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SPRAGUE ELECTRIC
RAILWAY
AND
MOTOR COMPANY
NEW YORK
MECHANICAL
- AND
ELECTRICAL DATA
1888
* ***** * * *.





OLD 5 H. P.

** 8: ... — # 3 & 4. º. 4'. '.
|º

SIDE VIEW.


CÓ
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TTTT


END VIE VV.

This is a picture of our standard motor, which is constructed
of different sizes from one to twenty-five horse-power. The

larger motors vary in certain details.

Progress Towards Perfection.
The excellent reputation of the Sprague Motor
has continually increased from the time the ma-
chines were first sold, and now, after a number
of years, the motor is more widely known and
its position more firmly established than ever
before.
Such has been their popularity and the great
increase in the number of orders, that the most
improved machinery and the best facilities in
the world are now at the command of the Sprague
Company. To-day this, Company is producing
electric motors unrivaled as the most finished
and perfect product of inventive skill.
As it may be of interest to show how the
motor has been brought to perfection, we give
pictures of the motors as most widely used dur-
ing the past four years, showing the gradual de-
velopment and growth to the present standard
machine; and, though the old types are still
used in some of the smaller motors, yet the vast
superiority of the present type is noticed at a
glance. These changes date back to 1884, al-
though many machines of varying forms were
constructed before this time, classified as ex-
perimental machines.
The motors are now standardized, and built
in large numbers, and all parts interchange-
able. Besides the outward appearance of the
motor, many other mechanical and electrical
detail changes have been made, and it is now
A Perfect Machine.
Inquiries are received, how do the Sprague
Motors differ from other motors, and in what
does their famous superiority consist P
FIRST. Mechanical and electrical details of
construction fully protected by patents.
SECOND. Highest efficiency due to the above.
THIRD. Absolute automatic regulation Se-
cured by a patented method of winding, with no
mechanical governors.
FourTH. Freedom from sparking.
FIFTH. Reserve of power.
SIXTH. Special windings of motors adapted
to different classes of work.
These are but a few of the points of superi-
ority, but others will be referred to throughout
this pamphlet.
To Those About to Select an Electric Motor.
Do not purchase a motor because from its
low price it may seem to be cheap.
4.
It costs more money to run a motor of low
efficiency than one of high. -
Several companies making inferior motors
having failed and gone out of business, it is now
impossible to duplicate the parts of these ma-
chines which may be worn or injured, except at
a great expense.
Vt has already been found necessary by users
of these inferior machines to discard them and
purchase Sprague Motors. The delays to their
business has in a short time cost them many
times the price of a Sprague Motor. The best
motor will Outlast many of the cheap machines.
The best motor is one which will develop the
most power with the least amount of electric
current, and be the most durable and reliable
for every-day use.
While it has been our aim to keep the Sprague
Motor up to the very highest standard of effi-
ciency, reliability and mechanical construction,
it has none the less been our purpose to so im-
prove the process of manufacture that it could
be brought within the means of every mechanic,
giving thereby the best motor at the lowest pos-
sible cost.
Yet our desire for cheapening our motor will
not lead us to build an inferior machine ; but
instead, to keep the price at a reasonable figure,
and make every effort to add to the machine
any improvements which may be suggested by
experience.
Various Types of Motors.
We build many different types of machines of
the same horse-power. Thus, there are six or
eight types and classes of the 7% H. P. motor
depending upon the kinds of work for which
they are to be used and the circuits on which
they run. Some have the same form but
different winding, while others differ radi-
cally both in shape and winding. (The fields
are corded so as to prevent any mechanical
injury to the wires.) Each machine is con-
nected and thoroughly tested in all its parts
before shipment and all parts are so marked
that any person familiar with electrical machin-
ery can put the machine together and set it to
work.
We give here a sample of one of our twenty
horse motor cards which accompanies each ma-
chine: -
Parts Of Motors.
This cut shows the Parts of the Standard Motor, and how the same can be sub-
divided for shipment, where transportation, as in mining districts, is difficult. These
parts are made interchangeable in each type of the machine.
A, Armature. B, Commutator. C. Shaſt. D, Pulley. a, Pulley key, E, Keeper. F.
Foundation plate. G, Field magnet. H. Connecting bolt. I, Washer. J, Pillow block, composi-
tion. K, Pillow block, iron. L, MI, Pillow block cushings. N, Pillow block bolts. O, Pillow block
pins. P, Rails. Q, Rail bolts. R, Rocker arm. S, Brush holders. T, Brushes. U, Connecting

board. W, Oil Cups. X, Pet cocks.
SPRAGUE AUTOMATIC ELECTRIC MOTOR.
MOTOR CARI).
— CLASSES SIX TO TWENTY. —
* * * * * * * * *
Revolutions per minute, about . . . . . . . . (Vary
on different circuits.)
Approximate tangential pull on pulley rim . . . .
Current with full load. . . . . . amperes at I Io volts.
Runs . . . . . . . . . . . handed, facing commutator.
Upper Brush about . . . . . blocks above horizontal.
Toes of Brushes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . blocks apart.
Line terminals marked 1 and 2 C ; Armature
terminals I and 4.
Safety Plug. . . . . . . . . . . . . . light.

