479,908.81 Expenditures, $585,053.71. Amount raised by taxation, $278,397.34. Taxable assessed property real and personal, $149,334,069. Rate of State tax, 17 cents per $100. A poll tax of $2 is assessed upon each male inhabitant over twenty-one and under seventy. Yield- ing revenue, $144,280. GEOGRAPHY.—The State is traversed throughout its entire length from north to south by the Green Mountains; which are covered in many places with hardwood forests, and in- close beautiful valleys. CLIMATE.—The climate is cold and changeable, but health- ful. The soil is rich, affording good tillage and grazing. INDUSTRIEs –The State is noted for its rich quarries of marble, soapstone, and slate; which are worked at several points. It is also noted as a good grazing country. The dairy products are extensive and valuable. Stock raising is carried on to a considerable extent. EDUCATION.—Vermont has made great progress in regard to education; having 3 normal schools, 26 incorporated acad- emies, 61 schools of high grade, 4 colleges, one female, besides schools of theology, science, and medicine. Teach- ers' institutes are held twice a year in all the counties. CITIES.—Burlington (Pop. 11,365) is the largest city. Montpelier (Pop. 3,219) is the capital. § VI RCINIA. : ~~~~ STATISTICS.–First settled at Jamestown in 1607 by the English. Chartered April 10, 1606; May 23, 1609; and March 12, 1612. Formed a Constitution # 5, 1776; amended Jan. 15, 1830, and 1851. Ratified the Constitution THE STATES AND TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENTS. of the United States June 26, 1788. Seceded April, 1861. Readmitted Jan., 1870. Area, 42,450 square miles. Popu- lation 1870, 1,225,163; 1880, 1,512,565. Males, 745,589. Females, 766,976. White, 880,858. Colored, 631,616. Electoral vote, 12. ORIGIN of NAME.—From Elizabeth, Queen of England; the “Virgin Queen.” •. NICKNAME.—“Old Dominion” also “Mother of States.” SUFFRAGE.—Every male citizen of Virginia of twenty- one years, who has resided one year in the State, and twelve months in the county, except persons of unsound mind, paupers, non-commissioned officers, soldiers, seamen, or marines in the United States service, or persons convicted of bribery, or some infamous offense; persons in the military and naval United States service not to be deemed residents by virtue of being stationed therein. QUALIFICATIONs.–Governor—A native citizen of the United States, citizen of the State five years, and thirty years of age; ineligible for three years after the first term. Senators—A resident and freeholder in the district where chosen, and thirty years of age. Representatives—A res- ident and freeholder in county where chosen. The Gover- nor and Senators are elected for four years. The Represen- tatives for two years. The Legislature is composed of 40 Senators, and 99 Representatives. The lower House is called the House of Burgesses. Sessions are held biennially. SALARIES.–Governor, $5,000. Lieutenant Governor, $900. Secretary of State, $2,500. Treasurer, $2,000. Auditor, $3,000. Second Auditor, $2,000. Attorney General, $3,500. Superintendent of Public Instruction, $2,000. Smperintendent of Land Office, $1,300. Commissioner of Agriculture, $1,500. Adjutant General, $100. Legislators, $540 per annum. SUCCEssIon To THE Gover Nor-1. Lieutenant Gover- nor. 2. The General Assembly must provide for further vacancy : £ SUPREME Court.—A President of Court, salary $3,250. Four Judges, salary $3,000. Elected by the Legislature for twelve years each. FINANCEs.—Amount of State debt Oct. 1, 1881: Funded, $29,614.793. Receipts, $2,649,849.07. Expenditures, $2,- 16,859.86 Amount raised by taxation, $1,523,319.84. Total assessed valuation of property, $304,663,969. Rate of State tax, 5 mills on $1. A capitation tax of $1 is also imposed. Virginia claims that the State of West Virginia should pay 34 of a debt of $45,000,000; which West Virginia claims is too large a sum in equity. GEOGRAPHY.—The surface of the State is low and level in the eastern part. The interior and northern are hilly and mountainous. The soil is fertile in the valleys, but barren on the mountains. CLIMATE.–In the lowlands it is warm, but mild and healthful in the elevated portions of the State. INDUSTRIES.—Agriculture is the leading industry; tobac- co, wheat, corn, and potatoes, being the great staples. The mineral resources are vast, the mountains containing rich deposits of coal and iron, valuable marble, slate, and stone quarries, with important salt springs. The leading manu- factures are, prepared tobacco, and flour. The unlimited water power with rich mineral deposits must sooner or later make Virginia a great manufacturing State. EDUCATION.—Great progress has been made during the last decade. The present school system was inaugurated in 1870. There are several colleges, schools of science, the- ology, law, and medicine, and the higher schools. CITIES.—Richmond (Pop. 63,600) the capital, and largest city, has a large commercial trade, and extensive tobacco factories, and warehouses, flour mills, and iron works. Lynchburg (Pop. 15,959), is largely engaged in the manu- facture of tobacco. Norfolk (Pop. 21,966), and Portsmouth (Pop. 11,300) control a large export trade, and a great oyster market. Petersburg (Pop. 21,656) has large cotton and tobacco factories, and manufactories of paper, flour, soap, * iron, etc. Alexandria, Stanton, Winchester, and Danville, are the centers of rich farming and tobacco regions, and are prosperous trading points. STATIstics.—Formed from the State of Virginia. Ad- mitted Dec. 31, 1862. Area, 24,780 square miles. Pop. SALARIES.–Governor, $2,7oo. Secretary of State, $1,000 and fees. Treasurer, $1,400. Auditor, $2,000. Superin- tendent of Free Schools, $1,500. Attorney General, $1,500. State Librarian, $900. | Succession To THE Gover Nor—I. The President of the Senate. , 2. The Speaker of the House. Other provis- ions are made for new election when three years of the term has not expired. JUDict ARY SUPREME Court.—A Presiding Judge and three ^: Elected by the people for twelve years. Salary, $2,25o each. FINANCEs.—No State debt, unless the State should be compelled to bear a part of the old State debt of Virginia. (See pictorial diagram, debts of States.) State receipts Oct. 1, 1882, $842,563.53. Expenditures, $797,612,06. Amount raised by taxation of property, $443,ooo. Rate of tax 3 mills on $1. A capitation tax £ is imposed. GeoGRAPHY-The surface is mostly hilly and mountain- ous, abounding with magnificent mountain scenery; rich de- ulation 1870, 442,014, 1880, 618,457. Males's 3:4:49: Fe- males, 303,962. ' Native, 600,192. Foreign, 18,265. Electo- ral vote, 6. •. ORIGIN of NAME.—From Virginia, being only a geo- graphical distinction from the mother State. NickNAME.—often called the Pan Handle State. SUFFRAGE.—Every white male citizen (except minors, lunatics, and felons) resident one year in the State, and thir- ty days in the county. # * ... < * QUALIFICATIONs:–Governor—His qualifications are," specified in the Constitution of the State. Senators and Rep. resentatives-Must have been residents of the districtor coun- ty where chosen for one year next preceding the election. #he Governors and Senators are elected for four years. The Representatives two years each, The Legislature is composed of 24 Senators and 65 Representatives. Ses: sions biennially. % posits of minerals, and in the western part, its soil is fertile. CLIMATE.—The climate is temperate and healthful. INDUSTR1Es.—Agriculture is the leading industry, the principal staples being tobacco, wheat and corn. The moun- tain pastures are well adapted to stock raising. Its mineral resources are rich deposits of coal, iron, and numerous oil wells and salt springs. EDUCATION.—The Free School system, but lately adopted, is flourishing. It has two prosperous colleges; a considera- ble number of private enterprises of high grade, and nu- merous benevolent institutions. CITIES.–Wheeling (Pop. 30,737) on the Ohio River, is the capital and chief commercial city. It has also large manu- facturing interests. Charlestown (Pop. 4,192) on the Kana- wha, is noted for its salt works. Parkersburg, on the Ohio river, and Martinsburg, are important and thriving towns. -—” J- THE STATES AND TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENTS. 685 | WISCONSIN. STATISTIcs.—First settled at Green Bay, in 1669, by the French. Formed from Indian Territory. Organized as a Territory April 20, 1836. Adopted a Constitution Jan. 21, 1847. Admitted March 3, 1847. Area, 56,040 square miles. Population 1870, 1,054,67o; 1880, 1,315,497, Males, 680,069. Females, 635,428. Natives, 910,072. Foreign, 405,425. Electoral vote, 11. <==zza ORIGIN of NAME.–From its chief river, and that from the French word ouisconsin, from ouest, or flowing westward. NICKNAME.—Badger State. SUFFRAGE.-All male citizens of the United States, of full age, who have resided one year in the State and thirty days in the county, are entitled to vote. QUALIFICATIONs.–Governor—No person except a citizen of the United States, and a qualified elector of the State, shall be eligible to this office. Senators and Representatives- No person shall be eligible to the Legislature who shall not have resided in the State one year, and be a qualified elector in the district where he resides. The Governor is elected for three years. The Senators and Representatives for two years each. The Legislature is composed of 33 Senators and 100 Representatives. Sessions are held biennially. SALARIES.–Governor, $5,000. Lieutenant Governor, $1,000. Secretary of State, $5,000, Treasurer, $5,000. Attorney General, $3,000. Adjutant General, $500. Super- intendent of Public Schools, $1,200. Secretary of State Agricultural Society, $2,000. Insurance Commissioner, THE STATES AND TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENTS. VIEW OF MILWAUKEE, WISCONSIN. $3,000. Railroad Commissioner, $3,000. State Librarian, $1,500. Legislators, $500 and ten cents mileage. SUCCESSION To Gover Nor-1. The Lieutenant Gover- nor. 2. The Secretary of State. JUDICIARY, SUPREME Court.— A Chief-Justice and four Associate Justices. Elected by the people for a term of ten years. Salary, $5,000. FINANCEs.—State debt Oct. 1, 1882 - Funded, $2,252,000, converted into certificates of educational fund. The State is practically free from debt. State receipts, $1,263,074,90. Expenditures, $1,186,807,54. Amount raised by taxation, $449,280,86. Total valuation of assessed property, $446,144,- 968. Rate of State tax 1 mill on $1.oo. A poll tax of $1.00 is imposed on each male citizen between 21 and 50 years of age EogRAPHY —This State has a prairie region in the south, and an undulating and hilly surface in the north, but no mountains. Its soil is generally very productive though somewhat sterile in the north, which is covered with exten- sive forests, and rich with deposits of coal and iron. CLIMATE.–In the southern portion the State has a mild climate, but colder and more severe in the northern portion. % INDUSTRIEs.—The chief industry is agriculture, with large crops of corn, wheat, oats, barley, hay, potatoes and hops, as the staple productions. Live stock is largely raised In the production of wool and cheese it is among the lead- ing States. The manufacturing interests are large and in- creasing. The great pineforests in abundance and the most valuable timber, lead, iron, zinc and marble mines, are exten- sively worked. Lakes Michigan and Superior, and the Mis- sissippi, afford great natural highways for commerce. a. EDUCATION.—The public school system of the State is excellent. There are four normal schools, richly endowed CITIES.–Milwaukee (Pop. 115,587) situated on Lake Mich- igan, is the largest city in the State, and is one of the most beautiful and flourishing cities of the Northwest, and a great wheat and grain market. Madison (Pop, Io,324) the capital, is the seat of the State University. Fond du Lac (Pop. 13,094). Oshkosh (Pop. 15,748), Janesville '' 9,018). Racine (Pop. 16,031). LaCrosse, Watertown, ' Green Bay, Manitowoc, Appleton and Beloit, are great lumber and grain marts. THE STATES AND TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENTS. 687 THE TERRITORIES OF THE UNITED STATES. Territories are erected as future States, from unsettled public lands, by Congressional enactment—in other words, a transient form adopted by the actual settlers in some sec- tion of the country where no State authority extends— with a view to admission to the Union as a State when the Population shall have reached a certain prescribed number. The Governor and other public officers are appointed by the President of the United States, but certain powers are in- trusted to a Territorial Legislature, elected by the people, The Legislature is composed of two houses, a Council and a House of Representatives, all of whose acts must be ap- proved by Congress. Each Territory is entitled to a dele, gate in Congress, who has a right to speak on any subject pertaining to the Territory he represents, but he is not enti. tled to a vote. A population sufficient to send a representa: tive to Congress entitles a Territory to admission into. the Union as a State. The Territorial Government petitions Congress for admission, December 1, 1881, of $23,902. Its taxable property is val- ued at $30,oooooo. Rate of tax3 mills on $1 oo. This alone of the Territories has four Justices of the Supreme Court. Receipts 1880, $40,321,75. Expenditures 1880, $45,649,13. Area, 149, roo square miles. Population 1880, 135,177. Bis- marck was made the capital in 1883. Yankton, Sioux Falls, Huron, Ordway, Aberdeen, Fargo, Jamestown, Ft. Pierre and Pembina, are prosperous and flourishing towns. Idaho.-The surface of the Territory is broken and moun- tainous. Its leading industries are stock raising and gold mining. Boise City is the capital. Florence and Silver City are flourishing mining towns. Debt December 20, 1883, $69,24850. Receipts 1881 and 1882, $118,638.39. Expendi. tures $76,821.42. Taxable valuation of property $9,108,450. Rate of tax 40 cents on $100. Area, 84,8oo square miles. Population 1880, 32,61o. Montana is divided into two sections, the Eastern slope, belonging to the Missouri Valley, and the Western, traversed by main ridge of the Rocky Mountains, and its numerous spurs. The Territory is and when that body votes rich in minerals, its gold in the affirmative the Ter- ritory becomes an equal member in the Union with the existing States. The officials of each Territory receive the same salary and are composed of a like number of officers, name- ly: A Governor, salary $2,600, a Secretary of Territory, salary $1,800, a Treasurer, salary $1,200, an Auditor, salary $1,000, a Superintendent of Pub- lic Instruction, salary $600, and a Librarian, salary $250, a Chief-Just- ice and two or three Asso- ciate Justices, at salaries of $3,000 each, a U. S. District Attorney, and a Marshal. Each of these officers is appointed for the term of four years. The following are the Ter- ritories of the United States: Alaska.—Or Russian America—an extensive SALT LAKE CITY, mines being extensively worked. The mountain pastures offer superior ad- vantages to stock raising. Virginia City is the capital, Helena the most import- ant town. Debt Jan. 1, 1883, $70,000, amount in sinking fund, $24,000. Receipts Jan. 1, 1882, £ 64. Expenditures, $68,480.5o. A mount raised by taxation, $93,- 211.63. Amount of tax- able property $24,043,806. Rate of tax 1 mill on $1.Oo. Area. 146,080 square miles. Population 1880, 39,159. New Mexico – The surface of this Territory is principally a high table land, traversed by broken ranges of mountains. The soil is generally ster- ile, except in the valleys of the rivers, which are more productive, yielding large crops of grain and UTAH. region bought from Russia in 1867 for $7,2OO.oOo. # | No £nt has as yet been established. Area, 577,390 square miles. Population 661, This does not include the Aleuts and Indians. Sitka is the principal town. •. Arizona.—The surface of the Territory is broken and mountainous. It is the hottest and dryest portion of the United States. It is rich in mines of silver, copper and other minerals. Many parts are admirably £ ": £ ing and agriculture. Area, 113,020 square 'ital opula- tion 1870, 9,658, 1880, 40,440. Prescott is the capital. Dakota is a large Territory lying west of N' reaching to the British lines, on the north. Its suriace's broken and mountainous. The valleys are fertile and '. productive. In the northern parts the climate is very cold, and the winter severe; in the southern part it is more mild. Since 1880 a vast tide of immigration has flowed into the # rer. ritory, and entitled it to admission as a State. A. £ tion was adopted in 1883, and an application made £, mission as a State has been made. The Territory had a debt agricultural products. Im- mense quantities of gold, silver, iron, copper, lead, coal and gypsum, abound. Santa Fe is the capital. Las Vegas and Albuquerque are thriving towns. No debt. Receipts, year ending Dec. 1, 1881, $78, 5or.o.o. Expenditures, $67,014.48. Assessed valuation of property $19,523,624. Amount raised by taxation $78,501.- 48. Rate of tax 50 cents on $1oo. Area, 122,580 square miles. Population 1880, 119,565. Utah-The Territory is diversified with hills, mountains and fertile valleys. It is rich in silver, copper and coal, which are extensively worked. Agriculture is carried on principally by irrigation. Salt Lake City is the capital and principal city. No debt. The taxable property is $25,579,- 234. Receipts $153,475.40. Expenditures, $246,648. Rate of taxation $1.20 on $1oo valuation. Area, 84.97o square miles. , Population 1880, 143,963. The Territory is largely peopled by Mormons. Washington occupies the northwestern part of the United States. The surface, soil and products are similar to those in Oregon. The climate is more variable. Olympia __* Q—a- 688 THE STATES AND TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENTS. is the capital. No debt. Amount raised by taxation, $81,- 415.77. Assessed valuation of property, $32,566,897. Rate of tax 2% mills on $1.oo valuation. Area, 69,180 square miles. Population 1880, 75,116. Wyoming is an elevated plateau and mountain region. Extensive coal beds are found in the Green River region, and ment for the home of various peaceable tribes of Indians: There is no organized Territorial Government. Many of the tribes are advancing in civilization, having good schools, churches, and possess books printed in the Indian language. Area, 64,690 square miles. District of Columbia is a Territor of the United States, productive gold mines. The elevated plains afford fine pas- containing 64 square miles. It is the seat of Government turage for stock. Cheyenne is the capital, and an import- ant railroad center and distributing point. No debt. Re- ceipts for year ending Jan.5, 1881, $37,358. Expenditures, $27,612. Amount of taxable property, $13,866,118. Rate of tax 40 cents on $1oo. Area, 97,890 square miles. Popula- tion 1880, 20,789. Indian.—A section of country set apart by the Govern- of the United States, and its political center. It formerly had a Territorial form of Government, but at present it is governed direct by Congress, through a committee on the District of Columbia. Washington City (Pop. 147,307) con- tains the public buildings of the General Government. Georgetown is an attractive place of suburban residences, and has considerable commerce. Debt $22,675,459. =# ||% there are special statute laws securing to mechan- ics and to persons sup- plying materials (who are called “material men”) their wages and pay for their labor or materials, by means of Wiens, as they are called in law. A LIEN is a legal claim or hold against property; it is not a right of property in the thing, but an in- cumbrance resting upon it till re- leased by the payment of such claim. £ Every mechanic who performs .S.’ any work upon a house or vessel, (and in many of the States upon any sort of property or thing) either in its construction or repair, has a lien upon it for his wages; so the “ma- terial man,” for the amount due him for ma- terials furnished. All liens are fixed for a time named in the statues, and within that time the person holding such lien, must take steps for its enforcement as required by the statute. That third persons may be protected against fraud there are certain specified provisions designed for their protection; these provisions are quite various, but generally three things BUILDERS AND MECHANICS LIENS. are usually required to be done by the person furnishing materials or performing labor, to secure his lien : % First. Notice must be given, by the person furnishing materials, to the owner, that he intends to claim such lien. Second. The contract, specification, certifi- cate or claim should be filed or recorded with- in a certain time. (The form given below may be safely followed.) Third. It is necessary that action or suit on the lien should be commenced within a specified time. A petition to enforce a mechanic's lien must contain a brief statement of the contract up- on which it is founded; that is, it must show what the contract was. The petition must aver that the person with whom the contract was made, was either the owner of the prem- ises, or was a person who had contracted with such owner for erecting, altering or repairing the building. Merely alleging him to be the contractor and supposed owner thereof is in sufficient.-II Cush. Rep., 308. A complete abstract of the various State laws governing builders' and mechanics’ liens is annexed, al- though these subjects undergo frequent changes of more or less importance. 2. == =: 690 BUILDERS AND MECHANICs’ LIENs. Certificate for Work or Labor.-Must be Recorded. I........ of ......., hereby claim a lien upon the estate situated (here describe the premises); to secure payment of...... dollars and......cents, for wages due ine, after deducting all just credits, for work done and performed in building (altering or repairing, or furnishing materials, as the case may be) said premises, according to the following bill:- (Here insert the bill.) ........, of........, is owner of said premises, and......., of........, the contractor, under whom the work was performed. State of........, County of......, Personally appeared the above named............, and made oath (or affirmed) that the foregoing certificate by him subscribed is true. Before me, ............, 5ustice of the Peace. Signature. }ss * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 18 * * * A Release and Discharge of a Mechanic's Lien. I Do HEREBY CERTIFY, That a certain mechanic's lien, filed in the office of the clerk of the ........county of....... the........day of...... one thousand eight hundred and........at........ o'clock, in the........ noon, in favor of .....claimant against the building and lot, ........ .. situated ....... side of........street, and known as No.........in said street, whereof........is owner, and........ is contractor, is discharged. (Signature.) ........ ss. . On the........day of........, one thousand eight hundred and........, before me came............, who is known to me to be the individual described in, and who executed the above certificate, and acknowledged that he executed the same. (Signature.) [SEAL.] Lien of Mechanics and Laborers. ALABAMA,-Alien is £ to laborers and employes (except officers) of railroads in this State, for work and labor done. It extends to all the property, rights, effects and credits of every description of the companies. A lien is also given to all contractors, mechanics, builders, bricklayers |'' painters, and every other person in the State, for work an abor done, and for materials furnished, lien extending to all the rights, title and interest of the person or persons for whom the work is done, or to whom the materials furnished, in the property upon which the work is done, and for which such materials are furnis £ including the land upon which the property, may be situated; provided, that all the liens given under this act shall all be held to be waived, unless proceedings are commenced within six months after the completion of the work, to enforce same. Such liens are enforced by process of attachment. ARKANSAS,-Persons performing labor or furnishing material have a lien on land and improvements for their labor. The original contractor must file his lien within three months after all the work shall have been done or the material furnished. Sub-contractors must give notice to owner, proprietor, agent or trustee, before or at the time he furnishes any thing or performs services. These have precedence over all subse- quent incumbrances. CALIFORNLA.-Mechanics and material men have a lien on the land and improvements to the extent of their labor or materials. The original contractor must file his claim within sixty days, and the laborers within thirty days, after the debt shall accrue. This lien attaches from the commencement of the work, and has precedence over any subsequent or previous unrecorded incumbrance. COLORAD0,-Any one working or furnishing materials to the amount of more than twenty-five dollars for the construction or repairing of an £ may hold a lien thereon. Principal contractors must file their lien in forty, and sub-contractors within twenty days after the last work done or material furnished. Action must be commenced within six months from date offiling lien. CONNECTIOUT,-Material men and mechanics have a lien on land and buildings for the amount of any claim, above twenty-five dollars. The claimant, must file a certificate of the claim, verified by oath, with the town clerk within sixty days from the time when he commenced to furnish materials or render services. Where the claimant is a sub-con- tractor he must, unless his contract with the original contractor is in writing, assented to by the proprietor, give notice in writing to the pro- prietor within sixty days after the time he commences to furnish matcrials or render services that he intends to claim a lien, otherwise the lien is void. The lien takes precedence of subsequent incumbrances. DELAWARE.-Mechanics, builders, artisans, laborers or other per- sons, having ' or furnished labor or materials, or both, to an amount cxceeding twenty-five dollars, in the erection, alteration, Or TC- pair of any structure, in pursuance of any contract, express or implicd, with the owner or agent of such building or structure, may, at any time within ninety-days from the completion of the labor, or the furnishing of materials, file in the office of the prothonotary of the county in which the building is situate a bill of particulars of his claim, with an affidavit set- ting forth that the defendant is justly indebted to the plaintiff in a sum of twentv-five dollars. and has refused or neglected to nav or secured to be pair of any bui paid to the plaintiff the amount due on his claim. Contractors must file statement within 30 days after the expiration of 90 days from completion of structure. The affidavit must identify the property and give the maines of the parties claimant, and the owner or reputed owner of the building... Judgment obtained shall be a lien on the building or struct- ure and the real estate attached thereto upon which it is erected, and shall relate back to the day upon which the work or furnishing of ma- terials was commenced, and shall take priority according. Where sev- eral contractors are employed, in pursuance #a contract with the owner or agent, there shall be no priority of lien, but all be paid pro rata. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.—Any person who, by any contract with owner of any building or his agent, performs labor or furnishes materials for construction or repair of such building, shall, upon filing in the office of clerk of the supreme court of the District, at any time after commence- ment of the building, and within three months after completion of such building or repairs, a notice of his intention to hold a lien upon the prop- erty, setting forth the amount claimed, have a lien upon such £ and the ground upon which the same is situated, for such labor done or such materials furnished, when the amount exceeds twenty dollars. Any sub-contractor £ or laborer employed in construction or re- * t ing, or in furnishing materials or machinery for same, may give, at any time, the owner thereof notice in writing, particularly setting forth the amount of his claim, and that he holds the owner re- sponsible; and the owner of the building shall be liable for the claims not exceeding the amount due from him to the employer at time of notice, or subsequently, which may be recovered in an action. FLORIDA-Any persons performing labor or furnishing materials for the construction or repair of any building, or who may have furnished any machinery for any mill, distillery or manufactory, may have a lien on the building, mill, etc., for the same to the extent of the interest of the tenant or contractor. Sub-contractors, journeymen and laborers have also lien, upon giving notice in writing to the owner that they hold him responsible for whatever may be due them. GEORGIA-Laborers shall have a general Tien upon the property of their employers liable to levy and sale for their labor, which is superior to all other liens, except those for taxes, the special liens of landlords on £: and such other liens as are declared by law superior to them. Laborers shall also have a special lien on the products of their labor Superior to all other liens, except those for taxes, and special liens of landlords on crops. All mechanics of every sort, who have taken no personal security for work done and materiaf furnished in building, re- pairing or improving.any real estate of their employers, all contractors, material men and persons furnishing material for the improvement of real estate, all contractors for building factories, furnishing material or furnishing machinery for the same, and all machinists and manufacturers of machinery, including corporations engaged in such business, who may furnish or put '' in any county of this State any steam mills or other machinery, or who may repair the same, and all contractors to build railroads, shall each have a special lien on such real estate, factories and railroads. Lien must be filed within three months after completion o the work. Must commence his suit for his claim within twelve months after it becomes due ILLINOIS.-Any person who shall, by contract, express or implied, or both, with the owner of any lot or piece of ground, furnish labor or materials in building, altering, repairing or ornamenting any house or building on said lot, has a lien upon the lot or building for the amount due him for his labor or material. To the extent that the furnishing his labor or materials has increased the value of the property, his lien takes precedence over prior incumbrances. Proceedings to enforce a me- chanic's lien must be commenced by the original contractor within six months from the time when the last payment for labor or materials be- £ due, in order to enforce the lien against other creditors or incum- r:ln CeS. INDIANA,-Material, men and mechanics have lien on the land and improvements for labor or material furnished to the extent of their claims. The claim must be filed within sixty days after the debt shall have accrued. This lien has precedence over '' other liens or incun - brances placed on the property after commencement of the building or improvements. * IOWA.—Every mechanic or other person doing any labor, or furnish: # any material, machinery or fixtures for the erection or improvement of any building, by virtue of any contract with the owner, agent, trustec, contractor, or sub-contractor, shall have a mechanic's lien on the build- # fixtures, and real estate. Railways are liable in the same way as other property for construction and improvements. No person who takes collaterål security in the same contract is entitled to a lien. The lien must be filed by principal contractor in ninety days after the labor, to affect purchasers or incumbrances without notice; by sub-contractors within thirty days. Suit to enforce lien must be brought within two years after filing of statement. + KANSAS,-Material men and mechanics have lien for labor and ma" terial on the land and improvements to the amount of their claims. The original contractor must file his claim within four months; all other per- sons claiming a lien, within two months after the debtshall have accrued. This lien has precedence over all other liens or incumbrances placed on the property after the commencement of the building or improvements. KENTUCKY—A general law for the State (not applying to Jefferson county, which has an act in some respects different) gives mechanics and material men liens upon the improvements and interest of the employer in the land for work done and material furnished. Sub-contractors an laborers may acquire a lien, by giving the employer written notice o -:[r ~-3) * < *-- their claim, and that they look to the land, and improvements for satis- faction. Liens must be filed in sixty days and suit brought in six months to enforce claims. IQUISLANA-A contractor has a lien for the payment of his labor on the building constructed or other work done. Workmen employed im: mediately by the owner in the construction or repair of any building have a i: privilege. If the contractor be paid by the employer, actions for work and supplies furnished the former will not lie against the latter, but Inoneys due the contractor by the employer may be seized for pay- inent. No agreement for work exceeding five hundred dollars, unless reduced to writing and registered with the recorder of mortgages, s "all be as above. For amounts less than five hundred dollars, this ormality is unnecessary, but the privilege is limited to six months from the time of completed work, Workmen employed on vessels or boats have a lien on the same, and are not, in any case, bound to reduce their contracts to writing, but their privileges close if they allow the vessels to depart with- out exercising their right. MAINE.-Mechanics have a lien on buildings for labor and materials furnished in erecting or repairing of the favored same, which may be en- orced by attachment in ninety days after materials are furnished or labor done, and against vessels for four days after they are launched. MARYLAND.—Buildings erected, rebuilt or improved to the extent of one-fourth of its value, shall be subject to a lien for the payment of all debts contracted for work done or material furnished; vessels, boats or machines constructed or repaired within this State are subject to inc: chanics’ lien. Within six months after the work has been £r# materials furnished, the lien must be filed in the record office. l i mechanic's lien has priority over all other liens or incumbrances P # on the property after the commencement of the building, and £ In ade £ to secure future advances, where the loan or advance is not." efore the commencement of the building: ials for the MASSACHUSETTS.-Anyone furnishing labor or materials £ erection or repairs of any building shall have a lien on the same bit" lien for the materials shall be good unless he shall notify the £ 111 case he is not the purchaser, in writing, thit lie intends £ £ before they are furnished. Where the contract for furnishing labor £ materials is for an entire sum, a lien will attach for the labor; if its value can be ascertained apart from the materials, but not beyon # £ sum. Notice in writing from the owner of the building, that he w: not be responsible for the labor and materials furnished to the Party furnishing or performing the same, will prevent the lien from attaching. Statement must be filed within thirty days after work is completed, or material furnished. Suit must be instituted within ninety days. —Any person who shall by contract with the owner, part e' £ of £ of land, furnish labor or materials for £ structing or repairing any building, wharf or appurtenances on sa. land, has a lien upon said building, wharf, machinery, appurtenances, the entire interest of said owner, part owner or lessee in said land not exceeding one-quarter section; or, if in the limits of an incorporated village or city, in the lot or lots on which said building, wharf, machin- cry or appurtenances are situated, to the extent of his claim. He must within # days file a verified certificate, with the register of deeds, containing a copy of the contract, if in writing or if not, a statement of its terms, with a description of the land, and a statement of the amount due and to become due, with all credits to which the owner may be en; titled. The owner, part owner or lessee must be notified of the filing of the same. To have the benefit of the lien, proceedings to foreclose inust be begun within sixty days after the last installment shall become ue. A sub-contractor has a lien to the extent of the original contract- ors interest, upon complying with substantially the same provisions as n the case of an original contractor. Mechanics, workmen, and other persons also have a lien in certain cases, for performing labor or fur- nishing materials in building, altering, repairing, or ornamenting any house or other building, machinery or appurtenances to any house or uilding. M .–Mechanics and material men have a lien for labor #N # furnished on land, and improvements. . This lien, is subject to the rights of prior bona fide lien holders. The claim must be filed within one year, which gives a lien for two years. Sub-contract- ors, laborers and persons urnishing materials tö the contractors, may acquire a lien on the payments due to the original contractor by serving till attestcd account on the owner. MIS .–Judgments, when enrolled, are liens on all property in the # and may be made liens, in any county by laving an abstract enrolled there. Also mortgages and deeds in trust are liens." They must be acknowledged and recorded the same as ordinary deeds of conveyance. Mechanics have a lien for labor done and matc. *ials furnished in the erection and repair of buildings, but suits to enforce such lien must be commenced in six months. MISSOURI.–Material men and mechanics have lien for labor and imaterial on the land and improvements. The original contractor must file his claim within six months, laborers within thirty days, and all other R£ claiming a lien within four months after the debt shall accrue. his lien has precedence over all other liens or encumbrances placed on the property after the commencement of the building or improvements. NEBRASKA.—Any one who shall have performed any labor, or furnished any material or machinery for the erection,repairs or removal of any house or other building or appurtenances, by virtue of a contract, £xpressed or implied, with the owner thereof, or his agent, shall have a len thereon to secure the payment for the labor £ or the matc- rials furnished. Said lien'shall be obtained by filing, in the office of the county clerk for record, a sworn account, in writing, of the items, - *=m." G-e- within four months after furnishing the materials, or after labor. The lich shall operate from the date of the first item till two years after the date of the last item, NEWADA-Those who perform labor or furnish materials for the crection or improvement of any building have a lien on the same for the work and 'naterials for all amounts over twenty-five dollars. All labor- ers have liens on all work done by them on any railroad, toll-road, canal, water-ditch, mine or mining-shaft, or tunnel, or building lot in a city or '' Provided, the original contractor shall file his lien in # days, and the sub-contractor or laborer in thirty days, after the work is com- picted, and suit be commenced in six months. NEW HAMPSHIRE-Laborers and persons furnishing materials have a lien on the building and the land on which it is put, to the amount of fifteen dollars, and for the space of ninety days after the labor was performed or materials furnished. NEW JERSEY:All who perform labor or furnish materials for the construction of buildings, have a lien on the same for their labor and materials, including the lot on which the buildings are erected; provided, the lien he filed in one year after the labor is performed or materials furnished, and the summons issued in the year. NEW YORK.—The laws are not uniform throughout the State. Ma- terial men and mechanics have lien for labor and materials furnished on land improvements to the extent of their claims. The claim must be filed within thirty days after the completion of labor and furnishing of materials, in the county of New York, and some other counties, within three months. The lien continues for one year. - t NORTH CAROLINA-Laborers, material men and mechanics have iens on the houses built, improved or repaired by them, and on the lots on which they are built, to the amount of the interest of the one who had the improvements or repairs done. But they must file the same and bring suit within ninety days after the work is finished. NOVA S00TIA-No law on mechanics’ lien. A creditor to secure himself must get a bill of sale on chattels, etc., and have it recorded in the county registrar’s office. OHIO-Material men and mechanics, whether contractors, sub-con- tractors or laborers, may have a lien upon the buildings erected, and the land on which they are erected, if, within four months of the completion of the labor or furnishing of the materials they file an itemized account, under oath, of their claim, in the county recorder's office. If the work be done or materials furnished under a written contract, such contract or a copy must be filed with the account. The lien thus obtained relates back to the commencement of the labor or the furnishing of materials, and extends to two years after the completion of the labor or the furnish- ing of inaterials. OREGON.—Contractors for material or labor on any building have from the time work is commenced, a lien on the building and the ground on which it is situated, prior to all other liens placed on the premises after the commencement of work on the building. Suits must be brought within six months after payments are due under the contract, but crédit given on payments can not extend the lien beyond two years from the completion of the work. The lien extends in favor of the workmen to the extent of the contract price; if, before payments are due, they give written notice of their intention to hold the owner. No payments made # the contractor before they are due, under the contract, can defeat this 1CI1, PENNSYLVANIA.-Mechanics’ liens bind houses and lands from the date of the commencement of work on the building, usually the cellar digging; for all work done and materials furnished toward the construc- tion of the building; provided, a lien be filed within six months after the work has been done or the materials furnished. Liens may also be filed for alterations or repairs, and bind the property from the date of filing. The lien continues for five years and may be extended by the issuing of a writ for sci-fa. to enforce payment of the debt by the sale of the prop- erty. In mining counties, the lien of mechanics applies to all improve- ments on leasehold estates. RHODE ISLAND,-Mechanics have a lien for labor, or for materials furnished, which, in case of an original contractor claim, Inust be filed within four months and must be prosecuted within six months, and in case of a sub-contractor or day laborer, within thirty days after com- inencing the work; but no owner is bound for the improvements made by the tenant, nor a married woman, under any circumstances, unless # £t be in writing, assented to by them, and clearly intended to 1Il 1CIT], SQUTH.0AROLINA.—All persons furnishing materials or perform- ing labor for the erection, improvement or repairing of buildings, have it lien on the same to the extent of the interest of the party who had the buildings erected or improvements made; provided, that within ninety days after he ceases to labor a proper account be filed with the clerk of the court and suit be begun in six months. TENNESSEE-All who furnish work or materials to aid in the con- struction or repair of any building or buildings, shall have a lien on the same for one year after the work is done; provided, notice in writing of said lien be given to the owner, or his agent at the time said work is begun, or materials furnished. Any debt incurred for repairing, fitting, building, navigating, or furnishing steam or keel boats, shall be a lien on such vessels if suit be commenced within three months from the time the debt is incurred. TEXAS-All who may labor, furnish material, machinery, fixtures and tools to erect any house or make any improvements whatever, shall have a lien on the building, fixtures or improvement, and also on the lot --> –a–91,2- al |E Y", BUILDERS AND MECHANIös’ LIENs. 691 2. 692 or lots of land necessarily connected therewith, to secure payment for labor done, material and fixtures furnished. . Such person or firm shall, within six months after such debt becomes due, file his contract in the office of the district clerk of the county in which the property is situated, and have the same recorded in a bock kept for that purpose. If the con- tract, order or agreement be verbal, a duplicate copy of the bill of par- ticulars must be made under oath, one to be # and recorded as provided for written contracts, the other to be served on the party owing the debt. When the contract or account is filed and recorded it must be accompanied by a description of the property against which the lien is claimed. This fixes the lien from the day it is filed. The lien may be enforced against the land and improvements, or the improvements alone, the purchaser having a reasonable time to remove the same. The sale will be upon judgment and order of sale. This lien extends to home- steads as well as to other property; also, to all boats navigating the waters of this State. All actions must be brought within two years. WERMONT,-Material men and laborers have a lien for labor and material in building, repairing, fitting or furnishing any vessel until eight months after the vessel is completed. It may be secured by attach- ment, and has precedence over all other claims. They also have a lien lupon a building, and the lot on which it stands, for erecting or repair- ing the building. The lien continues three months after payment comes due, but does not attach until the erson claiming it has filed and caused to be recorded, in the town clerk’s office, a written memorandum, by him signed, asserting such claim. VIRGINLA.--All artisans, builders, mechanics, lumber dealers, and others performing labor or furnishing materials for the construction, repair or improvement of any building or other property, are allowed a lien upon the property for the work done and materials furnished. It must # cnforced by suit within six months from the time the lien is SCCUTCC, WEST.VIRGINIA-Any mechanic or workman, or any other person who shall perform any labor, or furnish material to erect or repair any building, has a lien on the same, which can be enforced by suit in chan- cery in six months; provided, he file his account under oath with the clerk of the county court in thirty days after the work was done or mate- # furnished. Suit must be brought within six months to enforce the 16:11. WISCONSIN.—All who perform labor or furnish materials for the uilding, or repairing of buildings, have a lien thereon for the same, which must be enforced by filing a petition for the lien in six months in the circuit court, and an action to foreclose in one year. PROVIN E OF ONTARIO,-Laborers and material men have a lien on buildings and on the land on which said buildings are situate, for work or materials furnished for crecting or repairing same. A lien can be secured by fling a statement of the claim in the registrar's office within thirty days after the completion of the work. It will not hold good after the expiration of ninety days. NEW BRUNSWICK.—No property can be held liable for debts due for furnishing materials for constructing or repairing same. TABLES FOR MECHANICS. Thickness of Boiler Iron, and Pressure Allowed by United States Laws. Pressure equivalent to the standard for a boiler 42 inches diameter and % inch thick. - # * # .5 # DiAMEter in Inclies. #####| || s * * * s * : # * | 34 ins. | 36 ins. 38 ins. 40 ins. 42 ins. 44 ins. 46 ins. No. Lbs. Lbs. Libs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. I 5 169.9 | 160.4 152. 144.4 ### 131.2 | 125.5 2 || 4% | 158.5 149.7 | 1.41.8 || 134.7 | 128.3 | 122.5 # 3 || 4% 147.2 | 139. I | 131.8 | 125.1 | 119.2 113.7 | 103.8 4 || 4 135.9 | 128.3 | 121.6 115.5 | 110. IQ5. 100.4 5 3 124.5 || 1 17.6 | 111.4 || 105.9 || 100.8 #: 2. I 6 3% 113.2 | 106.9 || 101.3 69.2 #: $'; 3.7 7 3. IoI.9 || 96.2 2: 86.6 2.5 78.7 75.3 Materials and Labor for 100 Square Yards of Lath and Plaster, Materials Three Coats. Two coats. Materials Three Coats|Two coats and Labor. |hard finish. Slipped. |and Labor. hard finish. Slipped. Lime........ Casks 3% casks Sand....... 6 loads. 6 loads. Lump Lime # f : White Sand 2% bushs. Plaster of Nails ...... 13 lbs. 13 lbs. Paris..... % fi |Masons .... 4 days. 3% days. Laths......|2,ooo 2,000 Laborer....| 3 | 2 d Hair....... 4 bushs. 3 bush.s.l'Cartnge. ... 1 {{ 34 “ BUILDERS AND MECHANICS’ LIENS. Table of Wages. Salaries and wages by the year, month, week or day showing what any sum from $20 to $1,000 per annum is per month, week or working day. == Per Per Per Per Per Per Per Per Year. | Month. Week. Day. || Year. Month. Week. Day. $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 20 is 1.67 .33 .06 2So is || 23.33 5-37 .S9 25 2.OS .4S .OS 2S5 23.75 5.47 .91 30 2.50 .5S .09 290 24. I 5.56 .93 35 2.92 .67 • I I 295 24.5 5.66 .94 40 3.33 # • 13 300 25.00 5.75 .96 45 3-75 * • 1 310 25.83 5.95 .99 50 # .96 • 1 32O 2O. 6.14 1.02 55 4-5 1.06 1S 325 27. 6°23 I. 6O 5.oo I. 15 • 19 330 27.50 6.33 I. 65 ## 1.25 .21 340 23-33 6-52 1.09 7o 5.83 1.34 •22 350 29.17 6.71 I. I 2 5 6.25 # •2 360 30.00 6.90 I. I $o # # •2 370 30.83 7.1o I, I 85 7. I.63 .27 375 31.25 || 7- 19 | 1.20 90 7.50 # -29 3So 31.67 7.29 1 22 95 g: I , 82 .30 390 32°50 7: 1.2 IOC •33 I .92 •32 33-33 7-07 I .2: 105 8.75 2, OI •33 425 35-42 8.15 1.36 I IO 9.17 2. I I •35 450 37.50 8.63 1.44 I 15 9.58 2.21 •37 475 39.58 9-11 1.52 I2O IO, CO 2.30 .38 500 41.67 9-59 1.60 125 IO.42 2.40 •4O 525 43.75 IO-07 1.68 130 IO.83 || 2.49 •4 I 550 45.83 || 10-55 # I35 . 11.25 2.59 43 575 47.92 | 11 ‘O3 I 140 I I 2.69 15 50.00 | 11.51 1.92 145 12. 2.78 46 625 52.08 || 1 , .99 2.OO 150 12.50 2.88 .48 650 54.17 | 12.47 2.08 155 12.93 2.97 •49 675 56.25 | 12.95 2.16 16O 13.33 || 3.07 •51 7 58.33 13-42 2.24 165 13.75 3.16 •53 725 60.42 | 13-9Q 2.32 17 14.17 | 3.26 54 750 62.50 | 14-3S 2.59 175 14.5S | 3.36 56 # 64.58 14.86 2.4S I 15.00 || 3.45 57 w 65.67 | 15-34 2.56 185 15.42 3.55 59 825 68.75 | 15.82 2.64 190 15.83 3.64 ..() I 850 7 .# 16.30 # 195 10.25 # .62 S75 72.92 | 16.78 2. 2OO 16.57 3. •64 75.oo 17.26 2.88 205 17.03 || 3.93 .65 925 77.0S 17.74 2.96 2 IQ 17.50 4.03 .67 950 79. 17 | 18.22 3.04. 215 17.92 4. 12 .69 975 81.25 | 18.70 3. I2 22O IS.33 4.22 .7o IOOO 83.33 | 19.18 3.2O 225 18.75 4.3.I .72 1050 87.50 20.14 3.36 230 19.1 4.41 7 I IOO 91.67 21.10 3.52 235 19.5 4.51 75 1150 95.83 || 22.06 3.68 240 2O, CO 4.00 •77 I2OO 100.00 || 23-ol 3.83 245 2O.42 4.70 •79 1250 104-17 || 23.92 3.99 250 20.83 # £3 1300 1OS-33 || 24.93 4.15 255 21.25 4. .SI 1350 # 25.89 4.3.I 26O # 4.99 .83 1400 116.67 26.85 4-47 265 22. 5.oS .S5 1450 120.84 27.8o 4.63 27o 22.50 5.18 .S6 1500 125.00 28.7 4.79 275 23. Q2 5.27 ..SS 16OO 133.34 30.6 5.1 I NoTE.—If the desired sum is not in the table, double some number; for instance, if the salary or wages is $2,000, double the sums opposite $1,000, and so on with the rest. A Table of Daily Savings at Compound Interest. Cents per Day. Per Year. In Ten Years. Fifty Years. 2%........... . . . . . $ to... . . . . . . . . . . . . . $130. . . . . . . . . . . . ...# 2,900 5%. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2O. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 5, OO II - - - - - - - - - - - - - • • 40 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 520. . . . . . . . . . . . .... 11,6oo 27% . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100. . * * * * * * * * * * * * 1,300. - - - - - - - - - - - - - ... 29,ooo 55 • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 2OO. * * * * * * * * * * * 2, * * * * * * * is * * * * * * 58,000 I. IO . . . . . • - - - - 400. • - - - - * * * * * * * 5,200. - - - - - - - - - - - .... I 16,ooo 1.37 * ~ * * : . . * * * * * * * * 500 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ,500 * * * * * * * * * * * * * 145,000 By the above table it appears that if a mechanic or clerk saves 2% cents per day from the time he is 21 till he is 70, the total with interest will amount to $2,900, and a daily saving of 27% cents reaches the im- - portant sum of $29,ooo. Permanent Loads on Bridges, Etc. For rough calculations the weight of the bridge itself may be as- surned to be (in wrought iron bridges): For 30 feet spans, single line. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 560 lbs. per foot I'll []e {{ Go g 4& 2. f did * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * td ISO de tis * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1,008 4 & 6 : ** 150 - f : * { * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1,3 f : d : 46 2OO did so * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * I , {{ go Dense crowds average 120 lbs. per square foot. For flooring, 168 to 324 lbs. per square foot, exclusive of the weight of the flooring, is generally allowed. In storehouses, from 224 to 450 lbs. per square foot. * s -. | -—9 BUILDERS AND MECHANICS’ LIENS. 693 LUMBER MEASUREMENT AT SIGHT, ONE INCH B0ARD MEASURE. Showing the contents of Inch boards from 6 to 25 in. broad and from 8 to 36 ft long;...For plank, double or treble the product as may be required. if tonger or wider than the dimensions here given, add two suitable numbers together. WIDTH IN INCIIES, ##|6in w 7 in w|s in w 9 in wroin w/11in wizinw|13in writinwlisinwidinwlizinw]:Sinw|19inw|20inw|21inw 22inw|23inw|24inw|25inw *3 ft. in |ft in. R. in. R. in. ft. in ft. in ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. ft. in...ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. ft. in |ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. |ft. in. 8| 4 o 4 8| 5 4 || 6 o' 6 8 4|| 8 o 8 8| 9 io o lo 8 11 4| 12 o' 12 8| 13 4, 14 o| 14 8, 15 16 O | 16 8 9| 4 6 ####|####| || || || |######################|## Io. 5 o 5 10 || 6 8 # * 4 || 9 2 | 10 O | IO Io # * : * : #| # #| # 3 #15 16 8] 17 6| 18 4 | 19 2 | 20 o 20 Io 11 || 5 6' 6 5 || 7 4 3| 9 2 | Io 1 | 11 o| 11 11 12 to # #| # 15 7| 16 6 17 5 | 18 4 19 3 20 2 21 1 22 o! 2: 11 12 || 6 O 7 : $ $| 9 || ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' g|2: . 2: 2 23 ° 2: 2 25 9 13| 6 6 # 7 8 8| 9 9, 1o 10 || 11 11 | 13 of 14 I # #| # 3 # #| | S| 19 6, 20 7| 21 8, 22 9 23 19| 2: 11 # #| # #| 7 || $ ' ' ' ' ' #| ##| # #|##| # #| | 6 || 1 19 to 21 9, 22 2 || 23 4| 24 6 25 S. 26 10 28 of 29 2 #| g : # 3 # #| # #| # #| # 3 # #| # #|##| | #| # * : #| # #| # 9 # #| # 3 27 6. 33 g| 39 o' 3: 3 16 O | g 4 || 10 8 || 12 of 13 4 || 14 # #|##| || # # 3 # #| # 24 9| 25 4| 26 8, 28 o 29 4' 3o 8| 32 o 33 4 17| 8 6| 9 11 | 11 4 | 12 9| 14 2 | 15 7| 17 of 18 5' 19 to 2: 3 | ** 24 25 6' 26 11 2S 4| 29 9| 31 2 32 7! 34 o' 35 5 18| 9 of 16 6 12 ö| 13 6, 15 o 16 6 18 of 19 6' 21 of 22 6, 24 o 25 6, 2 9| 2S 6| 3o o 31 6 33 o 34 6 || 36 o' 37 6 19| 9 6 11 1 12 81 14 3| 15 10 | 1 #|####|##|######|##########|####| # , 20 10 o' 11 8 || 13 4| 15 o' 16 8, 18 4| 20 of 21 23 4| 25 o 26 2S 4 30 9' 31 8' 33 4' 35 ö! 36 8| 38 # so o! #1 § 21 io 6| 12 3| 14 & 15 5, 17 6. 19 3| 21 o! 22 9| 24 g| 23 3: $ 9, 29 9, 31 6 33 3|35 & 36 g|38 of £o 3| #2 o' 33 o 22 | 11 o' 12 1ó| || 8 | 16 6 1$ 4, 26 × 22 of 23 10, 25 8: 27 6. 29 #| 3: 2. 33 9| 34 to 3 #|####|##|##| #: 23| 11 6 13 5 | 15 4 || 1 3| g #|##|##|##|####| # #| # #|$ ###|##|##|### I 49 O. 47 11 24 | 12 of 14 of 16 o | 1 3| 26 o|22 o 24 of 26 o 28 o' 30 o' 32 ° 34 o! 36 2. 38 of 49 g|42 ö| 44 of 46 o' 48 of $o o 25 | 12 6 || 14 7 | 16 8, 18 9| 20 12 22 11 25 o| 2 | # #| # #| # #| #1: 3, #| # #| 4: $| # 9 # g|## 50 o 52 1 26, 13 o 15 2 | 17 4 19 6 21 8 || 23 10 26 o| 2 #| # #|##| || 33 10| 39 9|4| 2 || 43 4|45 6|47 8| 49 io 52 o 5: 2 # 3 & # 9 : #|##|##|####| # #| # # #| # #|##|######|##|##|##|##| # 3 28, 14 o 16 3 | 18 8| 21 of 23 4 || 25 # #| 3 || 3: ... : : # #|# 42 o' 44 4 46 8 || 49 of 51 4 || 53 56 o 58 4 29, 14 6 16 11 | 19 4|21 9| 24 2 26 7. 29 o' 3, 5 33 to 36 3 || 38 41 + 43 6| 45 11 |4S 4| 50 9| 53 2 55 7| 58 of čo 5 36 is o. i. 6 33 3|22 6|25 o 27 6. 36 o! 32 & 35 of 37 0 | 40 of 42 6|45 9| 47 6 50 g|5' 6' 55 o| 5, 6 &o o 62 ö 31 | 15 6|| 1 |##|########|##|####| # #|##|####|####|####|##| # g 32 | 16 of 18 8 || 2: 4| 2% of 26 8. 29 4| 32 o' 3+ 8| 37 4|40 of 42 # #|##| # #|##|##|####|# 3 S 33| 16 6 19 3|22 ö 24 9| 27 6. 36 3| 33 o' 35 9| 33 & 4t 3| 44 o' 48 9| 49 & 52 3| 55 g|57 9| Go 6| 93 3 o | 68 9 34 || 17 O ####|##|############|##|####|##|########|##|## 35 | 17 6. 20 5 || 23 4 3| 29 2 |32 | | 35 o||37 | 1 || 49 io 43 9| 46 # #| # #|##|##|#####| || ' ' ' ' 36 | 1 o! # 81* * * *| 36 el-53-8:3-9:2+++++++++)-8-&#######2-8-73-2-75-8 L0GS REDUCED TO INCH-BOARD MEASURE. NoTE.-Find the l h of the log in feet in the left hand column, and its mean diameter in inches (found by adding the two end diameters' and #: £ # at the £ of the other columns, and trace them until they meet, and the figures so found will express the diame- ter of feet board measure of inch boards the log will measure. #TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT: Q * * * • * * s * * s * * s * * * * d * s i * * - * * s |- * * Q £ p: £ .# S. S. S. S. S. 5 | S 5 || 5 || 5 | S a a a G | G | S | S S | S S | S G | S G | S a G | S | 8 || 5 || 5 to 49 61||72| 89| 99] 116 133 15o 175 190 235 252 2S7 313| 342 363| 3S1|41.1 448 469 490. Soo 547. 577 644 669 7ool 752 79; 84o 872 # #| || ||2|&#| #| ##| #| # 230, 25g 278 3:5, 344, 377 403. Aro 451 44S 506. 539 550 %2 # 7öS # 70 $: $74|924|959 12| 59 73 $3|13; 116 139) 166 1Sö 21o 228, 25, 283| 393 3++ 373 411. 436 457| 493 532 552 588 Goo. 657l 692 # | 84o 903 954 1007|1046 13 # '' 93||116|129 150 # 195| 227 247 272 300 32S 373 40S 445, 473. 495 534 57o 59 # 65ol T12 250 836 868 9io 978|163311091||1135 14|69 85|1öö|125||139) 162] 187| 21o 245 2%. 292 339| 353. 49 439, 479. 509, 533 575 622 644 7öo 766 $97. 991. Q34|9So 1053||1115||1175|1233 15 74 91|107||134|149 # 200 225, 262 2S5 313| 353. 379 430 514 545, 57.1| 616. 666 690) 735 $: 2: 865. 965 tool. 1050'1129|1193||1255||1309 16 # 97|114|142||133 185| 213 246 2So 3o4; 33}| 377 40: 459. Soo 5S2' 609 # 710) 736 § S76 923|1029,1068||112o. 1204! 1272|1343||1396 ################################## I 109||129|160 # 2OS 24o 27o 315| 342 % 4 7.39| 7 2 2| 900 fo38|| 158|1201|1260]1354]1431|1511||1571 19 # 136||169||188| 219 253| 285, 332 361 # 447| 4SO 545. 594 # 692. 723 # 874 # 950|1040 1096 1222/126S 1330|1430'15'io 1595|1658 20 9S 122|143|178|198] 232| 267 300 # 38o 41S 47o 505 573 625 728 761| 821 929 9So|IOOo. 1095; 1152,1287|1335||14001565.1590) 1679|1745 21|163|128|15ö|187|268 243| 2So 315|| 3:S 399 439 495 530 Goz # 719 # $oo S63, 932] 966'1029)105o|115o 121o!....]....].... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 22|108||134|157|19621S 255] 293 330 335|41 460 518; 555 631 753 S38 90: 976|1012;1078||1100|1204|1268|....]....l.... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 23||113||136||164.265/22S 2öö 307|345, 403| 437 4So 543 # $59, 719 £ $37, $76, 945||1321|1058||1137|1150|1259||1322]........]....]... [.......... 24 # 173|214|23S 27S 326||360 423 45%. 52; 5% # 759 $2: 873| 914|9Sö|1065!1164. 1176 1200||1314|13So!............]........]....].... 35'123'152|179'223'23S 2Sol 333' 375' 43' 475' 522 59' 03' 717, 7G" S56' 9to 953'1627|1105'1156'1225'1250|1369||1338|....l....'.... * * | * * * * * * * * * * * WAGES, RENT, B0ARD, ETC. The sum will be found heading the columns, and the days and weeks on the extreme left hand column. If the desired sum is not in the table, double or treble two or three suitable numbers. TIME. $2.5o $2.75 $3.ool $3.25 $3.5o $3.75 $4.oo $4.25 $4.59 $4.75 $5.ool $5.25 $5.5o $5.75 $6.oo $6.25 $6.5o $6.75, $7.00 $S.oo *== * I * 6 * * 3 .46 .50 -53 .57 .61 .6 .68 .71 .75 .79 .82 .86 " * • *. s I .CO I . I # 2 # .# # 1.93| 1.00) 1.07 1.14 I.21 1: 1.36| 1.43| 1.5o 1.58| 1.64 1.72 # 1: : 2. OO] 2 2. Q 3| 1.0S 1.17 1.29 # 1.5o 1.61| 1.71. 1.82] 1.93| 2.03 2.14 2.25 2.37] 2.46 2.58 2.67] 2.79| 2.8S 3.00 3.52 4 # 1.56] 1.71| 1. 2. OO # 2:# 2.43| 2'57| 2.71. 2.86 3.00 3.15' 3.28, 3.44 3.56 3.72. 3.84 4.ool 4.57 5| 1. 1.95 2.14 2.32 2.50 2. 2.86 3.03 3.21] 3.39 # 3.75 3.94 4.1o 4.30 4.45| 4.65 4.8o 5.00 # * 6 2.15 2.3%. 2.57 2.78. 3.óo 3.2"| 3.43| 3.64 3.86 4.07 4. 4.5o 4.73| 4.92; 5.16 ## 5.58, 5.76 6.00 Q. £ 2.5o 2.75 3.00 3.25 3.5o 3.75 4.00 # 4.59| 4.75 5.00 5.25 5.5o 5.75 6.oo 6.25 6.5o 6.75 7.00 8.00 * 2 5.do, 5.56 6.oo 6.5o 7.00 7.50 S.oo -50 9.00. 9.50 to.o.o io.5o 11.co. 11.5o 12.oo 12.5o 13.00. 13.5o 14.oo 16.oo £ 3 7.5o 8.25 9.oo 9.75 10.5o 11.25 12.00 12.7 ## 14.25 15.oo 15.75 16.5o 17.25 1S.oo 18.75| 19.5o 26.25, 21.oo. 24.00 - 4 IO.f)O # 12.oo 13.öö 14.0o 15.00. 16.co. 17.oo 18.co. 10.o.o. 20.90 21.oo. 22.oo. 23.oo. 24.oo 25.öö 26.óo. 27.06: 2S.oo! 32.00 r 5 12.5ol 13.75l 15.ool 16.25' 17.5ol 18:75) 20:Col. 2.25 22:50. 23.75 25.60; 26.25i 27.5ol 23.75 36.oo 31.25 32.50 33.75l 35. Ool 40.00 #t= -. --> Q—a- 694 Table, add two numbers together. READY RECKONER, 2,000 LBS. T0 THE TON. For Computing the Price of Coals, Hay, or any other commodity, sold by the Ton or part of a Ton. If the desired amount or quantity is not in the 2. Lbs|cts: cts.|$ct.|Sct.|$ct.|$ct.|$ cts. 5 cts].5 cts.S. cts. $ cts. S cts. Ş cts. $.cts. S cts.|$ cts. $ _cts. $ cts.|$ cts. 3 cts. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts. 25 50 | 1.00/2.003.oO)5.oO 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00 | 11.00 12.00 13.oo 14.00 | 15.00 | 16.00 17.00 | 19.oo 20.oo 25.00 30.oo 4o.oo 3|- - - - • . . . . . . . . . . . . . I • OT | . O I } .01 • QI | . OI! - O2 .O2} . O2 . O2 o2! .oz. .oz. ..o.3] .03 .03 of -os .06 7| . . . . . . . . . . . O! | . OI! - O2 • O2 • O2 .03 .03 .04 • Q4 # .05 .05 •05 O6 .06 o7 .07 .09 • IQ ... [4. IO] . . . . . . . . . ] .01 . On o2 .03 •O3 • O4 # .05 .05 .O6 g .07 .07 .OS .09 IO • IO • 13 . 16 • 2C 2O . . . . . .01 | .OI .02} . O3 $ .06] .07 * .09 - 10 • I I • 12 - 13] : 14 15 - 16 . I7] . 19 .2o .2 .38 •40 3O. . . . . . Of . O2 . O3 $ * •09] . It • 12 - 14 - 15 -17 18, 20 .21 .# .24] .26 .29 -3o .3 .46 .60 50 ot| .ol .03] .05 . 13 . 15 - 18 .29 .23] .25 .2S .30 -33] .35 -: •4O .43 # .50 6 .74| 1. Oo $. .01 .02 . Of # . I 1 | . IS • 2 I .2 .2S •32 •35 •39 .# .46 •49 .53 .56 .60 .67 ." .# 1: I.40 .01 . .02 . Q4 . • 12! .2O •24 • 2 •32 .36 •4O •44 * •52 .56 .60 .64 .6S # $o I.OO! I .2O # 90 ..or .02 .05 .09 - 14 .23 .27 .32] .36! .41 -45 .5oj .52 .59 , 63 -68 .72 77 .8 .90) 1.13| 1.36 1. So roo or .03 .05 . To .15 .25 -30 -35 to .45 .5o .55 ...Go! . .65 . .76 75 - -85 .95] 1 .oO 1.25, 1.50 2.00 200 -os, -95. . to .20 -36 -59 .60 .79 Sol. 99 i.co. 1 of 1.39| 1.39| 1.42 1.5o 1.60. 1.7o 1.90 2-oo. 2.55 3.do. 4.00 300) .04 .OS - 15 .30' .45' 75 .90) 1.05] 1.20. 1-35. 1.5o 1.65 i.So. 1.95 2.1o 2.25 2.4o 2.55 2.85 3.ool 3.75 4.5o #: 4oo! .oš| . To .20, .40] .6o 1. oo 1.20) 1.40) 1.6o 1. 2.oo 2.20 2.49 2.60 2.8o 3.oo 3.20 3.40. 3.8o 4.o.o. 5.06 6.oo 8.00 5oo .96 -13 .25 -50. 751.25 # 1.75 2.o.o. 2.25 2.5o 2.75 3.00 3.25 3.5o 3.75l 4.co 4.25 4.75 £ 0.25 7.5o 10.00 600 . OS - 15 .30] .60 -90|1.5o 1. 2. IO # 2.7o 3.oo 3.6o 3.6o 3.90 4.2o. 4.56 4.8o 5.16 5.7ö| 6.oo 7.56 9.óo 12.00 §: .o.) .18] .35 £ 1.05|1.75| 2. Io # 2. 3.15' 3.5o 3.85 4:20, 4.55, 4.90 5.25 5.60 5.95 6.65 # $# Io.5o 14.00 . IO .2O .40] ..SO 1.20.3. OO 2.4O| 2. 3.20 3.60. 4.00. 4.40 4.8o 5.20 5.60 6.o.o. 6.4o 6.So £ .ool 10.00 12.ool 16.00 900' . . . .23] .45 .90|1.35|2.25 2.7o 3.15. 3-6o 4.05 4:50, 4.95 5.4o 5.85 6.30. 6.75 £ g: .55 9.00 1 1.25 13.5o 18.00 1000 . 13 .25 .5o 1.oo 1.5o 2.5o 3.00 3.50. 4.00. 4.5o 5.oo 5.5o 6.ool 6.5o 7.00 .5o 8.ool S.5o 9.5o 10.00 12.5o 15.o.o. 20.00 1100 . 14 .2S] .55|I. Io I.65|27S 3.30 3.85 # 4.95 5.5o 6.05 6.6of 7.15 $: .25 8.8o 9.35| Io.45| 11 .oO 13.75 16.5o 22.00 1200 .15|, .30 .601.201.So 3.oo 3.60 4.20, 4. # 6.ool 6.60 7.20 £ .4o 9.ool 9.60 10.20 11.4o 12.00 15.00 18.ool 24.00 1300 - 16 .33] .65 t.3o 1.95|3.25 3.90 4.55 5.20, 5.85 6.5o 7.15 §: .45 9. Io Q.75 IO-40 11.05 12.35| 13-oo. 16.25, 19.5o 26 oo 14oo .18, .35 .791.4c 2.103.5o 4.20, 4.90 5.69 9.39 7.00 (.79 8.49. 9.io. 9.8o 10.56, 11.20, 11.90 13.36 14.oo 17.50 21.óo. 28.00 # .19 .38 .751.502.253.75, 4.5o 5.25 6.Oo. 6.75 # 3.25. 9 Co. 9.75) 10.5o 11.25 12.00 12.75] 14.25 15-oo 18.75 22.5o 30.00 I .2o .4o .80; 1.602.404.ool 4. So 5.60 # 7.20) 8.co; 8.So 9.60 10.4o 11.20 12.co. 12.8o 13.66, 15.26; 16.oo! 20.06] 24.óo. 32.00 1790 .2: .43 # 2.554.25. 5. To 5-95. 6. 7.65, 8.5o 9.35| Io.2o 11.05 11.90 12.75 13.60. 14.15 16.15 £ 21.25 25.50, 34.co I> .23 -45] .90|1. # $.5o 5.4o 6.30 7.20) 8. To 9.ool 9.90 10.So. 11.7o 12.60. 13.56] 14.40 15.30 17.1o 18.o.o. 22.5o 27-oo! 36.00 19ool .23 48] .05'2.ool2.85!?.75 5.7ol 6.65 7.60) 8.55, 9.5ol to +5 it. to 12.35 13.30. 14.3s 15.20, 16.15, 18.05. 19.ool 23.75l 28.5ol 38.00 The Number of Bricks Required to Construct Any Building, Em- bracing Walls, from 4 inches to 20 inches Thick, Reckon- oning 7 Bricks to Each Superficial Foot. ExAMPLE.—Required the number of bricks in 1oo superficial feet of wall 12 inches thick. Under 12 inch, and 'posite 1oo, you will find the answer, 2,250, the number of bricks required. # # et Number of Bricks to Thickness of of Wall. 4-inch. 8-inch. T 12-inch. 16-inch. 20-inch. || 24-inch. I 7 15 23 O 38 45 2 15. 30 $ # 75 90 3 23 # 90 I 13 135 4. 30 90 I2O 159 1SO 5 38 75 113 I # 18S 225 Ö 45 90 $ I 225 27o g 53 IC5 I $. 2 [O 263 315 Go H2O I 140 300 360 9 68 135 2O3 27 338 405 IO 75 150 225 # 375 450 2O 150 300 50 750 900 30 225 450 75 900 I 125 1350 40 300 ÖOO 900 I2OO I :OC, 1Soo 50 375 750 I 125 1500 1875 2250 Go 450 900 I350 1800 # 27 *O 25 1050 1575 2 IOO 2625 3150 $o # I2OO # 2400 3000 3600 QO 675 1350 2O25 27oo 3375 4.050 I LO 750 1500 2250 3000 3750 4500 2OO 1500 3000 500 6OCO 7500 9000 300 2250 4500 750 9000 I 1250 13500 400 3000 6000 I2OOO I £ 1 CO 37.50 7.550 I 1250 I : DOO 1875o 22500 JOO 4500 9000 I 3500 I 22500 27.oOO "OO # 250 10500 15750 2 IOOO 262.50 31 500 WO I2OOO I 24000 30,000 36000 900 07:50 13500 20250 27 33.750 40500 * O.O.Q. 7500 15000 22:500 30000 37:500 45000 Facts for Builders. I,000 # laid 4 in. to the weather, will cover 100 sq. ft. of sur- face, and 5 lbs. of shingle nails will fasten them on. One-fifth more siding and flooring is needed than the number of sq. ft. of surface to be covered, because of the lap in the siding and match- II]t's #oco laths will cover 70 yards of surface, and 11 lbs. of lath nails will nail them on. Eight bushels of good lime, 16 bushels of sand, and 1 bushel of hair will make enough £ mortar to plaster io9 sq. ds. A cord of stone, 3 bushels of lime, and a cubic yard of sand will lay 1oo cubic ft. of wall. * * Five courses of brick will lay 1 ft. in height on a chimney, 8 bricks in a course will make a flue 4 in wide and 12 in. long, £6 bricks in a course will make a flue 8 in, wide and 16 in. long. Cement, 1 bush. and sand, 2 bush...will cover 3% sq: yds. 1 in thick, 4% sq. yils. 34 in thick, and 6% sq.,yds.,34 in thick," bush. cement and #f £d witcover 2% sq. yds. 1 in thick, 3 sq. yds. 34 in. thick, and 4% sq. yds. 3% in thick. Wall. Thickness of Wall. # inhes 7% d : 15 12 ** 22% 16 * 30 20 ** 37% Cubic yard - 6oo bricks in wall. Perch (22 cubic feet) -- Soo bricks in wall. To pave 1 square yard on flat requires 48 bricks. 66 st * gd $$. C ge ** 6S *f Number of Bricks Required in Wall Per Square Foot Face of Thickness of Wall. # inches 2 did 32 36 42 Proportions of Weight to Bulk. 46 The weight per cubic foot of various substances, and the number of cubic feet required to make a ton of each. #% 67% 75 * Lbs.per Cubic f | * Lbs. perlcubic ft. Material. cubic ft. per ton. Material. £ per ton, C #. Sl STONE, ETC. ast Iron... . . . . . . . 484 4.93 ate... . . . * * * * * * * * I I.R. Wrought Iron.... 485 4.62 67 3.4 Steel...... . . . . * : * * 490 4 6 WOOD, Copper, cast. . . . . . 549 4.08 ||Ash . .......... 48 46. Copper, wrought. 557 4.02 ||Beach.......... s 46 || 48.7 Brass. . . . . . . . . . . 524 4.03 ||Cedar * * * * * * 35 | 64. I-ead.... . . . . . . . . . 7 3.15 ||Elm... . . . . . . . . * * 44 5 f. Silver......... ...! G54 Mahogany, Span- 57 | 39.3 in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450 4.9 ish............. Gold...... . . . . . . . . 1203 Oak, English..... 52 43. Zinc.. . . . . . . * * * * * * 439 5. White Oak, Amer- Platinum.........! 1218 ican...... . . . . . . 45 || 49. Mercury..... . . . . . 848 2.64 ||Live Oak......... 70 || 32. White Lead...... 198 || 11. ||Pine, Pitch....... 43 || 51.6 ** Yellow. . . . . 3 59. STONE, ETC. ** White... . . . 34 | 66. Granite ....... . . . 165 13.5 |Poplar............ 46 * Limestone... . . . . . 165 13.5 * Marble........... 17 | 13.1 ||MiscELLANEous. Paving Stone..... 151 || 14.8 ||Water, fresh..... 62.5' 35.8 Sand Stone....... 130 17. * : salt...... 64.5 34.8 Brick............. I2O || I : Air".............. .O.7529 Chalk........... 174 | 12. teamt....... . . . . . • Q3 Clay . . . . . . . . . . . * 125 | 18. Cork.............. 15. 149.3 Glass .......... * 1So | 12.44 ||Olive Oil......... 57. 39.3 Sand. ... . . . . . . . . 95 23.56 |Tallow....... 59. *At the level of the sea. t!Not under pressure. - - - - - | ". - - - - - - - | - - - - | |- - - - | - - - - - ". |- |- - - | - |- - | - # ". . - | - '. | - - ". | - | - - - - - - - '' " || || . - . - -- - -- --- -- - --- - ---| --- | - -- - - - - - = AGRICULTURE. GRICULTURE was not only the primeval occu- pation of man, and the pursuit which all men in all ages have followed, £, but it has been, is, and #) is ever must be the main- spring of all industry. All classes and conditions are dependent upon it for their daily sustenance. Noth- ing can supply the place of the prod- ucts of the soil. Agriculture not only gives life to ** man and beast, but it is the founda- tion of all other business: all trades, all manu- factures, all commerce; in short, all business is the result, directly or indirectly, of agricul- ture. When the labors of the husbandman are rewarded with bountiful harvests, the spindles multiply, the ships are heavily freighted, and money plentiful. The nation that relies upon agriculture as its main product is independent and prosperous. The adaptation of agriculture to all ranks and conditions of society is wonderful. The king himself, without any loss of dignity, can be a farmer. Most of the presidents of the United States have retired from their high positions to the cultivation of broad acres, and were just as when in the presidential chair. Washington, dignified, and the public as proud of them, as . Adams, Jefferson, Jackson, Van Buren, Clay, and Webster prided themselves as much upon their skill in farming as in their guidance of the affairs of State. Many a professional man and merchant, with his head aching with the perplexities of his business, sighs for the quiet, simple pleasures of farm life. By living in the open air, and exercising his muscles most vigorously, and his brains more gently, he feels that the nerve- exhaustion and consumption of vital forces that have rendered life a burden will disappear, and sweet will be the sleep of labor. It is a fact, patent to all, that the really prosperous class, as a whole, is the agricultural. The farmer is demonstrably better off, more independent, fares better, lodges better, and gets a better return for his labor than the worker in the city. We often witness the anom- aly of thrifty farmers and starving tradesmen. The country must be fed and the farmer feeds it. There is nothing that can prevent the steady prosperity of the American farmer but the combinations and “corners” of the middle men that force unnatural conditions upon the finances and markets of the country; the gains of the farmers are slow but sure; speculation is not legitimate farm business. Farm stock can- not be watered like railroad stock and made to expand at pleasure. Those who go into farming * = - uring the recent races, a colored individual jwho has had a long experience among race horses and is connected with one of the promi. inent stables now in the circuit, in a conversation told how horses could be made to change their 'natures and actions in more ways than one, says: To make a horse go lame, take a single hair between the outer and middle 'teridon or Cord, on, each side, and , let the foot down, and ! of his mouth with ... common beef tallow, and he will not eat until you wash it out. shortly after portray all. the symptoms of a bad. cision about half way from the knee to the -_ * - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - #. #sw-Nøssø. N. NZ-Nz-s: ld- St. St. s: M Z-Nz-Alz- s' st-Nasie's"—Nost- * £ ############### £ $4 × *XXXXXXXXX-XXX: . ...- Už--------~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - * M::::::::::::::::::::: *: &# - - - --- - --> - - *S*.*.*.* - * ... ~ -- -- - - 7" X: 71. -N- * - -- * ~~ 4 : N. £: 7N -*- - --~~ ~~ No 7\ - ". . -" ". - - 2 ":2::\s # (- - £). # --- ~- | * NZ & | - - #4). 5.5%. ### *: E. S. > < 31 7 - - :- £. *S £ ###### * NZ £ - $'; it - - |- - - # ZN | | | | | | | | || | :::::::::::::::::::::: | | - * £ No-N M. M s's es's 2-3's 2's 2's e'e''><'''''''<''><''><''><''<'s 2-3's 2'-3's e-Nasie's". £ £ 71. *s, ~, 7. was, ***** £ - | *:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::########:::::::::::::::::::::: F ALL the servants of man, the ference of the police, but really an exposure in the pillory. horse assumes the front rank, on Therefore our first words of caution are addressed to the account of many useful quali- importance of procuring kind grooms; men who will ties, great beauty and high intel- give care and generous treatment te the quadruped at all ligence. In war, as in peace, in hours, with that firm hand that will not allow a doubt to the pursuit of pleasure assurely rise in the brain they govern as to reasonable mastership. as in the prosecution of business Such a groom adds years to the life of the horse. and de: enterprises, the horse is our effi grees of comfort that cannot be stated to the daily experi- cient helper, and it is not too much to ence of the family, to which he becomes attached. The horse should be sav, he is : accustomed to the du- No on ties that are afterward ' to to be exacted from him, - by slow degrees. Then be the pos- - - the work is never irk- sessor of - - - this noble some. Work is nat- a nim al ural. If the animal were will need allowed to run at large unbroken, the amount of exercise that would be voluntarily taken, as a rule, would be found in excess of that neces- sary to train for a 2:40 gait. The difference is as between the play- ground and the gymna- sium. In the one in- an appeal from us to se- cure him fair considera- tion; but a few facts, well known to the accom- plished horseman, may be conveniently arranged in this chapter, for reference, in any emergency that may arise, as an aid to the less accustomed in the horse- loving fraternity; so that THE AR-ABLAN HORSE- stance your boy ex- the intelligent animal may hausts himself by vio- have all the advantages of lent running and jump- well-diffused information, ing; in the other his in the treatment of the thousand and one incidents and I muscles and tendons are trained by a master to the fullest accidents that will befall in the best regulated home. For development without needless fatigue. The cases are par- the history of the horse we have no space. allel. - - Gentle training is essential to successful management Veterinary practice has greatly improved of late years, We have seen men in charge of horses using such brutality and many ailments that affect the horse are so critical as to in handling them as seemed to demand, not only the inter | demand professional treatment on the instant of discovery. - S- ! " –? - 704 Other ailments are so trivial that your groom, if a man of average intelligence, may safely be trusted for all the medi- cation that is required. Influenza is troublesome and dangerous, and if severe the surgeon must be sent for; but sometimes that functionary lives at a distance, or, being near, he is still so much en- grossed by prior claims as to make it expedient that you should be instructed. Discard all advice as to bleeding, keep up the strength of the animal, see to the ventilation of the stable, preserve the warmth of the patient with clothing, and as soon as possible obtain advice. Roaring and whistling are incurable results of influenza, which must be avoided. Common colds are hardly to be distinguished from influ- enza in the earlier stages, and the same rules apply; but a bran mash with scalded oats, and fever drinks occasion- ally, with rest and qui- et, will restore health- ful conditions. Congestion of the lungs comes on with shivering, working of the flanks, and quick, hard breathing. This is a case for the sur- geon, as delay may cost a life. See to it. ~ * In colic the animal suffers from distension of the bowels and much pain at inter- vals. When there are no intervals the ail- ment is inflammation. In either case call the doctor. Avoid gross feeding and you save from pain and danger. - - == Thrush arises from one of three causes: a habit naturally gross, gross feeding, or filth. The symptoms are foul dis- charges from the frogs of the feet. Give an opening dose at once, let the diseased horn be removed, and use common salt as an exterior application every two days. The feet must be kept dry and clean. Much will depend on the state of the stable and occasional alteratives. If your horse comes down on his knees, let the wound be washed with warm water to reduce inflammation and take away foreign matter, then poultice well, and with care the hurt will disappear. Drive with a tight rein afterward. Wounds of various kinds may be treated in much the same way, with cooling lotions if the hurt is severe. Bini- odide of mercury is a good dressing to reduce consequent swellings. When a wound is of such a kind as to require such treatment, wash well, then sew, and dress with arnica and water. Swelled legs and cracked heels demand tonic treatment. HORSES. After a summer at grass these symptoms are to be looked for, if the animal is put to continuous work; but an alter- ative and good diet, with steady exercise, will correct it. Cracked heels call for gentle exercise, a dry stall, good washing, and application of glycerine ointment; that treat- ment long continued will remedy most cases. Splints are bony enlargements, usually on the inside of the fore legs. Rest and a strong blister will be the cure. Lameness arising from over work will abate with rest only. Curbs need not be described. In bad cases firing is neces- sary, but when the hock is well formed rest will give relief Use a cooling lotion and biniodide of mercury externally, and an occasional dose of medicine. Strains occasionally affect the tendons and ligaments of horses that are put to violent exercise. Treatment must de- pend on circumstances, but usually a dose of physic oc- casionally, cooling lotions locally applied, and a long rest - will meet the case. In severe strains strong blisters and even firing may be indispensable. Bone spavin comes from strain and very hard work. It is an osseous, or bony de- posit, inside the joints of the hock. Treat- - mentshould commence -- as soon as the first symptom appears, as, for instance, the horse always starting lame. If the matter is neglect- ed the mischief soon grows incurable, but in the early stages much maybe effected by prop- er handling. Blistering - and firing are potent remedies, but they are not invincible. Much depends on the part of the hock affected. Even though a cure may be impossible, it is something to know that alleviation follows early use of our remedies. Corns often result from bad shoeing, and in that case the farrier has much to answer for. The corn indicates injury to the sensible sole, to which horses with weak and low heels are specially subject. Treat as soon as found and corns will yield; but when of long standing there is no cure. Much may be effected by way of mitigation. The corn may be pared, shoes adapted to avoid pressure on the heel, and many ointments are vouched for as peculiarly useful in les- sening inflammation and pain. Some preparations have the effect of promoting the growth of horn, and they may be had recourse to, if required. We do not suppose that we have enumerated all the ills to which horse-flesh is heir, but the more common have been indicated, and every lover of the horse will welcome our few instructions. g- - 2. * HORNED OR NEAT CATTLE. 705 - % ''') - & © * © # -- - - - - | =|| ##### N&### -- & * £ HE milky mother of the herd ness, Northumberland, Durham, Yorkshire, and others; - |- must have first thought under the Cheshire, Lancashire, Devon, Hereford, Galloway, this head, and it is matter for re- || Highland, Ayrshire, Shetland, Welsh, Irish, Alderney, gret that we are restricted in our and Suffolk. Long after it was universally accepted that brief dissertation to such items the sire should be thoroughbred, farmers adhered to as are sure to be of practical the curious heresy that it did not matter as to the dam value to the possessors of cattle whether she was of good blood. That idea is now exploded. who look to these pages for infor- || There is, of course, danger in “breeding in and in,” but no mation and instruction. We could not, I such necessity arises to make it indispensable that the if we choicest strains should - be crossed with inferior would, blood. A wise eclecti- enter cism can always find on de- desirable qualities that ' may be incorporated # ": with the best blood on breed the ranch, and the in- most terchange should prove profit- of mutual advantage. able; Cows near calving time must be watched day and night by an experienced herdsman, and should not be kept in too high condition; if they are too high,they must be bled and dosed in this country were not THE AYRSHIRE, CO.W. with saltsabout ten days inclined to attach due im- before the time. thetes. . timony is too conflicting, and honest convictions are too strong for the writer to venture to decide “where doctors disagree.” There was a time when farmers £). %2× *Z-> - Dose: portance to the selection of the founders of their herds. Happily, that time has passed away. The best breeds come from England and Scotland, where about one hundred years ago a wealthy farmer, Bakewell, persuaded his neighbors that it would pay to breed only from the very choicest animals. The chief varieties come under the heads of the Shorthorn, divided into Holder- – == one pound of salts, thoroughly dissolved, with about two ounces of ginger. Four to five pints of blood may be taken, but wise care dispenses with such measures generally. Milk fever is marked by the udders becoming hard, and must be treated by early stripping the milk from the part most affected, and rubbing gently with warm water and soft soap. Hoove is occasioned by giving too much rich food in W - ' - - FINE JERSEY COW. | -- - ==k. CATTLE. 707 some cases, but it arises also from poorly-fed animals being kept in undrained meadows on coarse but copious diet. Lime water and turpentine may be administered in the early stages, before the insects that cause irritation have gone beyond the windpipe, but after the lungs are affected, no remedy can be trusted. The parasite is seldom found on upland pastures, but is breathed in on undrained lands. Pleuro-pneumonia is a disease that demands veterinary skill on the instant of discovery, and a seton in the dewlap is said to divert inflammation from the chest. The infec- tious nature of the attack makes it important that the ani- mat first affected should be isolated from the rest, and the utmost care is required to house and tend the herd-the well as well as the sick—through the infection. For the rest, be guided by the surgeon. Choking can generally be relieved by mechanical press- ure of the hand, or by the use of a propertube, such as is employed to enable the animal to expel wind from the stomach when the ruminating process has been stopped by too rapid mastication. In either case action must not be delayed, or death will result from suffoca- tion or distension. Lin- seed oil may sometimes be administered with suc- cess in distension, and we have known cases in which relief followed the puncture of the stomach with a penknife. Care in feeding obviates much suffering. Calves are often attacked with diarrhoea, and in such cases a tonic with a small dose of opium will suffice. In cases of Sarget in young calves, put a seton in the dewlap and house the sufferer warmly. Inattention and want of proper In Our- ishment may speedily beget a terribly infectious malady. Care and precaution are better than cures. Animals are sometimes found foaming, refusing food, and evincing lameness. These are the signs of “foot and mouth disease,” attended by slow fever. A pound of com- mon salt may be dissolved in a quart of water, with from One-half to three-quarters of a pound of Epsom salts, ac- cording to the strength of the animal, and the dose must be administered at once. Wash mouths and feet with a solution of blue vitriol, one ounce to a gallon of water, twice a day, and after the first drench give each day while the attackcontinues two drams of chloride of potash in the Water. The diseases of the male and their treatment differ in few particulars from those already described, and usually THE DURHAM OR SHORT-HORNED BULL. in such cases, unless the owner is a man of large experi- ence, the veterinary surgeon must be consulted. Some of our readers may desire to purchase a bull for the advantage of their own stock, and for the accommodation of the neighborhood, for it is an absolute calamity to be surrounded by poor cattle. With the utmost care possible there is always danger of an undesirable cross marring the plans you have laid. There can be no picture of a perfect animal that may not differ in some particular from the creature that has been perhaps the ideal of some one of our readers, so we premise our sketch by quoting the old saw: “A good cow is never a bad color.” What is true of one gender will apply also to the other, and to other particulars in some degree. Select an animal with a head rather long, the muzzle fine, eyes prominent and full of life, ears long and thin, the horns wide, the neck small and fine where it joins the head, and rising from the shoulders with a grace- ful curve. The shoul- ders should be broad, but not too broad at the junction with the neck; chest open, projecting well before his legs; fore- arms muscular, tapering to the knee joints; the legs clean, handsome and fine boned; no hollows between the shoulders, chine and chest alike full; plates firm, sus- taining the belly so that it does not droop below the line of the breast; the back broad, straight and flat, promising a goodsir. loin in his progeny; the ribs symmetrically rising from each to each, until the last almost joins the hips. The idea we seek to convey is ex- pressed by some writers, calling the body “the barrel.” The hips must be wide to uphold the frame that we have partly described; there must be no angularity; a full, round out- line is needed at once for beauty and power, a little higher than the back on which “Priscilla, the Puritan maiden,” might have ridden from church with the bridegroom, john Alden, “in the old colony days,” of which Longfellow has written so eloquently in Miles Standish. The quarters from the hip to the rump may be long and tapering from the hips-everything, in fact, indicating that the breeder has used the best models of bovine beauty and might to present his idea of the bull. The turls or pott-bones will not protrude, the rumps will be close to the tail, and that will be a broad, well-covered addendum, in a straight line with the spine, falling in a pleasant curve toward the ground, as if its descent told of a reserve of power that might carry the caudal member in any position with equal ease. - |- . -i. S. £S SHEEP. * HE world is under obligations to Bakewell for improving the condition of the sheep. There are two qualities for which the sheep is reared—to give meat to our tables, and wool for domes- tic uses. High breeding aids both objects. The Tartar breed has two claims: rapidity of reproduction, and fine flavor. Long-wooled sheep are mostly valued by manufacturers and farmers because length of staple gives the best price. The new Leicester breed of sheep (name pronounced Lester) heads the list. They are sym- metrical, carry much meat, and their wool is excellent. This was the breed to which Bakewell gave special care, and his prevision determined others to carry out artificial selection. The wise breeder can produce any variation of form that is found desirable. * Other varieties, established on Bakewell's methods, sur- pass the Leicester; still the praise belongs to the master who showed the way. The varieties of the Dishley breed are the New Leicester, Lincolnshire, Teeswater, Devon- shire Notts, Romney Marsh, and Cotswold. Cheviot and Southdown sheep are short-wooled, not large, but hardy, calculated for mountainous or exposed regions. Black-faced sheep are profitable on the moors in England. Their faces, and frequently their legs, are black, and they have large, spirally-twisted horns. Their meat is good, and they are hardy, but do not fatten early, and the wool is coarse and shaggy. The Merino is the leading favorite. It gives a quality and flavor of meat that is literally unsur- passed. | Merino wool has a fineness and felting quality not found in other breeds, and the weight of wool is greater. It is for the wool, chiefly, that the sheep farmer cultivates his flocks; shearing is a yearly operation, and eating is final. The sheep that shears advantageously is, therefore, the most profitable, and in that respect there is not a question as to the claims of the Merino. The breed is hardy, and accommodates itself to country and diet. The breed sprung from presents of “Costal ewes and rams,” given by Edward IV., of England, to the kings of Arragon and Castile, in 1464; sheep were then royal donations. The daughter of John of Gaunt, in 1390, had as dowry a flock of sheep. The flocks in Spain developed such importance that all European nations had recourse to them to improve their breeds. The German states obtained aid in 1765; ten years later Hungary procured Merinoes; then, after eleven years, France concluded that its flocks should be reinforced g- -->{{<\. # &_N}{3\s.'3:3's AS3: S3, S4% :::::: £: #:::::::: #: £: *: # #7#7# # ########### by a Spanish alliance, England accepting a contribution in 1788, and repeating the dose in 1791. The “Costal ewes." were Cotswolds, but the spelling is modern. Diseases in sheep are not numerous, in comparison with the maladies of other domestic animals, but they are severe Scab, a kind of itch, arises from an insect in the skin, and is peculiarly destructive. The diseased animal seeks to re- lieve itself of an intolerable itching by rubbing against every projection; and, wherever it rubs, the icarus remains to carry the infection through the flock. Sometimes a ma. licious sheep-owner will let a scabby sheep run at large over ground occupied by a neighbor, and the consequences may be ruinous. Governments in the Australian colonies were compelled to make the care of flocks, in this particular, a state affair. Infected districts were cut off from intercourse with other parts of the colonies, so far as sheep were concerned. No flocks could travel from them until the government in- spector was satisfied that the disease had been eradicated, and gave his certificate The treatment consisted of se- vere cleanliness. The flocks were sheared, then washed thoroughly, and treated with an ointment, the composition of which is, in some respects, a secret to the uninitiated; and that course was persevered in until mercury or arsenic in the composition had destroyed the itch insect. When that result was assured the district was proclaimed clean, and flocks might travel. The insect did not affect general health in the animal further than was inseparable from uneasiness, inducing poor condition, and the wool was less valuable as well as less in bulk. Precautions taken by the government stamped out the infection and compelled care in the management of squatting runs, so that subsequent developments have been easily handled. Foot rot customarily makes its appearance in flocks ill cared for—allowed to graze on poorly drained lands. The sheep suffers greatly, and falls into poor condition otherwise. A good shepherd knows the consequences that must, in a majority of cases, follow perseverance in feeding over ill- drained meadow or swamp; but sometimes that cannot be avoided. Treatment: Remove to better conditions as soon as possible, and apply to the affected feet a preparation of tobacco, which tones up the diseased members. Foot rot will always yield to treatment if taken in time. The sheep is subject to the attacks of a parasite that is known as the hydatid, which becomes incorporated with the vital economy of the animal, and meat so diseased is often sold, to the great danger of human life. The parasite is then found in man, more frequently in the liver than elsewhere, and unless the constitution of the person is above the average in strength, he must succumb. Science has not yet devised means to destroy this parasite, when it is able to extend its ravages to man. ||- - | | - | | | | " || || || || |- | S. | | | | | . # | . | | | | | |- - - - | - | . | | | £ %3 3. |-* * .# * * | –4. k ~r- -- +. - * --- * * *-- * ~ *. - * * * * * * * * - : i. * -: • *. d- w * U-, * . . . . . . —s * 2%-44%. 2-42. – 2. ~as-- -: 2*-22- 4%-44% %2-24– *19—- e.*-****-- */ * * l/2%. , 2 - . = 712 POULTRY. XXXXXXXXXXXXX * X XXXXXXXXXXXQ- # * *###########s # # #xxoxa.o.o.o.o.o.o.o.o.o.o.o. # 39" El # >\{5 OULTRY comes from the £2\}. French poule, signifying hen, #| || from which comes our pullet, & a young hen. The word cov- ers all domestic fowls reared for useful purposes. Origi- nally the barn-door fowl was understood and implied, but now guinea fowls, turkeys, £r geese, ducks, and even pigeons, come under the same head. We glance at a few lead- £3. ing varieties. *# The Shanghai, a tall, up-standing bird, # attains great size, the male having ex- }: ceeded twelve pounds at fifteen months, and the female scarcely less. They are good layers, and good investments, apart from © *C style. & The Bankiva, from Java, may be a varia- tion from fowls taken there by the Dutch. The male bird is the handsomer. The barn-door fowl is now crossed with so many varieties that our ancestors might well be astonished at the sight of the birds coming under that cognomen in our farm yards. Game birds, reared for fighting qualities, might more appropriately have our care because of the superior meat; The Dorking is fine, almost always white in both sexes, of great size, juicy and tender. The Chittagong or Malay, is large boned and long legged, but the meat is good, and their eggs are much valued for size and flavor; feathers, dark brown or black, with yellow streaks; cross well with the common fowl. The Jago, or Paduan, is a variety of the Spanish. A rich black with, in some instances, a few white feathers on the breast. The male is majestic, and numerous sections of the family are noted for qualities that make them welcome. They scarcely ever cease laying. Crested fowls are mostly variations of the common type, the chief peculiarity being the crest or tuft, such as is seen in Polish birds. The hens produce many eggs. The Bantam is valued more as a curiosity than as an in- vestment, but is not without advocates. * The Rumkin has no tail, its comb is seldom indented, wattles a blood color, feathers ranging from dusky orange to beautiful variegations. The frizzled variety has all its feathers curled, is rather wild, but its delicate flavor justifies a little extra care. The Siberian, sometimes called the Rus- sian, has tufts springing from each jaw, and a silky tuft springs from the back of the hen's head. Colors vary, but they are usually handsome. The Barbary breed is distin- guished by a tuft on the crown. The Java seems to be a cross between the Malay and Dorking. The Cochin-China excels most breeds in size and power. other diseased condition, not unlike influenza. To make hens lay during the winter, and keep them lay- ing, keep them warm and dry, and give them hot food, such as boiled potatoes, and meat occasionally. There are not many varieties of the turkey, but they vary in color and size. The black are found most hardy. The hen turkey cannot train her chicks to feed themselves, hence it is necessary to employ a keeper for the young broods. The same kinds of food as are given to the smaller poultry will serve; but they can be depended on to feed themselves if allowed liberty. Geese are not remarkable for variety. The Toulouse attains great dimensions, is slaty, with brown or black bars, inclining to a dark brown on the head and back. The Chinese consists of many varieties, not so large as the last named, but as good eating, and as easily fattened. The common goose is divided into white and grey, but the dis- tinction is arbitrary, as eggs of the same laying will, in al- most every case, give both white and grey. The goose will lay more eggs if relieved from hatching, and that can be arranged by allowing a turkey hen to dis- charge that function. Some breeders employ artificial in- cubation, but that is attended with great outlay and trouble. Boiled oats three times a day, with plenty of milk, will fat- ten green geese, or after maturity; but they are voracious, and should be regaled with coarse diet, or allowed to shift for themselves. Ducks are distinguished as Rouen, Aylesbury, and Mus- covy. There are sub-varieties, but we do not stop to note every feather. The Muscovy is voracious, but prolific, and easily fattened, and may be trusted to look after its own dietary scale. The same may be said of other breeds. Ducks are fattened in Normandy, as geese at Strasbourg, to increase the dimensions of the liver, and if the poor birds are suffocated in the process, the breeder does not lose, as the defunct is bled, and the meat is as good as ever. When molting, the bird must be well fed, and an addition of cayenne pepper is sometimes called for. They must also be kept warm and clean. If the feathers drop at other times, add to former precautions the use of sulphur and nitre, mixed with butter, as alteratives. Pip is a disease that thickens the tongue until breathing is difficult. Give plenty of clean water, ancint the swollen tongue with oil, and administer pills of scraped horse- radish, garlic, and a small portion of cayenne. Roup is an- Dirt, severe cold, too hot feeding, and want of exercise produce roup. Such stimulants as mentioned may be administered. The bird must be kept warm and quiet. Some successful breed- ers use pellets of powdered gentian, 1 oz.; powderedginger, 1 oz.; Epsom Salts, 1% oz.; and flour of sulphur, 1 oz., made up with butter. Other diseases are comparitively rare, and may generally be treated with some gentle stimulant, added to care for the warmth and cleanliness of the patient. #- | DOMESTIC PETS. '#' HAT is a hard, comfortless home [. in which there are no domestic pets. Even a cat may be a re- deeming feature, with all the suggestiveness of use and wont 524 looking toward old maidhood. *#. The aristocratic hairdresser that ould not shave a sweep, defended ex- clusiveness, saying: “We must draw the line somewhere.” That is our reason for excluding cats. Squirrels, dormice, white mice, and other little creatures are too rare to be granted more than a word. Their cages ought to be kept clean and sweet, and , the revolving cylinder part of the fittings of a squirrel's cage should most assuredly be banished from the homes of the cap- tives, who realize in them ingenious tort- ures. Give the little fellow a large cage and a branch of a tree, and you deserve his gratitude. Neither squirrel nor dormouse shows to advantage. They are impris. oned, not domesticated, and would gladly change all the com- fort and security you bestow for one day of liberty and danger in the woods. Mice are really domestic; in many houses too much so for the comfort of families, and when wanted as pets they have no traditions of the woods to make the palace cage a prison. They are found white, perfectalbinos, and also grey and mottled. Some of their keepers assert that they sing: Canaries were first brought from Madeira and the islands whbse name they bear early in the 16th century, and they became royal favorites. Accustomed to a warmer and more equable climate than ours, it is certain that, except in con- finement, they could not live in this country. In England there are canary societies, formed by the owners, not by the birds, and out of these associations have arisen crosses about which connoisseurs wax eloquent. There are as many dif: ferences of color as of note, and all are beautiful. Canaries want change of food. A little bread soaked in milk, not boiled, unless as medicine, a little green food, and besides the seed, which should be the best, a little ripe fruit or rice pudding, or some such delicacy. If the bird is sick, a red rusty nail in water is a tonic. For hoarseness give Spanish licorice, and if any malady passes your birdcraft, seek a bird-doctor with more knowl-, edge; but meantime it is safe to put the little fellow in a warm bath, holding him tenderly, the temperature about ninety-six degrees, immersion all but the head, to continue three minutes. After the bath see the bird placed where it will not be chilled, in the sunshine, or near the fire. You observe that the claws grow rapidly and his move. ments are impeded. Take the little creature in your hand and pare the claws carefully; run no risk of drawing blood. The same rules apply to other birds. airs, and are very quick observers in most matters. 