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DR. JAMESON'S RAID
-º-º-ºr. 4
<> si < *, *:-
..., & X X }
Its Causes and Consequences.
*' s e º "
* ºt Ç
BY THE
REV. JAMES KING, M.A., B.D.
VICAR OF ST. MARY'S, |BERWICK-UPON-TWEED.
L O N DO N
GEORGE ROUTLEDGE & SONS, LIMITED
BROADWAY, LUDGATE HILL
MAN CHESTER AND NEW YORK,
1896
º
•
:
I.ONDON .
PRiMTED BY WOODFALL AND KINDER,
7o TO 76, LONG ACRE, W.C.
II.
III.
IV.
. THE GREAT TREK
WI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
XI.
XII.
XIII.
XIV.
XV.
XVI.
XVII.
XVIII.
XIX.
C O N T E N T S .
ExTENT OF SouTH AFRICA
GEOGRAPHY OF THE TRANSVAAL
THE TRANSVAAL BoERs.
HISTORY OF SouTH AFRICA, 1486–1835
MAJUBA HILL
LoNDoN CoNVENTION
DIAMOND FIELDS AND GOLD FIELD's OF
SouTH AFRICA
THE UITLANDERS ; THEIR CHARACTER AND
GRIEVANCES
THE CONSTITUTION OF THE BOERs
LEVYING OF DR. JAMESON's Forces
DR. JAMESON’s HosTILE RAID
THE BATTLE OF KRUGERSDORP
HOW THE BOERS TREATED THE WOUNDED .
MAGNANIMITY OF PRESIDENT KRUGER .
JoBANNESBURG AFTER THE BATTLE
RACIAL Arrinity of THE SCOTS AND BOERs.
IMPORTANT ſ)ISPATCH BY MIR. CHAMBERLAIN.
TRIAL OF MEMBERS OF THE REFORM CoM-
MITTEE AT PRETORIA
PAGE
7.
9
12
15
19
23
26
29
34
39
43
51
56
67
70
76
80
83
112
Contents.
- . PAGE
XX. PRESENT STATE OF AFFAIRS IN THE TRANS-
WAAL te o tº tº tº * . 127
XXI. D.R. JAMESON IN LONDON º Q ſº . 133
XXII. THE BRITISH SouTH AFRICA CoMPANY's
TERRITORIES :—REPORT OF THE BRITISH
SouTH AFRICA CoMPANY ſº © . 143
XXIII. FUTURE ASPECTs of SouTH AFRICA . . 166
XXIV. DR. JAMESON's CAREER. & . . 176
D.R. JAMESON'S RAID.
a-O-O-
I.
EXTENT OF SOUTH AIFRICA.
A CELEBRATED professor of “Belles Lettres"
has said that no poetry in the wide region of polite
literature surpasses in natural beauty the poetry of
the Book of Job, and we may with truth add that the
Transvaal is a land that answers better than any
other in the world to the magnificent description in
that book: “The stones thereof are the place of
Sapphires, and it hath dust of gold.” The British
Empire is the largest, richest, and most powerful
that has ever existed. Its vast possessions are to
be found in every continent, and its immense extent
is seventy times as large as that of the United
Kingdom. British ships sail over every sea, and
the Union Jack is unfurled on every ocean, while
the British dominions extend from sea to sea, and
from the River Thames to the ends of the earth.
Of all her dominions, South Africa, probably more
than any other, is destined to play an important
8 ADr. Jameson's Raid.
part in the future history of the world. South
Africa, extending southwards from the Zambesi to
the Southern shores of the continent, is a vast
territory, containing about a million of square miles, .
and measures 1,500 miles from the mouth of the
Zambesi to Cape Town. The scattered, scanty
population amounts to about two millions of people,
that is an average of two persons per square mile ;
while in England the population is about five
hundred per Square mile. The marvellous develop-
ment of material wealth, and the rapid onward
march of civilisation in this region, points to a
glorious future for South Africa. Possessing, as it
does—more especially in its southern provinces—
an excellent climate, rich soil, and inexhaustible
mineral wealth, this vast territory is waking up, as
it were, from the sleep of ages, to realise that it is
destined to play a leading part in the history of
the Anglo-Saxon race. When we think of the
state of Society in the old country, of the over-
crowded alleys of our great towns, with their
poverty, misery, and crime—of the hard struggle
for existence, and the oft-recurring contest of
capital and labour—we may regard South Africa,
with its inexhaustible capabilities, as a land of
promise, affording a home for our surplus popula-
tion, honest labour for millions of idle hands, and
boundless scope for every noble ambition.
II.
GEOGRAPHY OF THE TRANSWAAL.
THE Transvaal, or South African Republic, its
people and government, are at present occupying
and perplexing the minds of all thoughtful Britons.
The territory is about equal in size to the United
Kingdom, and extends on the south from the River
Waal, which separates it from the Orange Free
State, to the Limpopo or Crocodile River, which
separates the Transvaal on the north from the
Chartered territory of “The British South Africa
Company.” On the west it is bounded by “ Bechu-
analand,” and on the east by the Portuguese
territory, which intervenes between the Transvaal
and the coast of the Indian Ocean. The name
Transvaal (literally, beyond the Waal) was applied
to this country by the Dutch Africanders, who,
trekking from Cape Colony about fifty years ago,
sought for “fresh fields and pastures new,” in the
unknown regions beyond the Waal. Like Scotland,
the country may be divided into the Highlands
and Lowlands. As late as the year 1880 the
Transvaal was a “terra incognita,” for although
I O ZJr. }ameson's A&aid.
Some wild tribes of Kaffirs, known as Bantus, have
occupied the land from time immemorial, no white
man had hitherto looked upon it. The “Hooge
Weldt,” or Highlands, occupies the whole of the
Southern part, and consists of an extensive plateau
of great elevation, varying from 3,000 feet to 6,000
feet above the level of the sea. The natural
pasturage of the district is ample, and half a
century ago afforded sustenance to vast multitudes
of antelopes, which roamed in thousands over the
grassy downs. A wholesale and systematic de-
struction of these immense herds has been going on
for many years. The Highlands reach their highest
elevation in the Rand, or Witwatersrand, a ridge
of hills running east and west, together with the
gently undulating country stretching northwards
to Pretoria, the seat of government, and South-
wards as far as Potchefstroom. The Rand, literally
“border,” like our own “Borderland,” is the great
watershed of the district; dividing the streams
flowing north, and finally discharging their waters
into the Indian Ocean, from those flowing south
towards the broad Atlantic. On the summit of
Witwatersrand stands Johannesburg, the golden
city of the Transvaal, the chief town of the gold-
fields, the great centre of the mining industry, a
city that has sprung up with marvellous rapidity
during the last ten years, and now contains a
Geography of the Transvaal. I I
population estimated at about 7 0,000. The central
districts consist of undulating plains, deep valleys,
and forest lands. While the Transvaal remained
a “terra incognita" to Europeans the wild
animals were numerous. The primeval forests
echoed with the roar of the lion, elephant, buffalo,
leopard and giraffe, the river banks swarmed with
birds; basking in the Sun might be seen numerous
crocodiles, whilst huge hippopotami waddled in the
turbid streams. In fact, Gordon Cumming,
Harris, and other English huntsmen regarded the
Transvaal as a hunter's paradise.
I 2
III.
THE TRANSWAAL BOERS.
IN 1830 the Transvaal was to Europeans a
“terra incognita,” but about that time some
enterprising huntsmen from Cape Colony visited
the district in pursuit of game, and found so many
antelopes, birds and beasts of chase that for
twenty years the land was regarded as a hunts-
man's paradise. In 1848 a strange-looking
company of men, women, and children, crossed
the Waal from the Orange Free State, and settled
down in a pastoral district then uninhabited, a
few miles north of the river bank. Their waggons,
in which their families were bestowed, were heavy
lumbering vehicles, and around them were their
flocks and herds. The men were brawny, stal-
wart fellows, speaking a strange language, with
a strong guttural accent, and marching with a
slow, awkward gait. Their appearance was un-
couth, and their clothes, of brown woollen stuff,
were more durable than elegant. Their sunburnt
faces seemed to indicate that they had journeyed
from afar over the desert wastes, while their broad
The 7×ansvaal Boers. I 3
homely features betokened earnestness and force of
character. Those people are variously named
Boers, Trekkers, Voortrekkers, and Dutch Afric-
anders. Boer, pronounced Boor, is a Dutch word,
meaning, like the Latin, “agricola,” a farmer.
Trekker is a person, like a nomad shepherd, who
migrates or leaves his abode in search of a new
home. These Boers are of Dutch extraction, and
are named “Africanders” because they have
settled in Africa. The Boers at present have
many detractors, but few admirers; but it appears,
from the testimony of the few men of British
blood who in modern times have learned their
language and consorted with them, hunting with
them in the wilderness, and entering freely into
their homes, that these rude farmers possess
kindly hearts, and are a compound of many
sterling virtues. One patriotic Englishman who
has gained their hearts says: —“Among all the
white men now thronging Johannesburg, and
other parts of the Transvaal in Search of gold,
how many can say with truth that they know
anything of the Dutch farmer ? Not one man in
a hundred. They sneer at him, laugh at his
guttural tongue, and heavy uncouth ways, and
rail at his government ; but as for taking the
trouble to acquire his language, and find out
something of the inner heart of the man, they will
I 4 Dr. Yameson's Raid.
not do it, and in their feverish search for a fortune
they have not the time. And yet this farmer of
the wilderness, rough and uncouth, and often surly
and suspicious as he is, has a great and stirring
history behind him in South Africa, and of which
he is, and has a right to be, proud. He and his
fathers have struggled, and trekked and warred,
and been massacred, and have suffered in blood
and purse and pastoral wealth for 250 years.
Their struggles and strange vicissitudes are little
known, while their dogged, unconquerable spirit
has been misunderstood.” -
IV.
HISTORY OF SOUTH AFRICA, 1486–1835.
THE Cape of Good Hope was first discovered
by the Portuguese four centuries ago. At that
time there was a great outburst of knowledge
and enterprise consequent upon the capture of
Constantinople by the Turks in 1453, and the dis-
covery of the art of printing about the same time.
Spain and Portugal proved themselves to be the
most enterprising of the nations of that period.
Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain befriended Colum-
bus, and sent him across the Atlantic main in
search of a new route to India; while the
monarchs of Portugal sent forth successive naval
expeditions on voyages of discovery. Portuguese
navigators Sailed along the West Coast of Africa,
discovering in Succession the islands now known
as Madeira, Canaries, and Cape Verde Islands.
Madera is the Portuguese word for timber. The
island was originally covered with dense forests,
and to clear the land these were set on fire, and,
it is said, burnt for seven years.
I 6 Dr. Yameson's Raid.
Canaries were named from Canarii, a tribe of
Africans who lived beyond Mount Atlas.
Verde means green, and the Portuguese gave the
name to this group of islands because the Sea on
the west side of the group, for several thousand
Square miles, is covered with sea-weed, presenting
the appearance of a meadow. In 1486, a few
years before the discovery of America, a Portu-
guese navigator, by name Bartholomew Diaz, first
reached the Cape of Good Hope, and on doubling
the bold headland found the sea so tempestuous
that he named it “Cabo Tormentoso"—Stormy
Cape. On his return to Portugal, King John—who
had sent out the expedition—hearing that the
coast turned towards the east, changed the name
to “Cape of Good Hope,” because, as the king
said, he now hoped to reach India by Sea. In
1497—five years after Columbus discovered America
—the renowned Portuguese explorer, Vasco da
Gama, doubled the Cape, and proceeded on his
way to India. On Christmas Day he sighted land,
to which he gave the name Natal, because dis-
covered by him on Christmas, the day of the
Nativity of Christ. After the discovery of the
Cape peninsula the Portuguese occupied the ad-
joining land, but as they regarded the place
valuable chiefly as a calling place for vessels
on their way to and from India, few attempts
Aſistory of South Africa. 17
were made to form a large permanent Settle-
ment.
In 1652 a party of Dutchmen arrived at the
Cape, empowered to form a colony. The tide of
immigration set in from Holland, and for 150 years
Cape Colony remained a Dutch possession. The
Boers or Dutch farmers had gradually extended
their dominion over the Colony as far as the great
Fish River eastwards, and across the country north-
wards towards the Orange River. In 1795—a cen-
tury ago—the French army overran Holland, and
the Prince of Orange, then taking refuge as an
exile in England, authorised a British naval
Squadron to occupy Cape Colony, and protect it
against invasion by the French. The country was,
however, restored to the Dutch in 1803, by the
Peace of Amiens. Three years later—in the year
1806—we captured it in the war with France,
and from that date Cape Colony has remained a
British possession. We have thus had a secure
foothold in South Africa for about a century. It
ought, however, to be remembered that the Boers
of South Africa became subject to Great Britain
by no fault or wish of their own. When, in 1806,
Sir David Baird captured Cape Town, and planted
the British flag on the walls of the castle, the
Boers, or back-country farmers, knew little or
nothing of the affair. In 1833 slavery was
C
| 8 Dr. Jameson's Raid.
abolished in the British colonies—a noble work,
carried to a successful issue chiefly through the
indefatigable perseverance of William Wilberforce,
M.P. for York. The Abolition Act provided out of
the Imperial Exchequer twenty million pounds
sterling, to be paid as compensation to American
slave-owners. When, two years later, the abolition
of slavery was extended to Cape Colony, no com-
pensation was made to the farmers who owned
slaves; and thus injustice was perpetrated upon
the Boers, many of whom were simply ruined. In
their bitterness of heart they determined to seek
new homes beyond the reach of British govern-
ment and British law; so, selling their farms for
anything they would fetch in a forced market, with
their families bestowed in waggons, accompanied by
their flocks and herds, the Boers shook off from their
velshoem (shoes) the dust of British domination,
and, quitting Cape Colony, a large stream marched
northwards and crossed the Orange river in
search of new homes and pastures in unknown
lands. This exodus, or migration of the Boers,
which occurred in 1836, is known as the “Great
Trek.”
I9
W.
THE GREAT TREK.
“THE history of the Great Trek, if ever it comes
to be written, will furnish one of the most inspiring
epics. These despised and slowly-moving Dutch
farmers, armed only with flintlock guns, after
suffering cruel reverses and the bloodiest treachery,
met and conquered the whole Zulu army, then at
the height of its strength and military discipline.