INSTRUCTIONS.
STARTING.
See journal well oiled, then adjust for slow feed.
Anzariably see that the regulator handle is on the right
hand block, marked “arm off” in the blue print, before
closing the main switch. If on the left hand block, the
plugs will blow.
See that the brushes are in place, then close the main
switch in the line, and the field will be made.
Turn the regulator handle slowly but steadily to the
right to gradually increase the difference of potential at
the armature terminals, but do not leave the regulator
arm on the intermediate blocks—let it rest on next to the
last left-hand block, if working with heavy loads, and on
the last block if working automatically.
'Adjust brushes with load on, as indicated by motor
card and blue print, with light but sure contact, and
leave them at that point for all loads. Commutator is
at its best when it shows a dull glaze. If necessary to
smooth it, use No. OO sandpaper; never use emery cloth
or paper; avoid cutting and scouring by heavy pressure.
Occasionally wipe off with slightly oiled rag ; do not use
WaSte.
STOPPING,
Break main switch.
Then turn regulator handle back to the right hand
block.
Raise the brushes, if there is any likelihood of arma-
ture being turned backward, and lock them.
Stop oil feed.
CAUTIONS.
In starting, never close main switch unless regulator
handle is on right-hand block.
In stopping, break main switch before turning regu-
lator switch back.
If using oil from drip cups, filter it; oil must be clean.
Never run with regulator on the middle blocks.
Do not overload machine.
The power quoted is guaranteed. Work done in the
differential tension on belt, i. e., the effective tangential
pull on pulley rim, multiplied by the velocity in feet per
second ; this velocity, of course, being the circumference
of pulley in feet, multiplied by the number of revolutions
per second.
Never try to hold a motor by grasping the fly-wheel—
it is no test of the working power
a hundred horse-
power engine could be stopped by hand pressure, if the
fly-wheel moved fast enough.
A horse power is 550-foot pounds per second.
The approximate tangential pull on the pulley will be
quoted on the motor cards.
In all communications invariably quote the number of
the motor as shown on its name plate.
Keep the motor clean and brushes well trimmed. Do
not experiment.
Treat the motor well and you will find it reliable.
Aſake one man responsible for the care of the motor.
SPRAGUE ELECTRIC RAILWAY AND MOTOR Co.,
I6 & 18 Broad Street, New York.
9
Assembling.
Be careful in unpacking, loosening no bolts
until cover of box has been removed.
Take list of all articles, compare with invoice,
and report at once any deficiencies.
In putting together, note all marks on the
several parts.
See motor secured to level and solid founda-
tion.
Put on pulley hanger first, drive dowel pins
well in, and set up bolts very taut.
See journals are clean, armature shaft wiped
off and oiled, put in armature, put on com-
mutator hanger, drive in dowel pins, set up
bolts taut, turning the armature by hand at the
same time to see that it runs freely.
Put on pulley as marked, and set firmly.
See that the connections are not disturbed or
broken.
Put branch cut-out in main line.
Put double pole cut-out and switch in branch
near the regulator.
Connect up regulator and motor, as shown in
the blue print, and put in plugs as directed by
the motor card.
Adjust the brushes carefully with easy but
Sure COntraCt.
IO
Care of Motors — Things Not to Do.
I. Do not overload your motor. Every mo-
tor when installed should be tested with volt
meter and ampere meter. If it uses more am-
peres than indicated on the motor card, put in
a larger machine.
2. Do not use poor oil or an excess of oil.
3. Do not allow the commutator to become
rough.
4. Do not allow sparking at the brushes.
This is a sign that the motor is overloaded, or
that the brushes are not on the neutral point.
5. Do not try to use too low potential or
voltage. In such cases add more wire to your
line.
6. I)o not change pulley on motor shaft. To
decrease or increase the speed of the counter or
main shaft, use there a larger or smaller pulley.
7. Do not turn the current on too rapidly.
8. Do not permit the motor to be covered
with dust or dirt.
9. Do not allow grooves or ridges to be worn
on the commutator.
Notes.
I. File the ends of the brushes to a bevel,
and keep them in this condition.
I I
2. Keep the rocker arm and brushes screwed
down firmly.
3. Adjust the brushes to the neutral point, so
that there is no sparking.
4. Have the motor of sufficient size, with a
margin of power, so that it can do the required
work without laboring.
5. Above all keep your motor thoroughly
clean. Cause the attendant to feel pride in its
appearance.
For Every Day Use in the Engine Room.
The average weight of anthracite coal is 9.35 pounds
per cubic foot.
Coke (loose) weighs 23 to 32 pounds per cubic foot.
Bituminous coal weighs, per heaped bushel, loose,
75 pounds; one ton occupies 48 cubic feet.
Cast-iron weighs, per cubic inch, 7.604–pettnds; in
round numbers, one-ſonrth of a pound to the cubic inch.
Green sand castings are 6 per cent. stronger than dry
sand castings.
Cast-iron will expand and contract between the ex-
treme ranges of temperature in this country with a force
equal to 4% tons per square inch of surface exposed.
Wrought-iron expands and contracts between extreme
ranges of temperature equal to nine to one per square
inch of section.
The velocity of steam, of atmospheric pressure, flow-
ing into a vacuum, is 1,660 feet per second ; into air,
650 feet per second.
I 2
To find the pressure per square inch at the base of a
column of water, multiply the height of a column in
feet by .434.
The proper safe working load for wire rope is as fol-
lows: One-half inch in diameter, 1,000 pounds ; five-
eighths inch, I,500 pounds ; three-fourths inch, 3,500
pounds; one inch, 6,000 pounds. This is for 19 wires
to the strand, hemp centres.
To find the area of a triangle, multiply the base by
one-half of the height.
No. I wire gauge sheet-iron weighs 12% pounds per
Square foot ; No. 2 iron, 12 pounds; No. 3 iron, I I
pounds; No. 4 iron, IO pounds; No. 5 iron, 9 pounds;
No. 6 iron, 8+ pounds; No. 7 iron, 7% pounds; No. 8
iron, 7 pounds.
To find the lap required on a slide valve to cut off
steam at three-fourths stroke, multiply the stroke of the
valve in inches by .25o ; the product is the lap in terms
of the stroke. To cut off at two-thirds stroke, multiply
by .289.
I3
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Price of machines wound cumulative is the
same as that of standard machines.
Motors are packed and delivered f. O., b. in
New York City or Schenectady.
Motors of 3 H. P. wound for I Io volts;
motors of 1 to Io H. P., wound for I to and
22 o volts; motors of 15 H. P. and upwards,
wound for 22 o volts.
Speeds vary somewhat from table. On this
account, driven pulley should not be put on
shaft until motor card, giving exact speed of
machine, has been received.
Orders should particularly specify the voltage.
Any special type of motor built, and of higher
voltage.
Terms net cash in New York funds.
Note.
We have not given general prices, as it is our
habit to quote only on application, and then to
name net prices.
Prices subject to change without notice.
Machines furnished are liable to vary from il-
lustrations as improvements are applied,
IS
Horse power of every machine guaranteed.
Shipments free on board at New York and
Schenectady.
Shipping Instructions.
We cannot impress too strongly the necessity
of each customer ordering a motor of giving us
Some instructions as to what road or route he
may desire the machinery shipped over in reach-
ing its destination, and also whether to ship
by express or freight. Usually, we know the
best route by which the goods should leave our
city; but in transfers that sometimes occur near
the destination, the customer may have some
preference as to the particular branch or road
which should have care and charge of the ship-
ment on its arrival or at its destination. Some-
time there may be two or three railroads at or
near the place where the shipment is desired,
with which we may not be as fully acquainted
as the customer; in which case his advice as to
the particular branch over which he wishes to
receive it will be of importance to us.
COMPETENT ENGINEERS SENT TO ANY PART
OF THE COUNTRY TO MAKE ESTIMATES.
I6
TO Power Producers.
The question is frequently asked, how much
shall we charge for electric power—that is
what should be the price per horse-power per
year, ten hours per day P The query the cen-
tral station manager should ask himself is:
what does my power cost me? From this he
can decide what should be his profit. We give
below the prices as charged by a number of
companies in this country. Where coal is very
cheap, as in some portions of Pennsylvania, the
price for power is not so high as in other places,
but it should be remembered that the cost of
coal is about one-third of the operating expenses
of a power plant, and therefore too much al-
lowance should not be made because of the
cheap price of fuel.
Now, coming to practical points, we want to
know how much money we can make by selling
electric power.
First, be sure to se// the machine to the
customer. Where motors have been rented
the result has not been satisfactory. It has
been tried by gas companies, Steam compa-
nies have tried renting steam engines, but the
engines are never cared for, and are in wretched
17
º
condition, and the same will be true of electric
motors, and the repairs of the machines after
they have been run for a long time—not oiled
and neglected—will more than eat up the
profits. If the customer owns the motor it
will receive excellent care and attention. Pos-
sibly a few figures which are the reports from
about 80 stations which are now selling the elec-
tric current for power may be of interest. It
is impossible to fix a price for power from a
motor of any given size and make this price
arbitrary. That is to say, you cannot take a
five h. p. motor and always charge $500 a year
for current. That, you will see a little later, is
not possible. All of you in trying to sell elec-
tric power have met this difficulty.
The first thing to do is to divide all the classes
of industries you intend to supply, say, into
three or more classes. The first class we will
call constanſ use, and under this head will come
ventilating fans, circular saws in continuous
operation for manufacturing, long lines of shaft.
ing run with no intermission, etc. If you are
running a ventilating plant, charge about $1 cº,
per h. p., and for other work of this kind.
You take next such classes of work as print-
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This cut shows one of the hoisting cranes now in use in the building of the new State Capitol
at Topeka, Kansas. Stones of eight tons weight are easily handled and lifted to any height required.


ing offices, machine shops and passenger eleva-
tors in constant use—all work of that kind we
call partially intermittent. The price has been
established in many localities, as stated below.
It would be well to have a price throughout
the country in order to settle difficulties as to
what the price of power should be, because the
power company seems to think that the one
who is selling the motor wishes to have a very
low price, and the one who is selling the motor
thinks the company wants more for current than
it is worth, and this is the class which especially
puzzles the power producer as to price to be
charged.
For ten hours' service, per year, the average
price seems to be as follows:
One-half horse-power, $75; one h. p., $120 ;
two, $200 ; three, $270 ; five, $425; seven and
a half, $600; ten, $750, and fifteen and up, about
$70 per horse-power per year. If you sell fifteen
h. p. at $70 a year, the intermittent use will
show a large profit. These data we have ob-
tained in this way: On every machine running
on the constant potential circuit of the Edison
Company in New York—also in other places—
they put a meter and they examine the meter at
l Q
ef
the end of each month, and that data has been
of great value, because we know exactly how
much current each customer is using, and
having from the ampere meter tests, the maxi-
mum power he can use, the intermittent use of
different classes of work can be easily calculated.
An example of the third class, or infermitten:
Izse, would be freight elevators, and this has
been found to be a very profitable source of in-
come. In elevator work for a five h. p. motor
the price is $300 a year; for a seven and a half
h. p. motor, $360; for a ten h. p., $400. The
reason for this apparent low price for the ten h.
p. motor is as follows:
Suppose the customer uses a motor of five
horse power for a small elevator with a small
platform or a ten h. p. for the same elevator
with a large platform. Now, it has been shown
that if he has a number of pounds of freight to
lift that he uses less current with the large ele-
vator and ten h. p. motor than with the smaller
machine.
In passenger elevators the price should de-
pend upon the ratio of the continuous to the
intermittent use and is a question of judgment.
If you calculate that you are selling your power
2O
This cut illustrates one of two Elevators at the Union Stove Works, 7o Beek-
man Street, New York City, operated by Sprague Motors. It is doing very heavy
work in lifting furnaces, ranges, stoves, etc. This is the general method of attaching
to belt elevators.