7 I3 Nestling birds require feeding every two hours, and gen- erally go to sleep when their wants are supplied. The best diet is bread soaked in water, squeezed till nearly dry, mixed with rape seed newly scalded with boiling water, and let cool. The mixture cannot be too finely chopped, and baby birds seldom hurt themselves indulging too freely. They should be covered warmly for the night. Nearly all birds can be trained to know and trust the hand by which they are fed, more especially if accustomed to the same presence from nurslings. Bullfinches should have no sweets. Rape and canary . seed, with occasional resort to green food and hemp seed, will keep them in excellent health. They can be taught The Germans train them in classes, a boy playing a bird-organ, but best trainers depend on whistling. They can be taught amusing tricks, but the purchaser needs acquire the art of the professor and continue practice after molting, as that process weakens the memory of the feathered favorite. The goldfinch is more active, and has more genius for mechanics. It is easy to believe the little actor takes pleas- ure in matinees of which he is the star. Epilepsy is one of his weaknesses. When seized his head should be plunged in a cold bath, the body also immersed once or twice, after which low diet of lettuce seed and thistles for several days. The goldfinch is a good mate for the canary, but apt to de- stroy the eggs. * In Germany the siskin is much valued as a cage bird. It is smaller than the canary, and not loud, but the note very sweet, and the captive very teachable—a kind of eccentric comedian among birds. It mates well with the canary, and may be fed in the same way, but more abundantly. - The chaffinch is so great a favorite in Germany that a proverb says, “A chaffinch is worth a cow.” The best way to keep birds is to give them a room, as an aviary, with miniature trees as perches, and double doors to prevent escape. Attention to cleanliness is essential, and care in diet will render medicine a rare necessity. The canary originally brought from the islands was green. Almost every plumage may be obtained by crossing. Sparrows are not great pets in this country, but though not rare, they are handsome creatures and very cunning. The indigo bird, the Dominican and Widah are beautiful. The first is native in Carolina and New York; the latter are African, but naturalized. The tail of the widah is long and graceful. The Virginian nightingale is cardinal red, with feathers glossy black about the head and neck. In addition to the diet of the canary a few meal worms or other such insects are needed for perfect vigor. th Parrots, paroquets and cockatoos are gorgeous birds, strong and easily trained, capable of imitating the human voice with some accuracy. Many chapters might be written on the dove, the pigeon, the nightingale, wren and robin, but space is wanting. J D 45 ~i= * 71.4 Government Land MecSure. A township consists of 36 sec- tions, each 1 mile square; a section SE contains 640 acres; a quarter section, 3% mile square—160 acres; an eighth section, % a mile long, north and 13 south, and % mile wide—So acres; I 2 and a sixteenth section, % mile 24 square, 40 acres, which is the small- 25 est sized tract, except fractions, sold by the government. In the surveys 36 of Public Lands of the United States they are laid out in ranges of townships which run longitudinally, and are numbered on the maps in Roman characters, or capital letters, according to their proximity to the northern border of a State. The ranges of townships run from west to east; the extreme northern line of townships in any State would be all number 1, the next number 11, and so on down. . In a township the sections are all numbered 1 to 36, beginning at the north-east corner, as shown in the dia- gram. Contents of Fields and Lois. The following table will assist farmers in making an ac- curate estimate of the amount of land in different fields under cultivation: '#'s % # rods – #. 100 feet x 10SX', feet- % A. d : X 32 “ - I ** 25 “ X 100 “ - ..c574 “ * { X O ** - I ** 25 “ X 11o * - oft31. “ 5 yards X * { s= 1 ** 25 {{ X I2O ** = . : 1ö “ X 4S4 yards - 1 “ 25 # 125 ' - 07:7 ". 2O {{j X 242 * 6 met I $$ 25 $6 X 150 * { EEE . • 109 O ** X 121 * - 1 * 217S square feet - .o.5 “ # * * X 60%." - 1 “ 4356 “ f : = . 10 “ jo “ # 63%." ~ : “ | # ' ' - # . 220 feet X 198 feet - 1 * # s & * * * .2O £6 44o “ X * { = 1 ** I = .25 #o “ # 36% “ – “ 13% . . - .30 “ 6o “ 52 #26 “ - 1. “ 15246 “ $t - .35 “ 12o “ X 363 ** - 1 “ 17:24 : : - 49 : 240 “ X 181% feet - 1 “ # : ** - 45 : CO ** o31' f : |A if 217 if * •= .50 did 1oo “ x 1451"; " - 34" | 34848 “ “ - ..So “ The Number of Rails, Riders and Stakes Required for Every Ten Rods of Zigzag Fence. AGRICULTURE. Space and Quantities of Seed Required to the Acre. ----ma` DESIGNATION. SPACE AND QUANTITY OF SEEDS. A*: ..] 1 oz. produces 1,000 £ and requires a bed 12 ft. sq. “ Roots. 1,000 plants a bed 4 feet wide 225 feet long. Eng. Dwarf Beans...... French Dwarf Beans....... Beans, pole, large....... Beans, pole, Sinalll . . . . . . . cets. . . . . . . . . Broccoli and Ka e * * * * * * * * Cabbage...... Cauliflower... 8: * is is is a ti g CléI W. . . . . . . . &#. * g. # * * * * * * gg Plant... Endive....... € * * * * * * * * * Lettuce...... Melon........ Nasturtim.... Onion........ Okra * * * * * * * * Parsley ...... £: * * * * * CDPCFS. . . . . £ * * * * * * * * * Pumpkin..... Radish....... Salsify........ Spinach...... Squash....... Tomato....... Turnip....... Watermelon.. 1 quart plants from 100 to 150 feet of row. 1 * * “ 250 to 350 feet of row. 1 ** * Ioo hills. 1 ** “ 39 hills or # feet of row. 10 lbs. to the acre, 1 oz. plants 150 feet of row. 1 oz. plants 2,500 plants, and requires40 sq.ft. of ground. Early sorts same as broccoli, and require 60 sq. ft. “ The same as cabbage 1 oz. to 150 of row. 1 oz. gives 7,oco plants, and requires 3 sq. feet of ground. 1 oz. for 150 hills. 1 oz. sows a bed 16 feet square. 1 oz. gives 2,000 plants. 1 oz. gives 3,ooo plants, and requires Sofect of ground: 1 “"“ 2,000 “ and requires 60 feet of ground. 1 “ . “ 7,000 “ and requires seed bed of 120 ft. 1 oz. for 120 hills. 1 oz. sows 25 feet of row. 1 oz. ** 200 ** d : I Oz. ** 200 ** d : I Oz. ** 200 ** &# 1 oz. “ 250 “ * 1 oz. gives 2,500 plants. 1 quart sows 120 feet of row. 1 oz to 150 hills. 1 oz. to 100 feet. 1 oz. to 50 feet of row 1 oz. to 200 fect of row. 1 oz. to 75 hills. * 1 oz. gives 2,500 plants, requiring seed bed of 80 feet. 1 oz. to 2,000 feet. 1 oz. to 5o hills. Quantities of Seed Required to the Acre. uantit uantit Designation. #y Designation. £y Wheat .......... 1% to 2 bush. Brootn Corn..... I to 1% bush. Barley........... 1% to 2% “ Potatoes......... 5 to 10 d 6 Oats ............. 2 to 4 de Timothy......... 12 to 24 quarts. Rye.... . . . . . . . . . . . to 2 d : Mustard......... 8 to 20 in i Buckwheat...... 34 to 1 { % Herd Grass...... 12 to 16 * : Millet ........... I to 1% “ Flat Turnip...... 2 to 3 lbs. Corn............. % to I * * Red Clover * * * * * * IO to 16 ** Beans............ I to 2 $6 White Clover.... 3 to 4 * { Peas............. 2% to 3% “ Blue Grass..... ... 10 to 15 d : Hemp........... 1 ... to 1% “ Orchard Grass...20 to 30 * . Flax............. 34 to a £ 6 (Carrots.......... 4 to $ “ Rice. • . . . . . . . . . . * to 2% {& Parsnips......... 6 to 6 : Deflection Length] Num- * *-* *-* Length of * No. of rails for o Q • * #"|re:ht £ #| "each to rods." | ##|##3 || Number of Loads of Manure and Number of Heaps in Each ** . . . . * * * * * ## ### Load Required to an Acre, the Heaps at Given Distances Apart. rails.[6rails 7 rails ## j = i. 5 - - Fect. Feet. Fcct. Fect. # high.|high. #" # * ‘āt . 2 #3 NUMBER OF HEAPS IN A LOAD. I2 6 8 20% | 103 || 123 #| #| #: ### # $ IO 16% 83 |, 99 || 11 3 17 3 #.” ~- 16% I 2 13% 69 | 84 || 95 || 2 14 ###| | 2 3 4. 5 6 7 S 9 || Io # longer £ # 1o # the proper # # etc., * OS S9% 67 60 may be computed by multiplying...For instance: If for 50 rods offence, S 2 I79 || 13 | 77 54 £ the above, number by 5; if for 100, multiply by # cto. The like # # # # # 79 66 56%| 49%| 44 3% rule will apply to the next. * 4 , |203 || 151 || 101 75%. 60%| 50%| 43%. 37%. 33% £% * #|# ' | #| #| #| ##| #| #| #| # * s * I The Number of Rails and Posts Required for Each Ten Rods of #4 # # #| #| #” # # #. 17% # * * 6 131 67 %| 33%| 27 | 22%| 19%. 16%| 15 I3 Post and Rail Straight Fence. 6% [115 57% # #% 23 19 ić% # 12%. 11 + 1 &- {s- - 7 49% 24%. 19%. 16%| 14 12%| 11 IO 's % '5 # Q Q Number of rails for each 1o rods. g: 43 2$%| 2:3%| 17%. 14%| 13%| 10%| 9%. 8% #3 | #" | ##| #5 75%. 37%. 25%| 19 || 15%. 12% io94| 9%. 8% 7% #T | #| | ##| ## * * * s 8% | 67 || 33%. 23%. 16%| 13%. 11%| 9%. 8% 7%. 6% # ## ##| | # 3. # # £ £ 9 | 60 || 30 | 20 | 15 . 12 . Io $ 7%| 6% # c: t : 15:11. ign. 1gh. 1gh. 9: %| 26 18 13%| 10% 73%| 6%| 6 5% * | *- : | 2 || 2: - #|####| #d #| #| 3 | #| #| #| # IO 8 # 2 I 103 123 144 165 ExPLANATION.—The left hand column gives the distance in yards be- 12 IO 16 17 83 # I 16 133 tween the heaps each way in each row; at the top of the columns are # I 2 13% | 1.4 69 # 109 indicated the number of heaps in each load, and the number of loads re- 16%| 1.4% H. 11% | 12 £- 69 I -23 quired per acre will be found at the point where the two lines meet. * —- g-- ~ \ s - *—- * - = si. – AGRICULTURE. 7 I5 Nutritive Equivalents of Warious Foods. number of gallons capacity of one foot in depth of the cis- - - Nutriti ":#: £ calculate the depth. Amount I Amount utritive Q?" & Cist ltiply I th by breadth d * Total nu- "''''', quare Cistern, multiply length by breadth, an FOODS. # # tritive. £ proceed to multiply the result by 1.728 and to divide by 231, |m'"inli'n'tte, in: Éng as before. Calculated in this way we find that each foot in *=== £ibs"|"', 'bs" too lbs. lish ha'. depth of a Irish Potatoes.............. : 18.9 20.3 245.3 CIRCULAR CISTERN. : SQUARE cistern. Carrots..................... O. 6.6 $: 31.6 feet in di s Parsnips... ............... I .2 $# 3.2 607.3 # #in alm. holds 4.66 bbls. ## by: feet holds 5.92 bbls. £ Artichoke........ I - O I # 19.8 # £6 #| ** # : : . . # $ & t. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • * * * * g * • ** * £ # # '# '# # § : : : 11.93 * $ did $ if f : 15.19 “ Common White Turnip..... O.9 3-3 4.2 1185.7 9 : { { ** # did 9 “ 9 * “ 19.39 “ Mangel Wurtzel............ I.O. 12.6 '# #: #- —#- *—#–+- # .......... # # # # In calculating the capacity of cisterns, etc., 31% gals. alre £at staff: O.2 4.7 4.9 || 1016.6 estimated to 1 barrel, and 63 gals to 1 hogshead. £ (green).... 1.9 2.6 # # To C * re to: ečn. • * * * * * O. * •4 -- * * č's: Wi:'Eupin. # # 4.1 | 1212. I O ompute the Weight of Live Cattle. Green Stalks White Bean.. I - O 2.7 3.7 || 1345.9 For cattle of a girth of from 5 to 7 feet, allow 23 lbs. to Green Oats (fodder)........ I - O S.5 9.5 || 524.2 the superficial foot. For a girth of from 7 to oft. allow Timothy Grass (green)..... 4.O -7 13.7 363.4 lb * # 7 9 it., Red Top “ “. . . . . . 3.3 # I2. O 415.0 31 lbs. to the superficial foot. For small cattle and calves Superior English Hay...... 13.5 3: 4: #: of a girth from 3 to 6 ft. allow 16 lbs., to the cubic foot. £ (green)....... 2. O $: # # For pigs, sheep, and animals measuring less than 3 ft. #.clover ... ....... # # #.5 903. irth, allow 11 lbs. to the superficial foot. ited Clover (hay).......... 23.3 18.7 41 .2 #: RULE.-Measure the girth in inches back of the shoulder, White Clover “” "..........I 18.7 4Q.O 5S.7 # and the length in inches from the square f the buttock to # lour * -- - - - - : # # # 81.4 a point even with the point of the shoulder blade. Multi- Indian Čorn................ ii.ö £g 77.7 64.2 ply the girth by the length, and divide the product b Rye Meal......... * * * * * * * * * I4.3 55. # # 144 for the superficial feet, and then multiply the superfi- . £: #: #: #: #: cial feet by the number of lbs. allowed, as above for cattle #at Micai.:::::::::: 9.0 52. I 61.1 81.5 of various girths, and the product will be the number of £eas........... .......:::::: #: # # # pounds of beef, veal or pork in the four quarters of the ani- ###::::::::: # $3.5 ô3.7 $3.3 mal. To find the number of stone, divide the number of #: # | # #| # pounds by 14. is * * 22. I * s * * * * £: ...] 22.2 48.6 #: 70.3 The following is compiled from two English works on *= -- the subject: Weights of Grain, Seeds, etc., # #. *##" ca': showing the weight of grain, seeds, etc., per bushel, as 5 g ::::::: ...... 3 6 .............. 2: o a 3.34........ 2: oo aq. established by the Legislatures of the following States. # # ::::::::::::: * # # :::::::::::::: # ?:#: * * * * * * # # The letter m indicates sold by measure. # :::::::::::::: * * :::::::::::::: ####:::::::: # # # 6 $ • • 34 OT 6 g * * * * * * * * * * * * * * # O ::::::::::::: # I * * * * * * * * * * * * * * # : 6 6 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 4. 6 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 4 9 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 4 - o? *: 6 6 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 4. 9 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 4 9 • . . . . . . . . . . . . . OO ARTICLES. 5 7 o . . . . . . . * * * * * * * # 6 ....... ...... 64 6..... * * * * > * * * * o? E § O * * * * * * * * * * * * * O * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 7o § 2...: 7o O3 5 Q - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 S . . . . . . . . • • . . . . 99 12 8 o ...... . . . . . . ... 7 O - - - - - - - - - - - - - 107 5 .............. 107 off Showing the Difference between Good Hay and the Substances noted below, as Food for Stock, being the Mean of Experi- ment and Theory. Wheat, lbs.... • * * * * * * * * * * * * * R yC. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * tn . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Oats........ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Barley... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * £: * * * * * * * * * * * 100 lbs. of Hay are equal to 100 lbs. of Hay are equal to £ Seed..... . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 “Green Indian Corn. # ** Rve. imothy Seed............... 442 “ Rye Straw. 36 “Wheat. lax Seed......... . . . . . . . . . . 360 “Wheat “ 59 “Oats. Hemp Seed......... * * * * * * * * * 164 “Oat * : 35 “Peas and Beans mixed. Blue Grass. Seed..... * * * * * * * 1So “Barley “ 64 “Buckwheat. Apples, dried, ..... * * * * * * * * 153 “Pea d : * # * Indian Corn. eaches, dried.......... * * * * 200 “Buckwheat Straw. ** Acorns Coarse Salt................. 201 Raw Potatoes. 105. “Wheat Bran. ine Salt.......... * * * * * * * * * * 175 “Boiled Potatoes. 109 “ Rye i. i. Potatoes..................... 339 : Mangel Wurtzel. 167 “Wheat, Pea and Oat *S. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 504 * { Turnips. * * Chaff. ##: * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 300 “Carrots. 179 “ Rye and Barley, mixed. 1SUOr CalmS. • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * nions ..................... The following table shows the amount of hay or its # Meal.... ............. equivalent per day, required by each 100 lbs. of live weight • Mineral Coal ............ of various animals: s To reduce cubic feet to bushels struck measure, divide W* :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: # lbs. the cubic feet by 56 and multiply by 45. Fatting Oxen......... ............................... s.co. “ * * f : * * when fat............................... 4.00 * { Capacities Of Cisterns. s #h Cows. is * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ..from 2.25 ": : Avoy- {{ Circular Cistern, take the diam. in feet, square that £ growing cattle.... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 3.03 : and multiply by 785398; that gives the area in feet; multi- figs.............................................'... # “ ply this by 1.728 and divide by 23.I., and you will have the Sheep................................................ 3.co $6 ... -- 4-4. - 716 AGRICULTURE. ––2. — Contents of Corn-Cribs containing Corn in the Ear, Computed on a Basis of 3,840 Cubic Inches per Bushel. Height of Crib, 10 feet. Lgth. 10 | 11 | 12 || 13 || 14 | 15 | 16 | 18 20 22 24 26 || 2S 30 149] 162] 175] 189| 202|216 # 27o 297 324| 351| 37S 405 2 % I $ I 7 189 2O 5 2 2 I 2 3 6 2 S. S Comparative Yield of Various Vegetables. * Pounds Weight Per Acre. Lbs. Lbs. | Lbs. per al. per a. per #1. Wgs $1.5o $2.00, $2.5o $3.00 $3.50 $4.00; $4.5o $5.00) $5.5o $6.00 Hops ...........i 442||Cherries ....... 2 oool.Apples..........] Soco Wheat..........! 1 260|Onions .........] 2 Soo Turnips........ | 8420 # 34 or 4 or 33 .oz. . .o2%| -oj | .93% o2% #% ..ot}%| .05 Barley.......... I GoolHay............ 4 oool Cinque-foil grass 9 Goo # 1 .02%| .03% # .05 | .06 | .06% .o?% .08%] .09% . Io ats ............] 1840|Pears............] 5 occlvetches, green...] 9. Soo ! 3 2! .os .oO3] . # ... 10 | .11% .13% .15 .16% .18%] .20 Peas............. 1930|Grass...........| 7 ooo Cabbages .......] to 900 " 3} .07% . Io . . 12% .15 .17% .20 .22%| .25 | .27%| .30 Beans. . . . . . ...! 2 000!Carrots..........! 6 Soo!Parsnips . . . . . . 2CO 4 .1o .13% .16%) .20 | .23% .26% .30 .33% .36% .4o Plums........... 2 Oool Potatoes........ 7 5oolMangel Wurzel."22 coo 5] .12% .16%| .21 25 | .26% .33% .37% .41%| .46 | .50 * - * 6 - 15 .2o .25 30 | .35 | .49. -45., -52. . . .60 One acre will produce .224 lbs. mutton, 1S6 lbs. beef, 2,900 lbs. milk, $ .17% .23% .29% .35 | .41 . .46% .52%; .58%| .64% .7o 300 lbs. butter, and 200 lbs. cheese. A fair crop of potatoes from 16 .2o . .23% .33% .40 | .46% .53% .60 66% $# $o bushels of seed is 340 bushels. 9| .22%t .30 .37% .45 52%| . .67%] .75 | .82%) .90 Dys. Exhibiting the Capacities of Grain Bins, etc., 10 Feet High. I | .25 # # So [..58%|.66% .75 ||.83% gr:#1.oo * =::=":= - * * * * • 2 .50 | .66% .83%|1.00 (1.16%|1.33%|1.5o 1.66%|1.83%|2.00 5 . [Bin [Bin] Bin Bin Bin || Bin Bin Bin Bin Bin | Bin Bin | Bin 3 •75 |I.OO # 1.50 | 1.75 |2.OO 2.25 12.50 |2.75 |3.00 $2.5: 16 ft. 7 ft.8 ft. 9 ft. 10 ft|11 ft|12|ft|13 ft|14 ft '# ft. 16 ft.]20 ft./22 ft. 4 |!. OO |I # 1.66%|2.00 |2.33%|2.66%|3.oo 3.33%|3.66%|#.oo . : Lg.| Lig. Lig. Lg. Ly. Lar. Lg. I g. Lg. Lg. Lg. Lg. L:- # # # # # £ #% # 4.16%|4.5S3% £ Bu.] Bu.] Bu. Bu. Bu. Bu.] Bu. | Bu. Bu.] Bu. | Bu. Bu. | Bu. •5 .50 "3. 3.50 '4. 4.50 15.00 15.50 '0. 3 || 145 169] 192| 217] 241 265 2SQ| 313| 33S 362| 3Sö # 530 Wgs $7.00 $7.50 $S.00) $10.00) $11.00) $12.00) $13.oo $14.ool $15.00 4 193] 225] 257 289 321| 354; 3S6 41S. 450 4S2 # 3| 70S * 5 241] 2S2|32 || 362. 402 || 442 4S2| 522 # 603|| 643| So; $: # 34 | .06 | .06% .06% .oS: : • 10 | < 1 I .12 .12% 6 290 33S 3S6 434, 4S2] 530) 579 627 $ 23| 771| 964 1060 # 1 | .11% .12%] .13% .16% .18%] .20 | .22 | .23% .25 $ 33$ 394|450, 5ool 563 619 675 73; 7 # 90o 1135||1238 || 3 2 | .23% .25 | .26% .33% .36% .4 .43% .46%| .50 3S6 450, 514| 579| 0 |3| 707 $ 836 90o 954. 1029, 12S6] 1414 " 3 | .3 .37% .40 •50 •55 .60 .65 .7O •75 9 #: $37' 579 CŞ: §: # 940 to 13| 1085 # 1446, 1592 4 #: 50 | .53 .66%) .73% ..So .S6% .93%| 1.oo to 4S2 563| 643 723. Šoš| SS$ 964|io;5||1125 1205] 1 1607 1768 5| .5S3% .62% .66 .S3%) .91%, 1.00 | 1.OS33| 1.16%| 1 25 11 531]919) 707 79%| SS4|972|106 |1149|123S 1326|| 1414. 176S 1944 6|-go. -75. So. 1.09. 1.19. 1.20 | 1.30 | 1.49. 1.5% 12.' 579) 075, 77th SGS 96throorli, 57'1254/135ol 1446' 1543) 1920 2123 .81% .8% .93% | 1.16%| 1.28%| 1.40 | 1.52 | 1.63%| 1.75 r § .93%|-oo., 1.06 1.33% # # 1.73%| 1.S6%| 2.00 The Amount of Butter and Cheese 0btainable From Milk. B: 1.05 | 1.12%|1.20 | 1.5o | 1.65 | 1 1.95 || 2.10 2.25 toolbs milk contains about 3 lbs. pure butter. 1 |1.16%|1.25 |1.33%| 1.66%| 1.83%l 2.00 2.17 | 2.33%| 2.50 100 ** d 6 6 & $6 7.8 “ cheese. 2 2.33% 3.53 # 3.33% # # # # 5.00 1oo “ “averages “ 3.5 “ common butter. # || # 3.75 |4.oo. 5.00. 5.5o. 6.00 | 6.5t 6.99%| 7.50 1oo “ . ." ..." ..., " 11.7 “ common cheese. 4 |4.66%|5.09 |5.33% 6.66%| 7.33% 8.00 | 8.6S 9.33 |10.5o 1oo “skim milk yields “ 13.5 “ skiin Inilk cheese. 5 |5.83%|6.25 |6.66%| S.33% 9.16%|1o.oo |Io.85 |11.66%|12.50 6 |7.oo 17.5o '8.00 '1o.oo '11.00 112.oo "13.oo 114.oo '15.co The time required for the full amount of cream to rise to the surface of new milk at different temperatures may be seen from the following table: 19 to 12 hours if the temperature of the air is 77: Fahr. • { d : is 4 { o 44 Measuring Hay.* * To find the number of tons of meadow hay raked into wind- #"O2U.S." RULE-Multiply the length of the windrow in yards by the width in yards, and that product by the height in yards, and divide by 25; the quotient will be the number of tons in the windrow. To find the number of tons of hay in a mow: : .3 {rx 3 315| 347| 37S 4 IQ| 451 || 473 # #|###### # #|# # # # # # RULE.—Multiply the length in yards by the height in S ** * * * * # 5 # 248. 27o 292|| 315| 337 360 # 450 495' 540) 585| 630) 675 £ £ £ S, # # the prod $: #% 24S 272] 297 322|347 371 396 449 495 545 # 644. G93| 743 ct by 15; the quotient will be the number of tons. Q 27o 297 324 35' 37S 495 433 456; 519: 59% 702 £ IO * %|######|######### Ploughing. * 2 * * * * # # # # # # £ # # # # $# # # # Showing the distance traveled b 3. horse in plowing an 8% # # 432 # # 7 # # 792 936||1 # acre of land, and the quantity of land cultivated per day, 3S3] 421) 459' 497) S30) 574] O.12 Jas 2| Q) I IOT I I I I * : 9 | 405|446] 4: # 567| 607. 648 729. 810 891 # 2 # # # computed at the rate of 16 and 18 miles per day of 9 hours 10 |450 495 54o 585 539|675 720 $1c 90o 999||1339|1170.12%|1359 | Bd'h Space trav: |:#F# tral V- II || 495 545 # 643| 693| 742| 792, 891 # # 11SS|1287|1336||1485 of fur- eled in |Extent ploughed of fur- eled in |Extent plough- 12 || 5 |Ol_594 7ö31 75ó! Siol $64|972|16$o 11S$1296|140||1312||1626 row ploughing per day. row ploughing ed per day. t s slice. an acre. slice. an acre. ExAMPLE.-Under 28 and opposite 8 is 1,00S, representing the number of bushels of corn in the ear contained in a crib 28 ft. long, 8 ft. wide, Inch. | Miles. 18 miles|16 miles Inch. | Miles. 18Mi. 16 Mi. and 10 feet high. This space would contain 1,800 bushels of shelled - - CO! I'le $ 14 1-2 1 1-4 || 1 1-S 14 7 2 1-2 || 2 I-4 RULE witHN TIIE CRIB Is FLARED Bor11 WAYs.-Multiply half the sum 12 I-2 I 1-2 || 1 1-4 || 15 6 1-2 || 2 3-4 || 2 2-5 of the bottom breadths in feet by the perpendicular height in feet, and the 9 1 I I 3–5 || 1 1-2 || 16 6 1-6 || 2 9-Iol 2 3-5 same again by the length in feet; multiply the last product by 63 for IO 99-10 1 4-5 | I 3-5 # 5 3-4 || 3 I-10] 2 3-4 heaped bushels of ears, and by 42 for the number of bushels in shelled I I * 2 I 3-4 || 1 5 1-2 || 3 1-4 || 2 9-10 corn. . This rule is based on the generally accepted estimate that 3 I 2 1-4 2 1-5 || 1 9-10 19 5 1-4 || 3 1-2 || 3 I-10 heaped half bushels of cars, or 4 even full, form 1 of shelled corn. 13 7 1-2 2 1-3 2 1-10. 20 J 4 9-10 J 3 I-5 || 3 1-4. Productions in Wages Table. Calculated on a scale of ten hours labor per day. The time in hours and days is noted in the left hand column, and the amount of wages under the respective headings, as noted below. If the desired number of days or amount of wages is not in the table, double or treble any suitable number of days or amount of monev as the case may be, until you obtain the desired number of days and the wages to correspond. * 1S to 20 ** - * There is no accurate mode of measuring hay but by weighing it, # f : d 6 * { lif * @ 6 & | hence all the rules are only approximately correct, though the following 3 6 & d4 44 “ 50° “ will be found sufficient for all ordinary farming. l |- – ---> - |r, AsrRINGENT, binding; strengthening; opposed to laxative. ATLAs, the first joint of the neck. Av1ARY, an enclosure for keeping birds confined. AwN, the beard or bristles of grain and grasses. AwNED, having a beard. AwNLESS, destitute of a beard. \ AxIL, the space or angle formed by a branch or a leaf with the stem. AzorizED, from azote, a gas fatal to animal life. BASAL, pertaining to or constituting the base. BASE, the principal matter of a mixture or composition. - BAST, rope, or cord, made of the bark of the line-tree or linden. BATTEN, to fatten; a piece of board or scantling, a few inches wide. BAY, an enclosed place in a barn, for depositing hay. BERE, the name of a species of Scotch barley. BIENNIAL, once in two years; continuing two years. BIFURCATION, a forking, or division into two branches. B1G, a species of barley. BLANCHED, whitened. Bour, a turn; a single part of an action carried on at successive inter- vals. BRINDLE, spottedness. BUTYRACEous, resembling butter. CALCAREoUs, partaking of the nature of lime. CALCINED, reduced to a powder by the action of heat. CURVILINEAR, having a curved line. CUTANEous, belonging to the skin. CUTICLE, the thin, exterior coat of the skin. DEcocrion, the strength of leaves, seeds, or other matter, drawn out by boiling. DEFECATE; to free from impurities; to purify. DENTATA, pertaining to the teeth. DENTATED, having points like teeth. * DEw-LAP, the flesh that hangs from the throat of oxen, which laps or licks the dew in grazing. DIADELP11ous, having the stamens united in two parcels. DIAGoNAL, being in an angular direction. DIAMETER, a right line passing through the center of an object, from one side to the other. DrcIIoToMoUs, regularly divided by pairs. Disk, the whole surface of a leaf; the fleshy substance between the stamcns and pistils. DIURET1c, tending to produce discharges of urine. DRENc11, a draught; a porticn of medicine to purge a beast. DRUPE, a general name for a one-celled, one or two seeded fruit, which does not open when ripe, as the peach, cherry, plum, etc. EDIBLE, fit to be eaten as food. ELECTRICITY, a very thin fluid diffused through most bodies, rapid in its motion, and powerful. -v- --> 718 * DICTIONARY OF AGRICULTURAL TERMS. —=" [][III]NARY OF AGRIBULTURAL AND (INDRED TERMS, —-i-E:3# =-si- ABDoMEN, lower part or lower belly of an animal. CALYCINE, relating to, or like, a calyx. ABRASION, wearing or rubbing. CALYX, the outer covering of a flower. ACARI, ticks; small articulated insects. CAMBIUM, a glutinous secretion which, in spring, separates the albur" ACETATE, a neutral salt. num of a plant from its inner bark. ACHROMATIC, destitute of color. CAPSULE, the seed vessel of a plant. ACRID, sharp; pungent; bitter. CARBON, pure charcoal. Acul-EATED, having prickly points. CARBONACEous, pertaining to charcoal. AcUTE-LoBED, having pointed divisions. CARTILAGE, gristle. AERATE, to combine with carbonic acid or fixed air. CASEOUS, resembling cheese. AFTERMATII, a second crop of grass in the same season. CAULESCENT, having a perfect stem; rooted, like the cabbage. ALBUMEN, a substance found in some seeds and vegetables, resembling CAUSTIC, any substance which, applied to living animals, acts like fire. in character the white of an egg. CELLULAR, consisting of or containing cells. ALBURNUM, the softer part of wood, between the inner bark and the CELLULOSE, the substance left after the action of solvents upon vege” wood; sap. table tissues. ALKALINE, having the properties of alkali. CHAP, the upper and lower part of the jaw. ALLUVION, alluvial land. CHERMES, an insect. ALTERATIVE, a medicine which changes the habit, and restores healthy | CIIINE, the backbone or spine of an animal. functions. CitRoNIC, continuing a long time. ALLUMINoUS, pertaining to alum or allumina. CHRYSALIS, the second apparent change of the maggot of an insect, be- AMMONIA, a volatile alkali, existing in its purest form in a state of gas. fore its appearance as a butterfly. AMPIIIBIOUS, capable of living in air and water. CHURR-worM, an insect that turns about nimbly. ANIMALculA, an animal, the figure of which is discernible only | CityLE, a whitish fluid separated from food by means of digestion. through a magnifying glass. CLEAT, a piece of wood used to fasten ropes upon. ANNUAL, a plant that lives only during one year. CoAGULATE, to curdle; to thicken; to change from a fluid to a solid ANNULAR, having the form of a ring. II:1SS. * * ANTENNAE, the horns or feelers of insects, projecting from the head. Cocoon, an oblong ball, or covering of silk, fabricated by the silk-worm; ANTERIOR, before; in time or place; prior. the egg-shaped case of the chrysalis. ANTIIER, the case or part of thc flower containing pollen, or the male CoLLATERAL, being by the side; side by side; on the side; side to side. part of a flower. Col. TER, the fore iron of a plow, with a sharp edge, that cuts the earth ANTISEPTIC, opposing or counteracting putrefaction. or sod. APERIENT, opening; laxative. CoNCAvE, hollow; arched, like the inner surface of a spherical body. APEX, the tip, point, or summit of anything. CoNICAL, round, and decreasing to a point. APIIIs, a genus of insects; vine-frctter; plant-louse. CoNvex, rising or swelling on the interior surface into a spherical or APTEROUS, a wingless insect. - round form. ARABLE, fit for plowing or tillage. CoRIACEoUs, leathery; resembling leather. ARoMA, the odoriferous principle; a pleasant smell. CoRoLLA, the innermost of the envelopes by which the organs of fructi. ARoxIATIC, fragrant; spicy; odoriferous. fication of many flowers are covered; the second of two envelopes ARSENIOUs, containing arsenic. that surround the stamen and pistil. ARTERY, a vessel or tube conveying blood from the heart to all parts of CULINARY, relating to the kitchen. the body. CULM, the stalks or stems of corn or grasses. ::.. AscEscxNT, having a tendency to sourness; acidity. CURD, the thickened part of milk, which is formed into cheese. — s— , * ==-e DICTIONARY OF AGRICULTURAL TERMS. 719 ELLIPTIcAL, oval. ELoNGATION, the state of being extended. ELY TRA, the sheaths of an insect; a case covering the wings. EMARGINATE, having a notch at the point. EMASculArion, castration. RMBRACING, enclosing; clasping: holding in embrace. EMBRocATION, the liquid with which an affected part is washed. EMBRYo, anything in its first rudiments, or unfinished state. FPIDERMIs, a thin membrane, covering the skin of animals or the bark of trees. ERoston, eaten away; corrosion; canker. EsculeNT. any plants fit for food, though sometimes used as a general name for edible roots. Esop11AGUs, the gullet; the canal through which food and drink pass to the stomach. EsPALIER, a row of trees planted about a garden or in hedges. ExPRESSION, the act of pressing or squeezing out. * BxTRAvAsATED, forced or let out of its proper vessels. ExUDE, a discharge of meisture, juice or liquid, by bodies and plants. FALLowING, plowing and harrowing land without sowing it. , FARINA, finc dust or powder contained in the anthers of plants. FARINACEous, mealy; pertaining to meal. FAUCET, the spigotofa barrel. FEBRILE, pertaining to fever. FEcAL, containing or consisting of dregs, sediment or excrement. FEcu.A, the green matter of plants; starch or farina. FEcuNDATION, the act of making fruitful or prolific; impregnation. FERMENTATION, internal motion of the particles of animal and vegetable substances, occasioned by heat or moisture, and causing an extri- cation of gas and heat. FERRUGINous, partaking of iron. FETLock, a tuft of hair growing behind the pastern joint of many horses- FETUs, the young, in the womb or egg, when perfectly formed. FIBRous, composed or consisting of fibers. FIGMENT, a thing feigned or imagined. FILAMENT, a fiber; a fine thread, of which, flesh, nerves, skin, plants, roots, etc., are composed. FILIForM, having the form of a thread or filament. FILTRATE, to purify; to strain. FINING, the purification of substances by the addition of ingredients. which separate and deposit the objectionable matter. FLAccid, soft and weak: limber. FLANK, the fleshy part of an animal's side between the ribs and hip. FLESHY, plump; pulpy. * FLIrch, hog's side salted and cured. FLocculeNT, adhering in locks or flakes. FLORET, a little flower. FoMENT, to bathe with warm liquors. FRUCTIFICATION, rendering productive of fruit. FULCRUM, a prop or support. FUNGUs, mushroom; a spongy excrescence. FUSIFoRM, shaped like a spindle. GASTR1c, belonging to the belly or stomach. GERMEN, the ovary or seed-bud of a plant. GESTATION, carrying young in the womb from conception to delivery. GIRT, a bandage or strap. GLAucous, a dull green; having a bluish tinge. GLoBULAR, round; spherical. * GLoBULE, a small particle of matter of a spherical form. GLUME, the outer covering of corn and grasses; the husk or chaff. GLUTEN, a tough, elastic, gray substance found in the flour of grain. GRAMINEous, pertaining to grass. GRANULATION, the act of forming into grains. GYPSUM, plaster-stone. * HAckLE, raw silk; any flimsy substance unspun; a machine to dress flax or hemp. - g HAULM, straw; the stem or stalk of grain, etc. HEADLAND, a ridge or strip of unplowed land at the ends of furrows, or near a fence. HEATHERY, a place overgrown with shrubbery of any kind. "----. HEMisrineriCAL, containing half a sphere or globe. HERBAcroUS, having green and cellular stalks; being annual as to stem, but perennial as to root. H*AGoNAL, having six sides and six angles. Hisrup, rough; having stiff hairs or bristles. Hoas-Frost, white particles of ice formed by the congelation of dew or watery vapors. HoARY, having a grayish hue. Ho: : of an animal between the knee and the fetlock; a part of the Ho", low, flat, rich land on the banks of a river. HoPPER, *Wooden trough through which grain passes into a mill; a vessel in which seed-corn is carried for sowing. HoRIzoNTAL, parallel to the horizon; on a level. Hybrup, *; an animal or plant produced from the mixture of two Species. HYDArip, a bladder-like animal filled with aqueous fluid, which infests the human internal organs, particularly the liver; an insect found in the skulls of sheep. Hirosauric, relating to the conveyance of water through pipes. ****, a gas constituting one of the elements of water. IMBRicATED, indented with concavities; overlapping. IMPERvious, not penetrable by light, nor permeable to fluids. INCISED, cut; notched. *. INcisive, having the quality of cutting or separating; incisive teeth, in animals, are the fore teeth. INDIGENous, native to the country or place. * INJECTION, throwing in; liquid medicine thrown into the body by means of a syringe or pipe. INNoxious, free from mischievous qualities. INTEGUMENT, that which naturally invests or covers another thing. INTERNoDE, the space between two joints of a plant. INTERSTICE, the space between things. IRIDEscENT, having colors like the rainbow. IRRIGATION, a mode of watering land by the aid of drains or canals. JUGULAR, pertaining to the throat or the neck. KEEL, the two lowest petals of some flowers. LABIAL, pertaining to the lips. LAchrxMAL, generating or secreting tears. LANCEoLATE, shaped like a lance. LARVA, an insect in the caterpillar state. LARYNx, the upper part of the windpipe; a cartilaginous cavity. LATENT, concealed. LATERAL, proceeding from the side. LEA, a meadow or plain. LEGUNE, fruit similar to the pod of a pea. • LEvER, a bar of any substance turning on a support called the fulcrum or prop. LigaMENT, anything that ties or unites one thing or part to another: a strong substance, serving to bind one bone with another. LIGNEoUs, consisting of wood. LINE, the twelfth part of an inch. LINEAR, consisting of lines; slender; in a straight direction. LITHE, that may be easily bent; pliable; nimble. LoBBY, a small hall or waiting-room. LoBE, a division of a leaf. LoNGITUDINAL, running lengthwise. Lorton, a liquid preparation for washing the body. LUPULIN, the fine yellow powder of hops. MACERATE, to steep in water until nearly dissolved. ". MAL'odorous, having an offensive odor. MANIPULATE, to work with the hands; to handle. MARL, a species of limy earth. Maritics, the womb: the place where anything is formed or produced. MAT-rock, a tool to grub up weeds. * MAw, the stomach of beasts; the crop of fowls. MEMBRANE, a thin, white, flexible skin. METAcARPAL, part of the hand between the wrist and the fingers. METAMoRPHose, to change into a different form; to transform. MIASMATA, pertaining to putrefactive effluvia. MIDGE, a small insect; a gnator flea. s| |-- | ~ —- s __--" 720 DICTIONARY OF AGRICULTURAL TERMS. MIDR1B, the middle rib or vein of a leaf. MILCH, giving milk. Mor-TING, shedding a natural covering, as hair, feathers, skin or horns. MoNGREL, of a mixed breed. MUCILAGE, one of the elements of vegetables; the liquor which moistens animal bodies. MUCUS, slimy; glutinous. MULCH, half rotten straw. MULLION, a division in a window-frame; a bar. MUST, unferinented wine, newly pressed from the grape. NASAL, pertaining to the nose. NAVIcCLAR, shaped like a boat. * NITRogIN, an element of air called ozote, fatal to animal life. NocrURNAL, pertaining to the night. NorMAL, perpendicular; relating to rudiments or first principles. Noxious, hurtful; harmful. OBLIQUE, not direct; slanting. OBLONG, longer than broad. OBovATE, having the narrow end downward. ODTUSE, blunt; not pointed or acute. OccIPITAL, pertaining to the back part of the head. OFFSET, a shoot; a sprout from the roots of a plant. ORGANIC BoD1Es, bodies with organs, on the action of which depend their growth and perfection. Osil: R. willow twig. OVA, cggs. OvAL, of the shape or figure of an egg. OvARY, the part where eggs are formed, or in which the fetus is sup- posed to be formed. OvATE, egg-slaped. OVIPARous, bringing forth, or producing young by cggs. Ovule, a body destined to become a seed. OvUM, egg-shaped. - OxYCEN, that part of air which may be breathed. PAD, a road; an easy-paced horse; a soft saddle; to beat a way smooth and level. PADDoCK, a small enclosure for animals, PALMATED, having the shape of a hand; webbed. PALPI, feelers. PANARY, pertaining to bread. WANicLE, a species of flowering; unfolding of blossoms. PARALLELog RAM, a figure whose opposite sides are equally distant throughout. PARASITIC, growing on the stem or branch of another plant. PARIETAL, bones forming the sides and upper part of the skull. PARTERRE, level ground laid out and furnished with evergreens and flowers. PAsrERN, that part of a horse's leg between the joint next to the foot and the coronet of the hoof. PECANT, morbid; bad; not healthy. PEDIcLE, the final division of a common stem or stalk. PEDUNCLE, the flower-stalk of a plant. PELLET, a little ball. PELLICLE, a thin skin or film. PELT, a bcast's skin, with hair on it; a raw hide. PELTAro-PALMATE, having the shape of a hand, and of a rough, hairy texture. PELvis, the cavity of the body forming the lower part of the abdomen. PENDULOUs, hanging from a stem or branch. PElicii, a pole; a roost for fowls. PERcolATION, the act of filtering or straining. PERENNIAL, lasting through the year; a plant which lives more than two years. PERFoRATE, to bore through; to make a hole or holes through anything. PERMEABLE, that may be passed through without displacement of its parts. PERSPECTIvE, view in the distance. PERv10ts, that may be penetrated by another body or substance. PETAL, a flower-leaf. PETIOLE, a leaf-stalk; the foot-stalk of a leaf. PIIENoCAMoUs, having stamens and pistils distinctly visible. g- PHosPHATE, a salt formed by a combination of phosphoric acid with a base of earth, alkali or metal. PILE, the hairy surface of an animal's skin. PINNATE, divided into a number of pairs of leaflets. PISTIL, an organ of female flowers adhering to the fruit for the reception of the pollen. - PLAIT, a fold; a tress; braid. PLEDGET, a small, flat roll of lint or linen. PoLLARD, a tree lopped. Pot-LEN, the fine fecundating dust or flour contained in flowers. PolyGAMous, having male and hermaphrodite, or female and hermaph- rodite, or male, female and hermaphrodite flowers, on the same or different plants. PoMACE, the substance of ground apples, either before or after the cider is expressed. PoRous, filled with pores, which are passages in the skin or substance of a body. PosTERIOR, coming after; the hinder. PostERN, back; any small door or gate. PRODANG, an instrument of whalebone and sponge, for clearing the throat or gullet. PRoboscis, a snout; an organ formed by the prolongation of the nose. PROLEGs, fore legs. PROPolis, a thick, oderous substance, resembling wax. PUBESCENT, covered with down or halr, PUPA, an insect in that state in which it resembles an infant in swad- dling clothes. PURGATIVE, having the power of cleansing; evacuating the bowels. PURGE, a medicine that evacuates the bowels by stool. PUs, the white or yellowish matter generated in ulcers and wounds. QUADRANGULAR, square; having four sides, and four prominent angles. QUICKLIME, any limy substance deprived of its fixed or carbonic air. RACEMosE, having the flowers arranged along an axis,as in the hya- cinth and currant. RAcIIIs, a stem that proceeds from the base to the top of the flower. RATTooNING, sending up many stalks from an old root, several crops being thus gathered from one planting. RECTANGULAR, right-angled. RECTUM, the third and last of the large intestines. REFLECTED, bent, or directed backward. RENIForM, having the shape of kidneys. RICK, a long pile of grain or hay, sheltered with a kind of roof. RootLET, a small root, or the fiber of a root. RUGoSE, a leaf with veins more contracted than the surface. RUMP, the end of the backbone of an animal, with the parts adjacent. SAccIIARINE, having the qualities of sugar. SALINE, consisting of salt. * ScAPE, the flowering stem of a plant. SCARIFY, to scratch; to make small incisions in the skin with an instru- mcnt. Scion, a young shoot, twig or sprout of a tree. ScRotum, the place containing the organs of generation. Scull.ERY, a place where dishes, kettles, etc., are kept. SEEDLING, a young plant or root just sprung from the seed. SEGMENT, a part cut off or divided. SEMILUNAR, resembling in form a half moon. SEPTIC, promotive of putrefaction. SERoUs, thin; watcry. SERRATION, formation in the shape of a saw. SERUM, thin, transparent part of blood; the thin part of milk. SEssILE, applied to a leaf growing on a stem without having any foot- stalk. SETIFoRM, having the form of a bristle. SEToN, small threads, or a twist of silk, drawn through the skin by a largc needle, for the discharge of humors. * SITEATII, a rudimentary leaf of a plant which wraps around the stem. SIIock, sixteen sheaves of wheat, rye, etc. SLor, a broad, flat, wrooden bar. * Sole, the bottom of a thing, and on which it stands upon the ground. SoLITARY, growing singly. . SPATULA, a slice; an instrument for spreading plasters, etc. f += "---— H SPERMATIC, consisting of seed, or pertaining to the elements of pro- duction. SPIKE, a species of inflorescence, as in wheat, rye, etc.; an ear of corn or grain. SriKELET, a small spike; one of a great many small spikes collected in a inass, as in grass. SPINE, a large, woody thorn. SPIRAcLE, a small aperture in animal and vegetable bodies through which air passes; any small hole or vent. SpoNGiobe, a supposed expansion of minute parts at the termination of roots, like a sponge, for absorbing the nutriment of plants. SpoRE, Sporule the part of flowerless plants which perform the function of seeds. STALLION, a male horse not castrated. STAMEN, an organ of flowers for the preparation of the pollen or fecun. dating dust. STANDARD, a tree or shrub that stands singly without being sup" ported. STELLATE, when more leaves than two surround the stem in a ring; re- sembling a star; radiated. STERNUM, the breast-bone. STIFLE, the joint of a horse next to the buttock. STIGMA, the top of the organ of female flowers. s STIPULE, a scale at the base of the leaf-stalks of some plants: or one which protects the young leaves. . SroMATA, oval spaces between the sides of cells, in plants, opening into other cavitics, and bordered by a rim. Stool, a sucker; a shoot from the bottom of the stem or root of a plant. STRATA, beds; layers. STRIKE, the name given to a single running of ungranulated sugar. STYLE, the middle portion of the organ of female flowers, connecting the stigma with the germ. * SUB-LANCEoLATE, having somewhat of a lance shape. SUD-sessiLE, having very short foot-stalks. SUBsoil, the bed or layer of earth which lies beneath the surface-soil. SUBULATE, shaped like an awl. SUBULATE-LINEAR, having awl-shaped lines. SucculENT, full of juice; juicy. SucKER, the shoot of a plant from the roots or lower part of the stem. SULPIIATE, a neutral salt, formed by sulphuric acid in combination with any base. SULPHURIC, containing sulphur. SUTURE, the seam or joint which unites the bones of the skull; a method of closing wounds. SwARD, the grassy surface of land; turf. SwATII, the whole breadth or sweep of a scythe in mowing or cradling. TALc, a greasy-feeling magnesian mineral, having a pearly luster, used instead of chalk for tracing lines on wood, cloth, etc. TARs1, belonging to the feet. TAssELs, the flower ribbons, or heads of plants, as of corn. YA Sk #. C * * 46 ARCHITECTURE. 722 • % # *: ; : | 3< # i- # i # ; * | * * * * * * * * * # # * - ******-->~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~E **** EPEATED requests from the patrons and agents of the first editions of this book for a treatise on architecture accompanied with designs, to more fully complete the subject of agri- culture and the hints “on a conven- 3 ient home,” as given on page * 368, led the author to request Mr. J. B. Legg, architect, St. Louis, Mo., to furnish descriptions and designs for “A Home for Everybody,” from the pictur- esque villa to the small cottage. * The rapid progress in the convenience and embellishment of domestic architecture through- out the country is evidence of the growing de- mand for architectural designs of various grades, and this spirit of improvement fostered in the building art is becoming more manifest every year. * It matters not what the locality and surround- t ings of a building, or style of architecture, its true beauty and graceful appearance are ever the result of harmonious proportions and symmetrical design, and not the addition of gables, towers, balconies and ornate deco- rations which so many ignorantly believe to be the aim and highest attainment of architecture. To design and plan a house economical in construction, convenient in arrange- ment, domesticated in its departments and symmetrical in appearance is a work of art like a poem or a picture, and can only be obtained by the parties for whom it is to be worked up in plan and elevation by a skillful architect. Architecture is an art, not only to beautify and har- monize the exterior treatment and proportion of a building, and to ornament and adorn its interior finish, but it is one of the useful arts that may be employed in conveniently arranging and economically constructing building: of every description, from the smallest and most unpretentious cot- tage, barn, business house or chapel, up to the most ele- gant, imposing and ornate dwelling, public building, com- mercial structure or ecclesiastical edifice. The conveniences in the arrangement of a building, adapting it to the purposes for which it is to be used, and the arrangement of its departments regarding their positions to each other, with the required size of the several divisions, and the necessary communications with all de- partments, is an important study with the architect, and yields great value to his client. In planning a building with its departments in arrange- ment, size and convenience, it is an important study of the architect to properly light, ventilate and heat its several divisions, and to arrange the same in a manner that the building may be economically constructed. Not only is it the province of an architect to conveniently plan, econom- ically arrange, properly light and ventilate, and artistically proportion, harmonize and decorate a building, but it is an important study of his to select the material, direct the workmanship and supervise the construction, so as to get the best and most pleasing architectural effect and the most satisfactory arrangement for the least amount of money, and see that the work is speedily, substantially and durably exe. cuted, and see that his client is protected from exorbitant bills of extras, liens, damage suits, and litigation of many kinds that may result in building or contracting without proper material, plans and specifications, and contracting without the aid of an architect to guard the many interests of the owner. HINTs on orderinc PLANs. Give a full description of the lot or grounds on which a building is to be placed, its points of compass, and improvements and buildings sur- founding the site, the location of streets and alleys, and the grade and height of lot compared with the same, and the direction from which the building will be most frequently approached and generally seen; give the locality, and depth of sewers, or the direction and description of drainage facilities. Give the material to be used in foundations, wall, chimneys, floors *ing, framing, timbers, etc., and the local market value of same, and the facilities for obtaining sand and water. Give the amount of cellar room required, the number and size of . * on each, floor, the purposes for which they are to be used, the closet, bath and water-closet accommodations required, and if to be *Pplied with water from wells, cistern or water-works. State if the building is to be heated with fire places, stoves or fur- mace, and if wood or coal is to be used; also '' building is to be lighted with gas. Give an idea of the porches, verandas, bay windows, towers, etc., that are, desirable, and some idea of the inside finish. Give the amount of money you wish to spend on the building. Architects will submit pencil sketches, free of charge, to parties ordering plans,—to be examined, the necessary changes suggested, and then returned for the plans to be worked up in full. ... . The char res for plans, specifications, details complete, with all mecessary information and assistance during the construction of build- ing, are generally two and one-half per cent on the estimated cost of £g. Special and cheaper" rates for small and inexpensive Buildings. # Drawings, as instruments of service, are the property of the architect. 723 % # ARCHITECTURE # ! | | ; | | | ; : &:: |i$3. ; ; £: *...* *- i | | | | G-v- RE. RCHITECTU A 'osA.s | $$ # |$ | ' ##| |s: *|-- : i *lu # l t| | | : s O ! | ! | # # t–l | : * t >r s *J C | ---> *F- Walue of Gold. Table showing the value of ounces, pennyweights or grains of gold at prices from $16 to $23 per ounce, up to Io oz., dwt.s., or grs.: *=- -->= OUNCES. - 2| $16.oo $17.00 || $18.oo $19.oo $20.oo $21.00 $22.00 || $23.co 9| per oz. per oz. per oz per oz. per oz. per oz per oz. per oz. I 16 17 18 IQ 2O 2 I 22} 2 # # #| #| #| # | # | # 4| 64 72 76 80 88 92 5 So 85 90 95 IOO IC) I IO || | # 6 96 IO2 IOS IL4 H2O I2 132 I $ I I2 119 126 133 # # I5 IOI 128 136 I I52 I I 17 184 9] 144 153 IO2 171 18O 189 198 IOI 16o 17o 18O 190 2OC) 2 IO 22O 230 PENNY WEIGIITS. Il .80 .8 * ..Q.5 I. OO I.05 I • IO I. 15 2] 1.60 1:# 1% # 2. CO 2, IO 2.2O 2.30 3| 2.40 2.55 2.70 2.85 3.00 3.15 3.30 # 4| 3.20 3.40 3.60 3. 4.00 4.20 4.4O 4. # 4.00 4.25 4.50 4.75 # 5.25 ## # 4.8o 5. IO # .7o .OO 6.30 * #: # 5.60 5.95 •3O .65 $: .35 # .05 6.40 # £ £ .OO .40 8. 9.2O 9 . 20 .65 • IO .55 9. Oo 9 45 9.90 10.35 IO # # 9.00 9.5o | Io.oo 10.50 II.OO | II.50 GRAINS. T- ... O .03% • O .04 I-6l . .04% .04% 2 # #% .# : # # .09 .09% 3| . IO .10% .11% • I2 • I2 • 13 .# .14% 4| . 13 .14 . I5 . 16 .15% | .17 , I • 19 S| - 16 .17% .18% • 20 .2O 5-6 .21 .22% | .23% 6] .20 • 2 I *22 .2 .25 .26 •27 .28% $ .23 24% 26% .2 .29 I-6] .30 31 33% .26 2 30 •32 .33% | .34 36 8 9] .30 31% | .33% .36 .37% | 39 40% . .42% Iol .33% .35 37% .4o .41% i +3% .45 .47 The following are the principal terms in common use among miners: ADIT, a level; a horizontal drift or passage from the surface into a {T} 11:16. ALLuviuM, a deposit of loose gravel between the superficial covering of vegetable mold and subjacent rocks. * AMALGAM, gold or silver combined with guicksilver. * ARASTRA (Mexican), a circular combination in which ore is ground to powder by attrition of heavy stones. * * Ass AYING, finding the percentage of a given metal in ore or bullion. AssessMENT, amount levied on capital stock. BARREN CoNTAcr, a contact vein, or a place in the contact vein, which has no mineral. BASE BULLIoN, precious metals contained in lead. BED Rock, the formation underlying pay dirt. BLENDE, an ore of zinc, consisting of zinc and sulphur. BLIND Lon E, a lode having no outcrop. BLossoM Rock, float ore, found upon the surface or near where lodes or ledges outcrop, and from which they have become detached. * BoNANZA, fair weather; a mine is said to en Bonanza when it is yield- ing a profit. It is a Spanish term meaning good luck, and is often used to mean a large body of ore. BREAsriNG ORE, taking ore from the face, breast or end of a tunnel. BULLION, precious metals; gold and silver not coined. CAGE, the elevator used for hoisting and lowering the ore cars, men and materials of a mine. © CAPT'ock, formation overlaying the ore or vein stone. CARBONATE, a geological formation which carries silver ore, and runs from five to seventy-five per cent. of lead-whence its name-and the rest, dirt, gravel, sand, arsenic, sometimes a little gold and other minerals. It varies in appearance from ordinary wet soil to hard, glistening rock. CARnoNIFERous, containing coal. * * DICTIONARY OF MINING TERMS. 743 CLAIM, a piece of land twenty-five to 300 feet wide, and 1,500 feet long, which the Government sells to the man who finds mineral within its limits. Cittorrors, a compound of chlorine and silver. CHUTE, an inclined channel through which ore slides. CoNGLoMERATE, pudding stone, composed of gravel and pebble ce- mented together. Contact, a touching, meeting or junction of two different kinds of rock, as porphyry and slate. CoNTACT VEIN, a vcin along the contact plane of, or between two dis- similar rock masses. CREVICE, a narrow opening, resulting from a split or crack; a fissure. ce'. a timber or plank lining of a shaft; the confining of a wall- YOCK. CoRD : ORE, 128 cubic feet of broken ore; about seven tons in quartz TOCK, Country Rock, rock on either side of a lode or ledge, usually barren; the permanent rock enclosing a vein. Ciropping, the rock that appears on the surface indicating the presence of a lode. CRoss CUT, a level driven across the course of a vein. CUPRIFERoUs, containing copper. DEBRIS, sediment from mines. DENUDATION, rocks laid bare by running water or other agencies. DEPoSIT, a body of ore distinct from a ledge. DIGGINGS, name applied to placers being worked. DIP, the slope, pitch or angle which a vein makes with the plane of the horizon. DILUVIUM, a deposit of superficial sand, loam, pebbles, gravel, etc. DRIFT, a horizontal passage underground. DUMP, the pile of ore or debris taken from mines, or tailings from sluicing. END LINES, the lines bounding the cnds of a claim. FACE, end of level or tunnel against the ore or rock. FATIroM, six feet square on the vein. . . FEEDER, a small vein joining a larger one. FISSURE VEIN, a fissure or crack in the earth's crust filled with mineral matter. The two walls are always of the same geological forma- tion. - FLOAT, loose rock or isolated masses of ore, or ore detached from the original formation. FLUx, the flow of the ore in the furnace of the smelter. To “flux" mineral is to get it so it will melt and run. It is obtained by adding to the ore certain proportions of other minerals, as of coke, coal or iron. FLUME, boxing or piping for conveying water. Foot-wALL, the layer of rock immediately under the vein. FoRFEITURE, a failure to comply with the laws prescribing the quantity of work. FREE GoLD, gold easily separated from the quartz or dirt. GALENA, lead ore; sulphur and lead. GANGUE, the substance inclosing and accompanying the ore in a vein. GAsif VEIN, a vein wide above and narrow below. GeoDE, a cavity studded around with crystals or mineral matter; a rounded stone containing such a cavity. GULCII, a ravine. Grizzt EY, bars set in a flume to strain out the large stones used in hy- draulic mining. HANGING WALL, the layer of rock or wall over a lode. *A*P CARBONATE, carbonate ore so hard that it has to be blasted out, or picked out with much difficulty. It is a mineral, the iron and lead # which are but little oxydized and carbonated by contact with the 11th C. HEADING, the vein above the drift. HEADtNGS, in placer mining, the mass or gravel above the head of sluice. HiGit GRADE ORE, see low grade ore. Horse, **s of rock matter occurring in or between the branches of a VC11), INcit of WATER, about two and a half cubic feet per minute; the water that will run out of an opening one inch Squarc, or section, under head of six inches. "--- *=.--> G-e- - 744 INCLINE, a slanting shaft. IN PLACE, a mineral is “in place” when it is where it geologically be- longs. Mineral in the carbonate vein is “in place,” but mineral found lying loose on the mountain side, in large rocks, for example, or lodged in the porphyry under ground, is not “in place.” A man may strike mineral, but if it is not “in place” he is apt to be de- ceived as to the extent of his discovery. JUMPING A CLAIM, relocating a claim on which the required work has been done. LEVEL, a tunnel cut on the vein from main tunnel. A drift. LEDGE, a lode or vein. LITTLE GIANT, a movable nozzle attached to hydraulic pipes. Locate, to establish the possessory right to a mining claim, the property secured being designated “claim” or “location.” Lone, Justice Field, of the United States Supreme Court, has defined it to be any zone or belt of mineralized rock lying within the bound- aries, clearly separating it from the neighboring rock. It includes all deposits of mineral found through a mineralized zone or belt, com- ing from the same source, impressed with the same forms, and ap- pearing to have been created by the same process. Low GRADE ORE, ore which runs below twenty ounces of silver to the ton, fifty per cent. of the ton being lead. Ore which runs more silver, with fifty or more per cent of lead, is “high grade” ore, yet a high per cent. of lead is necessary to make it high grade ore. For example, ore with 100 ounces of silver to the ton, but with no lead, would rank low grade, as the smelting would cost so much as to leave little profit to the miner. MILL RUN, a test of quality of ore after reduction. OUTcRop, that portion of a vein appearing at the surface. PAN or PANNING, usually to wash the dirt from the free gold with a pan; the pan resembles an ordinary milk-pan. PATCH, a small placer claim. PETERING, ore giving out. PILGRIM, fresh arrival from the East or “States.” | PITCH, the same as dip. • PIPING, washing gravelin a hydraulic claim by discharging water upon it through a nozzle. PLACER, a gravelly place where gold is found; includes all forms of mineral deposits excepting veins in place. PockET, a rich spot in a vein or deposit; sometimes an entire claim con- tains but one or two pockets, which makes it less desirable. PoRPHYRY, a rock consisting of a compact base, usually feldspathic, through which crystals of feldspar are disseminated. PRIMARY or PRIMITIvE Rocks consist of the various kinds of slate, quartz, serpentine, granite and gneiss; they are the lowest group of rocks, are irregularly crystallized, and contain a few animal relics. PRosPEcT, the difference between a mine and a prospect, though entirely clear to the miner, is but vaguely comprehended by those unfamil- iar. For the advisement of the latter the following examples are given, with mining idioms. To begin with, there are, in Colorado, at least three distinct classes of mines and prospects. First, and preponderant at the present time, “true fissure” veins, abundantly illustrated in the counties of Gilpin, Clear Creek, Boulder, Park, and in the San Juan Mountains. Second, the mineral deposits in hori- zontal strata, as in Mounts Lincoln and Bross; and, third, the car- bonate formations about Leadville, in the Dolores and Gunnison districts, and in Summit County, along Ten-Mile and the Eagle rivers. The true fissure penetrates the earth crust vertically, or at various angles from ten to forty or fifty degrees, and is a vein of mineral “in place,” that is to say, in a fixed position, and, according to the accepted theory, practically inexhaustible. The carbonate formations are, as a rule, horizontal deposits in contact veins be- tween two distinctive geological formations—as porphyry and lime- stone. A mine as distinguished from a mere prospect, is something which has produced,and is capable of producing, valuable material, demonstrated not by a shaft alone, but by levels, stopes, adits or drifts along the vein, developing the strength and character of the mineral body it contains. Whether the shaft be fifty or five hundred feet deep, it is not a mine in the legitimate sense, until these devel- opments have occurred, and its value thus established. The shaft g- DICTIONARY OF MINING TERMS. is a form of prospecting. A tunnel on the vein, instead of by shaft- ing, is of the same nature. The levels and stopes constitute the development from which the profits are derived. A shaft rarely produces sufficient ore to pay for the cost of sinking, and it is the central point from which the explorations are conducted. A fissure prospect is a surface excavation which uncovers the vein. It cannot be lawfully claimed as a location until the vein is exposed and its walls defined. It does not, as in the carbonate fields, acquire the slightest prestige or value as a prospect from its proximity in par- allel line to noted producers. It must rest upon its own merits solely, regardless of the treasures on either side of it, and its owner must rely solely upon development for the demonstration of its value. A carbonate prospect, on the contrary, derives both prestige and value from its relation to surrounding claims in which large bodies of rich mineral have been exposed. Vast sums have been invested in this class of ventures. Many of them will prove extra hazardous, but a very large number will undoubtedly return abundant harvests in good time. Hundreds are taking the chances, and in the results lie the future of the carbonate camps. PROSPECTING, hunting for mineral lodes or placers. PULP, pulverized ore in the lixiviation process. REDUCING, separating from foreign substances; the reduction of ores consists in extracting from them the metals they contain. SALTING AMINE, placing mineral or ore in barren places to swindle. SHAFT, a vertical or inclined excavation for purpose of prospecting or working mines. SIDE LINES, the lines which bound the sides of a claim. SLAG, scum; dross; the excrement of a metal; vitrified cinders; waste from smelters. * SLIMEs, the finest of the crushed ore and gangue from mills. SLUICEs, boxes or troughs through which gold-bearing gravel is washed. SMELTING, reducing the ores in turnaces to metals. SoFT CARBONATE, silver-bearing mineral so soft that it can be readily taken out with a pick and shovel. It is usually sand impregnated with mineral, the mineral having been crbonated and oxydized. Soft carbonates are usually richer in silver than hard carbonates. STAMPs, machines for crushing ores. SroPE, a body or column of mineral left by running drifts about it. SroPING, the act of breaking down a stope and excavating it with a pick. STRATA, a series of beds of rock. STULL, platforms of timbers between levels for strengthening the mine by supporting the walls, and for storing ore and depositing wall rock and waste material upon. STULL TIMBERs, the large timbers placed across the vein or lode from one wall to another, to support the lagging upon which the ore or waste is placed. STRIKE, a find; a valuable mineral development made in an unexpected 111111:16:T. SULPHURET, combination of sulphur with a metallic, earthy, or alkaline base. SUMP or SUMPH, a pit sunk at the bottom of a mine to collect the water. It may be the bottom of a shaft. SUPERFICIAL DEPosits are composed of such metals and ores as lie on or near the surface, intermixed with soil, sand, gravel, etc.; they are also called washings or stream works, these metals and ores being gathered by washing with water; much gold, all platina, and some tin and cinnabar are collected in this manner. TAILINGs, the auriferous earth that has once been washed and deprived of the greater portion of the gold it contained. TUNNEL, a level, driven at right angles to the vein, which its object is to reach. * VEIN, aggregations of mineral matter in fissures of rocks. WALLs, the sides next to the lode. WASII, the first geological formation, being composed of earth, sand, gravel, and other minerals “washed” down from the mountains' during a long series of ages. WHIM, a machine for raising ores and refuse. WIZEN, a shaft sunk from one level to the other. =l:- ********* *%& *A LTHOUGH doubted by many, education. The model student was often pale, puny, lean there is such a thing as contentment and lank, consumptive or dyspeptic, desiring to be all brain and happiness in the family and and soul. But this idea is now pretty well exploded, and social life. In order, then, to create physical culture receives its due share of attention at almost a permanently happy state, speaking all colleges and other institutions for intellectual training. on general principles, a man must Burton has well said: “The body is the domicil or home # first do his best to surround himself of the mind; and, as a torch gives a better light, a sweeter 2 with a set of circumstances which smell, according to the matter it is made of, so doth our shall be agreeable and pleasant, and soul perform all her actions better or worse, as her organs then try and cultivate those qualities of mind are disposed; or, as wine savors of the cask wherein it is and heart which shall not only make him kept, the soul receives a tincture from the body, through peaceful and joyful in himself, but adapted to, which it works.” and contented with, his surroundings. It makes Good health, then, is intimately connected with the en- all the difference between happiness and misery, joyment of religion, the enjoyment of study and work, and in a majority of cases, whether people start out the enjoyment of life generally. in life with right or wrong ideas upon the nature It hardly comes within our province to treat of the gen- of the object to be gained. To be forewarned eral laws of health in this connection. All men and women is usually to be forearmed against possible dis- must study their own natures and constitutions, must now | # aster, and hence we have written this chapter and then seek good medical advice, and then regulate them- as a sort of general guide for a happy family and social life. selves and their habits accordingly. In all cases, however, a plenty of exercise is essential to health, and so is an Health. abundance of good nourishing food. A plenty of sweet, The first element of human happiness is good health, or refreshing sleep is also absolutely indispensable. a sound mind in a sound body. Success in business and ź social life depends much more upon physical health than is Society. generally imagined. To be sick, weak, feeble, emaciated, In the very beginning it was declared by the highest run down, dyspeptic, or nervously exhausted, is to be good | possible authority that it was not good for man to be alone. for nothing, except to be miserable. This truth, being a fundamental one, holds good for all The time was when the body was looked upon as a sort | time. Society and social intercourse, when of a proper of drag upon the mind, and was treated as something which kind and not carried to excess, become a very important aid a man had to carry around with him like a burden. to human enjoyment. The man who has no society of any In like manner, it used to be thought proper to wholly kind, becomes morbid in his feelings and views, sharp, neglect the care and culture of the body in systems of langular, and disagreeably peculiar in his opinions, grows Q—a- * 746 FAMILY AND self-conceited, and is apt to fancy himself and his things as the center of the universe in importance and value. All should cultivate social relations and thus give vent to the social instincts of their natures. There is real culture and refinement to be gained in good society. One gets the sharp angles and rough corners of his nature and manners taken off; he acquires a degree of self-confidence, he learns something of gentility and polite- ness by the action and influence of social currents, just as stones on the sea-beach become round, smooth, and polished through the continued friction of dashing waves. Young, bright and healthful natures should not allow themselves to grow morose, churlish, and ill-natured by self- ish isolation from social enjoyments. On the contrary, they should cultivate a genial, cheerful spirit and temper, a cheerful, social nature, whose very presence carries sun- shine with it wherever it goes. Cheerfulness is the most profitable social virtue; if possessed, homeliness will prove graceful and winning. It promotes health and gives clear- ness and vigor to the mind. Sympathy, too, is a valuable trait—it always marks the true man and a noble nature. But it is not enough to be simply social; in order to be happy, one must have a kind of society which elevates and ennobles, rather than that which depresses and destroys. 'Tis not society alone which blesses, but good society. In fact, it would be better to have none at all, than mingle with bad companions. Social pleasures should not be pursued to excess. When- ever a person finds himself or herself so infatuated with society and social intercourse, and is really unhappy when not in it, it is then high time to order “down brakes” on the indulgence of the social propensity. It is a wretched perversion of a noble gift and a pleasurable privilege. Human Love. Love is the very life blood of true happiness. This de- lightful compound of sentiment and feeling enters into the best, highest, deepest, and purest joy of earth. Scott has well said that not only is heaven above the realm of love, but that the very nature of God himself, as well as the very essence of all religion, is comprehended in the one magic word which rests on so many human lips, and nestles so warmly in so many human hearts. But love is of various kinds and qualities. In its lowest form love is hardly more than simple passion or lust. But its stay here is short, it ascends up into the region of sen- timent and fancy, and thereby becomes aesthetic in nature. It next lays a strong hold upon the imagination and through this door enters the heart; still higher in its developments it becomes a fixed habit of existence, or the ruling and governing power in the whole nature. It then controls thought, feeling, action, and when associated with religion, is a twin motive with the principle of duty. As such, it is man's highest teacher and best inward monitor. It elevates the soul and all its outgoings. It antagonizes everything like barbarity in human nature, and so becomes like a “refiner and purifier of silver.” It stimulates and encour- ages every noble endeavor and rewards the doer with gar- SOCIAL LIFE. -> lands of satisfaction and delight. It is the spur to all self. conquest, as well as the subjugator of all external obstacles and impediments in nature. This is an age when heart-life is apparently dying out, and passion, intense business rivalry, cold, heartless ambi- tion or intellectual pre-eminence, are seeking with desperate energy to usurp Love's throne. It were well if the fire of true affection were kindled afresh on the Heart's purer altar. Courtship. The period of courtship in human experience is not only very real and tangible, but also very important as well; and a period, moreover, which is seldom forgotten after being once enjoyed—or endured. That a good deal of the “courting” which is ordinarily done by lovers is silly in itself, and looks supremely so to uninterested outsiders we readily admit. But what of it, so long as it enters into, and constitutes one of the principal ingredients of the cup of human happiness? Courtship, also, is a great civilizing agency. Nothing ever takes the bashfulness and awkwardness out of a great, green, overgrown boy like the fiery ordeal of “going to see his girl,” especially if any one else is “around” except the enamored pair. And nothing ever puts a young, unsophisti- cated girl on her mettle more than to properly receive and entertain her first youthful lover. The experience is some- times highly amusing to others, and often highly excrucia- ting to the parties themselves; but the simple result and outcome of it all is, that it does them both good in more senses than one, and they both come out of it more matured in thought and feeling, and better prepared for life than be- fore they met. The essential design of courtship is to furnish both parties with an opportunity of getting intimately acquainted with each other's characteristics and dispositions before the final word is spoken which binds them together for life. And to further this end there must be perfect transparency of movement and actions, and perfect honesty of purpose and motive. During the period of courtship, the first wild flush of youthful love which has led to the mutual association should strengthen, ripen, and consolidate into a sober attach- ment solid and enduring enough to form an adequate basis for marriage. Hence, great caution is needed here, and also the exercise of the best judgment of both parties. Mistakes are easy, and often lead to fatal results. It is an unpleasant fact that many courtships and marriage ventures are not governed or carried on from motives of pure love at all, but rather by considerations of convenience, policy, property,social distinctions,and other kindred motives. Love, however, is the only natural and divinely ordained basis on which such relationship can stand secure. Where this true love exists there need be no apprehension of failure in the carrying out of matrimonial designs, for love's myste- rious alchemy, encountering impeding elements or obstacles, turns them all into gold, and so prepares the way for the crowning realization of its hopes. What a world of sorrow and pain and anguish of heart, of domestic, legal, and social difficulty would be avoided, if the little winged god could -----" G-- === ~-8 -a-2 * *=-– FAMILY AND *m--- be allowed to maintain his place at the helm of every mat- rimonial craft all the voyage through! Courtship or marriage, in any case, without love as the inspiring and controlling motive, is a gigantic blunder, a desperate expedient, an enormous social crime. Said Themistocles, “If compelled to choose, I would bestow my daughter upon a man without money, sooner than upon money without a man.” So would every otherwise man. Marriage. The original design of the Creator with reference to man and woman in this world is clearly set forth in the Bible. And from this creative purpose, as from a primordial cell- germ, there has been evolved on the one hand, love, which is the best of all human experiences; courtship, which is like unto it in flavor and quality; marriage, which is the consummate fruitage of love's growth; connubial and parental felicity, which is the “only bliss of paradise that has survived the fall;” sweet and blessed companionship in life, than which there can be no greater privilege this side of heaven; and congenial soul-union, which is the perfec- tion of earthly joy: while from out this same original design as from a Pandora-box of evil, there has flowed, on the other hand, personal antipathy, ripening into positive hatred; deception; forced wedlock, which is but an open hell; ill-assorted unions; unmated and wretched hearts; divorce; cruelty; blighting shame or consuming grief; madness and murder! * The hour when a young couple stand before the altar and take upon themselves vows and promises which can end, properly and lawfully, only with the life of one of the par- ties, is as solemn as it is interesting. Both are inexperi- enced in the ways of the world, and both are ignorant of the thousand trials and perplexities of the life before them, and yet both are so confiding and trustful, and so full of hope, anticipation, and joy, that it seems to them, in their blindness, that nothing can ever shake their settled bliss. It is probably true that the majority of young people enter upon the married state with altogether too high and extravagant notions about what they are to experience and enjoy in this new sphere of life. Domestic and family exclusiveness is most unreasonable. Marriage and married life were never designed to be an in- strument for promoting or increasing in the world the accursed spirit of human selfishness. If it were so de- signed, it would be a curse instead of a blessing: A home should not be guarded like a Turkish harem, by the jealous eye of either husband or wife. Neither should one's entire thought or affection be confined within its walls. To insist on this is to make the world more wretched than it naturally is, or need be. The pleasure and success of married life depends largely upon the internal attitude and external conduct of the wife more than upon all other influences combined. It requires, indeed, a great deal of attention, care, prudence, watchful- ness, foresight, quick intuition, and good, strong common sense to keep the married state healthful, invigorating and - during a long term of years. Light causes often 54. SOCIAL LIFE. 747 create dissensions between hearts that love; especially will this be true if from any cause the terrible scourge of jeal- ousy be allowed to enter the heart, for when this comes in, love generally goes out. More mutual love and more marriages are among the great wants of our time. The darkest side of our present social life lies in the direction of this want. Yonng men and maidens are not marrying as fast as is good and healthful for public morality and social virtue. Pure, happy, indus- trious homes constitute the nucleus of both Church and State, and a peaceful, united pair is the only normal, divine- ly established and perfectly rounded unit of humanity, and the only true center and source of all that makes life val- uable or earth blessed. Hushand and Wife. The husband and wife are no longer lovers in the sense they were before marriage; they are no longer courting each other, in the old sense of the word; but they both step up, by the act of marriage, on to a new, a higher, and more permanent plane of life than they ever before occupied. They take their place among other men and women as a newly formed unit of humanity's vast aggregate of families and homes. They become in the eye of the law the nu- cleus of a separate and independent domestic establishment. Henceforth, they are to be known to each other, and to all around, not as two single individuals of uncertain age and civil standing, but as a definite, legal pair with common in- terests and wants. The life upon which the young husband and wife have now entered, is essentially a new life; and the happiness which it is intended to bring to the hearts and minds of both, is dependent largely upon the observance of certain common-sense rules or maxims. Avoid the habit of fault-finding. Praise the virtues, rather than look for the failings of each other, and beware of the first dispute. Mutual forbearance can never come amiss. Mutual happiness can only be enjoyed by mutual for- bearance, mutual comfort, mutual strength, mutual guid- ance, mutual trust; common principles, common duties, common burdens, common aims, common hopes, common joys. s Avoid going abroad to speak of each other's frailties; a husband or a wife ought not to speak of the other's faults to any but themselves. Fuller says: “Jars concealed are half reconciled; while, if generally known, 'tis a double task to stop the breach at home and men's mouths abroad.” Family life will claim every day some little sacrifice. It is only thus that true love can exist, for wherever the spirit of selfishness is allowed to take its place, discord will as- suredly follow. Married people should also be mutually respectful to each other. For if man is at the head of the household, yet the wife is the crown of her husband, and as each supplies what the other lacks, each is as good in his or her place as the other. Such being the case, let due honor be given to each other on all occasions. - --> f Married people should also confide in each other. Many a man has been saved from disastrous speculations by consulting his wife; many a man has been ruined by the wife allowing some other person’s judgment to interfere between her and her husband. Besides these mutual duties of married life, there are special duties belonging to husband and wife separately. Thus it is the special duty of the husband to provide for the proper support of his wife. Household expenses should never exceed the income, and it is worth an effort to keep them below it. By doing this you will save one frequent source of trouble between hus- band and wife, namely, expense. It is the special duty of the husband to prefer his home and seek to make it attractive. The love of home is gener- ally a test of character. Another special duty of the husband is to love his wife sincerely, ardently, and supremely. Before you married her, you consulted her tastes, her wishes, and her judgment upon everything; surely if you love her sincerely, she is still worthy of the same confidence. Are you aware that she still thinks that she has no such pleasant walks as those she takes with her hand leaning upon your arm? A neglected wife is the most disconsolate creature in the world. Still another special duty of the husband is to help his wife in the home when he can do so without infringing upon larger and more important duties. Remember that there are many little duties which a man can easily discharge, but which will make the labor of his wife lighter and more cheerful. Look around and see if you can not chop some wood, carry some coal, fetch in some water, and, if there happen to be any children, play with them a little and so lighten the burdens of the house- hold. In like manner there are some special duties for the wife to perform, and these we now enumerate as we have those belonging to the husband. In the first place the wife should not aspire to be the head of the house. * Sidney Smith very wisely says, “Every man has little infirmities of temper and disposition which require forgiveness; peculiarities which require to be managed; preju- be indulged; fixed opinions which should be treated with respect; particular feelings and delicacies which should be consulted; all this may be done without the slightest viola- tion of truth, or the most trifling infringement of religion. These are the sacrifices which repay.” Another duty of the wife is to make her home a su- premely happy one; accordingly a wife should prepare be- forehand for the promptdischarge of all her household duties. them better than a woman who is a “clever manager” of her house. Good wives, as a rule, make good husbands, while bad wives transform good husbands into bad ones. Another special duty of the wife is to take good care of her health. How comparatively few married women we *E= dices which should be avoided; innocent habits which should Men love neatness, tidiness, method; and nothing pleases meet with, who are anything like healthy and strong; they 748 FAMILY AND SOCIAL LIFE. –=m-" can neither eat, drink, nor sleep as they ought. Women of the present day are far more feeble than their grandmothers: of the early part of this century. They do not take enough out-door exercise. This is a great and fatal mistake. Again, a desire to please in her appearance should never leave the wife for a single day; for if she begins to neglect herself, she will find it a short and easy road to neglect the house. Again, a wife should comfort a husband in times of trial and trouble. Another duty of the wife is to make a special study of her husband's habits, wants and temper. A man has generally formed many of his habits before marriage, and if a woman is wise she will try to gratify some of his little whims and fancies instead of trying to oppose them. Lastly, in the matter of family or personal expenses, a wife should first know whether her husband can spare money before she spends it. He alone can tell what he can spare; and if he gives you good reason for supposing that he can't afford to buy this or that, be satisfied. Many a man has been ruined by allowing his wife to spend before he has earned his money. You have no right to risk the happi- ness of home in this way. The woman who feels that she has a right to spend every penny that she can get, forgets that she has no right to waste or squander it. She and her husband are partners, and both should be equally anxious to keep the nightmare of debt far away. Women ought to be specially interested in watching over the family income and in seeing that the household expenses fall within its limits, instead of outside of them. The Family. The family is the oldest and most valuable institution on earth. There is not a single institution of earth, whether sacred or secular, but has had its rise in the family. The Church is simply a large Christian family. The State is nothing more than an aggregation of families. Family gov- ernment is the original model of State authority, discipline and punishment. The father of a family was the first priest and preacher. Accordingly there can be no permanent state of human happiness outside of the family relation. Whoever or what- ever seeks to break down or weaken the force of the family relation, strikes a death-blow at the existence of personal virtue, and opens the flood-gates of evil on the world. Every one must have remarked that almost the strongest motives to well-doing, to honesty, sobriety, diligence, and good conduct in general, arise, with the bulk of people, from considerations connected with their families. They * exert themselves, they deny themselves, they are impelled to form habits which are of the greatest value and impor- tance, both to themselves and to society, by the strong desire that their children may not want anything that is needful for their bodies or their minds, for the present comfort and their future welfare. The family begins properly with The Baby. Men and women may love, court, marry and live together, but there is no family until the husband and wife can say to each –--am- ~-Ö *- k : FAMILY AND SOCIAL LIFE. *m-- other, “Two times one are two, and one to carry makes three, etc.” Much has been written and spoken about the influence of parents upon children, but who shall write of the educating influences which children exert upon parents? The moth- er's first ministration for her infant is to enter, as it were, the valley of the shadow of death, and win its life at the peril of her own. How different must an affection thus founded be from all others! To love children is the dictate of a nature pure and healthful. When not prompted by kindred blood it is a spontaneous tribute to their helplessness, their innocence, or their beauty. The total absence of this love induces a suspicion that the heart is not right. “Beware,” said Lavater, “of him who hates the laugh of a child.” “I love God and every little child,” was the simple, yet sublime sentiment of Richter. The man of the world pauses in his absorbing career and claps his hands to gain an infant's smile. The victim of vice gazes wishfully on the pure, open forehead of childhood and retraces those blissful years that were free from guile. The man of piety loves that docility and singleness of heart which drew from his Savior's lips the blessed words, “Of such is the kingdom of heaven.” The simple fact is, that neither men nor women can be developed perfectly who have not had the discipline of bringing up children to maturity of life. You might as well say that a tree is a perfect tree without leaf or blossom, as to say that of a man or a woman who has gone through life without experiencing the influences that come to the heart from bending down and giving one's self up to those who are helpless and little. For those “melting sentiments of kindly care” which seize on parents possess a wonder- fully molding potency. A home without children is like a lantern without light, a garden without flowers, a vine with- out grapes, a brook without water running in its channel. Where and how to bring up children has been the subject of many a parent's anxious thought. Children should be treated and regarded as young animals. It is in the pasture that the cattle and colts grow. They get muscle and health by roaming and feeding and sleeping in the open air. Their particular business is to grow, and to grow healthy and soundly. Among the many obligations which a parent owes to the child he has called into existence, not the smallest is that of giving him, to the extent of his ability to do so, a sound and well-developed body. Without this, wealth is of little worth, or splendid intellectual gifts, or fine accomplishments, or excellent education. Without this, he can be of comparatively little use to the world, and of little comfort to himself. With it, he can be both useful and happy. If therefore, country air, and country exercise and food are essential to the sound development of the child, he should have them. The boy left free to play in the fields and woods will, in a single day, run more miles and exercise healthfully more muscles than could be matched by the “light gymnastics” for a week. This he does in pure sport. Running, climbing, riding, swimming, rowing, tossing, batting, jumping, wrest- -—9 749 ling, fishing, see-sawing, rolling and tumbling, day after day; there is not a muscle in his little body that he does not bring into play, without a motive that urges from behind, and solely for the gratification of his greed for amusement. Nowhere can he get this free and full exercise, except in the country. It is impossible in the city, for city life is an un- natural life to the child. The Mother. The good Bishop Thomson once wrote that “there was no velvet so soft as a mother's lap, no rose so lovely as her smile, no path so flowery as that imprinted with her foot- steps.” Men and women frequently forget each other, but everybody remembers mother. The very name is so en- twined round our hearts that they must cease to throb, ere we forget it! 'tis our first love; 'tis part of religion. Nature has set the mother upon such a pinnacle, that our infant eyes and arms are first uplifted to it; we cling to it in man- hood; we almost worship it in old age. The mother can take man's whole nature under her control. She becomes what she has been called, “The Divinity of Infancy.” Her smile is its sunshine, her words its mildest law, until sin and the world have steeled the heart. The mother is the angel spirit of home; her tender yearn. ing over the cradle of her infant babe, her guardian care of the child and youth, and her bosom companionship with the man of her love and choice, makes her the personal center of the interests, the hopes and happiness of the family. Her love glows in her sympathies, and reigns in all her thoughts and deeds. Every woman in becoming a mother takes a higher place in the scale of being. A most important work is allotted her in the economy of the great human family. No longer does she live for self, no longer will she be noteless and un- recorded, passing away without name or memorial among the people. No longer can it be said of her reproachfully, that “she lent her graces to the grave, and left the world no copy.” Mothers constitute the only universal agent of civilization, for nature has placed in her hands both infancy and youth. Look into the records of history and biography, and you will find but few exceptions to the rule that all great men have great mothers. The father's influence upon offspring is comparatively feeble and insignificant to that of the mother. Sons usually inherit the mother's prominent traits. The number of wives and young women in our day is not small who look upon the duties, cares, pleasures and responsibilities of motherhood as irksome, disagreeable, confining, not to say a little degrading in some particulars. Accordingly, these duties and pleasures are shunned and even prevented to an extent that bodes no good to the per- petuity and welfare of our nation. There is an evil here of alarming magnitude. One or two children now consti. tute the average family, and the birth of even this number. is prevented whenever it can be without greater injury to health. The crown and glory of womankind, that diadem. of motherly honor and dignity which has rested upon the T- ---> Q—a- 750 FAMILY AND SOCIAL LIFE. sex since the first woman exclaimed in joyful triumph, “I have gotten a child from the Lord,” is now being torn in pieces by the hand of woman herself, and trampled in disdain under her feet. Shame on her! That woman who deliberately and willfully refuses to wear this glorious and holy crown of motherhood; who had rather idle away her time and strength in following the devious and senseless ways of fashion; in parading the streets and lounging in shops and stores; in dressing beyond the bounds of economy or prudence; in gratifying vain, frivolous, sensuous wishes and desires, than in bringing up children to do good and thus throw back credit upon their parents, is unworthy of the name of woman, is untrue to the highest and holiest impulses of her own nature, is false to the design and intent of God in her creation. We are aware of the fact that women must not be made to bear all the blame in this matter, yet as far as they can it is their duty and privilege alike to shrink not from the mingled pain and rapture by which noble sons and daughters are reared to fill the places made empty by death. A childless woman is always an object of pity, but when she makes herself child- less through downright laziness and hatred of care, she becomes an object of scorn. Family Virtues. Strict, healthy, parental discipline among American fam- ilies is very nearly, if not quite, a thing of the past; a virtue held in grateful (or painful) remembrance, but not prac- tically exercised; and at the present rate of decrease will soon have to be classified with “the lost arts.” The switch of the olden time has given way to the sugar-plum, and coaxing has stolen the power of command. Children tri- umphantly rule the household, riding sometimes roughshod over all law, order and propriety, intent only upon having their own way and gratifying their own selfish desires, while the dazed or wonder-struck or negligent parents stand aside, and either laugh or cry at the general disarrange- ment of matters caused by the usurpation. The idea of compelling obedience at any sacrifice of immediate tender- ness or good will, is hardly thought of much less carried Out. But this matter of family government and healthy, house- hold submission to constituted law, is not a matter of Imere pleasure, convenience, or caprice, but rather a sacred, solemn, binding duty; a matter which concerns not the in- dividual household alone, but the welfare and good order of society as a whole. The manners and customs of the household are projected into society, the State, and the church. A child that grows up lawless and defiant, will become a lawless citizen and a lawless sinner. In a most important sense, the whole subsequent career of every man and woman is determined while they are inmates of the parental household, and subject to its discipline. If that discipline is weak or wanting, the whole after subjection of the person to lawful restraint will be fretting and irksome; if-it-is wise and wholesome, the foundation is laid for good citizenship and practical Christianity. g-w- * -–2. —-" –= All politeness and good breeding in social circles displays itself in the easy, unconscious submission to the recognized laws of social intercourse. All good citizenship and polit- ical virtue may be defined as a love of liberty regulated by law. All religion is a surrender of heart and life to the con- trol and commandments of heaven. Consequently, submis- sion to authority in some form is the keystone to life's arch; and, where this is wanting, the whole structure is unsafe, and liable to fall in at any moment. On the other hand, all vice and wrong-doing is a rebellion against law in some form. The universe itself is strung, like a bead, upon the thread of law; and any one to be in harmony with the world's movement, must take his place in the line, and quietly, patiently, cheerfully wait the movements which absolute law has ordained. To make a well-ordered household, the parents must establish their will as the law and do it early, for docility is impaired by delay. 'Children should early be taught the law of kindness to all creatures about them. Kind words and affectionate epi- thets between children of the same family are important. Though the love of brothers and sisters is planted deep in the heart and seldom fails to reveal itself on every trying emergency, yet its developments and daily interchange ask the regulation of paternal. care. Competitions should be soothed, differences composed, and forbearance required, on the broad principle of fraternal duty. The deportment of the older children of a family is of great importance to the younger members. Their spirit affects more or less the whole circle. Especially is the position of the eldest daughter one of responsibility. She drank the first draught of the mother's love. She usually enjoys most of her counsel and companionship. In her absence, she is the natural viceroy. Let the mother take double pains to form her on a correct model, to make her amiable, wise and good. Filial love should be cherished. It has especially a soften- ing and ennobling effect on the masculine heart. It has been remarked that almost all illustrious men have been distinguished by love for their mother. The importance of order in the household is a necessary virtue, for there can be no comfort without it. To have a place for things and not keep them in it, is like having wise laws and paying no regard to them. . Respect for the aged is another virtue that should be ims pressed on children by the example of their parents. The sympathy of a kind heart prompts respect to the aged. Their early and dear friends have departed. They stand alone with heads whitened and vigor diminished. The tribute of reverence which is their due adds as much to the honor of him who pays, as to the happiness of those who receive it. Education of Girls. There is no one respect in which the present differs from the past-more than in the domestic education of girls. But in these days the aim seems to be to make girls as useless for domestic and housekeeping purposes as possible, —--" - - ---> - Q—a- usually be estimated by considering the key in which gentlemen exchange their ideas. The voice can be made perfectly clear and res- onant enough for social purposes, without boisterousness or loud talk. Loud laughter cannot always be avoided, as there are provocations to merriment that some natures find irresistible; but whenever it is possible to subdue the tendency, good breeding demands moderation in this particu- lar- Goldsmith was right in his famous line, “And the loud laugh that spoke the vacant mind.” Cultivation may, and does, habitually check manifestations of temper and disposition which are not agreeable to others, but, in spite of such influences, the nature of the man will appear in his conversation. The vain or boastful man cannot always curb his inclina- tion and affect modesty, although he may play such a part for a brief season. Nervous, irritable and impatient dispositions fret at every obstacle, and ignorance is customarily loud mouthed to proclaim its own folly; but with all the difficulties that beset the path of reform, it is best in every sense to struggle against self-assertion, and thus make ourselves more amiable members of society. When a friend joins your circle in the midst of a conversation, you should put him at his ease, at the earliest opportunity, by briefly summarizing the case, so that he may, if he wishes, take part in the colloquy with cus- tomary intelligence. This is, of course, the more immediate duty of the host, but in all large gatherings there are many coteries, in some of which the functions of the chief enter- tainer must devolve upon his best friends. Conversation, well carried on, is too rich a feast for any person worthy to be received in the sacred circle of home, to be excluded from participation in its charm; and unless explana- tions are offered to the new comer, he is shut out from the interchange of thoughts and ex- * g-w- 7.58 THE ART OF CONVERSATION. –= pressions, until a change of topic enables him to enter the arena on equal terms with those around him. There are some few simple rules which are observed by well-bred people everywhere, and which may seem too well understood to re- quire recapitulation; but a book of this class is meant to benefit the mass who are not posted in matters of etiquette, as well as to challenge the approval of the few who know what such a work should contain; consequently we shall have no hesitation in enumerating in brief the axioms that should govern the formula of conversation, the rules dictated by polite- ness and common sense. Avoid slang and cultivate propriety of expression always. In speech as in dress eschew eccentricities and vulgarity. When another person is speaking, listen respectfully. Argument is misplaced in conversation, and might with advantage be confined to law courts and legislatures. Personal peculiarities are dangerous topics for general conversation, and will never be ventured upon in society. The weather is a valuable stock subject for those who lack imagination, or intellectual powers. Whispering or sitting very near to one of the guests, as though you had something confidential to say, betokens ill-breeding. If you must speak to one person only, and at: once, retire for a little while. Talking to one person, or to a few, in a language not un- derstood by the company, is in bad taste, unless the persons addressed are foreigners; in that case the company should understand the general drift of the conversation. There are many colloquialisms that should be avoided entirely, as, for instance: “I says,” instead of “I said,” or still worse, “I says, says I,” a senseless repetition of a com- mon mistake. Other blunders might be cited in great num- ber, but it will be sufficient to mention one example: a person should not be mentioned as a “party” in conver- sation; all variations of that custom are to be avoided. When you refer to any person present, or absent, give the name of the lady or gentleman, and avoid the inelegant and indefinite repetition of “he” or “she.” Violent gesticulation is objectionable, but graceful move- ment lends animation to discourse. Never use a foreign tongue in familiar discourse, unless all the company can speak the language, because the pur- pose of speech is to convey ideas, and the use of an un- known tongue defeats that object. Theological, religious, political, and debatable questions, - should be shunned when the company exceeds two or three. Egotism can never be displayed without alienating friends, or lessening their esteem. -—9 * THE ART OF CONVERSATION. Words and phrases having double meanings must not be used, and puns should only be indulged in among intimate friends, as persons who do not see and enjoy the point of the witticism are apt to misunderstand the resultant hilarity of the few, unless absurd explanations are volunteered. Quotations, unless brief, apposite and rare, should be avoided; they are suggestive of pedantic affectation. Satire is an admirable weapon against dullness and im- pertinence, but it belongs to courts and rostrums, and should seldom be resorted to in familiar intercourse. In conversation at the table content yourself with very short sentences, and do not speak while eating, as you can- not in that case appear to advantage. s Never use flattery in conversation, as it is certain to of: fend all ears but those of the persons specially addressed, and should be distasteful there also. When you approve anything said or done, a smile, or a few words of moderate commendation, will mark your concurrence better than loud expressions. When errors are committed by persons with whom you are conversing, do not correct their facts, pronunciation, or grammar, in the presence of others, nor even when alone, unless you are on such terms as to warrant a great freedom. Friends are too few and precious to be risked and alienated in an over-officious desire to play tutor. Conspicuous inattention is an insult to the speaker, and, therefore, you should not ask the repetition of a sentence, unless your hearing is defective, or you have some other good excuse. Appear unconstrained and perfectly at ease while speak- ing or listening; some persons offend good taste by lolling, humming, whistling, and arranging portions of their toilet while engaged in conversation. As soon as you cease to take an interest in the company and their topics, if you have nothing better to introduce, it is time to retire without remark. Neighborhood chit-chat and scandal are unworthy of at- tention, and the realms of literature, science, art and dis- covery offer topics innumerable for conversation. when any of the company appear at a loss for words in which to express themselves, do not too officiously supply what is wanted; the person who hesitates will soon recall the missing phrase, and you have no right to assume that you know what is meant better than your friend. A little patience is all that is wanted to enable him to come out all right. If you attempt to describe an amusing event, or to nar. rate a joke, be careful to avoid laughing before the Sll CCGSS of your recital with others affords you justification for mer- riment, and in any case avoid loud laughter, or prolonged cachinnation, as either excess bespeaks poverty of intellect and imagination, a reputation to be avoided. Mimicry is the business of the comedian and cannot be resorted to in the drawing room without great risk on the part of the person who hazards that dangerous accomplish- Inent. – Q-w- 7.59 Never mention your business pursuits, or successes, in familiar conversation, nor question others on such matters, as talk of that kind tends almost immediately toward egotistical display, and may result in painful estrangements. Conversation is sought and intended as a relief from daily conflict, and on that account should not bear on the com- mon interests of business affairs. It is in bad taste to disparage the religion, nationality, be- liefs, or customs of others in conversation; silence is better than the introduction of topics that must be disagreeable. Never hesitate to defend your own country and customs should others attack them, but you can do that without an- ger or undue warmth, having institutions so admirable to vindicate. Practical jokes are unworthy of manhood and should not be tolerated. Any line of conduct intended to throw ridi. cule upon another is reprehensible, and should be avoided. Never tender your advice unasked, but if your opinion is solicited, and you are conversant with the subject, give the results of your judgment in good faith, merely as your opinion. Invective is permissible in oratory and debate, as sauce is allowable in cookery, when the seasoning is not overdone, but invective becomes personal abuse in conversation, and is an unmixed evil. Exaggeration in conversation has cost many persons their reputation for truthfulness, when their only desire was to convey to others a commensurate idea of the impressions they had formed. There is only one way to avoid the evil practice, and that is by excluding the imagination from simple narrations of fact. Some persons introduce scriptural phrases into their daily conversation, and thus belittle Holy Writ, although they have no wish to indulge in cant, but merely draw their illustrations and phrases from the only book with which they have thorough acquaintance. Wider and fuller inti- macy with general literature will correct their taste, which must be endured meantime. When conversing with any person, whether titled or oth- erwise, the name or title need not be repeated after the con- versation is fairly launched, as sir or madam will serve all purposes, unless the person is a reigning prince, in which case “Sire,” or “Your Majesty,” will be in order, but if the sovereign is traveling incognito, the forms of royalty are not observed. A duke does not expect to be always addressed as “Your Grace.” < Mannerisms and pet phrases should be avoided, and con- tinued references to experiences “During the War,” or “While I was down South,” or “When we were in Eu- rope.” These sentences suggest affectation. Wit is a blessing, the possessor of which is generally wise enough to use in self-defense only. When it is com- monly applied as a means of attack, the wit becomes an object of dread in all circles. If you have talent for repar- tee and rejoinder, you will soon discover that the chief merit of the endowment, in the eyes of those less favored, consists in the rarity of its use. %2ft\S' */% £S .." * - WIYIV - % * LL persons that move in society are governed by the laws of fashion, and calls of ceremony are parts of the or deal through which they must pass to social dis- tinction. In some cities the cus- tom has been initiated of employ- ing help in leaving cards, and the tax on valuable time in- volved in the regular system of calls, may some day make the * new practice universal. Calls of ceremony should be considered an indis- pensable detail of social obligation, and any neglect to return the observance is an indi- cation that intimacy is not desired, unless for assigned and sufficient reasons, such as decrepitude, or weakness; one side is relieved from the necessity to make calls. - MORNING CALLS are never made in the morning, but at any time between noon and five in the afternoon. Fashion calls daylight morning, but before noon is too early for calling. Evening commences with darkness, but there are a few hours after five when calls are not in order. Convenience has suggested the appointment of set times for receiving calls, and when certain mornings and evenings have been named in any establishment for reception of vis- itors, it is a violation of etiquette for residents in the locality to break through the rule. " Visitors to the city, who could not otherwise pay their respects, are permitted to make calls irrespective of the times set apart for receiving. . . . . . Evening calls are less formal, and more pleasant, than those made in the morning, but to call in the evening implies a greater degree of intimacy. Bor Formal calls are assigned to the morning, and should not exceed twenty minutes in duration, but half that time will suffice for all purposes, generally. Gentlemen are expected to make a call: When they have received letters of introduction which they wish to honor; when they desire to acknowledge hospitalities, received in other places, and have learned that their whilom entertainers are visiting the city in which they reside; when congratu- lations or condolences are specially in order, because of some event involving joy, or sorrow, as after a wedding, a death, or a funeral; when any act of courtesy has to be acknowledged; after an invitation to the house of a friend, and during the following week, whether the invitation was declined or accepted; when a friend has returned from travel, after being long absent; after having escorted a lady to an entertainment, a gentleman will call on the following day to inquire as to her health. . . Formal calls should never be extended, as time on both sides is valuable, and when there are many callers, expedition is still more desirable. When a gentleman calls upon a lady he should go alone, unless he has obtained permission from the lady to bring with him a friend desirous of an introduction. Morning calls, although formal and ceremonious, are pleasant means for improving acquaintance, and ascertaining whether the person visited is capable of friendship. Conversation is permissible on the lighter topics of the day, but religion, politics, and pedantic display are never in order on such occasions, and rarely, if ever, in society. Gentlemen indicate the brevity of their call by retaining ~ , " .