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The
BRETONGRE
OCT 25 1929
PADEREWSKI
HIS COUNTRY AND ITS
RECENT PROGRESS
KOSCIUSZKO
THE
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NCORPORATED
1925
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PADEREWSKI
HIS COUNTRY AND ITS
RECENT PROGRESS
THE KOSCIUSZKO FOUNDATION
NEW YORK,
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DK
440
.K86

1
1928

Harbook
PHOTO
S.F-LA.
Ignace Jan Paderewski
Artist, Patriot, Humanitarian
برار
#
03-1
bije
The Kosciuszko Foundation
9-9-1929

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"A twelvemonth gone! It is as Hector said:
"The lyre will not avail thee now,' O Pole,
Apollo's heir!-Indeed, how canst thou play
With groans of dying brothers in thy ears,
And frenzied mothers clutching at thy hands,
And children crying through the night?
Thy magic spell could make them all forget
Hunger and pain and death, but in thy love
For luckless Poland thou hast turned thy face
To her as Orpheus to Eurydice,-
And hell still holds her fast, while thou in grief
But criest 'Poland, Poland,' o'er the earth.”
John H. Finley
(1915)
Lercise
Artist, patriot, orator, benefactor, an envoy of good will, “a wor-
thy son of Poland, the adopted child of all nations, a citizen of the
world”—Ignace Jan Paderewski, since the days of Kosciuszko and
Pulaski, has been the strongest human bond between Poland and
America.
While Joseph Pilsudski dug at the foundations for the structure of
the modern Poland, hewed at her cornerstones, hammered away the
obstructions, and chiselled from within, Ignace Jan Paderewski
carved and shaped the edifice of Free Poland in the minds and hearts
of the American people and all the peoples of the earth. Through the
genius of the artist, the eloquence of the orator and the zeal of the
patriot, he revealed to us the genius of the Polish people, he made us
feel the longing of the Polish heart, and burned upon our conscience
the justice of the Polish cause.
lokk
[3]

11
Courtesy Wide World Photos
"No man knows what the wife of his bosom is-what a ministering angel
she is, until he has gone with her through the fiery trials of this world."
POLAND'S
TRAGIC CONDITION DURING
PADEREWSKI'S BOYHOOD
I
GNACY JAN PADEREWSKI was born on November 6, 1860, in the
village of Kurylowka, in Podolia, a province of Russian Poland.
Through the eyes of impressionable childhood, he witnessed the
last national tragedy of Poland. During the Insurrection of 1863 he
lost his mother, his father was imprisoned for having participated in
the national uprising, his native village burned down and the inno-
cent and defenseless inhabitants slaughtered by ruthless Cossacks. All
this made an indelible impression upon him as a child and enkindled
in his bosom the spark of patriotism that he inherited from his an-
cestors. His father came from a patriotic family of landed gentry and
his mother was the daughter of a university professor whom the Rus-
sians had exiled to Siberia for patriotic activities. It happened that his
mother was born in Kursk, a Siberian town to which Russia deported
most of her political offenders.
MUSICAL CAREER
From earliest childhood, Ignas (a Polish diminutive for Ignace)
had shown a liking for music. At the age of six, he was given system-
atic instruction on the pianoforte. Although his instructor was a
teacher of violin, he imparted to his talented pupil the rudiments of
music and deepened in him the love of systematic exercise.
At thirteen, the boy Paderewski went to Warsaw and entirely
through his own efforts carried on his musical education at the Con-
servatory of Warsaw and after four years of diligent study received
the first prize offered by the Conservatory, and at 17 became a teacher
in that well-known institution.
P
↓
[ 5 ]

Paderewski made his real debut in 1887, in Vienna. His appear-
ance in Paris a year later marked the beginning of his European fame.
In 1890 he went to London. England immediately recognized him as
the "master pianist," and, in 1891, he made his first trip to the United
States where he was hailed as a musical genius by divine right. But
here let us call upon the Dean of American Critics to tell the story of
Mr. Paderewski as a musician. (The following article has been pre-
pared especially for this occasion).
The Memorial of Gratitude at Warsaw
For the great Relief Work of the United States to Polish Children
[6]
IGNACE JAN PADEREWSKI IN AMERICA
BY RICHARD ALDRICH
"Whatever the course of the world's history may have de-
manded of Mr. Paderewski as a statesman, and however patri-
otically and brilliantly he may have responded to those de-
mands, he will remain, for the vast majority of his American
admirers, the great musician. His place in their admiration and
affection is, first, that of the master pianist, the conjurer with the
magic of tones; and then that of the composer of strong individ-
uality, tinged deeply with the color of his Polish nationality.
The history of his conquest of America has hardly been paral-
lelled in the history of music. There came other artists before
him, but Mr. Paderewski's achievements were of a different and
a higher sort, more deeply grounded in the nobility, the poetry,
the pure artistic quality of his musicianship. He touched the
deepest and tenderest feelings and tugged irresistibly at the
heart-strings of a whole people.
"He came to America in the autumn of 1891 and gave his
first concert in Carnegie Hall, with an orchestra, on November
17. The impression he made on the American public was deep
and poignant from the very first; there was no mistaking the
quality of the man and his art. It was a unique impression, of a
sort, it might safely be said, such as no other solo artist ever quite
achieved. He seemed to speak a new language in music; he
raised its poetry, its magic, its mystery, its romantic eloquence,
to a higher power than his listeners knew. To every one of them
it seemed as if he spoke directly in an individual appeal, touch-
ing the heart as never before. There was a beauty of line as well
as of color and atmosphere, a poignance of phrase, a quality of
tone, a lyrical accent such-so it seemed as to make of his play-
ing something never till then quite divined.
"Public interest grew so greatly that it was soon necessary for
[7]
"
Mr. Paderewski to return to Carnegie Hall for his solo recitals
-a new thing, then, to present a single performer in a vast au-
dience-room with no associate to bring relief or contrast. His
tour of the country, his return season after season, gave rise to
an increasing series of popular demonstrations, both in New
York and in other cities of the country, such as had never been
witnessed here before. For thirty-seven years this has gone on,
interrupted only by the turbulent years of the war. And in those
Mr. Paderewski took a part unique in the history of art: his ap-
pearance here, and elsewhere, first as an eloquent pleader for
the rights of his native land in a speech of impeccable and burn-
ingly eloquent English; and then, after a few moments' breath-
ing spell, his reappearance on the platform in an equally impec-
cable and burningly eloquent interpretation at the pianoforte of
some of the greatest works of his fellow-countryman, Chopin.
"Mr. Paderewski has garnered the laurels not only of a great
interpreter, but also the more lasting, if less dazzling fame of a
composer. At his first American concerts he played his own con-
certo and his Polish Fantasia, works which became lasting items
in his repertory. Many of his lesser pianoforte solos, rooted in
the soil of Poland, fragrant with the blossoms of Polish national
art, were amongst his best beloved offerings. Many will remem-
ber the superabundant popularity of his melodious 'Minuet,' the
exotic charm of his 'Chant du Voyageur,' and of his 'Nocturne.'
His sonata for pianoforte and violin had made its way to Amer-
ica before he did. Later in his career he brought hither his Polish
opera 'Manru,' produced in his own presence at the Metropoli-
tan Opera House. Still later he gave the Boston Symphony Or-
chestra, for its first performance, his symphony, at that time
unfinished; a work of sombre spirit, of grandiose and moving
power, denoting a new direction and a new development of his
creative activity, followed by a profoundly felt, if gloomy,
pianoforte sonata and a set of variations for pianoforte solo.
C
[8]