Fewer than 450 Boers successfully resisted 12,000
of the fiercest Zulu warriors. At the close of the
Sunday morning battle, fought upon 16th Decem-
ber, 1838, 3,000 Zulus lay dead around the Dutch
laager; the stream flowing by, ever since called the
“Blood River,” ran crimson; and the power of
Dingaan, the renowned Zulu chief, and his army
was for years broken. To this hour the Transvaal
Dutch annually meet to celebrate “Dingaan’s
Day,” and return thanks for their crowning mercy,
that wonderful victory over the Zulu host. In their
warfare with the Zulus—in the country now called
Natal—the Dutch farmers used that plan of battle,
laagering their Waggons in square formation,
C 2
2O Dr. Yameson's A aid.
which has been found ever since an invaluable
aid against the overpowering numbers of Savage
tribes. Only so lately as in the Matabele war this
old Boer method was adopted; and by its use,
aided of course immensely by Maxim guns, the
colonists of Mashonaland won their brilliant
victories, and destroyed the long and cruel Mata-
bele tyranny. About the same period another
portion of the Great Trek made its way into the
present territory of the Orange Free State, and
thence crossing the Waal, succeeded, after some
bloody and disastrous reverses, in driving Moseli-
katse, father of Lobengula, beyond the Limpopo,
into the country now called Matabeleland. Moseli-
katse was then the most redoubted native captain
in South Africa, and his men, almost all true bred
Zulus, who had migrated from Zululand with him
in a body, were as fearless, as fierce, as cruel, and
as highly trained as Dingaan's finest warriors. Yet
the Trek Boers vanquished Moselikatse, as they had
vanquished Dingaan, and took possession of that
fair and rich country now called the Transvaal.
One battle was fought in laager against Moseli-
katse's Matabele hordes. There were but forty
Dutchmen in the camp, but the women and
even the children served in the defence, load-
ing the long smooth-bore guns as fast as they were
emptied, and the Boers finally beat off their Savage
The Great Zºrek. 2 I
enemy with great loss. President Kruger, then a
boy, was among the children who took part in the
defence. After this fight reinforcements came in,
and small bands of mounted farmers attacked the
Matabele in their own kraals. In the last of these
daring campaigns 135 Boers followed up and fell
upon Moselikatse in person on the Marico River.
Moselikatse commanded no fewer than 10,000 of
his finest soldiers. Fierce as they were, however,
they lacked horses and guns, and found themselves
no match for the mounted Dutch farmers, all fine
game shots, and all imbued with an invincible
determination. For more than a “week the Boers,
with nothing but sun-dried meat to eat, and no bed
but the bare veldt, harried and harassed the Mata-
bele hosts. Again and again the Matabele tried to
entrap their active opponents to bring them into
close quarters, when their stabbing assegais might
be brought into play. But the mounted men always
evaded them, and at length, after losing large
numbers of his warriors, Moselikatse gave up the
contest, retreated beyond the Limpopo, and left the
whole vast territory of the Transvaal, which he had
long held by the sheer terrors of his name and
arms to the Woor Trekkers.” Having thus obtained
a footing in the country, the Transvaal Republic
was first recognised by Britain as having a political
existence by the Sand River Convention of 1852.
22 Z}r. }'ameson's Raid.
For a quarter of a century it hº precarious
existence, the surrounding native tribes gradually
assumed a threatening aspect, the public funds
were exhausted, and the Republic seemed likely to
relapse into a state of barbarism. This state of
affairs led to the annexation of the Transvaal by
Great Britain in 1877. This country forthwith
exerted its power in breaking up the Savage military
organisations that threatened the existence of the
white community, and the successful wars of the
British against the Zulu and Sekukuni tribes gave
Security to life and property throughout the dis-
trict.
VI.
MAJUIBA HILL.
UNFORTUNATELY the Boers were badly treated
by the agents of our Government. Petty officials
and military martinets carried on civil and political
affairs with a high hand. The Boer grievances
were ignored, and promises made at the annexation
of their country were not fulfilled. The imposition
of a petty tax at an inopportune time caused a
universal outburst of indignation. The Boers rose
in arms against British authority, and reasserted
the independence of the Republic. Then followed
an unfortunate warfare, miserably mismanaged on
the part of the English, a war which ended in the
signal and humiliating defeat of the British troops
at the battle of Majuba Hill, fought in February,
1881. Our troops fought with their usual courage,
but the generalship or strategy is generally con-
demned by military critics as unfortunate. Majuba
Hill is that stern dark mountain that frowns over
the Natal frontier close to Charlestown. The hill
24 Dr. Yameson's ſaid.
has a steep slope and a less steep slope. General
George Colley with 600 men made a night march
up the less steep slope, and having gained the
Summit, where there is a slight hollow, his fatigued
men lay down to rest, after taking a look at the
Boer camp below them. The Boers were so dis-
concerted by this movement that they began
packing their waggons to fly. But General Smit
volunteered to climb the steep slope with such
picked men as would accompany him to see what
a forlorn hope could do. Some scores of Boers,
not nearly so many as the British troops, agreed
to essay the climb, and managed it so successfully
that they reached the stones around the hollow
summit, and had utilised this parapet, as it were,
for their own cover, before the British soldiers
were even awake. Then commenced the pitiless
rain of lead from well-aimed rifles, resulting first
in amazement, then in a gallant fight for six hours,
and finally in a “Sauve qui peut.” The fight
lasted from seven in the morning until well into
the afternoon, and resulted in the loss of eighty-five
killed, 131 wounded, and about sixty prisoners. A
small band of Boers thus rushed a strong British
position on Majuba. Hill. Our troops were defeated
and Sir George Colley was killed. An immediate
armistice was made and a subsequent treaty con-
cluded; but the humiliating defeat has for fifteen
Maſuda Hill. 25
years rankled in the minds of Britons, together
with an ardent desire to retrieve the prestige of
our army, by inflicting a crushing defeat upon
those Boers who had so bravely fought for their
independence.
26
WII.
LONDON CONVENTION.
THE Convention between Great Britain and the
Transvaal, signed August, 1881, states in the
preamble that “complete self-government, subject
to the suzerainty of Her Majesty, her heirs and
successors, will be accorded to the inhabitants of
the Transvaal territory.”
This treaty was revised in 1884, consequent
upon a complaint made by the Boers that Some of
its provisions imposed on the Transvaal burdens
and obligations from which it might be relieved.
The revised treaty, signed in London in February,
1884, and generally known as the “London Con-
vention,” does not, unfortunately, make mention
of the phrase “suzerainty of Her Majesty,”
contained in the previous treaty; although such
suzerainty is manifestly implied. Of the twenty
articles that make up the London Convention the
most important, as bearing upon the Transvaal
crisis, are Articles II. and IV. The former stipulates
that the Boers shall make no encroachments upon
London Convention. 27
lands beyond the boundaries of the Transvaal.
The precise words are:—“The Government of the
South African Republic will strictly adhere to the
boundaries defined in the first article of this
Convention, and will do its utmost to prevent any
of its inhabitants from making any encroachment
upon lands beyond the said boundaries. The
Government of the South African Republic will
appoint commissioners upon the eastern and
western borders, whose duty it will be strictly to
guard against irregularities and all trespassing
over the boundaries. Her Majesty's Government
will, if necessary, appoint commissioners in the
native territories outside the eastern and western
borders of the South African Republic, to maintain
order and prevent encroachments.” From the
above it will be noticed that the Boers are
rigorously confined to their own territory, so that
“ trekking” beyond their frontiers would constitute
a violation of the treaty.
Article IV. stipulates that the Boers shall make
no treaty with any state or nation outside the
Transvaal, without the approval of the Queen of
England. The precise words are:—“The South
African Republic will conclude no treaty or engage-
ment with any state or nation, other than the
Orange Free State, nor with any native tribe to
the eastward or westward of the Republic, until the
28 Dr. Jameson's Raid.
Same has been approved by Her Majesty the
Queen.” Had Dr. Leyds, Foreign Secretary for
the Transvaal, contracted a treaty with Germany,
without the approval of England, such a treaty
would be a violation of the London Convention.
VIII.
DIAMOND-FIELDS AND GOILD-FIELDS OF SOUTH AFRICA.
SINCE Portuguese sailors in search of a sea-
route to India first sighted the Cape of Good Hope
the most important event that has happened in
South Africa is the discovery of rich gold and
diamond fields in that country. This discovery
has spread new life and energy throughout the
colonies, increased the trade, given employment to
natives as well as colonists, multiplied the wealth,
and given an impetus to the spread of civilisation
through unknown regions. Thirty years ago a
huntsman, returning from a hunting expedition
across the Waal, while resting for the night at
a farmer's house, noticed on the farmer's table
some beautiful pebbles, picked up in the bed of the
River Vaal. Neither the farmer nor hunter had any
idea of their value. In one was a sparkling stone,
which seemed to them like cut glass. It, however,
türned out to be a veritable diamond, worth £500.
On further search being made along the north bank
of the Waal some more small diamonds were
3O Dr. Yameson's Raid.
found, and in 1869 the famous diamond, known as
“The Star of South Africa,” was purchased from
a native witch-finder, who had not the remotest
idea of its value. This precious stone was
ultimately purchased by the Countess of Dudley
for £25,000. The finding of a gem of such value
produced a rush of diggers to the Waal, fully
equipped with mining implements. Mines were
opened throughout the region, success attended
the various undertakings, and, to crown all, the
discovery of the great wealth of the mines of
Kimberley, the present centre of the diamond-fields,
created a new era in the history of South Africa.
The existence of gold in these regions has been
known much longer than that of diamonds.
Recent investigations show that gold had been
worked in the territory now called Mashonaland
many centuries ago, and worked, too, by the Arabs,
probably in pre-Mohammedan times. Thirty years
ago gold was found at Tati, north of the Limpopo.
Twenty years ago it was found in various parts of
the Transvaal, chiefly in the Lydenburg fields
and the Kaap valley. Such was the success in
the latter that, in 1885, the Kaap, or De Kaap,
valley was proclaimed a “public gold-field; ” and
the “ Sheba Hill,” where was the “Sheba Mine,”
was spoken of as a “mountain of gold.” When
these discoveries were announced in England, in
Diamond-fields and Gold-fields. 31
September, 1886, the Times devoted a leading
article to the immense wealth of the Transvaal gold
fields, an article which seemed to have the effect of
intoxicating the speculative world, and producing
a “gold mania'' in the minds of the colonists.
In the same year a conglomerate rock containing
gold was found on the Witwatersrand, on the estate
of Langlaagte, a couple of miles west of the present
town of Johannesburg. The mines on this estate
alone have produced gold worth two million
pounds sterling. The Witwatersrand, or Rand, is
the chief watershed of the Transvaal, and consists
of a ridge of hills running east and west through
the central part of the country. On the summit
of this ridge, at an elevation of about 6,000 feet,
stands J ohannesburg, the gold city, the mining
centre of the Transvaal. Its high elevation above
the sea-level gives the town its unique climate, and
renders it, considering its sub-tropical latitude, one
of the coolest places in South Africa; and a place,
as the Times lately remarked, “where the physical
qualities of Englishmen need never degenerate.”
The auriferous conglomerate, or “Banket reef.” as
it is called, stretches throughout the whole extent
of the Rand, and the South slopes of the ridge are
One vast gold-field, covered with tall shafts and
head-gearing of many mines. A quarter of a
century ago the total annual exports of Cape Colony
32 AJr. Jameson's A&aid.
amounted to two million pounds; to-day they
amount to fifteen millions, of which five millions
may be reckoned as gold yielded by the marvellously
wealthy gold-fields of the Transvaal. So vast and
So rich are the auriferous beds that the value
of the ore locked up in the bowels of the earth,
and only awaiting the industry of man for its
extraction, would amount to such a stupendous
sum that it would be sufficient to pay off our
“National Debt.”
Johannesburg, called the “London of South
Africa,” Occupying a site which, nine years ago,
was barren veldt, and eight years ago was
only a miners’ camp, is now the centre of one
hundred thousand inhabitants, and is increasing
with great rapidity. The town is built on part of
the gold-field ; and as far as the eye can reach
westwards are seen the tall chimneys of the various
mines, running in a straight line along the south
slope of the Rand. The largest or main reef runs
for about thirty miles uninterruptedly, gold-bearing
and honey-combed with mines throughout its
extent. This main reef, even were it alone, could
speak for the stability and prosperity of the gold
trade of the Transvaal. On a mail steamer
arriving lately from the Cape was said to be
between £300,000 and £400,000 worth of gold ;
and usually £100,000 worth is brought by each
Piamond-fields and Gold fields. 3 3
mail boat. Thus South Africa, in the abundance
of its mineral wealth, answers better than any
other country to the magnificent description of the
Book of Job: “The stones of it are the place of
Sapphires, and it hath dust of gold.”
34
IX.
THE UITLANDERS ; THEIR CHARACTER AND
GRIEWANCES.
A FEw years after the London Convention of
1884 was signed rich gold-fields were discovered in
various parts of the Transvaal ; and, under the
guarantee of the Republic being under British
8uzerainty, a mixed population, made up of
Africanders, Britons, Americans, Germans, Jews,
&c., poured rapidly into the country. These
various elements are named by the Boers Uitlanders
—that is “Outlanders,” or “Foreigners.” The
word Uitlander, in meaning and pronunciation, is
like the Scotch “Ootlander,” now little used ;
although the adjective form “Ootlandish” (foreign)
is still in common use. The Uitlanders constitute
the mining, industrial, and commercial population;
the number of adults is estimated at about fifty
thousand, while the total population of Uitlanders
—men, Women, and children—probably amounts
to about a hundred and fifty thousand.
There can be no doubt that the material wealth
…* t - --
2 : ! f Y º, } . * * f -- ! -- ; : . 3 t
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< * , {..} & * ...º. * @ * […'. A - * , ; , . . . . . . . ºval Ö ‘. . . . . ſ.t.*.*.*. .2-º-
} -
'A' ^ 4.-
ty i , , , , , ,
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!