* ETIQUETTE OF CALLING. 761 *-m-- their hats and gloves—their hats must, of course, be removed. The cane or umbrella may be left in the hall. Ladies need not remove their gloves, and they retain their parasols while they remain. The hostess will ring when callers retire, to assure herself that a servant will attend them to the door. The hostess may retain some light piece of work in her hands, if she wishes, while entertaining callers; but any serious employment at that time would be out of order. Callers should send up their cards, to prevent misunder- standing as to their names, and as a record, in the absence Of their friends. Retiring after a call requires tact, as if you leave directly other visitors arrive, it may seem that you quit on their account; yet an increase of numbers is one reason for retiring. No rule can be laid down that will apply in all cases; tact only will suggest the way, and at the right moment you will gracefully take leave of the lady of the house, acknowledge the other visitors by bowing slightly, and make your exit, leaving behind you a favorable, impression as to your familiarity with the usages of good society. Sir Peter Teazle, in the “School for Scandal,” said to his friends:—“I leave my character behind me.” That is true of every man; but no one save Sheridan might have made that spiteful witticism the retiring shot of the shrewd Baronet. If you are not desirous to win repute as a wit, it will be much more to your purpose to conciliate by kindly demeanor, at once more pleasant and more profit- able. Complaisance need not be carried to excess, but always when you may, increase the number of your friends. EVENING CALLS - should not exceed an hour in duration, and usage prescribes nine o'clock as the limit, after which calls ought not to be made. Supposing the call to be the first made by the gentleman, he will retain his hat and gloves, even though invited by the hostess to surrender them; and except under special cir- cumstances warranting a departure from established rule, such an invitation will not be extended to the visitor upon his first call. This rule does not apply to informal calls. the evening. Intimate friends may prolong an evening call beyond the usual hour, but an ordinary visitor will not exceed that time, nor stay so long, unless he can assure himself that the callis not tiresome. When calling a second time, or subsequently, callers retain their hats and gloves until invited to lay them aside by the hostess, whose duty it is to suggest that they remain and spend the evening. Calls made by a stranger should be returned within one week, or he may feel that his overtures are declined. New comers to any neighborhood are not at liberty to make calls before they have been called upon by former residents, but such calls are usually made as soon as the new house is in order. Married ladies relieve their husbands from the duty of calling, by leaving both cards themselves, on merely ceremo- nial occasions. Conventional misstatements are not untruths. A servant is told to reply “Not at home,” when it would be inconvenient to receive calls, and that fact is fully understood Unless a special time has been set for receiving calls, society people should always be prepared for visitors, within the hours set apart for that purpose, conventionally. When calls are made at unconventional times, the visitors may be received in morning costume, rather than they should be kept waiting too long. Calls should not be prolonged when, as must sometimes happen, they clash with luncheon, or any meal time. An early departure in such a case is true politeness. Visitors from a distance are exempted from many observ- ances and ceremonies—they may call earlier, or later, and stay longer, than-callers resident in the neighborhood. That is as it should be. The comparative stranger is only for a short term a denizen in the neighborhood, and unless special facilities are permitted, may be compelled to return, without making acquaintances and friends, for whom, by common report, he has strong feelings of regard. Should the concession prove an affliction, there is always brevity in prospect, to render the task endurable; and, as a rule, trav- eled people are pleasant innovations everywhere. Their report of your courtesy will compensate annoyances, even if they are dunces. When any person with whom you are on visiting terms is entertaining a guest from a distance, you should make a call, and the friend with his guest should return your visit. Should you be confined to your house by sickness, eti- quette requires you to return all calls as soon as your health is restored. Cards left on such occasions rank as calls. During prolonged sickness, lady friends may visit gentle- men, but at no other time. The conversation at such times will be governed by the condition of the invalid. Your desire will not be to shine at the cost of his health, but to amuse. Dress and deportment should bear proper relation to the occasion of your visit: At joyous times your apparel may be gay, and your manner modestly cheerful; but when you visit the house of sorrow, your appearance, manner ahd con- versation, should be in keeping with the event. The person visited at such times is under no obligation to converse. Choose fine weather for making calls, for your own com- fort, as well as for the convenience of your friends, as even though you have your carriage, you cannot avoid bearing some of the discomforts of the season into the drawing-room where you are received, if your call is made during wet and inclement weather. Refreshments are not offered to callers, unless they come from a considerable distance, which is a rare event in cities. In rural districts visitors often come from remote points, and may need refreshments. A gentleman may escort a strange lady to her carriage, if she be otherwise unattended, and leaving a house at which *=– H --> 2- 762 ETIQUETTE OF CALLING. he has called; but he will then return to the house, and make against good breeding; and the same censure applies with his adieux to the hostess. greater pungency to indulgence in criticisms or censorious After any social festivity it is proper to leave cards within remarks upon a visitor who has made his exit. While vis- one week. Those unable to accept invitations, should call itors remain the hostess should not leave the room. earlier to express their regrets. If your friends have suffered reverses of fortune, it is Condolences on bereavement should be expressed by leav- your duty to call, but carefully avoid ostentation, or any- ing cards immediately after the event is known, and by a thing that may remind them of altered circumstances. visit within the following week. No gentleman will be guilty of smoking in the presence When a gertleman calls on a lady, the lady will slightly of ladies, or of assuming ungainly attitudes during visits of rise and bow, and at once resume her seat. A lady would ceremony, whether ladies are present or not. be received by the hostess advancing to welcome her, and on her retirement the lady will be attended to the door by her CALLING CARDS. entertainer, unless the presence of other guests renders it There i s * - * * * * * * d inexpedient to do more than rise to receive the adieux of her ere is room for considerable taste in visiting Cards, departing guest. - although they are plain and neat in every instance. The A gentleman calling on a gentleman is received at the *.*P* engraved, written or Printed in script, with door by his host, who welcomes him cordially, and relieves ' id: £ £ine: allusion. The prefix "Miss him of his overcoat, hat and other impedimenta. Mrs: or “The Misses,” may be used, and a medical * * * * s * a * practitioner, whether lady or gentleman, may prefix “Dr.,” Whether visiting ladies or gentlemen, it ls proper to or affix “M.D.,” but such prefixes and addenda as “The carry yourself in an easy manner, and sustain a share in Hon.,” “Esq.,” “Prof,” and so on, are inadmissible on the conversation happily. You will not take a survey of the calli ng cards. ? ? y drawing-room, as though taking mental inventory, but act Officers in the navy or army should allow their rank to #18 OI]C perfectly familiar with the establishment Your appear on their cards. The eldest daughter is “Miss,” gloves will not be removed during your ceremonial visit, without the addition of her given name, but younger which may not exceed ten, and must not be prolonged * | sisters are distinguished as “Miss Mary,” “Miss Emily,” yond twenty minutes in the morning, or an hour in the and so on; or on card only may be used, as “The Misses evening. Some persons take pet animals with them when Abercrombie.” The rules suggested may be applied to all making calls; that is a sin against etiquette, as puppies are the varying circumstances of social life. never at home in the drawing-room, and their presence Cards should be sent up when you call, and in some causes much disquietude. * cases nothing more is necessary at the time; as for instance, Children should be left at school, or in the nursery, when when a death has occurred in the family, visits of con- you are making calls, as they can be happier at home. dolence are due in the following week. If the lady is not The sick-room, when there is an invalid in the house, at home the cards will be left. should never be visited, unless by special invitation. There Turning the corner of a card implies that two or more are many reasons why that rule should be, as it is, im- ladies have called, representing the family. Sometimes perative. ... * cards may be sent, as on the day after festivities. While waiting the arrival of the lady of the house do If you purpose leaving home for a prolonged absence, not open the piano nor touch thc instrument. Do notwalk | leave cards when making your round of calls, with P. P. C. round the room nor examine the furniture. written in the lower left-hand corner, the French sentence You are supposed to be interested in the company pres. | Pour prendre conge being the accepted mode of taking leave ent, while making a call, hence you will not interfere with on such occasions. Brief absences call for no formalities. the furniture, ornaments, or arrangements of the room, un- When you call your card-case should be in your hand, less asked by the lady of the house; some visitors are and cards may be handed to the person answering the bell. guilty of raising or lowering curtains, closing or opening | If the person visited is sick or has suffered bereavement, shutters, uninvited, and changing the positions of chairs or cards may be accompanied by oral inquiries. other articles. Drawing near the fire, turning your back on After minor festivities, such as dinner parties, to which other visitors, nervously examining your watch, as though you have been invited, leave cards during the next week; the time hung tediously, or any such manifestation, is a call earlier if you have been unable to attend. sin against etiquette. When friends for whom you leave cards are staying at If on your arrival you find the lady, or gentleman, ready the hotel, write their names in the upper left hand corner to go out, do not appear to notice that fact, but take your de- of your card, to guard against wrong delivery. parture at the earliest convenient moment, without remark. “Not at home” is a formula that will secure you against It is unnecessary to preface adieux with valedictory ex- callers, if your attendants are properly instructed; but when planations. Having said “Good-day,” or “Good-night,” a visitor has been admitted, etiquette obliges you to receive. you will not linger in the room. - If you want to exclude certain persons, or to admit only Whispered, or gonfidential, conversations between any certain persons, for any reason, give precise instructions to two, or more, of the company, while others are present, is your attendants accordingly. w * -> G-- ---O ETIQUETTE OF INTRODUCTION. 763 || # TRoDucrions, * When Proper and How. # EFORE introducing strangers, consider ; the likelihood of newcomers proving ac- ceptable to old friends, and each to the other. When convenient, ascertain the desire on each side, and avoid bringing together uncongenial persons. When there are differences in rank, introduce the person of lower status to him of higher social position. A lady should never be introduced to agentleman; courtesy accords precedence to ladies; gentlemen are honored by an introduction persons are agreeable, may lead to intimacy and friendship, without the formality of an introduction. Ladies have the option to continue or terminate an acquaintance formed at a ball, or on any festive occasion, and their privilege therein has no limit, save their will. When the person introduced is famous for some achieve- ment or discovery, it is perfectly in order to couple his slaim to special recognition, with the name which it ennobles. If he is a foreigner not otherwise noteworthy, he may be introduced as “M'sieur Lafitte, from Paris;” or if great in art or science, as “Mr. Courtland, the well- known specialist;” or “The painter, Mr. Jeffrey.” You do honor to yourself by recognizing the merits of your friends. The caller whom you meet in your friend's house you may drop instantly, but your friend's guest is your friend also, as long as the visit continues, and you owe to her or to him every courtesy. . While your guest continues, an introduction to every person that you receive is necessary, and persons so brought together must make themselves agreeable. to the gentler sex. ... $ When there are no differences of sex or rank, con- sider age and em- inence, and intro- | duce the younger or less distin- guished to the more remarkable or the elder. There is no parade of words necessary to an introd uction; mere. ly say, “Mr. Montgomery, permit me to present to you my friend Mr. Crittenden.” Turn to your other friend and say, with slight corre- sponding action: “Mr. Critten- den, Mr. Montgomery.” The two STREET INTRODUCTION. Titles must never be lost sight of when introducing friends, or the presentation will be incomplete. Friends walking with other per- sons, not mutually known, may meet and converse without intro- ducing their respective acquaint- ances, unless presentations are de- sired. If under such circumstances a lady desires an interview, your friend must pause with you, and to avoid awkwardness an introduc- tion may be necessary; but that pre- sentation does not oblige the lady to recognize your friend subse- quently. Relatives walking with you may be introduced to your gentlemen may then shake hands, and exchange courteous remarks, or merely bow. The same form will be observed in presenting a gentle- man to a lady, but your bow to the lady will be more deferential. When many persons are to be presented to one person, as at a reception or levee, or on minor ceremonial occasions, you need only name the honored guest once when saying: *Allow me to present Mr. Smith, Mr. Fielder, Mr. Somers, Mr. Tyng,” and so on, a bow emphasizing each name, and indicating its owner. Pronounce each name distinctly, to avoid misunderstandings, questions, or repetitions. Introductions do not oblige persons introduced to continue acquaintance. Casual introductions are seldom desirable, and meeting a gentleman or lady at the house of a mutual friend does not entitle you to recognition elsewhere, although you may have been introduced. •. . Repeated meetings at the houses of friends, where the friends, should you stop to converse. In public places it is wrong to converse in loud tones, or to make any great parade in introductions. A moderate and even tone of voice, and modest manners, are be- coming. Sometimes under the roofs of friends you will be intro. duced to persons with whom you are on ill terms; you must act with cool courtesy, as if a mere stranger had been presented. Guests may introduce each other in large assemblies, al- though not in strict propriety, and in smaller gatherings, as at a ball, the host or hostess should officiate, and such freedoms are not looked for. Ladies seldom refuse to a gentleman permission to intro- duce a friend, unless he is very objectionable, because they cannot well decline without embarrassing explanations, or the chance of being misunderstood. An unmarried lady should not shake hands with a gen- Q—- f tleman when he is introduced; it is optional with other ladies, but a simple bow is sufficient. * It is wrong to dance with a gentleman who has not been formally introduced, and ladies usually find it advisable to dance only with gentlemen of their own party, but of course there are exceptions to that rule. An introduction by the master of ceremonies is perfectly in order, but it is at the option of the lady to give recognition subsequently. Gentlemen or ladies to whom much younger persons of their own sex, have been introduced, may shake hands with the young people, and say a few kindly words. When introducing friends and relatives, do not assume that others know their full names; the name and relation- ship, if any, should be fully stated. If your relatives are for any reason not presentable to any of your friends, avoid introducing them, as your act may cause inconvenience. Relations of your friends when intro- duced by them to you, should be placed among the persons with whom you are acquainted, but you may drop them if they are objectionable. Any flagrant neglect of the fore- going rule, in the presentation of persons known to be disagreeable, is very reprehensible. When introduced to a lady or gentleman in the streets, on the boulevards, or in the park, raise your hat at the moment of your acknowledging the honor. The genius of our Constitution entitles you to call upon the President of the United States, or the Governor of your own State, at any public reception, merely handing your card or cards to the master of ceremonies; but should you want a private interview, it is well to secure an official pre- sentation, by some Senator or Representative to whom you are known, although you would in all likelihood be received as soon as convenient by the Chief Executive, upon your own request. -- \When calling upon the Governor of another State, a more formal introduction is desirable, although still not impera- tive. Your interview will be more pleasant on both sides if you are properly vouched for by letters of introduction, or introduced by some person known to His Excellency. More ceremony is insisted on at all foreign courts, than in the official residences of the President and Governors in this country. It would not avail you in the slightest to send your card to Queen Victoria, should you visit Windsor while Her Majesty was staying at the castle, although Americans are permitted many privileges in England which would be peremptorily denied to visitors from any other nation, and to natives of the country. It is advisable always to comply with required ceremonies when they are not personally offensive. To procure a presentation at the English or any foreign court, you must first call upon the American Minister, or Representative at that court, and obtain credentials from that gentleman. You will at the same time obtain all necessary information as to time, forms, and ceremonies to be observed, with such particulars as could not be given here. A lady will of course be presented by a lady, and a gen- g-e- 764 ETIQUETTE OF SALUTATION. -ms--> tleman by a gentleman; ladies in full dress, and gentlemen in evening costume, that is to say, the black suit, including a dress coat-not a surtout, nor walking coat—with such other details as would be demanded for a ball-room in this country. There is an official at every European court, usually known as the Chamberlain or Lord Chamberlain, who, with his assistants, will give all necessary instructions to those who are to be presented at court, and see that the forms are complied with. Natives of monarchical countries are never presented unless attired in court costume, and vouched for as persons of good social standing. At European levees two cards are necessary, one to be left at the entrance, and one to be handed to the gentleman presenting, who will give your name. ####### HMS AND EIILHIE []FSALUTATION, CŞt)--> •= £ COUNTRIES have distinctive forms ') ( and etiquette for the salute. In some i places noses are gravely rubbed together, | " . & the lips not touching, and in others the lips --- 2D : are most considered, the collision of noses */\, •/\, being an incident for which no etiquette is necessary. In this country the prevalent salutations are bowing, raising the hat, ' graceful motions of the hands and body, #- $ CŞ-Q2/ shaking hands, words appropriate to the oc- casion, and kissing, the last named being re- served most sacredly for dear friends. A gentleman introduced to a young unmarried lady will not extend his hand unless the lady takes the initiative, but should the lady offer her hand he will take it promptly, as tardiness may be considered censure. Gentlemen introduced to each other will extend and grasp right hands for a moment. The presentation of a pas- sive hand, or one or two fingers, is an insolent and affected show of superiority. Continuing to hold and shake the hand, as though a lease had been taken for a term, is em- barrassing. Should two gentlemen be introduced to another, the third may extend both hands to receive theirs; otherwise, unless your right hand is disabled, do not use your left to greet a friend, and when you do so, apologize, stating why you de- part from the usual course. In the house of a friend, remove the glove from your right hand before grasping his, or if necessary to retain the glove, apologize. In your own house your hands should not be gloved when you receive friends, unless they call when you are dressed for going out, and the significance of your being gloved will be understood. Retain your glove ==" —== ---> | ETIQUETTE OF SALUTATION. 765 -—9 in the street when you meet a friend, but excuse yourself, as the replacement of your gloves on every occasion would inconvenience you and your friends. * Do not grasp hands as though you wished to show your muscular power; a brief firm grasp and gentle shake will Suffice. A gentleman meeting a lady with whom he is acquainted will observe her without obtruding his notice on her atten- tion, and pass without saluting, unless the lady bows. Should a lady bow to a gentleman in the street, even though at the moment he may be unable to recall or place her, he will raise his hat with the hand on the off side, bow slightly, and pass on. Ladies should not stop in the streets to speak to gentle- men friends, but when a lady thinks it necessary to do so, the gentleman accosted must pause. Gentlemen meeting ladies in the street should not turn and walk with them, unless expressly invited to do so, as the wish of the lady must rule. - When a conversation in the street should end, the lady , will bow slightly and the gentleman will take his leave. Should the lady continue the conversation, and walk on, the gentleman must accompany her, without a formal invita- tion, until dismissed, unless his business is so urgent as to compel him to tender excuses. Near relationship, or very closest intimacy, will alone ex- cuse a young unmarried lady speaking in the street to a gentleman; she should bow slightly and pass on. Married ladies are permitted greater freedom. The bow of a lady or gentleman should be a gentle movement of the body, not a jerky and ungraceful shaking of the head. Ladies in their own house are required to extend their right hand to every guest they receive. r When ladies and gentlemen meet on horseback, the lad is only required to bow slightly, but the gentleman saluted will take his whip and reins in his left hand, raise his hat with the right hand, inclining forward and slightly rising. If the lady is only accompanied by a groom, and the gen- tleman is on such terms as to warrant him in so doing, he may request permission to attend the lady; but if there is a gentleman in attendance such a request may not be made. A third person is always de trop. The hat must be raised in saluting a lady, but the head need not be uncovered when gentlemen salute, unless a lady or ladies accompany one or both of the salutants. . when spoken to on the street by a lady, raise your hat, and remain uncovered until the lady bids you replace it, or until the interview terminates. When shaking hands with a lady, a gentleman is not per- mitted to press the hand. When a gentleman on the street sees a lady with whom he is acquainted at a window, he may salute the lady if she has honored him with a recognition; but supposing the cir- cumstances reversed, the gentleman being at the window will not salute the lady passing on the street. When a lady and gentleman who are acquainted meet on the stairway in their friend's house, the gentleman will bow - |-- | respectfully. Supposing in such a case that instead of meeting on the stairway, both are about to ascend the stairs, the lady will stand aside for a moment, and the gentleman will bow in recognition of the honor and ascend the stairs first. Should they be about to descend the stairs, the gen- tleman will bow and stand aside, allowing the lady to pre- cede. Supposing a gentleman to enter a room carrying a hat, cane and gloves, or either of them, the impedimenta will be carried in his left hand, as the right hand must be free to salute his friends. Usually after the first formal visits, when acquaintance has ripened into friendship, such articles will be received by the host upon the arrival of his friend. Bow very slightly indeed to the lady who is walking with your gentleman friend, when you salute him on the street. You may not remember a person who bows to you on the street, or he may have blundered in thinking he knew you, but politeness requires you to return the salute. When you meet friends salute them with courtesy, but do not descend to coarse and boisterous familiarity. Some of the company may be merely acquaintances, and others familiar friends; let your salutation be such as to mark your appreciation of the most intimate, without leaving the less favored conspicuously in the shade. Slight marks will tell the story to those who are dearest, without effusion that might embarrass the others. Your salutations must be ad- dressed to each person, not to the assembly, as it is a social gathering and not a town meeting, and you are not at lib- erty to address those persons who may be present to whom you have not had the honor of an introduction, while your friends and intimates must be recognized individually. *H: fitti'IE. #NFINITELY various are the games that may be played with cards, and the courtesies that apply to one of the many forms of play extend over all. There are almost innumerable amusements of other kinds, harmless, social delights, to which the same general remarks apply; so we bring them all under the head, Etiquette of the Card Table." Married ladies, pronounced spinsters, and elderly gentlemen are entitled to be first considered when making up your card tables, as the young have other entertain- ments which suit their stage of life better than Whist or Bezique. People who have attained ripe maturity are very apt to be fond of cards, backgammon or chess. Those who think there is harm in whist should not be urged to play; scruples of conscience ought always to be respected. There are always enough players in any mixed --> +– 766 ETIQUETTE OF THE CARD TABLE. company to supply as many sets of four as your tables will accommodate. If asked to play, and capable of doing so, having no scru- ples nor engagement to prevent, etiquette requires you to join in making up the party. Whatever the game may be, do not take a hand unless you have sufficient acquaintance to assure you that you will not mar the pleasure of others. The card-room should be apart from the room in which the main amusements, conversation and music are carried on; but sometimes an evening is expressly given up to cards and other such quiet, reflective games. It is folly to take up cards because other amusements have failed. Whist, to be a success, must be played for its own sake. Intimate friends and members of the same family should not play as partners, because, being acquainted with each other's mode of play, they have their opponents, who may be less accustomed players, or less craftily matched, at a great disadvantage. Hus- band and wife should not play as partners, lest each may see fit to admonish the other on certain shortcom- ings in their respective play, which either of them would overlook if the partners were not so familiar. The rules of the game, whatever it may be, set forth in some standard authority, must be strictly conformed to by polite players. If your partner “trumps your trick,” “returns your opponent's lead,” and “re- vokes,” etiquette requires you to bear your lot without repining. Bring the game to an end as soon as conven- ient, without showing temper, and when cards are once more on the lapis, be sure to obtain better assistance. Some players criticise the play at the table, blaming part- ners and opponents without mercy; such men should play double dummy without partner or opponent. Cards will sometimes run persistently against you and your partner, and at other times just as much in your favor; etiquette requires you to show no feeling in either case, but to play an even, pleasant, philosophic game, not tinctured by depression nor elation. % If a mistake has been made call attention to the fact, and state the rule, with the penalty for infraction; but do not en- gage in any debate; “the game is not worth the candle.” You are playing for amusement, not fighting for an empire. While the game proceeds, confine attention mainly to its prosecution, but that will permita few pleasant remarks. Those who are not playing will sometimes stand or sit near the table, conversing with the players; that is entirely wrong; only four can play at whist, and the game will tax all their powers. Some tact is necessary to prevent intru- sion without seeming unsociable. Sometimes players try to convey information to their partners as to the condition of their hands, contrary to the letter and spirit of the game. Any such action is contrary to etiquette, and must lead to unpleasantness. The cards should lie untouched until the deal is complete, when each person should sort his hand. That brief inter- val may be spent in conversation. If the game is to be played at all, it is worth playing well, and etiquette demands that you should bear your part with alacrity, or retire from the table. When you make provision for a card party, etiquette requires you to provide new cards, and in some coteries new cards are provided for. every game. Unless the giver of the entertainment has provided cards, it is a breach of eti- quette to suggest that amuse- ment,as the host and hostess, knowing the peculiarities of every guest, as well as the genius of the locality, know best what form of pleasure will be most acceptable. Some players are consti- tutionally slow, and cannot play unless permitted to ruminate. Etiquette does not require you to play with them a second time, but having entered upon the game you are expected to continue without expression 2x", of impatience. % Disputes on nice points of the game mar the enjoyment of the evening; etiquette does not permit such sins against social rites. You may be right in the contention, but you are wrong as to the means, and can reserve the point until Hoyle can be consulted. . When you have a lady as your partner, and small stakes give zest to the game, etiquette permits you to pay your joint losses, but the lady receives her winnings. Heavy play is never in order in good society; social games should be indulged in for the, amusement that re- sults, but gambling is a vice which cannot be defended. Out-door amusements, such as croquet, call for precisely the same courtesies as whist, chess or bezique, and the stress of city life makes such forms of pleasure for both sexes commendable. Rules of every game are found in volumes appropriate; this chapter has only to make clear the dictum of etiquette. ##### NEW YEAR'S CALLS. HE genial custom of making New Year's calls has some privileges “more honored in the breach than in the observance;” but there are few persons in society who would wish to abolish the time-honored license of that festive season, how- ever strenuously they may coun- sel wise reforms. The formalities enforced in polite cir- cles at other seasons are relaxed with the coming of the New Year, and it is proper to define the privileges of the day. Ladies are able to announce through the press their intention to receive, and those who are silent are exempt from calls, save the polite attentions of friends. 2 Ladies determine whether they will be *.../* \'l called upon at their own homes, or in the *s, *y residence of some one of their set, and great economies of time and energy result from the fash- ionable innovation. . When no announcement is made as to the intention of a lady to receive elsewhere, her friends may safely wait upon her in her own home on New Year's Day. The weather being usually severe in this country on the first of January, and festivities being the order of the day, it is necessary that express provision should be made for the comfort of the visitors, whose politeness challenges the hospitality of the household. When many calls are ex- pected, two or more experienced servants should be in wait- ing in the hall to receive guests at the door, invite, and if necessary assist them to remove their wraps, precede them to the door of the drawing-room, and, when convenient, an- nounce the arrival. Guests on their entrance to the hall are expected to re- move overcoats, hats and gloves, so that they can enter the drawing-room free to receive and offer salutations. The veriest anchorite would prescribe refreshments for callers on New Year's Day, but some most estimable ladies in fashionable society are now favorable to the use of coffee, tea, and other harmless liquids, instead of the dangerous stimulants which a few years ago made it impossible for the caller to speak his mother tongue after he had made his calls. When a hurried call is intended, the outer wraps may be left in the hall, and in such cases, although refreshments may be offered, they should not be urged. Gloves should not be retained on their right hands by gentlemen whose business and pleasure for the day will con- sist mainly in meeting and offering salutations to their friends. Cards must be presented by callers, and should be sent up to the reception-room while the visitors are preparing to be ushered into the presence of the ladies. Calls cannot be prolonged by society men on New Year's Pay as their round is so extensive, and fifteen minutes is considered quite a visit; but friends of the family are wel- comed for a call of any duration that the ladies of the house can obtain. Gentlemen are not likely to remain unless they ascertain that their continued presence will be agree- able. * * *:::: ... ... . # *# * : The reception-room should be warm and b eautiful for the 2- 768 festive season, and the ladies will be the chief adornment. They will do the honors in full dress, offering hospitalities to all comers, without inviting to excess. There are many forms in which refreshments may be presented with but little danger for even the weakest, and the palate is not the chief means for social delight. Gentlemen making calls will present their cards, neatly written, engraved, or printed in script, to every lady taking part in the reception, as such cards are kept by ladies and treasured, the number received and other particulars being femembered for years. Calls may be made on New Year's Day as early as ten in the morning, and as late as nine at night, but before that time evidences of fatigue become common. Carriages may be used when making calls if the round of acquaintance is large, for the purpose of saving time as well as strength, but a gentleman may walk if he wishes, and his calls are few. Sometimes young gentlemen who have no carriages of their own unite to hire for the occasion, each calling upon the ladies with whom his friends are acquainted, and being introduced by them. The round of civilities so enjoyed does not war- rant gentlemen in calling subsequently without invitation. A gentleman will not call on ladies with whom he has no. acquaintance unless accompanied by some person qualified to make the presentation. Ladies may be assisted in receiving New Year's calls by young friends who come to great cities from considerable distances, for the honor. * Life-long friendships have sprung from and been cemented by the New Year's call, and there seems to be no reason to believe that the custom will die out. The tendencies of this country are so strongly in favor of business pursuits and money-making that no person need wish to see our few holidays eliminated from the social calendar. Ladies who are constrained most willingly to remain at home on New Year's Day, signalize the two or three days following by making calls, in a manner of course lady-like and decorous, but genial, and the compliments of the season are varied by conversation on the incidents immediately preceding the call. It is unnecessary to give the rules of etiquette that govern on that occasion, as they vary but slightly from the modes observed in ordinary calls, and are generally made where ties of friendship warrant freedom. In Europe the New Year is not made the occasion for any such friendly license as we notice in this country; the chief hospitalities in England, for instance, being confined to Christmas, when families which may have been severed by business engagement all through the year, make great ef- forts to attend the re-union at home, proper to that time. Santa Claus in that country is unknown, but a strong like- ness may be traced between that portly gentleman, with beard adorned by icicles, and old Father Christmas, who is known to be just as apt to fill the stockings of expectant youth. English novelists make strong points in their best works, of reconciliations brought about in family circles, after long and bitter feuds, by the charm of that hospitable NEW YEAR's CALLS. season. Dickens has made the phase of old country life familiar in “The Pickwick Papers,” and in his “Christmas Chimes,” and other such annual presentations of the gaiety, common to the twenty-fifth of December; and our readers will remember that there is no system of calls forming part of the round of festivities. A certain exclusiveness is natural to Englishmen of whatever rank, and during Christmas tide while the Yule log sparkles on the hearth, the family, most sacred of institutions, is fortified by custom, so that very few, if any, would choose to ask admission to a strange fire- side, unless warranted by introductions from dear and valued friends. Charities are widely dispensed at that season, to enable the poor to celebrate the glorious time, and those who are away from loved ones then, feel that their lot is pecu- liarly hard. The theaters produce pantomimes, peculiarly adapted to make youth hilarious, and bristling with puns of the most atrocious kind, to delight the elders, who find their highest pleasure in watching the faces of the young, as they dance with joy, when a policeman is overwhelmed with garden stuff, or Pantaloon has disappeared through a trap, after robbing some wayfarer of his dinner. It mat- ters little what day is set apart for holiday-making, so that . the heart is not wholly seared by business, and it is well to note the variations among kindred united by the Atlantic. JEWELRY FOR GENTLEMEN. Jewels are an ornament to women, but a blemish to men. They usually bespeak either effeminacy or a love of display, although a little concession in this respect may be made and keep within the bounds of good taste. The man of good taste will wear as little jewelry as possible. One handsome signet-ring on the little finger of the left hand, a scarf-pin which is neither large nor showy nor too intricate in its de- sign, and a light, rather thin watch-guard with a cross-bar, are all that he ought to wear. But if he will wear more than this, let everything be real and good. False jewelry is an absolute vulgarity; its use arises from an attempt to ap- pear richer or grander than its wearer is. Let it be simple. Elaborate studs, sleeve-buttons and links are all abominable. Diamonds and brilliants are quite unsuitable to men, whose jewelry should never be conspicuous. A single diamond of great value may be worn on great occasions as a ring, but no more than one ring should ever be worn by a gentleman. Let it be distinguished rather by its curiosity than its brill- iance. An antique or bit of old jewelry possesses more in- terest than the most splendid production of the goldsmith's shop. Let it harmonize with the colors of your dress. Let it have some use. Men should never, like women, wear jewels for mere ornament. The precious stones are reserved for ladies, and even scarf-pins are more suitable without them. The wearing of orders, clasps, and ribbons, except on official or extraordinary occasions, can not be too severely condemned. If these are really given for merit they will add nothing to our fame; if, as in nine cases out of ten, they are bestowed merely because the recipient has done his duty, they may impose on fools, but will, if anything, pro- voke only awkward inquiries from sensible men. < | -- * STREET ETIQUETTE. HE street, boulevard and par have their observances and eti- quette, which must be understood and practiced by all who esteem themselves, and desire to be hon- ored as denizens in the world of fashion, and we shall therefore * * systematize and submit to our readers a code of things to be done, and to be avoided in that vast realm of wisdom and wealth. The age of chivalry, which was mourned as > passed away '% by one of the most e lo quent , " writers of the last century, Edmund Burke, is truly yet in its young prime, with no prospect of de- clension, as the rule of the gentler sex is felt and ac- knowledged by all ranks and conditions of men, wherever Western civilization holds sway, and the dominion of that power widens with every year. . A lady in the street, boulevard or park may not be salut- ed by a gentleman, unless he has received a slight bow from the lady; he may then raise his hat with the hand farthest from the lady, bow respectfully and pass on, not under any consideration pausing to speak, unless the lady pauses in her promenade. When gentlemen unaccompanied by ladies meet, each will raise his hat very slightly, if they are on such terms as to warrant recognition, but they need not bow unless the person saluted is entitled to special marks of respect, by STREETETTTTTT The refined couple, and the couple who make themselves ridiculous. reason of advanced years, social rank, or attainments, or having taken holy orders. Clergymen should always be so honored. In every such case agentleman will raise the hat with the hand farthest from the person saluted, but the head need not be decidedly uncovered, as when a lady has given recognition. : . When a gentleman is escorting a lady, his wife, mother, sister, friend, or relative on the street, or in any public place, it is his duty to insist modestly on carrying any article she may have in her hand, except the parasol when that is nec- 2×××i essary as a sun shade; that article must not under such circumstances be borne by the gentleman, unless be- cause of sickness or old age the lady requires peculiar as- sistance. Gentlemen walking with a lady, or with agentleman ven- erable for years, attainments, or office, will give the inner path to the person escorted, unless the outer portion of the walk is more safe. The con- cession will be made without remark, and the lady will as- sume whenever the gentle- man changes his position that # == there is a sufficient reason for - " moving from one side to the other. When gentlemen pause to speak to each other on the street, they will, as a matter of course, shake hands and bow, lifting the hat with the left hand at the moment of their clasping the right. Should a lady accost a gentleman on the street when he is smoking he will at once extinguish his cigar, and decline politely but firmly to resume it, even though the lady should urge him to continue. Gentlemen will never smoke when walking with a lady, as although there is no intentional disrespect in smoking, Q—a- # % 77o STREET ETIQUETTE. the act under such circumstances conveys the idea of slight regard for the lady, to other persons. Gentlemen walking together may use any pace not actu- ally violent or ungraceful; but when accompanying ladies, aged persons, or the weak, they will accommodate them- selves to their friends. Gentlemen will not swing their arms, nor sway their bodies in an ungainly manner when walking; ladies are never guilty of any such ungraceful action, and need no counsel in that respect. s - Ladies sometimes, though very rarely, walk too quickly on the street; that should be avoided; a message by tele- phone will generally obviate the necessity for speed at the expense of grace. * Ladies walking on the street are not expected to recognize gentlemen or friends on the other side of the road; to do so would necessitate habits of observation inconsistent with ladylike repose. s Gentlemen spoken to by ladies on the street, or by strangers asking information, or seeking direction themselves, will raise their hats, and when a lady speaks, remain uncovered. Loud talk on the street, or in a public conveyance, or whispering and boisterous merriment, are unmistakable signs of bad training; conversations should be decorous and in moderate tones. Ladies or gentlemen staring about them in the street as though they were villagers dazed by the splendor of a city, suggests unacquaintance with the habits of polite society. Looking back after a person you have passed in the street is a breach of etiquette of which no lady will be guilty; should it be absolutely necessary to see the person again, turn and walk in the same direction. Loud ejaculatory remarks when you are passing your friends in the street should be avoided, and calling to a per-. son on the other side of the street is not permissible. Eating on the street is a bad habit, apt to breed dyspeptic conditions, and militant against grace and ladylike deport- ment, which demands intellectual repose of manner. Should you when on a promenade see a friend in a store, you will give no sign of recognition, nor under such cir- cumstances will you expect any; if you must see your friend enter the store. Pausing to examine the contents of a store window evinces bad taste; you can visit the store at any time and see the whole of the stock whenever you desire to make purchases, or see sights. Discussions of questions likely to induce contention should be avoided on the street, and in any public place, ex- cept a town meeting. Religion and politics are taboo on the promenade. If a carriage is passing when you wish to cross the road, wait until the way is clear, and you avoid danger as well as an ungracious display. • A gentleman who has been spoken to in the street by a lady, will remain until the lady has intimated by a slight bow that the interview is at an end, when he will politely take his leave. <-- . ~~~ - –=" –-m-" Should a lady speak to a gentleman who is walking with a friend the group will pause, and the stranger, who is re- quired to pause with his friend, must be introduced. It is wrong for any member of the party to move on before the lady has given the accustomed token of dismissal. Gentle- men on such occasions raise their hats and retain them in their hands. If there is a throng in the streets through which you wish to pass with a lady, do not attempt force, but courteously ask the crowd to make way. There is more power in cour- tesy than in muscular strength. Do not advance your hand to salute a gentleman until you are quite near, as a display of impulsiveness in the street is very undesirable. If your friend has another gentleman with him and you have some confidential communication to make, apologize to the other gentleman and let your private interview be brief. Personal matters should never be mentioned when third persons are present, unless you know that the third person is conversant with the facts, and has no objection to be in- cluded in the conversation. In any case you will avoid dis- cussion of such affairs in a public company, whether of friends or strangers. When friends must be mentioned give their names respectfully in a subdued tone. When a lady is caught in a rain storm, any gentleman , may offer his umbrella, but the lady will decline the polite- ness, firmly yet kindly, unless the gentleman is known to her. If she is acquainted with the gentleman and he ap- pears to be going her way, the lady will accept the gentle- man as her escort. Sometimes, when the gentleman has business to detain him, the loan of the umbrella may be ac- cepted, but the lady will send a messenger to return it im- mediately she reaches home. Common politeness demands the nicest attention to such details in societary life. A gentleman occupying a seat in an omnibus when a lady is standing, may rise and offer the seat to the lady. Gentle- men will of course pass the fare of a lady and deposit it in the box; and if a lady unaccompanied by a gentleman is leaving the omnibus, the gentleman nearest the door may alight, assist the stranger to descend, and resume his place. When a lady accepts the seat which a gentleman has sur- rendered she should thank him for his courtesy, and the gentleman must bow his acknowledgments. In any strait or difficulty, where a lady or an elderly per- son, or an invalid requires assistance, a gentleman, though a stranger, may give help, and the obligation ends as soon as the service rendered has been acknowledged. In ordi- nary circumstances the lady is allowed to precede the gen- tleman, when the two cannot advance side by side, but when 'danger, or the possibility of inconvenience suggest a change, the gentleman will determine with promptitude what course is best, and act accordingly. The gentleman who renders any service to a strange lady will respectfully take his leave as soon as his good deed has been accomplished, and it is optional with the lady to recog- nize the gentleman the next time they meet, or not. Cus- tomarily, ladies are not unmindful of a service. 2. * *. s - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - \, * *\!/ - | - - | - |- . - - / ~| - - - - * - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ETIQUETTE OF RIDING AND DRIVING. N this country riding and driving are elegant and healthful forms of exercise, not confined to a limited class, and the etiquette of the road must be laid down with consummate precision. Walking and riding have vary- ing laws in different countries, as for instance there is an old English verse which claims the law of locomotion as a paradox, on the ground that “If you go left, you are sure to go right; and if you go right, you go wrong.” In this country the rule of driving and riding is to keep to the right always. # It matters little what law is followed, so that the custom is uniform, and you can calculate the course that will be pursued by the stranger horseman whom you are approaching. Any doubt on that point might be productive of disaster. To ride and drive are elegant ac- complishments, conducive to health, as well as comfort, giving vigor to the frame, and grace to the carriage of both sexes. There is no better exercise, if we except good walking. To excel in these practices demands much exercise, com- menced in early days, when the fibers of brain and body are young and tractable. Many ladies, as well as gentlemen, attain proficiency in both arts; there is no sight more beau- tiful than a lady in the saddle, when the fair equestrienne is perfectly at home and easy in her elevation. There is a certain phraseology proper to horsemanship, which must not be lightly varied from, nor forgotten. You are about to mount, and any blunder in the act may expose you to ridicule, so we will review that operation. You take your place on the near side of the horse, that is, where. your left foot can be placed in the stirrup, and the corres- ponding hand on the saddle; now all is ready, and a manly spring places you on the back of your steed, your right foot finds the stirrup on the off side, and you sit firmly. No book learning can make you a rider, and you had better place yourself in the hands of an efficient trainer, although you may have no wish to rival Young Harry “and witch the world with noble horsemanship.” | || You must not ride in public until you have been assured by your friends that your management of the horse is pre- sentable, and by many trials that it is safe. You will need many months of steady practice, at such times as you can spare from daily avocations—for this book is not written for people who are exempt from the cares of money-making– before you can, with due regard to her safety, not to mention your own, invite a lady to be your companion on the traveled road. We will consider your term of probation over, and proceed to the next stage in your accomplishment. You are not probably the owner of two horses, and the horse you ride is not used to the motion of the riding skirt; so when you ask a lady to accompany you, your first care will be to find a horse habituated to side-saddle and skirt Take some man fully posted in such matters into your con- fidence, so that your judgment may be reinforced in the choice to be made and in the perfect equipment of the animal, as the simplest inattention to detail may cost a life. There are some men in whom the temptation to cheat in a horse trade is so strongly reinforced by inherent vice, that even though deacons, in full communion, they must needs fall; but the worst specimen of congenital depravity would hesi- tate to gratify his darling predilection at the risk of a lady's life. Again, you may be supposed to know something of manhood, and it would be stretching the point unduly to assume that you must select one of the worst of your sex as your counselor. Having used every precaution to procure the best horse, under proper conditions, for the safety of the lady, and hav- ing seen that every item of its furniture is fit to be trusted with a king's ransom, you may permit the horse to be sent to its destination. Send the groom to the horse's head, and yourself attend the lady, who will place herself on the left or near side of the horse, her face toward the head of the animal, the habit skirt grasped in her left hand, her right on the pommel of the saddle. You are at the horse's shoulder, facing the lady, stooping sufficiently to bring your left hand where it can hold her raised foot. Your power of muscle will not be very severely tried, as the lady will spring toward the saddle, 9—*- -*- 774 ETIQUETTE OF RIDING AND DRIVING. and you will firmly second her movements. The lady is in the saddle; you will place the stirrup in position to receive her foot, arranging the flowing robe to her satisfaction. Be sure she is firm in the seat, and has every appointment just as could be wished, then your next solicitude must be that she shall not be kept waiting. You cannot too soon employ your acquired dexterity, by springing into your own saddle. We assume that the lady is perfect mistress of her steed, and that you have an enjoyable ride in prospect. You are not required to remain rigidly in one position by the lady's side, but may fall behind whenever by so doing you can consult her advantage, remembering always that your place is to the lady's right, unless the direction of the wind, or any other circumstances, make it advantageous for the lady that you should ride on the left or near side. Your duty would be more arduous if the lady were an unaccustomed rider, and when there are many ladies in your party some of them are sure to be nervous, or affected, so that you may have to quit your assigned position on the off side, and take your post wherever you may be wanted. You will not touch the horse ridden by the lady, any more than you would interfere with the “mount” of a gentleman friend, unless in case of danger, or upon being so requested. You will not attempt any display of your powers as a horseman, however accomplished you may be, as the lady governs, and you will accommodate yourself to her pace during the ride. While acting as cavalier servente you will have no thoughts outside your self-imposed duty, and etiquette would not justify another person in challeng- ing your attention. When you are attending a lady on the promenade, you should not quit her side, except in her ser- vice, and with her sanction; that law is still more binding on the attendant, during equestrian exercise. Thousands of instances on record, many within our own knowledge, attest the great risks that attend on horseback riding when an incompetent or careless groom waits on the fair equestri- enne. It is needless to say another word on this suggestive theme, your paramount duty is to avoid or avert mishap to the lady Should you, when riding alone, receive an intimation from a lady that she would speak to you, you are bound to dismount and give the lady your respectful attention, until the close of the interview by the lady bowing your congé, and giving you your dismissal. Such interviews are sel- dom accorded save in cases of urgency. Precisely the same attentions that would be given to a lady on the promenade are due from the gentleman, under the altered circumstances of the ride; he must guard her from annoyance, inconvenience and danger, and a like obligation rests upon young persons riding with the aged. But it is time to bring the excursion to an end, so we have returned to the point of departure. The lady has cleared herself from the pommel of the saddle, gives her hand, the left this time, to the right of the gentleman, places her foot in his left hand, and quits the saddle without springing, being gently lowered to the ground. Driving is almost a fine art, and etiquette determines "T- every point with inflexible rigor, as comfort, safety, even life itself, may depend on the observance of fixed rules. The seat facing the horses is reserved for ladies, the guest, or an elderly gentleman, if any such are to honor the occa- sion, and when a lady is present, no gentleman, unless her husband or near relative, will sit beside her uninvited. The seat with the back to the horses is assigned to gentlemen or attendants. When a coachman holds the reins, the seat on the right facing the horses is the lady's privilege. Any inattention to such points will militate against your repute. Enter the carriage without haste or awkwardness, and avoid turning after you have entered. When there are ladies present, be sure that their dresses and wraps are out of danger of being crushed or trodden on before you advance, or having entered, before the door is closed. Gentlemen must enter the carriage after the ladies are seated, and precede them in leaving, as their convenience must be considered in every movement. When assisting ladies to alight, guard their apparel from being soiled by dust or mud on the carriage wheels or guards, or you will neutralize the pleasure of a drive. Attendants, when any are present, will open carriage doors and lower steps, but handing out the ladies is exclusively the privilege of the escort. It might seem unnecessary to insist so strongly on this point, as every gentleman will certainly know his right in this particular, and not allow his pleasant duty to be usurped; but there are others that may peruse this volume, anxious to ascertain the proper rule of action in each emer- gency, and in their interest we cannot be too explicit in defining the actions to be avoided, as well as the duty to be done, by men who seek to be efficient helpers. Education among hired grooms is making great advances in our age. During the drive gentlemen consult the lady or ladies as to the course to be taken, but orders to coachmen are not given by ladies when gentlemen are in attendance. Coach- men well versed in their duties know to whom they are to look for orders, and how to drive at the start and on the return. Drive close to the sidewalk, then turn the horses toward the road center, which leaves room between the wheels for ladies to be handed in conveniently. When the ladies are seated, cover their dresses with a lap robe, and see that they are provided with all requisites for their comfort. After attending to every detail, take your seat opposite the ladies, unless you drive. When you drive take the right hand seat, that your right arm may be untrammeled, and that you may have a clear view of the road. When you dis- mount away from home, secure an attendant, or otherwise hitch your team, to avoid a possible runaway and destruction. Continue that precaution until the ladies have resumed their seats, and you are in your place with the reins in hand. Ladies sometimes hysterically grasp the reins, that is a breach of etiquette which intensifies danger. Never inter- fere with the driver, unless consulted, and then state your desire. If he is not capable shorten your excursion, but do not grasp the reins, if you value your safety and repute for lady-like serenity. 2- £# | # == --~~~~~~~~": | * ; :: ~ * F # , .<'' £." £: * Je. * -–9 | ETIQUETTE OF DINNER PARTIES. 775 # *...*.*.*.*.*- ź. EIILETTE # £3. * * *.*.*.*.*.*. *NNER-HOUR has been pro- nounced by Dr. Johnson to be, £- in civilized life, the most important hour of the # twenty-four. A young man or a young woman unaccustomed to the settled observances of such occasions can hardly pass through a more severe ordeal than a formal dinner. A knowledge of the principal points of the etiquette of the dinner table may be acquired from a careful study of the different books treating on this subject. Mere book reading without study of men and manners, in actual life, would not give you the ease and elegance that marks the finished lady or gentleman in every relation of social exist- . ence; but books are the expressed essence and condensed philosophy of innumerable intellects, ren- dered into the form that will meet the wants of inquirers, and from such volumes you may learn how to apply the knowledge that others have gained from experience. It should be borne in mind that it is of the highest importance that all persons should conduct themselves with the strict- est regard to good breeding wherever they may be, in the privacy of their own homes, or at more friendly or less formal dinner parties. A neglect of such observances and an ignorance of dinner etiquette will be very mortifying, and render one stiff and awkard in society; one's manners at the table will indicate, as nothing else can, the good breeding of a gentleman or lady. Beau Brummell broke off an engagement because of a trivial impropriety at dinner. * That supreme dandy is not our ideal of manhood he serves to point a moral. The reader should guard against relying wholly upon this or any other book on etiquette, but keep eyes and ears open, and wits about him. “Wait and see what others do, |, but - and follow the prevailing mode.” Complete self-possession, habits of observation, a fair share of practical common sense, and a most careful study of the published rules of table eti- tte, will carry one safely, if not pleasantly, through it. Invitations. Invitations to a dinner party are usually issued several days before the appointed time. The length of time is al- ways proportionate to the grandeur of the occasion, and varies from two days to two weeks. The forms used in giving invitations, also in acceptances and regrets, are fully given in the chapters on “Notes of Invitation,” “Acceptances and Regrets.” The success of dinner parties must largely depend on the tact of the hostess and the good fortune of the host in securing eligible guests. The presence of a lion does not put the matter beyond the reach of failure; the celebrity is not always an agreeable person, and often times must be surrounded with specially qualified satellites, as some dishes require garnish, to make them present- able. For such reasons, and many more, it is desirable that the guest should be sought, not because his name is bla- zoned, but on account of acceptable qualities, that win a welcome. The number of guests should not be too large; from six to twelve form the best number, being neither too large nor too small. As there is among certain people a superstition about the number of thirteen, the hostess should respect it, even though it may appear very foolish and absurd. The Dress. The person accepting an invitation to a dinner party must attend in “full dress.” In this “age of progress” there is less attention given to dress, and a little more latitude al- lowed in most circles of fashionable society. A gentleman's “full dress,” when strictly interpreted, leaves him but little choice. It consists of a black dress coat, black vest (white, if in warm weather) and black trousers; white necktie, patent leather boots and white kid gloves. The light shades of kid and black necktie are not now considered au Jait. Jewelry of a more showy description than that worn earlier in the day is permissible. The expensiveness of apparel is not of so much importance as that it shall be fresh and clean. Newness and extravagance in costume, are among the most unmistakable marks of the parvenu. The dress of lady, or gentlemen, will never engross atten- tion; grace and intellect supply the charm. 57 776 ETIQUETTE OF DINNER PARTIES. Fashion allows the lady greater scope to exercise her taste in the selection of materials and choice of colors, although a distinction must be made between the elaborate full dinner dress of a large party, and that of dressing for an ordinary dinner, where a large party is present. A dinner dress should be as elaborate as for a ball, and must be of the best quality. It should be of silk, and of the latest make, with an ample train. Jewelry of the greatest value, dia- monds, emeralds, rubies, etc., may be worn, though it is in bad taste to wear too much jewelry at any time. The hair should be carefully dressed, and may be richly adorned. An opera-cloak, fan, and white and perfectly-fitting kid gloves must not be forgotten. For an ordinary dinner, a demi-toilet is all that is necessary; the dress of a rich material, the hair carefully dressed, but not elaborately adorned; jewelry, moderate in quantity and in keeping with the effect of the costume, white and perfectly-fitting gloves must be worn. An acceptance to dinner on Sunday does not require the guest to appear in full dress; the ladies appearing in high dresses or demi-toilet; gentlemen, in walking dresses. Punctuality. Punctuality is said to be the soul of business. It is the soul of pleasure also. Be punctual in your attendance at dinner. You should arrive from ten to fifteen minutes before the dinner hour; this interval will give time for intro- ductions and greetings, and for the assignment of escorts to the table. If you arrive too early, the hostess might not be ready to receive. To delay beyond the hour appointed is unpardonable rudeness. The dinner cannot be served until the guests have arrived. If it is spoiled through your tardi- ness, you justly incur the indignation not only of the host, but of every one of his guests. A dinner, however, never should be delayed for one guest; it would be a rudeness to the guests who were considerate enough to be punctual. Reception of Guests. * The lady who gives a dinner party should be very punct- ual. She should be in the drawing-room some few minutes before her guests are expected, that she may glance around and see that everything is arranged as she would wish —chairs and sofas placed where they can be easily used, etc. The gentlemen and daughters of the house should be present. The guests at a dinner party assemble in the drawing-room, which should be well warmed, and have plenty of light, well distributed. When a guest is announced the lady of the house should advance a little way to receive her guest. The chairs should be arranged so as not to create any confusion on their entrance; and the welcome should be smiling and cordial, not stiff and formal. Should a guest be late, or the cook unpunctual, the lady must not show any outward signs of annoyance or impatience, but endeavor to make the guests forget it, by pleasing and amusing con- versation. s At formal dinners, on arrival, a gentleman is handed a tray with cards, among which he finds one containing his g-- own name, with that of the lady he is to escort to dinner. Or another method is to enclose the card containing the two names in an envelope bearing his address. Sometimes the tray is left upon the hall table, and from it each gentleman takes the card addressed to him, or it may be handed to him by a servant as he is ready to enter the drawing-room. The gentleman after greeting the hostess, seeks the lady whose escort he is to be, if she is an acquaintance; if not, he asks the host to introduce him to her. Guests should also request to be introduced to any members of the family with whom they are not acquainted, and to the guest in whose honor the dinner is given. Arrangement of Guests at the Table. It is one of the first and most difficult things properly to arrange the guests and place thern in such a manner that the conversation may always be general during the enter- tainment. Avoid as much as possible seating next to one another two persons of the same profession, as it would necessarily result in an interesting discussion between them- selves, and mar the general conversation, and consequently the cheerfulness of the occasion. If the number of gentle- men is nearly equal to that of the ladies, care should be taken to intermingle them. Separate husbands from their wives, and remove near relatives as far from one another as pos- sible, because being always together they ought not to con- verse among themselves in a general party. Gentlemen must be assiduous, but not officious, in their attention to the ladies, saving them from all trouble in procuring whatever they are in want of at the table, and seeing that they lack nothing. If a clergyman be present he is invited by the host to say grace; if not, the gentleman of the house does so. Each guest should treat such an observance with respect; courtesy to your host requires it, if veneration fails to suggest it. Duties of Host and Hostess. Every dinner ought to be as good as possible, and as taste costs no money and little time, there is no reason why the most modest meal should not be neatly spread, and served with the ceremonies which apply to the more formal occa- sions, so far as they are applicable, and add to the charm of the occasion. The plainest room may be made beautiful by taste, and the homeliest fare appetizing by neatness and skill. There is nothing more distressing to a dinner party than to see a hostess ill at ease, or to detect an interchange of nervous glances between her and the servants. A host and hostess seem insensibly to control the feelings of all the guests, it matters not how many there may be. In well- appointed houses not a word is spoken at dinner between hostess and attendants. What necessity where the servants are in the daily practice of their duties? The duties of the host and hostess are much lightened by the present fashion of giving dinner parties a la Russe; this is far preferable to the old mode of having the joints, etc., on the table; but it supposes that you have a sufficient number of waiters, as otherwise it would be impossible and --- * ~ °-- the guests may see what will be handed around, and may be prepared to select, or wait for, whatever dishes they may prefer. Soup is then handed, sherry is offered after it. Fish follows soup. Then the made dishes are handed, duplicates of each being handed simultaneously on each side of the table, after these follow the pieces de resistance- turkey, lamb, mutton, etc. Then follow game, puddings, tarts, jellies, etc. At formal dinners they have little to do except to make themselves agreeable. All the training of servants must be done beforehand, and any blunders or mistakes must be passed in silence, and all trace of anxiety be banished, if possible. The hostess needs self-possession and tact, so that she may place all guests at ease and anticipate every want. The combination of the French and Russian mode of serving dinners is to be preferred if the dinner party is small. Soup is put opposite to the lady of the house; if there are two soups a tureen will be at each end, and be Sll C- ceeded by two kinds of fish. It may be that the soup is be- fore the lady, and the fish at the same time placed before the gentleman. The servant holds the plate close to the tureen, and one ladle full is sent to each person. The gen- tleman on her right generally saves her the trouble of help- ing it. The soup and fish are succeeded by the meat and chickens, or turkey. The mutton or lamb is put before the gentleman; the chicken or turkey before the lady, who is assisted in carving by the gentleman beside her, but before either of these dishes are uncovered the servants hand the side dishes which are not now put on the table. The second course follows—the game is put before the gentleman; the lady has the pudding; jelly, blanc-mange, etc., are at the sides; cheese follows the second course, after- ward the dessert. Ice is handed round first, the separate dishes of fruit, etc., after which the servants leave the room. The wine is passed round the table, and the gentlemen help the ladies to it, as well as to any more fruit which they may require. For family dinners never attempt too much. The dinner should be, and appear to be, an every-day affair. Such a din- ner will tax more closely the attention and hospitality of the host and hostess. Soup and fish are placed upon the table and sent to each person. It is rude and inhospitable to ask a guest whether he will take soup or fish; he will probably take both, and it limits him to one by the question. The same mode is pursued with the end dishes; they are helped and handed after the side dishes have been sent round. Vegetables and sauces are handed as quickly as possible by the servant. Wine is offered by the servants after soup or fish and during dinner. The host, if a graceful carver, should exercise that useful accomplishment, and the dinner will seem more hospitable and homelike for it. In carving one should stand up. The carver should serve meats as cut so as not to fill the platter with hacked fragments. It may be taken for granted, in serving a fowl, that everyone will take a picce of the breast; the wings and breast should be placed crisp side upper- of the slice should be kept from contact with vegetables or gravy, so that its delicacy may be preserved. Kindly and courteous attention is expected at all times from the host and hostess, but more especially in the privacy of domestic life. Proceeding to Dinner. The dinner prepared and the guests arrived, properly in- troduced to escorts, and the side of the table—whether to the right or left of the host or hostess—assigned so that there may be no unseemly confusion in the dining-room, the ser- vant quietly announces dinner by a bow to the host, who is on the alert for the signal, and at once offers his arm to and leads the way with the oldest lady, or the lady in whose honor the dinner is given, the hostess following last with the most honored gentleman. The younger guests will allow the older ones to precede them. The host places the lady whom he escorts on his right, the others finding their places without confusion, and all remain standing until the hostess is seated, when each lady seats herself in the chair provided by her escort, and the gentlemen follow their example im- mediately. The lady always sits at the right of her escort. The seats of the host and hostess should be at opposite ends of the table. The waiters begin to pass the dishes at the right of the host, ending with the lady of the house, and with the one on the right of the hostess, ending with the host. At the table, as well as at all other places, the lady takes prece- dence to the gentlemen. Duties of the Guest. Guests as soon as seated remove gloves, place the napkin partly opened across the lap, with gloves under it. Each guest is served with soup, and eats or makes a pretense of eating it; he must never take a second supply of soup or fish. After soup the guest may refuse or partake of whatever is offered. If a plate is set before a guest that he does not want, he does not touch it. A gentleman must attend to the wants of the lady he has escorted to the dinner table before he attends to his own. Of the contents of the dishes carried round by the servants, the guest should never help himself to more than his share. A gentleman in assisting a lady to any article of food should avoid overloading her plate. Pour sauce on the side of the plate. st Guests do not now wait until all are served before they begin eating. * s One should acquaint themselves with the contents of a dish before accepting it. If you do not know what it is, ask; better do this than, having tasted it, send it away, as if it were not your fancy. A guest should not select any particular part of a dish un- less requested to do so, but when asked some part should be named. Never compel the host to choose as well as carve. Table Manners. In taking your place at the table try to take an easy posi- tion. Sit firmly in your chair, neither too close nor too far -–9 ETIQUETTE OF DINNER PARTIES. 777 ridiculous. On each plate a bill of fare is placed so that most, the stuffing not scattered, and the brown side or edge * *=-__ --> Q—- 778 away from the table, without lolling, leaning back, drum- ming or any other uncouth action. Unfold your napkin and lay it in your lap. Eat soup with your spoon, holding a piece of bread in your left hand; cut your food with your knife, but use your fork to convey it to your mouth. • Break your bread, do not bite it. Drink from your cup, not from the saucer; if your tea or coffee is too hot wait until it cools. Eggs should be eaten from the shell (clipping off a little of the larger end) with or without an egg cup; the egg cup is to hold the shell, not its contents. When you send your plate away from the table remove the knife and fork and allow them to rest upon a piece of bread. When you have finished the course lay your knife and fork on your plate parallel to each other, the handles toward the right hand. Eat moderately and slowly. Do not seem to be in haste to commence eating, as if you were half starved, neither is it necessary to wait until all have been served before you commence. Remember that bread is the only comestible which the custom of well-bred people permits to be laid off your plate upon the table-cloth. It is perfectly proper for you to “take the last piece” if you want it; the presump- tion is that there is more in reserve. The table is the place of all others where pleasant words and social chit-chat should be introduced, avoiding heated arguments or the considera- tion of abstruse principles. The Arrangement of the Table. The table linen should be clean and snow white, and fresh from the laundry, the cutlery polished, the china clean and without blemish. It is customary to place the castor, fruit plates, etc., in the center of the table, a vase or stand of flowers at intervals down it; care should be taken that these are not so preten- tious as to prevent those dining from having an unobstructed view of their neighbor opposite. Each guest should be pro- vided with the following:- On the right of space left for plate place three knives (one a fish-knife) and a spoon. On the left, three forks (that for sweets smaller than the others). On the right at least four glasses in number, as it is a great breach of etiquette, as well as sign of vulgarity, to drink more than one kind of wine out of a glass, hence one glass should be allotted to each sort of wine, and the number equal the number of different kinds of wine at dinner. Each guest will be provided with a table-napkin, which will occupy the place reserved for the plate. Dining-room chairs should be of equal height, and the table should be firm and solid; cane seat chairs are not fit for dining-room use; they play havoc with laces and fine fabrics. The temperature, ventilation, and light of the din- ing-room should be attended to with care. Guard against having the dining-room too hot, or too cold. General Rules Regarding Dinners. The dinner itself will be governed largely by the season and taste of the host. ETIQUETTE OF DINNER PARTIES. —=" The first course is soup. All must accept it, even if they let it remain untouched; soup should be eaten from the side, not the point, of the spoon, and there should be no noise when sipping. On no account should it be called for a second time. Fish follows soup, and must be eaten with a fork un- less fish knives are provided. The sauce should be put upon the side of the plate. Fish may be declined, but must not be called for twice. A dinner, however humble in its pretensions, should never consist of less than three courses; namely, soup or fish, a joint, which may be accompanied with poultry, or game, or pastry; followed as a matter of course by cheese with salad. " * “Where the dinner is small, it is sufficient to provide port, sherry, claret, or a Rhenish wine; if desired, a bottle of champagne may be added.” “For dessert each guest must be provided with a silver spoon and fork, a plate with a small folded napkin on it, and three glasses for port, sherry and claret. Finger glasses con- taining rose water may be placed on each guest's left hand, though the present mode is for the perfumed water to be taken around in a deep silver dish, each person in turn dip- ping the corner of his napkin into it and wetting the fingers and lips. “Every host should see that his attendants are fully in- structed in their duties, and each should attend to these only. Also see that they are instructed in the right pronunciation of the names of wines. The servant hands everything at the guest's left hand.” “The entrees follow fish; they are served in covered side- dishes; only one should be tasted, or at the most more than two of these. They consist of sweet breads, pates, cutlets, and made dishes generally.” “The roast meats follow. You must not begin to eat meat until you have all the accessories, the vegetables, gravy, etc.” Eat peas, jelly, pastry, and all sorts of thick sauces with your fork. Use your dessert spoon in eating curries. Vari- ous of the softer made dishes, puddings, ices, and custards are eaten with a spoon. Asparagus may be eaten with knife and fork. Corn may be eaten from the cob; you need not feel obliged to cut off the kernels with a knife. Tea and coffee accompanied by a few wafers, or plate of very light biscuits, are dispensed in the drawing-room; they should be handed around by servants. One cup of tea or coffee only should be taken. A little music will give relief to the conversation. At a gentleman's party where the hostess is absent it is the host alone who may call upon any of the company for a toast, speech, or song; it would be a breach of etiquette for guests to invite each other. The English habit of gentlemen remaining after the ladies have retired, to indulge in wine, conversation, etc., has never been popular in this country. After retiring to the drawing-room the guests should in- termingle in a social manner, and the time until the hour of taking leave may be spent either in conversation, or in vari- *- —-" T-- - # - * —a—9 ETIQUETTE OF DINNER PARTIES. 779 ous entertaining games, or dancing. It is expected that guests will remain two or three hours after dinner. During the week following a dinner party, it is etiquette for each guest to call upon the hostess, and it is rude to delay the call more than a fortnight. Wine at Dinner, At small dinner parties, or ordinary family dinner, all wines are put upon the table, and each guest must help the lady next to him and himself, and then pass the decanter. At the best or large dinner parties wine must be brought and handed around by the servants; the taste for light wines, which is now prevalent, makes a variety indispensable. There must be provided sauterne and sherry for fish and soup; with the joints the choice of hock, chablis and one or two kinds of claret; with game, burgundy may be given, and there should be port on the table for the few who choose to take it at this time. Then the “ladies’ wines,” as they are sometimes called, still or sparkling champagne and moselle. For dessert, provide port, sherry, madeira and claret. Port accompanies cheese. “Hock, champagne, moselle and chablis, and some few other wines are brought to table in bottle, the choice varie- ties of claret in the baskets in which they are imported; port, sherry and madeira are decantered; ordinary clarets and burgundy wines are handed round in claret jugs, either of glass or silver.” Breach of Table Etiquette. Never eat soup out of the end of the spoon, but always from the side. Eat without noise and with lips closed. Never tilt the plate when eating soup, nor send for a sec- ond supply. Never hold a wineglass by the bowl, but by the stem. Never drink a glass full of wine at a time, nor drain the last drop. Never propose a toast, nor drink another's health; this old time practice is out of fashion. Never drink from a glass without first wiping the mouth with a napkin, and also after drinking. Never speak of sherry or port as sherry wine or port W1ne. Never take but one kind of wine at dessert. Never allow two kinds of animal food or two kinds of pastry to be eaten from the same plate. Never have more than two vegetables with a course, and offer both at once on the same waiter. Never offer a guest fresh pork nor veal at dinner; they are not dinner dishes. * Never cut or break bread into soup or gravy; it should be eaten by morsels, broken with the fingers, not bitten off. Never mix the food on the plate. Such an act indicates a coarse appetite, and a want of a nice appreciation of flavor. |Never eat game or chickens with the bones held in the fingers. | Never cut pastry with a knife, but always break and eat with a fork. Never put salt upon the table-cloth, but always upon the side of the plate. Never convey food to the mouth with a knife. Never help yourself to butter or any other food from a common dish with your own knife or fork; it is excessively ill-bred to do so. Never pick the teeth at the table or in the presence of ladies after a meal. Never over supply a table. Never overload a plate. Never flood food with gravies, which are dishiked by many. Never play with the food or crumble the bread. Never handle the silver or glasses unnecessarily. Never indulge in anything like greediness or indecision, such as taking up one piece and then rejecting it in favor of another. Never ask for a second dish, but when passed a second time one may take of it if he wishes. Never lean the elbows or lay the hands or arms on the table, play with knives and forks or glasses, or lounge in or tilt back your chair, or take a lounging attitude. Never take any notice of accidents. Never pare fruit for a lady unless she requests it, and then hold it on her, not your, fork. Never dip bread into gravy or preserves. Never apologize to a waiter for asking him for anything. It is his duty to serve. Never use the napkin to wipe the nose or face. It is for the lips only. Never monopolize conversation, or talk or laugh loud. Never talk when the mouth is full of food. HE most charming of our writ- ers have given scintillations of genius to breakfast tables. Oli- ver Wendell Holmes’ “Autocrat of the Breakfast Table” associ- ates his name with an institution that has outlasted empires. Washington Irving, sweetest of bachelors, embalming in Anglo-Sax- on eloquence his ideas of English life in “Bracebridge Hall,” recognized the im- portance of breakfast. There is pathos and joy in breakfast, with kind faces, merry conversation, “nods and becks and wreathed smiles,” making a cheerful sacrament about the table, with snowy damask, illustrated in the colored Plate. It would be what the Bard of Avon calls “ridiculous ex- cess” to paint in words what the artist has so exquisitely delineated. The napery of the breakfast table is a special charm. White in the center, with a border to match the room, or border utterly discarded, the beautiful whiteness is attract- ive. We have returned to a meal in a Swiss chalet, where the whole of the ingredients could not have cost one dollar for a party of seven, and yet the table-cloth and napkins made us feel that we were in a palace. The linen was not superfine, but it was white as if bleached to rival the eternal snows. There is witchery about table linen, as a voucher for purity that is to satisfy the aesthetic in man. The picture shows the student where each article should be found; and observation reveals that our artist has carried his delineation to the delicately browned chop. Customarily breakfast is exempt from ceremony, but it is losing that distinction in the old countries. We glance at the morning meal, in the three leading nations of the earth. American society is of a piece with that of the English nation; one sketch might cover both countries, still there are differences. Tea and coffee are the beginning of the feast. The French take one cup of coffee and a roll, re- serving greater gastronomic exercises for later hours. The experienced French diner is seldom a family man. We do not say that M'sieu is not a man of family; the two statements widely differ. He considers breakfast preparing the way to do justice to the culinary mystery for which he THE BREAKFAST. loiters into the Cafe Anglas in the afternoon, selecting his snowy table looking on the boulevard. To be seen at din- ner and to see others are essential. When kings ruled in France, and nobles of the sword, with blood almost cerulean, were proud of the distinction of being “His Majesty's cup-bearer,” the monarch dined in public every day. The Frenchman, from the vender of charcoal to the first man in the Republic, delights in being seen. Next to that pleasure comes the felicity of dining. Others may eat to live; the true Frenchman lives to eat. English families make society. Men that live at the club and dine a la carte are only hangers-on on the great world. The family breakfast is an institution. Every mem- ber of the circle is expected to put in an appearance, unless there is some well-known reason to the contrary. The stranger that is within their gates may have refreshment sent to the bedroom, but as soon as he is considered “at home” he is made aware of the hour for breakfast. There are houses where men live at free quarters—say at shooting boxes in the country—during the season, where the morning meal is at everybody's option; but where the family idea governs, the breakfast hour is strictly observed. The meal is substantial, conversation is bright and general, no person is in a hurry, the business of the day seems to be to enjoy life on a basis of beefsteaks, mutton chops and new-laid eggs, with, in some houses, oatmeal porridge. The American breakfast has more hot cakes and sweets than the English table usually presents, but the coffee urn or teapot or both await the discretion of the family and friends, in the same hospitable elegance; and, apart from the distinguishing features already mentioned, there is offered the same selection of meats and eggs that constitute the main attractions elsewhere. More haste is noticeable in the breakfast-room in this country than in England, although there is a tendency, which cannot be too highly commended, to give more leisurely attention to the amenities of life. The South is less governed by commerce, and does not save five minutes from the breakfast-room, at the cost of a life- long dyspepsia. Formal breakfasts—matters of invitation— are ruled like other parties, the cards intimating the hour of refection, and some houses display much extravagance in that meal. # Formal breakfasts may be given at any hour after ten o'clock, and are sometimes as late as noon. Invitations in writing or by engraved card five days prior. Answers must be prompt. Elaborate costumes are in bad taste. #############! UNCHEONS are as various as people. There are limits to the x feasts that any man can welcome. The English farmer can take coffee before he goes afield at 2 sunrise, breakfast at seven, lunch *> at eleven, dine at one, tea at * four and come smiling to sup- per at nine. Average epigastria would not venture on such exploits. The Romans, at great feasts considered an emetic part of their outfit. Luncheon is an affair-supplying pabulum for wasted tissue, of brain, as well as biceps, an elegant repast, served with grace, on tables bright as the snow flake. Crystal glistens with the sheen of silver and damask, viands are choice as skill could ask, and guests, the crowning charm, display the genius of the hostess. Sometimes a novice is temporarily in charge. To meet such possibilities our engravings are designed. The attendant need only consult our plate on page to ascertain where each article should appear, with what sur- roundings, and what general effect. Luncheon was, in rude days, bread taken at the sideboard. Occasionally now it is little more in well-kept houses. But some luncheons tax the hostess, who is not content to devolve on others her providence. An informal luncheon on the day set apart for calls, tests housewifely skill more than a dinner. Autograph invita- tions give zest, which does not always attach to the most recherche menu that Brillat Savarin devised. The lady's calling card will serve with written words to convey, “Luncheon at two, Wednesday, Sept. 1st." There is nothing massive, but all suggests resources that have left nothing undone for comfort or pleasure. The dishes all on the table leave the guests free from servants; but the hostess may bring on the meal in courses. The lady of the house presides at the urn at the table. Guests are in walking dress, not superbly, but elegantly, appareled. Negligence betokens want of attention to the hostess. . Occasionally luncheon becomes formal, as at a bridal party. sunlight is too garish, and the mild radiance of gas, through ground glass globes must suffice. Floral decorations are demanded. There are but few incidents in life, social or personal, that may not be made beautiful by flowers. The care of the carte at such times is too severe a strain THE LUNCHEON. £ #* ############### * ...: ##### ##### ... **::::::::: 3& #########". on the nerves of the lady, who is to be the center of hospi- tality in the luncheon-room. Her mind has other and more delicate anxieties than supervision of choice dainties. It is enough for her to say to her lieutenants that the table shall not groan; appetites must be tempted by delicate dishes to distinguish between luncheon and dinner, and yet leave no unsated appetite. Bouquets should be given in damask napkins. Costumes of ladies and gentlemen must mark apprecia- tion of the friends whom they honor, and there can hardly be too conspicuous elegance, unless the guest is engrossed with his attire. # Gentlemen are, as a rule, more likely to err on the side of thinking too little about personal adornment. Ladies have the happy faculty of wearing the richest fabrics molded to their forms, as though they had passed into the product of the modiste in the melting mood, while yet unconscious of the triumph in art and nature that they offer to contemplation. . That “art which conceals art” is the highest point of excellence that humanity attains, and it is but natural that woman should excel in that department in which the femi- nine quality, tact, is supremely fitted to reign. The invitations for a formal luncheon will not vary from others of a formal kind, except in the fact announced and the language necessary to convey the polite summons “from labor to refreshment.” There is no rigorous observance for formal luncheons; so that the dishes are various and elegant the graces will be content, and no amount of prodigality can atone for a graceless presentation. % The Russian method for serving has many admirers for banquets after the manner indicated, the carving being, in fact, completed by professional art, while the form is pre- served by the use of ribbons, which need only to be deftly severed to leave the turkey ready to be handed to each guest. The rules that would govern calls after an evening party apply to a formal luncheon party also; but no such obliga. tion attaches to an informal gathering. More might be said if it were required that items of in- formation already given should be duplicated, but we cater for the most intelligent section of the reading public, and a thought once conveyed serves its purpose in a dozen different relations as surely as though it were reiterated on every page. Recognizing that pleasant fact we commend our friends to their luncheon, formal or informal, with the benediction of Shakspere: “Now, good digestion wait on appetite, And health on both.” IE following admirable direc- tions for choosing meats of all kinds are given by Dr. Letheby: Good meat has the following characteristics: 1. “It is neither of a pale pink color nor of a deep purple tint, for the former is a sign of disease, and the latter indicates that the animal has not been slaughtered, but has died with food in it, or has suffered from acute fever.” 2. “It has a marbled appearance from the ramifications of little veins of fat among the muscles.” . 3. “It should be firm and elastic to }, the touch, and scarcely moisten the fingers—bad meat being wet, and sod- den, and flabby—with the fat looking like jelly or wet parchment.” 4. “It should have little or no odor, and the odor should not be disagree- able; diseased meat has a sickly, cadaverous smell, and sometimes the smell of physic.” 5. “It should not shrink or waste much in cooking.” 6. “It should not run to water nor become very wet on standing for a day or two, but should, on the contrary, dry upon the surface.” 