MAN
ababorar ame
The "Great Theatre" in Warsaw
"Many are the virtuosos who have come to America to exploit
a European reputation, not infrequently animated by pecuniary
considerations. It is impossible to conceive of such a spirit in Mr.
Paderewski, or of his viewing his American triumphs with any
such purpose. He reaped great fortunes repeatedly in America;
but he felt himself so much a part of America as to wish to leave
here a permanent impress of his personality. He gave lavishly
with both hands, for charity; many were the benefit perform-
ances which he proffered for the profit of worthy causes; many
are the artists he has helped and encouraged. He founded a per-
petual reminder of his interest in American art and its progress
in the Paderewski Prize for compositions of outstanding merit
by American composers in various forms, repeatedly awarded.
"For nearly forty years now Mr. Paderewski's profoundly
poetic and heart-felt art has been a benison to America, a coun-
try too often ravaged by the unthinking worship of the virtuoso.
It is good to think that the American public's reaction toward
one who has always put his technical powers so completely at the
service of the highest ideals in music, was and has remained so
immediate, so straight and so lasting; and that such influences as
Mr. Paderewski has exerted have gained him lasting affection in
the minds and hearts of the American people."
FOR ART'S AND POLAND'S SAKE
"How Paderewski plays! And was it he
Or some disbodied spirit that had rushed
From silence into singing; that had crushed
Into one starved hour all life's felicity,
And highest bliss of knowledge—that all life's
grief, wrong
Turns at the last to beauty and to song!"
-R.W. Gilder
Al
[10]

And thus Paderewski played as he went forth to the far corners of
the world. A consummate artist, and yet not a warped son of genius;
one who had lived the doctrine of art for art's sake, and yet used it
for the sake of his beloved Poland. This Polish artist made Poland
known wherever he went. He played to the artistic and the influen-
tial. Subjects and rulers paid their homage to him as an artist and ad-
mired him as a man. States, municipalities, organizations and individ-
uals in all nations and all stations of life registered on parchment,
canvas, marble, and bronze, their appreciation and their affection. His
charming personality won him friends, whose name is legion, and to
be a friend of Paderewski meant to be a friend of Poland. And this
personal influence he brought to bear with telling effect in behalf of
his country and his countrymen at a critical hour. It was due largely to
his personal efforts and his personal influence that American sympa-
MOBRONIE POLSKI
WALATACH 1949-1920
BRO GAVE THEIR LIVES
FOR POLAND
20
Unveiling of Monument to American Aviators who died in defense of Lwow
Dr. Alfred J. Pearson, American Minister to Poland delivering the address
[11]
thy for the Polish cause assumed a definite form, in terms of war
aims and material aid.
"It was at this period of his career," writes Colonel House,
"that I came in intimate and constant touch with him . . . . I
suggested to President Wilson that he formulate the war aims
of the United States Then came the Fourteen Points and
among them the demand for a revivified Poland.”
•
In pleading for the Polish cause, Paderewski combined the genius
of the orator with the genius of the artist. To his American friends
and admirers who heard him speak he was a revelation. How Pade-
rewski spoke! Among thousands of others, Gutzon Borglum heard
him and reports thus:
(c
He began his speech much as he plays . . . As his
nimble fingers move up and down the keyboard, so ran his nim-
ble mind up and down the difficult and troubled frontiers of the
Russian and Teutonic peoples
I felt that I was listening to
a great product of art, a gifted orator, telling the epic of a peo-
ple. By a curious magic of his personality he had produced a
hush and the audience listened with an attention that admitted
no applause . . . I have heard nearly all the great speakers of
our time, excepting Gladstone-and I have heard none who
seemed to have the power of Paderewski and the sincerity that
made me think of what the great Greeks and Romans must have
been. Everybody felt as I felt. The audience rose in its unre-
strained homage."
Unselfish, unaffected, of reserved and quiet simplicity but a pas-
sionate patriot, Paderewski grips the popular imagination. He cap-
tured the hearts of the Americans for the Polish cause, secured the
historic declaration of our war President who later became the spokes-
[12]
man for the greater part of mankind, spent his personal fortune and
enlisted generous support of Americans and American Poles in be-
half of his war-stricken countrymen and children deprived of par-
ental care.
A consummate artist! Yet for five years he had not even touched
the piano. "I cannot play," said he, "while men, women and children
are suffering and the world is aflame." In the fall of 1917, when his
concert tour was arranged in every detail and the guaranteed net
profits were to bring him twice the yearly salary of the President of
the United States, he wired his manager this laconic message: "Cancel
tour. All my time is needed for Poland." He carried on the wings of
his art to the remote regions of the world the message of the cause of
his people, and in the hour of need sacrificed art for Poland's sake.
All the material sacrifices he has made will not compare with this,
when he ventured to "swap the diadem of genius for the thankless
task of public leadership."
Philanthropist, humanitarian, benefactor! These designations have
struck deep root in the American soil. Many an endeavor-educa-
tional, cultural, humanitarian-has there been that Mr. Paderewski
lavishly supported. Suffice it to mention only two characteristic inci-
dents. In the early '90's, when he played on the Pacific Coast, a group
of students from Stanford University asked him to give a concert for
the benefit of their scholarship fund. He did. The concert committee
had done all they could in order to make this a profitable undertak-
ing, but instead of profit there was a deficit. The students chose a
committee to thank the artist for his kind cooperation and to apolo-
gize for the failure or rather for the public that failed to appreciate
the
purpose of the concert. When the spokesman unburdened himself
of the beautifully prepared but completely forgotten and then awk-
wardly improvised message, Mr. Paderewski sat down, consulted his
checkbook and then handed the befuddled spokesman a check with
the following salutary remark: "Young man, in life things don't
always come out in accordance with our plans. Take this, it will cover
←
[13]