7%e Üzt/anders. 35
of the country at present is due to the presence of
these immigrants. “The Second Republic of 1880
was practically a new creation, and in the fifteen
years of its existence the Uitlander has contributed
far more to its construction than the Boer. He
discovered and he has worked the mineral wealth.
|In ten years his numbers have increased from a
comparative handful to a population estimated the
other day, for the Rand alone, at 136,000. He
has paid the taxes, he has built the towns, he has
constructed the railways, he has established the
commerce, he has settled on the land. The State,
which he found nearly bankrupt, has an accumu-
lated surplus calculated this year to have reached
about two million pounds Sterling.” On the other
hand, it ought to be known that ever since the dis-
covery of gold-fields in the famous “Witwaters-
rand,” in 1886, the immigrants, who have poured
into the Rand in a ceaseless stream, are very
largely composed of adventurers intoxicated with
the greed of gold. The “gold mania,” as it has
been aptly called, whether exhibited in California,
Australia, or the Transvaal, has always had a de-
moralising effect upon the habits and morality of
the community. This baneful influence is shown
to-day in the Rand ; for although we cannot en-
dorse the statement lately made which stigmatises
the Rand as “the wickedest place in the world,”
D 2
36 Z07. 9ameson's A&aid.
~\
-
yet there can be no doubt that Johannesburg—the
mining centre—stands at a low ebb in its morality
and social life. The population is made up of the
Surplus population of many lands, drawn together
from greed of gold. Some are growing enormously
wealthy, many, struggling for a livelihood, are
crowded together in excessive discomfort, while
vice is rampant on every side. Drinking and
gambling, cursing and Swearing, racing and
betting, cheating and chicanery, crime and murder,
are alike too common, and blacken the moral
atmosphere of the “Golden City.” Present public
opinion among the Uitlanders is, to a great extent,
the outcome of three influences that have been
leavening political thought for some years. First,
the immigrants—chiefly English—are of an im-
petuous, pushing, go-a-head temperament, averse
to the slow, plodding Boers; and this hostile feel-
ing is intensified by the sad memories of Majuba
Bill, where the English troops sustained a signal
defeat in 1881. This humiliating episode rankles
in the minds of the Uitlanders. They feel that the
military glory of England has suffered, and
repeated ebullitions of public feeling indicate a
desire for an opportunity of retrieving our prestige
by inflicting a crushing defeat upon the Boers.
Secondly, the Rhodesian ideal has been moulding
public opinion. Mr. Cecil Rhodes, ex-Premier of
7%e CWit/anders. 37
Cape Colony, has been called the Napoleon of
South Africa; for just as the renowned Napoleon
aimed at a colossal confederation of all the nations
of Western Europe, so Mr. Rhodes has publicly
proclaimed his ardent desire to see a union of the
States of South Africa, from the Zambesi to the
South coast, forming a vast confederation directly
subject to the British Crown. He is a person of
Sanguine temperament, fertile in expedients for
combating difficulties, and indefatigable in the
pursuit of his pet scheme. The independence of
the Dutch Republic of the Transvaal, and the
dogged pertinacity of the Boers, form, and has
formed for many years, a great obstacle to the
realisation of his ideal of a united South Africa.
How far the Rhodesian scheme influenced the late
uprising will be manifested shortly at the trial of
Dr. Jameson and his brother officers, and it is
expedient not to prejudge the case. Strangely
enough, however, a correspondent, writing before
the news of Dr. Jameson's advance, said:—
“Whether the Cape Premier has or has not been
the actual creator of the present condition of
things, one may safely take it for granted that not
Only has he foreseen the situation, but that he
holds the strings more or less at this moment. As
I have said before, his aim is a united South
Africa, and to attain that object as quickly as
38 Dr. Jameson's Raid.
possible is the one dream of his life. In his
Napoleonic crusade to bring about a united South
Africa the Cape Premier grasps at any and every
opportunity at expediting the realisation of his
dream.” It is somewhat strange that President
Kruger holds Mr. Rhodes largely responsible for
Dr. Jameson's ill-advised and ill-fated expedition;
for in his telegram, despatched on 4th January
to Mr. Chamberlain, the President says:—“I hope
your Honour will kindly pardon the liberty I am
taking when I say, in regard to the last part of
your telegram, that our confidence in Rhodes has
received such a rude shock that his absolute re-
pudiation of the proceedings at Buluwayo ought to
be received with the greatest caution.”
X.
THE CONSTITUTION OF THE BOERS.
THIRDLY. The franchise law of the Republic
practically denies the right of citizenship to the
Uitlanders, and this franchise question is put forth
as the chief grievance of the immigrant Com-
munity. A political organisation, known as the
“National Union,” was formed some time ago, for
the extension of the rights of citzenship to the
foreign population. Frequent indignation meet-
ings have lately been held in Johannesburg,
denouncing the stringency of the Boer Government.
These political assemblies fanned and fomented
public indignation, and hastened the present up-
rising. The franchise law of the old Republic of
the Boers was of the simple kind customary in
new states. One year's residence was required,
and the new comer had as little trouble in securing
his vote as the London householder who changes
his address. After the foundation of the second
Republic, in 1881, the limit of time was extended
to five years; but admission to full burgher rights
40 Dr. Jameson's Raid.
was still possible of attainment at the end of that
period. The delay was felt to be excessive in a
country So young as the Transvaal, and the con-
trast with the franchise law of the Orange Free
State, where aliens are admitted to full burgher
rights after a three years' residence without a
property qualification, was felt to justify strong
representations on the subject to President Kruger.
The public remonstrances and representations were
not attended with successful results: on the
contrary, the franchise has gradually been rendèred
more stringent; so that at present the possession
of full burgher rights by aliens is a matter of very
great difficulty. The Volksraad (literally people's
council) is the Boer's legislative assembly, cor-
responding to our “parliament.” The Volksraad
has lately been divided into two sections, the
“First Raad" corresponding to our “House of
Lords,” and the “Second Raad’ like our “House of
Commons.” As the franchise law at present
stands, an alien after two years' residence can
acquire the right to vote for the “Second Raad.”
A further residence of twelve years is required
before an alien is entitled to full burgher rights.
This long period of fourteen years' residence is felt
to be a constitutional hardship, and forms the chief
grievance of the Uitlanders. Why, it may be
asked, is the franchise law so stringent 3 And why
The Constatution of the Boers. 4. I
has that stringency been lately increased rather
than diminished ? It cannot be urged that the
Boers are ambitious, and wish to exercise despotic
Sway. The history of the Voortrekker shows that
he is naturally of a quiet retiring nature, contented
to dwell in isolation upon the land. “He has no
desire to concern himself with trade, he takes no
part in the development of mineral wealth. He
asks for no service from the administrative depart-
ments. It is all the same to him whether the
mining inspectors know their business. Patriarchal
goverment was evolved from the conditions of life
of a pastoral people ; and the Boers are to this day
a pastoral people, hardy, frugal, simple in their
needs, and patriarchal government suits them
well enough.” Another reason urged for the
stringency of the franchise law arises from the
fear, the growing fear, that the Boers have for the
Uitlanders. The Dutch Africander, naturally shy
and retiring, dislikes change and making new
acquaintances; and with the rapid influx of Eng-
lish, Germans, and Jews, he has manifested an
increasing dread of being crowded out of the land
of his adoption. The incessant noisy clamouring
of the Uitlanders for franchise and freedom has
aroused his dread of the rising power of the alien.
The Boer, be it remembered, is not like the average
Uitlander, anxious to make his fortune and leave
42 Dr. Jameson's Raid.
the country. He looks, and will always look, upon
Africa as his home. His highest ambition is to
live in a moderate degree of comfort in a rude
plenty, to provide for his children as they grow
up, and to be left alone in the land of his
adoption.
XI.
LEVYING OF DR. JAMESON's FoRCES.
THE present uprising in the Transvaal is not
due to a sudden ebullition of feeling, but the out-
come of influences that have been leavening and
moulding public thought at Johannesburg for
many years. President Kruger, who displays a
firm grasp of the situation in his recent proclama-
tion to the people of the Rand, says:—“A small
number of designing men, inside and outside this
country, have artfully stirred up the innocent in-
habitants of Johannesburg, under the mask of
fighting for political rights, and when in their
madness they thought the moment had come, they
chose a certain Dr. Jameson to cross the border of
this Republic.” It is evident, too, that the Pre-
sident of the Orange Free State entertains the
Same opinion, for in an address to the Free State
Volksraad he said that their delegates to Pretoria
reported that Jameson's papers showed that a
huge scheme had been organised by the Chartered
Company to subdue the Transvaal. The plot had
44 Pr. }ameson's Raid.
been maturing for months, and the Rand agitation
Was made an excuse. The delegates possess com-
plete proof of the entire plot. It is not desirable to
anticipate the legal verdict that will shortly be
pronounced regarding the action of Dr. Jameson ;
but there exists not the shadow of a doubt that
active preparations for some such expedition were
being made in the territories of the Chartered
Company for months before. A Scotsman in Bulu-
wayo, writing to his mother in Edinburgh on the
28th September, said:—“There is a volunteer
corps of over 900 men, of whom 500 are mounted.
They had a mounted parade this afternoon, and
the turn-out and execution of drill was not at all
bad, considering that over 200 had never been on
a horse before. It is rumoured about that the
volunteers here and in Salisbury have been raised
for Some purpose; but it is not certain what it is.
If it is fighting, I am going to be in it. The pay
is ten shillings a day, all found, and I expect loot
as well. It is causing great excitement here, and
everybody is on the tiptoe of excitement.” Bulu-
wayo, from which the letter is dated, is about 200
miles north of the Transvaal. It is situated in the
centre of Matabeleland, and is regarded as the capi-
tal of the territory of the British South Africa Char-
tered Company. Some years ago, Mr. Cecil Rhodes,
ex-Premier of Cape Colony, appointed Dr. Jameson
Alevying of Dr. Jameson's Forces. 45
as Administrator in the Company's territory, and
Buluwayo has been the head-quarters of Jameson's
administratorship. The following extracts from
letters dated from Mafeking, the starting point of
the expedition into the Transvaal, indicate the pre-
parations made about the massing of men there
for some sort of expedition, and surmises among
the recruits that they were about to march on
Johannesburg. A trooper in the British Bechuana-
land Police, writing from Mafeking on November
3, 1895, that is two months before Dr. Jameson's
defeat, writes:—“The British South Africa Com-
pany’s police are taking on recruits of all sorts—
men who have never had a horse or a Martini-
Henry rifle before, and Dutchmen who cannot
speak a word of English. There are some of these
miscellaneous creatures here who are in a terrible
funk, as some of our fellows have been laying on
to them that they are going to fight at Molepolole.”
Writing on November 10, 1895 (a week later), the
writer says:—“The British South African ‘rookies’
who have gone up are a fearfully mixed crew, in-
cluding coolies and, what is worse, Bechuana
Dutch. I made the acquaintance of a few of them,
some straight from Manchester, and these pro-
vincial men can lie.”
On November 17, 1895, he says:—“I believe
an expedition is going into Baroussiland, across
46 Dr. Jameson's Raid.
the Zambesi Somewhere—I suppose under the
auspices of the British South Africa Company.”
November 24, 1895.-‘‘The Cape police seem to
me at present preferable to the B.S.A., which is
having all the scum of Cape Town, Kimberley,
Johannesburg, &c., drained into it.”
December 1, 1895.-‘‘I am quite resigned to
transferring to the B.S.A., as I should like to See
a bit of the country up there, and there seems to
be some chance of a “scrape,” or why this
collection of troops at Pitsani 2 All the British
South Africans nearly have come down from
Buluwayo.” -
December 8, 1895.-“Rumour reports that we
are to march on Johannesburg in January ! I
hope it will not be another case of Majuba Hill.
All the same I wonder what the move is. I should
think there must be Something in the wind.”
“DISTRESSED ‘’ says:—“I had a long letter -
from my brother written from Buluwayo, on the
eve of starting on the expedition. He certainly
had not the remotest idea where he was going,
and even had he known, I assume he would have
to obey orders. It is terrible enough to lose those
near and dear to us without having them vilified
as well.”
PITsANI, December 8, 1895.-“We are being
very hard worked here, as they seem in a desperate
Levying of Dr. Aameson's Forces. 47
hurry to make efficient soldiers out of these for the
most part raw recruits. We none of us know
what we are for, or when we are for it. All sorts
of rumours are afloat. The most credible and
prevalent opinion is that we shall be at war with
the Transvaal in two months' time. But all is
uncertain. No one in camp, unless it be Jameson,
knows. He turned up last week. Well, we shall
See what we shall see.”
F. CANTON, 24, Upper Wimpole Street, London,
writes to the Times :—“Enclosed I send you an
extract from a letter written on December 8, and
received yesterday from my son, who joined the
Matabele Mounted Police in July last ; my reason
for doing so is that it proves conclusively that
these poor young fellows who followed Dr. Jameson
into the Transvaal had no idea of the purpose for
which they were being brought down from
Buluwayo.”
M. M. P. CAMP, PITSANI, Sunday, December 8,
1895 :—“My dear Mother, Father, Ethel, and
Brothers, I am very sorry that I have not written
to you before, but we only arrived in this awful
out-of-the-way place on the 28th of November.
Since then we have been pitching tents for B
troop, C, D, and the Artillery, and making stables,
&c., which meant work from five in the morning
to five at night, and after that one could not keep
48 Dr. Jameson's Raid.
one's eyes open, being so tired and sleepy. I am
trying to write this letter in the hospital tent,
where I have been for four days with a slight
attack of dysentery, and pains in my head and
back, but to-day I am much better, but still very
weak. We have two doctors in camp here—Dr.
Farmer and a Dr. Hamilton of the 1st Life
Guards. I was very sorry when our journey came
to an end. The Chartered Company fed us
splendidly all the way down. The most enjoyable
part was the ninety miles we went along the banks
of the Crocodile River, where we bathed every day.
Several times all of us swam across and rested on
the banks of the Transvaal, and came back again,
about fifty yards each way. We had some splendid
fishing in the same river. We also saw all kinds
of lovely birds and Snakes. All your letters are
being sent down from Buluwayo. I hope you
received my short scribbles from Polla and
Gaberoons. They were very short, but they let
you know I had got on So far. When we arrived
at this camp there were 200 recruits; we, A troop,
brought in about 100, B 100, C 100, Artillery 70;
that makes 570 men, and recruits joining every
day. There must be Some great move up, of some
sort or other. Dr. Jameson has been here several
times.”
The following extract of a letter was received
A.ezyżng of Dr. 7ameson's Porces. 49
from an official in the leading colliery of the
Orange Free State, near Kroonstadt. The letter
is dated December 14, sixteen days previous to
Dr. Jameson's march :-“I suppose you have
heard of the expected big row in Johannesburg. I
believe an insurrection of the Uitlanders is on the
tapis, and unless the Raad acts on a more liberal
policy the pot will boil over and scald the whole
lot. I know for a fact that a large number of
Maxim guns have been imported as mining
machinery, and after the significant speech by
Lionel Phillips, which no doubt you have read,
matters are shaping themselves towards an end,
which will probably oust the Boer from the seat of
Government, and most likely add the richest
province in the world to the British Empire.
Good luck to it say I, and may the great unwashed
be taught a stinging lesson for such intolerance.
You had better hasten back to Johannesburg if you
want some sport. Comment is superfluous.”