7. “When dried at a temperature of 212° or thereabouts, it should not lose more than 70 to 74 per cent of its weight, whereas bad meat will lose as much as 8o per cent.” Meat should be wiped with a dry, clean cloth as soon as it comes from the butcher's ; fly-blows, if found in it, cut out, and in loins, the long pipe that runs by the bone should be taken out, as it soon taints; the kernels also should be HOW TO CHOOSE MEATS. removed from beef. Never receive bruised joints. Meat will keep good for a long time in cold weather; and if frozen through may be kept for months. Frozen meat must be thawed before it is cooked by plunging it into cold water or placing it before the fire before setting it down to roast. It can never be dressed through unless this pre- caution is taken. Roast meat should be frequently basted with its own dripping; meat can scarcely be basted too much. Meat is underdressed when it has only been sufficiently heated to coagulate the albumen, but not to coagulate the coloring matter of the blood. It is perfectly dressed when it has been heated throughout to a temperature sufficient to coagulate the coloring matter of the blood. It is too much, or overdressed, when the heat has lasted long enough to harden the fiber. A quick heat in wasting causes the fibers of the meat to contract and close up the pores; it coagulates the albumen, which at once stops up the pores and retains the whole internal juice. Then the cooking is carried on by the agency of natural moisture of the flesh. Meat should therefore be cooked by a quick, strong fire and brought near to it early, if it is liked with gravy in it; slower cooking makes it less full of gravy, but if well managed the juices can be retained fully as well. Boiled meat, if cooked in cold water, i.e., put into cold water and raised gradually to boiling point, imparts its juices to the water and supplies both, soup and meat. If plunged into boiling water to shut in the juices the pot liquor will be worthless. Stewing is very slow boiling. Broiling is roasting over the fire instead of in front of it, or in an oven. Frying is boiling in boiling fat. For every mode of cooking animal food, a good cook- book may from time to time be consulted with profit by the young housewife. HOW TO CH00SE BEEF. Beef is the flesh of the ox, and is considered the staple animal in the United States and England. Beef contains fibrine, which resembles the gluten of plants in composition and properties. The amount of water in beef is as great as it is in the potato or plantain. It does not contain a particle of starch, but its fibrine is three times as great as that in ordinary wheaten bread. The fat in beef makes up for the lacking HOW TO CHOOSE BEEF. heat osmazome acquires higher properties, and gives a finer flavor. An ox should be five or six years old before it is killed; it is then in its prime. The fat should be white (yellow fat is not good) and the suet firm and white; the lean, as we have said before, should be marbled with fat, with a fine, smooth, open grain, red in color, and tender to the touch. The grain of cow-beef is closer, and the fat whiter, but the lean is not so brightly red. Heifer beef is paler than ox starch as it yields a great amount of heat to system. Fat, in fact, gives more heat during its com- bustion than any other form of food; fat meat, therefore, is the best to purchase. The heavier the meat is the more water it contains, and this has to be paid for in the meat: it evaporates in roasting. The juice of beef when extracted is rich in nitrogen, having an ex- hilarating effect or the human system, as a species of tonic, and is the cause of beef tea being so supporting to the invalid. Beef should be marbled with fat through the red lean and should possess a good amount of separate fat (suet). The animal should have a third of its whole dead weight of fat. Beef in cooking loses on an average one pound in four when boiled, one pound and three ounces when baked, one pound and five ounces when roasted. This is caused by the evapo- ration of the water and the melting of the fat into dripping. +: :* Meat contains in a liquid | * : *tch bone. form in its juices, albumen : £k, or round. (the white of an egg) exactly # \' £k. as it is found in an egg be- $: # £. fore it is cooked. This albu- . I:* % men surrounds the fibers; its | * *** (5 ribs). > An Ox is divided by the butcher into the following joints beef, and closer grained, the fat whiter, and bones smaller; when well fed it is preferred by some, to that of the ox. Bull beef is of a dark, purply red color, coarse grained, has little fat, and a strong, meaty smell, being dry, tough, and difficult of digestion. A rump or beefsteak should never be hung up after it is cut off for use; the air dries all the juice out of it, and it will grow harder, not tender. Beat- ing it well with a rolling-pin is the best means to make it tender when it is once cut out of the animal, but the flesh from which is cut should hang, to grow tender in the whole joint. & joints for Roasting.—Ribs, Sir loin, Chump of rump, Mouse buttock, Top side, Fillet of Sirloin, Tongue (fresh), Heart. # joints for Salting.—Round, Aitch-bone, Silver-side, Brisket, Tongue. 5oints for Frying or Broiling, -Rump-steak, Beefsteak (well beaten), Liver. 11. 12. 13. 14. 16. #. £, Middle rib (4 ribs). Chuck rib (3 ribs). ~ Shoulder, or leg of mutton piece. Brisket. Clod. Sticking. Shin. Cheeks or head. joints for Stewing.—Beef. steak, Topside, Brisket, and inferior portions, Liver, Ox Tail. $oints for Puddings and Pies. —Beefsteak, Fillet. joints for Soup and Gravy.— Shin, Cheeks, and inferior parts, use in preparing meat for food * ... < * #. . . .% . . # is to preserve the fibers from contracting and hardening under heat. . . .…. ~ *... . . . .%. . The more albumen there is in meat, therefore, the tenderer it is; as all young animals have more albumen in the juices than older ones, therefore, their flesh is more tender, but in consequence they give less gravy. ... ?... . . . Beef and mutton are brown and juicy, because they have Qess albumen than veal and lamb. •. . Osmazome is the flavoring matter of meat. The flesh of old animals has most of it. Under the influence of dry Ox Tail. Beef, like mutton, is usually found best from November to May, from the fact that the animals producing this flesh are then generally “grain or stall fed.” On account of the heating nature of beef, persons who have an abundance of animal heat should eat it in moderation. It is excellent feeding for those who are hard worked. Beef is more nourishing and digestible when roasted than it is when boiled, and it is almost the only species of animal food with which the stomach is not easily surfeited. . . # HOW TO CHOOSE MEATS. WEAL, Veal, even when it is the flesh of a fatted calf, is the most deficient of all meats in fat. It #2" should be small, of a pinky white, and the kidney should be well covered with fat. The calf should not be killed after it is eight to ten weeks old, or the meat will be coarse. Large, coarse veal is cheaper than the more delicate kind. The flesh should be closely grain- ed and dry; if it is moist and clammy, it is approaching decomposition and is not fit for cooking. Pieces frt. Roasting.-Fil- | let. Breast,best || end. Liver and A. Brisket, best andscragends. Neck, bestend. Heart. Sweet- A calf is cut into the following joints: 1. Loin, best end. d 7. # £ end. * * * % #% 2. Loin, chump end. 8. Blade-bone. bread. For Fillet. 9. Breast, best end. Pie.-Inferior 4. Hind Knuckle. 10. Breast, brisket end. ...- ... # . Fore Knuckle. 11. Head. parts. For & Neck, best end. Boiling.—Knuckle. Part of Shoulder. Head. Tongue, and * Brains. For Frying.—Cutlets from Shoulder, etc., Liver. For Stewing. —Breast, brisket end. Neck, scrag and best end. Sweet-bread, Feet. For Soup. -Inferior parts, as knuckle, scrag, etc. MUTTON. A sheep ought to be kept four years P before killing, and home-fed mutton often attains this age; but butchers’ , mutton is rarely as old or as good as this. The darker the mutton is the best end of Neck, Shoulder, Breast, - Chine, Head, Heart. Salted.-Leg - for Ham. Boiled.—Leg, Neck, scragend " and middle. Fried and Broiled.—Chops and Cutlets from loin and neck, Cutlet from leg. Stewed.—Scrag of Neck. A sheep is thus divided: 1. Leg. 2. Chum end Loin. 3. Best end Loin. 4. Neck, best end. # N. . 5. Neck, scrag end. 6. Shoulder. , 7. Breast. A saddle is the two loins undivided. A chine is the two sides of the neck undivided. LAMB, Lamb is generally recognized by butchers until it reaches the age of twelve months, when it is termed yearling. The size, fatness condition, age, and sex, are considered best in the order as follows: 1. Spring (or house) lamb (ewe) from six weeks to three months old. 2. Spring lamb (buck). 3. Wether lamb, three months to eight months old. 4. Ewe lamb. 5. Wether lamb or yearling, eight months to twelve months old. 6. Ewe lamb. The spring lamb is commonly called house lamb, from the circum- stances of its being born during the win te months. Its flesh is prized for its unseasonable character, and, al- though delicate and tender, is quite insipid, and is not nourishing. Lamb is sometimes sold as early as March, after which it slowly increases in size and quantity, and in the months of June, July and August, it is in full season, and of fine quality. To choose lamb, first examine the fat on the back, and then that of the kidneys, both of which should be white, hard, and of the same color. The carcass of the lamb is first split down the center of the back and neck, into two sides, which are quartered by leaving two or three ribs on the hind quarter of the lamb. The fore quarter of lamb is smaller than the same joint of mutton. The bones are of a more reddish color. By many the forequarter of lamb is preferred for the delicacy of the ribs and breast when roasted. Separated from the shoulder, the neck and breast make a choice dish. Lamb's fries and sweetbreads are generally found in our markets in the spring and summer months on dishes, nicely cleaned, and prepared for use. They are considered, and certainly are, delicate eating, and are therefore much sought after. WENISON. •. Venison should be fat. If the cleft of the haunch is smooth and close, the deer was young. Buck venison is in season in the middle of the sum- mer; doe venison in the winter. Roasting.—Haunch, Neck, Breast. Pastries.—Shoulder. Lamb is thus divided: 1. Leg. 2. loin. 3. Shoulder. 4. Breast, 5. Ribs. 3, 4, 5, together, Forequarter. A deer is cut up in four portions: 1. Haunch. 2. Neck. 3. Shoulder. 4. Breast. HOW TO CHOOSE MEATS. PIGS, H0G, AND PORK. Pork is more liable to disease than any other animal meat. It should never be bought from cheap butchers, but from the owner, or butchers known to the purchaser. Small pox, trichinae, or little worms, measles, scarlet fever, etc., are diseases that are only too common to the pig. The young pig, termed the “roasting pig,” when dressed for choice eating, should not be less than three or more than six weeks old. The skin should be white (unless it has been a spotted or black-haired pig), plump, hard, and well cleaned. The flanks where it is opened should be thick and fat, and 785 P0ULTRY AS F00D. Fowls contain less fat than butchers' meat, except the capon, the ortolan, and the livers of Strasburg geese. “Poultry,” says Dr. Letheby, “are not of themselves very nourishing; they contain too much nitrogenous matter, and too little fat. In the case of aquatic birds, as the goose and duck, the fat is more abundant, but it contains certain flavoring matters which are not easy of digestion. The darker flesh of game is also some- what indigestible, and requires management in its culinary it ought to weigh from eight to fourteen pounds. Its season is best in the autumn and winter months. The name of the half or full-grown hog, and its varieties when prepared by the butcher, is changed to pork. Experience and information in relation to the varieties which will produce the best kind of pork, may be placed in the following order: 1. Barrow pigs or shoats, from three months to one year. 2. Hog pigs or shoats, from three to six months old. 3. Barrow pigs (milk andgrassfed), three months to one year. 4. Sow pigs from three to four months old. 5. Barrow hogs and spayed sows, when one year (corn fed), are generally selected for bacon hogs. 7. Stag hogs. 8. Boar hogs. In selecting pork, see that the fat is firm, and the lean white and finely grained, the skin or rind thin and smooth. If the flesh feels clammy, the pork is bad. If the fat has kernels in it, the pig has been measly. very red flesh signifies scarlet fever, Pork is the driest and fattest of meat. Bacon and hams are salted and smoked pig's flesh. The pig's blood is used in black and white puddings. I 2. Belly. and Head. Salted and Boiled.-Belly, A pig is thus divided: . Spare *E: Hand. •. . 2%. 3% -1- %:# |. Fore Loin. Parts Roasted.—Spare rib, Loin, Leg, # Hind to: & Leg. The hine is the neck whole. treatment.” T0 CH00SE POULTRY. The cock is young when it has a smooth leg and short spur. When fresh, the vent is closed and dark. Hens, when young, have smooth legs, and the vent is closed and firm. Black legged fowls are used for roasting only. In young geese the feet and bill will be yel- low and free from hair; when fresh, the feet are pliable. Ducks may be selected by the same rule. Pigeons, when fresh, have supple feet, and vent firm. If discolored, all birds are stale. Plovers may be chosen by the same rule. , Turkeys are found in a wild state, from Canada to the Isthmus of Panama, and far from being improved by being made a domestic fowl, they degenerate exceedingly. The domestic turkey, when young, has a smooth, black leg, with a short spur. The eyes are bright and full, and the feet are supple when the bird is fresh. The absence of these signs indicates age or staleness. The legs of an old hen turkey are rough, and the vent is closed and firm. The cock bird is best for roasting; the hen boils well. In drawing poultry the greatest care should be taken not to break the gall bladder, as noth- ing will afterward remove the bitterness. All poultry should be drawn through the vent, and Chop, Leg, Head, Hand, Pettitoes, Chine, " and Tongue. Fried.—Chops from Loin, Pig's Fry, and Sausages. Most Profitable Joints for Family Use. The leg of mutton is the most profitable joint, containing most solid meat. The neck is an extravagant joint, half the weight consisting of bone and fat. The shoulder has also much waste in bone. The breast does well for kitchen dinner, nicely stuffed; it is much cheaper than the other joints. Sirloins and ribs of beef are very extravagant joints, from the weight of bone. The roasting side of the round part of the buttock, and the part called ** the topside,” are the most profitable for family eating. The mouse buttock is used for stewing; shin is used for soup or stewing. when that is cut off, a string or skewer should fasten it close to the fore part. Some persons draw poultry from the side, but this is a very wrong thing to do. GAME. A young grouse is known by a short, round spur. A young partridge may be known by its yellow legs and a dark bill. A rigid vent shows when they are fresh. The young pheasant has a short or round spur; in old birds it is long and pointless. # ź. Snipes, quails, woodcocks, and ortolans may be known as young birds by the short or round spurs; when old, the spur is pointed. Wild ducks, widgeon and teal are seasonable, and often cheap, in winter. The young birds may be known by the rule given for snipes. Quails, land-rails, plovers and larks are a delicate food. HOW TO CARVE. ARVING is a most important accomplishment, and one that should be acquired by every lady (or gentleman), and it is well for the sons and daughters of a family to learn it in their youth, that they may not be awkward at their own table when they marry. A lady should be able to carve a joint or a bird easily, dexterously, without exertion, and with infinite neat- ness—but facility is only to be acquired by practice. The unpracticed person will stand up and labor at a joint or a bird, while another will quietly dispose of it without effort or difficulty. Tact has something to do with it; practice more. If the hostess (or host) is not an expert carver, or the large L- number of guests make it a burden, it is better that the carving should be done by a servant. Fish is cut with a silver fish slice, or the modern large silver fish knife and \ fork. Large flat fish, as # turbot, John Dorey, etc., must first be cut from head to tail down the middle, and then in por- tions across to the fin, which being considered a delicacy, is helped with the rest. (See cut.) Salmon is cut in slices down the middle of the upper side, as from A to | B, and then in slices across, D to C, on the "Dole cur or sal:MON. under side; a little of the “thick” or upper side, and “thin” or under side, are put on each plate. A mackerel divides between four people; the fish-knife is passed between the upper and under side, from head to tail, and each side is s' halved to help. Cod •. 2×-...- is cut crosswise, like salmon, from C to B, and in down slices, as from A to B, and a small piece of the round is sent with each helping. Small fish, as smelts or whiting, are each plate. A sirloin of beef is cut across for the under-cut, and lengthwise for the upper. Guests should be asked which cut they pre- fer, as many con- sider the upper cut the most delicate SiR LOIN OF BEEF, part of the beef, while others dislike it. Slices from the under cut should be thick. COD FISH, sent whole, one on Rolled ribs and a round of beef are easily carved in horizontal slices over the whole sur- face. The slices should be very thin. Boiled beef should ~~ - also be cut in thin :- horizontal slices, the size of the joint itself in length and breadth. (See cut.) Mutton appears on the table in four forms—the saddle, the shoulder, the leg, the loin. HOW TO CARVE. A saddle of mutton is the joint ordered for a small dinner party. It is cut in "...& verythin sli- # *\ ces close to the > \= back bone, B 4 to A, and then down ward, from A to D and C. But a lady is scarcely £ ever required in the present day to carve a saddle of mutton. A shoulder of mutton must lie with the knuckle toward the right, and the blade bone toward your left hand. In the middle of the edge of the part farthest from you, A L- place the fork, and then give one sharp cut from the edge to the bone. The meat flies apart, and you cut rather thick slices on each side of the opening, A to B, till you can cut no more. Then there are two or sHour DeR of MUTToN. •. three slices from the center bone to the end, B to C. Afterward turn over the joint and cut slices from the under side. Some people, instead of cutting the joint in this manner, begin with the slices cut lengthwise near the middle of the joint from the end to the knuckle. A leg of mutton must be placed with the knuckle to- > ward the left hand; you then cut into the side farthest from you toward the bone, B to C, helping thin slices from the right and x thick slices toward LEG OF *Fros. the knuckle. The little tuft of fat near the thick end is a delicacy, and must be divided among your guests. A loin of mutton is carved either through the joints, which brings it into the form of “chops,” or it is cut lengthwise, in a parallel | line with the joints, thus: The cut at A is a *# Morros. thin slice of brown meat, followed by other slices cut in succession. At Plong slices can be removed by cutting through to the bone. The long lines at B, and the short ones at C, indicate the situation of similar cuts. This is the best mode for a lady, but a loin is rather for family consumption than for guests. 787 A fore-quarter of lamb consists of a shoulder, the breast, and the ribs. If a lady is obliged to carve this joint, she must first place her *...&S.) knife up on the shoulder, draw it through horizon- tally, and then re- move the joint whole, placing it on a separate dish, FoRE-QUARTER OF LAMB. which is held for its reception. She must then cut off the breast and separate the ribs (see cut), but the cook should always cut off the shoulder, and leave it on the joint. The hind-quarter consists of a leg and loin. t A leg of veal is sometimes used whole for roasting, or from it is cut the “fillet veal,” veal cutlets, etc. A fillet of veal is boned, gen- .. § erally by the butcher, and is in most cases used for roasting, stew- ing, etc. A fillet of veal is cut in horizontal slices, like a round of beef. The <------------- slices must not be too Filler or VEX. thin. The stuffing in the center is taken out and helped with a spoon. #% A breast of veal is used for roasting, stewing, ragout, and it is some- c_S . times boned so , as to roll, or a large hole is made in it for stuffing. I carving a breast of veal, the ribs should be first separated from the brisket, after which either or both may be sent round. BREAST OF WEAL A calf's head must be cut down the center in rather thin slices on each * side. The meat round the eye is scooped out; it is considered a deli- cacy. A small piece of the palate and ac- companying sweet- bread must be sent on each plate. HALF or cALF's HEAD. Roast pork is neverseen at dinner parties, but is occasion- ally served at a family dinner, as it is a favorite dish with very many. It must be placed on the table with the back up- ward, and the crackling taken off before any attempt is made to cut the meat. The leg is carved like a leg of mutton, but the slices should be thicker and not so large. Slices of the crackling may be tendered with each serving of the meat. 788 A ham may be cut in three ways: By beginning at the knuckle, which must be turned toward the left hand, and _- cut in a slanting di- NC rection; or at the \ thick end, which is - then turned toward / your left; or in the ordinary manner, like a leg of mutton, be- ginning in the center. The slices must be as One slice is given as 11 AM. s thin and delicate as they can be cut. an accompaniment to fowl or veal. A rabbit has the legs and shoulders removed with a sharp . & pointed knife, then the back is broken into three or four pieces at the joint. The back is consid- ered the choice help, especially the center piece. The shoulder is preferred to the leg. The kidney is considered a delicacy. Hare is thus carved: First take off the legs, cut two long thin slices off each side of the back, B to A, and then take off the shoulders, and break the back into four pieces—with { % the fork. Cut off the ears, in- sert the point of the knife ex- actly in the cen- ter of the pal- ate, and draw- ing it to the nose, split the head in two. But when only a small portion of the hare is eaten, and it is only served at second course, it is more elegant for a lady to help a portion of the side with a spoon. The best parts of the hare are the slices from the back, the head, and ears, but ladies never eat the two latter. They should be sent to any gentleman guest who is known to be an epicure. : ~ 1,011. E.I., R.A.P.E.I.T., *ARE, HOW TO CARVE. A chicken is carved thus: Take off the wings, cut slices from the breast, take off the –5 •. merry thought and side bones. . ." | The liver wing is the best part of the chicken after the breast, but you should help the breast first, then both wings. If you have many to help, a slice of Roast row. white meat should be reserved to send with the legs and sides. A partridge is carved like a fowl; so is a pheasant. A pigeon is cut in halves right down the middle, and half is sent at once to the guest. A snipe is treated in the same way. Very small birds are sent whole. A turkey and goose are ( helped by cutting slices off . o the breast, and then the wings EOILED TUR. KEY. and legs are taken off. The breast is reckoned the best, and the wing next in preference. Gentlemen are often partial to the drumstick, the slender part of the leg. A little of the stuffing is served with every portion of the bird. The drumstick is often reserved till the bird is cold, and then grilled for breakfast. The rest must be carved as you would a fowl, dividing the breast, and cutting the back in two. Wild duck is helped in the same manner. A haunch of venison should be cut from A to B close to the knuckle (see cut), then from C to A. Tongue must . be helped in thin, even slices. It is first cut through downward, a little way from the tip, where a good thickness is attained. With each serving cut a slice HAUNCH OF VENISON. from the root, and a little of the fat and kernels, which will be found underneath. The tip is by many con- sidered a delicacy. dancing== is one of --- ------ the most popular amusements, and those who dance should do it in such a manner as to win approval from their partners. Many wise men think dancing a silly accom- #% plishment, but they err; it is the art of moving gracefully and taking exercise to music. A well-executed dance may be called the poetry of motion. Habits of excessive study on the one hand, or the glamour of the pool-room and the racecourse on the other, may be sensibly attacked by the cultivation of society amusements in which la- dies and gentlemen join, and the ball-room is the basis upon which a variety of such enter- tainments—that will effect a very salutary change in familiar customs-may be introduced. The company of ladies is always advantageous to gentlemen at that age when manners are being formed, and as a rule the ladies whose example may be emulated on the race course will not command admiration from the bet- ter classes; while the pool room is very properly an un- known land to the gentler sex. For such reasons we are upholders of the dance. - - - -> * A really formidable ball with all the accessories of fash- ion would be too costly an entertainment for many of our readers to venture upon, even once during the season; but in any well-ordered household, where there is a room fitted for the purpose, arrangements can be made with very small expenditure, for what may be called an informal evening, including music and dancing, in which the delight would be found in the inverse ratio to the outlay. Manners and accomplishments should not be measured by the figures of % THE PARTY AND BALL. the banking account, and young ladies and gentlemen who are now at spelling school in some of our prairie town- ships will in the course of a few years figure in Washington society, where it will be of the utmost importance for their comfort that they should be conversant with the figures of the dance, and know how to carry themselves in the polite circles of the ball-room. Dancing is a scriptural form of enjoyment, consistent with health, and with social advance- ment, as long as it can be pursued without extravagance, either in the monetary display made by the giver, or in the hours devoted to the amusement by the guests, and it is hard to find a reason why the dance should be denounced. When you conclude to give a ball, and a dance may as well be called a ball as by any other name, issue your invi- tations, neatly written, or printed, at least three weeks be- fore the event, to enable your friends to make their arrange- ments to enjoy your pleasant hospitalities, and reply in time for your convenience. This is the more necessary when some may be unable to attend, and a prompt answer will permit you to oblige some others of your circle, who, having guests in prospect for the anticipated date, will want additional cards. All invitations should be by card or letter. As you would invite to a literary evening only those hav- ing a love for bookcraft, so you would invite to a soiree *e only those who have a taste for the pleasures of the ball-room. Ask only as many guests as you can accom- modate, and keep a list of your invitations, marking the names from which replies have come, with acceptance or declination. You can add to your list as many as will counterbalance the few declinations that come, and a per- centage beyond that number for those who will at the last moment be deprived of the pleasure which they had prom- ised to you and to themselves. In this way you avoid put- ting your friends to inconvenience. ETIQUETTE of BALLS AND PARTIES. In some very fashionable establishments which have room for a hundred guests, twice that number will be in- vited. Such practices, although under the guise of fashion, closely resemble vulgar display. Your care will be for the comfort of your friends, and if you intend a “grand ball” you may go beyond one hundred; otherwise content your- self with a large ball, if you have room for fifty couple, a ball if you have room for twenty-five couple, or a dance if for ten or twelve couple. The ball room should be of fair proportions, with a lofty ceiling and good ventilation, the lights being, if possible, so arranged as to give brilliancy to the assemblage without undue warmth. Electric lights will some day become the rule in large gatherings, as they do not sensibly increase the heat of the room; but for the present, ingenuity must devise means to carry off the heated atmosphere, without allowing it to incommode the dancers, A carpet is out of place in a ball-room, and the floor should be well waxed; but when circumstances render that impossible, cover the carpet with linen securely placed and perfectly smooth. Make your room as hand- some as you can by group- ing plants, and flowers, and small trees, in convenient places, where they will not limit dancing room, and may serve as a screen for your musicians. Your screen will be elegant and inexpensive. Your programme of dances will of course be ar- ranged so that the card con- taining the list will permit of the names of partners being written in a manner convenient for reference. Such programmes with pencils attached require no description. Your musicians may be such as can play the piano, cornet, violin and violincello, and they should, if possible, be placed at the point farthest from the door, but convenience must be considered, and more instruments may be required if you have a very large ball-room. < % The number of dances may not exceed twenty-four, and should not be less than eighteen. When the full quota is to be given announce supper after the fourteenth dance. March, quadrille and waltz will be the order of exercises with which to commence. Supper is no inconsiderable item in ball-room economics, and many are deterred on the threshold of gaiety by the certainty of extravagant outlay beyond average means. All these matters must be considered, and the old rule of “a dinner of herbs with contentment” may be remembered at all times. If your means permit, provide a good supper on the same floor as the ball-room, to save your guests from Eriouerre cr BALLs AND PARTIES. cold draughts, and the dress dilapidation incident to crowded stairways. You cannot have your refreshments in the ball- room for obvious reasons; but your supper should not be as ponderous as a state dinner. An elegant light refection should be provided. After supper an ice or cool drink should be obtainable in the supper-room until the close of the ball. No lady should allow a lady guest to go alone to the supper-room; the host- ess must specially request some gentleman to attend upon any lady who is unattended at supper time. The supper will of course depend upon the season, and will be chosen with care by the hostess, unless an experi- enced caterer is employed. When the weather is warm ice should be liberally used, and carving should be done before- hand. In France soups are served hot at supper time un- less the season forbids. Seats will not be provided at supper unless at a small % dance; then the ladies only sit, the gentlemen in attend- ance standing behind their chairs. Wine, if used at all, must be used in strict mod- eration. A lady will only take one glass of cham- pagne. Pressing to take wine is ill bred and some- times dangerous. More elegant care can be manifested in the provision of suitable dressing-rooms than in any other way. Consider what you would require for your own use in that case, and provide in the same way for others, but of course abundantly of water, soap and towels, near the several washstands, with toilet necessaries for the ladies; and in the room pro- vided for gentlemen such brushes and other articles as your husband and brothers require to assist them in like circumstances. In a detached room have one attendant to receive the cloaks, overcoats, hats and wraps of the guests which should not be in the dressing-rooms, and give checks, duplicates of which must be attached to each set of im- pedimenta. When guests arrive the hostess should receive them near the door,greeting each person by name and saying a few pleas- ant words; then the host should second the endeavors of his wife. The success of the evening largely depends on such attentions. Other members of the family can find appro- priate spheres of action, presenting to each other guests de- sirous of such attention, who are not otherwise acquainted; and taking care that young lady friends have partners for the dance before they themselves engage. Gentlemen un- der such circumstances have no option when asked to be introduced to partners. Gentlemen who are accepted as es- -—° ETIQUETTE OF BALLS AND PARTIES. 79 I |- corts by ladies, for such occasions, will of course attend them during the evening, when they are not dancing with others, having sent to their residences bouquets, during the after- noon preceding, and having called for them with a carriage in the evening, at the hour appointed. The carriage will be in attendance to convey the lady home after the ball. His duty is clear and precise. Having arrived at the house of entertainment, he will first conduct the lady to the cloak- room, where wraps will be deposited and checks taken by him; then leave the lady at the door of the dressing room nearby, and proceed to the room for gentlemen. Having arranged his toilet carefully, without hurry, as the lady will occupy twice as long at the very least, he will return to the door of the ladies' dressing room, wait her coming, conduct her to the hostess, and continue in attendance generally, without fettering her action in any way, but watchful that she has partners, or the chance to decline them. The first dance belongs to him, and he will attend her to supper, as well as escort her to the carriage, and home, when she is desirous to return. Gentlemen not in attendance on ladies are at the disposal of the hostess and ladies of the house, one of whom he should invite to dance, and if she declines, as she may, see- ing some of her lady friends unprovided with partners for the dance, or not having room enough to take the floor, the gentleman will obey her instructions, and invite the lady indicated to dance. Gentlemen who are married will of course escort their wives to the ball, and attend upon them as above, but it is not etiquette for them to dance together. A very sedate face is not appropriate to a ballroom, cultivate a pleasant expression, and when presenting hands during the dance, proper movement of the head and body, as in salutation, should bespeak your acquaintance with eti. quette. Some gentlemen perform a dance as if it were a sacrificial duty. When a gentleman is not familiar with a particular dance he must not invite a lady, but if urged by the lady of the house he may state his unacquaintance as a reason for re- luctance, submitting himself to their discretion if the lady with whom he is to dance will assist him. Arrangements must be made, if possible, as to each dance some time in ad. vance, and the names are to be entered on the programmes provided for ladies; then when the music commences you will be ready to lead your partner to her place. It is rude to leave the selection of partners to the last moment. Sometimes a lady will wish to sit down before the dance is ended; the gentleman will immediately offer his arm to conduct her to a seat, without a question, merely express- ing regret on her account. He will then continue in attend- ance on the lady until the next dance, when her partner will come to claim her hand. Some gentlemen, while standing waiting for the Waltz to COmmence, place their arms in position; that is improper: the lady's WaiSt should only be lightly touched when the dance begins, and his arm should fall as soon as the dance ends. Introduction by the lady of the house, or by some friend, is necessary before a gentleman can ask a lady to dance, when the ball is private, and such an introduction is quite in order. At public balls ladies may decline introductions offered by the master of ceremonies, and as a rule should only dance with gentlemen of their own set, Ladies will of course use their discretion, and there is no breach of eti- quette in permitting an introduction by the master of cer- emonies or an acquaintance, if the person is unobjection- able. The arm, not the hand, should be offered respectfully to a lady when she is to be conducted to her place before or after the dance. When a lady has made an engagement with one gentleman, and another desires her as his partner in that particular dance, the gentleman who wishes the change made in his favor must ask the permission of the gentleman first named. An introduction in the ball-room, public or private, does not entitle the gentleman to subsequent recognition; that is en- tirely at the lady's pleasure. The ball-room introduction is lo- cal, not general, unless the lady is very favorably impressed, but for that occasion the gentleman introduced is entitled to polite consideration; as for instance, if the lady does not wish to dance, some excuse must be offered, and the slightest must suffice to answer the request. The lady may dance, if she wishes to do so, with another gentleman immediately, and the gentleman whose offer was declined will not notice the fact; usually a subsequent request for that dance is de- clined, in consideration for the offer not accepted. The gen- tleman refused will not offer to dance with another lady who has heard the declination, but may proceed to another part of the ball-room, where he will be at liberty to seek a partner. He may not do so, if the lady declining pleads fa- tigue, but will remain by her side, unless dismissed, until the end of that dance. If the lady pleads fatigue only as to the dance then in progress, the gentleman may ask a subse- quent dance for which she is not engaged, and to which she feels equal. The formula of invitation is very simple, as for instance: “Will you honor me?” “May I have the pleasure?” “Permit me the pleasure,” and so on. Do not allow your phrases and sentences to be stereotyped. When a lady has said that she is too tired to dance again, she should preserve her consistency by not dancing. Dance like a gentleman; avoid the nice precision of a dancing master. Lead the lady respectfully through the quadrille, touching the hand, not vigorously clasping it, and in the waltz lightly touch your partner's waist with the open palm; dance quietly, without swaying the body or attempt- ing “grace” steps. Be sure that you know the figures be- fore you stand up, and careful attention will carry you through, if your partner is aware you are not perfect. The rule that applies elsewhere is imperative in the ball-room: the lady upon whom you attend must have first thought, then other ladies if unattended, and lastly yourself. Any inattention is ungentlemanly, and forgetfulness of an engage- ment may be considered as an insult by lady or gentleman. The escort for the evening must be in attendance upon the lady at the close of every dance, and continue until she is claimed for the next; because the lady may not leave her bouquet or fan in the keeping of any other person, except G-v- --> | –a– ETIQUETTE OF BALLS AND PARTIES. her husband or brother, and it is not proper for a lady to cross the ball-room, or enter it, without an escort. Con- versation must be light and joyous, riot on any account con- fidential, in the ball-room. Sometimes when partners are very numerous, a lady may give the first half of a waltz to one gentleman, and the remainder to another; but in any such case both gentlemen will know of the arrangement. Should there be a vacant seat beside a lady with whom you are unacquainted, procure an introduction or leave the seat unoccupied, so far as you are concerned. Unmarried ladies will not dance more than twice with one gentleman, because doing so will suggest a particular attraction. Ar- rangements for a dance should not be made while you are dancing; wait until the conclusion of the dance if you wish to re-engage, and then if you are allowed the honor, the name can be placed on the lady's programme at once. unless the lady has an escort, the gentleman with whom she dances the last dance preceding supper will escort her to refreshment, attend on her during her stay, and return with her to the ball-room; but when there is an escort he will surrender the lady to that gentlemen. You should not rush to the supper-room immediately the announcement is made, but walk round the room once, or twice, if there should be a throng, and move toward the supper-room as if certain there would be all that your part- ner requires at any time. If the lady does not wish to go until after the next dance, repeat the invitation then, and again after the following dance, if you are the lady's escort. If you are the lady's partner only, and she has an escort, the duty devolves upon him. When the lady is unattended, and you are her partner, your duty in the matter ends after the first invitation given and declined. The next partner will act as the occasion requires, and upon the lady declin- ing will conduct her to a seat, thanking her for the pleasure she has conferred. In the event of the lady accompanying you to the supper-room, your duty is to attend to her wants, gratifying every expressed or implied wish, and not seeking refreshment for yourself—beyond a glass of wine with the lady, should she do you that honor—until the ladies are supplied, or there are very few at the table. Ladies will not remain long at the supper table, as the gentleman in attend- ance has, in all likelihood, some engagements in the ball- room for the next dance, and their own programmes require fulfillment. Wear white kid gloves, and carry a clean pair to be used after supper, if occasion should demand a change. Gentlemen will avoid harsh tones, undue haste, and brus- querie in the ball-room, where ladies reign, Every person should be addressed pleasantly, and if any accident should give annoyance to lady or gentleman an apology must be tendered in respectful terms, immediately, by the gentleman causing the trouble. Ladies will not enter nor leave a ball- room unattended, whether they are married or single. A gentleman should be in attendance, but several married ladies may enter together, and a young lady may be chap- eroned by her mother, or some lady friend. Any gentle- man seeing a lady with whom he is acquainted about to leave the ball-room unattended, will offer his escort, and the Usually, lady will accept the offer usually, failing which, an excuse must be given; but if the gentleman is permitted to attend the lady to her carriage, he should be dismissed to return to other engagements as soon as possible. If the gentleman is not desirous to return to the bail-room, the lady may accept his escort to her home, but he will be thanked and dismissed at the door; or in the event of his being invited to enter, he will decline, asking at the same time permission to present his respects next day, an engagement to be observed. Public balls may be attended at watering places, and in country towns, by ladies and gentlemen who move in the best circles, but only on rare occasions, and young ladies should not be seen in such places often. In any assemblage of the kind the harmony of the ball room must be preserved, The private ball, or party, has special claims on all guests to make the occasion enjoyable, and gentlemen will avoid such manifestations of partiality for any one lady, as must be marked by others. Dancing with one lady, or one gen- tleman, to the exclusion of others, is an indulgence to be shunned, as the purpose of the ball is a diffusion of enjoy- ment. Any person found guilty of introducing words of double meaning when ladies are present should be consid- ered de trop in every home, and it would be waste of cour- tesy to call him a gentleman. No lady will recognize any such phrases, but their utterance should banish the speaker from every drawing-room. The faintest sympathy with in- delicate persons must be injurious, and may be destructive to the reputation of young persons, and,- Good name in man or woman * * * Is the immediate jewel of their souls. The dance owes much of its popularity to French society, and the use of French is indispensable in the ball-room, so we append the phrases and terms most commonly used, with their meanings:-Balancez; Balancezaux coins, Balan- cez quatre en ligne; signify: “Set to, or swing partners;” “Set to, or swing to corners;” “Set four in line.” Chaine Anglaise; Chaine Anglaise double; Chaine Anglaise demi, Chaine des dames, Chaine des dames double; Chaine la grande, signify respectively: “Top and bottom couples right and left;” “Double right and left;” “Half right and left;” “Ladies chain; “All the ladies commence the chain at the same time;” and “All the couples chassez quite around, giving right hands and left alternately, beginning at the right until all resume places.” Chassez and Chassez croisez respectively signify: “Move to right and left;” and “Lady and gentleman moving to right and left in opposite directions.” Cavalier seul, “Gentlemen advances alone.” Demi promenade; “The couples half promenade.” Dos-a- dos; “Back to back.” Vis-a-vis; “Face to face.” Glissade; “Sliding step.” Le grand rond, Le grand tour le rond, and Le grand promenade; signify respectively: “All join hands, advance and retire twice;” “Join hands and dance round figure;” and, “All promenade round figure and back to places.” Lemoulinet and Demi moulinet signify: “Hands across,” and “Ladies advance to center, give right hands and retire.” Traversez and Retraversez signify: “Oppo- site persons change places;” and “Cross back again.” d g-e- ––. EVENING ARTY in this relation means any- thing that is not a dinner party, nor a ball; almost any other gath- ering of people in society may be called a party; the assembly of literary men, lions and fashion- ables, a conversazioné, is a party, and you can so describe twenty other social events. The difficulty would be to find many gatherings for pleasure, in doors or out, besides the two occasions named that may not be so described, that may not come under the general head of “Giving a Party.” The most enjoyable and healthful events of the kind are out-door parties in the abandon of rural life, because they bring color to the cheek, brightness to the eye and renewed courage to the heart. The Conversazione Is one of those delightful entertainments for which we are indebted to the French, who gave us the name and idea, as well as many of the details. They are occasions for social intercourse, and conversation on matters intel- lectual, literary, artistic, scientific, historical, indeed on any and everything not in the nature of gossip or disputation. Kettle-Drums, Tea Parties. At Homes, Receptions, may come under this one head, with the great merit that the name describes the event, although of course there may be music, and minor delights without number, for the young people present, who may not care to talk or listen among the elders, all the evening. The rules as to invitations to a ball will apply just as well to parties; and the duties of host and hostess vary very slightly. The conversazioné is usually in honor of some celebrity, traveler, scientist, distinguished foreigner, or other such gentleman, who with any other new comer or stranger must be introduced to other guests, on their arrival, or as soon after as convenient. When the guest of the evening sees his opportunity, he will free the hostess or host from attendance upon him, by entering into conversation with . PARTIES. other guests, to whom he has been introduced, as he may thus enable the lady of the house to show proper attention to other friends, who have claims for special notice. The occasion is one of the pleasantest for social inter- course. The lady and gentleman of the house will move freely among their guests, thinking only of their comfort and enjoyment, and having provided for their entertain- ment all the curiosities, paintings, engravings, rare and curious works and fashionable novelties obtainable for the time; many neighbors who have traveled have collections of bric-a-brac, strange relics, and mementoes, which they will readily loan for a conversazioné, although no money could buy them, and by bringing such contributions from many homes together, the show, apart from the intellectual light incidental to a select company, will not fail to make the event memorable. Dancing will sometimes be introduced at conversazionés, but no rules need be laid down in that respect, as the etiquette of the ball-room will govern. There will be no orchestra, but the hostess will preside at the piano, or pro- vide some competent person to play for the dancers. The entrance to the dwelling will be protected by an awning, so that guests can walk from and to their carriages, under cover, in case of rain. From about nine in the evening to one in the morning the entertainment should run, the lady of the house being ready to receive from about the first hour named, and all the guests should be present not later than ten o'clock. Guests should be selected for dis- tinguishing qualities, talent, heroism, and social position, next to which at such times should rank beauty, amiability and youth, and the arrangement of the programme will be the test of the qualities of the hostess. The guests are not at liberty to invite any of their fellows to aid the entertain- ment, but a friend may offer suggestions to the host, or hostess, if he is conversant with the talents of any amateur present. If an invitation to perform is declined there must be no subsequent pressing, and in the absence of other available skill the lady of the house may play or sing, but not often, the purpose being to call out other accomplished people. Guests should not carry music with them on such occa Q—- -— == 794 ETIQUETTE OF EVENING PARTIES. sions, unless they have been asked to play, as the presence of notes would naturally suggest that they expect an invita- tion. When a lady has consented to play she should be escorted to the instrument without delay, and the gentleman will procure the music, unless, as is much to be preferred, the player can depend on memory. As soon as the piece is determined on, whether song or instrumentation, the amateur should begin, not heeding the hum of social inter- course, which is the main purpose of the evening. The charms of music will draw some few listeners toward the piano, and the gentleman in attendance will turn the pages with skill or he may mar the performance—besides holding any articles that the player may put in his charge. After the piece has come to an end the gentleman will escort the lady to the seat she occupied before, and tender his thanks. Loud conversation is indecordus at all times, but more especially if near the piano, when a lady is singing. It is a mark of good taste to converse in low tones, and to sit at some distance from the instrument, when playing is ex- pected. The player of an accompaniment should make the piano subsidiary to the voice, not strive to drown it by a display of force. The instrument may be defective, and if you are aware of that fact, it may be well for you to excuse yourself from playing, but should you play, avoid disparag- ing remarks. If a lady, who is about to sing, asks you to sing second, use your discretion, and do your best to oblige if possible, but do not offer your assistance, nor suggest an invitation. The rooms in which your entertainment may be given are not to be used for refreshment purposes, beyond an ice cream or such light refection, after your guests have been regaled with tea and coffee in your supper-room. There will be no heavy supper. - Some ladies repeat their entertainments, changing the programme of performers as often as convenient, on certain days of the week, and their “Musical Wednesdays” or other form of hospitality, achieve great social success. A conversazioné might be arranged for in the same way at some set day in each week, and the outlay involved might be very moderate, considering the results likely to be achieved socially. Private Concerts, Theatricals, Charades. In musical neighborhoods there can almost always be found a fair average of talent, competent with training and opportunity to give good concerts. Where such talent does not exist, private concerts must depend on professional skill. Amateur theatricals must depend on amateurs only, although professional aid may be procured for training and rehearsals. Amateurs may be ladies and gentlemen who have given much study to histrionic art, but have not adopted the profession as a means of living. When any such entertainments are given, a supper more or less formal according to means and inclination, should be provided; and refreshments of some kind are socially indispensable. The private concert may be given in the morning or in the evening, and of course the morning is afternoon; that is to say, the time for the concert is from about two o'clock to six, the evening concert ranging from eight to eleven. It is very desirable where anything of this kind is attempted, that the ball-room should be prepared for the event, and fitted so as to define the limits for audience and performers. Conversation, which is permissible where music is the incident, should not be tolerated when the purpose of the evening is a concert. Just as in a concert- room there must be silence, while pieces are being pre- sented; so in the drawing-room respectful attention must be the rule, and conversation will find scope between the different riumbers. There may be arrangements in the pro- gramme for some such desirable change as a brief prome- made between the parts, adding much to the enjoyment. The same rule as to attention applies to private theatricals, and although the skill of the players may not be equal to what may be seen on the boards of a first-class theater, their appreciation of the genius of the playwright will be higher, and their motif entitles them to respect. The stage and seats must all be temporary arrangements, and the scenic auxiliaries limited, but imagination in the audience may supply all that is lacking in mechanical effects. Be- tween the acts brief promenades, refreshments and social chat make the evening pass very pleasantly, but when the space is too confined for promenading, ices may be handed to the guests. Loud applause is not the rule in private the- atricals, and boisterous condemnation would be esteemed an outrage. s Sometimes the amateur company is purely local, with the host or hostess for stage manager, and in that case the friends of the players will prove indulgent critics. Some- times the amateurs are members of a society that extends its operations over two or three towns, and in that case the practice and resultant fitness will be greater, so that they will not depend so much on friends. If the company is purely local, the hostess and her friends settle the cast of the piece among them according to understood rules, and every part, however small, should be played for all it is worth. Those who have accepted a part are bound in honor to attend if possible. The endeavor of each player should be to give due emphasis and effect to his or her char- acter in the play, without any attempt to put the other act- ors in the shade. Host, hostess and guests must work to a common end, and the audience will not fail to applaud with fair discrimination the general result, or individual excel- lence. The Tea Party. The least formal, most friendly and enjoyable of all en- tertainments given at home is the tea party, and the num- bers invited may vary according to the 'capacity of the es- tablishment, from one to three decades. The imagination of the housewife, with the skill of two or three housemaids, will prepare two rooms for the company, and no more is re- quired for comfort. In one of these the guests will be re- ceived and entertained after the manner of a conversazioné, but without the parade of preparation then expected; and in the other, tea, with its concomitants, not a sumptuous meal, g-w- ––. ETIQUETTE OF EVENING PARTIES. 795 but elegant refreshments may be set out on side tables, waiting the convenience of your friends. When the space is limited hand refreshments round, but your lady friends must be seated, and gentlemen should be. The household conducted on most economical principles can indulge in such hospitalities without injuring its repute for frugality, and yet there is no form of pleasure party that brings peo- ple together within the home circle, more likely to promote neighborly feeling. Your guests should be of one set, Or must be introduced in such a manner as to remove coldness and constraint, so that none shall hesitate on request to sing or play to favor the company. N. You may not find many such entertainments in the res: dences of bon ton, but there is nothing in the gathering itself except its friendliness to militate against style and fashion, and every elegance may be added. There is another charm about the tea party; it can be arranged at two or three days notice to meet a new comer whom you wish to pre- sent on the best footing to your friends, the invitations in any form being on time if issued two or three days before the event. Note, card or oral invitation will suffice. Fete Champetre or Matinee. Next to the party just de- scribed the most delightful is the fete-champetre, and in some respects it is supe- rior, because, among other features, it includes sunlight and fresh air. The estab- lishment must be more ex- tensive, and the demands upon its resources are larger, and yet the matinee can be elegantly arranged at mod- erate cost. You are de- •. . pendent upon the weather; consequently the season must be summer or autumn, and there must be a lawn and grounds for your guests, who should be people of £hion indulging in costly attire. The show on the grounds will depend largely on the rich costumes of your friends, con. sequently your cards should be issued at least two, and, when convenient, three, weeks before. The outfit for a SUIC- cessful fete is a marquee on the lawn, a brass band, and the services of a thoroughly competent glee club, willing to sing in the open air. •. The master of ceremonies is not demanded in entertain. ments of this kind, as nobody looks for formal introduc. tions, and the promenade is altogether informal. Lunch. eon may be spread in the marquee if •. large enough for th: company, or otherwise indoors; but dinner is no concern of the hostess, as her company arrives and £ techni. cally in the morning, say between one o clock and six, so ARCHERY PARTY, that they may dine at home. The refreshments provided for the fete or matinee will have relation to that fact. Croquet and Archery. Call together some very fashionable parties, at about three in the afternoon, the morning of the bon ton. The grounds needed for a fete are precisely what are wanted for these entertainments, but they must be fitted with appliances for croquet if that is the game to be played, or for archery if the target is the aim of your friends. Seats informally Placed in pleasant nooks should invite to repose those who are seeking rest from promenade or sport, and a light luncheon may be provided in a marquee, or handed round. There is no more need for ceremonial introduction than at the fete, but the guests should be people of fashion for ob- vious reasons. The company will order their carriages in time to return for dinner. ~ •. Country Parties may vary in many respects, partaking of the features of each form of entertainment described under the last two heads,or any of them, blended as convenient. Dances are in order, notambitious attempts after the manner of the ball. Most of the guests are ac- quainted, but the hostess need not concern herself about introductions; in the sociability incident to such gatherings, formality is at a discount. Be ready for any humorous proposition, and second it with all your heart, if that be possible; you will then meet most of the re- quirements of the country party; but among villagers proper, have a care as to the subjects introduced in the way of conversation, as the bucolic people have strong predilec- tions on local questions. The hostess welcomes every guest with a shake of the hand, and an adieu without the same mark of regard would be cold. Every member of the fam- ily must be recognized in the same way. If the gathering is for a tea party the guests will arrive about eight o'clock and disperse not later than midnight. There is no latitude in the country as to the hour fixed for arrivals, but departures are at the option of the guest; only there should be fair excuses if he leaves very early. Ar- range for all the company to sit at table if possible, but when the company is too large for the tables, seat the ladies and hand refreshments to the rest of the party, but remem- ber that appetites are well known and respected in the country, and provide for their gratification plenteously, though without ostentation. 796 ETIQUETTE of EvenING PARTIES. Picnics might have been considered as the morning variety of the country party, but a distinct head will facilitate reference. Invitations in writing, or by card, may be sent out early, as ladies must have ten days at least for their toilet prepara- tions, and answers should be sent to enable the hostess to provide for her numerous guests without waste or pinching frugality. Carriages may be appointed to rendezvous near some well-known spring, or in any other easily recognized locality, where the host and hostess will be the earliest ar- rivals, having sent forward a conveyance with the refresh- ments for the day, under the care of their servants. If any of the guests have no carriages, provision must be made to send them to the place, and in many cases it is found con- ducive to hilarity to have all the party housed and trans ported in one large covered vehicle, which is convenient as a refuge during the day, should there be rain, or too fierce sunshine. Sometimes the start is made very early in the morning, and any guest who is not on hand at the hour named should be abandoned to his own devices, in consid- eration for the others, who have come to time, and for all the arrangements of the picnic. . Forms and ceremonies are not the main ideas of such entertainments, but the soul of courtesy will pervade every word and action, to make a good time for everybody. Servants, except those sent forward with refreshments and retained for the more irksome labors of distribu- tion, removal and return, are de trop in picnic parties. All the pleasant toils of attendance upon the ladies devolve upon the gentlemen, and to them even toil in such service is a delight. Every suggestion is welcomed that brings new pleasures within the reach of the party, but straying from the main body is a selfish procedure. Gentlemen always see to the ladies' comfort as their first consideration, and at the close of the entertainment the guests return thanks to their host and hostess for the rich treat their hospitality has afforded. - Parlor Lectures. The best intellectual amusement that can be provided in any locality, and all things considered one of the least ex- pensive is the parlor lecture. Ladies and gentlemen eminent in the profession, make this description of enter- tainment their specialty, in Eastern society more especially, and during the proper season for in-door pleasures, the ladies in some fashionable neighborhoods arrange in petite comité to throw open their parlors, on successive nights, or at intervals when more convenient to accommodate and de- light their friends, by bringing them in contact with eminent specialists, who will address them in a conversa- tional manner on the subjects given in each programme, and after an hour or more so occupied, receive suggestions for further elucidation, or answer questions asked by the company, with additional illustrations, to make their mean- ing clear. The ordinary lecture in a crowded hall among people unknown to you, and where there is no opportunity to ascertain precisely what is meant if you do not grasp the purpose of the speaker, without calling too much attention to yourself, or crowding through the audience to the front after the finish of the exercise, gives no idea of the pleasure and gain attending this elegant form of social gathering. The lecturer is eminent in the branch of research to which he calls your attention, and his discourse for the evening, not written, but given extemporaneously, though carefully digested, will deal with some question of peculiar interest, not hackneyed by debate. The parlor or the drawing room, the most handsome and commodious room in the house, is used on the occasion, and without being crowded, is filled with chairs enough to accommodate all the guests invited. No platform or staging is necessary, as the lecturer does not stand to address his audience. A handsome table with a lamp to facilitate reference to notes, should notes be used, will be the only specialty in the arrangement, and that may be placed in the center or at one end of the parlor, just as may best suit the taste of the lady to whom the entertainment is due. The lecturer will be entertained as one of the guests, with whom he will mingle on terms of social equality during the evening, and there will be no presiding officer, as no occa- sion can arise for his or her offices. Sometimes when churches and other institutions have fallen into debt, and ladies, who object to fancy fairs with their attendant lotteries, which are not received with favor among thinking people, wish to lift the embarrassing load, they arrange with eminent parlor lecturers, to give a series of their entertainments, in the most attractive parlors or draw- ing-rooms in the locality, selling cards for the course in advance. On such occasions it is not the custom to issue invitations because the purpose of benevolence would be defeated, and introductions do not become general; but a very pleasant and remunerative course of lectures results in the shrinking or extinguishment of large liabilities. Unlike the bazaar, the labor cast on the ladies is light and the out- lay is inconsiderable. s Music is unnecessary as an accompaniment to the parlor lecture, which fills the evening with a pleasure entirely its own, commencing about eight o'clock and terminating soon after ten. Company will arrive at any time after half-past. seven, and those who assemble early are usually on such terms with the hostess, and each other, as to make conver- sation general, until the lecturer takes his chair at the table. . After that time conversation will cease until the lecture has come to an end, when remarks will be addressed to and answered by the specialist engaged for the evening, or COlli SC, The parlor lecture should be given and enjoyed for its own sake, and when that is the case, invitations should be issued by the ladies who have arranged the programme, not less than one week before the time fixed for the first lecture. Each lady will issue her own invitations, and should make them as numerous as the size of her drawing-room, and the claims of her circle of friends, will permit. Re- freshments are not provided when parlor lectures are given. - *. * t of entertainment in which pomp and ceremony would be mons- [" trous, to the etiquette of public * places, where forms must be # rigidly observed. There would # * be no good purpose served in 2. repeating what has been said else- where as to etiquette to be main- tained on the street, and in the ball- room, so far as these apply to public places; but in passing, it will be well to say, that, whether casting aside ceremony, or firmly intrenched behind its bulwarks, ladies and gentlemen never fail to make it apparent to their friends, that high-souled courtesy is the ruling principle of their lives. •. Gentlemen never invite a lady to any public amusement on the spur of the moment, nor will a lady accept such an invitation, unless from a near relative. The day before is the shortest notice that should be given, by oral or written invitation, and when the gentleman is inviting the lady for the first time. he must include another lady or member of the family. The lady invited will answer without delay, * that good seats may be obtained if she accepts, and in " event of her declining another lady may be solicited to participate. When entering a place of amusement after the perform. ance has commenced, make * little noise as possible, and always be on time if that can be arranged. Enter walking by the side of the lady unless the entrance or aisle is too narrow, in either of which events the lady * yields prece- dence, as the gentleman must communicate with the usher, find the seat, and make arrangements. The inner seat, or that from which the best view can be obtained, is the privi- lege of the lady, the gentleman taking the outer or less ad- vantageous position. While the play or concert proceeds retain your seat, and preserve silence, as standing or mak- ing a noise must disturb or inconvenience others. Con- versation at intervals between the acts, and in low tones, is desirable, but whispering and loud talk are inadmissible, together with all eccentricities of manner. Whatever con- duct would be blamable in the drawing-room must not be indulged in when you attend public amusements. If a gentleman is recognized by a lady in the boxes or stalls on the other side of the theater, he will bow; but the lady will give only the faintest form of acknowledgment. No gen- tleman will quit the side of the lady whom he is escorting to visit the refreshment rooms, or for any purpose except on the lady's behalf, during the evening. At a concert, when an interval is allowed for promenad- ing, the escort may ask the lady if she desires to walk, and he will attend upon her, whether she promenades or retains the seat. Applause at concert or play should be moderate. A gentleman escorting a lady will not surrender the position he occupies, even to another lady; his duty is to remain be- side the lady who has honored him with her company, as well between as during the acts. During the promenade on such occasions friends will not continue to recognize each other; once suffices; and a lady will not stop to converse with other gentlemen, nor accept their company and atten- tions. Long conversations, even between intimate friends, in public places, must not be entered upon. The libretto of the opera and the bill of the play are necessary to the understanding of the amusement, and must be obtained on entering the opera house or theater, but if you cannot obtain it at that time, send the usher to procure what you want, as it is wrong to leave the lady alone. Convey the lady to the theater, and on her return home, in a carriage if possible, especially in unpleasant weather. If there is a crowd the usher will clear the way through the aisles. Between the acts, a gentleman having ETIQUETTE OF PUBLIC PLACES. been recognized by the lady you are escorting may join you and converse for a few seconds; but if that gentleman is escorting a lady he does wrong to leave her side, even for a moment. Returning from the theater or opera, you will leave the lady at her door, even though invited to enter; but it is a duty to ask permission to call on the following day, and leave will be granted. Sometimes programmes that are full of promise eventuate in dull performances, but the lady will not express dissatisfaction, lest her lack of pleasure in the entertainment is taken as a reflection on the judgment of her escort, to whom thanks are due. Gloves will not be removed, even to shake hands, in any public place of amusement. When a party has been made up to attend the theater, a gentleman being urged to participate may join the group if there are more ladies than gentlemen; but unless actually invited he will not offer his company. Gentlemen es- corting ladies will of course defray all expenses, and if one gentleman acts as treasurer, the others of the party will subsequently ar- range with him, in a just and liberal manner, avoid- ing all meanness. Attendance in Church. The duty to attend church “on time " need hardly be enforced; the rest of the congregation should not be disturbed after the commencement of service. On arrival at the door gentlemen rever- entially remove their hats and enter the aisle without haste or noise, unless they are strangers, in which case they wait the convenience of an usher, who will allot them seats. The pew is generally private property, upon which it is an intrusion to enter uninvited. When a gentleman is escorting a lady to his pew, he walks beside her to the entrance, and then steps aside until she has taken the innermost seat, after which he takes his place. Conversation in a low tone touching the ser- vice is not improper before worship commences, but whis- pering, laughing or loud talking is inexcusable; and if there are young children in the party, they should be taught to keep perfectly still. The courtesies of the time may be exchanged before entering, or after the service, but never in the body of the church during the hours allotted to wor- ship. Do not enter a place of worship unless you are in sym- pathy with the forms observed there, but when you find that you are in a church with the services of which you do *~ to the ceremonies of the place for the time, and avoiding ETIQUETTE OF PLACES OF AMUSEMENT. not agree, you will best discharge your duty by conforming subsequent attendance. In your own church you will po- litely offer a seat in your pew to any stranger who may be unattended by the usher, but that duty can be discharged in silence. If any unusual noise should be heard near you, give no outward heed to the disturbance; the ushers will quietly remove the cause. Whatever act of civility you of: fer or receive be silent during service, and arrange all things to prevent noise; as, for instance, when you share your hymn book with a stranger or pass him another book pointing out the place, you need not say one word. Carry your hat, umbrella or cane into the pew, and be careful that they do not fall, distracting attention. A Protestant gentleman will not attend a Roman Catho- lic church from motives of curiosity, but when circum- stances make it incumbent upon him to visit the elder # church, he will act in a manner that will indicate his regard for the con- scientious convictions of others. The same remarks apply to Catholics attend- ing Protestant churches. Gloves will be worn in church unless the lady or gentleman is about to use holy water, or participate in any other such rite. The minister would not of- ficiate with gloved hands. Strangers may visit a church to observe its beau- ties of architecture and or- namentation, when there is no service onward, but even then respect is due to the edifice; more especially should devotees be in attendance. Crowding about the church door when the congregation is entering or leaving is against etiquette, and a cause of annoyance. Departure from the church must be slow and noiseless as the act of entrance, and all noisy salutations must be avoided, even after you have passed the vestibule. On ceremonial occasions, as at a funeral, when you are not personally con- cerned, remain in your place till the mourners have passed your pew; then fall into position and move with them toward the exit. When a christening calls you to the sacred edifice, having to participate as sponsor or other- wise, accompany your friends, but do pot carry your pres- ents to church; they should be given on the previous day. Church and other Fancy Fairs. Fancy fairs differ from other such gatherings for com- merce, because the buyers and sellers are mainly interested in some other purpose above the purchase and sale of goods, such as redeeming a church, school-house or institution -—” ETIQUETTE OF PUBLIC PLACEs. 799 your persistent noti from debt, and ladies unused to storekeeping serve the various stalls. Gentlemen who would show no such mark of respect in ordinary places of business, remain uncovered while in attendance at a fancy fair, to compliment the ladies. Chaffering as to the price appended to an article is wrong, because you can buy or pass without buying, and any un- favorable comment is ungracious to the ladies concerned in preparing or selling the articles for a good object. Urgent entreaties to buy should not be indulged in, as people who attend will use their own judgment as to purchasing, and their presence is an evidence that they are willing to assist. Conduct that would be condemned elsewhere, cannot be justified by the fact that it brings discredit on a good pur- pose. Refreshment tables and lotteries are parts of the machin- ery of fancy fairs, about which good people differ materi- ally, but there can be no doubt that ladies should not lend their persuasive eloquence to either system of money-mak- ing. - A gentleman may not demand change, should he over- pay for any article he may purchase at a fancy fair, but the lady will hand the change without demur, leaving to the gentleman the graceful opportunity which he has probably considered to offer the overplus as a contribution. In all cases gentlemen should provide themselves with such sums as they are willing to bestow on the fund, and their small- est purchases deserve thanks. Studio and Picture Gallery. The studio of the artist is his empire, and within that do- main you must not question his absolute authority. He has a right to demand that you shall not meddle with his work in any stage, uninvited. The picture with its face to the wall is sacred. The portfolio must not be touched. The lay fig- ure, drapery, furniture or article of virtu is “taboo,” and has been posed for artistic purposes which deserve respect. Never enter a studio unasked by the artist, and when you are invited go on time, as every moment is golden. Children are perpetual sources of apprehension in a studio; therefore leave them at home, for their own comfort and that of the artist, as well as your own. If you have promised to sit attend at the moment named, because other subjects are to follow you, and will be inconvenienced by want of punctu- ality on your part. If the artist is at work, remember that ce of his operations may annoy and dis- turb him. The courtesy you would show to a guest in your house is due to an artist. If you like his works, show your apprecia- tion by quiet attention, and if you do not approve, be silent. Extravagant praise or blame would be equally ill-bred, but a few words modestly said may convey your friendly regard in. good taste. The studio is a workshop where undertakings not yet ready for the public eye are in progress, and where confidential commissions may be executed; consequently you will see nothing there beyond what you are invited to examine. An unfinished picture is not a matter for exhibi- tion, even though you may have given the commission. Some artists smoke in their studios, and others object to the aroma of tobacco among their paintings. Gentlemen never smoke in the apartment of another without permission. Act among artists as you would among other gentlemen, and as you would not whisper in the drawing-room, do not in- dulge in such a solecism in the studio. You may give rise to the idea that you are unfavorably criticising the works around you. The bargains and commissions of the artist are not public property unless he chooses to make them, and un- due curiosity in such particulars is an impertinence, offered to a gentleman who has claims on your courtesy. You may mean to purchase a picture, and if so there is no harm in your mentioning that fact, connecting it with your approval of some work then before you, of which you may ask the price, but it would be wrong to chaffer about the sum asked, beyond mentioning the limits of your proposed outlay, so that the artist may consider your offer if so disposed. Generally the better plan is to send a courteous note to the artist with a definite offer, or to employ an agent or mutual friend as buyer. - Some visitors to studios outrage the proprieties by touching frames and pictures with hands, canes, parasols and other ar- ticles as though they could not be hurt; while their loud comments on art generally, and on the specimens before them, imply that all beside them are in their novitiate. Oth- ers use the studio as a place for discussion and disputation, oblivious of the fact that artists live by the exercise of their genius, and by the visits of appreciative buyers who have no interest in general gossip. Your well-meant criticisms, how- ever wisely directed, may be the means of deferring or de- feating an intended sale. Etiquette of Shopping. General Washington was expostulated with for raising his hat to a negro, and he replied, “I would not allow any man to outdo me in politeness.” Courtesy in the store, exhibited in conversation with proprietors and clerks, is as necessary and commendable as the same quality in the drawing-room. A lady marks her goodness and wisdom by using polite forms of speech when, instead of saying, “I want,” she says, “Will you, if you please?” after indicating the article she wishes to see. * Purchase some article at the counter if you find it possible, as the clerk will be discredited if he does not effect a sale after showing you many articles. Apologize for extra trouble given in any case, and when you leave the counter bow politely. If another lady is examining goods that you wish to see, wait until she has finished with the article, and then take it in hand. Opinions given unsought indicate ill breeding, in a store as elsewhere. Especially avoid audible comparisons with the goods seen in other stores, and when only a small purchase is made after a large amount of trouble, apologize politely for the inconvenience you have caused. You need not carry parcels; the shopkeeper will be better pleased to send them in his delivery van. k- JS *ISITS were formerly possible only to the wealthy, to near neighbors, to persons engaged in commerce, or to pilgrims; they are now in- dulged in by much wider circles, and the amenities of such occa- sions make life various and de- lightful. We have noticed the ceremonial call, but we now refer to visits of some duration among relatives and friends in which mere ceremony is put aside in favor of a more charming etiquette. Unless your intimacy or relationship warrants a departure from general rules, never “drop in” upon friends without a special invitation, as visits requested without setting a time for the arri- val do not suppose preparation, and the host | | *. may be seriously incommoded. When trav- eling, if you stay in the locality where friends reside, drive to the best hotel, and send them an intimation of your pres- ence; they will wait upon you there and extend hospitalities, unless particular causes render that step inconvenient. There are periodical disruptions of every home, such as housecleaning, and other less regular visitations of trouble, which even pater familias would escape if he dared by sojourning elsewhere, and your happening in at such a time would intensify domestic afflictions, involving you in some degree in the unhappiness of that juncture. Your friends, although pleased to receive you generally, should be in- formed of your possible call, and permitted a graceful oppor- tunity to say, without pressure on your part, that they will be delighted to have you “make yourself at home.” The rules that apply to friends have the same force with relatives, unless the connection is so near that your room is always ready, and no ceremony is needed on your arrival. when you have been invited for a set time, observe with care the limits of the invitation, as your friend’s house is not a caravansary, and however large, other guests may have been favored in the same way, so that the presence of persons not expressly included, however welcome on gen- eral principles, might have the effect of an unwarrantable ETIQUETTE OF THE VISIT. SEES, a FSI:#E', 'E', 'E' # intrusion. Husbands and wives should not be separated in friendly attention, but your attendants and children may find comfort in “the old house at home,” without diminishing the joy of the visit. Time is an element in every welcome, which the wise will always remember; other guests may be invited to fol- low you although your host would be pained to mention the fact, therefore, intimate your intention to depart at the end of the week if no time has been named for the termi- nation of your pleasure in that household, and adhere to that purpose, unless you are overruled by the hospitable desires of your friends. If you are prevailed upon to remain be- yond the time indicated, arrive at a definite understanding on the subject, so that the round of delight may be com- pressed and your exit may not seem abrupt. Invitations to visit are usually in writing, and when orally tendered should be accepted in general terms, depend- ent upon mutual arrangements, to be determined by letter at a later date. Subsequently you will hear from your friend again, naming a particular time, or pressing for a day to be named. Unless such attentions are urged upon you it will be well to postpone your visit. When you are so honored answer by return accepting, if that be your pleas- ure, but reserving the decision as to time at least one mail, until you have considered your engagements. You can then fix date and hour of arrival; which must be scrupulously observed, unless some unforseen insuperable difficulty arise, of which the telegraph wires will inform your friends and save them from useless attendance on incoming trains. Such precautions must never be over- looked or you may alienate your best friends, who have asked your presence presumably at the season when they can best wait upon you and promote your happiness. The preparations for your reception have been in prog- ress for many days, and elegant hospitalities await you. The room which you may have occupied before is made ready for your coming with care, suggested by the season, orderly and well appointed, and the bath-room inviting your presence. You will see at once that it would be wrong to slight such politeness. While your guest remains, his room in your house must -—P ETIQUETTE OF VISITING. 8OI be as sacred from intrusion as though the house were his own. At the time he is expected, unless he travels in his own carriage, a rare privilege in our time, wait upon him at the railroad station in your own conveyance, and give him a preliminary welcome, reserving your warmer mani- festations of pleasure for his advent to your own home, where he will be ushered to the rooms made ready for his comfort as soon as convenient. When the mysteries of the bath and toilet have made him anxious for refreshments, you will be ready with whatever kind of meal is suggested by the hour; and if your guest has arrived late at night it will be politeness to give him a late breakfast the next morning. After that meal, unless special circumstances render deviations necessary, make your friend aware of your regular mode of life and he will accommodate himself to your pleasure, as he must be aware that any irregularity on his part will disrupt your domestic arrangements. In almost every locality there are some points of interest or beauty that you think specially worthy of notice. and as your guest depends upon you for guidance during the hours that may be exempt from correspondence Or literary labor, the programme of excursions and visits in the neigh- borhood, and the reception of calls, must be determined by you, subject to any personal habits of your friend, with which you may have become familiar. If your friend has any business to transact during his stay and desires your attendance upon him, meet his views if possible; but upon the slightest indication that the matter to be transacted is confidential, respect the privacy which belongs to all such affairs. The host will of course invite any friends of his guest in the same city to visit him during the stay and par- take of his hospitality in some form, including by way of introduction, if they are strangers, the invitation of the guest in the letter conveying his polite attention, and in any case they must be notified of the guest's arrivalso that they may call. The host must give the guest all possible pleasure, and the visiting friend will conform to the ways of the household, and give the least trouble possible. The round of gaieties while the guest remains should be as complete as possible, without falling into senseless dissi- pation; although pleasure is the reasonable object of the visit on both sides, there are duties which neither can neglect without shame and loss; therefore the host will respect the needful demands upon the time of his guest, and if possible attend to his own pursuits at the same hours, leaving leisure for free disposal of his energies, when the guest may be entertained. This course fully understood will assist materially to place the visitor at his ease. Ladies more readily understand the amenities of such OCC:ISIOIl S than gentlemen, and it is no infraction on IrOiltine to see the accomplished friend, whose pen or pencil may delight thou- sands, giving an hour to the family workroom. to help the hostess overtake her arrears, unless that lady is urgent 111 declining her aid. No visits can be made in the neighbor- hood without previous consultation with the friend you are visiting, and that obligation is mutually imperative. Sorrow falls like a thunderbolt sometimes from an un- clouded sky, and thus you may be called upon to minister to affliction in the house of your friends, where you were asked to participate in joyous hospitalities; in such a case use your discretion; remain and assist if you can be really useful, while tendering your voiceless sympathies, for deep sorrow is often silent; but if you cannot render service, otherwise, tender your adieux in friendly regret. When you visit friends who live in a less pretentious style than others in your circle, be silent as to the differ- ences you may observe; the hospitality of your friends, not their wealth, should be the charm of your stay, and dis- Paraging remarks must alienate their regard, or lessen their esteem for you. The servants of the household will provide you with anything you may require, which may have been overlooked by the hostess, and which cannot be supplied by yourself, but in an unobtrusive way you should take for your use anything you can foresee the likelihood of wanting, and lessen as much as possible your demands upon the household, always remembering that the servant whose duty it is to attend upon you will not consider any reasonable request a trouble. Should you unfortunately destroy or injure any article in your own room or else- where in your friend's house, it is your duty to make the loss good, although your host will of course decline any such suggestion on your part, and you will show polite and priceless attentions in small presents to the hostess and younger members of the family. Acknowledgments of hospitality by expensive presents are not required under any circumstances, more especially if you can requite the obligation in your own home; but when a gentleman desires to make any such offering, he will delicately tender the article chosen for the purpose to the lady of the house, or for the youngest child. You will not expect the host and hostess, who have many duties, to give you their personal attention all the day—providing for your comfort must occupy some of their time—but you will have their establishment at your disposal, and when they can afford you their company it will be a pleasure on both sides, the more enjoyed because of the enforced interval. Your day is more completely at your own disposal, being a guest away from engrossing business pursuits, and when you are called upon by your host or hostess to make calls or take part in any course they may suggest, respond gladly. Being a Protestant you are not bound to attend the Ro- man Catholic church because your host may do so; nor would you if a Catholic, under similar circumstances, be called upon to attend Protestant worship; but you will not argue the question nor even mention it, unless it is forced upon you. Should you attend church conform to the cus- toms of the place; family prayers are obligatory in the same degree. When guests of divers views meet in the house of a friend, the rules of good fellowship will be promoted by gentlemanly forbearance in a hundred particulars, embodied in the axiom: “Whatsoever ye would that men should do to you, do ye even so to them.” • * -- 4. 8O2 WEDDING ETIQUETTE. HERE are writers who contemn the idea of etiquette in affairs of the heart. Yet it is precisely where the feelings are most likely to be en- gaged on one side, if not on both, that some recognized forms must be observed to protect either side % % from misconception, or what may seem like unpardonable intrusion on the part of the other. The etiquette of the oc- casion does not dictate the love letter, nor provide the form of expression in which the young gentleman whose heart is en- gaged, and whose affection is returned, shall utter the manliest feelings of an hon- 9 est heart; that may be, and must be, left to 52) the impulse of the moment, with every man who is worthy of a partner; and the fact that his sentences may not be well C. " O) rounded, that his voice may express emo- 2 e tion as he pours into the ear of the loved one the story that has been told so often, and so truly in millions of lives, from before the time when Adam and his bride left Paradise after their misadventure with the serpent, will not detract from his success as a wooer. Etiquette determines procedure in early days which pre- cede an engagement, and regulates the terms on which the expectant lover may approach the lady, upon whose hand and heart he may subsequently formulate designs; but it does not presume to teach him how to love; that mystery is one of the out-pourings from the deepest founts of nature, beyond all aid from mere conventionalities, however well founded they may be in mutual convenience. Etiquette prescribes the manner in which the engaged couple shall carry themselves in the presence of others, so that their affections may not make them ridiculous; and no reader will question the desirability of such provision. It re- solves also the line of conduct which should be observed by others who may be brought in contact with engaged people, and that function is perfectly legitimate, without passing be- yond “the modesty of nature.” When Engaged, If the parties reside in the same locality, the circumstance of the engagement being known and approved, the lady should be waited upon in her home by some members of the family of the gentleman, but the cause of the call need not be spoken of, and the visit will be to the family of which the lady is a member, not to the young lady herself, expressly, although she will be its object. The families may continue their calls without contracting intimate relations, but the first call must be returned with reasonable promptitude; and there is no reason why the civility should not grow into warm, friendly intercourse between the two circles which may be- come so nearly related. - Under other conditions, when the engaged parties reside in distant cities, the engagement being duly announced and approved, there should be letters expressive of the feelings of the family of the gentleman toward the lady and her family, and to such communications prompt answers in the same cordial spirit are due. Following upon such pleasant for- malities, the gentleman, who has obtained a preliminary ac- ceptance, may offer some present, proportioned to his means and indicative of his feelings. Fashion changes in the matter of presents, and may well be consulted by its votaries, but it is almost an invariable custom in polite society to offer a ring or some article of jewelry graceful and costly, which may be worn and treasured by the young lady. If a ring constitutes the present, it will be worn on the appropriate finger of the left hand, and both parties to the semi-contract may wear that sign of the understanding arrived at, the gentleman's ring being a present from the lady, or a duplicate of his pres- ent to her, by the same maker. Other such elegant inter- changes of presents, from the gentleman first, followed by returns of her own handiwork from the lady when conven- ient, signalize the anniversaries of birthdays, and the several holiday seasons, not omitting the day on which lovers are specially privileged to address their fiances, the feast of St. Valentine. Engagements are sometimes broken with good cause, and painful as the severance must be, it is better for both sides that any circumstance certain to militate against happiness in marriage, should be acted upon before that point is reached. The steps necessary in such a case, whether taken by the lady or the gentleman, ought to be well weighed, and so ad- dressed as to mitigate the suffering of the other side as much as possible. When it is evident that there is no avoidance of the rupture possible, a letter kindly, but firmly, conceived ought to accompany the return of all presents and souvenirs, letters and tokens of engagement; to which the other side, i. ## WEDDING ETIQUETTE. 8o3 even though conscious of a wrong, will respond in like man. ner, and the engagement must end; unless the person with whom the breach originated finds himself, or herself, in the wrong, and takes the necessary course to restore amicable re- lations. After it is known that a lady and gentleman have become engaged, the gentleman will be received into friendly re: tions with the family of his betrothed, and will be included in all invitations which contemplate her presence among friends She would be justified in ignoring any such invitation, in which the gentleman may be overlooked, but may use her discretion therein. Mutual Relations. Generous confidence and kindly regard should be mani. fested by both parties to the contract, and any show of jeal. ousy, or of a captious, exacting disposition, bodes evil. NOr should they show a too devotional spirit toward each other in public, as that kind of olatry is nev- er admirable, when seen by third parties. There should be a frank admis- sion of tender feeling on either side, evidenced by manner, not by words, and guarded with such discretion that while none would doubt their affection, no comment would be challenged. These niceties of observ- ance are necessary to pre- vent other gentleman making advances under the supposition that no engagement actually ex- ist while it is impera- £ of £ drawing-room and ball-room should not be scandalized by a show of love-sick tenderness truly de. plorable. The manner of the gentleman toward the lady of his choice ought to determine his status in society, and it will as- sist in no small degree to establish or dethrone him in the esteem of the young lady's family. There is no joke In Ore senseless than that which witless people indulge in at the ex: pense of mothers-in-law. As a rule they are kind and sensi- ble women, deeply interested in the welfare of the two people, . whom they are supposed certain to wreck and run, It s of course necessary when new ties have been formed. that the young couple should start fair in life, master and mistress in their own home, bearing unquestioned sway; but all that s quite compatible with the kindliest regard for the parents Oil both sides, who wisely abstain from interference 111 the new departure. Polite and deferential attention to the advice of the mother of your intended bride is always sound policy; but in all cases you will weigh advice before making a deci- sion. *:::::: wedding ceremony. To flirt is a mark of bad taste and want of judgment, whether the person indulging be lady or gentleman. A young lady not engaged, who makes herself conspicuous for that evil practice, is not likel y to be sought by one of the opposite sex, save for a heedless flirtation; and when an engaged lady allows herself to be betrayed into any such act of indecorum, she imperils her relationship to the gentleman, upon whom her conduct must inflict pain. A gentleman capable of flirt- ing is too vain and thoughtless to be a depository for the af. fection of a true-souled, worthy woman. When to Wed? It is the privilege and duty of the gentleman to be solicitous for the appointment of an early day for the wedding, but the lady has the power in that particular to say “Yes,” and to name the season. The summer months are most favored for marriages, although every variety of weather is ofgood omen, as the old adage: “Hap- py is the bride that the sun shines on,” is an- swered, or supplemented, by another which says: “Happy is the bride that the rain rains on;” the great fact being that the proverb would be just as true if it contained only the words: “Happy is the bride.” The day of the wedding, although it may be watered with tears, is often the happiest in a woman's life. There are superstitious fears as to marriages, which have force with minds customarily well balanced. Few young ladies will consent to a marriage on Friday, for the same reason that a sailor will not ship in a vessel that is to sail on that day, although probably the seaman would rather sail on Friday, than not sail at all. May is not a month favored for marriages, unless the mov- able feast of Easter falls within its limits, in which case the Easter week redeems the matter. Lent is never an appro- priate time, but any day of the week except Friday is accept. able; Wednesday and Thursday have the preference. June, July, and Angust, are the months most fashionable for mar- riages in Europe, that season being most likely to give fair weather for the bridal array and the honeymoon; but in this country weddings are almost evenly distributed over all sea- * except Lent. In this country marriages must be in ac- cordance with the laws of the various states, some of which require licenses from county or circuit courts in the city where the marriage is to be solemnized. The bridegroom must procure that document, and he should be attended by a near relative of the lady, qualified to make an affidavit that she can lawfully contract the marriage authorized by the Q—- 804. WEDDING ETIQUETTE. license. Wedding invitations have formed the subject for our artist graver on pages 254 to 259 inclusive, and we invite attention to the models. Wedding Presents must be sent to the bride, even though your supreme wish may be to do honor to the bridegroom. That gentleman will use his best judgment in selecting for the bride the handsomest present of jewelry permitted by his means. Presents, except that in the hands of the bridegroom, should be sent to the house where the ceremony is to be per- formed, during the preceding week, where they should make a very handsome display, more for the sake of the friendly feeling manifested by the givers, than because of their in- trinsic value. A young couple in India was ruined by a pres- ent of a white elephant which compelled them to live beyond their means. Those who wish to show their regard for the bride should ascertain the form of elegant souvenir likely to be most in keeping with her circumstances and take action accordingly. Bridesmaids and Groomsmen. When the wedding is strictly private bridesmaids and groomsmen are not required, but when the full ceremonial of the church is observed they are considered necessary to the occasion. There may be any even number of brides- maids, from two to eight, with groomsmen to match; in the selection the sisters of the bride take first place, and the sisters of the bridegroom may be called on to assist, the cousins and friends of the bride completing the number. They should be younger than the bride, and wear dresses like her own, not more costly, although they may show more ornamentation, the principal decoration being flowers, and the dresses of a light, graceful fabric. The bride will wear but few ornaments, gifts from the bridegroom, and from her parents. The dress itself will be conspicuously plain, but distinguished as a bridal costume by the garland and veil. The duties of the bridesmaids are to assist in dressing the bride, receiving the company, and otherwise as occasion may arise. In the church they will stand on the left of the bride, the chief of the suite holding the bouquet and gloves of the bride. The suite of the bridegroom, or groomsmen, receive the clergyman, and present him to the bridegroom, standing to the right of the bridegroom during the ceremony of mar- riage. The busiest man among the groomsmen is the “best man,” or first friend of the young benedict. It is his duty to make all disbursements, being made treasurer by the bridegroom; to present the white bouquet to the bride, to escort friends desirous to congratulate the young couple, to pay the charges incident to the day, and dispatch all busi- ness. The bridegroom presents bouquets to the bridesmaids, and pays attention to his young wife. When, as sometimes happens, the whole of the wedding party escort the young couple to the railroad station, to see them off on their tour, the “best man” assumes all business responsibility, as to tickets, seats and baggage, concluding his services by send- ing notices to the press. The Marriage. The ceremony may be performed at any hour, and almost in any place in this country, to suit the convenience of the parties, whether they prefer the church or their homes. Marriage by a magistrate is lawful, but there is a strong feel- ing in favor of the clergyman officiating. When his ser- vices are required, a carriage must be sent by the bridegroom or “best man,” to bring the minister and his family to the place appointed. Carriages for themselves and their daughter are provided by the parents of the bride, the bridegroom being limited to provision for the bridesmaids and groomsmen, the latter of whom sometimes provide their own. When the wedding is solemnized in church, the front seats near the altar are usually separated from the remainder by a white ribbon, being thus reserved for the families and relatives of the young couple. Ushers designated by a white rose, and chosen by the friends of the families being united, wait on arrivals and appoint them to seats. The ushers in a body receive the bridal party at the vestibule of the church, and attend them up the main aisle until they reach the altar rails, when they yield precedence, separating right and left, and taking their places in the rear. The bride must be waited upon; no one may keep her waiting. Upon her arrival the clergyman must be near the altar, and before the time of her coming the bridegroom and his retinue should be in the vestry, so that no delay should dull the brightness of the occasion. The bridesmaids may accompany her to church, in carriages following hers, or they may await her coming, and receive her in the vesti- bule, where the party will form, the “best man” giving escort to the chief bridesmaid, and the others similarly com- panioned following in order, with the bridegroom sustaining the mother of the bride, and the father of the bride coming last of all, his daughter leaning on his arm. Arrived at the altar, the bride will take her place as we have represented in the engraving to the left of the bride- groom; the father, whose duty it is to give away the bride, stands behind the young couple, but slightly in advance of the others, the mother just behind him. In the rear of the young couple the bridesmaids and groomsmen are grouped, the former to the left, the latter to the right of their respect- ive principals. When a ring is used, the chief bridesmaid removes the glove from the hand of the bride. The re- sponses of the bride and groom should be clear and distinct, but not too loud. When the wedding takes place at the house of the bride, the room should be apportioned, part to the company and part to the bridal party, which can thus be grouped in order before the curtain is drawn aside; but when such an arrange- ment cannot be made, the entrance of the bridal party will be in the order observed at church. The parents of the bride will be the first to speak to her after the ceremony, then the father and mother of the bridegroom, then the as- -- ~-Ö -—? WEDDING ETIQUETTE. 