1
11
الاول
Statue of Copernicus at the University of Krakow
-thei
the deficit; the balance you may apply towards your scholarship
fund.” The check was for $1000, and the spokesman in question hap-
pened to be young Herbert Hoover, who later became the head of the
American Relief Administration in Poland at a time when the erst-
while young benefactor was Premier of the new Polish Republic.
Another incident. "The American Legion Monthly," for August,
1926, carried the following announcement:
"Ignacy Jan Paderewski is to date the largest individual con-
tributor to the American Legion's $5,000,000 Endowment Fund
for Disabled American World War Veterans, the children of
disabled men, and the orphans of service men and veterans. Fol-
lowing concerts in New York, Philadelphia, Boston, and Wash-
ington, M. Paderewski's manager turned over to the Endow-
ment Fund a check for $28,600, representing Paderewski's en-
tire return from the concerts."
J
This remarkable combination of genius, knowledge, indomitable
will, superhuman labor, patriotism and sublime poetry is Ignace Jan
Paderewski, an illustrious son of Poland.
[15]

Ignacy Moscicki
President of the Republic of Poland
POLAND
HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT
S
CATTERED on the plains between the Baltic and the Carpathian
Mountains, the Slavonic tribes hunted their game, tilled their
soil, and worshipped their rustic gods of harvest and of peace
from days hidden deep in the obscure past. It was from these tribes
and on those plains (in Polish "polska," hence POLSKA or Poland)
that the Polish nation emerged in the Valley of the Vistula some one
thousand years ago
years ago and at the end of the fourteenth century was the
most powerful state in eastern Europe, with territories of 380,000
square miles in area extending from the Baltic to the Black Sea. The
first historical Polish ruler was Mieszko (960-992 A.D.), who ac-
cepted the Christian faith in 969, whereby he brought the country
within the sphere of Western European civilization.
Harassed by the evil of excessive democracy from within and the
pressure of unscrupulous aggression of her neighbors from without,
Poland was subsequently weakened and finally fell a victim to the
designs of the three partitioning powers at a time when on this con-
tinent there was rising a new nation that was destined to be the stand-
ard bearer of the democracies of the world and to play a noteworthy
part in the restoration of Poland.
Reborn Poland has a republican form of government. The Parlia-
ment consists of two chambers, the Senate and the Diet or "Sejm"
being the upper and lower chambers respectively, elected by a system
of proportional direct representation. The Senate has III and the
Diet 444 members. The President is elected for a term of seven years
by the Senate and the Diet meeting jointly in a national assembly, by
a majority vote. The President appoints the Prime Minister or Pre-
mier and the several ministers who jointly constitute a "Government"
politically responsible to the Parliament.
[17]

MOT
Marshal Joseph Pilsudski
Present Premier of Poland
MARSHAL JOSEPH PILSUDSKI
B%
ORN in Lithuania in 1867, Joseph Pilsudski comes from an old
Polish family of landed gentry, distinguished in service for
Poland. His father, mother and sister were imprisoned for patriotic
activities and his uncle was killed in the insurrection of 1863.
At seventeen young Pilsudski entered the University of Kharkow,
with a view to studying medicine, but, being accused of plotting
against the czar, was sent to Siberia for five years. Upon his return,
he began to make preparations for "war" against Russia. Among
other numerous activities he and his wife published secretly a paper
called ROBOTNIK (Worker) calculated to fan Polish patriotism. His
subterranean press was soon discovered, he was arrested and sent to
the citadel of Warsaw. He feigned insanity and was sent to a hospital
in St. Petersburg, whence he was liberated by a doctor friend of his
who contrived to be appointed to the asylum staff.
From his earliest youth one idea constantly dominated Pilsudski:
POLAND MUST BE FREE; and his philosophy has been: "freedom
cannot be won by hoping or cheating, it can be bought only with the
price of blood." He was wary of politics. On the eve of the World
War, he predicted that the "Polish question will be solved only in this
happy coincidence, when Russia is beaten by Germany, and Germany
by France." Then added, "and it is our duty to help them bring this
about!"
Then came the war. When two oppressors lined up against the
third and the Poles seemed to be destined to lose no matter who won,
Pilsudski marshalled his legion, which he had been in the meanwhile
organizing, and struck first against the biggest enemy, Russia. When
Russia crumbled, he turned against Austria and Germany, was in-
terned in the fortress of Magdeburg and kept there from July, 1917,
until the outbreak of the German revolution in November, 1918.
Thereupon he returned to Warsaw and was acclaimed as Chief of
State, which position he held during the first four years of Poland's
renewed existence. Later on, he continued a while at the head of the
army, then withdrew into private life, and in May, 1926, returned
again to public life and became Premier and Minister of War.