Another letter from Corporal Lynn is as
follows:— -
PITsANI CAMP, December 13, 1895:—“Here we
are at last in our tents. We have been here since
Tuesday, and we have been kept very busy all the
time. We had a very fair trip down, although, after
leaving the Crocodile, we were a bit bothered with
scarcity of water. We trekked thirty-five miles into
E.
50 ZJr. 9ameson's Raid.
Gaberoons one night without water. I was sent off
with the waggons at two o'clock in the afternoon,
and got in about seven next morning, after out-
spanning twice for two hours. We made up on B
troop there, who had to shift out, as there is
supposed to be two days between us. The camp is
rather a nice place to look at, but the water is very
bad. There are a great lot of recruits here, and
more joining every day. The worst of the place is
the fatigues; the men are no Sooner off one parade
than they are called out again. I think the cause
of our trip is quite apparent to everybody now. I
got it pretty straight the other day that we will be
Over the border in less than a fortnight. The six
miles of railway seem to be the occasion, as we
are to go across to protect the railway camp, which
simply means ‘Come on if you dare.’ The Boers
are patrolling all along the border. In fact one
day their artillery was seen right opposite to us on
the other side of the Crocodile.”
December 14:—“We were out on parade this
morning. It has rained incessantly for two days,
and is still drizzling away, but I suppose it will
dry up soon, and then we shall have heat, and no
mistake. We are being taught to handle the
Maxim guns just now until Our Own guns come,
which are expected in about ten days.”
5 I
XII.
DR. JAMESON’s HOSTILE RAID.
THE troops trained by Dr. Jameson at Buluwayo
Set off Southwards on an expedition, the destination
of which was utterly unknown to the men. They
marched through the Chartered Company’s
territory and British Bechuanaland, close by the
western frontier of the Transvaal, and were joined
by contingents and recruits at the towns and
villages through which they passed. In the early
part of November the forces were established in
camps at Pitsani and Mafeking, townships of
Bechuanaland near the boundaries of the Trans-
Vaal ; and for six weeks their training was both
continuous and severe. It was after leaving
Pitsani—twenty miles west of Mafeking—that the
men were addressed and informed that they were
going to the relief of Johannesburg. They were
also told that they would be joined by Cape
Mounted Rifles and 2,000 volunteers from Johan-
nesburg, as well as by a regiment from Cape
Town. Proceeding to Mafeking, they were joined
E 2
52 Pr. }ameson's A&aid.
by the Bechuana contingent, and on Monday after-
noon, 30th December, 1895, the whole forces
crossed the border, entering the territory of the
Boers. Forthwith the Boer commandant at Fort
Marico, situated on the frontier, despatched 8,
written order, asking Dr. Jameson and his forces to
withdraw from Transvaal territory. In answer he
sent the following reply:—“Dear Sir, I am in
receipt of your letter, and have to inform you that
I intend proceeding with my original plans, which
have no hostile intention against the people of the
Transvaal; but we are here in reply to an invitation
from the principal residents of the Rand to assist
them in their demand for justice and the ordinary
rights of every citizen of civilised states.—I am,
Sir, yours faithfully, L. S. JAMESON.”
The force, consisting of about 500 men, with four
Maxims and a few field-guns, proceeded on their
way, galloping rapidly over the rolling grassy
downs.
On the news of the raid reaching the Colonial
Office Mr. Chamberlain instantly wired to President
Rruger, Sir Hercules Robinson, and Mr. Cecil
Rhodes, condemning a hostile invasion into the
territory of a friendly state, and stating that such
an action would be utterly repudiated by Her
Majesty's Government. Sir H. Robinson, High
Commissioner of Cape Colony, telegraphed at once
Dr. Zameson's Hostile Æaid. 53
to Jacobus De Wet, British Agent at Pretoria, as
follows:—‘: I have heard that Dr. Jameson, with a
force of Chartered Police, has entered the Republic
en route for Johannesburg. I have telegraphed to
inquire the truth. I may say that, if true, the step
has been without my authority or cognisance. At
Once telegraph that I repudiate such action, and
direct force to return immediately.” The High
Commissioner at the same time telegraphed to the
Commissioner at Mafeking as follows:—“It is
rumoured that Dr. Jameson has entered the
Transvaal with an armed force. Is this so 2 If so,
Send a messenger with a fast horse to direct him to
return immediately. A copy of this telegram
should be sent to officers with him. They should
be told that violation of the territory of a friendly
state will be repudiated by Her Majesty’s Govern-
ment, and that they render themselves liable to a
Severe penalty.” A field cornet was despatched on
a fleet horse to overtake the troops, who were
proceeding very rapidly. With difficulty therefore
he overtook them, delivered to them the High
Commissioner's commands ; but, unfortunately,
they appear to have disregarded it. The officers
in charge were Dr. Jameson, Colonel Gray,
Colonel White, and Major Sir John Willoughby.
Very early on Tuesday morning the armed
troops passed the Small township of Ottoshoop in
54 Dr. Yameson's A&aid.
the direction of the Rand. Three ridges of hills,
running generally east and west, occupy the
district in front of them. These ridges are
respectively Magaliesbergen, Witwatersberg, and
Witwatersrand; and through the two valleys run
roads towards Pretoria, the seat of government.
The expedition kept clear of the hills and valleys
by proceeding along the Southern slope of the
Witwatersrand on the main road to Johannesburg,
thus avoiding, as they thought, the likelihood of
coming in conflict with the Boers. The march
was continued, almost without interruption,
throughout Tuesday (Old Year's Day), Tuesday
night, and Wednesday (New Year's Day), till
about two o'clock in the afternoon. Thus far they
had encountered no opposition, and they were now
within twenty-five miles of Johannesburg. The
Boers were evidently cognisant of the movements of
the expedition, and a strong force, numbering it is
- thought about 1,500 men, took up a strong position
on the Johannesburg road at a spot about two
miles west of the village of Krugersdorp. The
Boers can be assembled for repelling a hostile band
with marvellous rapidity. Every man in the
country has his horse and rifle. The order goes
out, and from all sides they come crowding to the
scene of action like ants. They know every
position of the country and follow up an enemy,
AJr. Jameson's Hostiſe /čaid. 55
shooting them down with unerring aim, as they are
wont to do with flying birds and wild animals
bounding over the grassy veldt. It is said that
when the news of Dr. Jameson's advance was
received at Pretoria, Mr. Eloff, President Kruger’s
grandson, rode out unattended to meet him, and
to persuade him to return across the frontier.
Dr. Jameson is represented as having disregarded
Mr. Eloff's representations.
XIII.
THE BATTLE OF KRUGERSDORP.
ON Wednesday afternoon (New Year's Day),
about three o’clock, Dr. Jameson's troopers came
in contact with the Boers, who were posted in a
strong position on the road, ready to repel their
opponents. Sir John Willoughby appears to have
led the first attack on the Boer position. He met
with a slight reverse, losing a captain and nine
men killed, nine men wounded, two officers and
twelve men made prisoners.
Another account relates that Dr. Jameson
attacked the Boer fest at George and May Mine,
two miles north-west of Krugersdorp, a small
mining township, twenty-One miles west of
Johannesburg. Fighting now became general, and
continued from three in the afternoon till eleven at
night, Dr. Jameson making three principal attacks,
and doing great damage with his artillery, which
the Boers, having then no guns, were unable to
reply to. Next morning the Boers took up a posi-
tion at Vlakfontein, eight miles on the Johannes-
The Battle of Årugersdorf. 57
burg side of Krugersdorp, on a circuitous road to
the south, by which Dr. Jameson was marching.
The Boers in the night had been reinforced both
with men and with artillery, and with Maxims.
Their position was an exceedingly strong one, on
an open slope, but along a ridge of rocks cropping
out of it. It was a right-angled position, and Dr.
Jameson attacked them in the re-entering, having
thus fire on his front and flank. To attack this
position his men had to advance over a perfectly
open, gently sloping, grassy down, while the
Boers lay hid behind the rocks, and fired rifles,
Maxims, and artillery upon their assailants. The
position of the Boers was practically unassail-
able. Dr. Jameson, after making a desperate
effort to get through, was compelled to surrender.
An eye-witness says, “As we stood we saw his
brave little band riding dejectedly back again to
Krugersdorp without their arms, and surrounded
by a Boer escort. .
“We were allowed to ride close up, but were
refused permission to see Dr. Jameson. It is
therefore impossible to state his full reasons, but it
is known that he was made aware that it was
impossible to send assistance from Johannesburg;
and this may have influenced him in giving up the
contest, when he found the enemy's position so
strong that in any case it would have been no dis-
58 - Dr. Jameson's Rand.
grace to have been beaten by superior numbers of
such a brave foe as that Boer force which I saw
in the very position they had fought in. It is
evident that probably no one had ever started on a
more desperate venture than had this daring little
force, and they gained by their gallantry the
admiration not only of the Boer Burghers who
spoke to me, but of the whole town of Johannes-
burg.”
By permission of the officer commanding the
Boer forces, an interview with Dr. Jameson was
obtained. The Doctor said, “I only crossed the
frontier because of the earnest appeals addressed
to me, and because I fully believed a large number
of my countrymen and countrywomen were in dire
peril of their lives. It was only to save and protect
them that I moved. I should have beaten the
Boers if the Johannesburghers had made one effort
to help themselves—if they had only made the
effort which I was led to expect. But the help
from Johannesburg did not reach us at Krugersdorp.
We could not break through, and we fought until
we were dropping from exhaustion and our ammu-
nition was spent. The Boers were in strong
position and force. We could not shift them.
But if the Johannesburghers had only destroyed
the line to Krugersdorp, which they could easily
have done by tearing up the rails, it would have
The Battle of Krugersdorp. 59
prevented supplies and ordnance being taken on to
the entrenched Boers, and enabling them to hold out
against our attacks. As it was, a special train with
âmmunition ran out to them from Johannesburg
while the fight was going on, fully replenishing their
supplies, whilst our own were rapidly diminishing.”
A Reuter's correspondent adds:—“From the
latest advices it seems that the Chartered Com-
pany's men, when they surrendered, were entirely
done up, Some of them almost sleeping in their
Saddles as they were escorted to Krugersdorp.
Then, there was a scene that will not be for-
gotten. Boers freely mixed and talked with them.
Provisions were brought and devoured with
ravenous hunger. In many cases the Boers gave
up their own Scant stock of provisions to the
starving men, for whom they expressed the utmost
admiration for their pluckiness and determination.
In fact the Boers were treating their prisoners
with great consideration and generosity ; and to
repeat the words of the men who escaped : “They
treated us very well. There was no jeering at us,
or anything of that sort. One of them said he was
sorry to shoot such young men, and my opinion is
they were really sorry for us. They recognised
that we were simply carrying out orders, and they
did not conceal their regard for the way in which
we had done that.’”
60 AJr. Jameson's Raid.
Additional details of the fighting have been
Supplied by Captain Thatcher, who fought with
Jameson, but managed to escape being captured.
After the force surrendered he threw off the rôle
of a fighting man and made his way through
the Boer lines, declaring that he was a news-
paper correspondent. His story obtained credit,
and he took the first opportunity of getting over
the frontier. In the railway train he was, how-
ever, recognised by a detective; but the officer
proved good-hearted, and instead of handing him
over to the authorities, helped him to escape.
Captain Thatcher says:—“The Boers were the
first to open fire from their entrenched position,
and they kept up the fire during the night when
the moon shone. The men were exhausted enough
then, but next day, when Jameson tried to get
round the Boer position, it was seen that the
position was hopeless. The troopers were dropping
off their horses from exhaustion following hunger;
but the most terrible cry was that for water. It
was this want that hampered them almost from
the start. The Maxims became hot from contin-
uous fire. There was no water to cool them, and
finally they became jammed. During one of
Jameson's desperate efforts to get through the
Boers' lines a score of troopers were knocked over.
Those who were wounded in the thighs lay as they
The Battle of Krugersdorp. 6 I
fell, and still fought on, loading and firing on the
Boers as they advanced. They kept off a party of
sixty Boers until the end came. Two of the troopers,
after One of Jameson's advances, made a desperate
effort to rescue a wounded comrade who had been
left behind. They failed in the attempt, and
were captured by the Boers. At the battle of
Doornkop two men were about to fire at short
range, when simultaneously they dropped their
rifles. Each recognised the other. They
had been at school together. In a lull in
the fighting a young Boer, named Yacoby,
took pity on a wounded trooper and carried
him. Some water. Whilst carrying out his act of
mercy he was shot down and killed by another
wounded trooper, who had probably mistaken his
intention. The flag of truce was torn from the
shirt of one of the wounded men lying on the field,
and waved from a rifle barrel. Dr. Jameson, when
he recognised that he had failed and had sur-
rendered, burst into tears, and cried for some time
like a child. The troopers, maddened by privations
and defeat, loudly cursed the Rand and all the
people in it. The Boers treated the prisoners well.
Directly after having had food and water they lay
down on the battle-field and slept, or tried to sleep.
The Burgher forces had occupied a mining property
as a portion of their defences, placing a battery
62 Dr. Yameson's Raid.
there, which, however, was completely destroyed
by the invaders. The dead were buried on the
field where they fell. The graves are marked with
the troop numbers of the men who lie below, and
this is now the only sign of the great fight made
by Jameson and his desperate men.” -
On the battle-field was found a letter, which
turned out to be an invitation sent by the Reform
Committee to Dr. Jameson, inviting him to come
to their assistance. It is signed by five leaders of
the Reform Committee, and runs as follows:— . . .
JoHANNESBURG, December 28th.-‘‘Dr. Jameson,<-
Dear Sir, the position of matters in this State has
become so critical that at no distant period, there
will be a conflict between the Government and the
Uitlander population. It is scarcely necessary.
for us to recapitulate what is now a matter of
history. Suffice it that the position of thousands.
of Englishmen and others is rapidly becoming
intolerable. Not satisfied with making the Uit-
landers pay virtually the whole of the revenue of
the country, while denying them representation,
the policy has been steadily to encroach upon the
liberty of the subject, and to undermine the security
of property to such an extent as to leave a very
deep-seated cause of discontent and danger. . A
foreign corporation of Hollanders is to a consider-
able extent controlling our destinies, and in con-
The Battle of Krugersdorp. 63
junction with the Boer leaders is endeavouring to
cast them in a mould which is wholly foreign to
the genius of our people. Every public act
betrays most positive hostility, not only to every-
thing English, but to the neighbouring states as
well. In short, the internal policy of the Govern-
ment is such as to have roused into antagonism
not only practically the whole body of Uitlanders,
but a large number of the Boers; whilst its ex-
ternal policy has exasperated the neighbouring
states, causing possibility of great danger to the
peace and independence of the Republic. Public
feeling is in a condition of Smouldering discontent.