805 f sembled friends in their order. The bridegroom gives his arm to the bride, moving toward the vestry, followed by his friends. In the vestry he will raise the veil and kiss the bride, some few of the more intimate friends of the bride following that example. As the party move slowly down the church arm in arm, the “Wedding March” should be played on the organ, and when the bridal party is seated, and the carriages drive off, the church bells should ring a joyous peal for two souls made happy. Reception. Brief receptions of an hour are customary in the house which the bride is about to leave, and intimate friends avail themselves of the privilege to congratulate the bridegroom, and express their desire for the future happiness of the young wife. Those who are acquainted only with the bridegroom will first address him, and he will introduce them to his bride; those who are not known to the bride- groom will address the bride first; as also will those who are acquainted with both parties. Those who are not acquainted with either, if privileged to be present may be introduced by the “best man,” who officiates as factotum and master of ceremonies. * The young wife does not change her. dress until she re- tires from the breakfast or supper provided in honor of the wedding, to assume her traveling costume. Her place is beside her husband on the right, at the center of the table, her father being at the top and her mother at the bottom of the table doing the honors. Refreshment having been taken, the cake cut, everyone assisted, the health of the bride and bridegroom given and duly honored with suitable acknowledgments, with all the compliments and good wishes that kindness can suggest, the bride, with her friends, retire to make ready for the journey, and Soon afterward the young husband and wife start on their tour. The Wedding Tour. The objective point of the young tourists had of course been arranged before the wedding, and they are off on their journey, with every stopping place engaged beforehand, according to the ascertained wish of the bride. There should be no unnecessary haste, as there is time enough be- fore the travelers to permit them to select their route and pursue it at their leisure, certain to find comfortable rooms awaiting them with requisite attendance at every stage. There should be no display in the traveling costume of the young wife; a plain neat dress is all that is demanded. There is no company sought or desired beyond their own small party of one, they twain being made one, and having no time to consider “which one.” The tour will be brought to an end at the time arranged for, as "At Home 1) cards, or “Reception” announcements have justified their friends in anticipating their return to partake in the pleasures of that occasion, before the day and hour named. Calling on the Newly Married Couple. None should call on the young couple unless they have received a wedding card intimating that their presence would be welcome. The mother or sister of the bride or some intimate friend must assist at the reception. Be punctual Qn the days named for seeing company, not calling before nor after the hours appointed, and on the first day if possible. Wedding cake and wine, or other appropriate refreshments will be handed to each guest, who will partake at his or her discretion, and express desires for the happiness of the new household, which will of course be acknowledged with *y. Bridal calls must be returned within one week. Miscellaneous. When circumstances call for any societary attention to the bride and bridegroom, their friends, the bridesmaids and groomsmen, must be included, and etiquette permits the bridal party on such occasions to wear the dresses that graced the wedding. Deep mourning should not be worn at a wedding; even the widowed mother of the bride or bridegroom will lay it aside for the day and wear grey silk or some such tint. The styles of dress to be worn, except as to the wreath and veil of the bride, are not matters of etiquette, but details in which fashion is supreme. The bridal dress will of course be pure white unless the bride is a widow, in which case it may be white, silver grey, or some light tint, and very often widows dispense with the distinctive adornments of the young bride the veil and orange wreath. There is no law in the matter except that modesty and good taste shall rule. The mother of the bride should be visited by her friends during the two weeks following the wedding, the call partaking of condolence on the departure—not the loss—of her daughter, and congratulations on her establishment. Settlements. Settlements are absolutely necessary in the interest of both the husband and of the wife, and friends are only prudent and considerate when they insist. The young lady should understand this and leave that point in the hands of her parents. The intended husband should state his circum- stances in perfect candor, without ostentation, or Suppres- sion, and concur in any reasonable proposition for the security of his intended wife, should misfortune overtake him. He will carry himself as a gentleman, neither wor- shiping wealth nor contemning it, but seeing in money the means by which the happiness of his family may be in part assured. The private fortune of the young lady, if she has one should be settled upon her; and if she has not, other pro- vision should be made. The fund so put aside is an assur- ance that while it is respected, the pinch of absolute want cannot fall upon the wife of his bosom, and the children who "him father. The wife should also have control of an in- * secured in such a manner as to make her in that respect independent in the detail of dress, and however limited the means of the husband, some provision of the kind should be a sine qua non on his part, to guarantee the self- respect of his partner. |- -->F- ETIQUETTE OF TRAVELING. ADIC habits are not favorable to politeness, and yet there is no occa- sion, in the whole round of civili- zation, which calls more urgently for the exercise of forbearance, and regard for others. We are not % among those who condemn the traveler per se as necessarily a selfish person, but when that evil quality is strong in the nature of an indi- vidual, the experience of the nomad devel- ops it to a degree of perfection seldom attained among the people who stay at home, and the influences of that eminent example pervade all ranks with which his journeys bring him in contact. We have seen in not a few cases the highest forms of polite attention to the wants and necessities of others, in the class to which we refer, but the natural tendency of travel is to harden the sensibilities, and make the man | indifferent to the "ces of the less traveled, who should have claims upon his sympathies. The result of this law may be seen too often in the rush for tickets, for accommodations of all kinds with which the traveled man is familiar, in which the national deference or woman is eclipsed. Sometimes the novice enters upon the cares of the road with such unacquaintance with its primal necessities, as to provoke derision, not to say contempt, and to defeat cour- tesy; or with such annoying suspicion of all counsel and aid, that the worst elements in every nature are provoked into activity; and in such instances it seems natural that the repelled adviser should come to the harsh resolve to leave young beginners on the road to garner their own experiences. There are faults on both sides, and the Etiquette of Travel will aim at two phases of reform, commencing with the young adventurer who is starting on his or her first Journey. Your route has been ascertained beforehand, by inquiry among friends and agents, who have told you the lines of road that most conveniently reach your destination, there- fore you are conversant with the times at which trains leave and arrive at their destination, the hours consumed in travel, the places at which you must change, and all other such particulars, so that with the aid of a railroad guide of the latest date, you can determine your movements, and upon your arrival at any depot you have not to bewilder yourself with doubts, nor trouble others with questions, at the mo- ment when all their faculties are necessary to preserve them- selves from confusion. If under such circumstances you still find it necessary to ask for information, direct your inquiries to some railroad official whose duties permit him to listen, and require him to treat you with courtesy, and you will certainly avoid much inconvenience. Unless your journey is compelled by some urgent cir- cumstance that has not allowed preparation, purchase your tickets early in the day, or on the day preceding. You can then proceed at once on your arrival at the depot to the carriage in which you desire to travel, and select a seat which is most likely to prove comfortable. In that way you avoid the rush to the ticket office, and much anxiety lest the train might move of before you are supplied, be- sides the very considerable risk that when your tickets have been secured you may find every desirable seat already occupied. Tickets in the sleeping car demand still earlier application, or you may have to accept accommodations that only increase discomfort. Obtain lower berth sleeping car tickets whenever possible, nearest the center of the car, and you will find refreshing sleep by night, after the new- ness of your journey has been overcome, and the best seat by day in the parlor car, with a good outlook. A lady # traveling without escort will see to such points especially. -*—? ETIQUETTE OF TRAVELING. 807 When a gentleman is escorting ladies, he will secure them all such comforts as the conveniences on modern roads permit, and the fair companions of the journey may rely on his knowledge and care, saving both sides from much needless worry and solicitude. There is no country in the world in which a lady may travel alone with more safety from impertinence than in our own, and the laws of the road may be easily acquired, so that strangers—non official- need not be interviewed. This is an important matter. The gentleman whose duty it is to place a lady on the cars, will see to the shipment of her baggage first, and when that is checked to her destination, examine the check which is to be given to her, to be sure that it is correct, a duplicate of that on her trunk. When the train arrives, the tickets being secured, he will attend her to the carriage, and secure for her the best seat available, consulting her choice, besides placing her parcels where they will be safe and convenient. The lady will do well to cut down the number of parcels to the lowest, as she will then have less cause for Wear 1116SS and fretting, and reference to her time table will save her from asking numerous questions. If the gentleman accom- panies her on the journey she need have no trouble, but may resign herself to pleasant conversation on current topics. Stage coach travel called fewer people on the road, ladies especially, and the laws of politeness were more commonly observed under such conditions. A traveler in olden times always resigned the inside seat, or the back seat, to a lady; but railroad travel is indurating. When the lady must stay by the way, secure a first-class hotel. Ascertain its reputation beforehand, then escort the lady to the parlor, to rest while you secure her sleeping apartments, or arrange for refreshment. When convenient, attend the lady to the door of her room, where you may resign her to the hotel attendants, having informed her at what hour refreshments will be ready, so that she may meet you in the parlor in time, with all signs of travel efficed. when the journey approaches its end, collect the parcels in advance, so that you avoid disquietudes at the last moment; then when you have reached the last station, hand the lady to the carriage, if you have one ready, or to the waiting room, while you provide one, and place everything in order. If friends are present they will take charge of the lady and her baggage, but if not, you will see that the checks are put in proper hands, with directions for the delivery of the articles they represent, as her convenience may dictate. The lady may then be escorted to her carriage. and if per. mitted you may escort her to her destination, asking permission to pay your respects on the following day, if she is handed over to her friends, but seeing to her hotel accom. modations as before, if she is still among strangers, and time will permit. Check all baggage to your destination, unless you may want it on the journey, and when near the end of your route give your checks to authorized agents recognized by the management, who may charge a trifle more than other expressmen, but can be relied upon. If other expressmen are employed, take their number, and also a receipt for your checks. A lady without escort may properly accept aid from any gentleman who courteously offers in case of need. The waiting-rooms and refreshment places devoted exclu- sively to ladies, must not be entered by gentlemen. Officials, and employés on railroads and steamers, will afford every courtesy to ladies who are unattended on a journey or voyage, but after a little experience ladies learn the value of wise self-reliance. No gentleman will address a lady unless the necessities of the case demand that he offersome courteous service, but a lady may commence a conversation if the manner of the gentleman is good. It is rarely advisable to commence intimacies on a journey, either with ladies or gentlemen, but every rule has exceptions. Familiarities will not be permitted under any conditions, nor will any gentleman stand in need of a rebuff. A lady standing, has claims to a seat, that any gentleman will recognize without assuming airs of patronage. But some persons will sit in a street car while ladies stand during the whole journey; they do not deserve the name of gentleman. Never occupy more than the space you pay for, unless there are few travelers; place your parcels in the rack over. head; have your valises checked. If you must reach over the seats occupied by other travelers, apologize, and under like circumstances accept apologies with a courteous bow. If you are about to enter a carriage, and a lady approaches, step aside and give precedence to her without comment. If the lady recognizes your action, raise your hat politely. If any assistance is needed you may tender your services. When you wish to leave your seat without losing it, before the journey has commenced, deposit your parcel or over- coat, and no one will take the place. Gentlemen will sometimes intrude on the seats provided for ladies, especially in steamers, although ladies never enter the gentlemen's saloon under like conditions. Such rude- ness is a scandal too often witnessed. Gentlemen surrender seats to ladies even on long journeys. Consideration for others is a mark of civilization. Fresh air is wholesome and necessary, but you must not keep your window open if it seriously incommodes others, more especially ladies, and ventilation can be procured otherwise; but do not object to an open window when others desire it, unless your health would be endangered by the continuance of the draught. Should you form any degree of intimacy with a fellow traveler, it ends with a courteous bow, at the termination of the journey. *dies may tender advice and assistance to the less expe- rienced of their own sex, on a voyage or journey, if they have no escort. A kind word wisely spoken may relieve the tediousness of a lonely journey, and guard the unwary from imposition or rascality. Such politeness can be prof- fered and *cepted without one doubt, and to give or receive under such conditions is a duty. Your friend may pay your smaller fares without protest, on any occasion, because you can return the compliment with little delay, but it is niggardly to accept such attentions without proper acknowledgment and reciprocity. G-- FUNERAL ETIQUETTE. HE icy hand o: death is felt in every home, and the courtesies that may console affliction in other circles to-day, may become necessary among your loved ones to-morrow. It is therefore most important that the least experi- enced may be instructed as to the conditions which environ the mourner, and prescribe rules for the visitor, when sorrow affects the household. The deep distress of the bereaved family renders it desirable that some friend should relieve them of the necessity to transact the busi- ness incidental to the funeral, and from , many painful interviews which at such Sr., times are otherwise inevitable. An inti- 'mate friend can ascertain and execute the wishes of the family, calling to his aid, if necessary, some professional person, as, for : ... '" instance, the undertaker employed, who will advise on matters touching the ceremonial. Ostentation and meanness ought equally to be avoided in the outlay and pomp of the funeral, which should be gov- erned by the position held by the deceased, the condition of the family and the wish, if any on the subject has been ex- pressed by the deceased, as sometimes the dying are very precise in their directions as to funerals and burial. The gentleman who undertakes the management should ask a lady friend to make the purchases necessary for the family previous to the funeral, as he cannot be expected to under- stand their wants, in such particulars, and none of the household actually bereaved should leave their home for any purpose, from the time of the loss, until after the funeral cortege, save male members of the family. Much correspondence of a very painful description may be avoided by an announcement in the local press, of the death, and the arrangements made for the funeral. That will meet the requirements of distant friends, but those near and dear to the deceased, whether related or not, must be written to, on mourning paper, the depth of the border depending on the severity of the blow. Printed or engraved notes may be sent as matters of ceremony, but not where the feelings are touched, and private messengers must de- liver all such communications, unless the distance is too great. Very near relatives are exempted by their affliction from attending the funeral, but all others who are notified of the loss should be present. We append forms of notice which may be written or engraved: Yourself and family are respectfully invited to attend the funeral of Wesley H. Harris, on Thursday, Oct. 14, 1880, at 2 o'clock P. M., from his late residence, 3,209 Michigan Avenue, to proceed to Graceland Cemetery. Or, if the services are not at the house: Yourself and family are respectfully invited to attend the funeral of Wesley H. Harris, from the Second Presbyterian Church, on Thursday, Oct. 14, 1880, at 2 o'clock P.M., to proceed to Graceland Cemetery. The pall-bearers who are to officiate must be notified by letter, and they should be personal friends of the deceased. The friend who has charge of the funeral will supervise, or send all the invitations, and provide carriages according to the requirements of the sad occasion; he will also instruct the undertaker as to the positions to be allotted to the guests, whose nearness to deceased calls for attention. While preparations for the funeral are being made, friends will not call, except to leave cards, make inquiries, and offer service, should any be required. In the event of any more urgent call, the friend in charge will receive vis- itors, and save the family unnecessary intrusion. As soon as death occurs some sign of bereavement should prevent casual calls; black crape on the bell handle, door- knob, or knocker, will serve if the person was advanced in years, and white ribbon if young and inmarried. The con- tinuance of such insignia depends on custom. Guests attending a funeral will be careful to present themselves at the hour named in the invitation, not sooner, lest they intrude upon the grief of the family, paying the last visit to the coffin, which is naturally deferred to the moment that precedes the arrival of friends to attend the last ceremony. The coffin stands in the drawing-room, to -—P FUNERAL ETIQUETTE. 809 which guests will be ushered, while the family assemble in a room near, but not adjoining. The services may be con- ducted in the house or in the church; if in the house some near relative, but not a member of the household, will receive the guests and see to their comfort. Ladies of the house will not be seen, but gentlemen may be without violating etiquette. When the service is to be conducted in church, guests will go there from the house, and will find the coffin covered in front of the chancel. After the service the lid will be removed to afford the friends an opportunity to look upon the dead for the last time; this will be arranged by the guests forming in the aisle, and moving slowly toward the coffin, which they will pass from foot to head, pausing a moment to gaze reverentially upon the departed, and then continuing their solemn march through the corresponding aisle to the church door. Con- 'versation at such a time is improper. Enter the home of the deceased with head uncovered as you pass through the doorway, and do not resume your hat until you are passing into the street. Be silent, or converse . in low tones, for the presence of death must hush the tongue, and the grief of the family deserves consideration: yet the sibillant tones of the whisper would be more inap- propriate than loud speech. During the hour that the Ser- vice may last, you must drive from your mind. the ordinary cares of life; if your friends are there, a silent pressure of the hand may be your only recognition; and should enemies be present, whom you would not recognize, subdue your animosity in the presence of the Great Con- •queror, and salute with respect. After service in the house or church, the clergyman will first enter a carriage, preceding the hearse, which will follow immediately the pall-bearers have done their prelim- inary work. Sometimes the ladies of the household can- not subdue the natural desire to follow the deceased to his last resting place, and, although that is contrary to English etiquette, it may be permitted in this country, where there is more liberty. The carriage next after the hearse con- tains the nearest relatives in the cortège, and the others follow in order of relationship. Sometimes the chief mourners follow the hearse on foot. The members of the family passing from their room, or church, to the carriages, and vice versa, will follow the friend who has charge of the funeral, who will attend them to their respective carriages, bring the drivers to their places in succession, see that the mourners are properly seated, and close the doors himself. Guests will not salute the mourners, but will stand with bared heads in the presence of their supreme sorrow, €X- pecting no recognition. Guests stand uncovered, a line on either side, as the coffin is being moved on its way. In England the carriages of distinguished persons with- Out their owners, with blinds lowered, attend the funerals of friends, and in this country the empty carriage of the de- ceased follows his remains in some instances. Just as the horse of a mounted officer, draped for the occasion, and fully equipped, may form part of the ceremonial. In either of these cases the carriage or horse will come next after the | hearse. Carriages will not be used for mourners unless the cemetery is at a distance which makes walking inexpedient. At the entrance to the cemetery the mourners and guests should dismount, the pall-bearers and bearers should re- move the coffin from the hearse, and the funeral procession should be formed on foot, in the order observed at the start, every gentleman uncovered; the coffin, preceded by the clergyman, should be carried to the newly made grave, where the mourners and guests will stand on either side, while the last sad rites are being performed, and until the earth has been cast upon the coffin. Ladies attending the funeral should wear subdued colors or mourning. When flowers are used to decorate the coffin, or room of the dead, they must be white, and friends sending such offerings for that purpose will send on the day of the funer- al, in time for use before the guests begin to assemble. The ornament on the coffin of youth will be a wreath; on that of a married or elderly person a cross; the regalia of any organization with which deceased was affiliated will be placed on the coffin with floral decorations; and if he served his country his epaulettes, hat, sword, and other insignia. Undertakers usually provide gloves and bands of crape, to be distributed to gentlemen as they enter the house of mourning, but it is more considerate for the guests to at- tend properly gloved for the occasion, leaving the undertaker Anly the crape to supply. Returning from the cemetery each guest will be conveyed to his residence. * If the members of any society of which deceased was a member desire to follow in the cortege, they will be hon- ored with a general invitation through the president, and that officer will communicate to the friend who has charge of the funeral, or to the undertaker, the order in which the society would prefer to follow, with such other particulars as may be found advisable. Invitations may be extended through the local press, and the societies will be specified distinctly. If the person mourned has been carried off by contagious disease, the fact will be stated in the funeral notice, and in that case no invitations will be issued. The plumes on the hearse for a young person will be white, and for older and married persons sable. Those who are in deep mourning are excused from pay- ing visits of condolence, lest their own grief should be renewed. Cards for the family may be left in the week fol- lowing the funeral, and calls two weeks later may be made with the expectation that members of the household may be seen, but there will be brief interviews, and but little con- versation. A custom prevails in England which informs the friends and relatives of the deceased of his death, by cards bordered with black, and the method is coming into wide acceptance here. Such cards may be followed by let- ters of condolence conveying cards, but must not be held to invite calls before the expiration of the accustomed time. Sightseers, tourists, and others who are visiting God's acre, to observe the monuments and mementoes of worth and sorrow erected there, will respect the grief of those who are paying the last sad attention to the departed, or deco- rating their graves, and should they join the throng, will comport themselves as friends extending sympathy. * -: == *@ 8 IO THE ETIQUETTE FOR BAPTISM. +E, THE ETIQU £ =# NEVERY country there is some ‘’ rite observed, by which children in earliest infancy are called within the pale of religious organizations. We do not presume to deal with theological matters; our province is to show what customs obtain in preparing for baptism, not trench- ing on the religious phases of that : £ # Š ceremonial. Godfathers and godmothers are chosen among fast friends or near relatives of the fam- ily, whose influence may be exerted for good upon the future of the child, and they should be of mature years, belonging to the same church with the parents of the child, or they may not sympathize with the ceremonial. It is not Q right to offer yourself to fill this position, unless # = your rank or fortune be such that the parents would not dare to ask, though they might * * strongly wish you to officiate. When you are invited you should consent, if you can do so without com- promising yourself; but if you cannot do as requested, ex- cuse yourself in a manner that will not wound the parents, upon the instant, as the office must be filled by some other person, who has to be invited. When the godmother has been chosen, she may select the godfather. Grandparents very commonly become sponsors for the first two children in the family, the grandmother by the mother's side, and the grandfather on the father's side, be- ing the first called, and the other grandparents next; where there are no grandparents, the nearest relatives are in- are intrinsic reasons why godfathers and godmothers should have value in the eyes of parents, as they commonly bring some rich offering to the house, in token of their re- gard. A silver cup, sometimes filled with gold coin, is presented to the boy by the godfather, or to the girl by the godmother, the other sponsor in each case giving some. thing of value in the way of jewelry or dress, according to their means, but parents are influenced by larger considera- tions in selecting sponsors for their children. The robe * vited, provided they belong to the same church. There *— ETTE FOR BAPTISM. # & and cap in which the rite is received is very often the gift of the godmother, the fabric being some rich material pure white, with white trimmings. In all churches great importance attaches to baptism, and in the Roman Catholic church so much, that when a child is supposed in danger, it must be baptized immedi- ately, in the house of the parents, if it is too young or weak for removal to the church. Otherwise it will be taken to the consecrated edifice as soon as its health will permit. In the younger church Protestants generally defer the ceremony until the child can be attended by both parents; but in all families the rite of baptism may be performed at home, when necessary, in this country. When the ceremony takes place in church, the child is carried by the nurse, who is first in the little procession; the sponsors follow, as having the spiritual responsibility, but the godfather and godmother walk apart; the parents come next, or the father, if the mother is not yet able to attend, and invited guests in the order of nearness to the family, by blood or friendship, bring up the rear. When the company draw near the font, the nurse stands in the center with the child reclining its head on her right arm, the godfather to her right, the godmother on the left. The priest looks for an inclination of the head only when ask- ing, “Who are the sponsors for this child?” Arrange- ments will have been made for an instant removal of the child's cap, and no sign of annoyance should appear if the little one is unhappy during the ceremony. There is no fee charged for baptism, but there is no law against making presents, and sometimes in addition to recognizing the services of the clergyman, the poor are remembered by wealthy people,who give feasts and donations through the church; and the nurse generally has sub- stantial cause to bear the day in her mind. When the cere- mony is performed in the house, a carriage must be sent for the clergyman, and the company may be regaled with light refreshments, but none will stay long, the weakness of the mother being considered. Generally after baptism in church, the guests do not return to the house. Baby is the treasure of the household, and must be greeted with kindly comments, ladies carrying some pretty piece of their own work, and gentlemen gifts in silver. s -—9 ETIQUETTE AT THE NATIONAL CAPITAL. * 23# o #: o #: o Sk o: o 44 o 4: o:# #%# 3% #%: oSix o 44. o 44 o: FFICIAL Society at the Na- tional Capital is governed by a code of fixed laws. These social observances are prescribed with great exactness, and constitute the Court Etiquette of the Re- public. In the early days of the Re- public the social question became of such great magnitude and interest that President Washington caused a definite Code to be drawn up. These rules were too ex- acting and arbitrary to prove satisfactory. Frequent and bitter quarrels arose in con- sequence of the clashing of social claims, which in more than one instance involved the Executive and his Cabinet. At last a code was agreed upon, which may be briefly stated as follows: The President and his family are recognized as the head and front of the social structure. - No one may invite the President (as such) to dinner, as he accepts no such invitations, and pays no calls or visits of ceremony, although in his private capacity he may visit at pleasure. It is customary for the President to give a series of State Dinners and official receptions during each session of Con- gress. Besides these, there are also general receptions, at which time the White House is open to the public, and any citizen of the United States has the recognized right of paying his respects to the President. No previous engagement may be pleaded as an excuse for non-acceptance of an invitation to dine at the White House, as such an invitation takes precedence over all others, and must be promptly accepted in writing. Presidential Receptions. On the days appointed for the regular “levees,” the doors of the White House are thrown open, and the world is indiscriminately invited to enter them. No special dress is required to make one's appearance at this Republican Court, but every one may dress according to his or her own taste or fancy. Nor are there any forms or ceremonies to be complied with to gain admittance to the presidential presence. * Visitors are presented by an official to the President, hands are shaken, a word or two exchanged, and they pass on to be introduced by another official to the President's wife, to whom they bow, and pass on to make room for the throng that is pressing behind. These receptions last from eight until ten o'clock P.M. National Capital. &3%88%&@3%3% 8 II Nö% N&2% Besides the public levees of the President, the ladies of the White House hold receptions at stated periods, to which invitations are regularly issued. The President sometimes appears upon these occasions, but is under no obligation to do so. A personal interview with or private call upon the Presi- dent, can only be secured in company with or through the influence of some official or special friend of the President, '' it is an easy matter to gain entrance to the white OllSČ. State Receptions. “On the 1st of January and the 4th of July the President holds public receptions, commencing at noon, at which the Foreign Ministers present in Washington appear in full court dress, and the officers of the army and navy in full uniform. On such occasions, the President receives first the Heads of Departments, Governors of States, Justices of the Supreme Court and Members of the two Houses of Congress, in the order named; then the Members of the Diplomatic Corps, who are followed by the officers of the army and navy. The doors are then thrown open to the general public, who for the space of two hours pay their respects to the Chief Magistrate of the Nation. “The Vice-President of the United States is expected to pay a formal visit to the President on the meeting of Con- gress, but he is entitled to the first visit from all other per- sons, which he may return by card or in person. “The Judges of the Supreme Court of the United States call upon the President and Vice-President on the annual meeting of the Court in December, and on New Year's Day and the 4th of July. They are entitled to the first call from all other persons. “Members of the Cabinet call upon the President on the 1st of January and the 4th of July. They are required to pay the first calls, either in person or by card, to the Vice- President, the Judges of the Supreme Court, Senators, and the Speaker of the House of Representatives on the meet- ing of Congress. They are entitled to the first call from all other persons. “Senators call in person upon the President and Vice- President on the meeting of Congress, New Year's Day and the 4th of July, if Congress is in session at the last inamed time. They also call first upon the Judges of the Supreme Court, and upon the Speaker of the House of Representatives on the meeting of Congress. They are entitled to the first call from all other persons. “The Speaker of the House of Representatives calls upon the President on the meeting of Congress, on New Year's Day, and on the 4th of July, if Congress is in ses- sion. The first call is due from him to the Vice-President, #%#% #X E. *. {- immasm". --> Q—- 8 I2 ETIQUETTE WITH CHILDREN. £6. and the Judges of the Supreme Court, but to him from all other persons. - “Members of the House of Representatives call in person upon the President on the meeting of Congress, and on New Year's Day, and by card or in person on the 4th of July, if Congress is in session. They call first, by card or in person, upon the Vice-President, the Judges of the Su- preme Court, Speaker of the House, Senators, Cabinet officers and Foreign Ministers, soon after the opening of the session. “Foreign Ministers call upon the President on the 1st of January and the 4th of July. They call first, in person or by card, upon the Vice-President, Cabinet officers, Judges of the Supreme Court and the Speaker of the House on the first opportunity after presenting their credentials to the President. They also make an annual call of ceremony, by card or in person, on the above mentioned officials soon after the meeting of Congress. They are entitled to the first calls from all other persons. “The Judges of the Court of Claims call in person upon the President on New Year's Day and the 4th of July. They pay first calls to Cabinet officers and Members of the Diplomatic Corps, and call annually, by card or in person, upon the Vice-President, Judges of the Supreme Court, Senators, Speaker and Members of the House soon after the meeting of Congress. *:#LSEWHERE when treating of formal calls, we # have said that children should not be taken on such # S$ occasions, but at the risk of tautology. Such points # must reappear under their respective heads. Eti- # quette has for its main purpose the comfort of so- # ciety, and children have not patience to endure * , restraints, while they impose restraints innumerable upon their elders. They are restless in the room over which they cannot wander at pleasure, touching the bric-a-brac, which may be ruined by their little fingers, and teasing guests and hostess in a hundred ways. For like reasons you will not take your child when you are invited to dine with your friend, unless the child is specially asked, nor even then, unless you are sure that the presence of the child is desired. Never take your child to church, to a funeral, to the grave- yard, nor when you make calls of condolence, unless the child can remain still. Never allow your own children in the drawing-room when you receive, nor take them to walk or drive with your IETIQUETTE WITH CHILDREN, “The intercourse of the other officers of the Government is regulated by superiority of rank in the public service. “The intercourse of the families of officials is regulated by the rules which govern the officials themselves. * “The ladies of the family of a Cabinet officer hold re- ceptions every Wednesday during the season, from two or three o'clock to half-past five. On these occasions the houses are thrown open to all. Refreshments are provided for these receptions. They may be plain, consisting of chocolate, tea, cakes, etc. “All who have called and left a card at a Wednesday re- ception are entitled to two acknowledgments of the call. The first must be a returning of the call by the ladies of the family, who at the same time leave the official card of the minister. The second acknowledgment of the call is an invitation to an evening reception. “Cabinet officers are also expected to entertain at dinners, Senators, Representatives, Justices of the Supreme Court, the Diplomatic Corps, and many other public officers, with the ladies of their families. “It is optional with Senators and Representatives, as with all officers except the President and Members of the Cabi- net, whether they shall ‘entertain.” “The season proper for receptions is from the first of January to the beginning of Lent. The season for dinners lasts until the adjournment of Congress.” friends, nor to spend the day in adult company if you value their happiness. Never allow your children to visit your guest's room, unless she has invited them most urgently; nor suffer them to join the picnic that is organized for grown people only. A child between a lady and gentleman in a carriage may mar the day's pleasure, and the younger branches are always de trop in adult parties. There are children's parties, which should be made as pleasant as possible, but the elders of the family should give such invitations. Keep your child in good form always; in the store he should touch nothing unless you have bought it for his use; in the drawing-room he must respect the property of oth- ers; he should be civil and obliging, gentle and kind, able to imitate in the intercourse of every day the refinement that lives in your example. Above all things avoid the appearance of believing that your children are prodigies of genius, and you will cultivate in them a modest self-respect which will make for them friends innumerable, and habits of mind that may be better than fortune. M- * -*= MISCELLANEOUS LAWS OF ETIQUETTE. 813 • KQ £r ZR". - ** = < *::. - t • 9) £_s G),..., s *# M'II' INS OF WINTE:#* ..?% *****************************.*.*.*.*.*.*.*. NY. * * |HERE are many points that call for re- tokens; but expensive interchanges provoke comment that k capitulation as axioms of etiquette. We should be avoided. i shall mention them as we would recite When you enter a room, bow to the company in general, the Decalogue, without comment. and you are then free to recognize and salute your friends Never look over the shoulder of # 111 $'. * friend who is reading, nor examine a car en you take your seat t itely to the basket that stands # your friend's table, person who £ at a table bow politely to t unless you are asked. Before you enter company, remove all offensive odors. Never try by furtive signals to call the Send presents when you think fit, without trading for rich attention of another, when you are incom | *', and do not magnify their worth, nor foolishly pre- pany, nor cultivate habits of whispering tend they have no value. and mystery. Mention.your wife or your husband with respect in your Attend to your toilet at home, and you most familiar references, and never mention your pet names will not need to pick your teeth, or your to others. * nose, pare your nails, or scratch your head Courtesy to ladies in every rank is one mark by which in the drawing-room while making calls. gentlemen are known. Never reveal to another the secrets of Familiarity among friends comes by long use, but may your friend, even though he may have used not be grafted on a brief acquaintance, whose prefix must be you badly; the violation of confidence in- || used on fit occasions. # jures you more than him. * Books orrowed must be returned unmarked and unin- Remove your hat when you enter the house, whether jured, at the time named for their replacement. your own house or that of a friend, and let your manner be The personal deformity or mental peculiarity of your quiet, restful and easy. friend should pass unmentioned, as though you had no idea Never boast of your knowledge, nor tell another that he of their existence. s is unacquainted with the rules of good society; never open Those below you in social rank have the same claim on another person's door without knocking, nor occupy the ' courtesy as your peers in station. You are polite, business hours of any man without sufficient cause. eing a gentleman. Never break an engagement with whomsoever made. If Avoid affectation and eccentricity, and still more decided- you have done wrong, whether intentionally or not, tender ly eschew imitation, except in the fullest cultivation of nat- an apology, and receive an apology from another, with ural powers. * amplest courtesy. Pomposity of manner frequently obscures genuine worth. Be punctual as to time, precise as to payment, honest and Should wealth slip from you, prudently retire from the thoughtful in all your transactions, whether with rich or social grade which altered circumstances incapacitate you poor. The poorest gift your friend can offer deserves your to uphold. * praise for the giver's sake. , , * : * Acquire knowledge, and it will remove from your manner Respect your friends, and give them their title, or prefix, all signs of pedantry. whenever you name them to others, though you will not Pointed contradictions are unwise and rude, even though use the prefix in their company. To speak of your friend the statement to which you demur may be wrong. as “Derby,” or “George," bespeaks your want of ton. Scholarship is fine, but it does not atone for ill breeding. Tell the truth, even at the cost of dullness, if you cannot Gentlemen never disparage the other sex by word or deed. amuse without exaggeration. * Better solitude than base associations. Personal comments are never admired by gentlemen, Egotism, though not actually a vice, a fault almost as however bright may be the humor, or keen the sarcasm of injurious. the culprit. * The use of the cuspidor in a drawing-room reveals the If a fady needs your aid, even though she be a stranger, manners of the camp. do what may be required, and think yourself honored by her Enter your room like a gentleman, though you have no thanks. If she wishes to pass, you stand aside, raise your company. Cultivate respect for yourself, and you will move hat, incline your body, and show the manners of good gently, noiselessly, and with dignity, even when your haste society, without the affectation of the dancing master. The is most urgent lady will bow her acknowledgments of your courtesy, None but the uncultivated would offer a partner in the dance are for your dress before you enter society, but after an ungloved hand, as it savors of intentional disrespect. that think only of your friends. * In company your movements should imply ease, blended Be mindful of others, and give the best seat in your room with deference, respect for your friends, and modest confi- to a lady, an aged person, or an invalid: * dence in your own powers. Ask no questions about the affairs of your friend, unless Your friends may reasonably think you slight them when he wants your advice, What you must know ask from you fa.1 to call. him, never from his child or his servant, , * * The commission you have undertaken in courtesy is When you call on your friends, remain if an interesting more incumbent than a business obligation, and your note conversation is onward, until the completion of the theme | book must secure attention. permits courteous departure. Sareless and trivial remarks will kill the warmest friend. The seat assigned to you by your hostess you may not ship. . . * resign to another. * Coighing, sneezing, and all such natural actions, should Converse with a lady on the topics she may choose, even be subdued by a strong will, considerate for the comfort of though she may select domestic sorrows; but never relate | others. 'our troubles to another, if you hope to be interesting | 1,90nversation about your own doings and powers shows adies seldom make confidants of gentlemen friends. ill breeding. you may make inexpensive presents to a lady to whom “Wine is a mocker;” no man should be urged to drink. you are neither related nor engaged, and may receive similar The book that has been loaned to you is not yours to lend. *—S ** * ~ *-* *-- * * * * * * * *- : * * * * * * - * - --f. * * MAXIMS OF GEORGE WASHINGTON. £6% EO-C = CE =C=C=C=C=O-CEO:O:O:O: Maxims of George Washington. |ECEOECEOECECEIECr=CECECECECE #9% grapher of George Wash- ington has stated that when but thirteen years old, Washington drew up for his future conduct a series of maxims which he call- ed, “Rules of Civility and De- cent Behavior in Company.” We give these rules, as they are worthy of diligent study and cannot fail to both interest and profit the youth of our land. - # Every action in company ought to be some sign of respect to those present. In the presence of others sing not to yourself with a humming voice, nor drum with your fingers or feet. Speak not when others speak, sit not when others stand, and walk not when others stop. Turn not your back to others, especially in speak- ing; jog not the table or desk on which another A. reads or writes; lean not on any one. Be no flatterer; neither play with any one that delights not to be played with. Read no letters, books, or papers in company; but when there is a necessity for doing it you must not leave; come not near the books or writings of any one so as to read them, unasked; also look not nigh when another is writing a letter. • Let your countenance be pleasant, but in serious matters somewhat grave. Show not yourself glad at the misfortune of another: though he were your enemy. They that are in dignity or office have in all places precedency; but whilst they are young they ought to respect those that are their equals in birth or other qualities, though they have no public charge. It is good manners to prefer them to whom we speak before ourselves, especially if they be above us, with whom in no sort we ought to begin. Let your discourse with men of business be short and comprehensive. In writing or speaking give to every person his due title according to his degree and the custom of the place. Strive not with your superiors in argument, but always submit your judgment to others with modesty. * When a man does all he can, though it succeeds not well, blame not him that did it. Being to advise or reprehend any one, consider whether it ought to be in public or in private, presently or at some other time, also in what terms to do it; and in reproving show no signs of choler, but do it with sweetness and mildness. Mock not nor jest at anything of importance; break no jests that are sharp or biting; and if you deliver anything witty or pleasant, from laughing thereat yourself. cain. Wherein you reprove another be unblamable yourself, for exan le is more prevalent than precept. Use no reproachful language against any one, neither curses ne. re- vilings. Be not hasty to believe flying reports to the disparagement of any one. In your apparel be modest, and endeavor to accommodate nature rather than procure admiration. Keep to the fashion of your equals, such as are civil and orderly with respect to time and place. Play not the peacock, looking everywhere about you to see if you be well decked, if your shoes fit well, if your stockings set neatly and clothes handsomely. | Associate yourself with men of good quality if you esteem your own reputation, for it is better to be alone than in bad company. Let your conversation be without malice or envy, for it is a sign of tractable and commendable nature; and in all causes of passion admit reason to govern. Be not immodest in urging your friend to discover a secret. Utter not base and frivolous things amongst grown and learned men, nor very difficult questions or subjects amongst the ignorant, nor things hard to be believed. Speak not of doleful things in time of mirth nor at the table; speak..ot of melancholy things, as death and wounds; and if others mention them, change, if you can, the discourse. Tell not your dreams but to your in- timate friends. Break not a jest when none take pleasure in mirth. Laugh not aloud, nor at all without occasion. Deride no man’s misfortunes, though there seem to be some cause. Speak not injurious words, neither in jest nor earnest. Scoff at none, although they give occasion. s Be not forward, but friendly and courteous, the first to salute, hear and answer, and be not pensive when it is time to converse. Detract not from others, but neither be excessive in commending. Go not thither where you know not whether you shall be welcome or not. Give not advice without being asked; and when desired, do it briefly. If two contend together, take not the part of either unconstrained, and be not obstinate in your opinion; in things indifferent be of the major side. Reprehend not the imperfection of others, for that belongs to parents, masters and superiors, Gaze not on the marks or blemishes of others, and ask not how they came. What you may speak in secret to your friend deliver not before others. Speak not in an unknown tongue in company, but in your own lan- guage; and that as those of quality do, and not as the vulgar. Sublime matters treat seriously, Think before you speak; pronounce not imperfectly, nor bring out your words too hastily, but orderly and distinctly. When another speaks, be attentive yourself, and disturb not the audi- ence. If any hesitate in his words, help him not, nor prompt him with- out being desired; interrupt him not, nor answer him till his speech be ended. * Treat with men at fit times about business, and whisper not in the company of others. Make no comparisons; and if any of the company be commended for any brave act of virtue, commend not another for the same. Be not apt to relate news if you know not the truth thereof. In dis- coursing of things you have heard, name not your author always. A. secret discover not. * Be not curious to know the affairs of others, neither approach to those that speak in private. Undertake not what you cannot perform; but be careful to keep your promise. When you deliver a matter, do it without passion and indiscretion, howcver mean the person may be you do it to. When your superiors talk to anybody, hear them; neither speak nor laugh. In disputes be not so desirous to overcome as not to give liberty to each one to deliver his opinion, and submit to the judgment of the major part, especially if they are judges of the dispute. Be not tedious in discourse, make not many digressions, nor repeat often the same matter of discourse. Speak no evil of the absent, for it is unjust. Let your recreations be manful, not sinful. Labor to keep alive in your breast that little spark of celestial fire called conscience. Be not angry at table, whatever happens; and if you have reason to be so show it not; put on a cheerful countenance, especially if there be strangers, for good humor makes one dish a feast. When you speak of God or his attributes, let it be seriously, in rever- ence and honor, and obey your natural parents. g- * HOW TO TRAVEL IN EUROPE. MCL In SunOP -—-ele--- *#): [. S. $ .* –82--> #i ~5-85. £S. © Q # --o-E_(ex--'oso: 'W'99":G)— =i-o- Š-0-->9 |## £2-39-42-39- £ =: #9 - 63. el- s:# | #=|[=#|:=|R:ll: #): % :—#47-###":*-*-'a-t-.5: ISS -f- S-T-3 &T & T. & W-3-2-3' —#= :* —a—9 HOW TO TRAVEL IN EUROPE. 817. country in Europe there are three classes of cars, viz: First, second and third. Express trains on the Continent have no third-class and in a great many cases are formed exclusively of first-class coaches. The first-class is best for long jour- neys, and second-class are not recommended except in Ger- many, Austria and Switzerland. The cars are of an en- tirely different construction from those in America. Each car is generally divided into four compartments, these COIT1- partments being entered at each end through a door in the side of the carriage. The different classes are distinguished by having on the outside of the doors, and occasionally on the inside, the class marked, namely, First, second or third class, so that travelers can readily recognize where to locate. Ladies traveling alone will generally find a compartment specially reserved for them. A smoking-carriage will be found on almost every train. Sleeping-cars are to be found on many English and Continental railways. Pullman cars run in Great Britain and on the Continent; early applica. tion must be made for accommodation when required. Coupés are also much used, and places can be secured through payment of a supplemental fee at the station OI). departure. Railway officials, as a general rule, will be found very courteous and willing to assist travelers when- ever opportunity arises. CARRIAGES. In all the principal cities of Great Britain and the Con- tinent of Europe the tariff of fares is usually posted in every public cab or carriage, and as a rule prices will be found reasonable. To avoid misunderstandings, however, when the traveler is engaging a conveyance he should inform the driver whether he wishes it by the course or by the hour. In addition to the rate given in the tariff, it is customary to give the driver a small gratuity. Omnibuses for the leading hotels will be found at Continental stations; these are cheaper than carriages, and the fare is charged in your hotel bill. LANGUAGES. To be able to speak the language of any country one visits is no doubt a great advantage, which may save one from many of the inconveniences and annoyances inci- dental to travel in foreign lands. But one need not remain at home because not a linguist. An American who is en- tirely ignorant of every language except his own can travel from one end of Europe to the other without encountering any very serious trouble, for the reason that English is spoken by all hotel-keepers, waiters, guides, at railway stations, and by others with whom the traveler is brought in contact; therefore ignorance of foreign languages is no longer a bar to foreign travel. Phrase-books may be found of service, and a few useful phrases and numbers in French, German and Italian can be easily learned. GUIDE-B00Ks, B00KS OF TRAVEL, AND MAPS. Before entering upon a tour the intending traveler should have some knowledge of the geography and present con- dition of the countries he intends to visit. It is therefore desirable to read before starting what others have written of the places which are to be visited, and thus become familiar- ized with their history, costumes, sights, civil and political institutions, etc., which can be supplied by any bookseller. WEARING APPAREL. For an ocean voyage it will be necessary to prepare for all kinds of weather, and warm clothing is indispensable even in the summer months, and as everything is liable to rough usage, old clothes are to be preferred. While no rule can be laid down, and the traveler must be governed largely by his ordinary tastes and habits, a few suggestions may be of service. For ladies, in addition to hoods, shawls and other warm wraps to guard against cold winds, a navy blue or other dark serge or woolen material made up plainly, thick underclothing, thick boots with rubber soles or over. shoes, close fitting hat or cap with very little trimmin g, and a waterproof or ulster; thick veils are to be preferred to shade hats as a medium for protecting the face from sun burn- ing, as they can be retained on the head more easily. Discard feathers and flower trimming. Valuable jewelry should be left at home; a single plain set to be worn at all times, being preferable, as it will lessen the care and anxiety of the owner while traveling. For use on the Continent a travel- ing and walking dress and a black suit for receptions, con- certs and all dress occasions, are all that is required. A wrapper will be found useful, and thick walking boots and a light pair of shoes for dress should be provided. Gentle- men should select warm clothing for the Atlantic voyage, and suits should be either gray or navy blue, in which the wearer can take solid comfort without fear of damage by salt water. Overcoats or ulsters and rugs will be found invaluable. Caps or soft hats are preferable to stiff or tall ones for deck wear. For traveling on land a traveling suit in addition to a black suit for receptions and other occasions, will be needed. It is often desirable to have a dress suit, though not absolutely necessary, as they can be hired from tailors at slight expense. A duster, a waterproof coat and an umbrella, stout enough to serve the purposes of a cane, should be taken. The quantity of underclothing required either for ladies or gentlemen will depend largely upon personal habits. These should be amply sufficient, however, to last the wearer at least a fortnight without suffering inconvenience. A traveler's outfit should also comprise a case with nee- dles, thread, buttons, etc., a small scrap book, writing case, knife, scissors, corkscrew, a package or two of address or business cards, toilet soap and such other articles as are daily called into requisition and may prove useful; arrange the various articles so that they shall be easy of access when desired. s A most valuable and necessary article to possess is a good field or opera-glass—one with strong powers of definition and of long range of sight. It should have a strap attached by which it can be carried over the shoulder. A pocket- compass is almost invaluable. WASHING-At all hotels in Europe extensive facilities are afforded for getting washing done expeditiously and at comparatively moderate charges; and as the traveler will :- g- --> Q–*- -— 8 I 8 HOW TO TRAVEL IN EUROPE. make frequent halts, a single day, and in some cases a sin- gle night, will suffice for getting the work done. The wait- ers or chambermaids will, on application, furnish printed lists, which should be filled up with the number of articles and the day and hour you wish them returned. The clothes should be made up in a bundle and delivered to the chambermaid as soon as possible after arrival. CUSTOM HOUSE REGULATIONS. Passengers are required to be present at the examination of their baggage by the Custom House officers at the dif- ferent frontiers. Little trouble will be experienced by ordi- nary travelers; the search is often a matter of form, and the declaration of anything which may be liable to duty will prevent unpleasantness. with their keys, and help the officers in the performance of their duty. When passing your own baggage you will find that courtesy and civility go a long way. Never be in a hurry; collect your packages and open them one by one yourself and lock one before the next is visited. Remem- ber that the officers are only doing their duty, but can make that duty very disagreeable in return for any want of courtesy. MONEY'S AND CREDITS. Before embarking for Europe travelers would do well to provide themselves with at least £5 English money, this amount to be made up of sovereigns and shillings, to pay incidental expenses on shipboard and on landing. Foreign moneys are bought and sold or exchanged at the current rates of the day at any banking house. Travelers should never carry a large amount of cash on their persons or in their baggage, but they will find it of great use to have plenty of small change on hand. Letters of credit, circular notes and circular drafts from £1 upward are issued by banks and bankers to travelers and will be cashed at any bank in Europe and the East. MEDICINES. Before undertaking a journey it would be as well to con- sult one's attending physician, who may suggest some sim- ple remedies to be taken along as a preventive of sickness. Ailments while traveling result mainly from change of diet and water. While we do not pretend to prescribe for any one in particular, among the remedies to be taken may be enumerated the following: Anti-bilious pills, seidlitz powders, quinine, extract of ginger, porous and court plaster, ammonia, arnica or some other kind of liniment, and a measuring glass for medicine should not be omitted. Travelers should be in readiness Accompanied........ dium dissolved in four ounces of water; a tea-spoonful taken three times a day before eating, may be found ser- viceable. To obtain the desired effect, this remedy should be taken three days before starting on the ocean voyage. The following treatment has also been experimented by travelers with good results: The night previous to sailing take a blue pill-ten grains—just before going to bed, and upon getting up the next morning take a dose of citrate of magnesia, then a hearty breakfast, and go on board. LETTERS AND TELEGRAMS. Travelers should make their headquarters at one of the American Exchanges found in all of the principal cities of Europe. Mail matter or telegrams addressed to them, in such care, can be obtained every day and hour throughout the year. All who have traveled in Europe appreciate the import- ance of having one central address for mails from the United States. Delays arising from change of route, and other unexpected revisions of plans, are thus obviated, a fixed address giving to the traveler the advantages of settled headquarters for correspondence, messages, etc. These Ex- changes are unquestionably the best points for establishing this position. Travelers leaving with the Manager an out- line of their route of travel, or permanent address, prior to their departure for the Continent, can have letters, papers, etc., forwarded to them promptly on arrival. Under the new Postal Treaty, letters, newspapers, etc., on which the postage is correctly prepaid, can be re-ad- dressed and re-mailed from London to any country within the postal union without any additional cost. COURIERS AND SERVANTS. Until within a few years this class was considered a neces- sity. Owing to the improved facilities in modern travel, however, couriers and servants are now deemed a luxury that can be enjoyed only by travelers with plenty of time and means at their command. -o-->4)-(#}-C=-o- CABLE CODE. Owing to the heavy charges for cablegrams the following “cable code” has been carefully prepared, and will save no inconsiderable amount if fully understood: * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...Abacist. Accompanied by...... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aback. Under ordinary circumstances, and with very few excep- Wii'i::::::::::::::::::::::::: * * * * £r. tions, sea-sickness is the most serious complaint that travel- 4": by letter.......... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *£on. * * II, T1SWC CUUCT . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * g. * * * * * * 1Sil. ers have to suffer in undertaking a trip to Europe. There '. !y cable.... ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......... Abatement are many remedies that have been prescribed to alleviate | list "#": * * * * * * * * * * r * * * * #y this complaint, but in most cases without avail. The victim Arri . by cable letter of-................. ..... £al. - - * * p"y"; the * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Ot. should bear up as courageously as possible, remembering Arrived on................ ... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ::::::A:#ant. * R -. * * 6 : * - that it is only a temporary ailment, and, above all things, * { # * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * # keep in the open air upon deck as long as he can stand it. Announce arrival of -............................ Abdomen. D * f * d * * Has arrived . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .............. Abduccint. r. Beard's favorite remedy is one ounce of bromide of so- “ not arrived. ........................ ... ...........Abductor. * :-> + 16-- -->|rr U. S. CUSTOM HOUSE DUTIES. 819 Arrived wcli; pleasant trip; was sick.................Abed. f * * d : f : “ not sick.............Aberrance. {{ “... stormy “ f : “. ... .........Aberration. Arrived well; stormy trip; was very sick.............Abettor. st “ ” pleasant “ “ not sick; proceed to- day..... Abhor. * * $4 * * * * * * d is proceed to- morrow. Abhorrence. {{ “ stormy “. “ 6 : proceed to- . . . day..... Abide. * { ** * & * * * * 6 : proceed to- morrow. Abigail. * * ** * @ “ “ very sick; proceed to-, ..., day. * * * * Ability. {d $4 ** * * * * {{ proceed to- morrow. Abject: Cablegram.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ......... Abjection. Cablegram received................................... Abjectne” iSo cablegram received................................Abjure: Repeat your cablegram............ ... . . . . . . . . . . . ..... Ablactate. Your cablegram.... . . . . . . . . . ..........................Ablation. Have you received cablegram............ .. -........Able. Cannot understand your cablegram........ . . . . . . . . ...Ableness. Your cablegram is unintelligible......................Ableps: Communicate.................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...........Ablocate. Communicate to * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ............Abluent. ** with ....... Abnegate. Where can I communicate with you..... ... .......... Abnegator. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * . Abodant. Delay.... • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Aboding. Do not delay.......: ... . . . . . • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * • * * * * * * * * * * ..................Abolish. How long will the delay be.... . . . . . Abolisher. What is the C#1tlSČ of de ay.... . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * Abominable W111 explain delay by letter.... • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * "...Abortive. Engage........ . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ~ * °Cannot engage..................... ........: '" Havc engaged.... • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ...Abrade. * : " £.......... :£:........ : ...'.... Abrasion. Did you hear from ---, * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * . Abreast. : ] * d............ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .” ---- ..........Abrid C. H:lve lic:11" £ * { not heard.... • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * E £ When did you last hear from ................... Abrogate. In of fit. - - - - - - • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ........ Abrupt. "#####. . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ...Abscess. Cannot inform you............ ........ ... .......... Abscenter. Can you inform me................................... Absolute. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Had information about.....: .. ........................Absolve. #fave received the latest information ................. Absonant. No information........ s is is * * ** .........................Absonous. * @ 40 has been received..................... Absorb. Leave * * * * * * ............................................... Absorbent. Cannot leave......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .........Absterge. 6 : s & until --.............................. Abstersion. tit * * in consequence of::......................Abstinent. d 6 *t * * 44 44 illness of * * * * * * . Abstract. JLetter.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * : ..." * * * * * * * .........Abstruse. Xddress letters for me to - until ...........Absurd. All letters have been received........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...Abuse. Halve you received my letter. . . . . . . . * : * * * * * * * * * * * * * Abusive. Letter will contain further particulars................. Abument. No letter received.... • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ... . . . . . ........ Abuttals. See m letter of -- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... Abyss. #'. last letters mailed to * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * -Abystus. How shali we direct your letters......................Acacia. Wrote to you last OI! . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ....Academy. Your last letter is dated.... • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ...Acanthus. Letter o Credit.... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................Accede. #: of credit expires: ... • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ...Accent. ** * : * * has expired....... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ...Accentuate. “ “ “ is not honored................ .......Access. will not honor letter of credit...................Accessible. Procure ietter of credit and send to me at.............Accession. renew letter of credit..:... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acclaim. Open for me credit by cable at .......................Acclivity. d.... . . . . . . . . . . . . is is is s is ti s • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Accord. Areceive Accordable. Have not received remittance.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * {{ * & • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Accordant. “ you £4 it “ letter of............................According. “ not “ your letter of...................... Accordion. JReturn.... . . . . . . . . . . .: • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ............Accoutre. Cannot return until.... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ... Accrue. Instruct - to return.... • * : * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * * * * * ...Accurate. st ** * * d 6 immediately.... * * * * * * * * * * * * ... Accuser. Not necessary to return...............................Accustom. Return immediately.... ..............................Ace. * as soon as possible............................Acerb: shall return on............ ................. .........Acerbity. When do you expect to return........ . . . . . . . . . . . . ....Acetate. Ji'an: . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * .........................Acetons. In want of.... . . . • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ......Achieve. Not in want of.................... ......... ........Acid: JVrite.... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ................................Acidity. Will write by next mail...............................Aconite. Write without delay.... . . . . ........... . . . . . . . . . . ...Acorn. += U. S. GUSTUM HDLSE DUTIES. For the information of homeward-bound travelers a list of the United States custom-house duties has been added: { free on Consular cer- * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * tificate. st all others 2O DCr * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * H cent. Ale, Porter, and Beer in bottles. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 35 £ per gallon. * * * * “ in casks..... Antiquities—not for sale. ... ... ......... 20 cts, per gallon. Book *-* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * free. * { S 11CW . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * : * * 25 per cent. for colleges, ibraries f * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * TCC O * tit printed more than 20 years ......... free. n oath (2 copies) in use abroad more than 1 vea As r, and not for £ $frce On oath. Boots. Shoes............ it is £ctures of:::::::::::::::::::::: ### Carpets, Aubusson, Axminster. : * whole for TOOrn '' £ wo'' 45 ##" and Brussels, Tapestr rinted o * 1 s warp or ot £e p: * * * * * * * * m th: ! 2O ''' #" and Saxony, Wilton, and Tournay Velvet 25 cts. sq. yard and did Wrought by the Jaquard machine... 30 per cent. Treble Ingrain, three-ply, and Worsted $ 12 cts, sq. yard and Animals, for breeding purposes Chain Venetian................ . 30 per cent. “ Velvet, Patent, or Tapest rint on the warp'or ot'' printed 25 cts. sq. yard and Carriages................ . . . . . . * * * * * * * 30 per cent. China-Porcelain and Parian Ware, plain.... : # # # “, gilded, ornamented, or decorated....... to per cent. Clocks............................... * * * * * * * * * 30 per cent. Clothing, wholly or in part of wool........ .....! 4o cts. per lb. and 35 * * * * * * * * * it! per cent. * { silk component. ................... 50 per cent. {{ all other descriptions ................ 4o “ Coral, cut or manufactured..................... 25 “ Cutlery, sy able, ctc. . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 35 * , s & Pen, Jack and Pocket Knives......... 5ö . “ Diamonds and other precious stones, set....... 25 {{ ** unset.... . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * IO * { Engravings * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 25 st Furniture, £: .............. 35 “ Gilt and Plated Ware, etc................... .. 35 d : Glassware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................... 43 “ Guns, sporting, breech-loading, shot and pistols. 35 “ Gold and silver ware........................... 36 $4 #5 s * * * * is + · is is + c is a si < * * * * * * * * * * 50 did Hats (Ladies') Chip, Straw, or other vegetable * f. substances, hair, whalebone. * * * $20 “ trimmed with silk and artificial flowers i ** exceeding the value of the hat .... }.5° “ with feathers and artificial flowers....... 50 “ Hosiery-Cotton or cotton combined with wool, ** latter of slight value............... }so i. “ Silk..................................... So “ $f w: value over So cents per #: cts. per lb. and 40 ; : "... •:... • * *, * * * * * * * * . . . . . .,, . . . . er * “ Wool-Knit, value So cents per lb. or £35 c: £ '. and 35 under.... . . . . . . . . . . .............. Household effects-In use abroad for one year per cent. and not for sale................' (free. Jewelry-gold. Silver, and imitation.......... 25 pergent. Jet and imitations of........... ..... 25 Laces, Silk.... .................... ...... .... 56 “ f : Cotton................................... 40 f : f : Thread........ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 30 {{ Leather-Manufactures of , ... ............ , 35 “ Linen-Table, Toweling, etc., 30 cents or less er square yard.......... 35 “ * * * * * * * * * Table, Tóweling, etc., above 30 cents {{ * per square yard.................... $35 Mac'ery-E': or Iron.:................... 45 “ k opper or Steel..... ........... ** Muskets and #': : # $f #: ........... 2: “ usic-Printed with lines : * * * * * * * * * * * * £: # : * : if works of American artists....... . free: Consular cer- * { Frames for do..... ‘. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35 p: # $2 per gallon and 50 per cent. • 25 per cent. Perfumery.................. Photogra hs............... * * * * * * * Pipes-Meerschaum, Wood, and of all other } * materials, except 70 & Prints or Engravings. * * £ * * * * * * * * * : {{ Saddles and Harness..................' ' # 44 Shawls—Camel's hair, or other wool........... £35 cts, per b. and 40 Silk-Dress, Piece, and Sha t per cent. Smokers' Articles...'...' w: .............. # perfent. 82O SIGNALS-BATHS AND WATERING PLACES ON THE CONTINENT. $£: "'. Toilet and Windsor.. Statuary-Mar :- * lc'. * * * * • . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * - ** * * “ work of American artists.: .. | Stereoscopic Views-On Paper................ * f. $f on Glass................. 4o “ Spirits-Brandy, Gin, Whisky, etc., in casks .. * * Bottles................................ Umbrellas-Silk or Alpaca..................... Velvet-Silk.. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 46 Cotton, or mostly cotton... : Watches................ ....................... Wines-All still wines, such as Sherry, Claret, or Hock, in casks...... ............ “ In bottles of 1 pint or less............. * * * * * * * * * * * 50 $6 * * * * # ** u1tt * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * {{ A:# and sparkling wines, in bottles of half-pint or less....... ships has been specially prepared: 15 cts. per lb. ... 30 per cent. free on Consular cer- tificate. 25 per cent. 2 for proof gallon 3 cts. each extra. 50 per sent. g 50 cts. per gallon. So cts, per dozen. £ 3.cts. extra.] § { In bottles of over 1 pint and less than 1 $160 per dozen. [Bottles 3 cts. extra.] $$. 75 per dozen. than 1 quart.... #TC #1. f Os3-6(#}-3G>C *: sicNALs. Wines–In bottles of over half-pint and not more than one pint................. $f In bottles of over 1 pint and not more $$3 5o per dozen. #$700 * { * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * In bringing in the works of an American artist, his certificate, sworn to before the American Consul, should accompany the goods. Every person is entitled to one watch of foreign manufacture, and a reasonable amount of “persenal effects.” All personal effects in use abroad one year, free. s £: Lawyers, Journalists, and Professional Men generally allowed to bring in certain books, instruments, etc., pertaining to their professions, and for their own personal use, free. . Surgical and Scientific Instruments, for personal use of party bring- ing them, are also free. Also theatrical wardrobes for personal use. A mechanic bringing his tools free. In order to enable passengers to distinguish passing vessels by day or night, the following list of Atlantic line steam- STEAMERS. FUNNEL MARKS, IIOUSE FLAGS. NIGHT SIGNALS. Red, with white ring under black to D. Red, With white keystone, black : tOD. Anchor.............lblai' Allan......... * * * * * * American........... Cunard..............|Red, with black top. French..............|Red, with black top. Great Westcrn...... Black, with broad red band, contain- ing a blue and white ball. Guion...............|Black, with red band, black top. Hamburg-American Black. Inman..............|Black, white band, black top. Monarch............|Grey, with black top. National............|White, with black top. North German Lloyd Black. Red Star............|Cream color, and black top with red Star. Rotterdam..........|Black, with green band. State................|Buff, with red ring under black top. White Star..........|Cream, with black top. Red, white and blue flag, with red pennant below. * Red swallow-tail flag, with white keystone in cénter. White swallow-tail flag, with red anchor. Blue flag containing white star. White flag, red ball in corner, and the name Cie. Gne: Transatlantique. Red flag, with blue and white ball in center. Blue flag, with diamond in center contain- ing a black star. White and blue flag, with an anchor and yellow shield bearing the letters H. A. Red flag, white square in upper corner containing black diamond. Red cross on white ground, with anchor and letters R. E. S. C. in each corner. Uni' in square, red field with blue and white cross in center. White flag, key and anchor crossed in center of an oak-leaf wreath, black. White swallow-tail flag, with red star. One white and two green stripes. Blue swallow-tail flag, with red and white stripes at top and bottom, and letter S. 1n Center. Red swallow-tail flag containing white star. Three blue lights on mizzen rigging form- ing a triangle. Rocket, red light, white-blue light in quick SURCCCSS1C) f1. Red and white lights, alternately. Blue light and two Roman candles throw- ing up six blue balls each. Blue, white and red light forward, amid- ships, and aft respectively. Three bright flashes in quick succession. A blue light forward, amidships and aft together. Three Roman candles burned aft in suc- cession, each £ up seven stars, colored, white, red, blue, white, red, blue, white. Blue light forward, red light on bridge, blue light aft together. One green # one white light and one green light burned aft in quick succes- SiOIl. Green light forward, red amidships, green light aft forming a triangle. Two blue lights together changing to red. Red # forward, amidships, and aft to gether. Green # forward and aft, white light amidships together. Red light, forward, blue light amidships, red light aft together. Two green lights together. BATHS AND WATERING PLACES ON THE CONTINENT, A1x-LA-CIIAPELLE, Prussia.-Hot sulphur springs and saline and chalybeate waters, for curing diseases of the skin, rheumatism, gout and digestive disorders. li Arx:LES-BAINs, Savoy-Mineral springs, warm and sulphurous, good for the digestive organs. . . AUssEE, near Ischl.-Strong brine springs, saline vapor baths. BADES-RADEN, Duchy of Baden.-1Iot saline chalybeate waters, for digestive disorders. Most fashionable and delightful of German watering-places. BADEN, near Vienna-Warm, sulphur springs, impregnated with carbonic acid gas; good for skin diseases, gout, or rheumatism. BADEN, Switzerland.—Warm sulphur waters, which cure rheumatism, Otut, etc. : £write", Duchy of Baden.-Warm alkaline springs and ath.S. - BAGNERES-pf-BIGoRRE, Pyrenees.-Warm springs, saline, sulphur- ous and chalybeate, aperient and tonic. The silt is very efficacious in rheumatism, gout, etc. * BAGNERFs-DE-LUcIIoN, Pyrences.-Sulphurous, saline and ferrugin- ous, good for rheumatic complaints, paralysis and cutaneous diseases. BELLTIIAL, near Coblentz, Prussia.-Mineral springs, acidulated alkaline, rich in contents of bicarbonate of soda and magnesia; good against general debility and lassitude, digestive disorders, etc., in a valley close to the village of Cobern, fifteen minutes by rail from Coblentz. BIARRITz, near Bayonne.-Sea-bathing. A very fashionable place, and one of the finest beaches in France. Bournoul.E (La), near Clermont-Ferrand.-Arsenical. Radical cures of scrofula, lymphatism, skin diseases, .intermittent fevers, diseases of the joints, diabetes, etc. g-- BATHS AND WATERING PLACES ON THE CONTINENT. 82 I CANNsrADr, Wurtemberg-Mineral springs, containing carbonic acid, sulphur, salts and iron, for curing digestive disorders. CKrish AD, Bohemia.–Springs containing sulphate of soda and carbonate of soda, etc.; for complaints of the liver and the kidneys. Aristocratic watering-place. CAUTERETs, Pyrenees.-Sulphur springs, useful in the early stages of consumption, rheumatism, asthma, indigestion, diseases of the skin, cte- CoNTRExEviLLE.-Of great repute for the cure of gravel. DAX, near Bordeaux, # ance.--Hot springs and mud baths, good for rheumatism, diseased joints, ctc. * Divonne LEs. BAINs, near Geneva.—Hydropathic establishment, with abundant springs, constant temperature 5 Reaumur. Open all the year. EAux:BóNNäs, Pyrenees.—Hot sulphur springs beneficial in inter- mittent fevers, skin diseases, early consumption. * EAux CitatDEs, Pyrenees.-Sulphur and other hot springs, good for rheumatism, paralysis and derangement of the viscera. . ELSTER BAD, near Eger.-Mineral springs, containing iron, soda and carbonic acid. * * EMs, near Coblentz.—Warm springs, containing carbonic acid, carbonate of lime, etc.: beneficial in affections of the chest, and par- ticularly efficacious in female complaints. * 3 * -- • FRANzeNspad, Bohemia.–Iron springs, mostly visited by ladies; baths reputed highly beneficial in quite a number of female complits. GASTEIN. also called Wilbad-Gastein (in Austrian-Tyrol):-Saline and alkaline springs, good for chronic nervous affections, skin diseases, £ and rheumatism” Railway as far as Lend (via Munich and Salz- - * : b h in four hours. urg or Linz and Ischl), thence by coach in line vapor baths and GMUNDEN, on the Traunsee, near Ischl.-5a brine springs. e * * * * GR1Espacif Black Forest, Bade.—Mineral, springs, containing iron and carbonate acid, '' good £ilor" and anaemia, and articularly efficacious in female complaints. * * p £ In Cilr £ # # and ferruginous, and highly beneficial in restoring the digestive of £" ... £ £ £ baths, sulphur springs. Bene- ficial in diseases of the chest. Delightful and fashionable watering- lace. * * p KissiNGEN, Bavaria.-Saline and chalybeate, tonic and aperient, acidulous and alkaline, cooling and diuretic: RRENTII, Bavaria.--Sulphurous and mineral waters; vapor and douche baths, goat whey and medicinal herbs: * * £UzNAcii. Rhenish Prussia.—A favorite watering-place; saline springs, highly beneficial in scrofulous diseases. * g £ or LEUKErnad, Switzerland-Sulphur and saline springs. Excellent for weak nerves, palsy, diseases of the skin, and many l:ronic complaints. * C £ Llppe, near Paderborn-Warm springs. MARIENBAp, Böhemia.-Saline purgative springs; excellent in bitious complaints. Gaseous baths for diseases of the joints. s Ki:Niro', on the Corniche road from Nice-Well sheltered; one of the best winter residences on the Mediterranean. NAUlirim, Germany.—Warm saline. * N#ü:NAir, in the 'alley of the Ahr, near Remagen on the Rhine.- Water similar to Vichy and Carlsbad; warm alkaline springs, good , liver, gout, etc. s fe:£ £ #. of the Mediterranean...protected by the Maritime Mild, beautiful climate; fine sea-bathing. .. * Al £, £ of France.—Soft and beautiful climate for winter; in view of the Pyrenees; best headquarters for exploring them. £," - £SS:S Ç * * : : # * * : £ P\g ) £5% SN # - L# Black Forest, Baden.—Mineral springs and steel and £ # 1S (via Strasburg and Appenweier, thence by coach.) ficial i £o: saline and sulphurous springs. Bene- £ic debilit and for rheumatism, chronic diseases, etc.. diseases of £" ompeigne-sulphur waters, beneficial in # ImC:lf Luneville, France.—Warm saline. o: #France-Alkaling and ferruginous, cflicacious in scroful. '*''T. Westphalia.—Chalybeate springs impregnated with car- # i£ £ine and £, tonic and # Good for AGATz, Switzerland.-Supplied from Pfacffers Baths. i:#; # Salzburg-Saline springs; inhalations of atom- firgin: * # for chronic catarrh of the bronchial tubes, etc. baths: hi 'N, SWitzerland. --On the Rhine, near Bale. Saline ' highly beneficial in scrofulous disease. di' d' Forest, Baden.-Sulphurous, aperient and £ '. £ against stomach disease, dyspepsia and Roitirsch's ypochondria, hysterics and nervous complaints. SČOl!S £ '' Styria, Austria-Acidulous saline springs £ : # s ydropathic treatment. Excellent for dyspepsia an *: Complaints. Climate mild and invigorating. Mountainous *** *śīr Clermont-Ferrand.—Beneficial in anaemia, chlorosi eneral debility, dyspepsi # * :-- * * * ** * osis, # and £ # is £: bronchids, laryngitis, gravel, rheumatism, C'NASH, Switzerland.-Contain sulphurated hydro en, etc. #" chronic scrofula, various female disorders, £ of the £oesnap, Nassau.-Possess cosmetic properties, in high ScIIWALIYAcII, Nassau.-Contain iron a * * highly bracing. nd carbonic acid, and are SpA". Belgium.-Chalybeate waters. Beneficial in digestive dis- orders; in nervous and uterine affections and in liver complaints they are invaluable. Sr. MoRitz, Switzerland, in the Upper Engadine-Powerful chaly- beate waters, gaseous and sparkling, promoting digestion and impart- 1ng vigor. #inema, Switzerland.-Sulphurous and alkaline waters. Beneficial for skin diseases, scrofula, and many chronic complaints. TARASP-SCIIULS, Switzerland.-A beautiful spot, in the lower Engadine, 4,000 feet above the sea. Powerful alkaline saline spring, and fine gaseous chalybeate waters. Invigorating climate, bracing and not raw. * TOEPLITz, Bohemia.-Hot springs of alkali-saline waters, chiefly used for baths, taken £ hot: Good for stiff joints and crippled limbs, caused by gout or rheumatism. Vicity, France.-The most-frequented watering-place in France. Mineral springs, acidulous and alkaline, for chronic complaints of the liver and digestive organs, kidneys, gout, etc. WEISSBAD, Switzerland.-Mineral springs; goat's whey cure. WIESBAD:N, Germany:-Hot waters, aperient and diuretic, for skin diseases, stiftness of the joints, etc. WILDBAD, near Stuttgart-Hot springs for rheumatism, gout, dis- eases of the joints and skin. ... WILDUNGEN, Germany.-Mineral springs; like Vichy, good for dis- eases of the kidneys, etc. CHOICE PROVERBS, ELEGANT SELECTIONS, ETC. |DiCE PIDVBIS, El Alf Sölößlin's $Literary Gems * - IN ENGLISH, i- : ' FROM THE DAYS OF CHAUCER T0 0UR OWN TIME. ###". * DATES. 1300, A.D. Every honest miller has a golden thumb. Old Saying. 13So-1471.7 Man proposes, but God disposes. Thomas A. Kempis. “ “ Of two evils the less is always to be chosen Ibid. 1495-1553. I am just going to leap into the dark. Rabelais. “ “ I drink no more than a sponge. Ibid. “ “ , By robbing Peter he paid Paul. Ibid. 1523-15So. Time tries the troth in everything. Thos. Tusser. “ “ God sendeth and giveth both mouth and the meat. Ibid. “ “ The stone that is rolling can gather no moss. Ibid. :-P Better late than never. Ibid. “ “ Except wind stands as never it stood, "Tis an ill wind turns none to good. Ibid. “ Look ere thou leap, see ere thou go. Ibid. 1549-1634. The gladsome light of jurisprudence. Sir Edward Coke. “ “ Reason is the light of the law; nay, the common law itself is nothing but reason.....The law which is perfection of reason. Ibid. For a man's house is his castle. Mötd. The house of every one is to him as his castle and fortress, as f : repose. Ibid. Corporations cannot commit treason, nor be outlawed, nor excommunicated, for they have no souls. Ibid. He had a face like a benediction. Miguel de Cervantes. Every one is the son of his own works. Ibid. Every one is as God made him, and oftentimes a great deal worse. Ibid. Now blessings light on him that first invented sleep! it covers a man all over, thoughts and all, like a cloak; it is meat for the hungry, drink for the thirsty, heat for the cold, and cold for the hot. Ibid. Don't put too fine a point to your wit for fear it should get blunted. Ibid. My heart is wax to be molded as she pleases, but enduring as marble to retain. Ibid. O cloquent, just and mighty death! Whom none could advisc thou hast persuaded; what none hath dared, thou hast done; and whom all the world hath flattered, thou only hast cast out of the world and despised, thou hast drawn to. gether all the far-stretched greatness, all the pride, cruelty, and ambition of men. and covered it all over with these two narrow words, Hicjacet. Sir Walter Raleigh. “ --> Fain would I climb but that I fear to fall. (Written on glass zwith a diamond.) 2ween Elizabeth, to whom the line was ad. dressed, replied in life manner instantly: If thy heart fail thee, why then climb at all? 1554-1586. Sweet food of sweetly uttered knowledge. Sir Philip Sydney. “ “ High erected thoughts seated in the heart of courtesy. It id, They are never alone that are accompanied with noble thoughts. Ibid. “ “ - My dear, my better half. Ibid. 62 1547-1616. did s & 1552-1618. ** ** g-- Selections from Kempis, Rabelais, Tusser, Coke, Cervantes, Raleigh, Sydney, Brooke, Marlowe, Hooker and Shakspere. well for his defense against injury and violence, as for his . DATES. 1454-1586. Have I caught my heavenly jewel? Ibid. 1554-1628. O, wearisome condition of humanity. Lord Brooke. “ “_> And out of mind, as soon as out of sight. Ibid. 1565-1593. Who ever loved, that loved not at first sight? Caris. Marlowe. “ “ Now will I show myself more of the serpent than the dove; that is, more knave than fool. Ibid. 1553-1600. Of law there can be no less acknowledged, than that her seat is the bosom of God, her voice the harmony of the world; all things in heaven and earth do her homage, the very least as feeling her care, and the greatest as not exempted from her power. Bishop Hooker. To live by one man's will became the cause of all men's misery. Ibid. 1564-1615. He that dies pays all debts. Shakspere. “ “ I have no other but a woman's reason; I think him so be" cause I think him so. Ibid. Here will be an abusing of... .the king's English. Ibid. Why then the world's mine oyster, Which I with sword will open. Ibid. “_>This is the short and the long of it. Ibid. “ “ I cannot tell what the dickens his name is. “ O, whata world of vile, ill-favored faults, -> Looks handsome in three hundred pounds a year. Ibid. I have a kind of alacrity in sinking. Ibid. The rankest compound of villainous smell that ever offended nostril. Ibid. Delays have dangerous ends. A man of my kidney. Ibid. They say there is divinity in odd numbers, either in nativity, chance, or death. Ibid. As merry as the day is long. Ibid. Silence is the perfectest herald of joy; I were but little happy if I could say how much. Ibid. d : "> Sits the wind in that corner? Ibid. * * q : Ibid. Ibid. Shakspere, Lord Bacon, Hakewill, Pascal, Bruno, Milton, Walton, r. Doune, and Ben Jonson. Every one can master a grief, but he that has it. Shakspere- Are you good men and true? Ibid. Fashion wears out more apparel than the man. Ibid. Comparisons are odorous. Ibid. " * A good old man, sir, he will be talking; as they say, when the age is in, the wit is out. Ibid. O, what men dare do! What men may do! What men daily do, not knowing what they do! Ibid. These are begot in the ventricle of memory, nourished in the womb of pia mater, and delivered upon the mellowing of occasion. Ibid. They are as sick, that surfeit with too much, as they that starve with nothing. Ibid. 1564-1616. do * – == .. *-– CHOICE PROVERBS, ELEGANT SELECTIONS, ETC. 823 DATEs. 1564-1616. God made him, and therefore let him pass for a man. Ibid. “ Thus when I shun Scylla, your father, I fall into Charybdis, your mother. Ibid. Neither rhymenor reason can express how much. Ibid. Men have died from time to time, and worms have eaten them, but not from love. Ibid. “ How little a thing it is to look into happiness through an- other man’s eyes. Ibid. * “ There's small choice in rotten apples. Ibid. “ Still you keep o' the windy side of the law. Iöid. * Old father antic the law. Moid. * "Tis no sin for a man to labor in his vocation. Ibid. If the rascal have not given me medicines to make me love him I'll be hanged. Ibid. Use every man after his desert, and who should 'scape whip- ping. Ibid. Be thou as chaste as ice, as pure as snow, thou shalt not escape calumny. Ibid. “ I have thought some of nature's journeymen had made men and not made them well, they imitated humanity so abom- inably. Ibid. d : To what base uses we may return, Horatio' why may not imagination trace the noble dust of Alexander, till he find it stopping a bunghole. Ibid. 1561-1626. Come home to men's business and bosoms. Lord Bacon. * & gif “ No pleasure is comparable to standing upon the vantage ground of truth. Ibid. “ A little philosophy inclineth a man's mind to atheism, but depth in philosophy bringeth men's minds about to religion. Ibid. “ He that hath wife and children hath given hostages to for- tune; for they are impediments to great enterprises, either of virtue or mischief. Ibid. “ Princes are like to heavenly bodies, which cause good or evil times, and which have much veneration, but no rest. Ibid. $f - Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. Ibid. “-- Reading maketh a full man, conference a ready man, and writing an exact man. Ibid. d :J2" Histories make men wise; poets, witty; the mathematics, subtle; natural philosophy, deep; moral, grave; logic and rhetoric, able to contend. Ibid. “2- I hold every man a debtor to his profession; from the which as men of course do seek to receive countenance and profit, so ought they of duty to endeavor themselves by way of amends be a help and ornament thereunto. Ibid. “ 2Virtue is like precious odors, most fragrant when they are incensed or crushed. Ibid. - “_> Knowledge is power. Ibid. “ Nature did never put her precious jewels into a garret four stories high, and therefore exceeding tall men had ever very empty heads. Ibid. “ The sun passeth through pollutions, and remaineth itself pure as before. Ibid. “ For my name and memory, I leave it to men's charitable speeches, to foreign nations, and to the next ages. Ibid. 1608-1674. Truth is as impossible to be soiled by any outward touch as the sunbeam. Milton. 1568-1639. An ambassador is an honest man sent to lie abroad for the f : commonwealth. Walton. “ The itch of disputing will prove the scab of the churches. Jóid. 1573-1631. She and comparisons are odious. Dr. Doune. 1574-1637. Still to be neat, still to be drest, As you were going to a feast. Ben Jonson. “ Get money, still get money, boy; No matter by what means. Ibid <-###########e Bishop Hall, Hobbes, Selden, Oxenstiern, Izaak Walton, Kepler, Webster, Browne, Montaigne, Emerson, Berners, Orrery, Fuller, Milton. DATES. 1574-1656. Moderation is the silken string running through the pearl chain of all virtues. Bishop Aall. “ -Death borders upon our birth, and our cradle stands in the grave. Ibid. l 1583-1679. Words are wise men's counters, they do but reckon by them; but they are the money of fools. Hobbes. And the life of man solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short. Ibid. I 584-1654. Old friends are best. King Janies used to call for his old shoes; they were easiest for his feet. Selden. Commonly we say judgment falls on a man for something in him we cannot abide. Ibid. No man is the wiser for his learning....wit and wisdom are born with a man. Ibid. Take a straw and throw it up into the air, you may see by that which way the wind is. Ibid. *: little thinkest what a little foolery governs the world. id. “ “ Syllables govern the world. Ibid. 1583-1654. Behold, my son, with how little wisdom the world is gov- erned! Chancellor Oxenstiern. 