BIRTH OF A NEW NATION
The problem of re-creating a unified nation out of three parts, each
of which for a century and a half had been made to fit different polit-
ical and economic schemes, has indeed been gigantic. Furthermore,
Poland has had to build on ruins. In the vicissitudes of war her terri-
tories, especially in the eastern part, were passed over at least ten
times by advancing and retreating armies-robbed, plundered, de-
spoiled. And out of these ruins arose the New Poland-thanks to her
resources, material and spiritual, thanks to the growing efficiency in
her governmental organization, thanks to the aid and encouragement
she has received from the people of America.
TET
7493
CEED
THE
A General View of Krakow
With "Cloth Hall" in the foreground, where merchants of the East met merchants of
the West during the Middle Ages and exchanged their wares.
Now a National Museum.
[20]
RESOURCES
"Potentially," says Sir George Paish, "Poland is one of the richest
countries in Europe." With area approximately 150,000 square miles
and with population of 30,000,000, Poland is the sixth largest coun-
try in Europe. When resources in relation to area are taken into con-
sideration, Poland stands out even more prominently among the
leading European countries.
In area of land cultivated Poland ranks fourth in Europe, follow-
ing closely France and Germany.
In oil reserves Poland is third, following Russia and Rumania.
These are distributed mainly over the slopes of the Carpathian
Mountains along the southern border of Poland for a distance of
about 300 miles.
In agriculture Poland holds third or fourth position in most crops
produced by the European countries. Thus, in 1925, she was third in
the production of rye, third in potatoes, fourth in oats, fourth in
sugar beets and beet sugar, second in flax, third in horses, fourth in
cattle, third in hogs.
Forestry. Poland has the sixth largest forest area in Europe, yet in
lumber trade occupies the fifth place. Coniferous forests, especially
pines, predominate. About thirty percent of the forests are owned by
the State, but all forests are carefully supervised and conserved.
-
Industry. The chief foundation of Poland's industrial develop-
ment, concentrated mostly in Upper Silesia, is coal. Poland occupies
the fourth place in the production of coal, and due to the favorable
location has the largest output of coal per man of any country in
Europe. Two-thirds of the output is consumed at home; the balance
exported. Also, Poland is one of the leading producers of lead and
zinc ores in the world and second largest producer of slab zinc in
Europe. The great Giesche Mine, now controlled by the Silesian
American Corporation, is the largest zinc property in the world.
In textiles, Poland also occupies a prominent position. Her cotton
I
[21]
spindles total over 2,400,000. The city of Lodz is known the world
over as the Manchester of Poland. Bielsk and Bialystok are centers of
woolen manufactures. About 85 percent of Poland's import of raw
cotton comes from the United States, amounting to nearly a quarter
of a million bales in 1926.
Salt deposits, which are 95 to 99 percent pure, are among the
largest and richest in the world and seem almost inexhaustible. Wie-
liczka Mines, which have been in operation for nearly a thousand
years, are the object of interest of all tourists. In 1926 the production
of salt, being 457,771 metric tons, almost doubled the 1919 output.
EDUCATION
The roots of the education in Poland go down into the beginnings
of the Polish State. Under the influence of the Church at first and in-
tended for the training for priesthood, the educational institutions
gradually became national in scope and international in influence.
The Jagiellonian University at Krakow, established in 1364 or al-
most three centuries before the founding of the first American insti-
tution of higher learning, from the very beginning attracted scholars
as teachers and pupils from the whole continent. The members of the
faculty played leading roles at the Councils of Constance and Basel,
pleading for broad vision, tolerance and understanding. Mikolaj
Kopernik (Nicholas Copernicus) is probably one of the best known
graduates of this institution.
By a resolution of the Diet on October 14, 1776, or four days be-
fore Kosciuszko received his commission as Colonel of Engineers in
George Washington's Army of the Revolution, Poland established
the "Commission of National Education," which became the first
Ministry of Public Instruction on the continent of Europe. This
measure was a concerted effort of national regeneration after the first
partition and the program then mapped out became the basis of pub-
lic instruction of the Poland reborn.
And now one of Poland's greatest problems has been that of cre-
[22]

A country road
ating a system of public instruction, with adequate facilities and well-
trained personnel so as to wipe out illiteracy, a heritage of political
bondage, and prepare for the duties of intelligent citizenship. The
population in that part of Poland which for the last hundred years
belonged to Russia, whose motto seemed to have been PUT OUT THE
LIGHT AND RULE, was in two-thirds illiterate. The whole Polish na-
tion now has declared a veritable war against illiteracy and ignorance
and is marshalling all its forces with that objective in view-home,
school, shop and army are used for that purpose and volunteer work-
ers are drawn from the ranks of the students and all professional
classes. School buildings are used day and night. There is no commu-
nity, however small, that does not mobilize its contingent of this
army that bringeth light.
One of the first acts of the Diet in 1919 was to introduce the prin-
ciple of compulsory education for all children between the ages of
seven to fourteen. In the first five years the number of State Normal
[23]