All the petitions of the people have been refused
with a greater or less degree of contempt, and in
debate on the franchise petition, signed by nearly
40,000 people, one member challenged the Uit-
landers to fight for the rights they ask for, and
not a single member spoke against him. Not to
go into details, we may say that the Government
has called into existence all the elements necessary
for an armed conflict. The one desire of the
people here is for fair-play, and the maintenance
of the independence and preservation of their public
liberties, without which life is not worth having.
The Government denies these things, and violates
the national sense of Englishmen at every
turn. What we have to consider is, what
64 Dr. Yameson's Raid.
will be the condition of things here in the
event of a conflict with thousands of unarmed
men, women and children of our race. They
will be at the mercy of well-armed Boers, while
property of enormous value would be in the greatest
peril. We cannot contemplate the future without
the greatest apprehension, and feel that we are
justified in taking steps to prevent the shedding of
blood and to ensure the protection of our rights.
It is under these circumstances that we feel con-
strained to call upon you to come to our aid should
a disturbance arise here. The circumstances are SO
extreme that we cannot avoid this step, and we
cannot but believe that you and the men under
you will not fail to come to the rescue of our people
who would be so situated. We guarantee any
expense that may be incurred by you in helping us,
and ask you to believe that nothing but the sternest
necessity has prompted this appeal.—We are yours
faithfully (signed), CHARLEs LEONARD, FRANCIS
RHODEs, LIONEL PHILLIPs, JoHN HAYES HAMMOND,
GEORGE FARRAR.”
In the above appeal the petitioners do not ask
for the immediate presence of Dr. Jameson, but
urge him to advance to their aid “should a dis-
turbance arise here.” Jameson overlooked the
conditioning words, and undertook the expedition
on the spur of the moment, without waiting for
The Battle of Krugersdorp. 65
the Johannesburghers to rise. It is evident that
preparations for a conflict with the Government
had been carried on in Johannesburg for some
considerable time before the Jameson raid.
Colonel St. Leger Sherwinton, a representative
of Reuter's Agency, who recently made a long stay
in Johannesburg, and has seen eight years' active
service in various parts of South Africa, says:—
“Everyone knows that affairs in Johannesburg
had long been critical. Even when I was there
in July last it was an open Secret that the Johan-
nesburg people intended to open the question of
the franchise, and that they meant to take up arms
to accomplish their purpose. In the Randt Club,
the rendezvous of the leading men of Johannes-
burg, it was openly discussed. When spoken to
on the subject I went very closely into the details
of their preparedness, and I came to the conclu-
sion that the Uitlanders were lamentably short of
arms and ammunition for such an undertaking. It
is true there are thousands of men in Johannes.
burg who have seen service in South Africa; but
they are undisciplined, and could not be got into
shape at a moment's notice. Moreover, leaders
are wanting. Even had they resorted to the use
of arms, their case was, in my opinion, hopeless,
unless they moved out of Johannesburg and sur-
prised the arsenal at Pretoria, in which case they
F
66 Dr. Jameson's Raid.
would have had the town at their mercy, and been
able to dictate terms. Instead of this, Jameson's
advance was stopped by the Boers, who of course
knew of the coming advance, although uncertain
as to its date. In Johannesburg it was generally
believed that April was the month fixed for the
‘coup.’ Jameson was very badly informed, and
was simply led into a trap. I do not believe he
anticipated fighting, as the general opinion was
the Boers would give way when they saw the
Uitlanders were determined. Despite all state-
ments to the contrary, the Uitlanders are quite
insufficiently armed, and are in no position to
resist the Boers. The Uitlanders appear to have
made the great, but common, mistake of under-
rating their opponents, and to have thought that
the Boers would not fight, and would give way the
moment affairs became critical.”
67
XIV.
HOW THE BOERS TREATED THE WOUNDED.
WHATEVER may be urged for or against the
Boers, every fair-minded person will readily
acknowledge the moderation and magnanimity
they have shown since Dr. Jameson's expedition
was overcome. At the battle of Krugersdorp an
eye-witness says:—“In a lull in the fight a young
Boer named Yakoby took pity on a wounded
English trooper and carried him some water.
Whilst carrying out this act of mercy he was shot
down and killed by another trooper, who had
probably mistaken his intentions.” Yakoby, in
thus treating an enemy as a fallen brother, has
shown a heroism akin to the heroic act of Sir
Philip Sidney at the battle of Zutphen in 1586.
The same eye-witness testifies that “The Boers
treated the prisoners well. Directly after having
had food and water they lay down on the battle-
field and slept. The dead were buried on the
field where they fell. The graves were marked
with the troop numbers of the men who lie below,
- F 2
68 Dr. 9ameson's Raid.
and this is now the only sign of the great fight
made by Jameson and his desperate men.”
Another writer says:—“I have paid a visit to
the wounded officers and men, for whose care and
comfort every possible arrangement has been made
by the clergy, and by Drs. Wiljoen and Bright,
while Mrs. Deeckner and a staff of nurses have
shown the utmost devotion in tending the
sufferers.” Truly the ready ministrations of
clergy, doctors and nurses on the field of battle,
and the tender loving care for our wounded, are
deeds of generous nobility that redound to the
credit of the Boers.
Another correspondent says:—“The Boer leader
said that Dr. Jameson's men behaved with great
gallantry, and he also said that excellent arrange-
ments had been made at Krugersdorp for nursing
the wounded on both sides. These Boers, rough,
simple men, dressed in ordinary civilian clothes,
with merely a rifle slung over the shoulder to
show they were soldiers, spoke in feeling terms of
the splendid bravery shown by their assailants.
They were perfectly calm, and spoke without any
boastfulness, in a self-reliant way. They said,
pointing to the ground, that the thing was im-
possible.” Thus the Boers showed no vain-glory
on account of their victory, and cheerfully acknow-
ledged the bravery of the English troops. Three
Aſozy the Boers 7 reaſed the PWounded. 69
days after the battle Sir Hercules Robinson
telegraphed as follows:—“I sent one of my staff
to visit the wounded yesterday, and he reports
that the hospital is clean and comfortable, and the
men well looked after.”
Another telegram, dated Friday, 3rd January,
says:–“Mr. Letty, Reuter's correspondent, who
was seized by the Boers near Krugersdorp as a
spy, has returned here safely. He reports that he
was treated by the Boers with the greatest
courtesy.” The manly bearing, prudent states-
manship and generous moderation of President
Kruger has been noted and duly appreciated by
all English-speaking people.
7o
XV.
MAGNANIMITY OF PRESIDENT KRUGER.
ONE of the earliest telegrams after the defeat of
our forces was forwarded from Pretoria by De Wet,
the British agent there. He says:—“I waited on
President Kruger, and take this early opportunity
of testifying in the strongest manner to the great
moderation and forbearance of the Government of
the South African Republic. Under the excep-
tionally trying circumstances, their attitude towards
myself was everything I could wish. The prisoners
have just arrived. Wounded of Jameson's force
are over thirty, all at Krugersdorp, attended by
doctors and receiving attention.”
According to international law, the Boers might
have shot the captives as traitors, but in answer
to Mr. Chamberlain, who sued for generous and
merciful treatment of the prisoners, President
Kruger promptly replied:—“I have given no orders
to have the prisoners shot. Their case will in
due course be decided strictly according to
the traditions of this Republic, and in sharp con-
Magnanimity of President Áruger. 71
trast to the unheard-of proceedings of the free-
booters. There will be no punishment inflicted
upon them which is not in accordance with the law.
In England so many lies and false reports are
disseminated, even by the most influential news-
papers, that I deem it advisable to add that the
freebooters who have been taken prisoners have
been treated by our burghers with the greatest
consideration, notwithstanding the fact that they
have more than once been forced to take up
arms for the defence of the dearly-bought inde-
pendence of our Republic.”
Mr. Chamberlain telegraphed to President Kruger
in reply:—“I thank your Honour for your mes-
Sage, and for myself I have always felt confidence
in your magnanimity.”
A few days after the Colonial Secretary received
from Sir Hercules Robinson a telegram, as fol-
lows:—“The President of the South African Re-
public has intimated his intention to hand over
Jameson and the other prisoners to the High
Commissioner on the borders of Natal.”
This act of moderation and clemency caused
great joy in England, and the British Press was
unanimous in lauding this magnanimous act. The
Standard said:—“The voluntary surrender of Dr.
Jameson by President Kruger to the English
authorities in South Africa is an act of wise
72 Dr. Yameson's Raid.
magnanimity, and will be appreciated at its full
value in this country. We trust that the Pre-
sident has no claims in reserve that may cause
public opinion to modify the favourable ver-
dict at present pronounced upon his conduct.
So far he has behaved with great prudence and
courage, and has exercised wise clemency; and he
may be quite certain that these are qualities
Englishmen are quick to recognise and to admire.”
Queen Victoria, on learning of the release of the
prisoners, caused an expression of her thanks to be
forwarded through Sir H. Robinson to the Presi-
dent. The telegram was: “Give the following
message to the President of the South African
Republic from me:–I have received the Queen's
commands to acquaint you that Her Majesty has
heard with satisfaction that you have decided to
hand over the prisoners to Her Government. This
act will redound to the credit of your Honour, and
will conduce to the peace of South Africa, and to
that harmonious co-operation of the British and
Dutch races which is necessary for its future de-
velopment and prosperity.” A warm expression
of the President's thanks for the Royal message was
telegraphed as follows:—“I have to request your
Excellency to assure Her Majesty the Queen of my
high appreciation of her words, and in proffering
her my respectful wishes, to express my thanks for
Magnanimity of President Áruger. 73
the same.” President Kruger's reputation as a
statesman of the highest character has been
acknowledged by the very highest authority, for
Sir Charles Dilke states that, “when Prince Bis-
marck was Chancellor of the German Empire he,
with his complete knowledge of the leading states-
men of Europe, once said that Paul Kruger Was
ahead of them all, and was the ablest statesman
he had ever known, and, as far as diplomatic power
went, the President of the Boers had few rivals, if
indeed he had any equal.” In reply to an inter-
viewer, President Kruger said, “The Bible is one of
the few books I have time to read. I have a lot to
do between my own affairs and those of the com-
munity. A favourite book of mine, too, is ‘The
Pilgrim's Progress.’ In a manly proclamation to
the people of the Rand President Kruger Says :
“Thousands have been misled and deceived, and it
is clear that even among the so-called leaders of
the movement there are many who have been de-
ceived ; a small number of designing men inside
and outside this country have artfully stirred up the
inhabitants of Johannesburg, under the mask of
fighting for political rights, and when in their mad-
ness they thought the moment had come they
chose a certain Dr. Jameson to cross the border of
this Republic. Have they even asked themselves
to what they exposed you? I shudder when I
74. Dr. Jameson's Raid.
think of the bloodshed that might have been
caused, had not a merciful Providence saved you
and my Burghers. Now I address you with full
confidence. Strengthen the hands of the Govern-
ment, and co-operate with it to make this Republic
a country where all nationalities can live fraternally
together. For months and months I have thought
over what alterations and improvements would
be desirable in the constitution of this State; but
the unwarrantable instigations, especially of news-
papers, have kept me back. The same men who
have now appeared in public as leaders have
demanded improvements from me in a tone and
manner which they would not have dared to use in
their own country. Through this it was impossible
for me and my Burghers, the founders of the
Republic, to take the proposals into consideration.
It was my intention to submit a law at the first
Ordinary session of the Volksraad, whereby a
municipality, with a Mayor at its head, should be
appointed for Johannesburg, to whom the whole
municipal government of the town would be
entrusted. I ask you earnestly to put your hand
upon your heart, and answer me this question,
‘Dare I, and should I, after all that has happened,
propose such to the Wolksraad 2’ The answer I
give myself. I know that there are thousands in
Magnanimity of President Áruger. 75
Johannesburg to whom I can with confidence
entrust this. Let the inhabitants of Johannesburg
make it possible for the Government to appear
before the Wolksraad with the words “Forget and
Forgive.’”
76
XVI.
JOHANNESBURG AFTER THE BATTLE.
RECENT events prove that the inhabitants of
Johannesburg were not by any means unanimous
as to the expediency of taking up arms against the
Government. A correspondent, writing from the
Rand, says:– “The acute phase of the recent
crisis is past, and to none is the end more Satisfac-
tory than to the peaceably inclined portion of the
citizens of Johannesburg. It is felt that the
Jameson episode has removed a terrible danger
that threatened the city. Without external aid we
were helpless. It was believed at the early stage
that enough arms were in the hands of the
committee to equip the whole of the male com-
munity, and the result has proved that there were
not more than 3,000 guns—not enough, in fact, to
defend our homes, not to speak of taking the field,
and carrying on active operations against the
Boer. Had the Boers massed in the outskirts of
the town they might have swept it of its inhabi-
tants and laid every house and building in ruins.
Johannes&urg after he /3attle. 77
To contemplate what might have been is simply
appalling. And the voice of the people is unani-
mous in condemning the men who dared to
venture on such a Scheme, so utterly unprepared as
they have now proved themselves to be, Last
week the President issued a proclamation, in which
he showed that he was able to discriminate
between those who led in the rebellion, and those
who were misled—" to separate the chaff from the
wheat,’ and promised that he would do what he
could to prevail on the Volksraad to trust the
people who so lately took up arms against them,
So far as to give the town a municipality, to enable
it to conduct its own affairs, and in its own way.”
Alarming news from South Africa, charging the
Boers with inhumanity and oppression, has lately
been received in this country; but Mr. Chamber-
lain, who has a ready grasp of the Transvaal
situation, warns the British public against tales
primarily concocted to inflame public opinion, by
the reckless and rash elements of the Rand
population. “Under considerable provocation the
Boers have not so far displayed any vindictive
or cruel feeling. They are a Sober, God-fearing
race of men, who, whatever may be their methods
in dealing with the heathen within their gates,
cannot be held likely to have committed anything
so base and cowardly as the ill-treatment of Women
vº
78 ZJr. }ameson's A&aid.
and children of other white races living in their
midst. They were admittedly kind to the wounded
and the prisoners who fell into their hands. Why
should they hold their hands while the heat of
battle was on them from the men whose acts
had aroused their just resentment, and wreak
vengeance in cold blood on weak women and
helpless children? We are ready until the
opposite is proved to believe that these tales are
cruel calumnies; and if this be so, they will recoil
on the heads of their inventors and disseminators.”