at the same rates as you are selling the lights,
then, if you can make a certain per cent, by
selling your current for four hours, and if you
can sell current for ten hours, you are making
two and a half times as much. These figures
may help some of you in establishing the rates
which you shall charge for power.
There is great necessity of having regular in-
spection, not only of the motor, but also of the
shafting, belting and all moving machinery.
Many elevator firms have regular inspectors who
visit all their elevators once a month, and see
that the moving parts are kept oiled and in good
condition. Countershafting, especially when
the same is long, should be carefully aligned,
bearings examined to ascertain that the boxes
are not screwed down too hard, and that the
boxes are filled with oil. Belts should not be
so loose as to slip, or so tight as to cause heat-
ing and wearing of the journals and bearings.
2 I
For Power Producers and Motor Inspectors.
It is well to have on one's tongue's end the
advantages which the electric motor possesses
over other methods of power. Some of these
are safety, reliability, compactness, cleanliness,
economy, efficiency, simplicity, noiselessness,
steadiness, interchangeability of parts, no ashes,
no coal dust, no Smoke, no fire, no gases, no
heating of the atmosphere, no freezing in Cold
weather, no extra attendance, no special help,
no danger to life, no explosions, etc.
Here are some things do not do:
Do no not use too large plugs for your mo-
tors. Instructions are given with the motor as
to the size of plugs required.
Do not be fooled because a two horse power
motor can do five horse power. It is a beauti-
ful thing to show a customer, but when you put
a meter on the circuit you will feel sad, when
you find the small amount of money you are
getting for the power used.
Do not keep your motor in a dusty place,
nor in a wet one, nor in a place inconvenient
for an inspector to get at it at all times.
Do not use water on a motor. We have
twice found a hose attached to the motor, pour-
22
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== 42&s M
*Y.

Sprague Electric Motor in Stable Work, Des Moines, Iowa.

ing a stream of water on the commutator.
Owing to the commutator being well glazed
with oil and quite warm, the water had no
effect, but a motor should be kept absolutely
free fronn water.
Do not allow an excessive use of oil. If a
motor is slinging oil all over the armature and
commutator, find out what causes it, and line
the motor up properly. If necessary, put
scrapers or waste on it to prevent the excess of
oil getting on the machine, as it soon destroys
the insulation and effectiveness of its running.
Do not allow copper dust to accumulate. If
the brushes are in good condition or set at their
proper point, and the proper tension put upon
them, very little copper dust should be caused,
as this is generally caused by the cutting of the
brushes into the commutator. If any dust oc.
curs, wipe it off immediately, as copper dust
and oil are the source of nearly all troubles with
In OtorS.
Do not turn the handle on the motor back-
wards; stop it breaking the circuit with the
switch first.
Do not set the brushes carelessly. They
should be diametrically opposite and adjusted
23
at the non-sparking point or neutral point where
the machine will operate most efficiently. This
point in the Sprague automatic motor remains
practically constant. Use flat brushes in prefer-
ence to hard drawn wire brushes, which may be
suitable for an Edison dynamo, but have not
been found suitable for motor work.
Do not expect the brushes to transmit 5 horse
power of electricity when they are making flimsy
contact upon the commutator. Keep the ten-
sion of the brushes high, but not sufficient to
Cult.
Do not expect your brushes to carry their
load if saturated with oil and dirt, which is more
or less a non-conductor.
Clean them with naphtha or benzine. If the
brushes burn, remember that the oxide of cop-
per formed on the tip of the brush is a non-
conductor and the brush should be filed true.
Do not allow the brush to set long at one
point, but prevent tracks from being worn in
the commutator by occasionally shifting the po-
sition of the brushes sideways, but never from
the non-sparking or neutral point.
Do not neglect to call in and see your motors
occasionaliy even if but to look at them. Ex-
24
plain the operation of the machine to the man
detailed to look after it. If he does not look
after it, find out the responsible party and re-
port to him.
Do not fail to leave the man in charge an ex-
tra plug or two of the right size. This may
save long delays and much inconvenience and
the necessity of your visiting the customer to
replace a plug.
Do not forget that a customer is apt to be
absent-minded and put on more machinery than
his contract covers.
Do not let the motor business get out of your
mind, but have your inspector present you a
weekly report, showing the condition of every
motor he has visited, with general remarks, re-
sults of tests of pressure, accidents, repairs,
complaints, suggestions, &c.
Do not start a motor until your contract is
signed.
To those who have studied the question, the
advantages seem to be entirely in favor of the
electric nuotor, as compared with steam engines,
gas engines and water motors. With both gas
and steam the first cost of the plant is much
above that of the electric motor. There is
25
much more attendant expense in setting up
and piping for water and steam both for supply
and exhaust ; and with gas engines extra
expense for Setting, piping, tanks, &c. The
disadvantages of the employment of a boiler,
and the handling of fuel and ashes in engines,
both steam and gas; the greater economy of
cylinder and lubricating oils; the large amount
of room taken up by both the steam and gas
engines and their appurtenances; the large
wear and tear and depreciation as compared
with the motor; the irregularity of the impulses
in the gas engine which renders it necessary to
employ very large flywheels. The disagreeable
smell attendant upon the employment of gas
engines and the large amount of heat radiated
in both gas and steam engines as compared with
the slight and almost inappreciable rise in tem-
perature due to the motor; the delay and
trouble in starting both gas and steam engines,
especially the latter, as compared with the facility
and prompt action of the motor; these and
other reasons that are obvious, show the great
advantages gained by the use of the Electric
Motor. -
The steam engine works more economically
26
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when near its maximum capacity, and does not
work economically, with light loads.
The electric motor absorbs electricity in prac-
tically a direct ratio with the work put upon it,
giving practically the same efficiency with light
and heavy loads.
The gas engine can never be made to develop
a small amount of additional power, which it
may frequently be necessary to call for. In
fact, they seldom give the full power at which
they are rated.
Many of these objections will apply with
equal force in considering the water motor ;
which, however, is hardly worth considering
except where very small powers are concerned.
They cannot be used as a rule on the upper
floors of large buildings owing to insufficient
pressure. Water freezes in winter, and a drought
may cause it to give out in summer. It will
without doubt vary considerably at all times.
There is almost sure to be a leakage, and water
at best is a poor medium for the transmission of
power. It may be economical with very small
motors, but never with large ones; and there
are many places where their use is forbidden.
Remember, a Sprague Motor is not a per-
27
petual motion machine, nor is it infallible, nor
has it a brain of its own; but your experience
will soon tell you that the expense of operating,
the wear and tear, the inspection, &c., will be
less, and the receipts greater, in proportion,
than any means of supplying power now known.
Special Notice to Those Writing About
Motors.
We are constantly in receipt of letters asking
about the size of a motor to do a certain amount
of work. Some say to run an elevator, but do
not give the speed or weight. Others to pump
water for a hydraulic elevator, but do not give
the gallons per minute and the height. Some
desire the size of wire to transmit a given amount
of horse power, but do not give the distance.
This may appear strange, but it is a fact ; hence
we are so particular in stating what is required
to be known. If attention is given to this article
and the questions contained on these pages are
answered carefully, much time and trouble will
be saved and many disappointments prevented.
In determining upon the motor to do any
certain work, it is advisable for you to get the
following data as accurately as possible, whether
to be submitted to us or, preferably, to some
expert with whom you are acquainted.
28
Interior View of the Roller Floor of the Laramie Milling and Elevator Company's Flouring