1593-1633. If thou be a severe, sour-complexioned man, then I here dis- allow thee to be a competent judge. Walton. “ “ Angling is somewhat like poetry, men are to be born so. Ibid. “ “ We may say of angling as Dr. Boteler said of strawberries: “Doubtless God could have made a betterberry, but doubt- less God never did.” And so if I might be judge, God never did make a more calm, quiet, innocent recreation than angling. Walton. - “ “ All that are lovers of virtue...be quiet and go angling. Ibid. 1571-1630. This may well wait a century for a reader, as God has waited six thousand years for an observer. Kepler. 1571-1638. Marriage is just like a summer bird-cage in a garden; the birds that are without despair to get in, and the birds that are within despair....for fear they shall never get out. Webster. 1605-1682. There is music in the beauty, and the silent note that Cupid strikes; far sweeter than the sound of an instrument. Sir T. Browne. 1803. Is not marriage an open question, when it is alleged, from the beginning of the world, that such as are in the institu. tion wish to get out, and such as are out wish to get in? R. JV. Emerson. 1608-1661. Drawing near her death, she sent most pious thoughts as harbingers to heaven; and her soul saw a glimpse of happi- ness through the chinks of her sickness-broken body. A tiller. 1603.1674. By labor and intent study, which I take to be my portion in this life, joined with the strong propensity of nature, I might perhaps leave something so written to after times, as they should not willingly let it die. Milton. Dcholding the bright countenance of truth in the quiet and still air of delightful studies. Ibid. He who would not be frustrate of his hope to write well here- after in laudable things, ought himself to be a true poem. Jóia. Litigious terms: fat contentions, and flowing fees. Ibid. I shall detain you no longer in the demonstration of what ye should not do, but strait conduct ye to a hillside, where I will point ye out the right path of a virtuous and noble education; laborious indeed at the first ascent, but else so smooth, so green, so full of goodly prospect, and melodious sounds on every side, that the harp of Orpheus was not more charming. Ibid. did 66 did do {& st k --|-- == 824 CHOICE PROVERBS, ELEGANT SELECTIONS, ETC. __--" DATES. DATES. 1603-1674. In those vernal seasons of the year, when the air is calm and 1685. I never could believe that Providence had sent a few men pleasant, it were an injury and sullenness against nature into the world, ready booted and spurred to ride, and mil. not to go out and see her riches, and partake in her rejoic- lions ready saddled and bridled to be ridden. Rd. Rum” ing with heaven and carth. Milton. bald. “ “ I am in the place where I am demanded of conscience to speak 17SS. I consider biennial elections as a security that the sober, the truth, and therefore the truth I speak, impugn it who second thought of the people shall be law. Fisher Ames. so lists. Ibid. 1653-1716. I knew a very wise man that believed that if a man were “ “ As good almost kill a man as kill a good book; who kills a permitted to make all the ballads, he need not care who man kills a reasonable creature, God's image; but he who should make the laws of a nation. Fletcher of Saltoun. destroys a good book kills reason itself. Ibid. 1642-1727. I do not know what I may appear to the world, but to myself “ “ A good book is the precious life-blood of a master spirit em- I seem to have been only like a boy playing on the sea." "balmed and treasured up on purpose to a life beyond life. shore, and diverting myself in now and then finding * Ibid. smoother pebble or a prettier shell than ordinary, whilst the 1608-1674. I cannot praise a fugitive and cloistered virtue, unexercised great ocean of truth lay all undiscovered before us. Sir and unbreathed, that never sallies out and seeks her adver- Isaac Newton. * sary. Ibid. 1655-1692. When Greeks joined Greeks, then was the tug of war. Nat” “ “ Methinks I see in my mind a noble and puissant nation rous- Lee. * ing herself like a strong man after sleep, and shaking her “ “ Man, false man, smiling, destructive man. Ibid. invincible locks; methinks I see her as an eagle nerving 1657-1711. Like angels visits, short and bright. Norris. her mighty youth, and kindling her undazzled eyes at the 1660-1746. Pity’s akin to love. Southerne. full mid-day beam. Ibid. *. “ “ Who ever knew truth put to the worse, in a free and open Bentley, Prior, Garth, Codrington, Plutarch, Dean swift, Le Sage, . . .''...'... * Colley Cibber, Centliore, Sir R. Steel, Sir R. Walpole, Men of most renowned virtue have sometimes by transgress. Philips, Seneca, Congreve, Rowe, Bolingbroke, Farquhar, - ing most truly kept the law. Ibid. Tuke, Hare, Dryden, Browne, Younge, Buxton, Surrey, 1608-1661. The lion is not so fierce as painted. Fuller. Selden, Charron, etc. “ “ The Pyramids themselves, doting with age, have forgotten the names of their founders. Ibid. 1664-1721. For hope is but the dream of those that wake. Matt. Prior. “ “ Learning hath gained most by those books by which the 1670-1719. To die is landing on some silent shore, printers have lost. Ibid. Where billows never break, nor tempests roar; “ “ They that marry ancient people, merely in expectation to Ere well we feel the friendly stroke 'tis o'er. Garth. ' ' £e. in hope that one will corne 1670-1729. Thou hast no faults, or I no faults can spy, #111(1 Cliu (|C 1 * * * * * * “ “ To smell a turf of fresh earth is wholesome for the body; no * Thou art all beauty, * all blindness I. comington. f less are thoughts of mortality'cordial to the soul. Jóia. Ab’t 60 A.D. Geographers crowd into the edges of their maps parts o Duc de Rochefoucauld, Goldsmith, Burke, Bunyan, Baxter, Til- lotson, Matthew Henry, Powell, Rumbold, Fisher Ames, Fletcher of Saltoun, Sir Isaac Newton, Lee, Norris, the world which they do not know about, adding notes in the margin to the effect that beyond this lies nothing but sandy deserts full of wild beasts and unapproachable bogs. Alutarch. Southerne, and John Dennis. . 1667-1745. The two noblest things which are sweetness and light. Dean + Swift. 1613-1680. Philosophy triumphs easily over past and over future evils, ** * * He £ it for his '' ' whoever could make two : but present evils triumph casily over philosophy. De of corn, or two blades of grass, to grow upon a spo Rochefoucauld ground where only one grew before, would deserve better . “ “ Hypocrisy is a sort of homage that vice pays to virtue. Ibid. of ' : do £ Service ' ":". “ “ In the adversity of our best friends we often find something s of " than the w oterace of po iticitnS put together. ma. s which does not displease us. Ibid. ** He had been eight years upon a project for extracting sun. - * t * t; beams out of cucumbers, which were to be put in phials 1728-1774. Philosophy is a good horse in the stable, but an arrant jade hermetically sealed, and let out to warm the air in raw, in- on a journey. Goldsmith. clement summers. Ibid. - * 1729-1797. I am convinced that we have a degree of delight, and that no * * Bread is the staff of life. Ibid. # one, in the real misfortunes and pains of others. Ed. “ “ The reason why so few marriages are happy is because young {{*A*. ladies spend their time in making nets, not in making cages. 1581-1648. The offender never pardons. Lord Herbert. Jóia. 1627-1688. The name of the slough was despond. Bunyan. “ “ Censure is the tax a man pays to the public for being eminent. “ " Some things are of that nature as to make “ “ A nice man is a man of nasty ideas. Ibid. One's fancies chuckle, while his heart doth ache. Ibid. * “ Not die here in a rage like a poisoned rat in a hole. Ibid. * “ He that is down need fear no fall. Ibid. 6 * : * I shall be like that tree, I shall die at the top. Ibid. 44 it And so I penned 1653-1747. I wish you all sorts of prosperity with a little more taste. It down, until at last it came to be, JLe Sage. - - For length '' breadth, the bigness which you see. Ibid. 1671-1757. Now, by St. Paul, the work goes bravely on. Colley Cibber. “ “ Some said, “John, print it,” others said, “Not so,” d 6 if * * P.- 1.5 * s S said. “It might do d,” oth id, “N '" Jóid Conscience, avaunt! Richard's himself again. Ibid. On C S31Q, g good,” others said, O. ea. “ “ My soul's in arms, and eager for the fray. Ibid. 1615-1691. I preached as never sure to preach again, “ “ A weak invention of the enemy. Heid. And as a dying man to dying men. Baxter. 1667-1723. The real Simon Rare. Cent/iore. 1630-1694. If God were not a necessary being of himself, he might almost 1671-1729. Though her mien carries much more invitation than com" seem to be made for the use and benefit of men. Tillotson. mand, to behold her is an immediate check on loose be" 1713. Let us consider the reason of the case, for nothing is law havior; to love her was a liberal education. (On Lady that is not reason. Sir G. Powell. Elizabeth Hastings.) Sir Richard Steele. *-*- * – *- * CHOICE PROVERBS, ELEGANT SELECTIONS, ETC. 825 *==- | DATES. DATES. g * 1674-1749. All men have their price. Walpole. 1691-1773. He adorned whatever subject he either spoke or wrote upon “ “ Anything but history, for history must be false. Ibid. by the most splendid of eloquence. Jöid. “ “ The gratitude of place expectants is a lively sense of future “ “ Style is the dress of thoughts. Ibid. favors. Ibid. “ “ . I assisted at the birth of that most significant word, “flirta- 1671-1649. Studious of ease and fond of humble things. Philips. tion,” which dropped from the most beautiful mouth in the B.C. 65 A.D. 65. I do not distinguish by the eye, but bv. the mind, which world. Ibid. is the proper judge of man. Seneca. " “ The dews of the evening most carefully shun,— * % 1670-1729. Ferdinand Mendez Pinto was but a type of thee, thou liar of Those tears of the sky for the loss of the sun. Ibid. the first magnitude. Congreve. s 1700-1765. Lord love us, how we apples swim. Mallett. “ “ Hannibal was a very pretty fellow in those days. Ibid. 1698-1743. He lives to build, not boast, a generous race, 1673-1718. : she # : than ' £ : No tenth transmitter of a foolish face. Savage. ryouthtul lancy when they love • At 02:/£, "f*- “ “ Is this that haughty gallant, gay Lothario? Ibid. 1700-1748. When unadorned, adorned theme: *. * .1678. 1707. I believe they talked of me, for they laughed consumedly. 1793-1791. Certainly this is a duty, not a sin, “Cleanliness is indeed next Earquhar. te Godliness. Wesley. “ “ ”Twas for the good of my country that I should be abroad. *706-1790. God helps them that help themselves. B. Franklin. Ibid. “ “ Dost thou love life, then do not squander time, for that is the “ “ Necessity the mother of invention. Ibid. stuff life is made of. Ibid. 1673. He is a fool who thinks by force or skill, * “ “ Plough deep while sluggards sleep. Ibid. To turn the current of a woman's will. Sir S. Tuke. " " Never leave that till to-morrow which you can do to-day. “ “ Where is the man who has the power and skill, Ibid. To stem the torrent of a woman's will? “ “ Three removes are as bad as a fire. Ibid. * For if she will, she will, you may depend on’t; “ “ Vessels large may venture more, And if she won’t, she won't; so there's an end on’t. Old But little boats should keep near shore. Rid. IEpigram. “ “ He has paid dear, very dear, for his whistle. Ibid. 167o 1729. Defer not till to-morrow to be wise, “ “ There never was a good war or a bad peace. Ibid. To-morrow’s sun to thee may never rise. Congreve. 1600-16So. It hath been said that an unjust peace is to be preferred be. 1796. A Christian is God Almighty's £ # ..Sir T. fore a just war. S. Butler. 1605-1682 All things are artificial, for nature is the art o • * >!?" A . 1709-1784. Ye who listen with credulity to the whispers of fancy, and Brozvote. 's end of language is declined pursue with eagerness the phantoms of hope, who expect 1684-1765. Where nature's end of language acclined, that age will perform the promises of youth, and that the And men talk only to conceal the mind. 2 oung. * * f ill b * * it, the truest study of mankind, is man deficiencies of the present day will be supplied by the 1541-1603. The highest pursuit, * * * morrow, attend to the history of Rasselas, Prince of Abys. Charron. * sinia. johnson. 1665. In short, if you don't live up to the precepts of the gospel but - abandon yourselves to your irregular appetites you must 1604. Words are women, deeds are men. Lord A'erbert. * expect to receive your reward in a certain place, which it * { To a close shorn sheep God gives wind by measure. Ibid. is not good manners to mention here. King Charles I.I.'s 1709-1784. The trappings of a monarchy would setup an ordinary con- Chaplain. monwealth. johnson. --> “ “ His death-Garrick's-eclipsed the gaiety of nations, and * * impoverished the public stock of harmless pleasure. File: £ £ ": ** {{ If he does really think that there is no distinction between 6 9 :* 5 i y y * s * Thomson. Wesley, Franklin, Butler, Johnson, Sir Wm. Jones, virtue and vice, '. when he leaves our houses let us Lord He th ert - count our spoons. it. - OT * “ “ Knowledge is of two kinds. We know a subject ourselves, * = . . * * know where we can find information upon it. Ibid. * * antiquit l a man to : b Or we * * p * * 160S-1661. A little ' '' : £ : ' £ “ “ There is nothing which has yet been contrived by man, by in that study # “. gion. which so much happiness is produced as by a good tavern Rit//er. or inn. Ibid. s 1564-1616. Wrens make prey where eagles dare not perch. Shakspere. 16SS-1744. Praise £ IS £ #.#*. Chatham, Moore, Sterne, Gray, Hurd, Brown, Akenside, Town- * * The mouse that alway p * ley, Burton, Dryden, Collins, Merrick, Smollett, Home, Can never be a mouse of any soul. Ibid. Gifford, Murphy, Goldsmith “ “ Party is the madness of many for the gain of a few. Ibid. * 5 * * “ I never knew any man in my life £ bear another's 1703-1778. Theatrocious crime of being a young man. Earl of Chatham. misfortunes perfectly like a Christian. id: “ “ Confidence is a plant of slow growth in an aged bosom. Ibid. “ “ I have taught you, my dear flock, for above thirty years how “ “ Where law ends, tyranny begins. Ibid. to live; and I will show you in a very short time how to die. " " If I were an American, as I am an Englishman, while aforeign Sand d # d lav d artays. troop was landed in my country, I never would lay down 1690-1797. The law is a sort of hocus-pocus science, that smiles in your my arms, mcver! never!! never!!! face while it picks your pocket; and the glorious uncer- " " Necessity is the argument of tyrants, it is the creed of slaves. tainty of it is of more use to the professors, than the jus- Ibid. tice of it. Macklin. * " " I would not allow the American colonists to manufacture 1694-1744. None but himself can be his parallel. Theobald. as much as a horse-shoe nail. Ibid. B.C. 429-348. Learn to read slow, all other graces “ “ The poorest man may in his cottage bid defiance to all the Will follow in their proper places. Walker. force of the crown. It Inay be frail; its roof may shake; 1691-1773. Manners must adorn knowledge, and smooth its way through the wind may blow through it; the storms may enter; the the world. Like a great rough diamond, it may do very * may enter-but the King of England cannot enteri well in a closet by way of a curiosity, and also for its in All his forces dare. not cross the threshold of the ruined trinsic value. Chesterfield. tenement. Ibid. s 826 CHOICE PROVERBS, ELEGANT SELECTIONS, ETC. DATES. 1712- 1757. 1713-1768. did did 1716-1771. * ** 1720-1808. 1721-1770. st {{ 1576-1640. 1631-1701. 1720-1756. 1720-1769. 1721-1771. $6 (if 1724-1808. 1725-1807. 1728-1774. * : st 'Tis now the summer of your youth; time has not cropt the roses from your cheek, though sorrow long has washed them. Moore. Go, poor devil, get thee gone; why should I hurt thee? This world surely is wide enough to hold both thee and me. L. Sterne. The accusing spirit, which flew up to heaven's chancery with the oath, blushed as he gave it in; and the recording angel, as he wrote it down, dropped a tear upon the word and blotted it out forever. Whid. God tempers the wind to the shorn lamb. Ibid. A favorite has no friend. Thomas Gray. Too poor for a bribe, and too proud to importune; He had not the method of making a fortune. Ibid. In this awfully stupendous manner, at which Reason stands aghast, and Faith hersclf is half confounded, was the grace of God to man at length manifested. Hurd. Such and so various are the tastes of men. Akenside. Seeks painted trifles and fantastic toys, And eagerly pursues imaginery joys. Ibid. I would help others out of a fellow-feeling. Burton. Pompey bade Sylla recollect that more worshipped the rising than the setting-sun. Dryden. Too nicely Jonson knew the critic's part, Nature in him was almost lost in art. Collins. Not what we wish, but what we want. Aferrick. Facts are stubborn things. Smollett. Thy spirit. Independence, let me share; Lord of the lion heart, and eagle eye, Thy steps I follow with my bosom bare, Nor heed the storm that howls along the sky. Ibid. Like Douglas conquer, or like Douglas die. Home. Revolves the sad vicissitudes of things. Gifford. Laws grind the poor, and rich men rule the law. Goldsmith. Pride in their port, defiance in their eye,' I see the lords of humankind pass by. Ibid. Measures, not men, have always been my mark. Ihid. The very pink of perfection. Ibid. Ask me no questions, and I'll tell you no fibs. Ibid. The King himself has followed her, When she has walk'd before. Ibid. Such dainties to them, their health it might hurt; It's like sending them ruffles, when wanting a shirt. Ibid. (On sending a haunch of venison to poor friends.) Mason, Burke, Author of the “Sublime and Beautiful,” and Sheridan, Author of “The School for Scandal,” etc. 1725-1797. 1729, 1797. (#) is * 66 *: $6 The fattest hog in Epicurus' sty. Mason. The writers againstreligion, whilst they oppose every system, are wisely careful never to set up any of their own. Edm. Burke. There is, however, a limit at which forbearance ceases to be a virtue. Ibid. Illustrious predecessor. Ibid. When bad men combine, the good must associate else they will fall one by one, an unpitied sacrifice, in a contemptible . struggle. Ibid. A wise and salutary neglect. Ibid. All government, indeed every human benefit and enjoyment, every virtue, and every prudent act is founded on compro- mise and barter. Ibia. They made and recorded a sort of institute and digest of anarchy, called the Rights of Man. Ibid. It is now sixteen or seventeen years since I saw the Queen of France, then the Dauphiness, at Versailles; and surely never lighted on this orb, which she hardly seemed to touch, a more delightful vision. I saw her just above the horizon, decorating and cheering the elevated spheres she DATES. just began to move in,—glittering like the morning star, full of life, and splendour and joy...Little did I dream that" should have lived to see such disasters fallen upon her, in * nation of gallant men, in a nation of men of honor and of cavaliers. I thought ten thousand swords must have leapt from their scabbards to avenge even a look that threatened her with insult. But the age of chivalry is gone. That of sophisters, economists, and calculators has succeeded. Jóid. The unbought grace of life, the cheap defence of nations, the nurse of manly sentiment, and heroic enterprise is gone. Jöld. k That chastity of honor which felt a stain like a wound. Ibid. Vice loses half its evil, by losing all its grossness. Ibid. Kings will be tyrants from policy, when subjects are rebels from principle. Ibid. Because half a dozen grasshoppers under a fern make the field ring with their importunate chink, whilst thousands of great cattle reposed beneath the shadow of the British oak, chew the cud and are silent, pray do not imagine - that those who make the noise are the only inhabitants of the field,—that, of course, they are many in number," or that, after all, they are other than the little, shrivelled, meagre, hopping, though loud and troublesome insects of the hour. Ibid. f * He that wrestles with us strengthens our nerves and sharpens our skill; our antagonist is our helper. Ibid. The cold neutrality of an impartial judge. Ibid. And having looked to government for bread, in the very first scarcity they will turn and bite the hand that fed them. Jhid. Early and provident fear is the mother of safety. Ibid. I would rather sleep in the southern corner of a little country churchyard, than in the family vault of “all the Capulets." Ibid. Burke, Sir Wm. Blackstone, Bickerstaff, Gibbon, Cowper, Bos- well, Sir W. Scott, Lord Thurlow, John Wilkes, George Washington, John Adams, Patrick Henry, Thomas Paine, Thomas Jefferson. 1729 1797. 1735. 1787. 1737 1794. ** * * 1731-1800. 1740-1795. 1771-1832. 1732-1806. 1732-1799. 1735-1826. 1736-1799. The march of the human mind is slow. Burke. Ay, do despise me, I’m the prouder for it; I like to be de- spised. Bickerstaff. History, which is, indeed, little more than the register of the crimes, follies, and misfortunes of mankind. Edw. Gibbon. A heart to resolve, a head to contrive, and a hand to execute. Ibid. - England, with all thy faults I love thee still, my country. Cowper. This man-Chesterfield-I thought had been a lord among wits, but I find he is only a wit among lords. Boswell. Although too much of a soldier among sovereigns, no one could claim with better right—than Napoleon—to be a sovereign among soldiers. Sir W. Scott. The accident of an accident. Lord Thurloxv. To be prepared for war is one of the most effectual means of preserving peace. George Washington. The second day of July, 1776, will be the most memorable epoch in the history of America. I am apt to believe that it will be celebrated by succeeding generations as the great anniversary festival. It ought to be commemorated as the day of deliverance, by solemn acts of devotion to God Al- mighty. It ought to be solemnized with pomp and parade, with shows, games, guns, bells, bonfires, and illuminations, from one end of this continent to the other, from this time forward forevermore. Gohn Adams. Caesar had his Brutus, Charles the First, his Cromwell, and George the Third-Treason! cried the Speaker—may profit by their example. If this be treason, Mr. Speaker, make. the most of it. Patrick Henry. –=" *I-" | - | * == . s CHOICE PROVERBS, ELEGANT SELECTIONS, ETC. 827 DATEs. DATES. 1739-1799. Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the 1751-1815. Steal to be sure they may, and, egad, serve your best cost of chains and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God! I thoughts as gypsies do stolen children,-disfigure them to know not what course others may take; but as for me, make 'em pass for their own. Ibid. give me liberty, or give me death. Ibid. “ “ Where they do agree on the stage, their unanimity is wonder- 1737-1809. And the final event to himself—Mr. Burke—has been that as did did ful. Ibid. in I * he rose like a rocket, he fell like the stick. Thomas Paine. * f gif : oyster may be crossed in love. Rid. * “ “ These are the times that try men's souls. Ibid. ou shall see a beautiful quarto page, where a neat rivulet “ “ The sublime and the ridiculous are often so nearly related, that 66 of of text shall meander through a meadow of margin Ibia. it is difficult to class them separately. One step above the d & d ? fleave my character behind me. Iti. * sublime makes the ridiculous, and one step above the ridicu- * 6 J £ unforgiving eye, and a disinheriting countenance. Iti. lous makes the sublime again. Ibid. : : more to do with gallantry than it has with 1743-1826. The God who gave us life, gave us liberty at the same time. did st x: : w: ease to show your breeding, * * Vv£son. . * But easy writing's curst hard reading. Ibid. n, in the course of human cvents, it becomes necessary 1754-1832. Books cannot always please, however good; for one people to dissolve the political bands which have Minds are not ever craving for their food. Crabbe. connected them with another, and to assume among the “ “ Be there a will, and wisdom finds a way. Ibid. s powers of the earth the separate and equal station to which 1759-1796. What's done we partly may compute the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle them, a decent But know not what's resisted. Ž. respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should “ “ I waive the quantum o' the sin, declare the causes which impel them to the separation. The hazard of concealing; Jöid. But och! it hardens a within, * * We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are And petrifies the feeling. Ibid. created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with “ “ In durance vile here must Iwake and veep. Ibid. inalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty and | 1660-1746. Of the King's creation you may be; but he who makes a the pursuit of happiness. Ibid Count ne'er made a man. Southerne. * * We mutually pledge to each other our lives, our fortunes, and 1757-1823. Perhaps it was right to dissemble your love, our sacred honor. Jöid. But-why did you kick me down stairs. Kemble. (#4 #6 Error of opinion may be tolerated where reason is left free to 1759-1Soó. Prostrate the beauteous ruin lies; and all combat it. Ibid. That shared its shelter, perish in its fall. Wm. Pitt. * * Equal and exact justice to all men, of whatever state or per- 1762-1836. On their own merits, modest men are dumb. Geo. Colman. suasion, religious or political; peace, commerce, and honest 1763-1Sor. Rise with the lark, and with the lark to bed. Hurdis. friendship, with all nations,—entangling alliances with 1756-1816. To the memory of the man, first in war, first in peace, and none; the support of the State governments in all their first in the hearts of his countrymen. Gen. Henry Lee. rights, as the most competent administrations for our do-. 1754-1793. O liberty! liberty! how many crimes are committed in thy mestic concerns, and the surest bulwarks against anti- name. Madame Roland. republican tendencies; the preservation of the general 1755-1841. The tree of liberty only grows when watered by the blood of government in its whole constitutional vigor, as the sheet tyrants. Barere. anchor of our peace at home and safety abroad;....free- 1763-1820. Sire, it is worse than a crime, it is a blunder. Said to dom of religion; freedom of the press; freedom of person Napoleon, by Fouche. under the protection of habeas corpus; and trial by juries 1764-1838. Approbation from Sir Hubert Stanley is praise indeed. impartially selected,—these principles form the bright con- AMorton. stellation which has gone before us, and guided our steps 1765-1832. Diffused knowledge immortalizes itself. Sir jas. Mackin- through an age of revolution and reformation. Ibid. tosh. * “ If a due participation of office is a matter of right, how are “ “ The frivolous work of polished idleness. Ibid. vacancies to be obtain." Those by death are few; by | 1763-iss. His imperial fancy—Edmund Burke's—has laid all nature resignation, none. Möid. under tribute, and has collected riches from every scene of - * - the creation and every walk of art. Robt. Hall. Lord Stowell, Mrs. Barbauld, Sheridan, Crabbe. Burns, Wych- " " He might be a very clever man by nature, for aught I know, erley, Southerne, Kemble, Wm. Pitt, Colman, Hurdie, Gen. but he laid so many books upon his head that his brains Lee, Roland, Barere, Fouche, Morton, Mackintosh, Robert could not move. (Kippis.) Ibid. Hall, Kotzebue, Sir S. E. Brydges, J. Quincy Adams. " " Call things by their right names,.... Glass of brandy and s water! That is the current but not the appropriate name; 1745-1836. A dinner lubricates business. Lord Stowell. ask for a glass of liquid fire and distilled damnation. Ibid. 1743-1S25. Man is the nobler growth our realms supply. Mrs. Bar- 1761-1819. There is another and a better"orld. Kotzebue. battled. 1762-1837. The glory dies not, and the grief is past. Sir S. E. Brydges. “ “ Wisdom mounts her zenith with the stars. Ibid. 1767-1848. This hand, to tyrants ever sworn the foe, 1751-1816. You are not like Cerberus, three gentlemen at once, are you? # freedom only deals the deadly blow; R. B. Sheridan. - en sheathes in calm repose the vengeful blade, * * * s * a le peace in freedom's hallowed shade. j. 2. “ “ The honorable gentleman has said much that is original, and *: # p much that is good; but the good is not original, and I am 47%.S. sorry to add, the original is not good. But one other com. Canning, Coleridge, Wordsworth, Fuller, Lamb, Herbert, Mont- ment is necessary—the gentleman has drawn upon his gomery, Spencer, Shelley, Campbell, Emmett, Sewall, Sir memory for his eloquence, and upon his imagination for Walter Scott, Woodworth. Thom's Moore." y his facts. Ibid. 5 5 te “ “ As headstrong as an allegory on the banks of the Nile. 1770-1827. I called the New World into existence to redress the balance Abid. of the Old. George Canning. * “ My valour is certainly going! it is sneaking off! I feel it “ “ Here's to the pilot that weathered the storm. Ibid. oozing out, as it were, at the palms of my hands. Abid. 1770-1S50. Thou unassuming commonplace of nature. (The Daisy.) “ “ ” own the soft impeachment. Ibid. Wordsworth. += s-- S) 2. {< 828 DATES. 1770-1S50. #4 £d 6. * @ 1775-1834. $6 {4 1772-1834. 1593-1632. 1771-1854. 1770-1834. 1777-1844. 1780-1803. 1748-1808. 1771-1832. 1785-1842. 1779-1852. CHOICE PROVERBS, ELEGANT SELECTIONS, ETC. That inward eye which is the bliss of solitude. Ibid. Hunt half a day for a forgotten dream. Ibid. The still, sad music of humanity. Ibid. Is it a party in a parlour? Crammed just as they on carth were crammed,- Some sipping punch, some sipping tea, But as you by their faces see, All silent and all damned. Ibid. All, all are gone, the old familiar faces. Charles Lamb. Gone before, To that unknown and silent shore. Ibid. Blest hour! it was a luxury to be. S. T. Coleridge. To know, to esteem, to love,—and then to part, Makes up life's tale to many a feeling heart. Ibid. Earth, with her thousand voices, praises God. Ibid. A dwarf on a giant's shoulders sees further of the two. JHerbert. Nightly pitch my moving tent A day's march nearer home. Montgomery. How noiseless falls the foot of time, That only treads on flowers. Spencer. To bear is to conquer our fate. Campbell. Let there be no inscription upon my tomb; let no man write my epitaph; no man can write my epitaph. R. Emmett. No pent up Utica contracts your powers, But the whole boundless continent is yours. Sewall. Love rules the court, the camp, the grove, And men below, and saints above; For love is heaven, and heaven is love. Sir W. Scott. The silver link, the silken tic, Which heart to heart, and mind to mind, In body and in soul can bind. Ibid. Breathes there the man with soul so dead, Who never to himself hath said, This is my own, my native land! Ibid. . What can they see in the longest Kingly line in Europe, save that it runs back to a successful soldier? Ibid The old oaken bucket, the iron-bound bucket, The moss-covered bucket, which hung in the well. Woodworth. This narrow isthmus 'twixt two boundless seas, The past, the future, two eternities. Thos. Moore. Earth has no sorrow that Heaven cannot heal. Ibid. The minds of some of our statesmen, like the pupil of the human eye, contract themselves the more, the stronger light there is shed upon them. Ibid. .S. Cunningham, Heber, Story, Decatur, Daniel Webster, Avon- more, John Smith, Schiller, Scott, Napoleon, Miner, Irving, Napier, Palafore, Venerable Bede, Goethe, Burton. 1785-1842. 1783-1826. 1779-1845. 1779-1820. 1782-1852. The hollow oak our palace is, Our heritage the sea. Cunningham. No hammers fell, no ponderous axes rung; Like some tall palm the mystic fabric sprung, Majestic silence! £ishop /Heber. Here shall the Press the People's right maintain, Unawed by influence, and unbribed by gain; Here patriot Truth her glorious precepts draw, Pledged to Religion, Liberty and Law. Story. Our country! in her intercourse with foreign nations, may she always be in the right; but our country, rightor wrong. Ste. Decatur. When my eyes shall be turned to behold for the last time the sun in heaven, may I not see him shining on the broken and dishonored fragments of a once glorious Union, on States dissevered, discordant, belligerent; on a land rent with civil feuds, or drenched, it may be, in fraternal blood. ADaniel Webster. Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable. Jöfð. DATES. 1732-1852. 1782-1852. 1769-1821. 17So-1865. 1783-1859. 1785-1860. Cervantes, Byron, Marcy, Rochefoucauld, Barrett, Brougham, Rufus Choate, Lord Macaulay, Volney, Horace Walpole, H. Kirk White, Shelley, David Hume, Sir Henry Taylor, Wm. H. Seward, Sheridan, Layard, R. W. Emerson. 1783-1824. 672-735. 1749-1832. 1576-1640. 178S-1824. 1547-1616. We wish that this column, rising toward heaven among the pointed spires of so many temples dedicated to God, m** contribute also to produce in all minds, a pious feeling of dependence and gratitude. We wish, finally, that the last object to the sight of him who leaves his native shore, and the first to gladden his who revisits it, may be something which shall remind him of the liberty and glory of his country. Let it rise! let it rise till it meet the sun in its coming; let the earliest light of the morning gild it, and the parting day linger and play on its summit. (Bunker Hill Monument.) Ibid. He smote the rock of the national resources, and abundant streams of revenue gushed forth. He touched the dead corpse of public credit, and it sprung upon its feet. 1". On this question of principle, while actual suffering was yet afar off, the colonies raised their flag against a power, to which, for purposes of foreign conquest and subjugation, Rome in the height of her glory is not to be compared," a power which has dotted over the surface of the whole globe with her possessions and military posts, whose morn- ing-drum beat, following the sun, and keeping company with the hours, circles the earth with one continuous and unbroken strain of the martial airs of England. Ibid. He it was that first gave to the law the air of a science. He found it a skeleton, and clothed it with life, colour and com’ plexion; he embraced the cold statue, and by his touch it grew into youth, health, and beauty. (On Blackstone.) Lord A zonmore. The stake I play for is immense,—I will continue in my own dynasty the family system of the Bourbons, and unite Spain forever to the destinies of France. Remember that the sun never sets on the immense empire of Charles V. (Scotts.) Napoleon. When I sce a merchant over polite to his customers, begging them to taste a little brandy, and throwing half his goods on the counter, thinks I, that man has an axe to grind. C. Miner. Free livers on a small scale, who are prodigal within the compass of a guinea. Washington Irving. The Almighty Dollar, that great object of universal devotion throughout our land, seems to have no genuine devotees in these peculiar villages. Ibid. Napoleon's troops fought in bright fields, where every helmet caught some beams of glory, but the British soldier con" quered under the cool shade of aristocracy; no honors awaited his daring, no despatch gave his name to the ap" plauses of his countrymen; his life of danger and hardship was uncheered by hope, his death unnoticed. Sir W. F. P. Napier. * On with the dance! let joy be unconfined. Byron. While stands the Coliseum, Rome shall stand, when falls thc Coliseum, Rome shall fall, and when Rome falls, the World. Venerable Bede. * Know'st thou the land where the lcmon-trees bloom, Where the gold orange glows in the deep thicket's gloom, Where a wind ever soft from the blue heaven blows, And the groves are of laurel, and myrtle, and rose? Goethe. Hannibal as he had many virtues, so had he many vices. Attrfort. Truth denies all eloquence to woe. Byron. The ocean to the river of his thoughts. Ibid. For her my heart is wax to be moulded as she pleases, but enduring as marble to retain whatever impression she shall make upon it. Cervantes. =~">" - . —l. | CHOICE PROVERBS, ELEGANT SELECTIONS, ETC. 829 DATES. * S. F. Adams, E. Cook, C. Dickens, Tate and Brady, Archbishop 17SS-1824. I awoke one morning and found myself famous. Byron. Cranmer, Herodotus, Hesiod, Polycrates, Tertullian, Plato, 1613-1680. The pleasure of love is in loving. We are happier in the Sallust, Plutarch, Valerius Maximus, Aristotle, AEschines. passion we feel than in that we cxcite. Rochefoucauld. D 1785-1820. Not she with traitrous kiss her Savior stung, ATES. Nearer, my God, to Thee, Not she denied him with unholy tongue, Nearcr to Thee! She, while apostles shrank, could danger brave, E’en though it be a cross Last at his cross, and earliest at his grave. E. S. Barrett. Th gr * * it: s * * - A L: at raiseth me: 1779-1863. Let the soldier be abroad if he will, he can do nothing in this Still all Inv song shall be age. There is another personage, a personage less impos- Nearer : £ to The * * * * * * p ing in the eyes of some, perhaps insignificant. The school £ £ce s: h Flower Adams master is abroad, and I trust to him, armed with his primer, 1817. I love it—I love it an d who shall dare * against : £ in ' ' £, Lord £: To chide me for ioving that old arm chair! Eliza Cook. $ć Č4 In my Inind, he was guilty of no crror, he was rg ses If...? * * * wi #. In O £ : was betrayed by his fancy into 1812-1870. "::' ma'am, tough, is J. B., tough, and de-vilish sly. no metaphor, who once said, that all we see about us, 60 de .. * * * * a # * Kings, £ £, and Commons,+the whole machinery of the *: of this observation lays in the application on it. State, all the apparatus of the system, and its varied work- * * A de: d, damp, moist, unpleasant body. Ibid. ings, end in simply bringing twelve good men into a box- did it My life is one dem’d horrid grind. Ibid. * * * * “ Barkis is willin'. Ibid. * “ Pursuit of knowledge under difficulties. Ibid. “ “ Whatever was required to be done, the Circumlocution Office 1799-1859. There was a State without King or nobles; there was a was beforehand with all the departments, in the act of church without a Bishop; there was a people governed by perceiving How not to do it. Iöid. I grave magistrates which it had selected, and equal laws “ “ In came Mrs. Fezziwig, one vast substantial smile. Ibid. which it had framed. Rufus Choate. “ “ Why are we in the mansions of the rich and great? Are we “. “ we join ourselves to no party that does not carry the flag, bidden to feast with them? To play with them upon the and keep step to the music, of the Union. Jóid. lute? Ibid. * “ Its constitution the glittering and sounding generalities of “ “ My little woman, said Mr. Snagsby, likes her religion hot. natural right which make up the Declaration of Independ- Ibid. ence. Ibid. * A.D. 911. In the midst of life we are in death. Notker. 1717-1797. At last some curious traveler from l-ima will visit England 1652.1715. The sweet remembrance of the just, and give a description of the ruins of St. Paul's, like the Shall flourish when he sleeps in dust. Tate and Brady. editions of Baalbec and Palmyra. Earl of Oxford, Horace | 1489-1356. To have and to hold from this day forward, for better for Walpole. worse, for richer for poorer, in sickness and in health, to 1785-1806. where now is Britain? love and to cherish, till death us do part. Episcopal Afar- * * * * * riage Service. Cranmer. Even as the savage sits upon the stone * * We have left undone those things which we ought to have That marks where stood her capitols, and hears done, and we have done those things which we ought not The bittern booming in the weeds, he shrinks to have done. Morning Prayer. • From the dismaying solitude. Henry Kirke White. * “ The noble army of martyrs. 1800-1859. The Puritans hated bear-baiting, not because it gave pain to “ “ Read, mark, learn, and inwardly digest. Litany. the bear, but because it gave pleasure to the spectators. “ “ To do my duty in that state of life, into which it shall please Lord Macaulay. God to call me. Catechism. * “ To every man upon this earth, * “ An outward and visible sign of an inward and spiritual Death cometh soon or late, grace. Ibid. - And how can man die better * “ The iron entered into his soul. Psalms. Than in facing fearful odds, B.C. 484-420. Among the Greeks a victory in which the conquerors suf- For the ashes of his fathers, fered quite as severely as the vanquished, was called a And the temples of his Gods? Ibid. Cadmean victory. Herodotus. * “ How well Horatius kept the bridge, 660 Polycratus having asked the Delphic Oracle how he might In the brave days of old. Móid. [Taylor. find the treasure left on the field of Plataea by Mardonius, 1800. The world knows nothing of its greatest men. Sir Henry the general in command of Xerxes' army, was answered, £4 Such souls... . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Leave no stone unturned.” Polycrates. Vanish like lightning, but they leave behind A.D. 150-230. The blood of the martyrs is the seed of the Church. Ter- A voice, that in the distance far away tullian. Wakens the slumbering ages. Moid. s B.C. 429-348. Plato defined a man as, “A two-legged animal without 1801-1872. There is a higher law than the constitution. Wm. H. feathers,” and Diogenes discredited the definition by Seward. * plucking a rooster and carrying the unhappy bird to the * “ It is an irrepressible conflict between opposing and enduring school. Plato then added to his definition the clause: forces. Ibid. ... f; “Having broad, flat nails.” Plato. 1751-1816. A life spent worthily should be measured by a nobler line, A.D. 150-230. “I believe it, because it is impossible,” is a misquotation by deeds, not words. Sheridan. * * of Tertullian, who said, “It is certain, even if impossible.” 1817. I have always believed that success would be the inevitable Tertulliant * * * p * result if the two services, the army and the navy, had fair B.C. 86 E : * > * * play, and if we sent the right man to fill the right place. .C. 86-34. Every man is the architect of his own fortune. Sallust. A. H Layard. A.D. 100. Cesar is said to have divorced his wife because of a dream, 1803. What are they all in their high conceit, giving as his motive, the sentence, “The wife of Caesar When man in the bush with God may meet. R. W. Emerson. should be above suspicion.” Plutarch. “. Every man does his best thing easiest. Ibid. “ Eurybiades having raised his staff threateningly, Themis- “ The silent organ loudest chants tocles reproved with the words, “Strike.if you will, but The master's requiem. Ibid. hear.” Ibid. s 2- Q—a- -" 83O CHOICE PROVERBS, ELEGANT SELECTIONS, ETC. DATES. IDATES. A. D. 100. A Roman having divorced his wife was severely censured 1716. Tobias Hobson was a livery stable keeper, who always con because he did not specify her faults; at length he held out trived to make his patrons take the horse he wanted to let. his shoe to his critics and said, “None of you can tell regardless of the likings of his customers, yet it always where the shoe pinches.” Ibid. l seemed that the patrons were allowed free selection; hence A.D. Circa 30. The famous “appeal from Philip drunk to Philip arose the common saying, “Hobson's choice,” when there sober” is mentioned by Valerius Maximus in his collec- 7was no choice. Spectator. , tion of anecdotes.” Valerius Af. 1834. Cromwell being about to attack the enemy, posted on the 1oo. Aristophanes is credited with the phrase, “To call a spade other side of a river, concluded an address to his troops by a spade.” Plutarch. saying: “Put your trust in God, my boys, but keep your 384-322. Aristotle first explained how, “To beg the Question,” in powder dry.” Blacker. his Topica in which he gives five methods. The first oc- 1768. Wedgwood, the potter, made a medallion representing * currence of the words in an English garb was in a work negro in chains, with hands raised to heaven as he kneltin on Logic in 1584. Aristotle. prayer, and that idea, with the motto “Am I not a man and s * - a brother?” became the seal of the London Anti Slavery Phaedrus, St. Augustine, Erasmus, Harrison, Butler, Alonso of Society. Wedgwood. Aragon, Ward, Tacitus, John Ball, William of 0range, 1672-1769. When in doubt win the trick. (Rules for whist.) Hoyle. Hume, Warburton, Martin, “Spectator,” Col. Blacker, 1727-1795. “Rebellion to £ : £ # : : £ s on a cannon on a hill near Martha Bay, Jamaica, whe Wedgwood, Charles II, Hoyle, Stiles, Randall, Dean the ashes of Bradshaw-President of the tribunal that Tucker. sentenced Charles I.—were lodged. Stiles. 18. A baldheaded man trying to kilt a fly that had stung his pate, 1858. The semi-epitaph is supposed to have been an afterthought, gave himself a severe blow; and the insect improved the occasion by saying to his angry victim, “You have added insult to injury.” Phaedrus. due to Dr. Franklin. It was found among Thomas Jeffer" son's papers, and in his handwriting, according to his biographer. Randall. 354°430. s' consulted St. Ambrose as to fasting on Satur. Woltaire, Jeremy Taylor, Young, Tally rand, Shakspere, Maréchal ays when in Rome. It was not the custom to fast in Milan, * * * - s but the Saints agreed that “When in Rome you should do Willars, Priestly, Sevigne, Cornuel, Montaigne, Plutarch, as the Romans do.” St. Augustine. Bentham, Beccaria, Shaftesbury, Raleigh, Burton, Byrd, 1440. “The art preservative of all arts,” is the commendatory title Southwell, Spense, Winifreda, Rougemont, Junius, Mack- given to printing in Harlem, upon the facade of a house intosh, Bobart, Dumas, Stanley, Metcalf. supposed to have been occupied by lawrence Koster, one of the reputed inventors. 1694-1778. Speech was given to man to conceal his thoughts. Voltaire. 1542. That same man that runneth awaie, 1613-1667. The germ of the saying is first found in the writings of Maie again fight another daic. (Apothegms.) Erasmus. Bishop jeremy Taylor. s (The idea is expressed by Tertullian, and can be traced back 1684-1765. Men talk only to conceal the mind. 2 oung. to Aristophanes, as well as forward to Butler, Scarron, 1754-1838. Harel ascribed this saying to the great diplomatist. Talley- Ray, and Oliver Goldsmith, besides lesser celebrities.). rand. - 1577. The popular rhyme, (Lloyd, South, Butler, Goldsmith and others utter the axiom.) Thirty days hath September, 1754-1838. Beginning of the end. C'est te commencement de la film. April, June, and November, Talleyrand. February hath twenty-eight alone, (Prince Talleyrand kept a book in which he compiled sayings And all the rest have thirty-one, and anecdotes for use, and thus was credited with many Unless when leap year doth combine not his own.) And give to February twenty-nine, * 1564-1616. That is the true beginning of our end. (Midsummer Night's Can be traced back to Harrison's description of Britaine, Dream.) Shakspere. which was prefixed to Holinshed's Chronicles, in 1577. 1653-1734. “Save me from my friends, I can defend myself from my Aïarrison. enemies,” was said to Louis XIV. by his favorite courtier 1599. It is unseasonable and unwholesome in all months that have and commander, Marechal Villars. not an R in their name to eat an oyster. Butler. (A similar sentiment is expressed by George Canning.) “ Old wood to burn! Old wine to drink! Old friends to trust! | 1733-1804. “Orthodoxy is my doxy, Heterodoxy is anotherman's doxy.” Old authors to read! Alonso of Aragon. This sentence is said to have been the answer of Bishop 1645. “Let justice be done though the heavens fall,” a proverb Warburton to Lord Sandwich in the “Lords,” when test quoted by Ch. Justice Mansfield, in the case of the King vs. laws were debated. Priestley. Wilkes, was first printed 125 years earlier, in Ward's 1626-1696. “No man is a hero to his valet” is a saying ascribed to Simple Cobbler of Aggawam, in America. Ward. Afadam de Sevigne. 55-117. “God always favors the heaviest battalions,” the ground- 1533-1592. The line, “Few men are admired by their servants,” is in work for one of Napoleon’s apothegins, can be traced from the Essays of Montaigne. the writings of Tacitus, through Bussy Rabutin and Vol. 1oo. And the root of the saying may be found in the works of . taire to the Emperor. Tacitus. • Plutarch. * 1430. When Adam dolve, and Eve span, 1748-1832. “Greatest happiness of the greatest number” is set forth by Who was then the gentleman? Seremy Bentham. * John Ball used these lines to encourage the rebels in the 1593. Even such is time, that takes on trust war. john Ball. - Our youth, our joys, our all we have, 1711-1776. When the Duke of Buckingham urged upon William of And pays us but with age and dust; Orange that the United Provinces must be conquered, the Who in the dark and silent grave, Prince replied, “I will not see my country's ruin. I will When we have wandered all our ways, die in the last-ditch.” A/time. Shuts up the story of our days; 1810. Francis the First, of France, after the defeat at Pavia, where But from this earth, this grave, this dust, he became the prisoner of Charles V., wrote to his mother: My God shall raise me up, I trust. [Raleigh. “Madam, all is lost save honour.” AMartin. * (Written in his Bible the night before his execution.) Sir W. 63 – *== g-e- =- : S=- *m ORIGIN OF PROVERBIAL EXPRESSIONS COMMONLY USED. 83 I DATES. 1576-1640. 1588. 1560-1595. Gd 1726. did 1576-1640. 1815. As much valor is to be found in feasting as in fighting; and some of our City Captains and Carpet Knights will make this good, and prove it. Burton. My mind to me a kingdom is. (In Percy's Reliques.) Byrd. My mind to me an empire is While grace affordeth health. Southwell. I saw the new moon, late yestreen, Wi' the auld moon in her arm. Sir Patrick Spense. We'll shine in more substantial honors, And to be noble we'll be good. Winifreda. And when with envy Time, transported, Shall think to robus of our joys, You’ll in your girls again be courted, And I'll go wooing in my boys. Ibid. He that will not when he may, When he will, he shall have nay. Burton. “The guard dies, but never surrenders ” was an expression falsely attributed to Cambronne, at Waterloo. It appears V DATES. 1769-1772. 6& 1554. 1726. fd 1551-1623. & e_><&#&s_s to have been invented by Rougemont two days after the battle. “I do not give you to posterity as a pattern to imitate, but an example to deter.” (To the Duke of Grafton.) junius. Private credit is wealth, public honor is security; the feather that adorns the royal bird supports its flight; strip him of his plumage and you fix him to the earth. Ibid. “One man's wit, and all men's wisdom.” Earl Russell's definition of a proverb, given at breakfast, at Mardock's. AMackintosh. Think that day lost whose low descending sun, Views from thy hand no noble action done. Bobart. “Order reigns in Warsaw "was the announcement by Gen- eral Sebastian, that Poland was prostrated by Russian troops. Dumas. A foreign nation is a contemporaneous posterity. Stanley. Young inen think old men fools, and old men know young men to be so. Credited by Camden to Dr. Metcalf. | ORIEN OF PROVERBIAL EXPRESSIONS COMMONLY ISH * —-i, TRACED To i- {} * *:::= .* Chaucer, Horace, Middleton, Tusser, Spenser, Stirling, Virgil, Herbert, Shakspere, Cervantes, Ray, Beaumont and Fletcher, Ford. Smollett, Britain, Webster, Sorbiere, sterne, Cougham, Butler, Brown, Skelton, Peele, Pil- kington, St. Jerome, Marlowe, Lord Bacon, Rabelais, Gay, and Sir H. Sheers. IDATES. 1328-1400. 1627. 1515 15So. 1553-1599. B.C. 70-19. 1593-1632. 1564-1616. 1547-1616. 1623-1705. 1586-1616. * du 15S6-1640. 1586-1616, 1628- 1705. i 156-1616. 1721-1771. "— G-e- F= All that glitters is not gold. The proverb rises in Chaucer. At sixes and sevens. Middleton. “Better laté than never,” seems to have originated with Titsser, k” seems to rise originally in Fae “By hook or croo S ise originally in Faerle Queene. Spenser. (Reappears in Beaumont and Fletcher's Women Pleased.) “ Compare great things with small,” is first found in the Georgies. Virgi'. * “Comparisons are odious” seems to originate with Lord A Herbert. * .. Comparisons are odorous. (Much Ado About Nothing.) Shakspere. Ú Comparisons are offensive. (Don Quixote.) Cervantes. “Dark as pitch.” originated with Ray, and used by Bunyan. Ray. “Deeds, not words,” first occurs in The Lover's Progress. Beaumont and Fletcher. ..“Devil take the hindmost,” in Bonduca, by Beaumont and R/etcher, “Diamonds cut diamonds,” in The Lover's Melancholy, by Ford. * * * o Discretion the best part of valor. King and no king. Beatt- mont and Fletcher. “Every tub must stand upon its own bottom,” in Proverbs, by Ray. Every-why hath a wherefore". Repeated by Butler, after Shakspere. * • Facts are stubborn things. Translation of Gil Blas, by Smollett. DATES. 1721-1771. 1564. 1616. 1587-1638 1610-1670. 162S-1705. 1600. 16So. 1663-1704. 1460-1529. 1552-1598. 1328-1400. 1547-1616. 1564-1616. 1627. 1564-1616. 1586-1616. 340-420. 1523-15So. 1600-16So. 1565. 1593. “Faint heart never won fair lady,” repeated by King, Burns and Colman, after Britain. Fast and loose. (Love's Labor Lost) by Shakspere. “Give an inch, he'll take an ell,” repeated by Hobbes, after Sohn Webster. Give ruffles to a man who wants a shirt. Tom Brown and Goldsmith. Sorbiere. God sends meat, and the Devil sends cooks. Aray. Gray marc will prove the better horse. Proverb appropri- ated by Butler. Garrick, after (Repeated by Fielding and Prior, and explained by Ma- caulay.) Hail fellow, well met Brozvrte. He knew what's what. Repeated by Butler, after Skelton. He must go that the Devil drives. Repeated by Shakspere, after Peele. He must have a long spoon, that must eat with the Devil. Chaucer. (Repeated by Marlowe, Shakspere, and others.) Honesty is the best policy. Repeated by Byron, after Cer- 7/art/es. Ill blows the wind that profits nobody. Shakspere. In spite of my teeth. Repeated by Southern, Fielding, and Garrick. Middleton. Let the world slide. Repeated by John Heywood, after Shakspere. Let us do or die—a Scottish motto-repeated by Burns and Campbell, after Beaumont and Fletcher. Look a gift horse in the mouth. Used by Rabelais and Butler, after St. Gerome. Look cre thou leap, see ere thou go. Originated by Tusser. Look before you, ere you leap. In Hudibras, by Butler. Love me little, love me long. Used by Herrick, after Afarlozve Repeated by Dean Swift, after Tom (Henry VI.) I - I -=" *-*" 832 ORIGIN OF PROVERBIAL EXPRESSIONS COMMONLY USED, ETC. –==" DATES. DATES. 1564-1616. Main chance. Repeated by Butler and Dryden, after 1576-1640. Where God hath a temple, the Devil will have a chapel. Shakspere. - IBurton. 1688-1732. Midnight oil. Repeated by Shenstone, Cowper and Lloyd, 1663-1731. Wherever God erects a house of prayer, after Gay. The Devil always builds a chapel there. De Foe. * 1495-1553. Moon is made of green cheese. Repeated by Butler, after 1574-1637. Wrong sow by the ear. Used by Butler and Colman, after Aabelais. JBen Gonson. 1533-1599. Mother wit. Repeated by Shakspere and Marlowe, after | 1564-1616. Word and a blow. Used by Bunyan and Dryden, after Spenser. Shakspere. - 1608. More the merrier. Title of a book of epigrams. Used also 1552-1598. Parish me no parishes. (The Old Wives' Tale.) Peele. by Beaumont and Fletcher. 1564-1616. Grace me no grace, nor uncle me no uncle. (Richard II.) 1586-1616. Nine days wonder. Repeated by Quarles, after Beaumont Shakspere. and Fletcher. “ “ Thank me no thanks, and proud me no prouds. (Romeo and “ “ No better than you should be. Repeated by Fielding, after Juliet.) Ibid. Beaumont and Fletcher. 1586-1616. Vow me no vows. Wit without money. Beaumont and 1759. No love lost between us. Repeated by Garrick and Field- Fletcher. ing, after Goldsmith. “ “ Plot me no plots. (Knight of the burning Pestle.) Beaumon? 1383-1471. Of two evils, always the less is to be chosen. Repeated with and F.#ers t variations by Hooker, Prior, Erasmus, and Chaucer; 1574-1637. O me no O's. The case is altered. Ben Jonson traceable also to Cicero. Thos. a Kempis. 1584-1610. Cause me no causes. (A new way to pay old debts.) Afas- 1561-1626. Remedy worse than the disease. Originated by Francis singer. 5 £ # y * “ “ -Virgin me no virgins. (A new way to pay old debts.) * * Wöfa' -1637. Smell a rat. Originated a t]V in The T * s 1574-1637 '. Ben Gons: pparently in The Tale of a Tub, 1584-1640. End me no ends. (A new way to pay old debts.) Ibid. 1628-1705. Spare the rod, and spoil the child. Used by Butler, after 1586-1640. Fro nt me no fronts. (The Lady's Trial.) Ford. Proverbs, by Ray. * 1631-1701. Midas me no Midas. (The Wild Gallant.) Pryden. “ “ Speech is silvern, silence is golden. German Proverb. *:::::: : ' IlO £ £: '' Pielding. * W., & © * hile the iron i * * ap me no maps. Of IT I IlúIIT D. £4. 1587-1638 s::. e the iron is hot. Used by Farquhar, after john d 6 ft But me no buts. (Tom Thumb.) Ibid. * • - * 631-1701. Madam me no madam. (The Wild Gallant.) Dryden. .1616. Tell truth and shame the Devil. U I 4 y 1564-161 '£: In C LI1C LCVI sed by Dean Swift after 1720-1777 Play me no plays. (The Knight.) Foote. 632. The i. is not so fierce as the inthi Used by Full 1771-1832. Clerk me no clerks. (Ivanhoe.) Scott. 1593-1632. after Lord Herbert g *** **, *, 1809-1832. Diamond me no diamonds. Prize me no prizes. (Elaine.) * * s * Tennyson. • * h s * * * * * * * * > 1586-1616. ": £...'" *"g | 1690-1797. Macklin used to lecture on Aids to Memory, claiming that * p * * - * e te 1533-1599. Through thick and thin. Used by Middleton, Kemp, Butler, '£: eat any paragraph of modera £ Pope, and Cowper, after the Faerie Queene, by 1720-1777. Foote, the comedian, who was present at one of the lectures, . 1328-1400. To make s virtue of necessity. Chaucer wrote a nonscnse paragraph, which he challenged Macklin dt & 4 To see and to be seen. Used by Ben Jonson, Dryden, and to repeat, an: One Of more perusals. The paragraph ran Goldsmith, after Chaucer - , LPryden, £ So she went into the garden, to cut a cab" 3 * - . . * age leaf, to make an apple pie, and at the same moment * 1627. £ : a : : Originated £ by Middleton. great she bear coming up the street, popped its head into : #: * £ * * it. e * * * prudently married the barber, and there were present the 1631-1701. yirtue 1S her own reward. Tyrannic Love, by Dryden. Joblilies, the Gayrulies, the Picalilies, and the Grand 1664-1721. V: is its own reward. Used by Gray and Home, after Panjandrum himself, with the little round button on the **Of", * W. *** * “ “ Virtue is to herself the best reward. From Cupid's Conflict top; and they all played the game of Catch as catoh c: * * until the gunpowder ran out of the heels of their boots. Aenry More. Macklin declined the challenge. $: 4. t –~ G-e- POETICAL SELECTIONS, LITERARY GEMS, ETC. 833 Q- DICTIONARY OF POETICAL QUoTATIONs Poetical Selections of Striking Beauty and Unrivalled Gems of Literature. Q Joseph Addison. The important day, big with the fate Of Cato, and of Romc. *Tis not in mortals to command success, But we'll do more, Sempronius; we'll deserve it. The woman who deliberates is lost. The post of honor is a private station. It must be so-Plato, thou reasonest well!- Else whence this pleasing hope, this fond desire, is longing after immortality? This longing y Cato. Rides in the whirlwind, and directs the storm. - The Campaign. I seem to tread on classic ground. d that made usis divine. Thc han On Italy. Wm. Cullen Bryant. All that tread * The globe are but a handful to the tribes That slumber in its bosom. So live that when thy summons comes to join The innumerable caravan, which moves To that mysterious realm,....thou go not Like the quarry slave at night...but sustained an unfaltering trust. s By an # Thanatopsis. The melancholy days are come, the saddest of the year, of wailing winds, and naked woods, and meadows brown and scar. Death of the Flowers. Truth crushed to earth shall rise again, The cternal years of God are hers; But Error wounded, writhes with pain, * his worshippers. And dies among pp The Battlefield. But 'neath yon crimson tree, • - Lover to listening maid might breathe his flame, Nor mark, within its roseate canopy, Her blush of maiden shame. Autumn Woods. Robert Burns. The rank is but the guinea stamp, The man's the gowd for a that. A prince can make a belted knight, A marquis, duke, and a that; But an honest man's aboon his might, * * 4 * 3. fa" that. Guid faith he mann JHonest Poverty. o But to see her was to love her, Love but her and love forever. Had we never loved sae kindly, Had we never loved sae blindly, Never met or never parted, We had ne'er been broken-hearted. A Fond Kiss. From scenes like these, old Scotia's grandeur springs That makes her loved at home, revered abroad; Princes and lords are but the breath of kings, “An honest man's the noblest work of God.” The Cotter's Saturday Night. Man's inhumanity to man Makes countless thousands mourn. Afan Was Made to Mourn. Liberty's in every blow! Let us do or die. Bannockburn. Where sits our sulky, sullen dame, Gathering her brows like gathering storm, Nursing her wrath to keep it warm. Tarn lo'ed him like a vera brither, They had been fon for weeks thegither. The landlady and Tam grew gracious, Wi’ favors, secret, sweet, and precious. The landlord's laugh was ready chorus. Or like the snow fall in the river, A moment white then melts for ever. Tam O'Shanter. Owad some power the giftie gie us To see oursels as ithers see us. To a Louse. The best laid schemes o' mice and men Gang aft agicy. To a Mouse. And like a passing thought, she fled * In light away. The Vision. Perhaps it may turn out a sang, Perhaps turn out a sermon. * Epistle to a Friend. Lord Byron. Unhappy White, his life was in its spring, And his young musc just waved its joyous wing, When Death, the spoiler came, and all his promise fair, Hath sought the grave to dwell forever there. So the struck eagle, stretched upon the plain, No more through rolling clouds to soar again, Viewed his own feather on the fatal dart, And winged the shaft that quivered in his heart. -Bards and Reviewers. ~-8, –4. 834 POETICAL SELECTIONS, LITERARY GEMS, ETC. Maidens, like moths, are ever caught by glare, And mammon wins, where seraphs might despair. In hope to merit Heaven by making earth a Hell, The dome of Thought, the palace of the Soul. Fair Greece! sad relic of departed worth! Immortals tho’ no more; though fallen, great! Hereditary bondsmen! know ye not, Who would be free, themselves must strike the blow ! The waves beneath me, bound as a steed That knows his rider. There was a sound of revelry by night, And Belgium's capital had gathered then Her beauty and her chivalry, and bright The lamps shone o'er fair women and brave men; A thousand hearts beat happily; and when Music arose with its voluptuous swell, Soft eyes looked love to eyes which spake again, And all went merry as a marriage-bell. Battle's magnificently stern array. And though the heart will break, yet brokenly live on. To me, high mountains are a feeling, But the hum of human cities, torture. In solitude where we are least alone. Lovely in your strength as is the light Of a dark eye in woman. Sapping a solemn creed with solemn sneer. I stood among them, but not of them. Italia, thou who hast the fatal gift of beauty. Man, thou pendulum betwixt a smile and tear. There is a pleasure in the pathless woods, There is a rapture on the lonely shore, There is society where none intrudes, By the deep sea, and music in its roar; I love not man the less, but nature more. Man sinks into thy depths with bubbling groan, Without a grave, unknell’d, uncoffin'd, and unknown. Time writes no wrinkle on thine azure brow- Such as creation's dawn beheld, thou rollest now. Childe Harold. 'Tis Greece, but living Greece no more! So coldly sweet, so deadly fair, We start, for soul is wanting there. Freedom's battle, once begun, Bequeathed by bleeding sire to son, Though baffled oft, is ever won. Where all....save the spirit of man is divine He makes a solitude, and calls it—peace. s The Giaour. She walks the waters like a thing of life There was a laughing devil in his sneer. The Corsair, Lord of himself-that heritage of woe. They never fail who die in a great cause. Afarino Faliero. *Tis sweet to know there is an eye will mark Our coming, and look brighter when we come. All who joy would win, Must share it,-Happiness was born a twin. The isles of Greece! Where burning Sappho loved and sung. Place me on Sunium's marbled steep, Where nothing, save the waves and I, May hear our mutual murmurs sweep; There, swan-like, let me sing and dic. I've stood upon Achilles' tomb, And heard Troy doubted; time will doubt of Rome. * Don 5uan. The best of prophets of the Future is the Past. Letter. Philip James Bailey. We live in deeds, not years; in thoughts, not breaths; In feelings, not in figures on a dial. We should count time by heart-throbs. He most lives Who thinks most, feels the noblest, acts the best. I'll to the mountains. I will not think the thoughts : Nor breathe the breath of other men. Poets are all who love, who feel great truths, And tell them; and the truth of truths is love. JRestus. Samuel Butler. We grant, altho’ he had much wit, He was very shy of using it. For rhetoric he could not ope His mouth, but out there flew a trope. He knew what’s what, and that's as high As metaphysic wit can fly. * Compound for sins, they are inclined to, By-damning those they have no mind to. Ay me ! What perils do environ The man that meddles with cold iron. Doubtless the pleasure is as great Of being cheated, as to cheat. To swallow gudgeons ere they're catched, And count their chickens ere they’re hatched. 'Cause grace and virtue are within Prohibited degrees of kin; And therefore no true saint allows They should be suffered to espouse. The tools for working out salvation, By mere mechanic operation. True as the dial to the sun, Although it be not shin'd upon. For those that fly may fight again, Which he may never do that’s slain. He that complies against his will Lara. * * s The Assyrian came down like the wolf on the fold, Is of his own opinion still. Audibras. And his cohorts were gleaming in purple and gold. - Aeb. Melo.'ies. Tom Brown. When all of genius that can perish dies. I do not love thee, Doctor Fell, Leath of Sheridan. The reason why I cannot tell; A change came o'er the spirit of my dream. But this alone, 1 know full well, The Dream. I do not love thee, Doctor Fell. —--" -----> . | ~ POETICAL SELECTIONS, LITERARY GEMS, ETC. Duke of Buckingham. There's no such thing in nature, and you'll draw A faultless monster which the world ne'er saw. Assay. Beaumont and Fletcher. A soul as white as heaven. Afaid's Tragedy. O great corrector....thou grand decider ....that healest with blood The earth when it is sick, and curest the world O' the pleurisy of people. AVoble A insmen. The eternal substance of his greatness. The False One. What's one man's poison,.... Is another's meat. Love's Cure. Of all the paths leading to woman's love, Pity's the straightest. * ity # Knight of Malta. Triumph of Honor. There is a method in man's wickedness; It grows up by degrees. Calamity is man’s true touchstone. Aing and no King. Francis Beaumont. Words....so ninble and full of flame, As if every one....had put his whole wit in a jest. To Ben Jonson. Bishop Berkeley. Westward the course of empire takes its way. America. Robert Blair. The school-boy with his satchel in his hand, Whistling aloud to bear his courage up. The Grave. Thos. Campbell. *Tis distance lends enchantment to the view. And Freedom shrieked-as Kosciusko fell. Like angel-visits, few and far between. 2leasures of Hope. 'Tis the sunset of life gives me mystical lore, • * Arfd coming events cast their shadows before. With his back to the field, and his feet to the foe. Lochiel's Warning. Whose flag has braved a thousand years, The battle and the breeze. Te Mariners of England. The sentinel stars set their watch in the sky. •. * Soldier's Dream. There was silence deep as death; And the bravest held his breath, for a time. Battle of the Baltic. To live in hearts we leave behind, is not to die. Aallowed Ground. George Canning. Story? God bless you! I have none to tell, sir. The AWeedy Knife Grinder. A sudden thought strikes me,—let us swear an eternal frien-si-e- * ZThe Rover. And finds, with keen, discriminating sight, Black's not so black, nor white so very white. Of all the plagues, good Heaven, thy wrath can send, Save, save, Oh! save me from the candid Friend/ A'ew Morality. Samuel Taylor Coleridge. We were the first that ever burst Into that silent sea. As idle as a painted ship Upon a painted ocean. A noise like of a hidden brook In the leafy month of June, That to the sleeping woods all night Singeth a quiet tune. He prayeth best, who loveth best, All things both great and small. A sadder and a wiser man, He rose the morrow morn. Ancient Martner. A lady so richly clad as she- Beautiful exceedingly. A sight to dream of, not to tell! And to be wroth with one we love, Doth work like madness in the brain. Christabel. And in to-day already walks to-morrow. Wallenstein. My eyes make pictures when they are shut. JDay-Dream. William Cowper. God made the country, and man made the town. O for a lodge in some vast wilderness! England, with all thy faults I love thee still. The toil Of dropping buckets into empty wells, And growing old in drawing nothing up. The cups that cheer, but not inebriate. Gloriously drunk, obey the important call. * *s War is a game, which, were their subjects wise, Kings would not play at. Books are not seldom talismans and spells. * The Task. He that runs may read. Tirocinium. How much a dunce that has been sent to roam Excels a dunce that has been kept at home. Arogress of Error. I am monarch of all I survey, My right there is none to dispute. Andrew Selâtré. The darkest day Live till to-morrow, will have passed away. JWeedless Alarm. Will M. Carleton. We arg’ed the thing at breakfast, we arg’ed the thing at tea; And the more we arg’ed the question, the more we didn't agree. And so that heaven we arg’ed no nearer to us got; But it give us a taste of something a thousand times as hot. I don't complain of Betsy, or any of her acts, Pixceptin' when we've quarrelled, and told each other facts. Betsy and I Are Out. She said in regards to heaven, we'd try to learn its worth, ly startin' a branch establishment and runnin’ it here on earth. *How Betsy and I Made Up. 835 --> —l &-- 9—- —--" -v- TE_--------" 836 POETICAL SELECTIONS, LITERARY GEMS, ETC. *E. .--" Richard Crashaw. Great families of yesterday we show, And lords whose parents were—the Lord knows who. The conscious water saw its God and blushed. The Freeborn Englishman. The Miracle in Cana. Life that dares send a challenge to his end, * Sir John Denham. * s, sav, Wel fri And when it comes, say, Welcome friend! JVishcs. Though deep, yet clear; though gentle, yet not dull; Abraham Cowley. Strong withoutrage; without o'erflowing, full. Cooper's Hill. His time, for ever; everywhere his place. Priendship Thomas Dekker. Nothing is there to come, and nothing past, The bcst of men But an eternal now does always last. Davidsts That e'er wore earth about him was a sufferer- * - 9 * A soft, meek, patient, humble, tranquil spirit, William Congreve. The first true gentleman that ever breathed. Music hath charins to soothe the savage breast. We're ne'er like angels till our passion dies. Old Play Nor hell a fury like a woman scorned. Honest labor bears a lovely face. * The Mourning Bride. . Patient Grissell. Married in haste, we may repent at leisure. * y rep The Old Bachelor. Ralph Waldo Emerson. John Dryden. * Earth proudly wears the Parthenon, Resolved to ruin or to rule the State. As the best gem upon her zone. The people's prayer, the glad diviner's theme, The hand that rounded P eter's dome. i The young men's vision, and the old men's dream. . And groined the aisles of Christian Rome, * Wrought in a sad sincerity; A man so various that he seemed to be, Himself from God he could not free; Not one, but all mankind's epitome; He builded better than he knew- Stiff in opinions, always in the wrong, The conscious stone to beauty grew Was everything by turns and nothing long. * The Problem So iolent, or over civil Here once the embattled farmers stood, over violent, or over civil, $ And fired the shot heard round the world. That every man with nim was God or Devil. J/ymn Beware the fury of a patient man. John Fletcher. Absalom and Achitophel. He trudged along unknowing what he sought, * Our acts our angels are, or good or ill, And whistled as he went, for want of thought. Our fatal shadows that walk by us still. Cymon and Iphigenia Man is his own star. Better to hunt in fields for health unbought, - Honest Man's Fortune. Than fee the doctor for a nauseous draught. The wise for cure on exercise depend; Thomas Gray. God never made his work for man to mend. * * * * * Epistles Where ignorance is bliss Af s * - For truth has such a face and such a mien, *Tis folly to be wise. Eton College. As to be lov’d needs only to be seen. - r * * * * * A find and Panther. Glance their many twinkling feet. Three poets in three distant ages born Thoughts that breathe, and words that burif. Greece, ltaly, and England did adorn; Arogress of Poesy The first in loftiness of thought surpassed, Youth on the prow, and Pleasure at the helm. The next in majesty, in both the last. The Bard, The force of Nature could no further go; The curfew tolls the knell of parting day, TO ma ke a third, she joined the former yo. * Each in his narrow cell for ever laid, Under Milton's Picture. The rude forefathers of the hamlet slee Ill habits gather by unseen degrees, * * D. As brooks make rivers, rivers run to seas. The paths of glory lead but to the grave. * AMetamorphoses. Full f t Errors, like straws, upon the surface flow; : £ 31 £ O £ : £ * He that would search for pearls must dive below. 1C dark unlat ome caves of ocean bear; Full many a flower is born to blush unseen, Men are but children of a larger growth. And waste its sweetness on the desert air. All for Love. * le * When wild in woods the noble savage ran. That teach the rustic moralist to die. i Conquest of Granada. E’en in our ashes live their wonted fires. E/ * $'. A knock-down argument; 'tis but a word and a blow. * * e.g. Amphitryon. And gospel light first dawned from Boleyn's eyes. Aoent. Daniel Defoe. John Gay. Wherever God erects a house of prayer, - The Devil always builds a chapel there; How happy could I be with either, And 'twill be found, upon examination, Were t'other dear charmer away. The latter has the largest congregation. Deggar's Opera. | –-T- ---4--— ~" -v- ~~~~) ! POETICAL SELECTIONS, LITERARY GEMS, ETC. 837 | | s== David Garrick. A fellow feeling makes one wondrous kind. Corrupted freedom are the worst of slaves. Arologue. Oliver Goldsmith. Remote, unfriended, melancholy, slow. .* And drags at each remove a lengthening chain. The Traveller. Sweet Auburn! loveliest village of the plain! The loud laugh that spoke the vacant mind. A bold peasantry, their country's pride, When once destroyed, can never be supplied. A man he was to all the country dear, And passing rich with forty pounds a year. And e'en his failings leaned to virtue's side. Fools, who came to scoff, remained to pray. E'en though vanquished, he could argue still. And still they gazed, and still the wonder grew, That one small head could carry all he knew. The chest contriv'd a double debt to pay, A bed by night, a chest of drawers by day. Deserted Village. To party gave up what was meant for mankind. I'etaliation. The naked every day he clad, When he put on his clothes. A logy. Oliver Wendell Holmes. I never dare to write as funny as I can. Aeight of the Ridiculous. He who ordained the Sabbath loves the poor. Urania. Thou say'st an undisputed thing, In such a solemn way. To an Insect. The Freeman casting with unpurchased hand, The vote that shakes the turrets of the land. Aoetry. Build thee more stately mansions, O my soul! As the swift seasons roll, Leave thy low-vaulted past; Let each new temple nobler than the last, Shut thee from heaven with a dome more vast, Till thou at length art frce, Leaving thine outgrown shell by Life's unresting sea. Chambered AWautilus. Fitz-Greene Halleck. Strike—for your altars and your fires! Strike—for the green graves of your sires. God, and your native land! Come to the bridal chamber, Death! Thy voice sounds like a prophet's word; And in its hollow tones are heard • The thanks of millions yet to be. One of the few, thc immortal names That were not born to die. AMarco Bozzaris. Such graves as his are pilgrim-shrines- Shrines to no code nor creed confined- The Delphian vales, the Palestines, The Meccas of the mind. On Burns. Mrs. Hemans. Ay, call it holy ground, The soil where first they trod, They have left unstained what they found- Freedom to worship God. * Pilgrim Fathers. Thomas Hood. Seemed washing his hands with invisible soap, In imperceptible water. A/iss Kilmansegg. Evil is wrought by want of thought, As well as want of hcart. JLady's Dream. One more unfortunate Weary of breath, Rashly importunate, Gone to he death. Take her up tenderly, Lift her with care; Fashioned so slenderly, Young and so fair. Alas! for the rarity Of Christian charity Under the sun! Aridge of Sighs. Aaron Hill. Tender handed stroke a nettle, And it stings you for your pains, Grasp it like a man of mettle, And it soft as silk remains. Written on a Window. George Herbert. A sweet and virtuous soul, Like seasoned timber, never gives. Virtue. Summer friends, Flies of estate and sunshine. The Answer. A verse may find him who a sermon flies, And turn delight into a sacrifice. Dare to be true, nothing can need a lic; A fault which needs it most grows two thereby. Church Porch. Bibles laid open, millions of surprises. Sin. Come to the mother's, when she feels, Man is one world, and hath For the first time, her firstborn's breath. Another to attend him. | * * * th * o * * o - Afan. And thou art terrible-the tear, Wouldst thou both eat thy cake, and have it? The groan, the knell, the pall, the bier, The Size. And all we know, or dream, or fear His bark is worse than his bite. Of agony are thine. After death, the doctor. But to the hero, when his sword s Has won the battle for the free, Hell is full of good meanings and wishes. --> # | . . *le—- —= 838 POETICAL SELECTIONS, LITERARY GEMS, ETC. –=" Comparisons are odious. On parent knees, a naked new-born child *--f * Weeping thou sat'st while all around thee smiled; God's mill grinds sl ow but surc. So live, that, sinking in thy last long sleep, 'Tis poor sport that's not worth candle. Calm thou may’st smile, while all around thee weep. To a close shorn sheep. God gives wind by measure Prom the Persian. p, g y * Know their rights and knowing dare maintain. Help thyself, and God will help thee. Ode. 5acula Prudentum. John Keats. Thomas Heywood. *- A thing of beauty is a joy for ever. * Seven cities warr'd for Homer being dead; £ndymion. Who living had no roof to shrowd his head. Then felt I like some watchcr of the skies The Hierarchie, When a new planet swims into his ken; * - Or like stout Cortez, when, with eagle eyes, Leigh Hunt. He stared at the Pacific—and all his men Abou Ben Adhem-mav his tribe increase- ": d at cach other with ayvild surmisc- * - ilent, upon a peak in Darien. Awoke one night from a deep dream of peace. On Chapman's Homer. And lo Ben Adhein's name led all the rest. i Abou Ben Adhem. - Longfellow. With spots of sunny openings, and with nooks Standing, with reluctant feet, To lie and read in, sloping into brooks. Where the brook and river meet, Story of Rimini. - - Womanhood and childhood flect! Robert Herrick. O thou child of many prayers! Life hath quicksands-life hath snares! * W Thus woe succeeds a woe, as wave a wave. And the night shall be filled with .."aidenhood. : Il night snaill be filled with music, | Sorrows Succeed. And the cares that infest the day- : * Love me little, so you love me long. Shall fold their tents like the Arabs, Love me Long. And as silently steal away. Never stand to doubt; The Day is Done. Nothing's so hard but search will find it out. When she had passed it seemed like the ceasing of exquisite music. Seek and Find. Evangeline. Sir John Harrington. Time has laid his hand * a 4 + Upon my heart, gently, not smiting it, Treason doth never prosper, what’s the reason? But as a harper lays his open palm {} Why if it prosper, none dare call it treason. Upon his harp, to deaden its vibrations. Epigrams. The Golden Legend. In the elder days of Art Samuel Johnson. Builders wrought with greatest care Each minute and unseen part; He left a name at which the world grew pale, For the gods see everywhere. To point a moral, or adorn a tale. The Builders. II Though the mills of God grind slowly, yet they grind exceeding small; Superfluous lags the veteran on the stage. £ with paticnce he stands £ with exactness grinds he all. Slow rises worth, by poverty depressed. JRetribution. Auman Wishes. The leaves of memory seem to make Who.... touched nothing that he did not adorn. * A mournful rustling in the dark. Fire of Driftwood. Oliver Goldsmith. Who ne'er his bread in sorrow ate, How small, of all that human hearts endure, Who ne'er the mournful midnight hours That part which laws or kings can cause or cure. Weeping upon his bed has sate, Goldsmith's Traveller. He knows you not, ye Ileavenly Powers. Ben Jonson. Something the heart must 11ave to cherish, Must love, and joy, and sorrow learn; Soul of the age! Something with passion clasp, or perish, The applause! delight! the wonder of our stage! And in itself to ashes burn. My Shakspere rise! I will not lodge thee by Aftyperion. Chaucer, or Spenser, or bid Beaumont lic The air is full of farewells to the dying, A little further, to make thee a room. * And mournings for the dead. Small Latin and less Greck. There is no flock, however watched and tended M. f.A. But one dead lamb is there! Sweet Swan of Avon. There is no fireside, howsoe'er defended, He was not for an age, but for all time. But has one vacant chair. To Shakspere. * Therc is no Death. What seems so is transition; Sir Wm. Jones. This life of mortal breath Is but a suburb of the life elysian, d Go boldly forth, my simple lay, Whose portal we call Death. th Whose accents flow with artless ease Resignation. Like orient pearls at random strung. Into a world unknown—the corner-stone of a nation. Aafiz. Afiles Standish. 64 – . ~ POETICAL SELECTIONS, James Russell Lowell. 'Tis heaven alone that is given away, 'Tis only God may be had for the asking. Vision of Sir Launful. Earth's noblest thing, a woman perfected. Irene. Truth for ever on the scaffold, Wrong for ever on the throne. The Crisis. Before man made us citizens, great Nature made us men. The Capture. It ain't by princerpalls nor men, my onward course is steadied, I scents what pays the best, and then goes into it baldheaded. Digelow Papers. Edward Bulwer Lytton Beneath the rule of men entirely great _–The pen is mightier than the sword. Richelieu. Richard Lovelace. Stone walls do not a prison make, * bars a cage. Nor iron bars à Cage To Altkea. I could not love thee, dear, so much, Loved I not honor more. To Lucasta. Thomas M00re. But the trail of the serpent is over them all. J’aradise and the Peri. And hearts that once beat high for praise, Now fecl that pulse no more. The Harp that Once. . The heart that has truly loved never forgets, But as truly loves on to the close. Song. You may break, you may shatter the vase if you will, But the scent of the roses will hang around it still. Aarewell. First flower of the earth and first gem of the sea. Remember 2'hee All that's bright must fades- The brightest still the fleetest; All that's sweet was made n SweetcSt But to be lost whe | JVational Airs John Milton. Things unattempted yet in prose or rhyme. I may assert cternal Providence, And justify the ways of God to men. -- Darkness visible. As far as angels ken. The mind is its own place, and in itself Can make a heaven of hell, a hell of heaven. Better to reign in hell, than serve in heaven. In worst extremes, and on the perilous edge Of battle. \ Awake! arise! or beforever fallen! shone like a meteor streaming to the wind. Tears, such as angels weep, burst forth. Anon out of the earth a fabric huge Rose, like an exhalation. LITERARY GEMS, ETC. 839 Dropped from the zenith like a falling star. While overhead the moon Sits arbitress. His tongue Dropped manna, and could make the worse appear The better reason. For who would lose, •.......this intellectual being, Those thoughts that wander through eternity. Unrespited, unpitied, unreprieved. Majestic though in ruin, sage he stood. IHis look Drew audience and attention still as night. Arm the obdured beast With stubborn patience as with triple steel. Black it stood as night, _--> Fierce as ten furies, terrible as hell. ---> Confusion worse confounded. ->" Dark with cxcessive bright. Wakes the bitter memory Of what he was, what is, and what must be. All the stars Hide their diminished heads. Farewell, remorse! all good to me is lost. Evil be thou my good. And with necessity, The tyrant's plea, excus'd his devilish deeds. Millions of spiritual creatures walk the earth Unseen, both when we wake and when we sleep. Not to know me argues yourselves unknown. She turns, on hospitable thoughts intent. Among the faithless, faithful only he. Servant of God, well done. Though fallen on evil days, On evil days though fall'n, and evil tongues. And feel that I am happier than I know. In every gesture dignity and love. What she wills to door say Seems wisest, virtuousest, discreetest, best. Short retirement urges sweet return. Moping melancholy And moon-struck madness. The world was all before them where to choose. Paradise Lost. Of whom to be dispraised were no small praise. Childhood shows the man, As morning shows the day. Athens, the eye of Greece, mother of arts And eloquence. Socrates.... whom well inspired the oracle pronounced Wisest of men. Aaradise Regained. Evil news rides post, while good news baits. •Samson Agonistes. Did a sable cloud Turn forth her silver lining on the night? > ( * -: 84O POETICAL SELECTIONS, LITERARY GEMS, ETC. Such sober certainty of waking bliss. The unsunn’d heaps Christopher Marlowe. Of miser's treasure. Conus. O, thou art fairer than the evening air, * * Clad in the beauty of a thousand stars. Swinish gluttony Passionate Shepherd. Ne'er looks to heaven amidst his gorgeous feast. Infinite riches in a little room. To scorn delights and live laborious days. 5ew of Malta. Comes the blind fury with the abhorred shears, Charles Mackay. And slits the thin spun life. (b. B Fame is no plant that grows on mortal soil. ut truth shall conquer at the last, For round and round we run, It was that fatal and perfidious bark, And ever the right comes uppermost, Built in the eclipse and rigged with curses dark. And ever is justice done. To-morrow to fresh woods and pastures new. J. The demons of our sires become zydis, The saints that we adore. * Under the shady roof * Eternal justice. Of branching elm star-proof. Arcades. Lady Mary Wortley Montagu. Nods and becks and wreathed smiles. * * * Satire should, like a polish’d razor keen, Sport that wrinkled care derides, Wound with a touch that's scarcely felt or seen. And laughter holding both his sides. Aorace. Where perhaps some beauty lies, Let this great maxim be my virtue's guide, The cynosure of neighboring eyes. In part she is to blame that has been tried; * * * He comes too near that comes to be denied. Towered cities please us then, Q Lady's Resolve. And the busy hum of men. * James Montgomery. -> Sweetest Shakspere, fancy's child, Warble his native wood notes wild. Though they fell, they fell like stars, 2 Ever against eating cares, Streaming splendour through the sky. Lap me in soft Lydian airs, Battle of Alexandria. Married to immortal verse, Prayer is the soul's sincere desire, *:::. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Uttered OT unexpressed, -* Of linked sweetness long drawn out. The motion of a hidden fire Untwisting all the chains that tie That trembles in the breast. The hidden soul of harmony. L'Allegro. What Is Prayer? Thy rapt soul sitting in thine eyes. R. Monckton Milnes. The gay motes that people the sunbeams. Great thoughts, great feelings came to them, * * * Like instincts, unawares. Join with thee calm Peace and Quiet, The Men of Old. Spare Fast that oft with gods doth diet. Andrew Marwell. Most musical, most melancholy. Save the cricket on the hearth. The world in all doth but two nations bear, The good, the bad, and these mixed everywhere. Call up him that left half told, The Loyal Scot. f Camb bold. * The story of Cambuscan bold Marquis of Montrose. Where more is meant than mects the ear. is * s * He either fears his fate too much, storica windows richly dight, Or his deserts are small, Casting a dim religious light. - That dares not put it to the touch, Till old experience do attain To gain or lose it all. To something like prophetic strain. J/ My Dear and Only Love. Penseroso. Philip Massinger. Nor war or battle's sound Was heard the world around. Christ's Nativity. Some undone widow sits upon mine arm, And so sepulchred in such pomp dost lie, And takes away the use of it; and my sword That kings for such a tomb would wish to die. Glued to my scabbard with wronged orphans' tears, Will not be drawn. That old I Shakspere. Sir Giles Overreach. at old man eloquent. This many-headed monster, * * * To Lady M. Ley. -> Grim Death. Peace hath her victories -** Atomtan Actor. > No less renowned than war. _--~ To the Lord General Cromwell. Edgar Allan P08. . They also serve who only stand and wait. --> Only this and nothing more. On His Blindness. - - * n His Blindness , Each separate dying ember wrought its ghost upon the floor. Norbate a jot of heart or hope. * Sonnets. > Nameless here forevermorc. * *-4– --~ POETICAL SELECTIONS, LITERARY GEMS, ETC. Darkness there and nothing more. Dreaming dreams no mortal ever dared to dream before. 2 * Let my heart be still a moment, and this mystery explore. _ Caught from some unhappy master, whom unmerciful disaster Followed fast and followed faster. - Methought the air grew denser, perfumed from an unseen censer. . Leave my loneliness unbroken. ...--" 2The Raven. Alexander Pope. Since life can little more supply Than just to look about us, and to die. A mighty maze, but not without a plan. Hope springs eternal in the human breast; Man never is, but always to ce blest. Lo! the poor Indian! whose untutored mind, Sees God in clouds, or hears him in the wind. Die of a rose in aromatic pain. What thin partitions sense from thought divide. -- The proper study of mankind is man. - Grows with his growth, and strengthens with his strength. For modes of faith, let graceless zealots fight; His can’t be wrong whose life is in the right. - Order is Heaven's first law. -- * Honor and shame from no condition rise; - Act well your part, there all the honor lies. Looks through nature up to nature's God. - From grave to gay, from lively to severe. My guide, philosopher and friend. Ruling passion strong in death. * -who shall decide, when doctors disagree? * f Essay on Man. Hills peep o'er hills, and Alps on Alps arise. s True wit is nature to advantage dressed; What oft was thought, but ne'er so well expressed. Drags its slow length along. - True ease in writing comes from art, not chance. :-. To err is human, to forgive, divine. --~~ ***" -- Fools rush in where angels fear to tread. Men must be taught as if you taught them not. Criticism. At every word a reputation dics. th The hungry judges soon the sentence sign, And wretches hang that jurymen may dine. Rape of the Lock. Destroy his fib or sophistry, -in vain! The creature's at his dirty work again. It is not poetry, but prose run mad. Wit that can creep, and pride that licks the dust. A pistle. ... - The feast of reason and the flow of soul. Welcome the coming, speed the parting guest. Do good by stealth, and blush to find it fame. Satires. Get place and wealth; if possible, with grace; If not, by any means get wealth and place. Words that wise Bacon, or brave Raleigh spoke Solid pudding against empty praise. And gentle Dulness ever loves a joke. The right divine of kings to govern wrong. A wit with dunces, and a dunce with wits. * The world forgetting by the world forgot. Aloísa to Abelard. Of manners gentle, of affections mild; -" In wit a man, simplicity a child. Epitaph on Gay. You beat your pate, and fancy wit will come; Knock as you please, there's nobody at home. JEpigram. Matthew Prior. That air and harmony of shape express, Fine by degrees and beautifully less. Aen ry and Emma. Nobles and heralds by your leave, Here lies what once was Matthew Prior; The son of Adam and of Eve; Can Bourbon or Nassau claim higher? Apitaph on Himself. Robert Pollok. He was a man Who stole the livery of the court of Heaven To serve the Devil in. ' Course of Time. Wm. M. Praed. Some lie beneath the churchyard stone, And some before the speaker. School and School Fellows. A noble, nasty course hc ran, Superbly filthy and fastidious, He was a world’s first gentleman, And made the appellation hideous. Lines on George IV. Beilby Porteous. One murder made a villain, Millions a hero.... numbers sanctified the crime. JDeath. Francis Quarles. Be wisely worldly, but not worldly wise. The nearest way home's the farthest way about. JEmblems. Samuel Rogers. A guardian angel o'er his life presiding, Doubling his pleasures, and his cares dividing. The soul of music slumbers in the shell. Those that he loved so long and sees no more, Loved and still loves,—not dead, but gone before. Human Life. Francis Rahelais. The Devil was sick, the Devil a monk would be; The Devil was well, the Devil a monk was he. Molteux's Life. Thomas Buchanan Read. In this moment, who hesitates, barters The rights which his forefathers won; He forfeits all claims to the charters Transmitted from sire to son. 2The Oath. 841 – +- "-" ~r- T-->===" 842 POETICAL SELECTIONS, LITERARY GEMS, ETC. Robert Southey, James Shirley ---> * Only the actions of the just -- ~~ Blue, darkly, deeply, beautifully blue. * _- Smell sweet and blossom in the dust. Alfadoc in Wales. * - * Ú Ajax and Ulysses. He owned with a grin That his favorite sin, Death calls ye to the crowd of common men. Is pride that apes humility. JLast Conqueror. The Devil's Walk. Edmund Spenser. Let others to the House of Prayer, I'll to thc woodlands wend, and there, A bold, bad man. In lovcly nature, see the God of Love. Be bold, be bold, and everywhere, be bold. The swclling organ's peal, Raerie Queen. Wakes not my soul to zcal, s For soul is form, and doth the body make. Like the wild music of the wind-swept grove. Aymn. Percy Bysshe Shelley. How wonderful is death! Death and his brother Sleep. £2ueen Mab. That orbed maiden, with white firc laden, Whom mortals call the moon. The Clottd. Sir Walter Scott. One crowded hour of glorious life Is worth an age without a name. * Old Mortality. -* N. Sca of upturned faces. Rob Roy. The will to do, the soul to dare. Sleep the sleep that knows not breaking, Morn of toil, nor night of waking. This rock shall fly From its firm base as soon as I. Lady of the Lake. Love rules the court, the camp, the grove, And men below, and saints above; For love is heaven, and heaven is love. Breathes there the man, with soul so dead -> Who never to himself hath said, This is my own, my native land! _* Unwept, unhonored and unsung. Land of the mountain and the flood. Lay of the Last Minstrel. Where's the coward that would not dare To fight for such a land? * Woe awaits a country when Shc sces the tears of bearded men. ST: beard the lion in his den, --- - - - The Douglas in his hall. O woman! in our hours of case, -* Uncertain, coy, and hard to please * * * * _- * * * * * * When pain and anguish wring the brow, . ... - -* A ministering angel thou! “Charge, Chester, charge! on, Stanley, onl” Were the last words of Marmion. Alexander Smith. The bridegroom sea is toying with the shore, his wedded bride, He decks her tawny brow with shells, Retires a space to see how fair she looks, Then pleased, runs in and kisses her. A pocm round and perfect as a star. Like a pale martyr in his shirt of fire. When the dismal rain came down in slanting lines, And Wind, that grand old harper, smote his thunder harp of pines. A Life Drama. Sir John Suckling. 'Tis expectation makes a blessing dear; Heaven werc not heaven, if we knew what 'twerc. Against Fruition. The Prince of Darkness is a gentleman. The Goblins. Her face is like the milky way in the sky, A mecting of gentle lights without a name. Jören moral/. William Shakspere. Made such a sinner of his memory, To credit his own lic. There's nothing ill can dwell in such a temple. A very ancient and fish-like smell. Miscry acquaints a man with strange bedfellows. Deeper than ever plummet sounded. Like the baseless fabric of this vision, The cloud-capp'd towers, the gorgeous palaces, Thc solemn temples, the great globe itself, Yca, all which it inherit, shall dissolve, And like this insubstantial pageant faded, Leave not a rack behind. We are such stuff As dreams are made of ; and our little life Is rounded with a sleep. With foreheads villainous low. Tempest. And I as rich in having such a jewel As twenty seas, if all their sands were pearl, The water ncctar, and the rocks purc gold. * A man I am, cross'd with adversity. Afarmion. How use doth breed a habit in a man. Jonathan Swift Two Gentlemen of Verona. * Spirits are not finely touched, Naturalists obscrve, a flea But to fine issues, nor nature never lends Has smaller fleas that on him prey; The smallest scruple of her excellence, And these have smaller still to bite 'em But like a thrifty goddess, she determines And so proceed ad infinitum. Herself the glory of a creditor- Rhapsody. Both thanks and use. *w- =#;" * -: 4. *—- -—9 -ā- o- POETICAL SELECTIONS, LITERARY GEMS, ETC. * 843 Our doubts are traitors, Not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more. And make us lose the good we oft might win. The evil that men do, lives after them. No ceremony that to great ones 'longs r st 1: 3. 1]: : 3. Ambition should be made of sterner stuff. £ £ with one half so good a grace Now lies he there, mercy does. And none so poor to do him reverence. It is excellent * w If * * * To have a giant's strength; but it is tyrannous you have tears, prepare to shed them now To use it like a giant. This was the most unkindest cut of all. Man, proud man, O, what a fall was there, my countrymen! Drest in a little brief authority, Most ignorant of what he's most assur’d, I am no orator as Brutus is, His glassy essence-like an angry ape, ‘. . . . . . ..................I only speak right on. Plays such fantastic tricks before high Heaven, There are no tricks in plain and simple faith. As make the angels weep. * . . . You yourself Every true man's apparel fits your thief. Are much condemned to have an itching palm. Best men are moulded out of faults. The foremost man of all this world. AMeasure for Measure. I had rather be a dog and bay the moon The pleasing punishment that women bear. Than such a Roman. * A wretched soul, bruised with adversity. A friend should bear his friend's infirmities A hungry, lean-faced villain, a mere anatomy. There is a tide in the affairs of men, $vin or d man. Which, taken at the flood, leads on to fortune. A living dead man Comedy of Errors. * * This was the noblest Roman of them all. Patch grief with proverbs. * His life was gentle, and the elements There was never yet philosopher So mix’d in him, that nature might stand up That could endure the toothache patiently. And say to all the world, “This was a man.” Done to death by slanderous tongues. 5ulius Caesar. A/uch Ado About Nothing. For this relief much thanks. Beware the Ides of March. So hallow’d and so gracious is the time. I had as lief not be, as live to be In awe of such a thing as I myself. A little more than kin and less than kind. He doth bestride the narrow world O, that this too, too solid flesh would melt! Like a Colossus. U How weary, stale, flat and unprofitable The fault, dear Brutus, is not in our stars Seem to me all the uses of this world. But in ourselves that we are underlings. That it should come to this! Upon what meat doth this our Caesar feed, Frailty, thy name is woman! That he is grown so great? Like Niobe, all tears. Rome, thou hast lost the breed of noble bloods. It is not, nor it cannot come to good. Let me have men about me that are fat; Sleek-headed men, and such as sleep o' nights. In my mind’s eye, Horatio. Seldom he smiles, and smiles in such a sort, He was a man, take him for all in all, As if he mocked himself, and scorned his spirit, I shall not look upon his like again. That could be moved to smile at anything. Armed at all points. For mine own part, it was Greek to me. A countenance more When I tell him he hates flatterers, In sorrow than in anger. * flattered. He says he does, being then most flattere Give it an understanding but no tongue. My true and honorable wife; * As dear to me, as are the ruddy drops Give thy thoughts no tongue. That visit my sad heart. Beware * Of entrance to a quarrel; but being in blaze forth the death of princes. G * £ in, The heavcns themselves * Bear't that the opposed may beware of thee; Cowards die many times before their deaths; Give every man thine ear, but few thy voice; The valiant never taste of death but once. Take each man's censure, but reserve thy judgment. Costly thy habit as thy purse can bu Star. p y, I am constant as the Northern But not expressed in fancy; rich, not gaudy, The choice and master spirits of the age. For the apparel oft proclaims the man. Cry “Havocl” and let slip the dogs of war. This, above all,—to thine own self be true; Romans, countrymen, and lovers' hear me for my cause, And it must follow, as the night the day, And be silent that you may hear. Thou canst not then be false to any man. 844 POETICAL SELECTIONS, Angels and ministers of grace, defend us! Thou com'st in such a questionable shape, That I will speak to thee. Something is rotten in the state of Denmark. I could a tale unfold whose lightest word Would harrow up thy soul. |But this cternal blazon must not be. O my prophetic soul! mine uncle! My custom always in the afternoon. Sent to my account With all my imperfections on my head. 'Gins to pale his uneffectual fire. While memory holds a seat in this distracted globe. Within the book and volume of my brain. That one may smile, and smile, and be a villain. There are more things in heaven and earth, Horatio, Than are dreamt of in your philosophy. The time is out of joint; O cursed spite! That ever I was born to set it right. This is the very ecstacy of love. Brevity is the soul of wit. 'Tis true, ’tis pity, And pity’tis, ’tis true. This effect defective comes by cause. A plentiful lack of wit. Though this be madness, yet there's method in’t. On Fortune's cap, we are not the very button. There is nothing either good or bad, but thinking makes it so. I am even poor in thanks. This goodly frame, the earth, seems to me a sterile promontory; this most excellent canopy, the air, look you, this brave o'erhanging firma- ment, this majestical roof fretted with golden fire, why, it appears no other thing to me, than a foul and pestilent congregation of vapours. What a piece of work is a man! How noble in reason! how infinite in faculties! in form and moving, how express and admirable! in action, how like an angel! in apprehension, how like a god! Come, give us a taste of your quality. They are the abstracts and brief chronicles of the time. The play's the thing Wherein I'll catch the conscience of the king. To be, or not to be; that is the question. 'Tis a consummation Devoutly to be wished. The undiscovered country, from whose bourn No traveler returns. The native hue of resolution, Is sicklied o'er with the pale cast of thought. The glass of fashion and the mould of form. O'erstep not the modesty of nature. Hold, as 'twere, the mirror up to nature. Pluck out the heart of my mystery. I will speak daggers to her, but use none. –l- * **===" LITERARY GEMS, ETC. The counterfeit presentment of two brothers, A combination and a form, indeed, Where every God did seem to set his seal, To give the world assurance of a man. An eye like Mars to threaten and command. This is the very coinage of your brain. Lay not that flattering unction to your soul. Assume a virtue if you have it not. I must be cruel only to be kind. 