Tatra Mountains, a summer resort, with

돈
​peasant types from Zakopane-Mountaineers
100
6
A
་་
i
Schools increased from 24 to 116. In three years, from 1921 to 1924,
the school attendance of children of school age increased from 62 to
84 percent, thanks to increased facilities and personnel. The Ministry
of Education strives to make it a hundred percent in the nearest pos-
sible future. In one year, from 1924 to 1925, the number of trade
schools increased from 686 to 829. Hygiene and physical training re-
ceive ever increasing consideration. Poland has now 29,000 Elemen-
tary Schools with 64,000 teachers and 3,400,000 pupils; 778 sec-
ondary schools and 22 graduate schools, including six universities.
American ideas of school administration, methods and objectives
find a fertile ground in the educational system of Poland. A number
of Polish professors, who had been trained or who had taught at
American universities, have gone back and assumed teaching posts.
Several American educators, including the President and the Vice-
President of the Kosciuszko Foundation have been in Poland and
lectured on American education. Teachers College at Columbia Uni-
versity alone has trained a number of Polish scholars in school admin-
istration and adult education.
"THE MIRACLE OF POST WAR EUROPE"
Those who saw Poland in 1918-19 and again in 1927-28 regard
this new Republic as the miracle of post-war Europe. Peace has been
restored on all frontiers, boundaries delimited, the three former parts
reunited and unified, administrative machinery made to run, banks es-
tablished, the monetary system introduced and stabilized, all pay-
ments on public debts promptly met, budgets balanced, wheels of
industry set in motion, foreign trade increased and confidence both at
home and abroad restored. All of this, and a great deal more, Poland
has accomplished within the ten years of her independence and most
of it within the past two years. The process of nation-building, that
took generations elsewhere has been crowded into years in Poland.
In 1918 Poland had approximately four thousand miles of rail-
ways left in a deplorable condition, with some limping instead of
[26]

An oil field at Drohobycz

The St. Anna Church in Wilno
4
.
rolling-stock; today she has a railway system of 12,000 miles (ap-
proximately the size of the Pennsylvania System), trains that people
set their watches by, and three factories producing locomotives based
on the American models.
Replacing the several systems of depreciated paper money, Poland
introduced zloty as a unit of the new system, based on gold and sta-
bilized at 11.22 cents in our money.
The fiscal year ending in March, 1927, brought a surplus of 156,-
600,000 and the year 1927-28 about 300,000,000 zlotys. In order to
preserve the monetary and budgetary stability thus achieved and to
enhance industrial activities, a seventy-two million dollar loan was
floated in that memorable year of 1927. Although the United States
subscribed for two-thirds of the loan, many other nations partici-
pated. Mr. Charles S. Dewey, American Financial Adviser to the
Polish Government, states in his first quarterly report that during the
last year the revenues of Poland pledged for the interest and amor-
tization of this loan amounted to more than four times the sum re-
quired; that government receipts in general by far exceed govern-
ment expenditures; that "economic conditions last year were the best
in the history of the Republic . industrial activity increased and
unemployment declined."
In the opinion of Eugene Kwiatkowski, the Minister of Commerce
and Industry, this stabilization loan is the turning point in Poland's
gigantic efforts for the reconstruction of her economic life and for
cooperation with the world's chief centers of finance.
Progress in production, exports, imports, and domestic consump-
tion shown within the past year has been remarkable. The general in-
crease of consumption in Poland in the second half of 1927 as com-
pared with 1925 was over 26 percent, thus showing a rising standard
of living. The total of exports in 1927 as compared with 1926 in-
creased by somewhat over 12 percent, while the total of imports has
increased during the same period by over 76 percent. Imports from
the United States alone increased more than 40 percent during the
[29]

In the suburb of Wilno
first eight months of 1927. The following figures for production and
imports are significant.
Average monthly output of fundamental products-in tons:
1926
Coal
Coke
Pig iron
Steel
Rolled products
Imports-in zlotys:
Agricultural machinery
Textile machinery
Wood and metal-working machinery
Electrical machinery
Engines
2,980,000
92,900
27,300
65,700
46,900
1927
(Jan.-June)
3,036,000
110,500
45,900
100,500
70,100
1927
1926
(Jan.-Sept.) (Jan.-Sept.)
9,588,000 25,615,000
6,648,000
30,399,000
3,726,000 II,279,000
6,315,000 13,118,000
5,834,000 11,031,000
[30]

NOW
Lazienki Park at Warsaw
AMERICA IN POLAND
Polish-American friendship is not based on a fortuitous coinci-
dence of political interests or on the bubble artificially fanned by the
press-agent; it is deeply rooted in the struggles for freedom of the
two nations and in common traditions. The cornerstone of this friend-
ship is the fact that America shares with Poland her greatest national
hero, Thaddeus Kosciuszko.
The sympathy of America for the cause of Poland was expressed
on numerous occasions. Thomas Jefferson, the friend of Kosciuszko,
publicly denounced the partition of Poland as "a crime and an atroc-
ity." President Jackson, the American Press, and public opinion har-
assed the policy of Imperial Russia. At the time of the Revolt of
Poland in 1831 committees were formed in the United States to raise
funds to aid the Polish cause; and when the cause failed, the funds
were applied to aid the Polish refugees. As an expression of gratitude
these unfortunate patriots, then in Paris, addressed the following
[31]
prophetic message to the American people through Fenimore Cooper:
"The day of Poland's liberation will come. Though we may not, our
descendants will see that hour-and let it come, sooner or later, we
can never forget those who have joined their efforts to our efforts,
their prayers to our prayers!" On behalf of America, numerous State
Legislatures passed formal resolutions-among them, the State of
New Hampshire in both houses: "Resolved, that the cause of Poland
is the common cause of the friends of freedom throughout the
world."
Then, again, in the World War, while the partitioning powers
were haggling and bargaining with the Poles, offering empty prom-
ises for their blood, while representatives of great states diplomati-
cally eschewed raising "questions capable of creating discord between
allies," there came a clarion-like voice of the head of a great power,
a voice that rang across the seas and will ring across the ages: "An
independent Polish state should be erected which should include the
territories inhabited by indisputably Polish populations, which should
be assured a free and secure access to the sea and whose political and
economic independence and territorial integrity should be guaranteed
by international covenant."
This is the famous thirteenth point of our war President, Wood-
row Wilson, who gave expression to the sentiment of the American
people and breathed courage in the hearts of the Poles. It was the
first statement of a great statesman, made without any ulterior
motive.
America is gratefully remembered by the Poles as a nation of dis-
interested friends. The American Relief Administration headed by
Herbert Hoover, who was assisted by a host of faithful workers, has
been regarded as a symbol of bigger Americanism. It all came at a
time when hunger, poverty, epidemics and all post-war plagues had
laid heavy hands on the survivors of the war catastrophe. Some
American institutions have been transplanted on the Polish soil,
American capital-as coming from a friendly nation-has been most
[32]