Mill, Laramie, Wyoming. Operated by the Sprague Motor. -

QUESTION I. What kind of machinery do you wish to
run ; stating all the particulars you can P
QUESTION 2. If a corn or wheat mill, state whether
an old or new mill, size and number of bubrs, how many
bushels each one is grinding at present, and how much
do you wish to grind on each ; state how many are to be
running at one time, whether one, two, three or more ?
QUESTION 3. If a circular saw, state particularly the
size, and what speed it has if an old mill, or what
speed desired if a new mill, and particularly what kind
of timber is to be sawed and the amount per day 2
QUESTION 4. If a sash or vertical saw, state speed or
number of strokes it makes or is desired to make, and
the length of stroke, what kind of timber you intend cut-
ting, and particularly what amount of feet, inch measure,
you intend cutting in twelve hours.
QUESTION 5. If a woolen mill, give the number of
sets of machinery, whether light or heavy, and kind of
goods made ; state whether new or old mill P
QUESTION 6. If a calico printing machine, give data
as to number of machines, etc. State whether each ma-
chine is to be run by a separate motor or from a line of
shafting. Give different speeds at which each machine is
to run ? -
QUESTION 7. If a cotton mill, give the number of
spindles, also of the looms, and the class of goods made,
and whether old or new machinery P
QUESTION 8. If a rolling mill, give size of rolls, nun-
ber of revolutions per minute, and size of iron to be
rolled P
QUESTION 9. If trip hammers, give number of ham-
mers and weight of each, and number of strokes per
minute 2
29
QUESTION Io. What is the speed of your main line
of shafting, and is it upright or horizontal P
QUESTION II. If a direct hoist elevator, state the
manufacturer's name, weight to be lifted and speed per
minute 2
QUESTION 12. If hydraulic elevator, state whether it
is a tank on the roof or pressure tank in basement. If
roof tank give number of gallons per minute to be
pumped and height. If pressure tank, give number of
gallons per minute and maximum pressure.
QUESTION I 3. Pumping water. Maximum quantity
to be pumped per minute 2
QUESTION 14. To what height is liquid to be lifted by
suction ? What is the length and diameter of suction
pipe and the number of angles or turns?
QUESTION 15. To what height or against what force
is liquid to be forced 2
QUESTION 16. What is the length and diameter of
delivery pipe and the number of angles or turns?
A/emorandum . Bends and valves in pipe should be as
few as possible.
QUESTION 17. If sewing machines, give class of work,
number of machines, number of stitches per minute,
speed and length of shaſting. Wherever it is possible, a
plan of the position of the machinery and shafting would
be of great advantage in forming an estimate on the
loss of power from friction.
QUESTION IS. When there are main and connecting
gears, always state whether spur or bevel, number of
cogs, pitch of cogs, width of face of drivers and pinions.
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To Ascertain the Power Reduired for
Elevators.
DIRECT HOIST.
Let W = Weight to be lifted in pounds per
minute.
S = Speed per minute at which the elevator
is to be run.
Losses in friction, belting and bearings = }.
Then,
W X S X 2
= horse power of motor required.
33, OOO
Example, to lift I, ooo pounds 7o ft. a minute
would require (elevator being counterbalanced,
preferably on the drum):
I, OOO
** 78.2 ° 4°º — at H. p
33,OOO 33,000 T ** º
Use a 5 horse-power motor.
From some tests, lately made in Boston, the
efficiency of the elevator machinery was but
35 96, in which case the actual power should be
multiplied by 3 instead of 2 as above. These
elevators were not counterbalanced on the drum.
Hydraulic Elevators.
Pl JMPING WATER.
S-33 × G X II
33,000 - --- I [.. l’.
8.33 Weight in lbs. of one gal. of water.
G = Number of gals. per minute to be
pumped.
H = Height in feet to which the water is to
be raised.
Axa//e.
To raise 2 oo gals. Of water per minute 90
feet.
8.33 × 200 × 90
33, OOO
= 4.54 Horse Power.
To the actual horse power add 50% for fric-
tion, which would give the size of the motor re-
quired.
PRESSURE TANK.
To pump water into a tank against pressure,
nsed in elevator work.
P × G.
º == H. P.
+++ = Constant derived from the product
of 8.33, the weight of one gal. of
water, and 2.31 height in feet of
water, corresponding to one pound
pressure, divided by 33, ooo, the
number of foot pounds in one horse-
power.
P. = Pressure in pounds in tank.
G. = Number of gallons pumped per
minute.
Axample.
If an elevator used 2 oogal. per minute, and
eighty pounds pressure was wanted in a closed
tank, what sized motor should be used P
8o X 200
I 7 I4
To this add 50% for friction, and use a 15
== 9.33 H. P.
horse-power motor.
ventilation.
Below we give you the commercial speeds at
which one kind of fan runs and the actual horse-
power required. To the horse-power should be
added at least fifty per cent, from losses from
belting and friction. If the air is to be drawn
through pipes the power required is more, and
the data for this should be obtained from the
fan Company.
Table of Speed, Horse Power (Vsed and Amount of
A 17- AErhazzsted.
Size Revs. per Horse-power | Exhaust Cubic Feet
*...} a f** - Minute. Used. of Air per Minute.
12 in. I, OOO { I, 500
I8 in. 700 ! 3, OOO
- .#
24 ºn. 6OO 3. 4,500
3O ln. 5OO I 7,500
36 in. 4OO 2 I 2, OOO
48 in. 4OO 4} 26, OOO
54 in. 4OO 5 32,OOO
60 in. 4OO 5} 42, OOO
72 in. 3OO 5; 45, OOO
84 in. 25O S 56, OOO
96 in. 2OO 9 63, OOO
Bear in mind that the power required varies
as the cube of the speed. For example, if the
speed is doubled the power required will be
about eight times.
34
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We show here an application of the Motor to Printing Presses at Vander Houten & Co.'s establish-
. ment, No. 256 Pearl Street, New York City. The adjustment is simple and works satisfactory. -





SEWING MACHINES.
Power required for sewing machines with one
line of shafting and about fifteen hundred
stitches per minute:
Light-running sewing machines..... 20 to the horse-power
The same, with heavy work......... 15 “ “ . . { *
Leather sewing...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... I 2 “ ‘’ “ { {
Button-hole machines........... 8 to I2 “ ‘‘ ‘’ * h
For information as to printing presses, lathes,
drills and other general machinery, the horse-
power required can be obtained from the manu-
facturers, but if the sizes and as many details
as possible be sent to us, we will give an approxi.
mate estimate of the size of the motor to be
used.
It should, however, be remembered that
while we always guarantee the horse power of
the motor, we cannot guarantee that a certain
motor will run certain classes of machines with-
out a personal inspection.
POV er for Printers.
We give the power required to run three or
four of the printing offices where Sprague Mo
tors are in use.
35
No. 1. 2 - H. P. —l 1 O V Colts
In use, one main shaft and three small
counter shafts. Shafting alone 5 to 6 amperès.
A Whitlock Pony cylinder, 7 to 8 amperés.
Pony cylinder 3, 4, §, 8 to 9 amperès,
No. 2. 3 - H. P.-11 O VOlts
In use, one large cylinder press and two
small ones. With the full load the ampere
reading is 12.
No. 3. 3 – H. P. —21 O Volts
In use, one main shaft and three counter
shafts, with no presses running, take 4 to 5
amperès. Adding presses as follows, we have
these readings:
A Cranston Pony cylinder, 5 to 7 amperes;
Campbell cylinder, 7 to 9 amperès—both the
above with two jobbers—8 to Io amperes.
No. 4. 3 - H. P.-22 O Volts
In use of shafting alone, takes 3 to 4 am-
perès. Adding one large cylinder press, with-
out form, 5 to 8 amperès.
36
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Diagram of an application of the Sprague Electric Motor System in the transmission of Power in
the bed of Feather River, Big Bend, Butte Co., California,
The Electric Circuit is eighteen miles long, supplying current at fourteen points along the river bed
for the operation of Sprague Motors, which furnish power there for pumping, hoisting and haulage in the
mining operations.
Number 4 on the diagram gives the location of the water power and generator station. Number 5,




























position of Sprague Motors in the circuit.