'Tis the sport to have the engineer Hoist with his own petard. That capability and godlike reason. One woe doth tread upon another's heel. Alas! poor Yorick! I knew him, Horatio: a fellow of infinite jost, of most excellent fancy. There's a divinity that shapes our ends - Rough-hew them how we will. There's a special providence in the fall of a sparrow. Report me and my cause aright. This fell sergeant, Death, Is strict in his arrest. Aamlet. How sharper than a serpent's tooth it is To have a thankless child! Down! thou climbing sorrow. A poor, infirm, weak and despised old man. Tremble, thou wretch, That hast within thee undivulged crimes, Unwhipp'd of justice. I am a man More sinn’d against than sinning. Take physic, Pomp. I'll talk a word with this same learned Theban. Ay, every inch a king. The gods are just, and of our pleasant vices Make instruments to plague us. Her voice was ever soft, Gentle and low—an excellent thing in woman. Aing Lear. But I will wear my heart upon my sleeve For daws to peck at. The wealthy curled darlings of our nation. Most potent, grave, and reverend seigniors, My very noble and approved good masters. I will a round, unvarnish'd tale deliver. Of moving accidents by flood and field; of hair breadth 'scapes in the imminent deadly breach. t "Twas strange, ’twas passing strange; 'Twas pitiful, 'twas wondrous pitiful. She loved me for the dangers I had passed, And I loved her that she did pity them. I do perceive here a divided duty. Put money in thy purse. I am nothing, if not critical. -: POETICAL SELECTIONS, LITERARY GEMS, ETC. 845 O most lame and impotent conclusion! Egregiously an ass. Silence that dreadful bell! it frights the isle From her propriety. Great in mouths of wisest censure. O thou invisible spirit of wine, if thou hast no other name to be known by, let us call thee devil! O that men should put an enemy in their mouths, to steal away their brains. * Give thy worst of thoughts The worst of words. Good name in man and woman, dear my lord, Is the immediate jewel of their souls. Beware, my lord, of jealousy. It is the green-eyed monster which doth make The meat it feeds on. To be once in doubt, Is once to be resolved. I am declined Into the vale of years. Trifles light as air, Are to the jealous confirmations strong As proof of holy writ. Othello's occupation's gone. No hinge, nor loop, To hang a doubt on. But this denoted a foregone conclusion. But alas! to make me A fixed figure, for the time of scorn To point his slow unmoving finger at. Put in every honest hand a whip, To lash the rascals naked through the world, He hath a daily beauty in his life. I have done the State some service, and they know it. Speak of me as I am; nothing cxtenuate, Nor set down aught in malice. that lov'd, not wisely, but too well. One * i Othello. There's beggary in the love that can be reckon'd. For her own person, It beggared all description. Age cannot wither her, nor custom stale Her infinite variety. The spirit of a youth That means to be of note, begins betimes. Do it after the high Roman fashion. Antony and Cleopatra. Hark! the lark at heaven's gate sings. Prouder than rustling in unpaid-for silk. Slander, whose edge is sharper than the sword; whose tongue Outvenoms all the worms of Nile. Weariness can snore upon the flint, when resty sloth * * h d. Finds the downy pillow har Cymbeline. Bid me discourse, I will enchant thine ear. Venus and Adonis, For greatest scandal waits on greatest state. JLucrece. When to the sessions of sweet silent thought I summon up remembrance of things past. Sonnet XXX. But thy eternal summer shall not fade. Sonnel XVIII. She in thee Calls back the lovely April of her prime. Sonnet III. And beauty, making beautiful old rhyme. Sonnet C.V.I. The jaws of darkness do devour it up. The course of true love never did run smooth. In maiden meditation fancy free. I'll put a girdle round the earth In forty minutes. My heart . . . is true as steel. The lunatic, the lover and the poet, Are of imagination all compact. Gives to airy nothing A local habitation and a name. That is the true beginning of our end. The iron tongue of midnight hath told twelve. Afidsummer Night's Dream. Nature hath framed strange fellows in her time. A sort of men, whose visages Do cream and mantle like a standing pool. Why should a man whose blood is warm within Sit like his grandsire, cut in alabaster? * Gratiano speaks an infinite deal of nothing . . . His reasons Are as two grains of wheat hid in two bushels of chaff. I will feed fat the ancient grudge I bear him. The Devil can cite Scripture for his purpose. What a goodly outside falsehood hath! With bated breath, and whisp'ring humbleness. 'Tis a wise father that knows his own child. Would'st thou have a serpent sting thee twice? The quality of mercy is not strain'd; It droppeth as the gentle rain from heaven Upon the place beneath; it is twice blessed; It blesseth him that gives, and him that takes; 'Tis mightiest in the mightiest: it becomes The throned monarch better than his crown; His sceptre shows the force of temporal power, The attribute to awe and majesty, Wherein doth sit the dread and fear of kings; But mercy is above the sceptred sway; It is enthroned in the hearts of kings, It is an attribute to God himself, - And earthly power doth then show likest God's, When mercy seasons justice. You take my house, when you do take the prop Thet doth sustain my house; you take my life When you do take the means whereby I live. * I am never merry when I hear sweet music. -- ! ... *19—- + w- T-----" 846 . POETICAL SELECTIONS, LITERARY GEMS, ETC. __--> *=" The man that hath no music in himself, A merry heart goes all the day. *--4---? l Nor is not moved with concords of sweet sounds; The Winter's Tale. Is fit for treasons, stratagems and spoils, Courage mounteth with occasion. * * * * * * * * * * I #4. " Let no such man be trusted. Here ": sit; ere is my throne. So shines a good decd in a naughty world. * Grief fills the room up of my absent child AMerchant of Venice. Sweet th f adversit Life is as tedious as a twice-told tale. weel are the uses of adversity. Vexing the dull ear of a drowsy man. This our life, exempt from public haunt, s He that stands upon a slippery place * Finds tongues in trees, books in the running brooks, * * - * i. * s Makes nice of no vile hold to stay him up. Sermons in stones, and good in everything. To prild refi ld. to paint the li In my youth I never did apply £ £ : £ lily, Hot and rebellious liquors in my blood. a p * * * * * t * * * * * * My age is as a lusty winter, Is wasteful and ridiculous excess. Frosty but kindly. How oft the sight of means to do ill deeds Makes ill deeds done. *Thus may we see,” quoth he, “how the world wags.” Ring john. And so, from hour to hour, we ripe and ripe, This royal throne of kings, this sceptred isle, And then, from hour to hour, we rot and rot. This carth of majesty, this seat of Mars, And thereby hangs a tale. This other Eden, demi-Paradise; * This fortress built by nature for herself, All the world's a stage, Against infection and the hand of war; And all the men and women merely players. This happy breed of men, this little world; The fair, the chaste, and unexpressive she. This precious stone set in the silver sea, * Which serves it in the office of a wall, Neither rhyme nor reason can express how much. Or as a moat defensive to a house, I had rather have a fool to make me merry, than experience to Against the envy of less happier lands; make me sad. This blessed plot, this carth, this realm, this England. Men are April when they woo, December when they wed The ripest fruit first falls. * * The purple testament of bleeding war. Chewing the cud of sweet and bitter fancy. Aing Richard II. An ill-favored thing, Sir, but mine own. The blood more stirs Good wine needs no bush. To rouse a lion, than to start a hare. As 2 ou Like It. I know a trick worth two of that. Such names and men as these It would be argument for a week, laughter for a month, and a Which never were nor no man ever saw. good jest for ever. In brief, Sir, study what you most affect. Out of this nettle danger we pluck this flower safety. Such duty as the subject owes the prince, A plague of all cowards, I say. Even such a woman oweth to her husband. * * * * * : * Taming of the Shrew. Call you that backing of your friends? A plague upon such backing He must needs go that the Devil drives. Give you a reason on compulsion! If reasons were as plenty as blackberries, I would give no man a reason on compulsion. The web of our life is of a mingled yafn, good and ill together. I was a coward on instinct. The inaudible and noiseless foot of time. All’s Well That End's JVell. A plague of sighing and grief! it blows a man up like a bladder. That strain again: it had a dying fall. I am not in the roll of common men. Dost thou think because thou art virtuous, there shall be no I can call spirits from the vasty deep. more cakes and ale? t: C3 KCS £11101 #116. But will they come when you do call for them? Our fancies are more giddy and infirm, * * * More longing, wavering, sooner lost and won, While you live, tell truth, and shame the Devil. Than women's are. I had rather be a kitten, and cry mew. She never told her love, I'll cavil on the ninth part of a hair. Butlet concealment, like a worm i' the bud, * s Feed on her damask check . . . A good mouth-filling oath. She sat, like patience on a monument, A fellow of no mark nor likelihood, Smiling at grief. Whereof a little Some are born great, some achieve greatness, and some have More than a little is by much too much. greatness thrust upon them. And I have not forgotten what the inside of a church is made of. What a deal of scorn looks beautiful, I am a pepper-corn. In the contempt and anger of his lip. Shall I not take mine ease in mine inn? Thus the whirligig of time brings in his revenges. To turn and wind a fiery Pegassus Twelfth Night. And witch the world with noble horsemanship. A snapper up of considered trifles. The canker's of a cabin world and a long peace. 65 –-T: Pé- ===5 * - | l | We POETICAL SELECTIONS, LITERARY GEMS, ETC. 847 Two stars keep not their motion in one sphere. I could have better spared a better man. The better part of valor is discretion. Lord, lord, how this world is given to lying! The first bringer of unwelcome news Hath but a losing office. * I am not only witty in myself, but the cause that wit is in other men. play the fool with the time, and the spirits of the wise sit in the clouds and mock us. Sleep! O gentle Sleep! Nature's soft nurse! how have Ifrighted thee, That thou no more wilt weigh my eyelids down, And steep my senses in forgetfulness? With all appliances and means to boot. Uneasy lies the head that wears a crown. A hand open as day to melting charity- Thy wish was father, Harry, to that thought. Consideration, like an angel, came And whipp'd the offending Adam out of him. When he speaks, the air, a charter'd libertine, is still. I dare not fright, but I will wink, and hold out my iron. Once more unto the breech . . . Stiffen the sinews, summon up the blood. Sheath'd their swords for lack of argument. I see you stand like greyhounds in the slips, Straining on the start. & You may as well say that's a valiant flea that dare eat his breakfast on the lip of a lion. There is some soul of goodness in things evil, Would men observingly distill it out. The hum of either army stilly sounds, That the fix’d sentinels almost receive The secret whispers of each other's watch. Fire answers fire; and through their party flames Each battle sees the others embered face. Steed threatens steed, in high and boastful neighs Piercing the night's dull ear, and from the tents, The armorers, accomplishing the knights, Now is the winter of our discontent Made glorious summer by this son of York. Grim visaged war hath smooth'd his wrinkled front. In this weak piping time of peace. To leave this keen encounter of our wits. Thus I clothe my naked villany, With old odd ends, stol’n out of holy writ, And seem a saint, when most I play the Devil. So wise, so young, they say, do ne'er live long. Thou troublest me; I am not in the vein. True hope is swift, and flies with swallow's wings; Kings it makes gods, and meaner creatures, kings. The king's name is a tower of strength. I have set my life upon a cast, And I will stand the hazard of the die. Ring Richard III. I shall fall Like a bright exhalation in the evening, And no man see me more. Press not a falling man too far. Farewell, a long farewell to all my greatness. I charge ye, fling away ambition: By that sin fell the angels. Let all the ends thou aim'st at be thy country's, Thy God's, and truth's. Had I but served my God with half the zeal I serv'd my king, he would not in mine age Have left me naked to mine enemies. He gave his honors to the world again, His blessed part to Heaven, and slept in peace. Men's evil manners live in brass; their virtues We write in water. I wish no other herald, No other speaker of my living actions, To keep my honor from corruption, But such an honest chronicler. Aing Henry VIII. Welcome ever smiles, And farewell goes out sighing. {} With busy hammers closing rivets up, One touch of nature makes the whole world kin. Give dreadful note of preparation. Like a dew drop on a lion's mane. Every subject's duty is the kings; but every subject's soul is his Be shook to air. OWIle II, The end crowns all. -->" * il hot out of an elder gun Troilus and Cressida. O's Oll * That's a perilous s # I thank you for your voices, thank you,-- Familiar in their mouths as household words. Your most sweet voices. Be in their flowing cups freshly remembered. His nature is too noble for the world; Occasions and causes why and wherefore in all things. He would not flatter Neptune for his trident. Ring Henry IV. s Chaste as the icicle, Good faith, I am no wiser than a daw, That's curded by the frost from purest snow. She is a woman, therefore to be won. Coriolanus. * More water glideth by th ill Smooth runs the water where the brook is deep, Than wots the miller : y Inc ini Thrice is he arm'd that hath his quarrel just. Titus Andronicus. * The weakest goes to th The smallest worm will turn being trodden on. Th : c wall. * * c bud bit with an envious worm Things ill got had ever bad success. Ere he can spread his sweet leaves to the air. Suspicion ever haunts the guilty mind; Saint-seducing gold. The thief doth fear each bush an officer. Ring Henry VI. One fire burns out another's burning. :- A- -- −p. 848 POETICAL SELECTIONS, LITERARY GEMS, ETC. Dreams, that are the children of an idle brain. Her beauty hangs upon the cheek of night Like a rich jewel in an Ethiop's ear. He jests at scars, that never felt a wound. What's in a name? That which we call a rose, By any other name would smell as sweet. There lies more peril in thine eye, Than twenty of their swords. The god of my idolatry. Parting is such sweet sorrow, That I shall say good night till it be morrow. Care keeps his watch in every old man's eye. I am the very pink of courtesy. My man's as true as steel. 'Tis not so deep as a well, nor so wide as A church-door; but 'tis enough. Jocund day Stands tiptoe on the misty mountain tops. Not stepping o'er the bounds of modesty. My bosom's lord sits lightly on his throne. A beggarly account of empty boxes. My poverty, but not my will, consents. One writ with me in sour misfortune's book. Aomeo and Gulien. We have seen better days. Timon of Athens. A merrier man Within the limit of becoming mirth, I never spent an hour's talk withal. Younger hearings are quite ravish'd So sweet and voluble is his discourse. He hath never fed of the dainties that are bred in a book. A jest's prosperity lies in the ear Of him that hears it. Love's Labor Lost. Ay, in the catalogue ye go for men. What's done, is done. After life's fitful fever he sleeps well. Now, I am cabin'd, cribb'd, confin'd. Now, good digestion wait on appetite, And health on both. Thou canst not say I did it. Thou hast no speculation in those eyes, Take any shape but that and my firm nerves Shall never tremble. With most admir’d disorder. Can such things be, And overcome us like a summer's cloud, Without our special wonder? Stand not upon the order of your going, But go at once. A deed without a name. I'll make assurance doubly sure. Come like shadows, so depart. Our fears do make us traitors. Give sorrow words, the grief that does not speak, Whispers the o'er fraught heart, and bids it break- I could play the woman with mine eyes, And braggart with my tongue. Out, damned spot! Out, I say! My way of life Is fall’n into the sear, the yellow leaf. Curses not loud, but deep. can't thou not minister to a mind diseas'd? Throw physic to the dogs; I'll none of it. Hang out our banners on the outward walls; The cry is still, They come. I have supp'd full of horrors. To the last syllable of recorded time. Out, out, brief candle! Life's but a walking shadow; a poor player, That struts and frets his hour upon the stage, And then is heard no more; it is a tale Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, Signifying nothing. To doubt the equivocation of the fiend, That lies like truth. At least we'll die with harness on our back. I bear a charmed life. That keep the word of promise to our ear, And break it to our hope. The earth hath bubbles, as the water has, And these are of them. The insane root That takes the reason prisoner. Make my seated heart knock at my ribs. Nothing is But what is not. Come what come may. Notling in his life - Became him like the leaving it. I fear thy nature; It is too full o' the milk of human kindness. What thou wouldst highly, That wouldst thou holily. No compunctious visitings of nature Shake my fell purpose. Your face, my Thane, is as a book, where men May read strange matters. If it were done, when 'tis done, then 'twere well It were done quickly. The deep damnation of his taking off. I have no spur To prick the sides of my intent. Vaulting which o'erleaps itself, And falls on the other side. I have bought Golden opinions from all sorts of people. Letting I dare not, wait upon I would. Tears from the depth of some divine despair Rise in the heart, and gather to the eyes, In looking on the happy autumn fields, And thinking of the days that are no more. Unto dying eyes The casement slowly grows a glimmering square. O love, they die in yon rich sky, They faint on hill, or field, or river; Our echoes roll from soul to soul, And grow forever and forever. The Princess. Never morning wore To evening, but some heart did break. Strong Son of God, immortal love! Whom we that have not secn thy face, By faith, and faith alone embrace, Believing where we cannot prove. Thou wilt not leave us in the dust! Thou madest man, he knows not why. He thinks he was not formed to die, And Thou hast made him; thou artiust! And Thought leapt out to wed with Thought, Ere Thought could wed itself with Speech. I hold it true whate'er befall, I feel it when I sorrow most; *Tis better to have loved and lost, Than never to have loved at all. Her eyes are homes of silent thought. Prone on the great world's altar stairs, That slope through darkness up to God. There lives more faith in honest doubt, Believe me, than in half the creeds. * Jr. Memoriam, Yet I doubt not through the ages one increasing purpose runs, And the thoughts of men are widened with the process of the suns. John G. Whittier. The hope of all who suffer, The dread of all who wrong. * Afantle of St. John. The nobler nature within him stirred To life at that woman's deed and word. Peace, and order, and beauty draw Round thy symbol of light and law. Barbara Freitchie. The young girl mused beside the well, Till the rain on the unraked clover fell. A manly form at her side she saw, And joy was duty, and love was law. © Ah well for us all some sweet hope lies Deeply buried from human eyes. For of all sad words of tongue or pen, The saddest are these, “It might have been.” Afaud Muller. William Wordsworth. The child is falher to the man. A/y Heart Leaps Up. A heart, the fountain of sweet tears; And love, and thought, and joy. The Sparrow's West. Bright gem, instinct with music, vocal spark. AMorning Exercise. O Cuckoo! shall I call thee Bird, Or but a wandering voice? To the Cuckoo. A creature not too bright or good For human nature's daily food. Phantom of Delight. By our own spirits we are deified. *esolution and Independence. *=– *=__ * Q-e- * ]+== – fo 85O POETICAL SELECTIONS, LITERARY GEMS, ETC. –--" Nature never did betray the heart that loved her. The drcary intercourse of daily life. Tintern Abbey. The past unsighed for and the future sure. Mortal hopes defeated and o'erthrown Are mourned by man, and not by man alone. s Laodamia. A primrose by a river's brim, A yellow prunrose was to him, And it was nothing more. The soft blue sky did never melt Into his heart; he never felt The witchery of the soft blue sky. Aeter Bell. Quiet as a nun breathless with adoration. Sonnel. The best of what we do and are, Just God forgive. On the Banks of Nith. The good old rule.... the simple plan, That they should take who have the power, And they should keep who can. JRob Roy's Grave. Plain living and high thinking are no more. London. My soul was like a star, and dwelt apart. Ibid. Man arrayed for mutual slaughter. Ode 13/5. The light that never was, on sea or land. On a picture. Our birth is but a sleep and a forgetting; The soul that rises with us, our life’s star, Hath had elsewhere its setting, And cometh from afar; Not in entire forgetfulness, And not in utter darkness, But trailing clouds of glory, do we come From God who is our home. Our mortal nature Did tremble like a guilty thing surprised. Thoughts that do often lie too deep for tears. Intimations of Immortality. Belief....ripened into faith....a passionate intuition. John Webster. Glories, like glow worms, afar off shine bright, But looked to near, have neither heat nor light. The White Devil. George Wither. Shall I, wasting in despair, Die because a woman's fair? Shepherd's Resolution. I scorn to flit on the wings of borrowed wit. Little said is soonest mended. Shepherd's Hunting. Isaac Watts. Strange! that a harp of thousand strings Should keep in tune so long. The mind's the standard of the man. Aora Lyriac. Charles Wolfe. Not a drum was heard, not a funeral note, As his corse to the ramparts we hurried. He lay like a warrior taking his rest, With his martial cloak around him. We carved not a line, and we raised not a stone, But we left him alone with his glory. Durial of Sir John Moore. 1 Edward Young. Tired nature's sweet restorer, balmy sleep. Procrastination is the thief of time. Rare are solitary woes; They love a train, they tread each other's heel. Man wants but little, nor that little long. Our birth is nothing but our death begun. Death loves a shining mark, a signal blow. Virtue qlone outbuilds the pyramids. Aymn. e The Excursion. AWight Thoughts. o t *- ~-5) *16-- *@ | ~! $–- CHOICE POETICAL SELECTIONS. 85 I |E||||E||||E||E||||E||E||||E||||E||||E||||E||||E||||E||||E||||E|||| / 1:IIIIEIIIIE-III:=IIII:IIII+IIII-IIII:IIII-IIII+IIII-IIII-IIII:=IIII: % | #: % =#'s *11:1 in : '' * 5 I, s '*: '''''''': '####### '** *: - +. | * n -:* ' ' ' '.' b. s "-" --- :*"—t: z:-r:*--- #2, "" ; N #2, #1." #2 * * i.e. ''," ": a #1." -->|- E. A lin'" ... in." in." #. £2: - 5... " 'i Yu! r + . ." "' i. p + "W" || r + "' " -" *'''G' 2.8' .#% * : *. * # = #,s #-- * * : ')." *m. ; 2i. | #4'. *#): #4 #|| : *'. '** {{*:: * ~ * * * - ---> r - : 141% % #5 # * | * # '#' 'll ~. R!!"--> : . . * *. is " 'il, #! : R - | <: | | :: # | | # A, * QT) #54 V 3.441 c.74CC/14 #!o Q-11. * & £ecay. *ē —a—9 '' # *** **** *, *- : *: * ". :####### " 1 . £” # # | .* 08tical S sk 2: "I jjā'); i ' || | | || | | £5NS # | *. ####% § 2:I':#: E:#): 'I', ' * #Q/444/3, of § * £l'. # vow? £ £ *gfief, | || || *- : : £4 l'. F4' * J. r *}#####|NATIFSIS: V:\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\! WILLIAM CULLEN BRY ANT. #O him, who, in the love of nature, holds The powerful of the earth, the wise, the good, : Communion with her visible forms, she Fair forms, and hoary seers of ages past, £%#3- speaks * All in one mighty sepulcher # A various language; for his gayer hours & # She has a voice of gladness, and a smile The hills, * # And eloquence of beauty, and she glides Rock-ribbed and ancient as the sun: the vales, *: Into his darker musings, with a mild Stretching in pensive quietness between: s | And gentle sympathy, that steals away The venerable woods: rivers that move Their sharpness, ere he is aware. In majesty, and the complaining brooks That make the meadows green; and poured round all, - When thoughts Qld ocean's gray and melancholy waste, Of the last bitter hour, come like a blight Are but the solemn decorations all Over thy spirit, and sad images Of the great tomb of man. The golden sun, Of the stern agony, and shroud, and pall, The planets, all the infinite host of heaven, And breathless darkness, and the narrow house, Are shining on the sad abodes of death, Make thee to shudder and grow sick at heart; Through the still lapse of ages. Go forth into the open # and list To nature's teaching, while from all around, All that tread Comes a still voice:- The globe, are but a handful, to the tribes That slumber in its bosom. Take the wings . “Yet a few days, and thee, Of morning, and the Barcan desert pierce, The all-beholding sun shall see no more , Or lose thyself in the continuous woods In all his course; nor yet, in the cold ground, Where rolls the Oregon, and hears no sound Where thy pale form was laid with many tears, Save its own dashings—yet—the dead are there; Nor in the embrace of ocean, shall exist And millions in those solitudes, since first Thy image. Earth, that nourished thee, shall claim The flight of years began, have laid them down Thy growth, to be resolved to earth again; And, lost each human trace, surrendering up Thine individual being, shalt thou go To mix forever with the elements, To be a brother to th’ insensible rock And to the sluggish clod, which the rude swain Turns with his share and treads upon. In their last sleep: the dead reign there alone. So shalt thout rest; and what if thou shalt fall Unnoticed by the living; and no friend Take note of thy departure? All that breathe Will share thy destiny. The gay will laugh When thou are gone; the solemn brood of care Plod on; and each one, as before, will chase The oak His favorite phantom; yet all these shall leave Shall send its roots abroad, and pierce thy mold. Their mirth and their enjoyments, and shall come Yet not to thy eternal resting place * And make their bed with thee. As the long train Shalt thou retire alone, nor couldst thou wish Of ages glide away, the sons of men, Couch more magnificent. Thou shalt lie down The youth in life's green spring, and he who goes With patriarchs of the infant world, with kings, In the full strength of years, matron and maid, The bowed with age, the infant in the smiles And beauty of its innocent age cut off- | * *The selections from Aldrich, Emerson, irolmes, Lowell, Long- Shall, one by one, be gathered * fellow, whittier and Stedman in this volume are used by permission By those w£o in" £ turn £, of their publishers, Messrs. Houghton, Mifflin & Co., Boston. y 5 y Ollo W them. ~- ——-B- |= J &]*r 852 So live, that when thy summons comes to join The innumerable caravan that moves To the pale realms of shade, where each shall take His chamber in the silent halls of death, Thou go not like the quarry-slave at night, *-i- —£: THE IIEATH IIF THE FLIIWERS. r-ay- CHOICE POETICAL SELECTIONS. —- Scourged to his dungeon, but sustained and soothed By an unfaltering trust, approach thy grave Like one who wraps the drapery of his couch About him, and lies down to pleasant dreams.” *. *~-8. WILLIAM CULLEN BRYAN Te #HE melancholy days are come, the saddest of the | year, - # Of wailing winds, and naked woods, and mead- D. # - ows brown and sear. #" Heaped in the hollows of the grove, the autumn # The robin and the wren are flown, and from the shrubs the jay, leaves lie dead; They rustle to the eddying gust, and to the rabbit's tread. And from the wood-top calls the crow through all the gloomy day. Where are the flowers, the fair young flowers, that lately sprang and stood, In brighter light and softer airs, a beauteous sisterhood? Alas! they all are in their graves; the gentle race of flowers Are lying in their lowly beds with the fair and good of ours. The rain is falling where they lie; but the cold November I'll n Calls not from out the gloomy earth the lovely ones again. The wind-flower and the violet, they perished long ago, And the brier-rose and the orchis died amid the summer glow; * But on the hill the golden-rod, and the aster in the wood, —£-3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3-> £4 +: THE WILLARE: -3-2-3-&# & # And #elow sunflower by the brook in autumn beauty St Till fell the frost from the clear cold heaven, as falls the plague on men, And the brightness of their smile was gone from upland, glade, and glen. And now, when comes the calm mild day, as still such days will come, TO £ squirrel and the bee from out their winter home; When the sound of dropping nuts is heard, though all the trees are still, And twinkle in the smoky light the waters of the rill, The south-wind searches for the flowers whose fragrance late he bore, And sighs to find them in the wood and by the stream no II].OTC. And then I think of one who in her youthful beauty died, The fair meek blossom that grew up and faded by my side. In the cold moist earth we laid her, when the forests cast the leaf, And we wept that one so lovely should have a life so brief; Yet not unmeet it was that one, like that young friend of ours, So gentle and so beautiful, should perish with the flowers. $ *C) gš-š-G-#39–33-&-&-Š- #HEAEKSMITH $: AS) :* °)&—#33-3-3-3-SQ-3-3-GH-3: * HENRY WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW. *:::: %*: # '3- -----> ". NDER a spreading chestnut tree | The village smithy stands; # The Smith, a mighty man is he, With large and sinewy hands; And the muscles of his brawny arms Are strong as iron bands. £ # * S- t His hair is crisp and black and long; His face is like the tan; His brow is wet with honest sweat,— He earns whate'er he can; And looks the whole world in the face, For he owes not any man. Week in, week out, from morn till night, You can hear his bellows blow; You can hear him swing his heavy sledge With measured beat and slow, Like sexton ringing the village bell, When the evening sun is low. And children, coming home from school, Look in at the open door; They love to see the flaming forge, And hear the bellows roar, And catch the burning sparks, that fly Like chaff from a threshing floor. * CHOICE POETICAL SELECTIONS. - - He goes on Sunday to the church, And sits among his boys; He hears the parson pray and preach, He hears his daughter's voice, Singing in the village choir, And it makes his heart rejoice. It sounds to him like her mother's voice, Singing in Paradise ! He needs must think of her once more, How in the grave she lies; And with his hard, rough hand he wipes A tear out of his eyes. NU/. F. Q-><<> sl2 &-->|<-ge-'la-63-12-83-? # AS £ # THE INCING: s'—s” LONGFELLOW. ... * Has come the bridal day £ # Of beauty and of strength. # * To-day £e vessel shall be launched! With fleecy clouds the sky is blanched, And o'er the bay, Slowly, in all his splendors dight, The great sun rises to behold the sight. % - # #! | LL is finished, and at length The ocean old, Centuries old, * Strong as youth, and as uncontrolled, Paces restless to and fro, Up and down the sands of gold. His beating heart is not at rest; And far and wide With ceaseless flow His beard of snow Heaves with the heaving of his breast. He waits impatient for his bride. There she stands, With her foot upon the sands, Decked with flags and streamers gay, In honor of her marriage day, . Her snow-white signals fluttering, blending, Round her like a veil descending, Ready to be The bride of the gray old sea. Then the Master, * With a gesture of command, Waved his hand; And at the word, Loud and sudden there was heard, All around them and below, The sound of hammers, blow on blow, Knocking away the shores and spurs. And see 1 she stirs | . She starts, -she moves,—she seems to feel The thrill of life along her keel, And, spurning with her foot the ground, With one exulting, joyous bound, Toiling, rejoicing, sorrowing, Onward through life he goes; Each morning sees some task begin, 2. Each evening sees it close; *~y * Something attempted, something done, , S. Has earned a night's repose. > Thanks, thanks to thee, my worthy friend, For the lesson thou hast taught' Thus at the flaming forge of life Our fortunes must be wrought; Thus on its sounding anvil shaped Each burning deed and thought ! *# 82-sl-8---|--&-cla-Cè-cla- OF THE SHIP. &#. **@-T-3TTG-T-3-T- •—#2 That to the ocean seemed to say, “Take her, O, bridegroom, old and gray; Take her to thy protecting arms, With all her youth and all her charms.” How beautiful she is ! how fair She lies within those arms, that press Her form with many a soft caress Of tenderness and watchful care ! Sail forth into the sea, O ship ! Through wind and wave, right onward steer, The moistened eye, the trembling lip, Are not the signs of doubt or fear. Sail forth into the sea of life, Oh gentle, loving, trusting wife, And safe from all adversity, Upon the bosom of that sea Thy comings and thy goings oe For gentleness, and love, and trust, Prevail o'er angry wave and gust; And in the wreck of noble lives Something immortal still survives ! Thou, too, sail on, O ship of State | Sail on, O Union, strong and great I Humanity, with all its fears, With all its hopes of future years, Is hangi g breattless on thy fate | We know what Master laid thy keel, What workmen wrought thy ribs of steel, Who made each mast, and sail and rope, What anvils rang, what hammers beat, In what a forge, and what a heat, Were shaped the anchors of thy hope. Fear not each sudden sound and shock; 'Tis of the wave, and not the rock; 'Tis but the flapping of the sail, And not a rent made by the gale. In spite of rock and tempest roar, In spite of false lights on the shore, Sail on, nor fear to breast the sea. Our hearts, our hopes, are all with thee; *16- s | < == 854 CHOICE POETICAL SELECTIONS. f She leaps into the ocean's arms. Qur hearts, our hopes, our prayers, our tears, And lo! from the assembled crowd Qur faith triumphant o'er our fears, There rose a shout, prolonged and loud, Are all with thee-are all with thee. ===< | .. LIKE that ancient Saxon phrase which calls The burial-ground God’s-Acre! It is just; It consecrates each grave within its walls, And breathes a benison o'er the sleeping dust. God’s-Acre! Yes, that blessed name imparts Comfort to those who in the grave have sown The seed that they have garnered in their hearts, Their bread of life, alas! no more their own. Into its furrows shall we all be cast, In the sure faith that we shall rise again : s * *: # # & ©. * " - - HE day is cold, and dark, and dreary; It rains, and the wind is never weary; The vine still clings to the mouldering wall, But at every gust the dead leaves fall, And the day is dark and dreary. - My life is cold, and dark, and dreary; It rains, and the wind is never £ My thoughts still cling to the mouldering Past, CHOICE POETICAL SELECTIONS. 855 © HENRY WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW. -&-8383-8383-8383-8383-83.38 -: “But At Every Gust the dead leaves Fall.” * - - | # - | & | A. - | * 4. y *::::: ********, *THE RAINY IIHY: ;: £-" HENRY WADSWORTH LONGRELLOW. At the great harvest, when the archangel's blast Shall winnow, like a fan, the chaff and grain. Then shall the good stand in immortal bloom, In the fair gardens of that second birth; And each bright blossom mingle its perfume With that of flowers which never bloomed on earth. With thy rude ploughshare, Death, turn up the sod, And spread the furrow for the seed we sow; This is the field and Acre of our God, This is the place where human harvests grow! :------- But the hopes of youth fall thick in the blast, And the days are dark and dreary. Be still, sad heart! and cease repining; Behind the clouds is the sun still shining; Thy fate is the common fate of all, Into each life some rain must fall, Some days must be dark and dreary. 856 CHOICE POETICAL SELECTIONS. ...'. BY T. BUCHANAN REID. * Y soul to-day s N Is far away, $/l Sailing the vesuvian Bay; My winged boat, Round purple peaks A bird afloat, It sails, and seeks Swims around the purple peaks remote:– Blue inlets and their crystal creeks, | #. *Y. - - & "TI-III--> Where high rocks throw, Through deeps below, A duplicated golden glow. CHOICE POETICAL SELECTIONS. 857 Far, vague, and dim The mountains swim; While on Vesuvius' misty brim, With outstretched hands, The gray smoke stands O'erlooking the volcanic lands. - * &£2. se' £ s:#s. % - - ''' - -*- ----> *~£ Here Ischia smiles O'er liquid miles; And yonder, bluest of the isles, Calm Capri waits, Her sapphire gates I heed not, if Beguiling to her bright estates. My rippling skiff Float swift or slow from cliff to cliff;- With dreamful eyes My spirit lies Under the walls of Paradise. - |- £, -- - - - ''' --~", |- - Under the walls Where swells and falls The Bay's deep breast at intervals At peace I lie, Blown softly by, A cloud upon this liquid sky. 858 CHOICE POETICAL SELECTIONS. - The day so mild, ls Heaven's own child, With Earth and Ocean reconciled:- The airs I feel Around me steal Are murmuring to the murmuring keel. Over the rail My hand I trail Within the shadow of the sail, A joy intense, - The cooling sense Glides down my drowsy indolence. With dreamful eyes My spirit lies Where summer sings and never dies O'erveiled with vines, She glows and shines Among her future oils and wines. Her children, hid The cliffs amid, Are gamboling with the gamboling kid; - Or down the walls, With tipsy calls, Laugh on the rocks like waterfalls. O - ==#" | CHOICE POETICAL SELECTIONS. - | | Yon deep bark goes Where traffic blows, From lands of sun to lands of snows- This happier one, Its course is run From lands of snow to lands of sun. ... Zh-fide-esta, = - WI7- - * Witas.--site: *** - - | The fisher's child, With tresses wild, Unto the smooth, bright sand beguiled, With glowing lips Sings as she skips, Orgazes at the far-off ships. 86o CHOICE POETICAL SELECTIONS. *Barns #del. O happy ship To rise and dip, With the blue crystal at your lip ! O happy crew, My heart with you Sails, and sails, and sings anew." 4-## *AS SLIW No more, no more The worldly shore Upbraids me with its loud uproar! With dreamful eyes My spirit lies Under the walls of Paradise! ****************** THE SHIP.” & 3 *S slow our ship her foamy track | | || Against the wind was cleaving, # Her trembling pennant still looked back Śf To that dear isle 'twas leaving. Çf Soloth we part from all we love, £e From all the links that bind us; }* So turn our hearts, as on we rove, To those we’ve left behind us! When, round the bowl, of vanished years We talk with joyous seeming- With smiles that might as well be tears, So faint, so sad their beaming; While memory brings us back again Each early tie that twined us, Oh, sweet's the cup that circles then To those we’ve left behind us! ###############################: THOMAS MOORE. And when, in other climes, we meet Some isle or vale enchanting, Where all looks flowery, wild, and sweet, And naught but love is wanting; We think how great had been our bliss If Heaven had but assigned us To live and die in scenes like this, With some we’ve left behind us! As travelers oft look back at eve When eastward darkly going, To gaze upon that light they leave Still faint behind them glowing; So, when the close of pleasure's day To gloom hath near consigned us We turn to catch one fading ray Of joy that's left behind us. *| =: &@SPRIRG,G# TRANSLATION of THoMA's MooRE (GREEK). Behold the young, the rosy spring | Gives to the breeze her scented wing, While virgin graces, warm with May, | Fling roses o'er her dewy way. | The murmuring billows of the deep Have languished into silent sleep; And mark! the flitting sea-birds lave Their plumes in the reflecting wave; while cranes from hoary winterfly - To flutter in a kinder sky. Now the genial star of day Dissolves the murky clouds away, And cultured field and winding stream Are freshly glittering in his beam. Now the earth prolific swells With leafy buds and flowery bells; Gemming shoots the olive twine; Clusters bright festoon the vine; All along the branches creeping, Through the velvet foliage peeping, Little infant fruits we see Nursing into luxury. | - - - - | | | CHOICE POETICAL SELECTIONS. J. T. TRow BRIDGE. E are two travelers, Roger and I, Roger's my dog:-come here, you scamp! Jump for the gentlemen,-mind your eye! Over the table-look out for the lamp!- The rogue is growing a little old: Five years we’ve tramped through wind and weather, And slept out-doors when nights were cold, And ate and drank-and starved together. We've learned what comfort is, I tell you! A bed on the floor, a bit of rosin, A fire to thaw our thumbs (poor fellow! The paw he holds up there's been frozen.) Plenty of catgut for my fiddle, (This out-door business is bad for strings,) Then a few nice buckwheats hot from the griddle, And Roger and I set up for kings! No, thank ye, sir, –I never drink; Roger and I are exceedingly moral,— Aren’t we Roger?—see him wink!- Well, something hot, then, -we won't quarrel. He's thirsty, too-see him nod his head? What a pity, sir, that dogs can't talk! He understands every word that’s said,- And he knows good milk from water-and-chalk. The truth is, sir, now I reflect, I’ve been so sadly given to grog, I wonder I've not lost the respect (Here's to you, sir!) even of my dog. But he sticks by, through thick and thin; And this old coat, with its empty pockets, And rags that smell of tobacco and gin, He'll follow while he has eyes in his sockets. There isn't another creature living Would do it, and prove, through every disaster, So fond, so faithful, and so forgiving, To such a miserable, thankless master! No, sir!-see him wag his tail and grin! By George! it makes my old eyes water: That is, there's something in this gin That chokes a fellow. But no matter. We'll have some music, if you're willing, And Roger (hem! what a plague a cough is, sir!) Shall march a little-Start, you villain! Stand straight! 'Bout face! Salute your officer! Put up that paw! Dress! Take your rifle! (Some dogs have arms, you see!). Now hold your Cap while the gentlemen give a trifle To aid a poor old patriot soldier. March! Halt! Now show how the rebel shakes, When he stands up to hear his sentence. Now tell us how many drams it takes To honor a jolly new acquaintance. Five yelps-that's five; he's mighty knowing! The night's before us, fill the glasses:- Quick, sir! I'm ill,—my brain is going!– Some brandy!—thank you!—there!—it passes! Why not reform? That's easily said; But I’ve gone through such wretched treatment, Sometimes forgetting the taste of bread, And scarce remembering what meat meant, That my poor stomach's past reform; And there are times when, mad with thinking I'd sell out heaven for something warm To prop a horrible inward sinking. Is there a way to forget to think? At your age, sir, home, fortune, friends, A dear girl's love—but I took to drink;- The same old story; you know how it ends. - If you could have seen these classic features,- You needn't laugh, sir; they were not then Such a burning libel on God's creatures: I was one of your handsome men! - "If you had seen her, so fair and young, Whose head was happy on this breast! If you could have heard the songs I sung [guessed When the wine went round, you wouldn't have That ever I, sir, should be straying From door to door, with fiddle and dog, Ragged and penniless, and playing o you to-night for a glass of grog! | £- CHOICE POETICAL SELECTIONS. 863 | L. "T- She's married since,—a parson's wife: 'Twas better for her that we should part- Better the soberest, prosiest life Than a blasted home and a broken heart. I have seen her? Once: I was weak and spent; On the dusty road a carriage stopped: But little she dreamed as on she went, Who kissed the coin that her fingers dropped. You've set me talking, sir; I'm sorry, It makes me wild to think of the change! What do you care for a beggar's story? Is it amusing? you find it strange? I had a mother so proud of me! 'Twas well she died before Do you know If the happy spirits in heaven can see The ruin and wretchedness here below? *-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-** Another glass, and strong, to deaden This pain; then Roger and I will start. I wonder has he such a lumpish, leaden, Aching thing in place of a heart? He is sad sometimes, and would weep, if he could, No doubt, remembering things that were, - A virtuous kennel, with plenty of food, And himself a sober, respectable cur. I’m better now; that glass was warming,- You rascall limber your lazy feet! We must be fiddling and performing For supper and bed, or starve in the street- Not a very gay life to lead, you think? But soon we shall go where lodgings are free, And the sleepers need neither victuals nor drink;- The sooner, the better, for Roger and me! LORD BYRON. . Give, O give me back my heart 1 £, Or, since that has left my breast, Keep it now and take the rest! Hear my vow before I go, Zom uoi, odic ayaró. By those tresses unconfined, Wooed by each AEgean wind; By those lids whose jetty fringe - Kiss thy soft cheek's blooming tinge; By those wild eyes like the roe, zon uot car dyaro. By that lip I long to taste; By that zone-encircled waist; By all the token-flowers that tell What words can never speak so well; By love's alternate joy and woe, Zom uoi car ayaró. - AEI HEN AIRE ..] * LORD BYRON. Maid of Athens ! I am gone. Think of me, sweet, when alone. Though I fly to Istambol, Athens holds my heart and soul: Can I cease to love thee? No! Zom uoi, oag äyaró. *:#-3 #- * A | 7 LEIGH HUNT. BOU BEN ADHEM (may his tribe increase!) Awoke one night from a deep dream of peace, And saw within the moonlight of his room, Making it rich and like a lily in bloom, An angel writing in a book of gold: Exceeding peace had made Ben Adhem bold, And to the presence in the room he said, “What writest thou?”–The vision raised its head, And, with a look made of all sweet accord, Answered, “The names of those who love the Lord.” *My life, I love thee. And is mine one?” said Abou. “Nay, not so,” Replied the angel. Abou spoke more low, But cheerily still; and said, “I pray thee, then, Write me as one that loves his fellow men.” The angel wrote, and vanished. The next night It came again, with a great wakening light, And showed the names whom love of God had blessed, And, lo, Ben Adhem’s name led all the rest! __ CHOICE POETICAL SELECTIONS. *YIISSILF."#. JAMES RUSSELL LOWELL. STRANGER came one night to Yussouf's tent, Saying, “Behold one outcast and in dread, Against whose life the bow of power is bent, Who flies, and hath not where to lay his head; I come to thee for shelter and for food, # To Yussouf, called through all our tribes “The - Good.’” | “This tent is mine,” said Yussouf, “but no more Than it is God's; come in, and be at peace. Freely shalt thou partake of all my store As I of His who buildeth over these Our tents his glorious roof of night and day, And at whose door none ever yet heard Nay.” - JAMES RUSSELL Low ELL. So Yussouf entertained his guest that night, And, waking him ere day, said: “Here is gold, My swiftest horse is saddled for thy flight, Depart before the prying day grow bold.” As one lamp lights another, nor grows less, So nobleness enkindleth nobleness. That inward light the stranger's face made grand, Which shines from all self-conquest; kneeling low, He bowed his forehead upon Yussouf's hand, Sobbing: “O Sheik, I cannot leave thee so: I will repay thee; all this thou hast done Unto that Ibrahim who slew thy son!” “Take thrice the gold,” said Yussouf, “for with thee Into the desert, never to return, My one black thought shall ride away from me; First-born, for whom by day and night I yearn, Balanced and just are all of God's decrees; Thou art avenged, my first-born, sleep in peace!” *==###-->~#. THIISE EVENINI, HELLS, *===#:::::=s=-k:- THOMAS MOORE. £=#| HOSE evening bells, those evening bells! & How many a tale their music tells | \p' of youth, and home, and native clime, *: # * When I last heard their soothing chime. ^& Those pleasant hours have passed away, And many a heart that then was gay, | Within the tomb now darkly dwells, And hears no more those evening bells. And so it will be when I'm gone; That tuneful peal will still ring on, When other bards shall walk these dells And sing your praise, sweet evening bells. £– *). |:UST in thy mould and beauteous in thy form, * Gentle in roll and buoyant on the surge, * Light as the sea-fowl rocking in the storm, Inbreeze and galethy onwardcourse we urge, My water-queen! Lady of mine, More light and swift than thou none thread the Sea, With surer keel or steadier on its path, We brave each waste of ocean finystery And laugh to hear the howling tempest's wrath For we are thine, “My brigantine! Trust to the mystic power that points thy way, - Trust to the eye that pierces from afar; Trust the red meteors that around thee play, And, fearless, trust the Sea-Green Lady’s Star Thou bark divine!” - 1- -'-- MID SUMMER'S DREAM. I At the old lane's shady turning, lay a spring of water bright, Singing soft its hallelujah to the gracious morn- ing light. Back she bent the shading fern-leaves, dipt her white hand in the stream, Brought it with the dripping waters, flashing with their silvery gleam. Pleasant, surely, were her musings, for the nod- ding leaves in vain Sought to press their bright'ning image on her ever-busy brain. But once, through lanes returning late, Her laughing sisters lagged behind; And, ere we reached her father's gate, We paused with one presentient mind. Her look, her tone, her form, her touch, The least seemed most, by blissful turn, Blissful but that it pleased too much, And taught the wayward soul to yearn. It was as if a harp with wires Was traversed by the breath I drew, And oh! sweet meeting of desires! She, answering, owned that she loved, too. –Coventry Patmore. III Shall I, wasting in despair, Die because a woman's fair? Or make pale my cheeks with care 'Cause another's rosy are? If she love me, this believe- I will die ere she shall grieve. If she slight me when I woo, I can scorn and let her go. -: < [“And he buried him in a valley in the land of Moab, over against Beth-peor; but no man knoweth of his sepulchre unto this day- Deut. xxxiv. 6.] On this side Jordan's wave, In a vale in the land of Moab, There lies a lonely grave; But no man dug that sepulcher And no man saw it e'er For the angels of God upturned the sod And laid the dead man there. That was the grandest funeral That ever passed on earth; But no man heard the tramping, Or saw the train go forth. Noiselessly as the daylight Comes when the night is done, And the crimson streak on ocean's cheek Grows into the great sun; Noiselessly as the spring-time Her crown of verdure weaves, And all the trees on all the hills Open their thousand leaves. So without sound of music, Or voice of them that wept, Silently down from the mountain crown The great procession swept. Lo! when the warrior dieth, His comrades in the war, With arms reversed and muffled drum, Follow the funeral car. They show the banners taken, They tell his battles won, And after him lead his masterless steed, While peals the minute gun. Amid the noblest of the land Men lay the sage to rest, *le- - - - | 866 CHOICE POETICAL SELECTIONS. * - * - THE BIRIAL IIF MISEs... s. BY C. F. A.L.E.X.A.N.D.E.R. And give the bard an honored place, With costly marble dressed; In the great minster transept, Where lights like glories fall, And the choir sings and the organ rings Along the emblazoned wall. This was the bravest warrior That ever buckled sword; This the most gifted poet That ever breathed a word; And never earth's philosopher Traced with his golden pen, On the deathless page truths half so sage As he wrote down for men. And had he not high honor? The hill-side for his pall; To lie in state while angels wait, With stars for tapers tall; And the dark rock pines, like tossing plumes, Over his bier to wave; And God's own hand in that lonely land, To lay him in the grave. In that deep grave without a name, Whence his uncoffined clay, Shall break again–oh! wondrous thought! Before the judgment day; And stand, with glory wrapped around, On the hills he never trod, And speak of the strife that won our life With th' incarnate Son of God. Oh, lonely tomb in Moab's land! Oh, dark Beth-peor's hill! Speak to these curious hearts of ours, And teach them to be still. God hath his mysteries of grace, Ways that we cannot tell; He hides them deep like the secret sleep Of him he loved so well. *::::::::::::: ***** +HLIRIAL DIF SIR IIIHN MIDIRE+: ******* R.E.V. CHARLES. WOLFE. OT a drum was heard, not a funeral note, As his corse to the rampart we hurried; Not a soldier discharged his farewell shot • O'er the grave where our hero was buried. We buried him darkly, at dead of night, The sods with our bayonets turning: By the struggling moonbeams' misty light, And the lantern dimly burning. No useless coffin enclosed his breast, Nor in sheet, nor in shroud we wound him; But he lay, like a warrior taking his rest, With his martial cloak around him. Few and short were the prayers we said, And we spoke not a word of sorrow; But we steadfastly gazed on the face of the dead And we bitterly thought of the morrow. We thought as we hollowed his narrow bed, And smoothed down his lonely pillow, |head, That the foe and the stranger would tread o'er his And we far away on the billow! Lightly they'll talk of the spirit that's gone, And o'er his cold ashes upbraid him; But little he'll reck, if they let him sleep on, In the grave where a Briton has laid him! But half of our heavy task was done, When the clock struck the hour for retiring, And we heard by th’ distant and random gun, That the foe was sullenly firing. Slowly and sadly we laid him down, From the field of his fame, fresh and gory! We carved not a line, or raised not a stone, But we left him—alone with his glory! -: | CHOICE POETICAL SELECTIONS. To her new beauty largely given * - From deeper fountains, looked and smiled; " \ . Nothing in the world is single! All things by a law divine In one another's being mingle;- Why not I with thine? –SHELLEY - And, like a morning dream from heaven The woman gleamed within the child. -John STERLING- Tis long, long since our new love Made life divine; But age enricheth true love, Like noble wine. -Gerald Massey. 867 . |. - -* © | 868 CHOICE POETICAL SELECTIONS. - -#.% HIII:LE BY ALFRED TENNYSON. HE splendor falls on castle walls The horns of Elfland faintly blowing! And snowy summits old in story; Blow, let us hear the purple glens replying, The long light shakes across the lakes, Blow, bugle; answer, echoes, dying, dying, dying! * And the wild cataract leaps in glory, Blow, bugle, blow, set the wild echoes flying: O love, they die in yon rich sky, : Blow, bugle; answer, echoes, dying, dying, dying! They faint on hill or field or river; Our echoes roll from soul to soul, O hark, O hear! how thin and clear, And grow forever and forever. And thinner, clearer, farther going, Blow, bugle, blow, set the wild echoes flying, O sweet and far from cliff and scar, And answer echoes, answer, dying, dying, dying! | © :- £- - - - - - - - - - - - - y-3-&-3– Sleep and rest, sleep and rest, Low, low, breathe and blow, Father will come to thee soon; Wind of the western sea! Rest, rest, on mother's breast, * Over the rolling waters go, Father will come to thee soon; Come from the dying moon, and Father will come to his babe in the nest, blow, Silver sails all out of the west Blow him again to me; Under the silver moon; While my little one, while my pretty Sleep, my little one, sleep, my pretty one, one, sleeps. sleep. ALFRED TENNYSON. £) sumEHDIY's IARLINE.(@ ProM “war lyrics of the south.” NTO award of the whitewashed halls Somebody's hand had rested there; Where the dead and dying lay, Was it a mother's, soft and white? Wounded by bayonets, shells and balls, And have the lips of a sister fair Somebody's darling was borne one day. Been baptized in the waves of light? Somebody's darling, so young and so brave God knows best! He was somebody's love. Wearing yet on his pale, sweet face, Somebody's heart enshrined him there; | Soon to be hid by the dust of the grave, Somebody wafted his name above, The lingering light of his boyhood grace. Night and noon on the wings of prayer. Matted and damp are the curls of gold Somebody wept when he marched away. Kissing the snow of that fair young brow, Looking so handsome, brave and grand, Pale are the lips, of delicate mold- Somebody's kiss on his forehead lay, Somebody's darling is dying now. Somebody clung to his parting hand. Back from his beautiful blue-veined brow Somebody's waiting and watching for him, Brush all the wandering waves of gold; Yearning to hold him again to their heart, Cross his hands on his bosom now, And there he lies, with his blue eyes dim, Somebody's darling is stiff and cold. And the smiling, child-like lips apart. Kiss him once for somebody's sake, Tenderly bury the fair young dead, Murmur a prayer soft and low; Pausing to drop on his grave a tear; One bright curl from its fair mates take- Carve on the wooden slab at his head, 4. They were somebody’s pride, you know. - “Somebody's darling slumbers here.” o – ~~~ BY THE AUTUMN SEA. BY The Numum) Sen. PAUL HAMILTON PLAYNE- Fair as the dawn of the fairest day, Sad as the evening's tender gray, By the latest luster of sunset kissed, That wavers and wanes through an amber mist, There cometh a dream of the past to me, On the desert sands by the autumn sea. All heaven is wrapped in a mystic veil, And the face of the ocean is dim and pale, And there rises a wind from the chill northwest That seemeth a wail of a soul's unrest, As the twilightfalls, and the vapors flee Far over the wastes of the autumn sea. A single ship through the gloaming glides, Upborne on the swell of the seaward tides; And above the gleam of her topmost spar Are the virgin eyes of the vesper-star That shine with an angel's ruth on me, A hopeless waif, by the autumn sea. The wings of the ghostly beach-birds gleam Through the shimmering surf, and the curlew's scream Falls faintly from the darkening height; The first weird sigh on the lips of Night Breathes low through the sedge and the blasted tree, With a murmur of doom by the autumn sea. Osky-enshadowed and yearning main! Your gloom but deepens this human pain; Those waves seem big with a nameless care, That sky is a type of the heart's despair, As I linger and muse by the somber lea, And the nightshades close on the autumnsea. - *...*& - - - * * * - 870 N (A Pike County View of Special Providence.) CHARLES DICKENS. H! a dainty plant is the Ivy green, That creepeth o'er ruins old! Of right choice food are his meals, I ween, In his cell so lone and cold. The walls must be crumbled, the stones decay’d To pleasure his dainty whim; And the moldering dust that years have made Is a merry meal for him. Creeping where no life is seen, A rare old plant is the Ivy green. Fast he stealethon, though he wears no wings, And a staunch old heart has hel How closely he twineth, how tight he clings To his friend, the old oak tree! And slyly he traileth along the ground, And his £ he gently waves, - And he joyously twines and hugs around The rich mold of dead men's graves. Creeping where no life is seen, A rare old plant is the Ivy green. Whole ages have fled, and their works decay’d, And nations scattered been; But the stout old 1vy shall never fade £-38'":*::::::: £-3 £LITTLE HREEEHES:- £-3 - #. * |->|N D © ON'T go much on religion, £ I never ain’t had no show; £ But I’ve got a middlin' tight grip, Sir, £ft? On the handful of things I know. #!/S- I don't pan out on the prophets, - And free-will, and that sort of thing; But I b'lieve in God and the angers, Ever since one night last spring. I come into town with some turnips, And my little Gabe come along- No four-year old in the country Could beat him for pretty and strong, Peart and chipper and sassy, Always ready to swear and fight; And I’d larnt him to chew terbacker, Jest to keep his milk-teeth white. The snow come down like a blanket As I passed by Taggart's store; I went in for a jug of molasses, And left the team at the door. They skeered at something and started- I heerd one little squall, And hell-to-split over the prairie Went team, Little Breeches, and all! Hell-to-split over the prairie! I was almost froze with skeer, But we roused up some torches, And sarched for 'em far and near. BY JOHN HAY. From its hale and hearty green. The brave old plant in its lonely days Shall fatten upon the past; For the stateliest building man can raise Is the Ivy's food at last. Creeping where no life is seen, A rare old plant is the Ivy green. : £ } -- | - * * * % CHARLES DICKENS- At last we struck hosses and wagon, Snowed under a soft white mound, Upsot, dead beat—but of little Gabe No hide nor hair was found. And here all hope soured on me, Of my fellow-critters' aid- Ijest flopped down on my marrow-bones, Crotch-deep in the snow, and prayed * * * * * By this the torches was played out, And me and Isrul Parr Went off for some wood to a sheep-fold That he said was somewhar thar. We found it at last, and a little shed Whar they shut up the lambs at night; We looked in, and seen them huddled thar, So warm and sleepy and white. And thar sot Little Breeches, and chirped, As peart as ever you see, “I want a chaw of terbacker, And that's what's the matter of me.” - How did he git thar? Angels. He could never have walked in that storm, They jest scooped down and toted him To whar it was safe and warm. And I think that saving a little child And bringing him to his own, Is a derned sight better business Than loafing around the Throne. -Q) CHOICE POETICAL SELECTIONS. 871 -T- "T- -T- From “Bitter-Szweet.” 62× *HAT is the little one thinking about? | Very wonderful things, no doubt; - Unwritten history! ~~~~ Unfathomed mystery! Yet he chuckles, and crows, and nods, and winks, As if his head were as full of kinks, And curious riddles as any sphinx! Warped by colic, and wet by tears, Punctured by pins, and tortured by fears, Our little nephew will lose two years; And he'll never know Where the summers go; He need not laugh, for he'll find it so. J. G. HOLLAND. - * Who can tell what a baby thinks? Who can follow the gossamer links, By which the manikin feels his way Out from the shore of the great unknown, Blind, and waiting, and alone Into the light of day; Out from the shore of the unknown sea. Tossing in pitiful agony; Of the unknown sea that reels and rolls, Specked with the barks of little souls," Barks that were launched on the other side, And slipped from heaven on an ebbing tide, What does he think of his mother's eyes? What does he think of his mother's hair? What of the cradle-roof, that flies Forward and backward through the air? What does he think of his mother's breast, Bare and beautiful, smooth and white, Seeking it ever with fresh delight, Cup of his life, and couch of his rest? What does he think when her quick embrace Presses his hand and buries his face Deep where the heart-throbs sink and swell, With a tenderness she can never tell, Though she murmur the words Of all the birds,- Words she has learned to murmur well? Now he thinks he'll go to sleep! I can see the shadow creep Over his eyes in soft eclipse, Over his brow and over his lips, Out to his little finger-tips! Softly sinking, down he goes! Down he goes! down he goes! See! he's hushed in sweet repose. \. '. - ' ' \s - - | \ \\ ' \\ | \ | - - - . - |- W. \ - N *\ \ | FITZ-CREENE 11 ALLECR. | | | |\\ - \- | | |\\ - - | <----|3:0:---4-3- IIISEPH RUIMAN IIRAKE. *#-4-4-###G#-4-3-32 [Died in New York, September, 1820.] REEN be the turf above thee, Friend of my better days! None knew thee but to love thee, Nor named thee but to praise. Tears fell when thou wert dying, From eyes unused to weep, And long, where thou are lying, Will tears the cold turf steep. f - Q- - - - - 872 CHOICE POETICAL SELECTIONS. When hearts, whose truth was proven It should be mine to braid it Like thine, are laid in earth, Around thy faded brow, There should a wreath be woven But I’ve in vain essayed it, To tell the world their worth. And feel I cannot now. And I, who woke each morrow While memory bids me weep thee, To clasp thy hand in mine, Northoughts nor words are free, Who shared thy joy and sorrow, The grief is fixed too deeply Whose weal and woe were thine- That mourns a man like thee. - ** - £2. # *ANNE HATHAWAY' '@: WILLIAM SHAKESPEAR E. - - To the idol of my eye and delight of my heart, Anne Hathaway. R& - #ould ye be taught, ye feathered throng, ' With love's sweet notes to grace your song, To pierce the heart with thrilling lay, Listen to mine Anne Hathaway! She hath a way to sing so clear, Phoebus might wandering stop to hear. To melt the sad, make blithe the gay, And nature charm, Anne hath a way; She hath a way, Anne Hathaway; To breathe delight Anne hath a way. > WILLIAM SHARESPEAR,-- When Envy's breath and rancorous tooth Do soil and bite fair worth and truth, And merit to distress betray, To soothe the heart Anne hath a way. She hath a way to chase despair, To heal all grief, to cure all care, Turn foulest night to fairest day. "hou know'st, fond heart. Anne hath a way; She hath a way, Anne Hathaway; To make grief bliss, Anne hath a way. Talk not of gems, the orient list, The diamond, topaz, amethyst, The emerald mild, the ruby gay; , Talk of my gem, Anne Hathaway! She hatha way, with her bright eye, Their various lustres to defy, - The jewels she, and the foil they, So sweet to look, Anne hath a way; Sne hath a way, Anne Hathaway; To shame bright gems, Anne hath a way. But were it to my fancy given, To rate her charms, I'd call them heaven; For though a mortal made of clay, Angels must love Anne Hathaway; She hath a way so to control To rapture, the imprisoned soul, And sweetest heaven on earth display, That to be heaven Anne hath a way; She hath a way, Anne Hathaway; To be heaven's self, Anne hath a way. # # TDI LIVE, - FIREET. ANI IIIE * BY JOAQUIN MILLER. Y the populous land, on the lonesome sea, Lo! these were the gifts of the gods to men— # Three miserable gifts, and only three: To love, to forget, to die—and then To love? To sit at her feet and weep; - To climb to her face, hide your face in her hair; To nestle youthere like a babe in its sleep, And, too, like a babe, to believe—it cuts there: To love in peril and bitter, sweet pain, Tolove? 'Tis to suffer. “Lie close to my breast, And then, forgotton, lie down and die; Like a fair ship in haven, O darling,” I cried; One moment of sun, whole seasons of rain, “Your round arms outstretching to heaven for rest. Then night is rolled to the door of the sky. Make signal to death.”....Death came, and love died. - – __ --> * - 4 - *18–- l'. © - o T CHOICE POETICAL SELECTIONS. 873 |- | To forget? To forget, mount horse and clutch sword, Sit down in the darkness and weep with me 2. 3. p Take ship and make sail to the ice-prisoned seas. On the edge of the world. So love lies dead. Write books and preach lies; range lands; or go hoard And the earth and the sky and the sky and the sea A grave full of gold, and buy wines—and drinklees; Seem shutting together as a book that is read. Then die, and die cursing, and call it a prayer! Yet what have we learned? We laughed with delight Is earth but a top—a boy-god's delight, In the morning at school, and kept toying with all To be spun for his pleasure while man’s despair, Time's silly playthings. Now, wearied ere night, Breaks out like a wail of the damned through the We must cry for dark-mother, her cradle the pall. night? l ################## 52 :- * ###################: #: ŻQ #. 2. - Z. - - ** *: £: *THE IRSTEP- - $3. *: £ # \ EDMUND CLARENCE STEDMAN- £ Qk | 3.HE conference-meeting through at last, A cloud passed kindly overhead, > We boys around the vestry waited The moon was slyly peeping through it, - To see the girls come tripping past Yet hid its face, as if it said, - Like snow-birds willing to be mated. “Come, now or never! do it! do it.” %. Not braver he that leaps the wall ***** *& * £ * By level musket-flashes litten, -I-I-I- - Than I, who stepped before them all, Who longed to see me get the mitten. *: . : *- But no; she blushed, and took my arm! *: # We let the old folks have the highway, *: . And started toward the Maple Farm # *- Along a kind of lover's by-way. # #. : # I can’t remember what we said, * #. 'Twas nothing worth a song or story; # Yet that rude path by which we sped - #. Seemed all transformed and in a glory. # *- The snow was crisp beneath our feet, #. The moon was full, the fields were gleaming; --- # By hood and tippet sheltered sweet, : #. Her face with youth and health was beaming. :- # # The little hand outside her muff- -> # O sculptor, if you could but mould it!- # #. So lightly touched my jacket cuff, - #. To keep it warm I had to hold it. : To have her with me there alone.- - *T was love and fear and triumph blended. | EDMUND CLARENCE STEDMAN- # At last we reached the foot-worn stone *: - - - Where that delicious journey ended. *******::: The old folks, too, were almost home; My lipstill then had only known Her dimpled hand the latches fingered, The kiss of mother and of sister, We heard the voices nearer come, But somehow, full upon her own Yet on the doorstep still we lingered. Sweet rosy, darling mouth–I kissed her! She shook her ringlets from her hood, Perhaps’t was boyish love, yet still, And with a “Thank you, Ned,” dissembled, O listless woman, weary lover! But yet I knew she understood To feel once more that fresh, wild thrill | ith what a daring wish I trembled. I’d give—But who can live youth over? -81. T *- –° 874 CHOICE POETICAL SELECTIONS. £3. - al # My Tz'i'. # Wundman Spare that Tree. C-x. -&- ><> is "a And near the sacred gate, Above the city's rout, They've hushed the minster bell; The organ 'gins to swell; 3- GEORGE P. MORRIS. *ru* *OODMAN, spare that tree, Touch not a single bough! In youth it sheltered me, And I'll protect it now. 'Twas my forefather's hand That placed it near his cot; There, woodman, let it stand, Thy axe shall harm it not! That old familiar tree, Whose glory and renown Are spread o'er land and sea, And wouldst thou hew it down? Woodman, forbear thy stroke! Cut not its earth-bound ties; O spare that aged oak, Now towering to the skies! When but an idle boy I sought its grateful shade; In all their gushing joy Here, too, my sisters played. My mother kissed me here; My father pressed my hand- Forgive this foolish tear, Butlet that old oak stand! My heart-strings round thee cling, Close as thy bark, old friend! Here shall the wild-bird sing, And still thy branches bend, Old tree! the storm still brave! And woodman, leave the spot; While I’ve a hand to save, Thy axe shall hurt it not. - *LTHOUGH I enter not, Yet round about the spot Ofttimes I hover; With longing eyes I wait, Expectant of her. The minster bell tolls out And noise and humming; She’s coming, coming! lady comes at last, Timid and stepping fast, And hastening hither, WILLIAM MAKEPEACE THACKERAY. ERIMWELL * John MILTON. #Romwell, our chief of men, who through a *: cloud, £3 Not of war only, but detractions rude, g" Guided by faith and matchless fortitude, - To peace and truth thy glorious way hast ploughed; And on the neck of crowned fortune proud Hast reared God's trophies, and his work pursued, While Darwen stream, with blood of Scots im- brued, JOHN MILTON, And Dunbar field resounds thy praises loud, And Worcester's laureate wreath. Yet much remains To conquer still; Peace hath her victories No less renowned than War: new foes arise, Threatening to bind our souls with secular chains: Help us to save free conscience from the paw Of hireling wolves, whose gospel is their maw. With modest eyes downcast; She comes,—she's here, she's past! May heaven go with her! Kneel undisturbed, fair saint! Pour out your praise or plaint Meekly and duly; I will not enter there, To sully your pure prayer With thoughts unruly. But suffer me to pace Round the forbidden place, Lingering a minute, Like outcast spirits, who wait, And see, through heaven's gate, Angels within it. = 875 | "| '' With eyes and thoughts afar, She saw not, while she wept, How, through the door ajar, A little child had crept. A toddling two-years' babe, It stole by shy degrees Till its head was pressed to her heaving breast And it slept upon her knees; Soft, soft, It slept upon her knees. Her tears gushed forth amain, But these were tears of grace; Her heart was sick with pain For the little famished face. And when the round eyes oped, # BURDEN LOOSED. And never before pressed weight so sore |- - . | '' \ '' £ |NIV" ': £ £LU-\A ANONYMOUS. A weary heart made moan, And this was still its sigh: “Was never a heart so lone, So comfortless as Il Ol never did tired eyes weep Such bitter, bitter brine; On shoulders weak as mine; Ah, me! On shoulders weak as mine!” She soothed the child and fed; She kissed it oft, and she laid it soft, And watched beside the bed- Watched, watched, And watched beside the bed. When sunrise lit the pane, No baby blessed her sight; But, lo! where its head had lain, A hovering haloed light! And gone from the weeper's heart Was the weight that pressed so sore, Her tears might flow for another's woe, But she wept for her own no more; Ah, no! She wept for her own no more. - | || ". '' '" '' 'N/ ...-- 876 CHOICE POETICAL SELECTIONS. - £, . *- : THISE EYES. *:::" BEN JONSoN. *H, do not wanton with those eyes, Lest I be sick with seeing; # Nor cast them down, but let them rise, Lest shame destroy their being. Ah! be not angry with those fires, For then their threats will kill me; Nor look too kind on my desires, For then my hopes will spill me. Ah! do not steep them in thy tears, For so will sorrow slay me; Nor spread them as distraught with fears, - Mine own enough betray me. - FINTENNY - At the dawning of the day, And the tread of many footsteps Spoke the advent of the fray. And as we took our places, Few and stern were our words, While some were tightening horse-girths, And some were girding swords. The trumpet plast has sounded Our footmen to array; The willing steed has bounded, Impatient for the fray; The green flag is unfolded, While rose the cry of joy, “Heaven speed dear #. banner, To-day at Fontenoy.” We looked upon that banner, And the memory arose Of our homes and perished kindred, Where the Lee or Shannon flows; We looked upon that banner, And we swore to God on high, To smite to-day the Saxon’s might- To conquer or to die. Loud swells the charging trumpet, - 'Tis a voice from our own land; God of battles-God of vengeance, Guide to day the patriot band; There are stains to wash away; There are memories to destroy, In the best blood of the Briton To-day at Fontenoy. Plunge deep the fiery rowels In a thousand reeking flanks,— Down, chivalry of Ireland, Down on the British ranks: Now shall their serried columns Beneath our sabres reel,- Through their ranks, then, with the war- horse; Through their bosoms with the steel. With one shout for good King Louis, And the fair land of the vine, Like the wrathful Alpine tempest, We swept upon their line,— Then rang along the battle-field Triumphantour hurrah, And we smote them down, still cheering “Erin, slanthagal go bragh.” As prized as is the blessing From an aged father's lip- As welcome as the heaven To the tempest-driven ship,- As dear as to the lover The smile of gentle maid,— Is this day of long-sought vengeance To the swords of the Brigade. See their shattered forces flying, A broken, routed line,— See England, what brave laurels For your brow to-day we twine. Oh, thrice bless'd the hour that witnessed The Briton turn to flee From the chivalry of Erin, And France's "fleur delis.” As we lay beside our camp fires, When the sun had passed away, And thought upon our brethren, Who had perished in the fray, - Who prayed to God to grant us, And then we'd die with joy, One day upon our own dear land Like this of Fontenoy. *Ireland, the bright toast forever. o- THE RUSTIC BRIDGE. # # - '' ". Ž £ / £. ". THE RIISTII: HRIIIEE. WILLIAM COWPER. Descending now (but cautious, lest too fast) A sudden steep upon a rustic bridge, We pass a gulf in which the willows dip Their pendant boughs, stooping as if to drink; Hence, ankle-deep in moss and flowery thyme, We mount again and feel at every step, Our foot half sunk in hillocks green and soft Raised by the mole, the miner of the soil. He, not unlike the great ones of mankind, Disfigures earth, and, plotting in the dark, Toils much to earn a monumental pile That may record the mischiefs he has done. - *E= CHOICE POETICAL SELECTIONS. . G- – 22% a - •. | #Betsy ann'). LaRE nur. -9 "... . Q- >)4 (+ - WILL M. CARLETON, #: * }(\#, RAW up the papers, lawyer, and make 'em good And the next that I remember was when we lost a cow; | 3. and stout, She had kicked the bucket, for certain—the question wa £ £. For things at home are cross-ways, and Betsy only-How? - | ©'s and I are out; I held my opinion, and Betsey another had; £ We who have worked together so long as man and And when we were done a talkin', we both of us was £ wife mad. Must pull in single harness the rest of our nat'ral life. And the next that I remember, it started in a joke; But for full a week it lasted, and neither of us spoke. “What is the matter,” says you? I swan! it's hard to tell! And the next was when I fretted because she broke a Most of the years behind us we've passed by very well; bowl, I have no other woman-she has no other man; And she said I was mean and stingy, and hadn’t any Only we’ve lived together as long as ever we can. soul. *::": -->'' '' $ - f | % © # # # # # § # # **śrafts, at Sica's catsu assica'k'ssica'ssica". Suea"Suea"Suea"Sica. So I have talked with Betsy, and Betsy has talked with me; And so the thing kept workin', and all the self same And we’ve agreed together that we can never agree; way; Not that we've catched each other in any terrible crime; Always somethin' to arge and something sharp to say, - We've been gatherin’ this for years, a little at a time. And down on us came the neighbors, a couple of dozen strong, There was a stock of temper we both had, for a start; And lent their kindest service to help the thing along. Although we ne'er suspected 'twould take us two apart; - I had my various failings, bred in the flesh and bone, And there have been days together—and many a weary And Betsy, like all good women, had a temper of her own. week- - When both of us were cross and spunky, and both too proud The first thing, I remember, whereon we disagreed, to speak; Was somethin concerning heaven, a difference in our creed; And I have been thinkin’ and thinkin', the whole of the We arged the thing at breakfast-we arged the thing at tea- summer and fall, l And the more we arg’ed the question, the more we couldn't If I can't live kind with a woman, why, then I won't agree. at all. == CHOICE POETICAL SELECTIONS. 879 . And so I’ve talked with Betsy, and Betsy has talked with me; - And we have agreed together that we can never agree; And what is hers shall be hers, and what is mine shall be mine; And I’ll put it in the agreement, and take it to her to sign. Write on the paper, lawyer—the very first paragraph- fall the farm and live stock, she shall have her half; or she has helped to earn it, through many a weary day, And it's nothin more than justice that Betsy has her pay. And all of 'em was flustered, and fairly taken down, And for a time I was counted the luckiest man in town. Once, when I had a fever—I won't forget it soon- I was hot as a basted turkey and crazy as a loon- Never an hour went by me when she was out of sight; She nursed me true and tender, and stuck to me day and night. And if ever a house was tidy, and ever a kitchen clean, Her house and kitchen was tidy as any I ever seen, And I don’t complain of Betsy or any of Give her the house and homestead; a man can thrive and roam, But women are wretched critters, unless they have a home. And I have always determined, and never failed to say, That Betsy never snould want a home, if I was taken away. There's a little hard money besides, that's drawin’ tol'rable pay, A couple of hundred dollars laid by for a rainy day, - Safe in the hands of good men, and easy to get at; Put in another clause there, and give her all of that. I see that you are smiling, sir, at my givin' her so much; Yes, divorce is cheap, sir, but I take no ~ % | her acts, Exceptin' when we've quarrelled, and told each other facts. So draw up the paper, lawyer; and I'll go home to-night, And read the agreement to her and see if it's all right; And then in the mornin’ I’ll sell to a tradin” man I know- And kiss the child that was left us, and out in the world I'll go. And one thing put in the paper, that first to me didn’t occur; That when I am dead at last she will bring me back to her, And lay me under the maple we planted years ago, When she and I was happy, before we quarrelled so. 12 |2% 4% WILL M. CARLETON, stock in such; True and fair I married her, when she was blithe and young And Betsy was always good to me, exceptin' with her tongue. When I was young as you, sir, and not so smart, perhaps, For me she mittened a lawyer and several other chaps; *::: -QE. * . TVE brought back the paper, lawyer, and fetched the parson here, and clear; To see that things are regular, and settled up fair For I've been talking with Caleb, and Caleb has with me, [more to agree. And the 'mount of it is we're minded to try once So I came here on the business, -only a word to say (Caleb is staking pea-vines, and couldn’t come to-day,) Just to tell you and parson how that we’ve changed our mind So I'll tear up the paper, lawyer, you see it wasn't signed. And now if parson is ready, I'llwalk with him toward home; I want to thank him for something, 'twas kind of him to COne- He's showed a Christian spirit, stood by us firm and true; We mightn't have changed our mind, squire, if he'd been a lawyer, too. [trees, There!—how good the sunfeels, and the grass, and blowin Something about them lawyers makes me feel fit to freeze; HETSY HESTRIYS THE Texas TT And when she dies, I wish that she would be laid by me; And lyin’ together in silence, perhaps we'll then agree; And if ever we meet in heaven, I wouldn’t think it queer If we loved each other the better because we've quarrelled here. * -1. A 5 & 1 & 1 & HAPER 7 : " " " as- I wasn't bound to state particulars to that man, [plan. But it's right you should know, parson, about our change of We'd been some days a waverin a little, Cabeb and me, And wished the hateful paper at the bottom of the sea; But I guess 'twas the prayer last evening, and the few words you said, head. That thawed the ice between us, and brought things to a You see, when we came to division, there was things that wouldn't divide, There was our twelve-year-old baby, she couldn't be satisfied To go with one or the other, but just kept whimperin low, “I’ll stay with papa and mamma, and where they go I'll go.” Then there was grandsire's Bible—he died on our wedding day; We wouldn't halve the old Bible, and should it go or stay? The sheets that was Caleb's mother's, her sampler on the wall, nice and Paul. With the sweet old names worked in-Tryphena, and Eu- "— 88O It began to be hard then, parson, but it grew harder still, Talkin' of Caleb established down at McHenrysville; Three dollars a week 'twould cost him; no mendin’ nor sort of care, And board at the Widow Mecham's, a woman that wears false hair. - Still we went on a talkin'; I agreed to knit some socks, . And make a dozen striped shirts, and a pair of wa'mus frocks; And he was to cut a doorway from the kitchen to the shed: “Save. £" climbing steps much, in frosty weather,” he S3 1C... . He brought me the pen at last; I felt a sinking, and he Looked as he did with the agur, in the spring of sixty-three. 'Twas then you dropped in, parson, 'twasn't much that was said “Little children, love one another,” but the thing was killed stone dead. * I should like to make confession; not that I'm going to say The fault was all on my side, that never was my way; But it may be true that women—tho' how ’tis I can't see— Are a trifle more aggravatin’ than men know how to be. Then, parson, the neighbors' meddlin’—it wasn’t pourin oil; And the church a laborin’ with us, 'twas worse than wasted toil; * t * And I’ve thought, and so has Caleb, though maybe we are wrong, If they'd kept to their own business, we should have got along. There was Deacon Amos Purdy, a good man as we know, But hadn't a gift of laborin’ except with the scythe and hoe; Then a load came over in peach time from the Wilbur neighborhood, “Season of prayer,” they called it; didn't do an atom of good. I'll tell you about the heifer—one of the kindest and best- That brother Ephraim gave me, the fall he moved out West; I'm free to 9 wn it riled me that Caleb should think and say She # of convulsions—a cow that milked four gallons a ay. s: FAINT, delicious, springtime violet! Thine odor, like a key, Turns noiselessly in memory's wards to let A thought of sorrow free. # The breath of distant fields upon Iny brow o Blows through that open door [low, The sound of wind-borne bells, more sweet and And sadder than of yore. *A : N: 4| * (; It comes afar, from that beloved place, And that beloved hour, When life hung ripening in love's golden grace, Like grapes above a bower. CHOICE POETICAL SELECTIONS. WII WILLIAM W. STORY. But I needn't have spoke of turnips, needn't have been so CrOSS, And said hard things, and hinted as if 'twas all my loss; And I'll take it all back, parson; that fire shan’t ever break Out, * Though the cow was choked with a turnip, I never had a doubt. * : # Then there are p'ints of doctrine, and views of a future state, I'm willing to stop discussin’; we can both afford to wait; : "Twon’t bring the millennium sooner, disputin’ about when it's due, Although I feel an assurance that mine's the Scriptural view. But the blessedest truths of the Bible, I’ve learned to think don’t lie In the texts we hunt with a candle to prove our doctrines by, But them that come to us in sorrow, and when we're on our knees; So if Caleb won't argue on free-will, I'll leave alone the de- CI CCS, One notion of Caleb's, parson, seems rather misty and dim ; I wish, if it comes convenient, you’d change a word with him, * It don’t quite stand to reason, and for gospel it isn't clear, That folks love better in heaven for having quarreled here I've no such an expectation; why, parson, if that is so, You needn’t have worked so faithful to reconcile folks below ; I hold another opinion, and hold it straight and square, If we can’t be peaceable here, we won’t be peaceable there. But there's the request he made; you know it, parson, about Bein’ laid under the maples that his own hand set out, And me to be laid beside him when my time comes to go; As if—as if—don't mind me; but ’twas that unstrung me so. And now that some scales, as we think, have fallen from our eyes, And things brought so to a crisis have made us both more W1S6 Why, Caleb says, and so I say, till the Lord parts him and me, We'll love each other better, and try our best to agree -A-M-A. AllM-144 III.E.'I'-(+ · A spring goes singing through its reedy grass; The lark sings o'er my head, Drowned in the sky-O, pass, ye visions, pass! I would that I were dead!— Why hast thou opened that forbidden door, From which I ever flee? O vanished joy! O love, that art no more, Let my vexed spirit be! O violet! thy odor through my brain Hath searched, and stung to grief This sunny day, as if a curse did stain Thy velvet leaf. SUMMER WOODS. SUMME. WILLIAM HENRY BURLEIGH. The ceaseless hum of men, the dusty streets, Crowded with multitudinous life; the din Of toil and traffic, and the woe and sin, The dweller in the populous city meets: These have I left to seek the cool retreats Of the untrodden forest, where, in bowers Builded by nature's hand, inlaid with flowers, And roofed with ivy, on the mossy seats Reclining, I can while away the hours In sweetest converse with old books, or give My thoughts to God; or fancies fugitive Indulge, while over me their radiant showers Ofrarest blossoms the old trees shake down, And, thanks to Him, my meditations crown. | | - - - - - - | - - | -- | - - - | - - - 882 # THE DILII IIHKEN HIII:KET- CHOICE POETICAL SELECTIONS. # BY SAMUEL WOOD-WORTH, - hood When fond recollection presents them to view! $25". The orchard, the meadow, the deep-tangled wild- s wood, % And every loved spot which my infancy knew:- The wide-spreading pond, and the mill which stood by it, | T'ge. and the rock where the cataract fell; The cot of my father, the dairy-house nigh it, And e'en the rude bucket which hung in the well The old oaken bucket, the iron-bound bucket, The moss-covered bucket which hung in the well. OW dear to this heart are the scenes of my child- That moss-covered vessel I hail as a treasure For often at noon, when returned from the field, I found it the source of an exquisite pleasure, The purest and sweetest that nature can yield. Howardent I seized it, with hands that were glowing! And quick to the white-pebbled bottom it fell; Then soon, with the emblem of truth overflowing, And dripping with coolness, it rose from the well: The old oaken bucket, the iron-bound bucket, The moss-covered bucket, arose from the well. How sweet from the green mossy brim to receive it, As, poised on the curb, it inclined to my lips! Not a full blushing goblet could tempt me to leave it Though filled with the nectar that Jupiter sips. And now, far removed from the loved situation, The tear of regret will intrusively swell, As fancy reverts to my father's plantation, And sighs for the bucket which hangs in the well; The old oaken bucket, the iron-bound bucket, The moss-covered bucket which hangs in the well. - “The old oaken bucket, the iron-bound bucket, The moss-covered bucket which hung in the well.” "- £ RIEK ME TI SLEEF. & BY FLORENCE PERCY. |- £ackward, turn backward, O Time, in your - flight, - | Make me a child again, just for to-night! Mother, come back from the echoless shore, Take me again to your heart as of yore; Kiss from my forehead the furrows of care, Smooth the few silver threads out of my hair; Over my slumbers your loving watch keep;- Rock me to sleep, mother,-rock me to sleep! Backward, flow backward, oh, tide of the years I am so weary of toil and of tears, - Toil without recompense, tears all in vain,- Take them, and give me my childhood again! I have grown weary of dust and decay, - Weary of flinging my soul-wealth away; Weary of sowing for others to reap; Rock me to sleep, mother,-rock me to sleep! Tired of the hollow, the base, the untrue, Mother, O mother, my heart calls for you! Many a summer the grass has grown green, Blossomed, and faded, our faces between; Yet with strong yearning and passionate pain Long I to-night for your presence again. Come from the silence so long and so deep:- Rock me to sleep, mother,-rock me to sleep! *| Ç Over my heart, in the days that are flown, No love like mother-love ever has shone; No other worship abides and endures,- Faithful, unselfish, and patient like yours: None like a mother can charm away pain From the sick soul and the world-weary brain. Slumber's soft calms o'er my heavy lids creep; Rock me to sleep, mother,-rock me to sleep! "Come, let your brown hair, just lighted with gold, Fall on your shoulders again as of old; Let it drop over my forehead to-night, Shading my faint eyes away from the light; For with its sunny-edged shadows once more Haply will throng the sweet visions of yore; Lovingly, softly, its bright billows sweep;- Rock me to sleep, mother-rpck me to sleep! Mother, dear mother, the years have been long Since I last listened your lullaby song: Sing, then, and unto my soul it shall seem Womanhood's years have been only a dream. Clasped to your heart in a loving embrace, With your £ lashes just sweeping my face, Never hereafter to wake or to weep;- Rock me to sleep, mother-rock me to sleep! - | | | - - | || || || | | = | - | - - == 7 '' | | - - \ - - - - |- | . || || | | - | - | | - - | | | | - | - | - - | - | - - - - - | - - - - - - | - . - - - - - - - - - - |- - - | - | - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - | - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - | | - - - - - | - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - | - - - | - - - - a. - - - '. | - - | | | | - - *- . | - - - - - | | - || - | | ''' ' ' || - '" || || - - - - - - - | - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - |- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - | - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - | |- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - H- CO-R-G-- - The mellow year is hasting to a close, The little birds have almost said their last, - Their small notes twitter in the dreary blast- That shrill-piped harbinger of early snows:– The patient beauty of the scentless rose, Oft with the Morn's hoar crystal quaintly glassed, Hangs, a pale mourner for the summer past, And makes a little summer where it grows:– In the chill sunbeam of the faint brief day The dusky waters shudder as they shine; The russet leaves obstruct the straggling way Of oozy brooks, which no deep banks define, And the gaunt woods, in ragged, scant array, Wrap their old limbs with somber ivy-twine. 4- 884 CHOICE POETICAL SELECTIONS. D-> JOHN GREENLEAF whitTIER. AUD MULLER, on a summer's day Raked the meadow sweet with hay. Beneath her torn hat glowed the wealth Of simple beauty and rustic health. Singing, she wrought, and her merry glee The mock-bird echoed from his tree. But when she glanced to the far-off town White from its hill-slope looking down, The sweet song died, and a vague unrest And a nameless longing filled her breast- A wish, that she hardly dared to own, For something better than she had known. JOHN GREENLEAF will TTIER, The Judge rode slowly down the lane, Smoothing his horse's chestnut mane. He drew his bridle in the shade Of the apple trees, to greet the maid, And ask a draught from the spring that flowed Through the meadow, across the road. She stooped where the cool spring bubbled up, And filled for him her small tin cup, | g- &-3-3-3-on- & *MAIIII MLILLER-44 And blushed as she gave it, looking down On her feet so bare, and her tattered gown. “Thanks!” said the Judge, “a sweeter draught From a fairer hand was never quaffed.” He spoke of the grass and flowers and trees, Of the singing birds and the humming bees; Then talked of the haying, and wondered whether The cloud in the west would bring foul weather. And Maud forgot her brier-torn gown, And her graceful ankles, bare and brown, And listened, while a pleased surprise Looked from her long-lashed hazel eyes. At last, like one who for delay Seeks a vain excuse, he rode away. Maud Muller looked and sighed: “Ah, me! That I the Judge's bride might be! “He would dress me up in silks so fine, And praise and toast meat his wine. “My father should wear a broadcloth coat, My brother should sail a painted boat. “I’d dress my mother so grand and gay, And the baby should have a new toy each day. “And I’d feed the hungry, and clothe the poor, And all should bless me who left our door.” The Judge looked back as he climbed the hill And saw Maud Muller standing still: “A form more fair, a face more sweet, Ne'er hath it been my lot to meet. “And her modest answer and graceful air Show her wise and good as she is fair. “Would she were mine, and I to-day, Like her, a harvester of hay. “No doubtful balance of rights and wrongs, Nor weary lawyers with endless tongues, “But low of cattle, and song of birds, And health, and quiet, and loving words.” - But he thought of his sister, proud and cold, And his mother, vain of her rank and gold. So, closing his heart, the Judge rode on, And Maud was left in the field alone. But the lawyers smiled that afternoon, | When he hummed in court an old love tune. - – E---> - --> G- CHOICE POETICAL SELECTIONS. 885 | W And the young girl mused beside the well, In the shade of the apple-tree again Till the rain on the unraked clover fell. She saw a rider draw his rein, He wedded a wife of richest dower, And, gazing down with a timid grace, Who lived for fashion as he for power. She felt his pleased eyes read her face. Yet oft, in his marble hearth's bright glow Sometimes her narrow kitchen walls He watched a picture come and go; Stretched away into stately halls; And sweet Maud Muller's hazel eyes The weary wheel to a spinnet turned, Looked out in their innocent surprise. The tallow candle an astral burned; Oft, when the wine in his glass was red, And for him who sat by the chimney lug, He longed for the wayside well instead, Dozing and grumbling o'er pipe and mug, And closed his eyes on his garnished rooms, A manly form at her side she saw, To dream of meadows and clover blooms; And joy was duty, and love was law. And the proud man sighed with a secret pain, Then she took up her burden of life again, - “Ah, that I were free again! Saying only, “It might have been.” “Free as when I rode that day Alas for maiden, alas for Judge, - Where the barefoot maiden raked the hay.” For rich repiner and household drudge! She wedded a man unlearned and poor, God pity them both ! and pity us all, And many children played round her door. Who vainly the dreams of youth recall; But care and sorrow and child-birth pain, For of all sad words of tongue or pen, Left their traces on heart and brain. The saddest are these: “It might have been!” - And oft, when the summer sun shone hot Ah, well! for us all some sweet hope lies On the new-mown hay in the meadow-lot, Deeply buried from human eyes; And she heard the little spring brook fall And, in the hereafter, angels may Over the roadside through the wall, Roll the stone from its grave away! © sle ~ : -la al- o £: \o # MARTIN. : 9°-7-7--> JoHN GREENLEAF WHITTIER, "CROSS the level tableland No warmer valley hides behind A grassy, rarely trodden way, Yon wind-scourged sand-dunes, cold and bleak; - With thinnest skirt of birchen spray No fairer river comes to seek £” % Śf And stunted growth of cedar, leads The wave-sung welcome of the sea, *: To where you see the dull plain fall Or mark the northmost border line | Sheer off, steep-slanted, ploughed by all Of sun-loved growths of nut and vine. The season's rainfalls. On Here, ground-fast in their its brink native fields; The over-leaning hare- Untempted by the city's bells swing, - gain, With roots half bare the The quiet-farmer folk re- pine-trees cling; - main And through the shadow Who bear the pleasant name looking west, of Friends, You see the wavering E. And keep their fathers' river flow --~~~~ gentle ways Along a vale that far be-i: £: And simple speech of low - T. r. Bible days; Holds to the sun the sheltering hills, In whose neat homesteads woman holds And glimmering water-line between, With modest ease her equal place, Broad fields of corn and meadows green. And wears upon her tranquil face - And fruit-bent orchards grouped around The look of one who, merging not l The low brown roofs and painted eaves, Her self-hood in another's will, And chimney-tops half hid in leaves. Is love's and duty's handmaid still. - -Q. --> 886 CHOICE POETICAL SELECTIONS. Pass with me down the path that winds Through birches to the open land, Where, close upon the river strand You mark a cellar, vine o'errun, Above whose wall of loosened stones The sumach lifts its reddening cones, And the black nightshade's berries shine, And broad, unsightly burdocks fold The household ruin, century-old. Here, in the dim colonial time Of sterner lives and gloomier faith, A woman lived, tradition saith, Who wrought her neighbors foul annoy, And witched and plagued the country-side, Till at the hangman's hand she died. Sit with me while the wester- ing day Falls slantwise down the quiet vale, And haply, ere yon loiter- ing sail, That rounds the upper head- land, falls Below Deer Island's pines, On Sees Behind it Hawwood's belt of trees Rise black against the sinking sun, My idyl of its days of old, The valley's legend shall be told. It was the pleasant harvest-tirhe, When cellar-bins are closely stowed, And garrets bend beneath their load, And the old swallow-haunted barns,— Brown-gabled, long and full of seams Through which the moted sunlight streams, And winds blow freshly in, to shake The red plumes of the roosted cocks, And the loose hay-mow's scented locks,— Are filled with summer's ripened stores, Its odorous grass and barley sheaves, From their low scaffolds to their eaves. On Esek Harden's oaken floor, With many an autumn threshing worn, Lay the heaped ears of unhusked corn. And thither came young men and maids, Beneath a moon that, large and low, Lit that sweet eve of long ago. They took their places; some by chance, And others by a merry voice Or sweet smile guided to their choice. How pleasantly the rising moon, Between the shadow of the mows, Looked on them through the great elm-boughs! PA/PT //. On sturdy boyhood, sun-em- browned, On girlhood with its solid Cllr Ves Of healthful strength and painless nerves! And jests went round, and laughs that made The house-dog answer with his howl, And kept astir the barn- yard fowl. And quaint old songs their fathers sung In Derby dales and York- shire moors, Ere Norman William trod their shores; And tales, whose merry license shook The fat sides of the Saxon -- 5: . - - £ # : thane, £v \'s- Forgetful of the hovering - - - *- - S. #3: V. Dane,— The Husking. Rude plays to Celt and Cimbri known, The charms and riddles that beguiled On Oxus' banks the young world's child,- That primal picture-speech wherein Have youth and maid the story told, So new in each, so dateless old, Recalling pastoral Ruth in her Who waited, blushing and demure, Thered ear's kiss of forfeiture. PA/PT ///. But still the sweetest voice was mute That river valley ever heard From lips of maid orthroat of bird; - For Mabel Martin sat apart, And let the hay-mow's shadow fall Upon the loveliest face of all. She sat apart, as one forbid, Who knew that none would condescend To own the Witch-wife's child a friend. – =- *- CHOICE POETICAL SELECTIONS. 