eagerly welcomed, American advice has been sought after and Amer-
ican methods introduced wherever practicable.
The American Y.M.C.A. has struck deep root in Poland and is
there to stay as a Polish Y.M.C.A., managed by the Poles in accord-
ance with the needs and in the spirit of the Polish people. The late
Sereno P: Fenn of Cleveland has erected a Y.M.C.A. building in
Krakow which is being regarded as a model for similar buildings in
other larger cities. The Rockefeller Foundation has built an Institute
of Hygiene in Warsaw. A group of American aviators, headed by
Col. Fauntleroy, organized a Kosciuszko Squadron that rendered a
notable service in the war of Poland with the Bolsheviks. Three of
these gallant soldiers rest beneath the Polish sod. The Warsaw
School of Nursing, a model school of this type, has been founded
...
ch
Courtesy Wide World Photos
Honoring the Hero of Two Nations
Speakers at Kosciuszko Recognition Day Meeting in Washington. Left to right:
Hon. Dwight F. Davis, Gen. James A. Drain, Hon. Jan Ciechanowski,
Mrs. Alfred J. Brosseau, Hon. Joseph C. Grew, Mr. Leopold
Kotnowski, Dr. Emmett J. Scott.
[33]
through the benefactions of Miss Dorothea Hughes of Boston, and
administered by Miss Helen Bridge with the cooperation of the
American Red Cross and an increasing support of the Polish Govern-
ment. The first graduate of that school has been studying this year at
the Walter Reed Hospital in Washington as a scholar of the Kosci-
uszko Foundation and upon return will be the head nurse of the
leading hospital in Warsaw.
In their capital city, the people of Poland erected a "monument of
gratitude" as a symbol that they are mindful of the help and encour-
agement received from the people of America. And the fourth of
July, 1926, America's sesqui-centennial, was a national holiday in
Poland. Every city, town, village and hamlet raised the stars and
stripes as an expression of affection for a great people across the sea
and on that occasion nearly six million people, including five million
school children, signed a message of greeting to the people of the
land where obtains "the same ideal of Free Man and the Free Na-
tion." The message and signatures, artistically bound in 112 large
volumes, were later presented to President Coolidge.
America in Poland has taken other forms. Professor E. W. Kem-
merer and his mission have made helpful suggestions in the realm of
fiscal and financial reorganization; American locomotives have added
bone and muscle to the flabby railway system, American automobiles
ply Polish towns and country roads, American films are shown in
every picture house, American capital and machinery coupled with
American methods have helped to modernize Polish cities and stim-
ulate industrial production. The city of Warsaw has just secured a ten
million dollar loan for the purpose of municipal improvements. Es-
tablished with the assistance of Americans, the American-Polish Cham-
ber of Commerce and Industry in the United States with headquarters
in New York, which publishes the magazine "Poland," has been
greatly instrumental in enhancing this economic relationship between
the two countries.
The President of the Polish Republic, Ignacy Moscicki, himself an
..
[34]

eminent scholar, a university professor and a scientist of note with
over sixty essential inventions to his credit, who was formerly the
head of chemical works in Silesia, told an American interviewer:
"We are always glad to welcome Americans to Poland. Amer-
ica is our old and tried friend and we owe her much. We par-
ticularly welcome her capital, her technical skill and her enter-
prise . . . The era of political confusion is past. No obstacles
will be placed in the way of constructive penetration. We realize
our great need of the kind of cooperation that your countrymen
can give us, and we are prepared to afford it every facility."
POLAND IN AMERICA
The most obvious presence of Poland in America is the fact that
there are now in the United States approximately four million Poles
D
EXOR
二
​Courtesy International News Reel
From the People of Poland to the People of America
Messrs. Kotnowski and Iwanowski as a special commission, presenting to
President Coolidge a message of greeting. The Polish Minister,
Jan Ciechanowski, at the extreme right
[35]
and Americans of Polish descent or extraction, or the population of
the Commonwealths of Arizona, Delaware, Idaho, Iowa, Indiana
and Nevada. They are scattered practically in all the States of the
Union and territorial possessions, have endured every hardship, are
found on the farms and in factories, in university chairs and in na-
tional Congress, and in every occupation and profession. Though one
of the newest elements in our population, the Poles are rising rapidly
through the ladder of American opportunities and the contribution of
Polish genius has made a profound impression upon our cultural
endeavors.
The Poles were with us from the earliest beginnings of nation-
building. Captain John Smith, speaking of the difficulties he had with
his motley crowd in founding a colony at Jamestown, says, "they
never did know what a dayes worke was, except the Dutchmen and
the Poles, and some dozen other." According to reports, the first Pole
that came to New York was a young man whom the Dutch colonists
of Manhattan in 1659 engaged as schoolmaster to teach their chil-
dren. A number of Poles, the best known being Thaddeus Kosciuszko
and Casimir Pulaski, took a prominent part in the American Revolu-
tion. Gen. Krzyzanowski, together with other Poles, served with dis-
tinction in the Civil War.
-
The contribution of Poland to America-and to the world-is no
less in the realm of letters, arts and sciences. Says Ambassador Grew:
"Who can hear or read the Polish heroes, statesmen, scientists, musi-
cians, writers-the names of Sobieski, Copernicus, Sklodowska-Curie,
Paderewski, Sienkiewicz, Conrad-Korzeniowski come to mind-with-
out wondering what our life would be without these illustrious bene-
factors to mankind?" This list may be amplified, or even multiplied.
The names of Reymont, Mme. Modjeska and her son, de Reszkes,
Mme. Sembrich, Didur, Hofmann, Stojowski, Stokowski, Benda,
Wojciech Kossak have also become our common possession. Jane
Porter's "Thaddeus of Warsaw" gave us an interpretation of the
C
[36]