The official statement issued from the Colonial
Office was as follows:– “A number of telegrams
have been received within the last two or three
days from British residents at Johannesburg, by
newspapers, Ministers of the Crown, and public
men, representing the existence of a most alarming
state of affairs at Johannesburg, including indigni-
ties to women and children, and a possible
stoppage of industry. These telegrams are nearly
ided,
ânate
all anonymous, and although differently wº
º
- º”;
contain some internal evidence that they dº
from one small group of persons. Whilst Mr.
Chamberlain does not consider that they give a
true picture of the state of affairs in Johannesburg,
he has thought it prudent to Send telegraphic
instructions to the British Agent at Pretoria to
proceed to Johannesburg, and report on the state


- %hammesburg after the Battle. 79
of affairs; and if he finds any immediate griev-
3,1] CéS capable of redress, to draw the attention to
them of the Government of the South African
Republic, who Mr. Chamberlain is confident are
able and willing to take such action, if any, as may
be necessary. Mr. Chamberlain believes the vast
majority of persons in this country who are
financially interested in the Rand are entirely
opposed to any efforts to revive gratuituously the
troubles at Johannesburg for political purposes,
and that the majority of those on the spot who
control the working of the mines have no intention'
of stopping work to bring about a crisis.”
/
~
8O
XVII.
RACIAL AFFINITY OF THE SCOTS AND BOERS.
IT has been pointed out, and that with truth,
that the Boers bear a striking likeness to the Scots
of bygone days, in physique, habits, religion and
language. This resemblance is not a mere coinci-
dence, but springs from racial affinity.
The great ancestors of the Boers and Scots sprang
from the same locality, and were closely akin to
each other. Jutes, Saxons, Angles, Dutch, were
in days of yore not only neighbouring people, but
made up that branch of the Teutonic family known
as “Low German.” The blood flowing in the
veins of Boers and Scots is “ Teutonic,” while that
of the English is a fusion of the “Teuton ’’ and the
“ Kelt.”
Now the Kelt is of a quick, active, Sanguine,
brilliant, restless temperament, delighting in
change, while the Teuton is slow, Sure, plodding,
with an indomitable energy that overcomes all
difficulties. In short, the Kelt has more the
demonstrative qualities of woman, while the
Racial Affinity of the Scots and Boers. 81
Teuton exhibits the more sturdy qualities of man.
History testifies that Dutchmen and Scots have felt
drawn closely together, all through their commer-
cial, religious and political troubles. The Boer of
the Transvaal, impervious as he is to the influence
of the rush and turmoil of nineteenth-century
civilisation, is a type of a stolid Dutchman of the
old-fashioned style. In speech and habits he
preserves the characteristic traits of the Lowland
Scotch, before railways and modern husbandry
transformed our social life. The pastoral Boers
of the “Bosche Veldt,” living contentedly amid
their flocks and herds, have their counterpart in
the quiet shepherds of the Cheviots and Lammer-
muirs, while the Dopper Boers bear a striking
likeness to the petty lairds of byegone Scotland.
In their religion, too, the Boer and Scot manifest a
kinship.
In both may be seen the same flavour of
earnestness and “unco guidism,”, and this partly
arises from the fact that “Calvinism,” the sub-
stratum of Presbyterian theology, is Dutch rather
than Genevan in its teaching. The “Dutch
Reformed Church " has all the earnest “dour-
ness" of the “Auld Lichts” of Scotland, and the
firm faith of the Boers of the Transvaal. In all
three are exhibited the same lugubrious piety and
the same religious stolidity. Further, the every-day
G.
82 Dr. }ameson's Raid.
language of old Scotland is reproduced in the
modern speech of the Transvaal Boers. The Boers,
like the Scotch, say gang when they go, loup when
they jump, keek when they look, kink when they
laugh, Snotter when they Snivel, smoor when they
Smother. Mothers in both countries wear shoem
(shoes) on their feet; and steek (stitch) clothes for
the breed schowder (broad shoulder) of their
bairns. The trusty “freend” differs from the
fremd (Dutch vremma, stranger). The Boer words
oom and tante take the place of the homely Scottish
guidman and guidwife; and President Paul Kruger
is known among his countrymen by the familiar
name of Oom Paul. -
John Barbour, a Scotch poet and divine, who
died exactly five hundred years ago, in his life of
Ring Robert the Bruce, uses many words, now in
every-day use among the Boers, although obsolete
in present Scotch. Thus in Barbour oom is found
in the form of eme, and Barbour's fee cattle is the
Boer vee, cattle. To sned neeps (cut turnips) would
be understood by a Boer, for Snyden with him is to
cut. Reek is the Dutch rook, smoke, and cleek the
Dutch klik, a hook. It thus appears that the
kinship of the Scots and Boers is distinctly shown
in their temperament, religion and language.
XVIII.
IMIPORTANT DISPATCH BY MIR. CHAMBERLAIN.
THE London Gazette of Feb. 4 contains the
following:—
DownING STREET, FEBRUARY 4, 1896.
The Secretary of State for the Colonies has
addressed the following dispatch to the High Com-
missioner for South Africa, the substance of which
has been communicated to him by telegraph :—
DownING STREET, FEBRUARY 4, 1896.
SIR,--It has hitherto been impossible for me to
do more than indicate to you by telegraph the
immediate measures which appeared to me to be
necessary, in view of the grave issues raised by the
incursion of an armed force under Dr. Jameson
into the territory of the South African Republic.
But now that the pressing questions of the
moment have been disposed of, I take the earliest
opportunity of addressing you at length upon the
subject.
2. I propose in the present dispatch to review
G 2
84 Dr. Jameson's Raid.
the situation, to trace the causes, as I understand
them, which have given rise to it, and to explain
the policy of Her Majesty's Government.
3. For a proper apprehension of the events
which have led up to the recent crisis I must go
back to the period immediately succeeding the
conclusion of the Convention of Pretoria in 1881.
At that period, and for some time afterwards, the
population of the South African Republic was
comparatively small, and composed almost entirely
of Burghers and their families. The British
element in it was made up of traders, a handful
of farmers or landowners, and a small and not
very thriving body of gold miners, living chiefly in
the neighbourhood of Lydenburg. The revenue
was meagre, and hardly sufficient for the barest
needs of government.
4. About ten years ago the discovery of gold
deposits at the De Knap fields gave indications of
a new state of things, and a little later came the
discoveries of gold at the Witwatersrand, which
worked a complete revolution in the situation of
the Republic, both financial and political. The
discovery of the reefs at the Rand gave rise to the
inevitable gold fever, followed by the usual re-
action. From such reaction the industry was
saved by the foresight and financial courage of
the capitalists most interested, and since 1890 the
Important Dispatch by Mr. Chamberlain. 85
progress has been uninterrupted and rapid.
Owing to peculiarities of temperament and
circumstances, participation in the new industry
had no attraction for the Burgher population. It
remained almost entirely in the hands of new-
comers, commonly known as “Uitlanders,” and a
sharp line of cleavage was thus created within the
Republic, the Uitlanders being chiefly resident in
the industrial and mining centres, whilst the
Burgher population remained absorbed in its
pastoral avocations, and dispersed widely through
the country districts. It is very difficult to arrive
at any exact idea of the numbers of these two
classes of the inhabitants. But I conceive that I
am well within the mark in estimating the white
population along the Rand at something like
110,000, and it may safely be said that the aliens
(the large majority of whom are British subjects)
at the present time outnumber the citizens of the
... Republic.
5. The political situation resulting from these
conditions is an anomalous one. The new-comers
are men who were accustomed to the fullest
exercise of political rights. In other communities, ..sº
where immigration has played an important part
in building up the population, it has been the
policy of the Legislature to make liberal provision
for admitting all new-comers who are desirous of
86 Dr. Yameson's Raid.
naturalisation, after a comparatively brief period
of probation, to the rights and duties of citizenship
—a policy which, so far as national interests were
concerned, has been fully justified by the event,
for experience shows that the naturalised alien
Soon vies with, if he does not outstrip, the natural-
born citizen in the fervour of his patriotism.
6. In the South African Republic, however,
different counsels have prevailed with those who
were the depositories of power. More than one
law has been enacted rendering more difficult the
requirements imposed on those desiring naturalis-
'ation, the effect being, so far as I can find, that
whereas in 1882 an Uitlander could obtain full.
rights of citizenship after a residence of five years,
he can never hope to obtain these rights in full,
and their partial enjoyment is only conceded after
a term of probation so prolonged as to amount, for
most men, to a practical denial of the claim. If
he omits to obtain any kind of naturalisation for
himself, his children, though born on the soil,
remain aliens like himself.
7. By this course of legislation the whole political
direction of affairs, and the whole right of taxa-
tion, are made the monopoly of what is becoming
a decreasing minority of the population, composed
almost entirely of men engaged in pastoral and
agricultural pursuits, whilst the great majority of
/mportant Dispatch &y Mr. Chamberlain. 87
those engaged in other avocations of civilisation—
the men, in fact, who have, by their exertions, in
a few years raised the revenues of the country from
Some £75,000 to an amount which cannot now be
less than £2,000,000, and who find eighteen or
nineteen-twentieths of the total revenue—are de-
nied any voice in the conduct of the most important
class of affairs, and have not succeeded in obtaining
any redress for what seems a formidable array of
grievances, which, it is alleged, hamper and injure
them at every step of their lives. The feelings of
intense irritation which have been aroused by this
state of things have not been lessened by the
manner in which remonstrances have been met.
8. Whatever may be the truth as to the occur-
rences of the last few weeks, the Uitlander leaders
had previously kept within the limits of constitu-
tional agitation. But their success in this direction
was not encouraging. It is true that hopes have
been held out to them by persons of high position
and influence in the South African Republic, and
they have at times obtained what they regarded as
promises. But these have not been practically
fulfilled, and when they have remonstrated they
have occasionally been met with jeers and insult,
none the less irritating to strangers, because, as I
hope is the fact, they emanated only from a
minority of the ruling class. Thus, in May, 1894,
88 Dr. Aameson's Raid.
a petition for the extension of the franchise, signed
by 13,000 inhabitants, is credibly reported to have
been rejected by the Volksraad amid scornful
laughter; and in April, 1895, a similar petition,
signed by upwards of 32,500 inhabitants, is stated
to have met a similar fate—one member of the
Volksraad, so far forgetting himself as to challenge
the Uitlanders to take up arms and fight.
9. At a meeting of the National Union at
Johannesburg in 1894 the grievances and the
demands of the Uitlanders were set forth in a
formal and elaborate manner, and it was then
emphatically stated that no resort to violence was
contemplated, although one of the principal speakers
warned the Government that if their policy were
persisted in, blood would be shed in the streets of
Johannesburg, and that the responsibility would
lie gº the doors of the Volksraad. At that time
-ºch was hoped from the coming elections, as it
was anticipated that a “Progressive” majority would
be returned to the Wolksraad, and that a more
Liberal policy would be pursued.
10. But those hopes were doomed to disappoint-
ment. The elections to the Raad did, indeed,
result in the return of a majority of members who
were commonly reckoned as “Progressives,” and
the National Union, in view of the Suggestion that
reforms were hindered by the making of inflam-


Important Dispatch by Mr. Chamberlain. 89
matory speeches at Johannesburg, discontinued
their agitation. Nothing, however, came of this
change of policy.
11. On the 20th November last a speech was
delivered by Mr. Lionel Phillips, the chairman of the
Chamber of Mines, which marks a reversion to the
policy of active agitation. I note that on that
occasion Mr. Phillips stated that the position had
been endured, and it was likely to be endured still
longer; and that he added that “nothing was fur-
ther from his heart than a desire to See an upheaval,
which would be disastrous from every point of view,
and which would probably end in the most horrible
of all possible endings—in bloodshed.” Finally came
the manifesto issued by the National Union on the
27th December, in which their objects were stated
to be the maintenance of the independence of the
Republic, the Securing of equal rights, and the
redress of grievances. In that manifesto, although
the complaints of the Uitlanders were set out in
detail, and very plain language was used concern-
ing the Administration, no hint was given of an
intention to resort to force.
12. I mention these matters because they seem
to me to prove that, whatever may have been the
Secret Schemes of individuals, the agitation as the
great majority of the Uitlanders understood it, and
to which they gave their sympathy, was one of
90 Dr. 9ameson's Raid.
proceeding on the only lines on which an agitation
against an organised government of military
strength can proceed with any hope of success.
That is to say, it was an open and above-board
agitation, prosecuted without violence, and within
the lines of the constitution.
13. It is needless to say that Her Majesty's Gov-
ernment had watched the progress of these events
with careful attention. Apart from their legiti-
mate concern for the interests of so large a body of
British subjects, they could not but feel a keen
anxiety lest the agitation should degenerate into a
contest with the constituted authorities. But there
was no ground for their active intervention. The
Uitlanders and their organs had always deprecated
the introduction into the dispute of what is called
in South Africa the “Imperial factor.” To have
intervened uninvited seemed impracticable, and
calculated only to be injurious to the prospects of
a peaceful and satisfactory settlement.
14. There were, indeed, rumours from time to
time that violent measures were in contemplation ;
but these rumours were continually falsified by the
event, so that in the long run the opinion gained
ground that the Uitlanders did not mean to risk a
collision with the Government, and in the light of
later occurrences it would seem evident that, so far
as the Rand itself was concerned, that view was the
Y ! . i.J ,” ºr ºr " 4. ." . . . -
Yº... tº , .2 ° }
- x - - - - f
“… * - - - - - }
Important Dispatch by Mr. Chamberlain. 91
correct one. Nor was it confined to Her Majesty's
Government ; for the Consul-General in London of
the South African Republic, the Government at
Pretoria, and the Press of South Africa, as a whole,
appear to have been of much the same way of
thinking. . -
15. Such was the position of affairs when, on the
30th December, I learned the grave fact that Dr.
Jameson had invaded the territory of the South
African Republic at the head of a force of armed
police.