Street Railways.
For information as to street railway service,
send to the General, or one of the Branch offices,
for the data required, and printed forms will be
returned, which are to be carefully filled out and
returned to the Sprague Company.
*
Mines and Water Powers.
The Sprague Company has prepared a circu-
lar especially adapted to give information for the
improvement of water powers, and for the adap-
tation of motors to mining uses. It will be fur-
nished upon application at any office of the
Company.
NOTE. If it is impossible or difficult to obtain any
of the foregoing data, with even a moderate degree of
accuracy, we would like any other information that may
be in some manner relevant to the subject. With a
statement of some kind it may be possible for us to offer
some advice or give an idea of the requirements in the
way of a motor as to size, price, etc. At all events, we
shall be pleased to receive any inquiries concerning the
motor, with such knowledge of the circumstances in the
case as the correspondent may have at his command; we
will then answer all in as satisfactory a manner as the
nature of the case and the amount of information will
admit.
37
Before improving a water power it is neces-
sary to ascertain exactly how much fall can be
secured and how much water can be relied
upon, as upon these facts depend the value of
the proposed improvement. The improvement
of a water power is attended with considerable
expense, and to prevent disappointment in dis-
covering, after the proposed mill or factory is
completed, that the stream does not afford suf-
ficient power to carry the machinery, we advise
parties not to rely upon a mere superficial ex-
amination of the stream which it is proposed to
improve, but to employ some person who is
well versed in hydraulics to carefully measure
the capacity of the strean). As this cannot
always be done, the manufacturers of turbine
wheels will, upon inquiry, give a few simple
directions which will enable anybody to deter-
mine approximately the amount of water in a
Strealm.
To determine the horse-power of waterfalls:
R U 1, E.
Multiply the cubic feet of water by 62%, which is the
weight of one cubic foot of water, and multiply that pro-
duct by the head, which will give the foot pounds; divide
that by 33,000, which gives the full horse-power of the
zwater.
38

Illustration showing Method of l)etermining Amount of Water in a Stream.
* - re. -- *
Dynamo Operated by a Turbine Wheel.
Hydraulic Data.
Doubling the diameter of a pipe increases the capacity
four times.
The ordinary speed to run a pump is IOO feet of piston
per minute.
To find the area of a piston, square the diameter and
multiply by .7854.
Each nominal horse power of boilers requires 1 cubic
foot of water per hour.
A gallon of water (U. S. standard) weighs 84 lbs.,
and contains 231 cubic inches.
A cubic foot of water weighs 62% lbs., and contains
1,728 cubic inches, or 7% gallons.
Circular apertures are most effective for discharging
water, since they have less frictional surface for the same
3.I. Cal.





39
Hydraulics treats of fluids in motion, and especially
of water, the machinery and works for raising and con-
ducting it, its action in canals, races and rivers, its adap-
tation to water wheels as prime movers, etc.
To find the velocity in feet per minute necessary to
discharge a given volume of water in a given time, mul-
tiply the number of cubic feet of water by 144, and divide
the product by the area of the pipe in inches.
To find the pressure in pounds per square inch of a
column of water, multiply the height of the column in
feet by .434. (Approximately every foot of elevation is
considered equal to 3 lb. pressure per square inch.)
To find the diameter of a pump cylinder to move a
given quantity of water per minute (100 feet of piston
being the speed), divide the number of gallons by 4, then
extract the square root, and the result will be the di-
ameter in inches.
Vertical apertures, or slits on the side and running
near to the bottom of vessels, issue the water with a mean
velocity due at the sill or lower edge of opening, or with
the velocity due to a point four-ninths of the whole
height of head.
The time occupied in discharging equal quantities o
water under equal heads, through pipes of equal lengths,
will be different for varying forms, and proportionally as
follows: for a straight line, 90 ; for a true curve, 100;
and for a right ang/e, 140.
To find the horse power necessary to elevate water to
a given height, multiply the total weight of column of
water in lbs. by the velocity per minute in feet, and di.
vide the product by 33, OOO (an allowance of 50 per cent.
should be added for friction, etc.)
A ſh
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Mining Water Wheel.
To find the area of a required pipe, the volume and
velocity of water being given, multiply the number of
cubic feet of water by 144, and divide the product by the
velocity in feet per minute. The area being found, it is
easy to get the diameter of pipe necessary.
To find the capacity of a cylinder in gallons. Multi-
plying the area in inches by the length of a stroke in
inches will give the total number of cubic inches : divide
this amount by 231 (which is the cubical contents of a
gallon in inches), and the product is the capacity in gallons.
The quantities of water discharged in equal times by
the same apertures under different heads are nearly as
the square roots of the corresponding heads, the heads
being measured above the apertures.
The quantities of water discharged in the same time
through different sized apertures, under different heads,
are to one another in the compound ratio of areas of the
apertures, and of the square roots of the heights of heads
above the centers of the apertures.
The area of the steam piston, multiplied by the steam
pressure, gives the total amount of pressure exerted.
The area of the water piston, multiplied by the pressure
of water per square inch, gives the resistance. A mar-
gin must be made between the power and the resistance
to move the pistons at the required speed.
With thin plates on the bottom or sides of reservoir,
the stream, issuing through circular openings, converges
toward a point at about one-half its diameter from the
outside of orifice, reducing the quantity discharged
nearly five-eighths from the quantity that the velocity
corresponding to the head should discharge.
4 I
With a horizontal cylindrical tube, the length and di-
ameter being the same, the discharge will be the same as
through a plain aperture. A horizontal cylindrical tube
having greater length than diameter, increases the dis-
charge, and the discharge will continue to increase until
the length reaches four times the diameter.
To find the quantity of water elevated in one minute
running at IOO feet of piston per minute. Square the
diameter of water cylinder in inches and multiply by 4.
Example : The capacity of a 5-inch cylinder is desired.
The square of the diameter (5 inches) is 25, which, mul-
tiplied by 4, gives IOO, which is the uumber of gallons
per minute (approximately).
The best form of aperture for giving the greatest flow
of water, is a conical aperture, whose greater base is the
aperture, the height or length of the section of cone being
half the diameter of aperture, and the area of the small
opening to the area of the large opening as Io to 16 ;
there will be no contraction of the vein, and consequently
the greatest attainable discharge will be the result.
Water in falling is actuated by the same law as other
falling bodies; passing through I foot in # of a second,
4 feet in # second, 9 feet in ; of a second, and so on ;
hence its velocity flowing through an aperture in the side
of a reservoir, bulkhead or any vessel, is the same as that
of a heavy body falling freely from a height equal to the
distance between the middle of the aperture or hole to
the surface of water below.
42
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Type of wheel specially adapted to localities where small quantities of water, under high or low heads are ſound.