110îîij!
TRS
iiiii
鏡​劃​]
T
Main Building of the University of Lwow
Pole that became an intimate possession of whole generations of
Americans.
Above all the contributions and personality of Ignace Jan Pade-
rewski and the contribution and tradition of Thaddeus Kosciuszko,
have become deeply imbedded in the heart of the American nation.
[37]

Washington thanking Kosciuszko for his services as Engineer of
Fortifications in the Army of the Revolution
THE KOSCIUSZKO
FOUNDATION
"The time is now ripe for honoring Kosciuszko in a still
more appropriate way than by building him a monument of
stone."-Chancellor Samuel P. Capen.
Α
ND, indeed, to this "hero of two continents" that for a century
and a half has served as a living bond between two liberty-
loving peoples there has been erected a monument that
neither rust shall corrode nor time destroy for it is a living monu-
ment builded upon the foundation of our gratitude and one that will
express itself in terms of human life and human progress.
The Foundation, established two years ago on the occasion of the
150th anniversary of Kosciuszko's enrollment in the Army of the
Revolution, is a most appropriate memorial to this "great and good
man" for he himself inaugurated the exchange of cultural gifts be-
tween Poland and America, nay between the old world and the new.
He brought with him scientific skill, which the Colonists then sorely
needed, and took back with him to Poland the enthusiasm of a youth-
ful nation for the principles of practical democracy, the ideas and
ideals that found expression in the Declaration of Independence.
He is as pure a
"One of our great Revolutionary Worthies
son of liberty as I have ever known and of that liberty which is to go
to all," said of him Thomas Jefferson.
"No one has a higher respect and veneration for his character than
I have. To his care and sedulous appreciation the American people
are indebted for the defense of West Point," stated George Wash-
ington.
S
Kosciuszko fortified the Highlands, West Point; served as Chief
Engineer of the Army of the South, and as engineer of the Army of
-
[39]

Courtesy Wide World Photos
The Kosciuszko Mound at Krakow
Built from soil of battlefields in Poland where Kosciuszko led the desperate struggle for
independence. Photo shows Professor Roman Dyboski of the University of Krakow
accepting the American soil from Saratoga, Yorktown, West Point and Old Star Fort,
S.C., which was brought to Poland by Professor Eric P. Kelly of Dartmouth College,
the first American professor to study in Poland under the Kosciuszko Foundation
the North under General Gates he selected and fortified the position
at Behmis Heights at Saratoga, thus contributing directly to that
decisive victory of the Revolution. He came to America not because
he hated the English, but because he loved freedom. And on the eve
of his departure, he left with Thomas Jefferson this memorable
document:
"I, Thaddeus Kosciuszko, being just on my departure from
America, do hereby declare and direct that, should I make no
other testamentary disposition of my property in the United
States, I hereby authorize my friend, Thomas Jefferson, to em-
ploy the whole thereof in purchasing negroes from among his
own or any others, and giving them liberty in my name; in giv-
ing them an education in trade or otherwise; in having them in-
structed for their new condition in the duties of morality, which
may make them good neighbors, good fathers and mothers, hus-
bands and wives, in their duty as citizens, teaching them to be
defenders of their liberty and country, of the good order of so-
ciety and in whatsoever may make them happy and useful; and
I make the said Thomas Jefferson executor of this.
"5th of May, 1798.”
T.Kosciuszko.
ACCOMPLISHMENTS
The Kosciuszko Foundation was organized in the fall of 1925 and
immediately assumed the responsibility of maintaining nine scholars,
eight from Poland in America and one American in Poland, that were
studying under the auspices of the Polish-American Scholarship
Committee, which was dissolved upon the establishment of the
Foundation.
In the year 1926-27, there were twelve students-ten young men
and two young ladies, eleven from Poland in America and one Amer-
ican in Poland. The two Polish young ladies, one at Vassar and one at
[41]
Wellesley, were given by the colleges themselves scholarships cover-
ing tuition, board and room. The Foundation covered only transpor-
tation and incidental expenses.
During the current year, 1927-28, there have been fourteen schol-
ars and apprenticeship fellows-nine young men and five young
ladies, thirteen Poles in America and one American in Poland. Vassar,
Wellesley, and Bryn Mawr each granted to a young lady recom-
mended by the Foundation a scholarship covering complete mainte-
nance (Smith has already awarded a similar scholarship for the fol-
lowing year). By "apprenticeship fellows" is meant that scholars in
engineering, banking, business administration, etc., are placed with
appropriate American concerns so as to give them a chance to supple-
ment their theoretical training with practical experience through
actual work.
Polish students were enrolled at Amherst, Dartmouth, Harvard,
Yale, Columbia, Vassar, Syracuse, Johns Hopkins, University of
Chicago, University of Pittsburgh, Wellesley, Bryn Mawr, Iowa
State Agricultural College and Walter Reed Hospital — studying
economics, domestic science, school administration, banking, business
administration, various branches of engineering, English, political
science, nursing.
There have been more Polish students in America than American
students in Poland, as during this period of reconstruction Poland
needs men and women trained along lines in which America excels.
In the spring of 1926 the Foundation conducted a prize essay con-
test, open to all undergraduates in America, upon the topic: "Kosci-
uszko's Contribution to America." Students from thirty-eight col-
leges and universities in eighteen States participated. The first prize
of $100 was won by Edward C. Ames of the University of Chicago.
October 18, 1926, was the 150th anniversary of the date on which
Thaddeus Kosciuszko received his commission as Colonel of Engi-
neers in the Revolutionary Army. Under the auspices of the Kosci-
uszko Foundation and of a National Committee organized by the
..
•
[42]