16. It need hardly be stated that neither you
nor Her Majesty’s Government had, up to the last
moment, any reason which would lead us to
anticipate that this invasion was likely to take
place. It has, I believe, been suggested in some
quarters that the concentration of police at Mafe-
king and Pitsani Potlogo, on the western borders
of the Republic, should have sufficed to indicate
to us that some aggressive movement was intended
against the Republic. But this view is founded on
a misapprehension of the circumstances. So long
ago as August last, the British South Africa
Company, in connection with the projected exten-
sion of the railway northwards from Mafeking,
asked permission to station for the time being a
certain portion of their police force at Gaberones,
in order to afford protection to the railway, and to
92 Dr. Yameson's Raid.
preserve order among those engaged on the work,
and the natives and others who would be attracted
to the spot. I did not at the moment consider it
desirable to comply with the request, because the
territory in question still formed part of Bechuana-
land Protectorate, and I saw objection to intro-
ducing into it a body of armed men who would not
be under the exclusive control of the Crown. The
matter then dropped, but was revived by the
circumstances attending the visit to this country Of
Khama and the other two principal Bechuana.
chiefs, when an understanding was come to as to
the future administration of the Protectorate. By
that agreement, so much of the Bechuanaland
: Protectorate as was not reserved to the three chiefs
" above mentioned was to pass under the direct
administration of the British South Africa Com-
|pany, which was to become the border authority
i all round the territory. It consequently became
unnecessary to retain the Services of the Bechuana-
land Border Police. On the other hand, the Com-
pany represented that this increase in the area of
the territory wherein they were about to become
responsible for the preservation of order demanded
a corresponding increase in the strength of their
police, and they expressed themselves anxious to
obtain the services of So many of the Bechuanaland
N Border Police as were not about to be transferred
Important Dispatch by Mr. Chamberlain. 93
to the Cape Colony, or were not to be discharged.
I assented to this proposal, and the Bechuanaland
Police scattered throughout the Veldt were called
in to Mafeking, their headquarters, for the purpose
of being either paid off or inspected by Dr. Jame-
son, the Company's Administrator, with a view to
his selecting such of them as might be willing to
join the Company's service, and as he might be
willing to accept. So far as my information went,
the numerous details attending the transfer of men
and stores to the Company were being discussed
and settled in a routine manner, and there was
nothing in the detailed correspondence to arouse
any suspicion. I understand that about 200 of
the police were in this way collected, of whom at
least 120 were taken over by Dr. Jameson on
behalf of the Company.
17. Some little time before the settlement with
Khama and his allies the Company had come to
an agreement with the minor chiefs, Montsioa and
Ikanning, through whose districts the first Section
of the railway was to pass, for a transfer of the
administration of their territories; and as I have
since learnt, they obtained from Montsioa a site
for a police camp at Pitsani Potlogo; and, with
your knowledge and assent, an apparently small
body of police came southwards from Buluwayo to
occupy these two minor districts. The only
94. A)7. %ameson's A’aza.
official details which I have received of a marked
concentration of police are given in your telegram
of the 10th January, from which I gather that you
saw nothing suspicious in the arrangement, that
you were not aware of any ordnance being at the
camp, and that you did not think it necessary to
specially report the circumstances to me. I am
given to understand that the Bechuanaland officials
were, equally with yourself, taken by Surprise, and
on this and other cognate questions I await the full
report which Mr. Newton, the Resident Commissioner
in the Protectorate, has been directed to furnish.
18. The question has been much discussed
whether the Government of the South African Re-
public, which I believe has police patrols along the
Bechuanaland border, were equally in the dark as
to Dr. Jameson's intentions. I understand from
your message of the 10th J anuary that the Gov-
ernment of the Republic was taken entirely by
surprise, and this has been confirmed by a state-
ment since published on authority by the Consul-
General of the South African Republic. If it had
been otherwise, it is clear that the Government of
the Republic ought to have communicated its in-
formation or its suspicion to you, and that you
would then have been enabled to take steps which
would have prevented the invasion and the blood-
shed which unfortunately followed. But the fact
Important Dispatch by Mr. Chamberlain. 95
that the Republican Government, who had the
best means of information and the greatest in-
terest in the matter, was entirely unaware of any
preparations which would justify a remonstrance, is
evidence of the unexpected character of the in-
vasion, and proves that the circumstances preceding
it were not of a character to call for special notice
from you. *
19. On the 29th December, however, it was Sug-
gested to me that the Chartered Company’s police
might be used to force matters tº a head in Johan-
nesburg. The suggestion appeared to me almost
incredible. But as a precautionary step I imme-
diately telegraphed to you, in order to put you on
your guard; and instructed you, if you thought it
necessary, to warn Mr. Rhodes of the consequences.
Unfortunately, Dr. Jameson had already crossed
the border of the Transvaal.
20. As soon as the raid became known, every
possible effort was made by the British authorities
to stay Dr. Jameson's advance. On the first
rumour you at once telegraphed to the Resident
Commissioner in the Bechuanaland Protectorate to
send a fast messenger to warn Dr. Jameson and
his officers of the position in which they had
placed themselves, and to direct their immediate
return. Your message was somewhat delayed by
the cutting of the wires South of Mafeking, but
96 Dr. Jameson's Raid.
within forty minutes of its receipt by Mr. Newton
the messenger was on his way with written orders,
which he succeeded in delivering when the force
was about half way to Johannesburg. The only
reply he brought back was a verbal one that the
despatches had been received, and would be
attended to. Meanwhile a second messenger had
been despatched by the British Agent at Pretoria,
and returned with a written answer from Dr.
Jameson, dated the 1st January, in which he stated
that, in the absence of food supplies, it was neces-
sary for him to proceed, but added that “he was
anxious to fulfil his promise on the petition of
the principal residents in the Rand to come to
the aid of his fellow-men in their extremity "-
an excuse which I sought to deprive of its plausi-
bility by authorising any necessary expenditure for
food and forage. Proclamations were also issued
by the Governor of Natal and by yourself calling
on all British subjects to abstain from taking any
part in disturbances in the Transvaal, and on the
1st January I directed you to make known by
telegraphic communications to the newspapers in
Johannesburg, Pretoria, and Bloemfontein that
Her Majesty's Government, the High Commis-
sioner, and Mr. C. J. Rhodes all repudiated Dr.
Jameson's action, and that you were commanded
by Her Majesty to enjoin her subjects in the
Important Dispatch by Mr. Chamberlain. 97
South African Republic to abstain from aiding or
countenancing Dr. Jameson or his force, to re-
main quiet and obey the law and constitutional
authorities, and to avoid tumultuous assemblies.
It was my desire that Sir Jacobus de Wet should
proceed in person to Dr. Jameson and summon
him to retire. I have since learned from you
that, owing to partial interruption of the tele-
graphic communication and to the rapidity of
Dr. Jameson's movements, by the time my in-
structions reached the British Agent at Pretoria
fighting had already begun fifty miles away.
21. On the 1st January you observed a report
in the Cape newspapers that there had been a
rising in Johannesburg, and that a Provisional
Government had been proclaimed. You at once
offered, if the President of the Republic should
wish it, to come to Pretoria in order to co-
operate with him in endeavouring to bring about
a peaceful settlement, and your offer being
accepted, you started on the following evening.
22. The situation as you found it on your arrival
in Pretoria was extremely critical. Dr. Jameson
and his force were prisoners. The town of
Johannesburg was supposed to be in an attitude of
armed, but for the moment passive, rebellion, and
was surrounded by a Burgher force variously
estimated at from 8,000 to 12,000 men. The
H * . .".
O
© º tº " C.
tºf
98 Dr. Jameson's Alaza.
: Republican authorities had practically withdrawn
from the town, and the maintenance of order rested
with the Reform Committee and with those who
had armed themselves or accepted arms from the
committee with the expressed intention of
protecting life and property and preserving the
peace. A considerable amount of arming and
organisation appears to have gone on during the
next few days, but it is clear that the majority
of the population had little, if any, sympathy
| - e
! with the revolutionary movement.
23. At this juncture President Kruger showed a
spirit of wisdom and moderation which I desire
heartily to acknowledge. He kept within bounds
the natural exasperation of his Burghers, and the
decision to which he came with regard to the
prisoners was equally prudent and magnanimous.
When it first came to my knowledge that he might
offer to hand them over to Her Majesty's Govern-
ment for punishment, I felt it my duty to point out
that it would be practically impossible to punish
the rank and file, and that even as regards the
leaders, it was not possible to proceed otherwise
than according to law. All that could be done was
to bring them to trial, and to leave the issue in the
hands of justice. He, nevertheless, decided, after
some correspondence, to hand over the whole of
the prisoners to Her Majesty's Government, and it
Important Dispatch by Mr. Chamberlain. 99
was arranged that such of the rank and file as were
not domiciled in South Africa should be sent to
this country to be disposed of as Her Majesty
might direct ; the leaders being also brought here,
and put on their trial immediately after their
arrival. - s
24. As regards the town of Johannesburg, the
Government of the South African Republic decided
that the inhabitants must lay down their arms
unconditionally within twenty-four hours “as a
condition precedent to any discussion and con
sideration of grievances.” You sent Sir J. de Wet
on the 6th ultimo to communicate this decision to
the Reform Committee and the people. In this
task he was aided by Sir Sidney Sheppard, who
appears to have taken up his residence in Johannes-
burg, and as a result, either through a conviction
that the rebellion was futile or that it was wrong,
or from an anxiety not to injure the position of the
prisoners, the people of Johannesburg accepted the
ultimatum, and placed themselves and their
interests unreservedly in your hands, in the fullest
confidence that you would see justice done to them.
You informed me that you hoped then to be able
to confer with the President and the Executive
Council with regard to the redress of Johannesburg
grievances.
25. On the 9th ultimo you reported that the
H 2
:
".
:
e°e
© º
& º
T e
IOO ZJr. }ameson's Raid.
Government of the South African Republic had
issued a proclamation granting a general amnesty
to all in Johannesburg, with the exception of the
leaders, who should lay down their arms before the
follovrºv, c. arrow in re own a on 4k, a T ſh!-lo -14 inno wroti
sº. v.-v.º.º.w....W. W. W. +++85 V. J W W.J.M.J.-L.A.-i. 852 * A). ...V.M. V.M.A. V.M.R.W.A •l. V J.L. i. UML.A. U.J.R.R.R.V-2 J *_W \A.
communicated to me a proclamation addressed by
the President to the inhabitants of the town,
couched in conciliatory language, wherein he
promised to submit to the Wolksraad at its next
session a law for the establishment of a munici-
pality, with a Mayor at its head, to whom the
whole municipal government of the town would be
entrusted.
26. For the next few days your attention appears
to have been devoted to questions relating to the
handing over of the prisoners, and on the 14th
ultimo I learnt from you that this matter having
been arranged, you proposed to return to Cape
Town that evening.
27. I desire to take this opportunity of expressing
my cordial appreciation of your action on learning
of Dr. Jameson's invasion, and also of your sub-
sequent negotiations at Pretoria. In concluding
the arrangements connected with the transfer of
the prisoners, and in averting the further evil
consequences which might have arisen from Dr.
Jameson's action, you achieved a success which
was a worthy fruit of ripe experience, of long years
-Y
• e e º 'º
Important Dispatch by Mr. Chamberlain. Ior
passed in difficult employments, and of an ex-
ceptional tact and a high degree of power in
winning the confidence of other men. I had hoped
that it might have been possible for you before you
left Pretoria to obtain some definite assurances
from President Kruger as to the character of the
reforms which his Honour has promised to the
Uitlanders, and as to the time at which they might
be granted, and I had telegraphed to you some
days before the views of Her Majesty's Government
On those subjects. Your telegrams had led me to
expect that you would be able to find an oppor-
tunity of discussing these matters during your stay
at Pretoria. You have since informed me that it
would have been impossible to enter on a discussion
of these questions at the time, inasmuch as the
Government believed that they had evidence of a
widespread conspiracy to overthrow the Constitu-
tion, in consequence of which they had arrested
between fifty and sixty prominent inhabitants of
Johannesburg, and that, pending the investigation
of the facts before the Courts, they would certainly
not entertain the question of concessions to the
Uitlanders.
28. It seemed to me, I confess, somewhat hard
that the suspicion, or even the certainty, that a
handful of the wealthier inhabitants were more or
less implicated in a treasonable conspiracy should be
Io2 Pr: }ameson's Raid.
regarded as a reason for delaying the discussion of
the question of granting to the vast majority of
industrious and peaceable inhabitants concessions
which seem urgently called for by considerations
alike of justice and expediency. I deferred, how-
ever, to your representations that the moment was
an inopportune one for pressing the question, and
I have intimated that you would receive in the
present dispatch further and fuller instructions for
your future guidance. But before proceeding to
this object there are two points to which I must
refer. -
29. The first is as to the recent arrests in
Johannesburg. I am unaware of the precise
charges on which the persons now in custody, or
on bail or parole, will be tried, but I am anxious
to have a full report on the subject, and to be in a
position to give information to those foreign
Governments who have invoked the good offices of
Her Majesty's Government for such of their
citizens as are implicated in the charges, and I
accordingly instructed you to engage counsel to
watch the trials, and to furnish a complete account
of them. I have now learned with much satisfac-
tion that you have been able to Secure for this
service a gentleman of the high reputation and
ability of Mr. Rose Innes, Q.C., formerly Her
Majesty's Attorney-General for the Cape Colony.
Important Dispatch by Mr. Chamberlain. 103
30. In the next place, it is necessary that I
should state clearly and unequivocally what is the
position which Her Majesty's Government claim
to hold towards the Government of the South
African Republic. -
31. Since the Convention of 1884 Her Majesty's
Government have recognised the South African
Republic as a free and independent Government as
regards all its internal affairs not touched by that
Convention, but, as regards its external relations,
it is subject to the control of this country, in
accordance with the provisions of Article TV. There
is no reason to anticipate that any foreign State
will dispute our rights, but it is necessary to state
clearly that Her Majesty's Government intend to
maintain them in their integrity.
32. As regards the internal affairs of the
Republic-I may observe that, independently of any
rights of intervention in particular matters which
may arise out of the articles in the Convention of
1884, Great Britain is justified, in the interests of
South Africa as a whole, as well as of the peace
and stability of the South African Republic, in .
tendering its friendly counsels as regards the new-
comers, who are mainly British subjects.
33. The list of grievances under which the
Uitlanders labour is, as I have already intimated,
formidable in length and serious in quality. I
IO4 Dr. Yameson's Raid.
(A ‘. .
cannot pretend to give an exhaustive statement of
them here, and I do not wish to be understood as
implying that everything which has been at One
time or another put forward on behalf of the
Uitlanders as a grievance is a grievance in
reality.
34. The first is the difficulty in obtaining
naturalisation and the franchise, to which I have
already alluded. This subject was discussed in
my predecessor's dispatch of the 19th October,
1894, wherein, in anticipation of an opportunity
occurring for the intervention of Her Majesty's
Government, he set forth certain arguments and
conclusions which I adopt. I agree with him in
thinking that the case would be met by the grant
of the franchise after a period of five years'
residence, with a modification of the oath of
allegiance, so as to remove what are felt to be
objectionable features in it; and I may observe, as
was pointed out by Lord Ripon, that the taking
of such an oath, in whatever way it may be
framed, will, according to British law, effectually
deprive the person taking it of his status as a
British subject.