SHAFTING AND BELTING.
The following data as to belting and shafting
is given, because of the great disproportion be-
tween size of the shafting and belting and the
work to be done :
Diameter and Horse Power of Shafting.
l' EvoluTio NS PER MINUTE.
Dia. of r | | i
gº 50 100 300 500 000
H. P. H. P H. P. H. P. H. P. H. P.
I o.OO99 - 495 .9%)o 2. Q70 4. QQO Q. Q
I 1.1 . OI75 .875 1.75 5.25 8.75 I 7.5
I k, . O3 I. So 3. OO Q.OO I5. 3O.
I ºf .O.45 2.2 4. S I 3.5 22.5 45.0
2 . O7 3.5 7. 2 I . 35. 70
2 't ... I 5. IO. 3O. SO. I Chū.
2 ".. . 130 6.5 I 3. 3 65 I 30
2°. . 165 7.5 I S. 45. 75. I 5o
3 , 22 II. 25 22.5 67.5 II 2. S 225
3*i. .275 13.75 27.5 82.5 I 37.5 275
3% .33 I to. 5 33. 99. I65. 330.
3% . 4 I C 20.6 41.2 23.6 206. | 4 I 2
4. • 5 25. 5O. | i 50. 250. 5OO.
4}. .6 3O. Óo. 180. SOO. foo
4* . 725 35.25 72.5 217. 3SO. 7oo.
4% .85 42.5 85. 255. 425. 850
S I.o 5o. Ioo, 3OO. SOO. i I Coo.
5% 1.325 66. I 32. 3Q7. tô2. 1324.
6 I. 725 S6. 172. 5 I 7. 862. I 724.
6}{ 2.175 Io8 217. 652. lo87. 2 I 74.
7 - 2.7 | I 35. 27o. $10. I 3 SO. 27co.
l
------------------ -----------------
This table is calculated for general shafting, transmit-
ting power by belt pulleys. For shafting carrying heavy
weights or transmitting power by gears, diameter should
be increased accordingly.
Belt Cearing.
The ratio of friction to pressure for belts over wood
drums is for leather belts, when worn .47, when new .5,
and when over turned cast-iron pulleys, .24 and .27.
In high speed belting the tension or the breadth of the
belt should be increased in order to prevent belt from
slipping. Zong belts are more effective than short ones.
Be sure and have belts of ample length. If there is any
doubt, use a too long rather than a too short belt.
A single belt one inch wide, travelling at a velocity of
1,000 feet per minute, transmits one horse power.
A double belt one inch wide, travelling 700 feet per
minute, transmits one horse power.
When a double belt is long and runs over large pulleys
it may be calculated to do one horse power of work at a
speed of 500 feet per minute.
The upper side of the pulley should always carry the
slack belt.
To throw a belt on to its pulleys, when it has been
laid off, it should always be laid on to the pulley that is
not in motion first, and then be thrown over the edge of
the moving pulley on to its face.
It has been ascertained by trial that a belt will trans-
mit about 30 per cent. more power, with a given tension,
when the grain (smooth side of the leather) is in contact
with the pulley than when the flesh side is turned inward.
The leather is also less liable to crack, as the structure
on the flesh side is less dense, and the fibres more ex-
tensible. The adhesion of belts is greater on polished
than on rough pulleys, and is about 50 per cent. greater
on a leather covered pulley than on a polished iron pulley.
44
Iarge pulleys and drum may be covered with narrow
strips of leather or with longer strips wound spirally.
Pulley covers are manufactured in strips of the desired
width, and reduced to uniform thickness by machinery.
Belts should be kept soft and pliable by applying tallow
occasionally and neats foot or Castor oil.
The Care of Belts.
Few engineers give belts the care and attention they
require. Belts are very expensive as a general thing ; so
it will pay to keep them in the best order.
New belts, if properly laced when they are put on,
will run straight and smooth for a good while.
Should the lace break on one side, it will be money
in the owner's pocket to relace it at once, no matter if
the break is very slight. If it is neglected even for a
short time the belt will draw out of shape and ever after-
ward be crooked.
Nothing is nicer to look at than a straight, smooth-
running belt, one that will run through a hole or slot
only a trifle larger than itself.
In some prominent mills belts six inches in width re-
quired floor-holes twelve inches square to save them from
cutting and sawing against the floor.
The best belt lacing procurable is always the cheapest.
“Cheap "lacing is dear at any price, and should not be
used at all.
In some cases the slight shifting of a pulley will
greatly help the running of a belt.
45
Extracts from Little Belting Catech is n, or
Plain Facts and Figures for Power Uses.
By Robert Crimshaw, M. E.
Q. What is the influence of belt material on the driv-
ing power?
A. It is most marked. Of course the effect of a belt
material may be modified by the pulley material, or by the
tension, or by other circumstances ; but the broad general
principle remains, that the material of the belt exerts a
most important influence upon its driving power, and
that whatever be the kind of belt, the best of its kind
gives the best grip and lasts the longest. There is
scarcely anything connected with the transmission of
power, where the unwisdom of buying poor material or
poorly made up material, is so strongly marked and the
ill effect so influential. Among the various materials
and various grades of any one material, that which is
and will remain the softest and most pliable, is the best,
other things being equal.
Q. What should be done to all running belts 2
A. They should be boxed in to keep out dirt and
grease, and to prevent accidents.
Q. What is the effect of putting printers' ink on belts 2
A. Momentarily to increase the grip, but eventually
to glaze and harden, especially with leather belts.
Q. What is the effect of coal tar mixed with flour
upon belts 2
A. To increase the grip at times; only justified for
exposed belts running close over water.
Q. What is the best oil for leather belts 2
A. Castor oil.
46
Q. What can be said about width of belts for driving
circular saws 2
A. In nearly every case the belts and the pulleys are
too narrow, and the bearings get heated. No circular
saw for ripping should have a flat belt on an iron pulley
narrower than one-third the saw diameter ; the pulley
diameter, if of iron, should equal the belt width.
Q. What is the general effect of increasing the belt
width 2
A. Beneficial, especially with heavy tension ; lessen-
ing the stress per inch width of fastening, and allowing a
reserve of driving power.
Q. What is the comparative driving power of double
belts and single P
A. Double belts will carry more power, without being
strained than single ones of the same width ; but not
double as much.
Q. What are the conditions which must be fulfilled in
belt transmission ?
A. In transmitting power with belts :
Ist. The resistance to be overcome must be less than
the power required to slip the belt on the pulley.
2d. The tension must not permanently elongate the
belt.
3d. The tension must not uselessly increase the
friction of the shaft bearings.
4th. The belt must be flexible in order to allow of an
easy folding in all its parts.
Q: What is the disadvantage of flanging the edges of
pulleys 2
A. The belt edges are apt to become frayed or
stretched, according to the material.
47
Q. What is the effect of inclination on driving power
of belts 2
A. Horizontal belts between horizontal shafts drive
better than inclined ones do, and still better than vertical,
because the weight of a horizontal belt tends to increase
not only the arc of contact on both pulleys, but the ten-
sion.
Q. Which are the best, fast speeds or slow 2
A. Fast ; because the belts are less liable to slip and
the grip is much better ; always, of course, using large
enough pulleys diameter. Also, the horse-power is in-
creased without increasing the strain upon the fastenings.
Q. What is the limit of belt speed P
A. 3,OOO to 4, OOO feet per minute is not excessive ; on
large pulleys a mile a minute has been exceeded.
Q. Just how much tension should a belt have 2
A. No rule can be laid down which will govern all
cases, nor any two cases, with the same degree of cer-
tainty; while up to a certain limit the greater the tension
the greater the driving power; the driving power is not
in proportion to the tension.
Q, What is the evil of using too slack a belt 2
A. It flaps and loses driving power by slipping.
Q. What is the objection to excessive tension ?
A. It causes wear of journals and bearings, waste of
oil and loss of power.
Q. What is the best average practice for belt tension ?
A. Forty-five pounds per inch of width of single
leather belts; with the insufficient bearing surface the
tension must be less. -
Q. What should be said about evenness of belt ten-
sion P
48
We give herewith elevation of a Sprague Motor adjustment in the movement of a transfer table on the
C., B. & Q. R. R., at Aurora, Ill. This Motor is moving weights of one hundred tons with ease and despatch.
A similar equipment has also been ordered by the Pennsylvania R. R. for their shops at Altoona, Pa.,

and by the Philadelphia and Reading R. R. for their shops at Reading, Pa.