887 The seasons scarce had gone their round, Since curious thousands thronged to see Her mother at the gallows tree; And mocked the prison-palsied limbs That faltered on the fatal stairs, And wan lip trembling with its prayers! Few questioned of the sorrowing child, Or when they saw the mother die, Dreamed of the daugh- ter's agony. They went up to their # homes that day, As men and Christians justified; God willed it, and the wretch had died! Dear God and Father of us all, Forgive our faith in cruel lies,- Forgive the blindness that denies! Forgive thy creature when he takes, For the all-perfect love thou art, Some grim creation of his heart. Small leisure have the Cast down our idols, overturn Our bloody altars; let us see Thyself in thy humanity! Young Mabel from her mother's grave Crept to her desolate hearth-stone, And wrestled with her fate alone; With love, and anger, and despair, The phantoms of dis- ordered sense, The awful doubts of Providence! O, dreary broke the winter ays, And dreary fell the win- ter nights When, one by one, the neighboring lights Went out, and human sounds grew still, And all the phantom- peopled dark Closed round her hearth-fire's dying spark. And summer days were sad and long, And sad the uncompanioned eves, And sadder sunset-tinted leaves, And Indian Summer's airs of balm; She scarcely felt the soft caress, The beauty died of loneliness! And, starting, with an The school-boys jeered her as they passed, And, when she sought the house of prayer Her mother's curse pursued her there. And still o'er many a neighboring door She saw the horseshoe's curved charm, To guard against her mother's harm: And still her weary wheel went round Day after day, with no relief: PA/PT /V. So in the shadow Mabel sits; Had been her warm and steady friend, Ere yet her mother's doom had made Even Esek Harden half afraid. He felt that mute appeal of tears, Hushed all the wicked murmurs down. That mother, poor and sick and lame, Who daily, by the old arm-chair, Folded her withered hands in prayer:- Who turned, in Salem's dreary jail, Her worn old Bible o'er and o'er, When her dim eyes could read no more! Sore tried and pained the poor girl kept Her faith, and trusted that her way, So dark, would some- where meet the day. poor for grief. Untouched by mirth she sees and hears, Her smile is sadder than her tears. But cruel eyes have found her out, And cruel lips repeat her name, And taunt her with her mother's shame. She answered not with railing words, But drew her apron o'er her face, And, sobbing, glided from the place. And only pausing at the door Her sad eyes met the troubled gaze Of one who, in her better days angry frown, =[- *–- | “Good neighbors mine,” he sternly said, “This passes harmless mirth or jest; I brook no insult to my guest. “She is indeed her mother's child; But God's sweet pity ministers Unto no whiter soul than hers. “Let Goody Martin rest || *~/." Z2, in peace; %% #% | I never knew her harm a -- fly, And witch or not, God knows—not I. “I know who swore her life away; And as God lives, I’d not condemn An Indian dog on word of them.” The broadest lands in all the town, The skill to guide, the power to awe, Were Harden’s; and his word was law. - So in the sh None dared withstand him to his face, But one sly maiden spake aside: “The little witch is evil-eyed! * Her mother '. killed a cow, Or witched a churn or dairy-pan, But she, forsooth, must charm a man!” PA/PT L. || || || the wood, |- * And saw, as if a ghost || pursued, Hershadow gliding in the : moon; The soft breath of the west wind gave - A chill as from her mo- ther's grave. How dreary seemed the silent house! Wide in the moonbeam's ghastly glare \\ Its windows had a dead |\\ man's stare! - And, like a gaunt and - |-- spectral hand, * Good The tremulous shadow of a birch Reached out and touched the door's low porch, As if to lift its latch: hard by, A sudden warning call she heard, The night-cry of a boding bird. 888 - CHOICE POETICAL SELECTIONS. adow Mabel sits, / | ~ % Ž. //#% - - # - || - | *: Poor Mabel, homeward | | |- '% % "/: ple way - | - | - - " / | - - turning, passed 2:. £2. s: £ '. # To teach her bitter heart The nameless terrors of £ - £ to pray £ £, 2. neigators mi ne,” he sternly saia. She leaned against the door; her face, So fair, so young, so full of pain, White in the moonlight's silver rain. The river, on its pebbled rim, , Made music such as childhood knew; The door-yard tree was whispered through By voices such as child- hood’s ear Had heard in moonlights long ago; And through the willow- boughs below She saw the rippled waters shine; Beyond, in waves of shade and light, The hills rolled off into the night. She saw and heard, but over all A sense of some trans- forming spell, The shadow of her sick heart fell. And still across the wooded space The harvest lights of Harden shone, And song and jest and laugh went on. And he, so gentle, true, and strong, Of men the bravest and the best, Had he, too, scorned her with the rest? She strove to drown her sense of wrong, And, in her old and sim- '' % - Poor child! the prayer, begun in faith, Grew to a low, despair- ing cry Of utter misery: “Let me die! “Oh! take me from the scornful eyes, And hide me where the cruel speech And mocking finger may not reach! “I flare not breathe my mother's name: A daughter's right I dare not crave To weep above her unblest grave! “Let me not live until my heart, With few to pity, and with none To love me, hardens into stone. - . == #" CHOICE POETICAL SELECTIONS. 889 “O God! have mercy on thy child, Whose faith in thee grows weak and small And take me ere I lose it all!” A shadow on the moonlight fell, And murmuring wind and wave became A voice whose burden was her name. He led her forth, and, blent in one, Beside their happy pathway ran The shadows of the maid and man. He led her through his dewy fields, To where the swinging lanterns glowed, And through the doors the huskers showed. PA/P/" V/. Had he sent His angel down? In flesh and blood, Before her Esek Harden - stood! “Dear Mabel, this no more shall be; He laid his hand upon her arm: Who scoffs at you must scoff at me. “You know rough Esek Harden well: And if he seems no suitor gay, And if his hair is touched with gray, “The maiden grown shall never find His heart less warm than when she smiled, Upon his knees, a little child!” Her tears of grief were tears of joy, As, folded in his strong embrace, She looked in Esek Har- den's face. “O truest friend o. all,” she said, “God bless you for your kindly thought, And make me worthy of my lot!” “Good friends and neighbors!” Esek said, “I’m weary of this lonely life; In Mabel see my chosen wife! | “She greets you kindly, one and all; ... The pastis past, and all offence | Falls harmless from her inno- CenCC. “Henceforth she stands no more alone: You know what Esek Harden is:- He brooks no wrong to him or his. “Now let the merriest tales be told, And let the sweetest | songs be sung That ever made the old heart young! “For now the lost has found a home; And a long hearth shall brighter burn, As all the household joys return!” O pleasantly the harvest- moon, Between the shadow of the mows, Looked on them through the great elm-boughs! On Mabel’s curls of golden hair, On Esek's shaggy strength it fell; And the wind whispered, “It is well!” B&S LANIIINE DIF THE FILERIM FATHERS. *::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::################################:::::::::::::::::: * BY FELICIA HEMANS. HE breaking waves dashed high On a stern and rock-bound coast, And the woods against a stormy sky Their giant branches tossed; And the heavy night hung dark The hills and waters o'er, When a band of exiles moored their bark On the wild New England shore. Not as the conqueror comes, They, the true-hearted, came; Notwith the roll of the stirring drums, And the trumpet that sings of fame; Not as the flying come, In silence and in fear;- They shook the depths of the desert gloom With their hymns of lofty cheer. – <-- ber bed, And listen to the patter of the soft rain overhead. Every tinkle on the shingles has an echo in the heart And a thousand dreary fancies into busy being start; And a thousand recollections weave their bright hues into woof, As I listen to the patter of the soft rain on the roof. There in fancy comes my mother, as she used to years agone, * To survey the infant sleepers ere she left them till the dawn. I can see her bending o'er me, as I listen to the strain Which is played upon the shingles by the patter of the rain. | Q *—- 890 CHOICE POETICAL SELECTIONS. Amidst the storm they sang, There was woman s fearless eye, And the stars heard, and the sea; Lit by her deep love's truth; And the sounding aisles of the dim woods rang There was manhood's brow serenely high To the anthem of the free. And the fiery heart of youth. The ocean eagle soared What sought they thus far? From his nest by the white waves' foam, Bright jewels of the mine? And the rocking pines of the forest roared,— The wealth of seas, the spoils of war?— This was their welcome home. * They sought a faith's pure shrine! There were men with hoary hair Ay, call it holy ground, Amidst that pilgrim band: The soil where first they trod; Why had they come to wither there, They have left unstained what there they found,- Away from their childhood's land? Freedom to worship God. <>-oo-->-oo-->-co N:-oo-'3:-oo-->-oc * ~ E. Ś r -04 o—# * Run in THE RIF: #- <:-oo->-co-'-oo-Ç' RA:-oo- $:-oo-3'-oo-->-oo-> J' COATES KINNEY. $f §: HEN the humid showers gather over all the Then my little seraph sister, with her wings and waving hair, | s starry spheres, * And her bright-eyed, cherub brother—a serene, angelic \!\! And the melancholy darkness gently weeps in pair, – *::\;# rainy tears, Glide around my wakeful pillow with their praise or mild Q 'Tis a joy to press the pillow of a cottage cham- reproof, As I listen to the murmur of the soft rain on the roof. An'ther comes to thrill me with her eyes' delicious U16'. I forget, as gazing on her, that her heart was all untrue. I remember that I loved her as I ne'er may love again, And my heart's quick pulses vibrate to the patter of the I'll I). s There is 'ught in art's bravuras that can work with such a spell, In the spirit's pure deep fountains, whence the holy pas- sions swell, As that melody of nature—that subdued, subduing strain, which : played upon the shingles by the patter of the T#111 ||. FRANCIS MIRIAM whitcIIER. From the “Widow Bedott” Papers. REVERENT sir, I do declare, # It drives me most to frenzy, \#): To think of you a lying there £4: Down sick with influenzy. A body'd thought it was enough To mourn your wife's departer, Without sich trouble as this ere To come a follerin’ artèr. But sickness and affliction Are sent by a wise creation, And always ought to be underwent By patience and resignation. "T- Oh, I could to your bedside fly, And wipe your weeping eyes, And do my best to cure you up, If’t would n't create surprise. It's a world of trouble we tarry in, But, Elder, don't despair; * . That you may soon be movin’ again, ls constantly my prayer. Both sick and well, you may depend You'll never be forgot By your faithful and affectionate friend, | RISCILLA Pool. BEDOTT. –====" =[. * Q- |- - CHOICE POETICAL SELECTIONS. 891 ... ..." § £----->4---& #---- NATHANIEL PARKER WILLIS. - - HE shadows lay along Broadway, No mercy now can clear her brow 'Twas near the twilight-tide, For this world's peace to pray; | i And slowly there a lady fair For, as love's wild prayer dissolved in air, *: -TT Was walking in her pride. Her woman's heart gave way! * Alone walked she; but viewlessly, But the sin forgiven by Christ in heaven Walked spirits at her side. By man is cursed alway! # *************** Peace charmed the street beneath her feet, : *>s. And honor charmed the air * s' - Andallastir looked kind on her, * #. And called her good as fair, – £ # For all God ever gave to her # #. She kept with chary care. # #. # . She kept with care her beauties rare : #. From lovers warm and true, # - For her heart was cold to all but gold : #. And the rich came not to woo,- # # But honored well are charms to sell # #. If priests the selling do. # # : £ Now walking there was one more fair, – # #. A slight girl, lily pale; *: # And she had unseen company *: \ . To make the spirit quail,— : #. *Twixt Want and Scorn she walked forlorn : N. P. WILLIS, . And nothing could avail. - - - - 8. | ******** £" c) ) //A - *&# THE SMAEK & IN SEHIL. : : ** 29'0' £ £, P'o','l','l','l','l','l','o' ############################## W.M. PITT PALMER. #: * :--> | DISTRICT school, not far away, Will hung his head in fear and shame, # *::: Mid Berkshire hills, one winter's day, And to the awful presence came, - £). '' Was humming with its wonted noise A great, green, bashful simpleton, # 3 # Of threescore mingled girls and boys' The butt of all good-natured fun. $ © Some few upon their tasks intent, With smile suppressed, and birch upraised, # But more on furtive mischief bent. The threatener faltered-"I'm amazed | The while the master's downward look That you, my biggest pupil, should Was fastened on a copy-book; Beguilty of an act so rude! When suddenly, behind his back, Before the whole set school to boot- Rose sharp and clear a rousing smack! Whatevil genius put you to'th.” As 'twere a battery of bliss “’Twas she herself, sir,” sobbed the lad, Let off in one tremendous kiss! “I did not mean to be so bad; “What's that?” the startled master cries; But when Susannah shook her curls, “That, thir,” a little imp replies, And whispered I was 'fraid of girls, “Wath William Willith, if you pleathe- And dursn't kiss a baby's doll, I thaw him kith Thuthanna Peathe" I couldn’t standit, sir, at all, With frown to make a statue thrill, But up and kissed her on the spot! The master thundered, “Hither, Will!” I know-boo-hoo-I ought to not, Like wretch o'ertaken in his track, But, somehow, from her looks—boo-hoo- With stolen chattels on his back, I thought she kind o' wished me to!" * © * <- -> CHOICE POETICAL SELECTIONS. f And French she spake full faire and fetisly, £": GEOFFREY CHAUCER. £: *:::::::::: # * :) # THE BANTERHURY FILERIMS (The First English Poet.) The farthest in his parish, much and oft, Upon his feet, and in his hand a staff. This noble ensample to his sheep he gave. That first he wrought, and afterward he taught. Out of the gospel he the words caught, And this figure he added yet thereto, That if gold rust, what should iron do? And if a priest be foul, on whom we trust, No wonder if a common man do rust; Well ought a priest ensample for to give, By his cleanness, how his sheep should live. He set not his benefice to hire, Or left his sheep bewildered in the mire, Andran unto London, unto Saint Paul's, To seeken him a chanterie for souls, Or with a brotherhood to be withold: But dwelt at home, and kept well his fold, So that the wolf ne made it not miscarry, He was a shepherd and no mercenarie, And though he holy were, and virtuous, He was to sinful men not dispiteous, Nor of his speech dangerous nor high, HERE also was a NUN, a Prioress, That in her smiling was full simple and coy Her greatest oath was but by Saint Eloy; And she was cleped Madame Eglantine. Full well she sang the service divine, Entuned in her nose full sweetly; After the school of Stratford at Bow, For French of Paris was to her unknowe. At meat was she well ytaught withall; She let no morsel from her lips fall, Nor wet her fingers in her sauce deep; Well could she carry a morsel, and well keep, That no drop neer fell upon her breast. In courtesie was set full much her lest. And certainly she was of great disport, - And full pleasant, and amiable of port, And took much pains to imitate the air Of court, and hold a stately manner, And to be thoughten high of reverence. But for to speaken of her conscience, She was so charitable and so piteous, She would weep if that she saw a mouse Caught in a trap, if it were dead or bled; Two small hounds had she that she fed £ With roasted flesh, and milk, and wasted bread, A : But sore she wept if one of them were dead. *- Or if men smote it with a staff smarte: * --> She was all conscience and tender heart. Full seemely her wimple pinched was; Her nose was strait; her eyes were gray as glass, Her mouth full small, and thereto soft and red; But certainly she had a fair forehead, It was almost a span broad I trow, For certainly she was not undergrowne. Full handsome was her cloak, as I was 'ware Of small coral about her arms she bare A pair of beads, gauded all with green; And thereon hung a broach of gold full shene. On which was first ywritten a crowned A, And after, Amor vincit omnia. Another NuN also with her had she That was her chaplain, and of PRIESTs three. 'S * - R GEOFFREY CHAUCER. But in his teaching discrete and benigne. To draw his folk to heaven, with fairness, By good ensample, was his business: But if were any person obstinate, Whether he were of high or low estate, - Him would he reprove sharply for the nones, A better priest I trow that nowhere is. He waited after neither pomp ne reverence, Nor maked him no spiced conscience, But Christ's lore and his Apostles twelve He taught, but first he followed it himselve. A good man there was of religion, That was a poor PARson E of a town; But rich he was in holy thought and work, He was also a learned man, a clerk, That Christ's gospel truely would preach. His parishens devoutly would he teach, Benigne he was and wondrous diligent, And in adversity full patient: And such he wasyproved often times; Full loth were he to cursen for his tithes, But rather would he given, out of doubt, Unto his poor parishioners about, Of his offering, and eke of his substance; He could in little thing have suffisance. Wide was his parish, and houses far asunder, But he nor felt northought of rain or thunder, In sickness and in mischief to visit 68 de de de & © de ce- _de_ it is not Enid in: Eiffers: #: MRS. E. P. MILLER- “All is not gold that glitters;” Yet think not children mine, That all that glitters is not gold; The true must ring and shine. -O- ** -> CHOICE POETICAL SELECTIONS. 893 *- : “JIM." > *- BRET HARTE. AY, there! P'raps Some on you chaps Might know Jim Wild? Well–no offence; Tharain't no sense In getting riled! Jim was my chum Up on the Bar; That's why I come Down from up yar, Lookin for Jim. * - Q: •) Thank ye, sir! 7 ou Ain't of that crew- Blest if you are! Money!—Not much; That ain't my kind; I ain't no such. Rum? -I don't mind, Seein’ it's you. Well, this yer Jim, Did you know him?– Jess about your size; Same kind of eyes- Well, that is strange, Why, it's two year Since he came here, Sick, for a change. BRET HARTE. Well, here's to us ; Eh? The h–you say! Dead?– That little cuss? What makes you star- You over thar? Can't a man drop ’S glass in yer shop But you must r’arp It wouldn't take D– much to break You and your bar. Dead! Poor-little—Jim! Why, thar was me, Jones, and Bob Lee, Harry and Ben- No-account men; Then to take him." Well, thar-Good-bye- No more, sir-I- Eh? What's that you say? Why, dernit-shol- No? Yes! By Jof Sold! Sold! Why, you limb, You ornery, Derned old Long-legged Jim! Q-2'-'-->3-#->4%- BRET HARTE. >'' : HICH I wish to remark,- | And my language is plain,- #2 That for ways that are dark, And for tricks that are vain, The heathen Chinee is peculiar, Which the same I would rise to explain. Ah Sin was his name; And I shall not deny In regard to the same What that name might imply. But his smile it was pensive and child-like As I frequent remarked to Bill Nye. It was August the third, And quite soft were the skies Which it might be inferred That Ah Sin was likewise; Yet he played it that day upon William And me in a way I despise. Which we had a small game, And Ah Sin took a hand; It was Euchre. The same He did not understand; But he smiled as he sat by the table With a smile that was child-like and bland. Yet the cards they were stocked In a way that I grieve, And my £ were shocked At the state of Nye's sleeve, Which was stuffed full of aces and bowers, And the same with intent to deceive. But the hands that were played By that heathen Chinee, And the points that he made Were quite frightful to see,— Till at last he put down a right bower, Which the same Nye had dealt unto me. Then I looked up at Nye, And he gazed upon me; And he rose with a sigh, And said, “Can this be? We are ruined by Chinese cheap labor.” And he went for that heathen Chinee. *. s! | == 894 CHOICE POETICAL SELECTIONS. In the scene that ensued I did not take a hand, But the floor it was strewed Like the leaves on the strand With the cards that Ah Sin had been hiding, In the game he “did not understand.” In his sleeves, which were long, He had twenty-four packs, Which was coming it strong, --~2%&@--> IIM HL.IIIISII. JoHN HAY. ALL, no! I can't tell where he lives, Because he don't live, you see; Leastways, he's got out of the habit Of livin' like you and me. Whar have you been for the last three years, That you haven't heard folks tell How Jimmy Bludso passed in his checks, The night of the “Prairie Belle?” He warn’t no saint-them engineers Is all pretty much alike- One wife in Natchez-under-the-Hill, And another one here, in Pike. A careless man in his talk was Jim, And an awkward man in a row- But he never pinked, and he never lied, I reckon he never know’d how. And this was all the religion he had— To treat his engine well; Never be passed on the river; To mind the pilot's bell; And if ever the “Prairie Belle” took fire, A thousand times he swore He’d hold her nozzle agin the bank Till the last soul got ashore. All boats has their day on the Mississip', And her day came at last— The Movastar was a better boat, But the Belle, she wouldn’t be passed, Yet I state but the facts; And we found on his nails, which were taper, What is frequent in taper-that's wax. Which is why I remark, And my language is plain, That for ways that are dark, And for tricks that are vain, The heathen Chinee is peculiar, Which the same I am free to maintain. And so came tarin' along that night, The oldest craft on the line, With a nigger squat on her safety-valve, And her furnaces crammed, rosin and pine. The fire bust out as she clared the bar, And burnt a hole in the night, And quick as a flash she turned, and made For that willer-bank on the right. There was runnin' and cursin', but Jim yelled out Over all the infernal roar, “I’ll hold her nozzle agin the bank Till the last galoot's ashore.” Thro' the hot, black breath of the burnin’ boat Jinn Bludso's voice was heard, And they all had trust in his cussedness, And know'd he would keep his word. And sure's you're born, they all got off Afore the smoke stacks fell, And Bludso's ghost went up alone In the smoke of the “Prairie Belle.” He warn’t no saint—but at judgment I'd run my chance with Jim 'Longside of some pious gentlemen That wouldn’t shook hands with him. He'd seen his duty a dead sure thing, And went fo it thar and then; And Christ ain’t a-going to be too hard On a man that died for men. #WE FARTEIIIN SILENEE. : MRS, CRAW FORD. ''E parted in silence, we parted by night, On the banks of that lonely river; Where the fragrant limes their boughs unite ? We met—and we parted forever! The night-bird sung, and the stars above Told many a touching story, Of friends long passed to the kingdom of love, Where the soul wears its mantle of glory. We parted in silence,—our cheeks were wet With the tears that were past controlling; But those lips that echoed the sounds of mine, Are as cold as that lonely river; And that eye, that beautiful spirit's shrine, Has shrouded its fires forever. g And now on the midnight sky I look, And my heart grows full of weeping; Each star is to me a sealed book, Some tale of that loved one keeping. We parted in silence,—we parted in tears, On the banks of that lonely river; We vowed we would never, no, never forget, But the odor and bloom of those bygone years And those vows at the time were consoling; Shall hang o'er its waters forever. –=" ~-TC) * -* –9 CHOICE POETICAL SELECTIONS. 895 /*/16-> s:## *> >~~~ * # # *THE INIIIIRY.4% CHARLES MACKAY. #5 £ : ELL me, ye winged winds, that round my path- way roar. Do ye not know some spot where mortals weep % # no more? Some lone and pleasant dell, some valley in the West Where, free from toil and pain, the weary soul may rest? The loud wind dwindled to a whisper low, And sigh’d for pity as it answer’d—“No.” Tell me, thou mighty deep, whose billows round me play Know'st thou some favor’d spot, some island far away, Where weary man may find the bliss for which he sighs- Where sorrow never lives, and friendship never dies? The loud waves, rolling in perpetual flow, Stopp'd for a while, and sigh'd to answer—“No.” [The woman of Columbia, Mississippi, animated by noble sentiments, have shown themselves impartial in their offerings made to the They strewed flowers alike on the graves of the Confederate and of the National soldiers.] memory of the dead. Whence the fleets of iron have fled, Where the blades of the grave-grass quiver, Asleep are the ranks of the dead:- Under the sod and the dew, Waiting the judgment day, Under the one, the Blue, Under the other, the Gray. These in the robings of £: Those in the gloom of defeat, All with the battle bloodgory, In the dusk of eternity meet:- Under the sod and the dew, Waiting the judgment day; Under the laurel, the Blue, Under the willow, the Gray. From the silence of sorrowful hours The desolate mourners go, Lovingly laden with flowers, * Alike for the friend and the foe:- Under the sod and the dew, Waiting the judgment day; Under the roses, the Blue, Under the lilies, the Gray. So, with an equal splendor, The morning sun-rays fall, With a touch impartially tender, On the blossoms blooming for all:- s'#######################- 'W'. BY F. M. FINCH. * And thou, serenest moori, that, with such lovely face, Dost look upon the earth, asleep in night's embrace; Tell me, in all thy round, hast thou not seen some spot, Where miserable man might find a happier lot? Behind a cloud the moon withdrew in woe, And a voice, sweet, but sad, responded—“No.” Tell me, my secret soul;–oh! tell me, Hope and Faith, Is there no resting place from sorrow, sin, and death ?- Is there no happy spot, where mortals may be bless'd, Where grief may find a balm, and weariness a rest? Faith, Hope, and Love best boons to mortals given, Waved their bright wings, and whisper’d—“YES, IN HEAVEN ''” Under the sod and the dew, Waiting the judgment day; IBroidered with gold, the Blue, Mellowed with gold, the Gray So, when the summer calleth On forest and field of grain, With an equal murmur falleth The cooling drip of the rain:— Under the sod and the dev, Waiting the judgment day; Wet with the rain, the Blue, Wet with the rain, the Gray Sadly, but not with upbraiding, The generous deed was done; In the storm of the years that are fading No braver battle was won :- Under the sod and the dew, Waiting the judgment day, Under the blossoms, the Blue, Under the garlands, the Gray. No more shall the war-cry sever, Or the winding rivers be red; They banish our anger forever, When they laurel the graves of our dead- *. Under the sod and the dew, Waiting the judgment day; Love and tears for the Blue, Tears and love for the Gray. * = f +! +- At the close of one sad day; And the last rays kiss'd the forehead Of a man and maiden fair, He with step so slow and weakened; She with sunny, floating hair; . He with sad, bowed head, and thoughtful, She with lips so cold and white, Struggling to keep back the murmur. “Curfew must not ring to-night.” “Sexton,” Bessie's white lips faltered, Pointing to the prison old, With its walls so dark and gloomy,– Walls so dark, and damp, and cold,— “I’ve a lover in that prison, Doomed this very night to die. At the ringing of the Curfew, And no earthly help is nigh. Cromwell will not come till sunset,” And her face grew strangely white, As she spoke in husky whispers, “Curfew must not ring to-night.” “Bessie,” calmly spoke the Sexton- Every word pierced her young heart Like a thousand gleaming arrows— Like a deadly poisoned dart; “Long, long years I've rung the Curfew From that gloomy shadowed tower; Every evening, just at sunset, , # has told the twilight hour; I have done my duty ever, Tried to do it just and right, Now I'm old, I will not miss it; Girl, the Curfew rings to-night!” Wild her eyes and pale her features, Stern and white her thoughtful brow, And within her heart's deep centre, Bessie made a solemn vow; She had listened while the judges Read, without a tear or sigh, “At the ringing of the Curfew— Basil Underwood must die.” And her breath came fast and faster, And her eyes grew large and bright- One low murmur, scarcely spoken- “Curfew must not ring to-night!” She with light step bounded forward, Sprang within the old church door, Left the old man coming slowly, Paths he'd often trod before, Not one moment paused the maiden, But with cheek and brow aglow, --v- *—- - 896 CHOICE POETICAL SELECTIONS. # EIIRFEWI MIIST NIIT RINE TI-NIGHT # £" "#". ...” # Filling all the land with beauty Then she climbed the slimy ladder, Dark, without one ray of light, Upward still, her pale lips saying: “Curfew shall not ring to-night.” She has reached the topmost ladder, O'er her hangs the great dark bell, And the awful gloom beneath her, Like the pathway down to hell; See, the ponderous tongue is swinging, 'Tis the hour of Curfew now— And the sight has chilled her bosom, Stopped her breath and paled her brow. Shall she let it ring? No, never! Her eyes flash with sudden light, As she springs and grasps it firmly- “Curfew shall not ring to-night!” Out she swung, far out, the city Seemed a tiny speck below; There, 'twixt heaven and earth suspended, As the bell swung to and fro, And the half-deaf Sexton ringing Years he had not heard the bell,) And he thought the twilight Curfew Rang young Basil’s funeral knell; Still the inaiden clinging firmly, Cheek and brow so pale and white, Still her frightened heart's wild beating— “Curfew shall not ring to-night.” It was o'er- the bell-ceased waying, And the maiden stepped once more Firmly on the damp old ladder, Where for hundred years before Human foot had not been planted; And what she this night had done, Should be told in long years after- As the rays of setting sun Light the sky with mellow beauty, Aged sires with heads of white, Tell the children why the Curfew Did not ring that one sad night. O'er the distant hills came Cromwell; Bessie saw him, and her brow, " Lately white with sickening terror, čić: with sudden beauty now; At his feet she told her story, Showed her hands all bruised and torn; And her sweet young face so haggard, With a look so sad and worn, Touched his heart with sudden pity— . Lit his eyes with misty light; “Go your lover lives!” cried Cromwell; “Curfew shall not ring to-night.” CHOICE POETICAL SELECTIONS. 897 +THE RAWIEN-4+ EDGAR ALLAN POE. \| NCE upon a midnight dreary, # while I pondered, weak * and weary, {&* Over many a quaint and curi- * ous volume of forgotten (: lore, - While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping, As of some one gently rapping, rapping at my chamber-door. 'Tis some visitor,” I muttered, “tap- ping at my chamber-door, − Only this, and nothing more.” Ah, "' remember, it was in the bleak December, And each separate dying emberwrought Back into my chamber turning, all my soul within me burning, Soon again I heard a tapping, some- thing louder than before. thing at my window-lattice; Let me see then what thereat is, and this mystery explore, - Let my heartbe still a moment, and this mystery explore; 'Tis the wind, and nothing more.” Open wide I flung the shutter, when with many a flirt and flutter, In there stepped a stately raven, of the saintly days of yore, Not the least obeisance made he; not a its ghost upon the floor. £e Eagerly. I wished the morrow; vainly I had sought to borrow From my books surcease of sorrow-sorrow for the lost Lenore, - For the rare and radiant maiden whom the angels name Lenore, - Nameless hereforever more. And the silken, sad, uncertain rustling of each purple curtain Thrilled me, -filled me with fantastic terrors never felt before; So that now to still the beating of my heart, I stood repeat- ing, “'Tis some visitor entreating entrance at my chamber- door," Some late visitor entreating entrance at my chamber-door: That it is, and nothing more.” Presently my soul grew stronger; hesitating then no longer “Sir” said I," or Madam, truly your forgiveness I implore; But the fact is, I was napping, and so gently you came rapping, And so faintly you came tapping, tapping at my chamber- door, - That I scarce was sure I heard you,”—here I opened wide the door: Darkness there, and nothing more. Deep into that darkness peering, long I stood there, won- dering, fearing, Doubting, dreaming dreams no mortal ever dared to dream before; But the silence was unbroken, and the stillness gave no token, And the only word there spoken was the whispered word, * Lenore!” This I whispered, and an echo murmured back the word, * Lenor E!” Merely this, and nothing more. EDGAR A POE, minute stopped or stayed he: But, with mien of lord or lady, perched above my chamber-door," Perched upon a bust of Pallas, just above my chamber- door- Perched, and sat, and nothing more. Then this ebony bird beguiling my sad fancy into smiling: By the grave and stern decorum of the countenance it WOre “Though thy crest be shorn and shaven, thou,” I said, “art sure no craven; - Ghastly, grim, and ancient raven, wandering from the nightly shore, - Tell me what thy lordly name is on the night's Plutonian shore?” Quoth the raven, “Nevermore!” Much I marveled this ungainly fowl to hear discourse so plainly, Though its answer little meaning, little relevancy bore; For we cannot help agreeing that no living human being Ever yet was blessed with seeing bird above his chamber- door Bird or beast upon the sculptured bust above his chamber- door With such name as “Nevermore!” But the raven sitting lonely on the placid bust, spoke only That one word, as if his soul in that one word me did out- pour. Nothing further then he uttered; not a feather then he fluttered- - Till I scarcely more than muttered, “Other friends have flown before, On the morrow he will leave me, as my hopes have flown before.” Then the bird said, “Nevermore!” Startled at the stillness, broken by reply so aptly spoken, “Doubtless,” said I, “what it utters is its only stock and store, “Surely,” said I, “surely that is some- =[- - + *—- 898 CHOICE POETICAL SELECTIONS. Caught from some unhappy master, whom unmerciful dis- aster Followed fast and followed faster, 'till his songs one burden bore, Till the dirges of his hope that melancholy burden bore, Of—"Never—nevermore!’” But the raven still beguiling all my sad soul into smiling, Straight I wheeled a cushioned seat in front of bird and , bust and door; Then, upon the velvet sinking, I betook myself to link- 1ng Fancy into fancy, thinking what this ominous bird of yore- What # grim, ungainly, ghastly, gaunt and ominous bird of yore Meant in croaking “Nevermore.” This I sat engaged in guessing, but no syllable expressing To the fowl whose fiery eyes now burn'd into my bosom's COI'e , This and more I sat divining, with my head at ease reclin- ing On the cushion's velvet lining that the lamplight gloated o'er But whose velvet violet lining with the lamplight gloating o'er She shall press—ah! nevermore! Then methought the air grew denser, perfumed from an 111] Seel) Cel) Sel" Swung by seraphim, whose footfalls tinkled on the tufted floor. “Wretch,” I cried, “thy God hath lent thee—by these angels he hath sent thee Respite—respite and nepenthe from thy memories of Lenore! Quaff, oh, quaff this kind nepenthe, and forget this lost Lenore!” Quoth the raven, “Nevermore!” “Prophet!” said I, “thing of evil!—prophet still, if bird or devil | Whether tempter-sent, or whether tempest tossed thee here ashore, - Desolate, yet all undaunted, on this desert land enchanted- On this home by horror haunted—tell me truly, I im- plore,— Is there—is there balm in Gilead?—tell me-tell me, I implore!” Quoth the raven, “Nevermore!” £4 Prep' said I, “thing of evil!—prophet still, if bird or CVI By the heaven that bends above us, by that God we both adore, Tell this soul with sorrow laden, if, within the distant Aiden, It shall clasp a sainted maiden, whom the angels name Lenore; Clasp a rare and radiant maiden, whom the angels name Lenore!” Quoth the raven, “Nevermore!” “Be that word our sign of parting, bird or fiend!” I - shrieked, upstarting,- “Get thee back into the tempest and the night's Plutonian shore! Leave no black plume as a token of that lie thy soul hath spoken! “Leave my loneliness unbroken!—quit the bust above my door! Take '. beak from out my heart, and take thy form from off my door!” Quoth the raven, “Nevermore!” And the raven, never flitting, still is sitting, still is sitting, On the pallid bust of Pallas, just above my chamber-door; And his eyes have all the seeming of a demon's that is dreaming, * And the lamplight o'er him streaming throws his shadow on the floor; And ": soul from out that shadow that lies floating on the OO!" Shall be lifted—NEVERMoRE! *-*-* *ANNRHEL LEE: *-* EDGAR A. POE. T was many and many a year ago, In a kingdom by the sea, That a maiden lived, whom you may know By the name of Annabel Lee; And this maiden she lived with no other thought Than to love and be loved by me. I was a child and she was a child, In this kingdom by the sea; But we loved with a love that was more than love, I and my Annabel Lee,— With a love that the wingéd seraphs of heaven Coveted her and me. And this was the reason that long ago, In this kingdom by the sea, A wind blew out of a cloud, chilling My beautiful Annabel Lee; So that her high-born kinsman came, And bore her away from me, To shut her up in a sepulchre, In this kingdom by the sea. The angels not so happy in heaven, Went envying her and me, Yes! that was the reason (as all men know) In this kingdom by the sea, That the wind came out of the cloud by night, Chilling and killing my Annabel Lee. But our love it was stronger by far than the love Of those who were older than we, Of many far wiser than we; And neither the angels in heaven above, Nor the demons down under the sea, Can ever dissever my soul from the soul Of the beautiful Annabel I'ee. For the moon never beams without bringing me dreams Of the beautiful Annabel Lee, And the stars never rise but I feel the bright eyes Of the beautiful Annabel Lee; And so all the night-tide I lie down by the side Of my darling, my darling, my life, and my bride, In her sepulchre there by the sea, In her tomb by the sounding sea. l- —ams-> --9 CHOICE POETICAL SELECTIONS. 899 # –3: *THE EREETIs IF THE HELLs: #:- at x 5t r. # r or r. # *... Br. GEORGE W. #ow sweet the chime of the Sabbath bells! # Each one its creed in music tells, ';. In tones that float upon the air, $5" As soft as song, as pure as prayer; Y. And I will put in simple rhyme The language of the golden chime; My happy heart with rapture swells | Responsive to the bells, sweet bells. : “In deeds of love excell excel!” Chimed out from ivied towers a bell; “This is the church not built on sands, Emblem of one not built with hands; Its forms and sacred rites revere, Come worship here! come worship here! In rituals and faith excel!” Chimed out the Episcopalian bell. “Oh, heed the ancient landmarks well !” In solemn tones exclaimed a bell; “No progress made by mortal man Can change the just eternal plan: With God there can be nothing new; Ignore the false, embrace the true, While all is well ! is well! is well !” Pealed out the good old Dutch church bell. “Ye purifying waters swell!” In mellow tones rang out a bell; “Though faith alone in Christ can save, Man must be plunged beneath the wave, To show the world unfaltering faith In what the Sacred Scriptures saith: Oh swell! ye rising waters swell!” Pealed out the clear-toned Baptist bell. “Not faith alone, but works as well, Must test the soul!” said a soft bell; “Come here and cast aside your load, And work your way along the road, With faith in God, and faith in man, And hope in Christ, where hope began; Do well! do well ! do well! do well !” Rang out the Unitarian bell. “Farewell ! farewell ! base world, farewell !” In touching tones exclaimed a bell. “Life is a boon, to mortals given, To fit the soul for bliss in heaven; Do not invoke the avenging rod, Come here and learn the way to God; Say to the world, “Farewell! farewell!' Pealed forth the Presbyterian bell. # A- * *: ### BUNGAY. “To all, the truth, we tell! we tell!” Shouted in ecstasies a bell; “Come all ye weary wanderers, see! Our Lord has made salvation free! Repent, believe, have faith, and then Be saved, and praise the Lord, Amen! Salvation's free, we tell! we tell!” Shouted the Methodistic bell. “In after life there is no hell!” In raptures rang a cheerful bell; “Look up to heaven this holy day, Where angels wait to lead the way; There are no fires, no fiends to blight The future lift; be just and right. No hell! no hell ! no hell! no hell!” Rang out the Universalist bell. “The Pilgrim Fathers heeded well. My cheerful voice,” pealed forth a bell; “No fetters here to clog the soul; No arbitrary creeds control The free heart and progressive mind, That leave the dusty past behind, Speed well, speed well, speed well, speed well!" Pealed out the Independent bell. “No pope, no pope, to doom to hell!” The Protestant rang out a bell; “Great Luther left his fiery zeal, Within the hearts that truly feel That loyalty to God will be The fealty that makes men free, No images where incense fell!” Rang out old Martin Luther's bell. “All hail, ye saints in heaven that dwell Close by the cross!” exclaimed a bell; “Lean o'er the battlements of bliss, And deign to bless a world like this; Let mortals kneel before this shrine- Adore the water and the wine! All hail, ye saints, the chorus swell!” Chimed in the Roman Catholic bell. “Ye workers who have toiled so well, To save the race!” said a sweet bell; “With pledge, and badge, and banner, come, Each brave heartbeating like a drum; Be royal men of noble deeds, For love is holier than creeds; Drink from the well, the well, the well!” In rapture rang the Temperance bell. | |- - |--- - - - - - | ------ -------- --| --- ------ - - | ----- - --- | .- - - ----- -- --- ----- ----- --- -------------| --------|-- ------------- -|-------- - -|--|-- --- --- ------ -------- - == -- -| -- --- - | ------|- - ---- - - -- - - - |: - { Im" M | |- | | - - - | | | | | | | - | * ||f|| | | - -" -E" "...in - | | |- - * CHOICE POETICAL SELECTIONS. 90I & *-*-*-*- # ENIEH # ARIEN. s—see-g :*-*-* HEEDLITH Hnd IllustratinIIH f"[III] TEIIIlyEDITI'E IIlyl, BY THE ST. LOUIS SKETCH CLUB. See Pages 626 and 629. I. J. R. MEEKER, ARTIST. Long lines of cliff breaking have left a chasm; And in the chasm are foam and yellow sands; Beyond, red roofs about a narrow wharf In cluster; then a moulder'd church; and higher A long street climbs to one tall-tower'd mill; And high in heaven behind it a gray down With Danish barrows, and a hazelwood, By autumn nutters haunted, flourishes AA. W. L. MARPLE, ARTIST. Here on this beach a hundred years ago, Three children of three houses, Annie Lee, The prettiest little damsel in the port, And Philip Ray, the miller's only son, And Enoch Arden, a rough sailor's lad Made orphan by a winter shipwreck, play'd Among the waste and lumber of the shore, Hard coils of cordage, swarthy fishing-nets, Anchors of rusty fluke, and boats updrawn; And built their castles of dissolving sand To watch them overflow'd, or following up And flying the white breaker, daily left The little footprint daily wash'd away. JJJ. CHARLES I. BROWN, ARTIST. And all men look’d upon him favorably: And ere he touch'd his one-and twentieth May, He purchased his own boat, and made a home For Annie, neat and nest-like, halfway up The narrow street that clamber'd toward the mill. J. V. F. E. GATES, ARTIST. Downward from his mountain gorge Stept the long-hair'd, long-bearded solitary, Brown, looking hardly human, strangely clad, Muttering and mumbling, idiot like it seem’d, With inarticulate rage, and making signs They knew not what: and yet he led the way To where the rivulets of sweet water ran; V. CHARLES HALLOWAY, ARTIST. Aid me, give me strength Not to tell her, never to let her know, Help me not to break in upon her peace. My children, too! must I not speak to these? W.J. W. D. STREETER, ARTIST. Then down the long street having slowly stoler His heart foreshadowing all calamity, His eyes upon the stones, he reach'd the home Where Annie lived and loved him, and his babes In those far-off seven happy years were born; But finding neither light nor murmur there £ bill of sale gleam'd thro' the drizzle) crept till downward thinking “dead or dead to me!” Down to the pool and narrow wharf he went, Seeking a tavern which of old he knew, A front of timber-crost antiquity, So propt, worn-eaten, ruinously old, He thought it must have gone; but he was gone Who kept it; and his widow, Miriam Lane, With daily-dwindling profits held the house; A haunt of brawling seamen once, but now Stiller, with yet a bed for wandering men. There Enoch rested silent many days. VAZ. ERNEST ALIBERT, ARTIST. The hollower-bellowing ocean, and again The scarlet shafts of sunrise, but no sail. VAZZ. W. W. GARDNER, ARTIST. All these he saw; but what he fain had seen He could not see, the kindly human face, Nor ever hear a kindly voice, but heard The myriad shriek of wheeling ocean fowl, The league-long roller thundering on the reef, The moving whisper of huge trees that branch'd And blossom'd in the zenith, or the sweep Of some precipitous rivulet to the wave, As down the shore he ranged, or all day long Sat often in the seaward-gazing gorge, A shipwreck’d sailor, waiting for a sail; J.X. RUSSELL RILEY, ARTIST. No sail from day to day, but every day The sunrise broken into scarlet shafts Among the palms and ferns and precipices; The blaze upon the waters to the east; The blaze upon his island overhead; The blaze upon the waters to the west; * Then the great stars that globed themselves in Heaven. --------ma-> --> * ~! Q—a- 902 CHOICE POETICAL SELECTIONS. <-2 = **2/w--> +SWELL'S SIILILIII.IIIY: # : $3> w Or a longing to bury its dead, That makes the surge On the ocean-verge So incessantly howl and roar? Where d? they list for her step? where do they look for her face: Where are they waiting to see her once more in the old familiar place? Dead, dead, dead! In vain will their tears be shed; For not one of them all, Alas will fall On that bosom's marble grace! Why do you sigh, O Sea? why do you wail, O Wind? Why do you murmur, in mournful tone, like things with a human mind? Wail, wail, wail, Articulate ocean and gale! For the loveliness rare, So pallid and fair, You slew in your fury blind! Let us bear her away to a grave, in the churchyard's calm green breast, Where the sound of the wind and waves in strife may ne'er her peace molest. Though we cannot carve her nam", She will slumber all the same; And the wild-rose bloom Shall cover her tomb, And she shall have perfect rest. §§ DON'T appwove this hawid war; ". Those dweadful bannahs hawt my eyes; And guns and dwums are such a baw,- Why don't the pawties compwamise? Of cawce, the twoilet has its chawms; But why must all the vulgah cwowd Pawsist in spawting unifawms, In cullahs so extwemely loud? And then the ladies,-pwecious deahs!— I mawk the change on ev’wy bwow; Bai Jove! I weally have my feahs They wathah like the hawid wow! +: !-- *-*-*-->;-----> ANONYMOUS. To heah the chawming cweatures talk, Like patwons of the bloody wing, Of wavv and all its dawty wavvk,— It doesn't seem a pwappah thing! I called at Mrs. Gweene's last night, To sèe her niece, Miss Mawy Hertz, And found her making—cwushing sight!- The weddest kind of flannel shirts! Of cawce, I wose, and sought the daw, With fawyah flashing from my eyes! I can't appwove this hawid wavv;— Why don’t the pawties compwamise? --à *le—- - --—9 CHOICE POETICAL SELECTIONS. - 905 ######################################$$.” # EII, FEEL WHAT I HAVE FELT ################################################# ############################## ANONYMOUS. And its revealings there - Have told him what he might have been [By a young lady who was told that she was a monomaoiac in her Had he the drunkard’s fate foreseen. hatred of alcoholic liquors. - O, feel what I have felt, Go to my mother's side, Go bear what I have borne; And her crushed spirit cheer; #S' Sink 'neath a blow a father dealt, Thine own deep anguish hide, # * And the cold, proud world's scorn. Wipe from her cheek the tear; #(\\ Thus struggle on from year to year, Mark her dimmed eye, her furrowed brow, Thy sole relief, the scalding tear. The gray that streaks her dark hair now, The toil-worn frame, the trembling limb, G I h t And trace the ruin back to him 9; weep as have wep 1] Whose plighted faith, in early youth, O'er a loved father's fall. Promised eternal love and truth, See every cherished promise swept, But who, forsworn, hath yielded up Youth's sweetness turned to gall; This promise to the deadly cup, Hope's faded flowers £ the way And £ her down from #: 'd light, That led me up to woman’s day. From all that made her pathway bright, And chained her there 'mid want and strife, Go, kneel as I have knelt That lowly thing, —a drunkard's wife! Implore, beseech, and pray, And stamped on childhood's brow, so mild, Strive the besotted heart to melt, That withering blight,—a drunkard's child! The downward course to stay; Be cast with bitter curse aside, Go, hear, and see, and feel, and know Thy prayers burlesqued, thy tears defied. * All that my soul hath felt and known, Then look within the wine-cup’s glow; Go, stand where I have stood, See if its brightness can atone; And see the strong man bow, Think if its flavor you would try, .. With gnashing teeth, lips bathed in blood, If all proclaimed, --'Tis drink and die. And cold and livid brow; Go, catch his wandering glance, and see There mirrored his soul’s misery. Tell me I hate the bowl,— Hate is a feeble word; I loathe, abhor, my very soul Go, hear what I have heard,— By strong disgust is stirred The sobs of sad despair, Whene'er I see, or hear, or tell As memory's feeling fount hath stirred Of the DARK BEvERAGE OF HELL! +THE FILIET'S SLINE TII HIS WIFE+ HARRY CORNWALL, Si t_*.*.* ažtf # OW many summers, love, Some fears,—a soft regret # Have £ thine? For joys scarce known; %: How many days, thou dove, Sweet looks we half forget;- * Hast thou been mine? * All else is flown | Time, like the winged wind When 't bends the flowers, Ah!—With what thankless heart Hath left no mawk behind, I mourn and sing ! To count the hours! Look where our children start, Like sudden spring! Some weight of thought, though loath, With tongues all sweet and low On thee he leaves; . Like a pleasant rhyme, Some lines of care round both They tell how much I owe Perhaps he weaves; To thee and time! 4. 'I'- CHOICE POETICAL SELECTIONS. - RALPH WALDO, EMERSON. *NNOUNCED by all the trumpets of the sky, Arrives the snow; and, driving o'er the fields, | Seems nowhere to alight; the whited air, Hides hills and woods, the river, and the heaven, And veils the farm-house at the garden's end. The sled and traveler stopped, the courier's feet Delayed, all friends shut out, the housemates sit Around the radiant fireplace, enclosed In a tumultuous privacy of storm. Come see the north-wind's masonry. Out of an unseen quarry, evermore Furnished with tile, the fierce artificer Curves his white bastions with projected roof Round every windward stake or tree or door: Speeding, the myriad-handed, his wild work So fanciful, so savage: naught cares he For number or proportion. Mockingly, On coop or kennel he hangs Parian wreaths; A swan-like form invests the hidden thorn; Fills up the farmer's lane from wall to wall, Maugre the farmer sighs; and at the gate A tapering turret overtops the work. And when his hours are numbered, and the world Is all his own, retiring as he were not. Leaves, when the sun appears, astonished Art To mimic in slow structures, stone by stone, Built in an age, the mad wind's night-work, The frolic architecture of the snow. * - F we knew the woe and heartache Waiting for us down the road, If our lips could taste the wormwood, If our backs could feel the load; Would we waste the day in wishing For a time that ne'er can be? Would we wait with such impatience For our ships to come from sea? If we knew the baby fingers, Pressed against the window pane, Would be cold and stiff to-morrow- Never trouble us again; Would the bright eyes of our darling Catch the frown upon our brow? Would the print of rosy fingers Vex us then as they do now? Ah! these little ice-cold fingers! How they point our memories back To the hasty words and actions Strewn £ our backward track! How these little hands remind us, As in snowy grace thy lie, Not to scatter thorns, but roses, For our reaping by and by. - ANONY MOUS. Strange we never prize the music Till the sweet-voiced bird has flown; Strange that we should slight the violets Till the lovely flowers are gone; Strange that summer skies and sunshine Never seem one-half so fair - As when winter's snowy pinions Shake their white down in the air. Lips from which the seal of silence None but God can roll away, Never blossomed in such beauty As adorns the mouth to-day; And sweet words that freight our memory With their beautiful perfume, Come to us in sweeter accents Through the portals of the tomb. Let us gather up the sunbeams, Lying all around our path; Let us keep the wheat and roses, Casting out the thorns an chaff; Let us find our sweetest comfort In the blessings of today: With the patient hand removing All the briars from our way. -9 CHOICE POETICAL SELECTIONS. 907 #-#3 3% “Man wants but little here below.” OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES- ITTLE I ask; my wants are few, I only wish a hut of stone, (A very plain brown stone will do.) That I may call my own; And close at hand is such a one, In yonder street that fronts the sun. Plain food is quite enough for me; Three courses are as good as ten;- If nature can subsist on three, Thank heaven for three. Amen! I always thought cold victuals nice;— My choice would be vanilla-ice. I care not much for gold or 4-/? - A_ -/-...-- *EINTENTM ~ ****** -> <-N/x/-7. NT*. % I would not have the horse I drive So fast that folks must stop and stare; An "g gait,-two, forty-five- uits me; I do not care:- Perhaps, for just a single spurt, Some seconds less would do no hurt. Of pictures, I should like to own Titians and Raphaels three or four- I love so much their style and tone,— One Turner, and no more, (A. landscape, -foreground golden dirt- The sunshine painted with a squirt.) Of books but few,-some land:- Give me a mortgage here and there, - Some good bank-stock,-some note of hand, Or trifling railroad share, I only ask that Fortune send A little more than I shall spend. Honors are silly toys, I know, And titles are but empty names; I would perhaps, be Plenipo- But only near St. James; I’m very sure I should not Care To fill our Gubinator's chair. Jewels are baubles; ’tis a sin To care for such unfruitful things:- One good-sized diamond in a pin,- Some, not so large, in rings, – A ruby, and a pearl or so, OLIVER WENDELL liolMI.S. fifty score For daily use, and bound for wear; The rest upon an upper floor; Some little luxury there Of red morocco's gilded leam, And vellum rich as country CTC.1111. Busts, cameos, gems, -such things as these, Which others often show for pride, A value for their power to please, And selfish churls deride;- One Stradivarius, I confess, Two Meerschaums, I would fain possess. Wealth’s wasteful tricks I will not learn, Nor ape the glittering up- start fool;- Shall not carved tables serve my turn, But all must be of buhl? Give grasping pomp its Will do for me;-I laugh at double share, - - show. - I ask but one recumbent chair. My dame should dress in cheap attire; Thus humble let me live and die, (Good heavy silks are never dear;) | Nor long for Midas' golden touch; I own perhaps I might desire If heaven more generous gifts deny, Some shawls of true Cashmere, - I shall not miss them much,- Some marrowy crapes of China silk, Too grateful for the blessing lent Like wrinkled skins on scalded milk. Of simple tastes and mind content! @- -> F- * 908 CHOICE POETICAL SELECTIONS. H, a wonderful stream is the river Time As it runs through the realm of tears, With a faultless rhythm and a musical rhyme, And a boundless sweep and a surge sublime, As it blends with the Ocean of Years. How the winters are drifting like flakes of snow, And the summers, like buds between; And the year in the sheaf-so they come and they go On the river's breast, with its ebb and flow, As it glides in the shadow and sheen. There's a magicalisle up the river of Time, Where the softest of airs are playing: There's a cloudless sky and a tropical clime, And a song as sweet as a vesper chime, And the Junes with the roses are staying. And the name of that Isle is the Long Ago, And we bury our treasures there; There are brows of beauty and bosoms of snow There are heaps of dust—but we love them so!— There are trinkets and tresses of hair. There are fragments of song that nobody sings, And a part of an infant's prayer; There's a lute unswept, and a harp without strings; There are broken vows and pieces of rings, And the garments that she used to wear. There are hands that are waved, when the fairy shore By the mirage is lifted in air; And we sometimes hear, through the turbulent roar, - £f - - - ". # #|| - # | R! *::::::::::::::::::: ************, :HDIME, SWEET HDIME: £**********- John HowARD PAYNE- # * >|->|->|-anon-se LINE AB II. #3. Sweet voices we heard in the days gone before, When the wind down the river is fair. Oh, remembered for aye be the blessed Isle, All the day of our lifetill night- When the evening comes with its beautiful smile, And our eyes are closing to slumber awhile, May that “Greenwood” of soul be in sight. o->{# - - - - | =#| || *BABY HELL4+ + 3– *" - - - - te #!--->824–26. THOMAS BAILEY ALDRICH. * AVE you not heard the poets tell And now the orchards, which were white * How came the dainty Baby Bell Andred with blossoms when she came, Into this world of ours ? Were rich in autumn's mellow prime; * The Gates of Heaven were left ajar: And cluster'd apples burnt like flame, With folded hands and dreamy eyes, The soft-cheek’d peaches blush'd and fell, 4) Wandering out of Paradise, The ivory chestnut burst its shell, She saw this planet, like a star, The grapes hung purpling in the grange; Hung in the glistening depths of even,- And time wrought just as rich a change Its bridges, running to and fro, In little Baby Bell. O'er which the white-winged angels go, Her lissome form more perfect grew, Bearing the holy dead to heaven. And in her features we could trace In soften’d curves, her mother's face. - - Her angel-nature ripen'd, too: She touched a bridge of flowers, -those feet, g - p". £ #'" Of the celestial asphodels, £ d ". S £ £ £ - They fell like the dews upon the flowers: W " " £ ange ' £ | Then all the air grew strangely sweet! e saw a slender ring of flame: £ £: :£. Baby Bell God's hand had taken away the seal - That held the portals of her speech; - She came, and brought delicious And oft she said a few strange May. words The swallows built beneath the Whose meaning lay beyond our eaves; reach. - Like sunlight, in and out the She never was a child to us, leaves We never held her being's key; The robins went the livelong day; We could not teach her holy The lily swung its noiseless bell; things: . - - - And o'er the porch the trembling She was Christ's self in purity. V1 ne Seem’d bursting with its veins of It came upon us by degrees, wine. | We saw its shadowere it fell,— How sweetly, softly, twilight fell! | The knowledge that our God had Oh, earth was full of singing birds sent And opening spring-tide flowers, His messenger for Baby Bell. When the dainty Baby Bell | We shudder'd with unlanguaged Came to this world of ours. pain, And all our hopes were changed - to fears, Oh, Baby, dainty Baby Bell, | Andall our thoughts ran into tears How fair she grew from day to Like sunshine into rain. day! We cried aloud in our belief, What woman-nature fill'd her eyes, THOMAS BAILEY ALDRICH, “Oh, smite us gently, gently, God! So full of meaning, pure and bright Teach us to bend and kiss the rod. As if she stood in the light. And perfect grow through grief.” Of those oped gates of Paradise. Ah, how we love her, God can tell; And so we loved her more and more: Her heart was folded deep in ours. Ah, never in our hearts before Our hearts are broken, Baby Bell! Was love so lovely born; - We felt we had a link between At last he came, the messenger, This world and that unseen- The messenger from unseen lands: The land beyond the morn; And what did dainty Baby Bell? And for the love of those dear eyes, She only cross'd her little hands, The love of her whom God led forth, She only look'd more meek and fair! (The mother's being ceased on earth We parted back her silken hair, When Baby came from Paradise), – We wove the roses round her brow,- For love of Him who smote our lives, White buds, the summer's drifted snow,- And woke the chords of joy and pain, Wrapt her from head to foot in flowers! We said, Dear Christ/-our hearts bent down And thus went dainty Baby Bell Like violets after rain. Out of this world of ours! - 9. --> K.T 9IO # HERE is no death! The stars go down He leaves our hearts all desolate, | To rise upon some fairer shore; • He plucks our fairest, sweetest flowers # And bright in heaven's jeweled crown Transplanted into bliss, they now They shine forevermore. Adorn immortal bowers. There is no death! The dust we tread The bird-like voice, whose joyous tones Shall change beneath the summer showers Made glad these scenes of sin and strife, To golden grain or mellow fruit, • Sings now an everlasting song Or rainbow-tinted flowers. Annid the tree of life. The granite rocks disorganize And where he sees a smile too bright, To feed the hungry rocks they bear; Or hearts too pure for taint or vice, The forest leaves drink daily life He bears it to that world of light From out the viewless air. To dwell in Paradise. There is no death! The leaves may fall, Born unto that undying life The flowers may fade and pass away; They leave us but to come again; T' only waft through wintry hours, With joy we welcome them — the same The coming of the May. Except the sin and pain. There is no death! An angel form And ever near us, though unseen, Walks o'er the earth with silent tread; The dear immortal spirits tread; He bears our best loved things away, For all the boundless universe And then we call them “dead.” Is life-there are no dead. #23– S'-3-3->-3&#)-3&S: CHOICE POETICAL SELECTIONS, | --~~~~ +: THERE IS NIIERTH $8- *29:" E. BULVVER LYTTON. #33-#33.3—333'- BY N. A. W. PRIEST. £IIER THE RINER: % # VER the river they beckon to me, * For none return from those quiet shores, ## Loved ones who crossed to the other side; Who cross with the boatman cold and pale; The gleam of their snowy robes I see, We hear the dip of the golden oars, But their voices are drowned by the rush- And catch a glimpse of the snowy sail; * ing tide. And lo! they have passed from our yearning hearts There's one with ringlets of sunny gold, They cross the stream and are gone for aye. And eyes the reflection of heaven's own blue We may not sunder the veil apart - He crossed in the twilight gray and cold, That hides from our vision the gates of day." And the pale"mist hid him from mortal view. We only know that their barks no more Sail with us o'er life's stormy sea; Yet somewhere, I know, on the unseen snore, They watch and beckon, and wait for me. And I sit and think when the sunset's gold, Is flashing on river, and hill, and shore, I shall one day stand by the waters cold And list to the sound of the boatman's oar. We saw not the angels that met him there- The gates of the city could not see; Over the river, over the river, My brother stands waiting to welcome me Over the river the boatman pale, Carried another, the household pet; Her brown curls waved in the gentle gale- Darling Minnie! I see her yet; Q She closed on her bosom her dimpled hands, - I shall watch for the gleam of the flapping sail; And fearlessly entered the phantom bark; I shall hear the boat as it gains the strānd; We watched it glide from the silver sands, I shall pass from sight with the boa man pale And all our sunshine grew strangely dark. To the better shore of the spirit land. We know she is safe on the further side, I shall know the loved who have gone before; Where all the ransonned and angels be; And joyfully sweet will the meeting be, Over the river, the mystic river, When over the river, the peaceful river, My childhood's idol is waiting for me. The angel of death shall carry me. --9 CHOICE POETICAL SELECTIONS. 9II *-*. *-* * -- ~ * * ~ * ~ * ~ * @ N- - - *E- | *HIIRIAL IIF LINEIILN* - * * * > * #EACE! Let the long procession come, For hark!—the mournful, muffled drum, The trumpet’s wail afar; And see! the awful car! ? | # Go, darkly borne, from State to State, Whose loyal, sorrowing cities wait To honor all they can, The dust of that good man! Go, grandly borne, with such a train As greatest kings might die to gain; The just, the wise, the brave Attend thee to the grave! And you, the soldiers of our wars, Bronzed veterans, grim with noble SCars, Salute him once again, Your late commander- ( Jain / And there his countrymen shall come, With memory proud, with pity dumb, And strangers, far and near, For many and many a year! have I: - Cleon dwelleth in a palace,—in a cottage, I: * Cleon hath a dozen fortunes,—not a penny, I; But the poorer of the twain is Cleon, and not I. '' hath a million acres,- ne'er a one Cleon, true, possesseth acres,—but the land- scape, I: Half the charms to me it yieldeth money cannot buy : Cleon harbors sloth and dullness, -freshening vigor, I: He in velvet, I in fustian-richer man am I. - l L. RICHARD HENRY STODDARD- 5 3- " -: £ *“ELEIN ANI I.” # CHARLES MACKAY * * * * **-* - RICHARD HENRY STODDARD. Peace! Let the sad procession go, While cannon boom, and bells toll slow; And go, thou sacred car Bearing our woe afar! ) Yes, let your tears indignant fall, But leave your muskets on the wall; Your country needs you now Beside the forge, the plough! | So sweetly, sadly, sternly goes The fallen to his last repose. Beneath no mighty dome, But in his modest home, rest, The quiet spot that suits him best, There shall his grave be made, And there his bones belaid! | | The churchyard where his children | For many a year and many an age, While History on her ample page The virtues shall enroll Of that paternal soul! - - Cleon is a slave to grandeur, -free as thought am I: Cleon fees a score of doctors, -need of none have I. Wealth-surrounded, care-environed, Cleon fears to die. Death may come, -he'll find me ready-happier man am I. Cleon sees no charms in Nature-in a daisy, I: Cleon hears no anthems ringing in the sea and sky. Nature sings to me forever,-earnestlistener, I: State for state, with all attendants, who would change? Not I. * = |-- T- CHOICE POETICAL SELECTIONS. ROBERT BULVER LYTTON. Y little love, do you remember Ere we were grown so sadly wise, Those evenings in the bleak December, 2. Curtained warm from the snowy weather, * When you and I played chess together, Checkmated by each other's eyes? Ah! still I see your soft white hand, Hovering warm o'er Queen and Knight; Brave Pawns in valiant battle stand; The double Castles guard the wings, The Bishop, bent on distant things, Moves, sidling, through the fight. Our fingers touch; our glances meet, And falter; falls your golden hair Against my cheek; your bosom sweet Is heaving. Down the field, your Queen Rides slow, her soldiery all between, And checks me unaware. Ah me! the little battle's done: Disperst is all its chivalry. Full many a move since then have we "Mid life's perplexing checkers made, And many a game with fortune played; What is it we have won? 'Tis, this at least-if this alone: L/" * Link all". N the tempest of life, when the wave and the gale Are around and above, if thy footing should fail- If thine eye should grow dim, and thy caution depart- “Look aloft” and be firm, and be fearless of heart If the friend who embraced in prosperity's glow, With a smile for each joy, and a tear for each woe, Should betray thee when sorrows, like clouds, are arrayed yed, - “Look aloft” to the friendship that never shall fade. Should the visions which hope spreads in lignt to thine eye, - - 2 == - W ~\')--> S > £" £2. -- | £ £ . That never, never, nevermore, As in those old still nights of yore, (Ere we were grown so sadly wise.) Can you and I shut out the skies, Shutout the world and wintry weather, And eyes exchanging warmth with eyes, Play chess, as then we played together. J. LAWRENCE. Like the tints of the rainbow, but brighten to fly, Then turn, and, through tears of repentant regret, “Look aloft” to the sun that is never to set. Should they who are nearest and dearest thy heart- Thy friends and companions—in sorrow depart, “Look aloft” from the darkness and dust of the tomb, - To that soil where “affection is ever in bloom.” And, O! when Death comes in his terrors to cast His fears on the future, his pall on the past, In that moment of darkness, with hope in thy heart And a smile in thine eye, “Look Aloff,” and depart. - - | CHOICE POETICAL SELECTIONS. ====-&-32%-->s-arease: IIIHN ANIIER SDIN, |->|->|-88-3 [*>-9 | & Your bonnie brow was brent; But now your brow is beld, John, Your locks are like the snaw; But blessings on your frosty pow, John Anderson, my jo. - |- \a N * Q | - £ * : s -- - - 's' * @ '>/ ; '''2' *\ . 'V/ \| - | \ . - ROBERT BURNS, John Anderson, my jo, John, We clamb the hill thegither; And mony a canty day, John, We’ve had wi'ane anither. Now we maun totter down, John, But hand in hand we'll go; And sleep thegither at the foot, John Anderson, my jo. #IN HISHLININESS: JOHN MILTON. 'HEN 1 consider how my light is spent Ere half my days, in this dark world and wide, And that one talent, which is death to hide, * Lodged with me useless, though my soul more bent To serve therewith my Maker, and present My true account, lest he returning chide; “Doth God exact day-labor, light denied?” I fondly ask: But Patience, to prevent That murmur, soon replies, “God doth not need Either man's work or his own gifts; who best Bear his mild yoke, they serve him best: his state Is kingly; thousands at his bidding speed, And post o'er land and ocean without rest; They also serve who only stand and wait.” #####################: From “ The Traveler.” OLIVER GOLDSMITH. But where to find that happiest spot below Who can direct, when all pretend to know? The shudd'ring tenant of the frigid zone Boldly proclaims that happiest spot his own; Extols the treasures of his stormy seas, And his long nights of revelry and ease: The naked negro, panting at the line, Boasts of his golden sands and palmy wine, Basks in the glare, or stems the tepid wave, | 2: - £ - f OLIVER GOLDSMITH. And thanks his gods for all the good they gave Such is the patriot's boast, where'er we roam, His first, best country, ever is at home. And yet, perhaps, if countries we compare, And estimate the blessings which they share, Though patriots flatter, still shall wisdom find An equal portion dealt to all mankind; As different good, by art or nature given, To different nations makes their blessing even. - # TIILATE ISTAYEII. : © - - - WILLIAM R. SPENCER. And who, with clear account, remarks The ebbings of his glass, When all its sands are diamond sparks, That dazzle as they pass? Oh, who to sober measurement Time's happy swiftness brings, When birds of paradise have lent Their plumage to his wings? 9I4 CHOICE POETICAL SELECTIONS. *–$: THE HIISBANII **** ******* s' *:: "I' **** £, USBAND and wife! no converse now ye hold, £ As onceye did in your young days of £ £5. On its alarms, its anxious hours, delays, In silent meditations and glad hopes, Its fears, impatience, quiet sympathies; Nor do ye speak of joy assured, and bliss Full, certain, and possessed. Domestic cares Call you not now together. Earnest talk On what your children may be, moves you not. Ye lie in silence, and an awful silence; Not like to that in which ye rested once Most happy,"silence eloquent, when heart With heart held speech, and your mysterious frames, Harmonious, sensitive, at every 4. beat **** Touched the soft notes of love. A stillness deep, Insensible, unheeding, you round, And darkness, as a stone, has sealed you in; Away from all the living, here e rest, In all the nearness of the nar- row tomb, Yet feel ye not each other's presence now:- Dread fellowship! – together, yet alone. Is this thy prison-house, thy grave, then, Love? And doth death cancel the great bond that holds folds Commingling spirits? Are thoughts that know no bounds, But, self-inspired, rise upward, searching out The Eternal Mind, the Father of all thought- Are they become mere tenants of a tomb?- Dwellers in darkness, who the illuminate realms Of uncreated light have visited and lived?— Lived in the dreadful splendor of that throne Which One, with gentle hand the veil offlesh Lifting that hung 'twixt man and it, revealed In glory P-throne before which even now Our souls, moved by prophetic power, bow down Rejoicing, yet at their own natures awed?– Souls that thee know by a mysterious sense, Thou awful unseen Presence,—are they quenched? or burn they on, hid from our mortal eyes By that bright day which ends not, as the sun His robe of light flings round the glittering stars? And do our loves all perish with our frames? Do those that took their root and put forth buds, And then soft leaves unfolded in the warmth of mutual hearts, grow up and live in beauty, Then fade and fall, like fair unconscious flowers? Are thoughts and passions that to the tongue give speech, ANII * * RICHARD HENRY DANA- *: RICHARD HENRY DANA, *********** WIFE'S GRAVIE #. ****************** And make it set forth winning harmonies, That to the cheek do give its living glow, And vision in the eye the soul intense With that for which there is no utterance,— Are these the body’s accidents, no more? To live in it, and when that dies go out Like the burnt taper's flame? O listen, man! A voice within us speaks the startling word, “Man, thou shalt never die!” celestial voices Hymn it around our souls; according harps, By angelfingers touched when the mild stars Of morning sang together, sound forth still The song of our great im- mortality; Thick-clustering orbs, and this our fair domain, The tall, dark mountains and the deep-toned seas, Join in this solemn, universal song. - - O listen ye, our spirits! drink it in From all the air! 'Tis in the gentle moonlight; Is floating in day's glories; Night, Wrapped in her sable robe, witl silent step Comes to our bed and breathes it in our ears; - Night and the dawn, bright day and thoughtful eve; As one great mystic instru: ment, are touched By an unseen, living Hand, and conscious chords Quiver with joy in this great jubilee. The dying hear it; and, as sounds of earth Grow dull and distant, wake their passing souls To mingle in this heavenly harmony. setting *- Why is it that I linger round this tomb? What holds it? Dust that cumbered those I mourn. They shook it off, and laid aside earth's robes, And put on those of light. They're gone to dwell In love-their God's and angels'? ... Mutual love That bound them here, no longer needs a speech For full communion; nor sensations strong, . Within their breast, their prison, strive in vain To be set free, and meet their kind in joy. Changed to celestials, thoughts that rise in each By natures new impart themselves, though silent. Each quickening sense, each throb of holy love, Affections sanctified, and the full glow Of being, which expand and gladden one, By union all mysterious, thrill and live In both immortal frames;-sensation all, | And thought, pervading, mingling sense and thought - --> CHOICE POETICAL SELECTIONS. Ye paired, yet one! wrapt in a consciousness Twofold, yet single-this is love, this life! Why call we, then, the square-built monument, The upright column, and the low-laid slab Tokens of death, memorials of decay? Stand in this solemn, still assembly, man, And learn thy proper nature; for thou seest In these shaped stones and lettered tables figures Of life. Then be they to thy soul as those Which he who talked on Sinai's mount with God Brought to the old Judeans:-types are these Of thine eternity. I thank thee, Father, That at this simple grave on which the dawn Is breaking, emblem of that day which hath No close, thou kindly unto my dark mind Hast sent a sacred light, and that away From this green hillock, whither I had come In sorrow, thou art leading me in joy. : =#: +THE LAST LEAF-4+ | OLIVER WENDELL. HOLMES. SAW him once before, As he passed by the door; And again The pavement stones resound As he totters o'er the ground With his cane. They say that in his prime, Ere the pruning knife of time Cut him down, Not a better man was found By the crier on his round Through the town. But now he walks the streets, And he looks at all he meets, So forlorn; And he shakes his feeble head, That it seems as if he said, “They are gone!” The mossy marbles rest On the lips that he has pressed In their bloom; And the names he loved to hear Have been carved for many a year On the tomb. My grandmamma has said- Poor old lady! she is dead Long ago- That he had a Roman nose, And his cheek was like a rose In the snow. But now his nose is thin, And it rests upon his chin Like a staff; And a crook is in his back, And a melancholy crack In his laugh. I know it is a sin For me to sit and grin - At him here. But the old three-cornered hat, And the breeches,—and all that Are so queer! And if I should live to be The last leaf upon the tree In the spring, Let them smile as I do now, At the old forsaken bough Where I cling. - HREATHES THERE THE MAN. × - SIR WALTER SCOTT. £REATHES there the man with soul so dead, (# Who never to himself hath said, This is my own, my native land! whose heart hath ne'er within him burned, As home his footsteps he hath turned, From wandering on a foreign strand! If such there breathe, go, mark him well; For him no minstrel raptures swell; High though his titles, proud his name, Boundless his wealth as wish can claim Despite those titles, power and pelf, The wretch, concentred all in self, Living, shall forfeit fair renown, And, doubly dying, shall go down, To the vile dust from whence he sprung, Unwept, unhonored, and unsung. *I- * Ö3. \g £y - * f SIR WALTER SCOTT. |k- 916 . CHOICE POETICAL SELECTIONS. 53.8% J& : [The followin £ was a particular favorite with Mr. Lincoln. Mr. F. B. Carpenter, the artist, writes that while engaged in painting his icture at the White House, he was alone one evening with the President in his room, when he said: “There is a poem which has been a great avorite with me for years, which was first shown me when a young man, by a friend, and which I afterwards saw and cut from a newspaper, and learned by heart.” “I would,” he continued, “give a great deal to know who wrote it, but have never been able to ascertain.”] * +: * *H $-3-3:...+----#-----'t II. Why SHHHIH the Spirit af Murial HE FrnIIH' ~f~E~E~#~~~ W. KNOX. c4 Pse \ W. #w:y should the spirit of mortal be proud P | # Like a swift-fleeting meteor, fast-flying cloud, # t (: A flash of the lightning, a break of the wave, Man passes from life to his rest in the grave. * The leaves of the oak and the willow shall fade, Be scattered around and together be laid; - And the young and the old, and the low and the high, Shall moulder to dust and together shall lie. The infant a mother attended and loved, The mother that infant's affection who proved; The husband that mother and infant who blessed, Each, all, are away to their dwellings of rest. The maid on whose cheek, on whose brow, in whose eye Shone beauty and pleasure,—her triumphs are by: And the memory of those who loved her and praised, Are alike from the minds of the living erased. The hand of the king that the sceptre hath borne; The brow of the priest that the mitre hath worn; The eye of the sage and the heart of the brave, Are hidden and lost in the depth of the grave. The peasant, whose lot was to sow and to reap; The herdsman, who climbed with his goats up the steep; The beggar, who wandered in search of his bread, Have faded away like the grass that we tread. The saint who enjoyed the communion of heaven, The sinner who dared to remain unforgiven, The wise and the foolish, the guilty and just, Have quietly mingled their bones in the dust. .*.*\ *—# RIIII III THIIII IIHER and Ilark HIIIB III.Ban. | & * * OLL on, thou deep and dark blue ocean-roll! Ten thousand fleets sweep over thee in vain; Man marks the earth with ruin—his control Stops with the shore;-upon the watery plain The wrecks are all thy deed, nor doth remain A shadow of man's ravage, save his own, When, for a moment, like a drop of rain, - He sinks into thy depths with bubbling groan, LORD BY RON. Without a grave, unknelled, uncoffined, and unknown. So the multitude goes like the flowers or the weed, That withers away to let others succeed; So the multitude comes, even those we behold, To repeat every tale that has often been told. For we are the same our fathers have been; We see the same sights our fathers have seen,— We drink the same stream, and view the same sun. And run the same course our fathers have run. The thoughts we are thinking our fathers would think; From the death we are shrinking our fathers would shrink; To the life we are clinging they also would cling; But it speeds for us all like a bird on the wing. They loved, but the story we cannot unfold; They scorned, but the heart of the haughty is cold. They grieved, but no wail from their slumbers will come; They joyed, but the tongue of their gladness is dumb. They died, ay! they died: and we things that are now Who walk on the turf that lies over their brow, Who make in their dwelling a transient abode, Meet the things that they met on their pilgrimage road. Yea! hope and despondency, pleasure and pain, We mingle together in sunshine and rain; And the smiles and the tears, the song and the dirge Still follow each other, like surge upon surge. 'T is the wink of an eye, ’tis the draught of a breath, From the blossom of health to the paleness of death, From the gilded saloon to the bier and the shroud," O, why should the spirit of mortal be proud.” >\." ~ 2. £—s: ÇQ: #: 33-S Thou glorious mirror! where the Almighty's form Glasses itself in tempests; in all time, Calm or convulsed—in breeze, or gale, or storm, Icing the pole, or in the torrid clime Dark heaving; boundless, endless, and sublime- The image of eternity—the throne Of the invisible; even from out thy slim.c The monsters of the deep are made; each zone Obeys thee; thou goest forth, dread, fathomless, alone. —- ~-3) CHOICE POETICAL SELECTIONS. * 917 ELIZA, COOK. LOVE it, I love it! and who shall dare To chide me for loving that old arm-chair? I’ve treasured it long as a sainted prize, I’ve bedewed it with tears, I've embalmed it with sighs. 'Tis bound by a thousand bands to my heart; Not a tie will break, not a link will start; Would you know the spell?—a mother sat there! And a sacred thing is that old arm-chair. In childhood's nour 1 lingered near, The hallowed seat with listening ear; And gentle words that mother would give To fit me to die, and teach me to live. She told me that shame would never betide With truth for my creed, and God for my guide; She taught me to lisp my earliest prayer, As I knelt beside that old arm-chair. I sat and watched her many a day, When her eye grew dim, and her locks were gray; And £imost worshiped her when the smiled, And turned from her Bible to bless her child. Years rolled on, but the last one sped,— # idol was shattered, my earth-star fled! I learnt how much the heart can bear, When I saw her die in her old arm-chair. 'T is past, 'tis past! but I gaze on it now, With quivering breath and throbbing brow; 'Twas there she nursed me, ’t was there she died, And memory flows with lava tide. Say it is folly, and deem me weak, Whilst scalding drops start down my cheek. But I love it, I love it, and cannot tear My soul from a mother's old arm-chair. *—848–#. ++++++++++++++++++++ - £, L.IIWIE'S FI .# £LIVE's "HILISIFHY f HE fountains mangle with the river, And the rivers with the ocean; The winds of heaven mix forever, With a sweet emotion; Nothing in the world is single, All things by a law divine In one another's being mingle:— Why not I with thine? See the mountains kiss high heaven, And the waves clasp one another; No sister flower would be forgiven If it disdained its brother; And the sunlight clasps the earth, And the moonbeams kiss the sea;- What are all these kissings worth, If thou kiss not me? * $9–8–39-GE-3>–G–39–8–39–33.3—3:# 1.É N S!2- S:2: S:2:...~$12: S:2-...-S12: st4 = 4. IISIIITI- >< CHOICE POETICAL *: EIIIHE Rast III 'I His THOMAS MOORE. | # oMr. rest in this bosom, my own stricken #: eer * [..." 9 £ Though the herd have fled from thee, thy # \\ home is still here; , thy # Here still is the smile that no cloud can o'ercast, And a heart and a hand all thy own to the last. R Oh! what was love made for, if 'tis not the same Through joy and through torment, through glory and shame? I know not, I ask not, if guilt's in that heart, I but know that I love thee, whatever thou art. Thou has called me thy angel in moments of bliss, And thy angel I'll be, 'mid the horrors of this, Through the furnace, unshrinking, thy steps to pursue And shield thee, and save thee,—or perish there too! THOMAS GRAY. ? HE curfew tolls the knell of parting day; The lowing herd winds slowly o'er the lea. The ploughman homeward plods his weary way, And leaves the world to darkness and to me. Now fades the glimmering landscape on the sight, And all the air a solemn stillness holds, Save where the beetle wheels his droning flight, And drowsy tinklings lull the distant folds; Save that, from yonder ivy-mantled tower, The moping owl does to the moon complain Of such as, wandering near her secret bower, Molest her ancient, solitary reign. Beneath those rugged elms, that yew-tree's shade, Where heaves the turf in many a mouldering heap, Each in his narrow cell forever £ The rude forefathers of the hamlet sleep. The breezy call of incense-breathing morn, The swallow twittering from the straw-built shed, The cock's shrill clarion, or the echoing horn, No more shall rouse them from their lowly bed. SELECTIONS. # S: S:#:S:2-S32-s:°-s:*:S!2-s!2-Stężss!2-S:2-s: *- : * * * * = , = 2:...S *S £S :*: #: ŽS 2#S 2#S 2#S->''< *ś-3:S→:S→:S→:#: * := 0 <=# * :=*- : :=s*=# * := m-: * : *:::::="ams: G := g. KISSINE'S NII sin: ANONYMOUS. # # £OME say that kissing's a sin; £ But I think it's name ava, #. For kissing has wonn'd in this world : Since ever that there was twa. Oh, if it wasna lawfu’ Lawyers wadna allow it; If it wasna holy, Ministers wadna do it. If it wasna modest, Maidens wadnatak’ it; If it wasna plenty, Puir folk wadna get it. s % % -? For them no more the blazing hearth shall burn, Or busy housewife ply her evening care, No children run to lisp their sire's return, Or climb his knees the envied kiss to share -ŠEDLINTRY DHURDHYARD,ā- Oft did the harvest to their sickle yield, Their furrow oft the stubborn glebe has broke; How jocund did they drive their team afield! How bowed the woods beneath their stürdy stroke. Let not ambition mock their useful toil, Their homely joys and destiny obscure; Nor grandeur hear with a disdainful smile The short and simple annals of the poor. The boast of heraldry, the pomp of power, And all that beauty, all that wealth e'er gave, Alike await the inevitable hour; The paths of glory lead but to the grave. Nor you, ye proud, impute to these the fault, If memory o'er their tomb no trophies raise, It Where, through the long-drawn aisle and fretted va" The pealing anthem swells the note of praise. _-r" –=" =# CHOICE POETICAL SELECTIONS. 919 Can storied urn, or animated bust, Back to its mansion call the fleeting breath? Can honor's voice provoke the silent dust, Or flattery soothe the dull, cold ear of death? Perhaps in this neglected spot is laid Some heart onc pregnant with celestial fire; Hands that the rod of empire might have swayed Or waked to ecstacy the living lyre; But knowledge to their eyes her ample page, Rich with the spoils of time, did ne'er unroll, Chill penury repressed their noble rage, And froze the genial current of the soul. Full many a gem of purest ray serene The dark, unfathomed caves of ocean bear; Full many a flower was born to blush unseen, And waste its sweetness on the desert air. Some village Hampden, that, with daunt- £ less breast, >- The little tyrant of his fields withstood; Some mute, inglorious Milton here may rest; Some Cromwell, guiltless of his country's blood. £ The applause of listening senates to command, The threats of pain and ruin to despise, To scatter plenty o'er a smiling land, And read their history in a nation's eyes, Their lot forbade; nor circumscribed alone Their growing virtues, but their crimes confined Forbade to wade throngh slaughter to a throne, And shut the gates of mercy on mankind; The struggling pangs of conscious truth to hide, To quench the blushes of ingenuous shame, Or heap the shrine of luxury and pride With incense kindled at the muse's flame. Far from the madding crowd's ignoble strife, Their sober wishes never learned to stray; Along the cool, sequestered vale of life They kept the noiseless tenor of their way. Yet even these bones from insult to protect, Some frail memorial still erected nigh, With uncouth rhymes and shapeless sculpturedecked Implores the passing tribute of a sigh. Their name, their years, spelt by the unlettered muse, The place of fame and elegy supply; And many a holy text £ strews, To teach the rustic moralist to die. For who, to dumb forgetfulness a prey, This pleasing, anxious being e'er resigned, Left the warm precincts of the day, Nor cast one longing, lingering look behind? On some fond breast the parting soul relies, Some pious drops the closing eye requires; E’en from the tomb the voice of Nature cries, Een in our ashes live their wonted fires. Dost in these lines their artless tale relate; If chance, by lonely contemplation led, Some kindred spirit shall inquire thy fate, Haply some hoary-headed swain may say:- “Oft have we seen him, at peep of dawn, Brushing with hasty steps the dews away, To meet the sun upon the upland lawn. “There at the foot of yonder nodding beech, That wreathes its old, fantastic roots so high, His listless length at noontide he would stretch And pore upon the brook that babbles by. “Hard by yon wood, now smiling as in scorn, Muttering his wayward fancies, he would rove; 92O CHOICE POETICAL SELECTIONS. Now drooping, woful-wan, like one forlorn, Or crazed with care, or crossed in hopeless love. “One morn I missed him on the customed hill, Along the heath, and near his favorite tree; Another came, -nor yet beside the rill, Nor up the lawn, nor at the rill was he; “The next, with dirges due, in sad array, Slow through the church-way path we saw him borne;— Approach and read (for thou canst read) the lay Graved on the stone beneath yon aged thorn.” THE EPITAPH. Here rests his head upon the lap of earth A youth to fortune and to fame unknown; Fair science frowned not on his humble birth, And melancholy marked him for her own. Large was his bounty, and his soul sincere: Heaven did a recompense as largely send; He gave to misery (all he had) a tear, He gained from heaven ('twas all he wished) a friend No further seek his merits to disclose, Or draw his frailties from their dread abode,- (There they alike in trembling hope repose,) The bosom of his Father and his God. * "T- -— THE IMPERIAL HIGHWA). A Most Valuable Work that Clearly sets forth the Central laeas of Human Life, Fortune and Happiness. It is printed in a single volume of over eight hundred pages, royal octavo; the type is large, and of the most per- fect series, making the reading easy; the work is beautifully illustrated with ten steel and six copper-face engravings; the heavy, fine, tinted paper on which its forms are printed, together with its superb binding and stamps, make one of the most attractive and desirable works that has been issued. THIS SPLEN DID VOLUME is divided into three parts or books: I. SUCCESS IN BUSINESS LIFE. II. HAPPINESS IN SOCIAL AND FAMILY LIFE. III. THE HIGHWAY TO ETERNAL LIFE. Following in order are the various sub-headings and mat- ter that treat on these three all-important themes. All of the good counsel that the reader needs to encourage him in the direction of the greatest improvement, is given in well-chosen words, and the precious facts of experience are brought forward to show the wisdom of it, and thus make this work of the utmost value to every possessor. THE CRITERION OF MERIT IS SUCCESS. THE IMPERIAL HIGHWAY contains the guiding thoughts and information that every one should have and keep in mind to gain complete success and a position in the best society. The first part points out what you must be, to gain suc- cess in business. Certain elements enter into the make-up of every successful man and woman. It is the purpose of this work to tell what those elements are. Under numerous head-lines, which are carefully indexed, in front for convenience of the reader, the subjects are clearly treated. These include Habits, Business Traits, Education, Labor, Vocation, Location, Power of Circum- stances, How to Make Money, Power of Money, Concen- tration of Mind and Power, and many other chapters with their groups of subjects. In this part is also a History of Agriculture, and Biogra- phies of distinguished and successful men. HOW TO MAKE THE MOST OF YOURSELF SOCIALLY. Health and Happiness is treated under various headings, as also Society, Friendship, Love, Marriage, llusband and Wife, Home, Mother, Family, Children, Education of Girls, Household Virtues, Beauty, Decorum and Dress, as well as other subjects, all of which are included in the second part of THE IMPERIAL HIGHWAY. In the third part is given the religious aspect of the gene- ral subject of this work. All the matter is presented in an unbiased manner, and for the general spiritual benefit of the general mind. ACENTS WANTED, THE IMPERIAL HIGHWAY is the best book of the kind for agents that would make money and satisfy their customers. STYLE OF BINDING AND PRICES. In English Cloth, Red Edges, Elegant Gold Side Stamp, - - $3.75 In Half Turkey Morocco, Marbled Edges, Elegant Gold Side Stamp, 5.00 In Full Turkey Morocco, Antique and Gold, Presentation Edition, 6.50 In Full Russia, Antique and Gold, Presentation Edition, * 6.50 LIBERAL TERMs To AcENTs. Address The Publishers of this Book, THE WORLD, HISTORICAL AND ACTUAL. A condensation of General History, from the Earliest Ages of Recorded Time to the Present day, A Book that tells the Various Races of Man, and Recounts his Varied Accomplishments. It contains the information that is usually found in many different books. It treats on Science, Art, Literature and Invention. It contains biographies of those who have led off in the sphere of active life. Besides the great story of Earth and the action of its in- . habitants, it gives a bird's-eye view of Astronomy, the latest theories with reference to the earth and planets. Then the actual history begins with Egypt, and goes on with the history of the Jews, Assyria, Greece and Greek literature; Rome and all the ancient nations, followed by complete histories of Germany, France, Great Britain, Japan, China, Asia, Africa, Mexico and the South Ameri- can countries, and concludes with fifteen chapters devoted to our own country, embracing one on the rise and fall of the Confederacy, and one on the North American Indians. Under the heading of EARLY COLONIAL UNITED STATES, appears the matter relating to that period, with its leading features, Landing of the Pilgrim Fathers, Settlement of Jamestown, Introduction of Slavery, King Philip's War, the Founding of a Free Colony by William Penn, the early settlements of Florida, Port Royal in South Carolina and other places, the establishment of Rhode Island or Provi- dence, by brave old Roger Williams, who was “the first person in modern Christendom to assert, in its plenitude, entire liberty of conscience.” Further along in this interesting story is given the growth and outgrowth of the colonies, with its account of the immor- tal Declaration of Independence, and the actions of the fathers which were suited to the words of that instrument. From the Revolution to the present time the history of events is faithfully given and liberally pictured by hundreds of engravings. THE WORLD contains Tables of Ancient Literature and History, from before Christ 15oo to after Christ 200, and Tables of American and European History and Literature from 200 to the present time. Also other tables, forming an inexhaustible store of important facts. This work has a complete index, that is arranged alphabeti- cally, making it easy to refer to any name or subject. This is an important feature, and has been carefully attended to, upward of twenty pages, three columns to each page, being devoted to it. DESCRIPTION AND PRICES. THE WORLD, HISTORICAL AND ACTUAL, is published in one large, royal quarto volume of 718 pages, printed from clear, new type, on fine, tinted, heavy, super-calendered paper, made expressly for this book, with nearly 1,000 illus- trations, and bound in the most substantial and elegant manner, side stamps in black and gold, of beautiful designs, and furnished to subscribers at the following prices: In English Silk Cloth, Back and Side in Black and Gold, Sprinkled Edges, s - s {- * - * $6.00 In Library Style, Full Leather, Marbled Edges, * * - 7.00 In American Russia, Presentation Edition, Gilt Edges, s 8.50 The Publishers guarantee the book to correspond in every respect with sample copy, and unless, it does, those who order the work will be under no obligations to take it. Sold Only by Subscription. ACTIVE, ENERGETIC AGENTS WANTED. --> –9 WE) * \ COMMENDATIONS FROM NEWSPAPERS, EMINENT PERSONS AND EDUCATORS, on CASKELL's compenDIUM of Forms. Rev. E. C. RA2 Late of Elizabeth, N. S., now of Hyde Park, Ill. It gives me pleasure to testify to the value of this remarkable book. The statistical tables toward the end of the volume, are a storehouse of valuable information for scholars, public men, and all needing accurate statements. I have tried in vain to find some of these things elsewhere. The book draws on one who uses it; nothing but use can disclose its curious fullness and varicty. It differs in toto from other books of eti- quette which I have examined, in its practical and common sense advice and information. Prof. SAS. H. LANSLE2, Principal Business College. Elizabeth, W.j. It will prove of great practical value to the subscribers. The young especially will find in its pages much to improve their minds and please the imagination, while their parents will not be less interested in a carc- ful perusal of the entire volume. I commend it to my pupils and friends as a good investment. JProf. Af. 5. GOLDSMITH, Prof. Penmanship Southern Business University, A'lanta, Ga. Embodies the most practical and useful amount of information of any book I ever saw. It is a perfect business library in itself. 5AMES S. BO2 WTON, Pres. Georgia State Senate. It contains a vast amount of valuable information presented in an attractive form. It will be found useful to a business man, and valuable in a family of young people. JR. F. MOORE, A. M., Pres. Southern Business University, Atlanta, Georgia. I can recommend ‘Gaskell's Compendium of Forms” as a useful book of reference, for business and professional men, and is more complete than any work of the kind previously published. EOSTOM HERALD. Its pages are so well stocked with useful knowledge, that few will hesitate to give it the second place, at least, among the volumes in daily use. ROSTON COURIER. One of the most useful books for reference, or study, recently issued, is undoubtedly “Gaskell's Compendium of Forms.” Gov. 5 OHW D. LONG, of Massachusetts. It contains a vast amount of valuable information. Gov. NATT HEAD, of New Hampshire. It surpasscs any book of the kind I have ever seen; it is a complete library in itself. E.X. VICE PRESIDEWT. SCATUTTLER COLFAX. I have found “Gaskell's Compendium of Forms” such a valuable work, and embodying so many desirable facts, forms and instructions that I have not only subscribed for a copy for my own library, but also very cheerfully recommend it to those of every business and calling. Hon. MARCUS L. WARD, Ex-Gov. of Wew jersey. It supplies a much needed want, and will benefit all who consult its pages. AIon. THEODORE F. RANDOLPH, U. S. Senator of New Jersey. Contains very much valuable information. Prof. H. E. HIBBARD, Principal Bryant de Stratton Commercial School, Boston. I have examined it carefully, and with great interest to myself. Would not part with it for ten times its cost. Should find its way into every home. Prof. S. S. PACKARD, Packard's Business College, Ayew rork. It meets a very aggressive sort of demand. The amount of valuable information it contains is simply bewildering. Hon. G. W. E.WGLISH, Mayor of Atlanta, Ga. To all business and professional men, “Gaskell's Compendium of Forms” will be found a most excellent book for reference and study. 5. H. SMART. A. M., President National Teachers' Assembly (r33r), Atlanta, Ga. I know of no more valuable book than “Gaskell's Compendium of Forms,” and commend its use to all business and professional men. G.A.S. A. WESTON, Ex-Gov. of New Hampshire. I have examined your “Gaskell's Compendium of Forms” with much interest and satisfaction; while the book is of great value in fam- ilies, the business man-in fact, everybody,-will derive profit by a perusal of its pages. Aan. W.M. H. SPENCER, C. S. C., Georgia State Senator, from AHarris Co., Ga. The work is practical in its nature, is systematically arranged, and all who consult its pages will be greatly benefited thereby. It is a book of great value. Hon. ALFRED H. COL2UITT, Governor State of Georgia. “Gaskell's Compendium of Forms” contains a great many valuable matters of both business and social utility, and is a compilation of a surprising amount of forms and information. Hon. W. F. HEMPHILL, Publisher of the Daily Constitution, Atlanta, Ga. We find it to be one of the most useful books for reference or study in our library. Prof. 5. E. SOULE, Principal Bryant & Stratton Colleges, Philadel- Abhia, Pa. It is one of the most useful books in my library. It contains a world of information, carefully arranged, classified and indexed. The work is eminently practical, and cannot fail to be a valuable book of refer- ence and instruction to students and business and professional men. It is full of good things. Prof. W. H. SADLER, Principal Bryant, Stratton & Sadler Colleges, • JBaltimore, Md. It is decidedly the best and only complete work of the kind. I want six copies to present to my teachers. Prof. W. A. DRAKE, Principal Hillsdale (Mich.) College. It is superior to any similar work which has preceded it, being pre- pared upon a more liberal plan, and evincing more care and scholarship in its compilation. Those who possess it will be spared many cash dis- bursements, will avoid a world of awkwardness, and will grow wiser by having access to it. Rev. KPAVDALL BROOKS, D. D., Pres. Kalamazoo (Mich.) College. In many families it will take the place of a whole library. SAMUEL DICKIE, A. M., Librarian Albion (Mich.) College. A rare collection of valuable information, intelligently compiled and elegantly printed. D. W. C. DURGIN, Pres. Hillsdale (Mich.) College. If one wants an item and doesn't know where to find it, let him go to “Gaskell's Compendium.” The “Compendium of Reference” (32 pages) is alone worth the price of the work. Prof. L. C. A2 LIVORTH, Pres. Commercial Co.'lege, Battle Creek, A/ich. An Encyclopaedia of valuable information for all who mingle in busi- ness and society. x. DALLAS BOUDEMAN, Esq., Attorney at Law, Kalamazoo, Mich. The legal forms are such as are in general use in the profession-the most complete work of its kind I have ever seen. A. E. WINSOR, Esq., Attorney at Law, Marshall, Mich. A book demanded by the times. Should be in every farmer's family especially. ZELOTES TRUESDEL, Supt. Schools, Pontiac, Mich. No family can afford to be without it. C. N. WALDRON, Vice-Pres. First National Bank, Hillsdale, Mich. The best book of the kind with which I am fămiliar, and deserves * large circulation. Aon. W. F. MASON, Supt. Atlanta (Ga.) City Schools. One of the most useful books in my library—for reference and study. Hon. IV.M. A. HARRIS (Sec. Senate of Georgia), Attorney at 44° I unhesitatingly pronounce it a valuable book of reference, as regards business, social and legal forms. I have a copy which I appreciate very highly, and would not part with it for five times its cost. a-v- f: - - - -9 - - | | The Jersey City Business College, Nos. 23 & 25 NEWARK AVENUE, JERSEY CITY, N. J. O INSTITUTION of the kind in the United N States offers better facilities than this for pre- paring young men and women in the shortest possible time and at the least expense, for the various mercantile employments which are open at all times to the trustworthy and competent. L00ATION. | | The College is one mile from New York City, S COLLEGE . - . * | —one-third less than in New York. The School oc- |->| | cupies elegant rooms in the heart of the city, and has the finest furniture of any school in its section. TEACHERS. A full corps of good teachers—those of national reputation in their specialties, whose names as well as their instruction are worth something to their graduates. EMPLOYMENT. Those wishing good penmen and accountants will be supplied free of charge, with the best class of assistants, by applying in person or by letter. Situations provided for graduates whenever possible. There are better opportunities here than in smaller cities. 3usiness Colleges supplied with first-class teachers of Penmanship. Write for illustrated paper, giving full particulars. Address, Prof. C. A. CASKELL, Principal, Jersey City Business College, correspondence from subscribers of this book solicited. JERSEY CITY, N. J. just across the Hudson: fare 3 cents. 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