207
A group of Kosciuszko Foundation Scholars

Frederyk Chopin
General Casimir Pulaski
Henryk Sienkiewicz
Author of Quo VADIS
Joseph Conrad-Korzeniowski

Wladyslaw Reymont
Author of PEASANTS
Mme. Marie Sklodowska-Curie
Foundation, there was held on that day in Memorial Continental
Hall in Washington, D. C., a Kosciuszko Recognition Day Meeting
with the Hon. Dwight F. Davis, Secretary of War, as Chairman of
the meeting. The National Committee included among prominent
Americans, governors of the thirteen original states and heads of na-
tional patriotic societies. Also, at the suggestion of the Foundation,
several governors of the thirteen original states and of the State of
Ohio issued a public proclamation, setting aside the 18th of October,
1926, as Kosciuszko Recognition Day.
The office of the Foundation has served as a clearing house of in-
formation for students, scholars and prospective tourists both to and
from Poland.
For October 17, 1927, being the 150th anniversary of the Victory
of Saratoga, the Foundation prepared an illustrated four-page leaflet
about Kosciuszko and his part in the American Revolution and sent a
copy thereof to every head of a private school, or academy, to every
[45]
Polish pastor having a parochial school, and to every superintendent
of public schools in the United States. Upon request of over 350
school superintendents in all States of the Union except two, the
Foundation furnished 22,000 additional leaflets for distribution
among principals and teachers.
On the occasion of this anniversary the school children of America
began to raise pennies in order to establish a George Washington
Scholarship under the auspices of the Foundation for an American
student to study in Poland.
Encouraged by the approval with which this work has been met in
both countries and by the promising results already attained, the
Trustees are gradually building up an endowment fund of one mil-
lion dollars by means of which this Living Memorial will carry on its
work in perpetuity.
The President of the Polish Republic, Ignacy Moscicki, sent the
following message on the occasion of the Kosciuszko Recognition
Day Meeting in Washington:
"Fully sympathizing with the aims of the Kosciuszko Foun-
dation, I wholeheartedly participate in today's festivals and send
sincere wishes in my own name and on behalf of the Polish na-
tion that the spiritual contact of our two countries as inaugurated
by Kosciuszko may continue forever, thanks to the noble efforts
of the institution bearing his name and which has established in-
tellectual rapprochement between Poland and the United States
through close intercourse among the educational circles and
youth. May it further develop into a fruitful cooperation in
every field embodying the great ideals of true democratic devel-
opment.'
"}
In the words of President MacCracken, "The Kosciuszko Foun-
dation was organized in order that the recognition of Thaddeus
Kosciuszko may be perpetuated in the years to come by the constant
interest of youth in the application of his practical ideals in the service
of humanity."
C.
[46]

Majesta
Mme. Helena Modjeska
as Marie Stuart
;
3 9015 02047 0533
THE KOSCIUSZKO FOUNDATION
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
NEW YORK
FOR MEMORIAL SCHOLARSHIPS AND THE PROMOTION OF
INTELLECTUAL AND CULTURAL RELATIONS BETWEEN
POLAND AND THE UNITED STATES
OFFICERS
HENRY NOBLE MACCRACKEN, President
PAUL MONROE, Vice-President WILLIS H. BOOTH, Treasurer
Guaranty Trust Company of New York
STEPHEN P. MIZWA, Secretary and Executive Director
ERNST F. W. ALEXANDERSON
SZYMON ASKENAZY
WALTER C. BAILEY
GEORGE BARR BAKER
A. B. BARBER
JULIUS H. BARNES
WALTER M. BERRY
WILLIAM C. BOYDEN
NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER
SAMUEL P. CAPEN
BENJAMIN F. CASTLE
ALBERT J. CHesley
JAN CIECHANOWSKI
JULIAN L. COOLIDGE
MARIAN C. Cooper
H. S. DEMAREST
STEPHEN P. DUGGAN
E. DANA DURAND
ROMAN DYBOSKI
C. DZIADULEWICZ
TAGE U. H. ELLINGER
JOHN H. FINLey
PAUL P. FLAK
FRANCIS E. FRONCZAK
T. H. GARLICK
HUGH GIBSON
WILLIS H. BOOTH
CEDRIC E. FAUNTLEROY
HENRY NOBLE MACCRACKEN
HIPOLIT GLIWIC
WILLIAM R. GROVE
SYLVESTER GRUSZKA
CHARLES H. HALLIDAY
CHRISTIAN A. HERTER
BOARD OF TRUSTEES
PAUL MONROE
STEPHEN P. MIZWA
SAMUEL M. VAUCLAIN
NATIONAL COUNCIL
RUPERT HUGHES
VERNON Kellogg
LEOPOLD KOTNOWSKI
LADISLAUS KOZLOWSKI
REV. WACLAW KRUSZKA
WITOLD KRZYZANOWSKI
ZDZISLAW KURNIKOWSKI
JAMES A. LOGAN, JR.
WILLIAM G. LUSH
W.LUTOSLAWSKI
R. S. MACELwee
J. INGLIS MAItland
MRS. ROBERT G. MEAD
DAVID HUNTER MILLER
RALPH MODJESKI
BRUCE M. MOHLER
MRS. R. VON MOSCHZISKER
KENNETH M. MURRAY
A. EMILY NAPIERALSKA
FRANK NOWAK
GEORGE R. NOYES
A. M. OCETKIEWICZ
JULIA SWIFT ORVIS
ALVIN OWSLEY
IGNACE JAN Paderewski
MARION E. PARK
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GEORGE W. SIWINSKI
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JOHN W.SMITH
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