A. The tension should be the same upon both edges
and all the way across, to divide the stress equally on the
belt material and lacings, and increase the durability ;
many good belts are ruined by having too much strain on
one edge, or one part.
Q. How may the power carried by a belt be approxi-
mated P
A. There are a good many rules and formulae which
are said to give this, but in nine cases out of ten they do
not come within gunshot of the actual power.
Q. Finally to get the greatest money's worth out of a
belt, what course should be pursued 2
A. Provide pulleys of ample diameter and face; buy
the best material of its kind; avoid excessive strain; see
that the strain is equally distributed over the whole belt
width, and that the fastenings are so made as not to pull
out the ends of the belt ; shelter the belt and see that it
is not exposed to excessive heat or cold, dampness or
dryness, or to grease and dirt ; shift it slowly and care-
fully.
49
Useful Problems in Power Transnission.
|PROB I, EMS AND SOLUTIONS.
PROBLEM I —To find the Circumference of a Circle,
or of a Pulley :
SoLUTION.—Multiply the diameter by 3.1416; or as 7 is to 22
so is the diameter to the circumference,
PROBLEM 2–To compute the Diameter of a Circle, or
of a Pulley :
SoLUTION.—Divide the circumference by 3. 1416 ; or multiply
the circumference by .3183 ; or as 22 is to 7 so is the circumference
to the diameter.
PROBLEM 3–To Compute the Area of a Circle :
Solutios.-Multiply the circumference by one-quarter of the
diameter ; or multiply the square of the diameter by .7854; or
multiply the square of the circumference by .07958; or multiply
half the circumference by half the diameter, or multiply the square
of half the diameter by 3. 1416.
PROBLEM 4–To find the Surface of a Sphere or
Globe : p
Solution.—Multiply the diameter by the circumfereuce ; or
multiply the square of the diameter by 3. 14 (6 : or multiply 4 times
the square of the radius by 3.1416.
PROBLEM 5–To Compute the Diameter of a Toothed
Wheel :
Solutiox. — Multiply the number of teeth by the number of
t/ irty second's of an inch contained in the pitch, the product will
be the diameter in inches and hundredths of an inch ; c.r multiply
the number of teeth by the true pitch and the product by .3184.
These results give only the diameter between the pitch line on one
side and the same line on the other side, and not the entire diam-
eter from foint to Aoint of teeth on opposite sides. It must also
be borne in mind that these results are only approximate diameters,
since the wheel often varies from the couputed diameter in conse-
quence of shrinkage and other causes,
So
PROBLEM 6–To Compute the Number of Teeth in
Pinion to have any Given Velocity :
SoLUTION.—Multiply the velocity or number of revolutions of
the driver by its number of teeth or its diameter, and divide the
product by the desired number of revolutions of the pinion or
driven.
PROBLEM 7–To Compute the Diameter of a Pinion,
when the Diameter of the Driver and the Number
of Teeth in Driver and Pinion are given :
Solution.—Multiply the diameter of driver by the number of
teeth in the pinion and divide the product by the number of teeth
in the driver, and the quotient will be the diameter of pinion.
PROBLEM 8–To Compute the Number of Revolutions
of a Pinion or Driver, when the Number of Revo-
lutions of Driver and the Diameter or the Number
of Teeth of Driver and Driven are given :
Solution.—Multiply the number of revolutions of driver by
its number of teeth or its diameter, and divide the product by the
number of teeth or the diameter of the driven.
PROBLEM 9–To Ascertain the Number of Revolu-
tions of a Driver, when the Revolutions of Driven
and Teeth or Diameter of Driver and Driven are
given :
SoLUTION.—Multiply the number of teeth or the diameter of
driven by its revolutions, and divide the product by the number of
teeth or the diameter of driver.
PROBLEM IO-To Ascertain the Number of Revolu-
tions of the Last Wheel at the End of a Train of
Spur Wheels, all of which are in a line and mesh
into one another, when the Revolutions of the
First Wheel and the Number of Teeth or the
Diameter of the First and Last are given:
SI
Solution.—Multiply the revolutions of the first wheel by its
number of teeth or its diameter, and divide the product by the
number of teeth or the diameter of the last wheel ; the result is its
number of revolutions.
PROBLEM II—To Ascertain the Number of Teeth in
each Wheel for a Train of Spur Wheels, each to
have a given Velocity :
SoLUTION.—Multiply the number of revolutions of the driving
wheel by its number of teeth, and divide the product by the num-
ber of revolutions each wheel is to make to ascertain the num-
ber of teeth required for each.
PROBLEM 12–To Compute the Number of Revolu-
tions of the Last Wheel in a Train of Wheels and
Pinions, Spurs or Bevels, when the Revolutions of
the First or Driver, and the Diameter, the Teeth
or the Circumference of all the Drivers and
Pinions are given :
SoLUTION.—Multiply the diameter, the circumference, or the
number of teeth of all the driving wheels together, and this con-
tinucd product by the number of revolutions of the first wheel, and
divide this product by the continued product of the diameter, the
circumference, or the number of teeth of all the pinions, and the
quotient will be the number of revolutions of the last wheel. Ex-
AMPLE: If the diameters, the circumferences, or the number of
teeth of a train of wheels are 8, 8, Io, 12 and 6, and the diameters,
circumferences, or number of teeth of the pinions are 4, 5, 5, 5 and
6, and the driver has ten revolutions, what will be the number of
revolutions for the last pinion ? Multiply all the drivers together
and then by 1o revolutions, and then you have 8 by 8 by 1o by 12
by 6 by Io equal to 460800; divide this amount by the product of
the figures for pinions, 4 by 5 by 5 by 5 by 6 equal to 3ooo, and the
quotient will be 153, or the number of revolutions of last wheel.
This rule is equally applicable to a train of pulleys, the given ele-
ments being the diameter and the circumference.
52
PROBLEM 13–To find the number of Revolutions of
Driven Pulley, the Revolutions of Driver and
Diameter of Driver and Driven being given :
Solution.—Multiply the revolutions of driver by its diameter,
and divide the product by the diameter of driven.
PROBLEM 14—To Compute the Diameter of Driven
Pulley for any desired Number of Revolutions, the
Size and Velocity of Driver being known :
Solution.—Multiply the velocity of driver by its diameter,
and divide the product by the number of revolutions it is desired
the driven shall make.
PROBLEM 14—To Ascertain the Diameter of Driving
Pulley :
Solution.—Multiply the diameter of driven by the number of
revolutions you desire it shall make, and divide the product by the
number of revolutions of the driver.
The following examples will assist in determing dia-
meters and speeds of pulleys :
Axa m/dd'. .
A 30-inch pulley making ISO revolutions per minute
drives a countershaft with a 12-inch pulley. What is the
speed of the latter 2 -
18OX3O+ I2=450 revolutions per minute.
A countershaft is to make 450 revolutions per minute,
driven by a 30-inch pulley making ISO revolutions per
minute. What will be the diameter of countershaft
pulley P
I8OX3o-i-450= I2 inches.
53
What will be the diameter of a pulley making 180
revolutions per minute, to drive a 12-inch pulley 450
revolutions per minute 2
450X 12--18O=30 inches.
In calculating toothed gears, substitute the numbers of
teeth for the diameters, as above.
Electric Traction Calculations.
The following table will be found very useful
in making calculations connected with electric
(or other) traction :
TABLIE
(77 wing miles Aer howſ, in feet /ey minute and//er second.
: |
Miles per Fect per Feet per || Miles per Feet per | Feet per
hour. ll l l l l l ic. second. hour. IIll Inll te, second.
I SS I.46 I6 I,408 23.47
2 176 2.94 17 I,496 24.93
3 264 4.4 I 8 I, 584 26.4
4 352 5.87 I9 1,672 27.86
5 44O 7.33 2O 1,760 | 29.33
6 548 8.8 2 I I,848 30.8
7 616 Io. 26 22 I,936 32 26
S 7O4 II. 73 23 2, O24 33.72
9 792 3.2 24 2, II 2 | 35.2
IO 8SO I4.67 25 2, 200 36.67
I I º: º 26 ;: 3:
I 2 l, O5 I 7. | 27 2, 37 39.
I 3 I, I 44 I9. O7 | 28 2,464 4 I. O4
I4. I, 232 2O. 52 | 29 2, 552 42.5o
I 5 I, 32O 22. | 3O 2,640 44.o
| |
Aormula for ca/cu/ating the horse power reguired
ſo prope/ any vehic/e at a constant speed.
A/. P =". A S W 2,240 * sin ſj.
33, OOO – 33, OOO
where Iſ" = total rolling load in tons,
A = resistance to motion expressed in lbs.
per ton,
S = speed required in feet per min.,
0 = the inclination of the grade.
The value of S corresponding to any number
of miles per hour can be filled in from the table.
A can only be determined by experiment, but
approximate values can be found in the usual
text books. For raised rails A varies from 12.5
lbs. to 20 lbs. ; for sunk rails, from 28 lbs. to
56 lbs. will be fair limits under ordinary work-
ing conditions. On inspection, it will be seen
that the first fraction in the equation gives the
horse-power required to overcome the resistance
to traction on the level only, while the right-
hand quantity is a measure of the work done
either against, or by, gravity; hence the double
sign, +. The term will be negative on a
down-grade, and positive on an up-grade. If
the gravity term exceed the traction term and
have a negative sign, the equation becomes
55
negative. This means that the car will travel
by the aid of gravity alone. The use of the
table and formula will be best seen from an ex-
ample:
Let A = 30, W = 8 tons,
Speed = IO miles per hour,
. S = 88O.
I
And, let sin G = 50°
Or, ſ] = 1° 9'.
Suppose the gradient is against the load, we have
H. P-8x38x88918 X 2,240 × 880 × I
33, OOO 33, OOO X 50
= 6.4 + 9.5 = 15.9.
Zo ascertain ſ/he size of wire necessary to
transmif any given /orse-power any given dis-
Zance : Zef
Z = distance between the generating and re-
ceiving stations in feet.
n = number of effective horse-power to be
delivered on the motor shaft.
A = electro-motive force at the terminals of
the motor.
z = number of volts fall of potential on the
line.
A + v being, of course, the electro-motive
force at the beginning of the line.
56
A = efficiency of the motor.
C Aſ = circular mils of conductor.
Then, allowing Io. os ohms as the resistance
of a mil-foot of commercial copper, and Con-
sidering a complete metallic circuit, we have
15,666 × 7: X /
* = -Zººk-
To give you a practical illustration, suppose
we have a motor the efficiency of which is
ninety per cent, at 4oo volts electro-motive
force and when developing ten horse power, and
that we wish to transmit this ten horse power
5, ooo feet from a station, and elect to lose
about nine per cent. On the line.
Our initial electro-motive force will be 440
volts, and we would have
I 5,666 X IO X 5, Ooo
(). Al/ = 400 × 40 X .90 ° Or
C A/ = 54,396, which is about equal to a
No. 3 American Gauge. -
Electro-motive force of 200 and 400 volts are
very good standards. Without serious inconve-
nience we can go to 6oo. For long distance
special transmissions it may be necessary to go
up to 3, Ooo Or 4, ooo,
57
TABLE
Showing the size of wire corresponding to any number of
circular miſs also, weight per mile.
º # AREA. WEIGHT & LENGTH sp. gr. 8, 9.
3 #23 | |
iº ăz Circular Mils. Lbs. per Pounds Feet
g | 1,000 fect. per mile. per lb.
CO |
oooo 2116oooo 639.33 3375.7 I. 56
OOO 167805. OO 507,OI 2677. O 1.97
OO 133079.40 402.09 2123.0 2.49
O 195592.5o 319.94 1684.5 3. 13
I 83694.20 252.88 I 335.2 3.95
2 66373. OO 200. 54 IO58.8 4.99
3 52634. OO I 59. O3 839.68 6.29
4 41742.00 126. 12 665.91 7.93
5 33 102.OO IOO.ol 528.05 || IO.OO
6 262.50.50 79.32 418.81 12.6 I
7 20816.oO 62.90 3° 2. I I I 5.90
S 16509. OO 49.88 263.37 2O.O5
9 : 13094.oO 39.56 298.88 25.28
IO IO381.OO 31.37 165.63 31.38
TO Ascertain the Electrical Horse Power
Used by any Motors.
Place an ampère meter in the circuit, and
note the number of ampères. Place a volt
meter across the line, and notice the number of
volts—then multiply the number of volts by the
number of ampères and divide by 746, which
will give the electrical horse power.
The mechanica/horse-power is about 90% of
the electrica/.
58
- ºu -
- º vº
W -- - - -
Cº. 7.
We show here a cut of a Tramway Car at the East Boston Sugar Refining Company's yards, which has demonstrated
the great advantages of this system in freight tramway service. The cars on the tramway there are in use all day
long, the loads averaging ten tons per trip, and each round trip occupying five minutes. Horses were previously used, when
each trip averaged fifteen minutes, with a load of one and a half tons. The heaviest load hauled by the Sprague motor is
eleven tons net; or, including the car, fifteen tons gross.
The mechanical application in moving the car by the motor is entirely satisfactory; there is no delay, the load
is taken instantly without noise, friction or jerking, there being from the start a steady pull; and in spite of the coating of
mud, sugar and molasses upon the rails, which forms by no means bad insulation, the rails act very satisfactorily as “return.”
The Edison dynamo used in lighting the premises runs the motor. The result is very satisfactory and is very encouraging


to those mill and mine owners who desire to use electric motors for tramway work.
TABLE
Showing the size of wire corresponding to any number of
circular miſs also, weight per mile.
- # AREA. WEIGHT & LENGTH sp. gr. 8, 9.
§§§ |
; : &# |
:* 52. Circular Mils. Lbs, per Pounds Feet
9. | 1,000 feet. per mile. per lb.
CO .
OOOO 2 I 16OO.OO 639.33 3375.7 I. 56
OOO 167805. OO 507,ol 2677.0 | 1.97
OO 133079.40 402.09 2123.0 2.49
O IO5592.50 319. O4 1684.5 3. I 3
I 83694.20 252.88 1335.2 ; 3.95
2 66373.OO 200. 54 IO58. S 4.99
3 52634. OO I 59. O3 839.68 6.29
4. 41742.00 126. 12 665.91 7.93
5 33 IO2.OO IOO.or 528.05 IO.OO
6 2625O. 50 79.32 418.81 12.61
7 2O816. OO 62.90 332. I I 15.90
S 16509. OO 49.88 263.37 20.05
9 : 13094. OO 39.56 208.88 25.28
Io 10381.00 31.37 165.63 31.38
}
d
TO Ascertain the Electrical Horse Power
Used by any Motors.
Place an ampère meter in the circuit, and
note the number of ampères. Place a volt
meter across the line, and notice the number of
volts—then multiply the number of volts by the
number of ampères and divide by 746, which
will give the electrical horse power.
The mechanica/horse-power is about 90% of
the electrica/.
58
Wº:
--
* - We show here a cut of a Tramway Car at the East Boston Sugar Refining Company's yards, which has demonstrated
the great advantages of this system in freight tramway service. The cars on the tramway there are in use all day
long, the loads averaging ten tons per trip, and each round trip occupying five minutes. Horses were previously used, when
each trip averaged fifteen minutes, with a load of one and a half tons. The heaviest load hauled by the Sprague motor is
eleven tons net; or, including the car, fifteen tons gross.
The mechanical application in moving the car by the motor is entirely satisfactory; there is no delay, the load
is taken instantly without noise, friction or jerking, there being from the start a steady pull; and in spite of the coating of
mud, sugar and molasses upon the rails, which forms by no means bad insulation, the rails act very satisfactorily as “return.”
- The Edison dynamo used in lighting the premises runs the motor. The result is very satisfactory and is very encouraging


to those mill and mine owners who desire to use electric motors for tramway work. -

TE •
'i' º ~51Calives.
"I, †ſ,
, jºrº H
J3t a vic A | Čvºtovºlt.
a-re...ºn.cº. **-*.
Cºx cait.
“Pott Jrzcts .
gae/loco Ciºcait.
- - TZotot.
2Sp-agric Starbarê Sºctor.
The above diagram is an illustration, showing the
method of testing with the volt and ampere meters, as
given on page 58. -



SQ
alº 2
|| “.
! {\t
KN
º
-
". |
| |
sº
§§
ſº
ºm
:gº
|º
#
: sº
3.
*
ſº
º
Tº-
g
Dynamo.
We give cut of a Dynamo of as high an efficiency as any
generator in the market, and which is largely used in the
one hundred and twenty-eight varieties of industries
where Sprague Motors are employed.
1054)


=~ |||||||||||||||
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MAR 7 1929 -
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