35. Hardly less important than the franchise
is the question of education, Up to the present it
seems to have been practically impossible for the
children of Uitlanders to obtain efficient education
Important Dispatch by Mr. Chamberlain. 105
in the State or State-aided schools. I have strong
hopes, however, that an understanding may be
arrived at between the Government and those
interested, as I gather that on the 30th and 31st
December the President and Executive Council
made specific promises on this and other points,
which, if fulfilled, should go far towards meeting
Some of the Uitlanders’ complaints.
86. A further set of grievances are those
connected with finance. It is maintained that the
finances are mismanaged, and that the expenditure
eScapes proper control and audit; that the taxation
is maintained beyond the needs of the adminis-
tration, and unfair discrimination is shown in the
collection of personal taxes; that the import
duties on the necessaries of life are not only a .
hardship on the working class, but so raise the
cost of the working of the mines as actually to be
prohibitive of the working of the poorer ones,
which, if the taxation were better apportioned to
the ability to bear it, might be opened up to the
general advantage.
87. Then, again, there seems to be a serious
ground of grievance, at least in theory, in the
exceptional restrictions imposed by law upon the
right of public meeting. As to this, however, I
feel bound to admit that, as far as the recent
history of Johannesburg is concerned, these re-
|
Å
A_1
i
{.. . .
IO6 Dr. Jameson's Raid.
§
*
to
strictions do not appear to have been very strictly
interpreted.
38. The policy of granting State monopolies as
regards mining requisities and other important
tº wº tº
nvº- aloc, A4 zº an ºrnº ºn tº "lyu ºr ra l, a r few wrºntº * T ºn ºn +,-, won 1* alo
U.A.J.R. U.J.W. J.M.V KJ V.i. V Vill.i. L.V.L. V.W., iiOUK) $5+ W WJ.L. i. J. J. Q. Vu UV J. R. L. W.A.V. i.i.
resentment, and, as regards some of them, it is
difficult to see how even a plausible justification
can be put forward for them, from the point of
view of the interests of the general community.
39. As regards the grievances which have been
put forward in connection with the labour question
by the mining industry, I content myself at this
time by expressing the hope that, if by the abate-
ment of formalities and needless restrictions; by
promoting the well-being of the natives when going
to, remaining at, and returning from the mines;
and by enforcing on them wise restrictions as
regards drink and such matters, the labour supply
can be enlarged and the conditions of the labourers
improved, the President and his Executive Council
will not fail to give the question their most earnest
attention.
40. Of railway matters, also, I need say but little.
I cannot suppose that, looking to the large interest
which the Government of the Republic has in the
financial success of its railways, there can be any
hesitation in redressing proved grievances, or in
adopting measures for the improvement of the
Important Dispatch by Mr. Chamberlain. Io?
personnel or the traffic and other arrangements of
the line. -
41. The only other matter of grievance on which
I propose to touch now is the condition of the police -
force, as to which I may remark that the difficulties
of the reforming party in the Volksraad and the
Executive appear to arise from the strong prejudice
of the more conservative of the Burghers against
employing Uitlanders, which would not be un-
worthy of sympathy were it not for the patent fact
that a population like that of the Burghers cannot
possibly be expected to furnish adequate material
from which to select candidates for this depart-
ment of the public service, and to make difficulties
about appointing foreigners amounts, under the
circumstances, to a denial to the Uitlander com-
munity of what are among the primary rights
which the governed may demand of those who
undertake to govern them.
42. In thus enumerating and commenting on the
grievances of the Uitlanders I am fully alive to
the fact that their redress cannot be accomplished
without extensive changes in the law, the necessity
for which may not be apparent to the more con-
Servative Section of the Burghers, who may not
have mastered the facts of the situation created by
the growth of the large Uitlander community
within the Republic; but I hope that even this
3'
IO8 ADr. Jameson's A&aid.
Section of the Burghers will have learnt enough
from recent events to perceive that the true
interests of their country lie in accepting pro-
posals which will remove just causes of discontent
- - * * * * * * *
it may have seemed when appealing inconsider-
ately to the arbitrament of war, will always
be a possible source of danger to the present
régime. -
43. In the preceding remarks I have suggested
the natural and appropriate remedies for the princi-
pal grievances of which the Uitlanders complain,
but it has not escaped my notice that these
grievances arise in a limited area of the South
African Republic—that is to say, in the part
occupied by the gold-mining industry. I am aware
that the conditions in the rest of the country are
entirely different, and I can appreciate the diffi-
culties of the President, who may feel that if he
were to meet the wishes of the Uitlanders he might
indirectly be the cause of subordinating the interests
of the Burghers and of the pastoral population to
the interests of the Rand. Having regard to this,
Her Majesty's Government have carefully con-
sidered whether it might not be possible to meet
the complaints of the Uitlanders without in any
way endangering the stability of the institutions of
the Republic, or interfering with the ordinary
Important Dispatch by Mr. Chamberlain. Io9
government of the country and the administration
of its general affairs by the Burghers.
44. Basing myself upon the expressed desire of
President Kruger to grant municipal government
to Johannesburg, I suggest for his consideration,
as one way of meeting the difficulty, that the whole
of the Rand district from end to end should be
erected into something more than a municipality
as that word is ordinarily understood—that, in fact,
it should have a modified local autonomy, with
powers of legislation on purely local questions, and i
subject to the veto of the President and Executive
Council, and that this power of legislation should
include the power of assessing and levying its own
taxation, subject to the payment to the Republican
Government of an annual tribute of an amount to
be fixed at once, and revised at intervals, so as to
meet the case of a diminution or increase in the
mining industry.
45. As regards judicial matters, in such a
scheme the Rand, like the eastern provinces and
the Kimberley district of the Cape Colony, might
have a Superior Court of its own. It would, of
course, be a feature of this scheme that the
autonomous body should have thé control of its
| civil police, its public education, its mine manage-
\ ment, and all other matters affecting its internal
: economy. and well-being. The Central Govern-
I IO AJr. Jameson's /ēaid.
ment would be entitled to maintain all reasonable
safeguards against the fomenting of a revolu-
tionary movement, or the storage of arms for
treasonable purposes within the district. --
46. Those living in and there enjoying a share
in the Government of the autonomous district
would not, in my view, be entitled to a voice in
the general Legislature, or the Central Executive,
or the Presidential election. The Burghers would
thus be relieved of what is evidently a haunting
fear to many of them—although, I believe, an
unfounded one—that the first use which the
enfranchised new-comers would make of their
privileges would be to upset the Republican form
of government. Relieved of this apprehension, I
should suppose that there would not be many of
them who would refuse to deal with the grievances
of the comparatively few Uitlanders outside the
Rand on those liberal principles which character-
ised the earlier legislation of the Republic.
47. The President may rest assured that in
making the above suggestions I am only actuated
by friendly feeling towards himself and the South
African Republic. They are not offered in deroga-
tion of his authority, but as the sincere and friendly
contribution of Her Majesty's Government towards
the settlement of a question which continues to
threaten the tranquillity of the Republic, and the
f
\f
f
Important Dispatch by Mr. Chamberlain. I I I
welfare and progress of the whole of South
Africa. - -
48. A proper settlement of the questions at
issue involves so many matters of detail which
could be more easily and satisfactorily settled by
personal conference that I should be glad to have
the opportunity of discussing the subject with the
President, if it suited his convenience, and were
agreeable to him, to come to this country for the
purpose. Should this be impracticable, I rely
upon you to make my views known to him, and to
carry on the negotiations.
49. You will observe that in this dispatch I
have said little or nothing as to the action of
Dr. Jameson, and expressed no opinion of its
moral and political aspects, although, so long as
any good could possibly be done thereby, I was not
reticent in giving expression to what I thought of
his proceedings. The reason is that he, and those
of his officers who seemed to have shared his
counsels, are about to appear before the tribunals
of this country to answer for their acts, and until
those tribunals have pronounced upon him and
them it would be improper to say more upon the
subject.—I have, &c.,
* (Signed) J. CHAMBERLAIN.
XIX.
THE TRIAL OF THE REFORM COMMITTEE.
THE trial of the members of the Reform Com-
mittee began at Pretoria on Tuesday, 3rd February.
The prisoners included Mr. Charles Leonard,
Chairman of the Transvaal National Union, Mr.
Lionel Phillips, Chairman of the Chamber of
Mines, Colonel Rhodes, brother of Mr. Cecil
Rhodes, Messrs. Hays, Hammond, Strange, New-
ham, Hillier, Bell, &c. The indictment charged
the prisoners with inciting to rebellion and with
high treason.
Mr. Van de Merwe testified : — “During
December every opportunity was given to incite
the populace to unrest. At the end of December I
received information that arms and ammunition
were being smuggled into the town, and that a
manifesto had been published by Mr. Charles
Leonard, Chairman of the Transvaal National
Union. The National Union was considered to
be a political organisation. I was present in the
Chamber of Mines when Mr. Lionel Phillips, the
Trial of the Reform Committee. f 13
Chairman, made his famous speech. The effect of
his remarks was electrical. On the 29th December
I knew positively that arms and ammunition were
being stored in the mines. When the news of
Jameson's invasion became known arms and
ammunition were distributed. The bearing of the
insurgents was at that time impertinent, but they
quieted on the issue of the proclamation by the
High Commissioner. A rumour was spread that
the arms in question were intended merely for
the protection of life and property; but I Solemnly
declare here that life and property were never in
any danger, and that therefore the warlike pre-
parations must be openly regarded as a brutal
rebellion against the authorities. I learned of
the existence of the Reform Committee when its
members, Colonel Rhodes, and Messrs. Hays,
Hammond, Strange, Newham, Hillier, and Bell,
interviewed the Government Commission, of which
I myself was chairman. I saw Attorney Bell
when he called concerning the establishment of a
police force under Detective Trimble. Mr. Bell
remarked, “We are beginning to doubt the
legality of the Court.” The deputation were
informed that the Government did not acknow-
ledge any body styling itself the Reform Commit-
tee. Witness further added that in course of a
conversation on one occasion Mr. Max Langer-
I
I I4. ZDr. 9ameson's Raid.
mann remarked to him, “We have only com-
menced. The country will soon be ours from
Cape Town to the Zambesi.” Continuing, witness
said, “A certain Mr. Bettington showed me a
document setting forth the conditions for enlist-
ment of volunteers to fight against the Transvaal
Government.” On the 30th and 31st December the
official machinery was at a standstill. It was not
in our power to disarm the rebels. The whole
town was in their possession, and they were ap-
parently masters of the situation. There were one
hundred troops in Johannesburg not under the
Transvaal flag. They were armed with guns, and
had ammunition. I saw Maxim guns being trans-
ported through the town on the 1st of January.
Commandant Schutte and myself saw 250 rebels
march through the town with a cannon which has
not been given up yet. Question : “Were life and
property ever in danger before the disturbance?”
Answer: “Life and property were brought into
danger through the Republic.”
Mr. Nathaniel Van Denberg, the First Criminal
Landdrost (police magistrate), deposed that on
the 30th December the situation was regarded as
very grave. On the 1st January armed men
marched through the streets. Witness produced
letters, dated January 2nd and January 9th, ad-
dressed to himself, giving a list of arms and
Trial of the Reform Committee. I 15
ammunition handed in by the Reform Committee.
On January 1st witness was compelled to send
the police out of town by order of the Government,
and orders were also given that no shots should be
fired. No police escort for prisoners being thus
available, his court could not sit for some weeks,
and on January 1st there were no fewer than 680
prisoners charged with various offences in jail.
No food was obtainable, the Commissioners being
without cash, and the prisoners were fed on sar-
dines. Had these people been released, added
witness, there would have been set at liberty a
band of men more dangerous than the whole of
the Reform Committee.
On February 4th the examination of Police
Landdrost Van Denberg was continued. He stated
that in J anuary he obtained from the Reform
Committee a book containing an account of the
manner in which rifles in their possession had
been disposed, and the total number. The book
was signed in his presence by Mr. Lionel Phillips,
Mr. Farrar, Colonel Rhodes, Mr. Sandilands, and
Mr. Clements, as an assurance that its contents
were correct. Mr. Thomas Sheffield, managing
director of the “Argus” Printing and Publishing
Company, was called and examined with regard to
the authorship of certain articles which appeared
in the Star newspaper bearing on the crisis. He
I 2
f I 6 /Or. }ameson's Raid.
was also questioned as to the origin of advertise.
ments in the newspaper regarding the crisis.
Question: “Was anything set up and not printed?”
Answer: “Not that I know of.” Question: “Was
not a copy of a proclamation sent to you which
was set up?” Answer: “Oh, yes, Iremember; but
what the purport of the proclamation was I cannot
recall.” Mr. Coster: “Please refresh your memory.”
Witness: “I only read the preamble.” Mr. Coster:
“What was it about?” Witness: “Something to the
effect that Dr. Jameson was expected to come in
to-morrow, and that, therefore, in fear of disturb-
ances, it was necessary to form a Provisional Govern-
ment.” Mr. Coster : “Was it printed secretly?”
Witness: “It was printed that night.” Mr. Coster:
“Where is the proof?” Witness: “It was submitted
to the Reform Committee and kept by them.” Mr.
Coster : “Where is the original?” Witness: “I
think it was destroyed.” Mr. Coster: “Will you
search your office for it?” Witness: “That would
be of no use. I know it is not there.” Mr. Coster :
“Who gave the order not to carry out the printing?”
Witness: “Mr. Niven. The type was distributed on
January 4th.” Mr. Coster: “Was the tenor of the
proclamation to establish a Government for the
whole of the Republic 2" Witness: “As far as I
can remember, only for Johannesburg.”
On February 5th the first witness was Mr.
Trial of the A’eform Committee. 117
Hubertus Leonard Johannes Dekorte, Lieutenant
of Police on the Rand. He stated that he was
appointed Secretary to the Government Commission
On January 2nd. -
Messrs. Lionel Phillips, Hall and Sauer
approached him as a deputation from the Reform
Committee, and said they wished to lay certain
matters before the Government Commission.
Witness requested that the application should be
made in writing, and this was done in due course.
He thereupon informed the gentlemen named that
the Government Commission could not recognise
the Reform Committee, but he received Mr. Phillips
as a private person. The latter wanted to know if
it were true that armed Burghers were on the way
to the Rand, and said he wished to be placed in
direct communication with the British Agent, Sir
Jacobus de Wet. In reply, witness showed Mr.
Phillips a letter which proved that he had never
been prevented from having communication with
the Agent. Witness also deposed that he had
received a letter from Mr. Fitzpatrick requesting
the co-operation of the Government Commission
for the purpose of preventing a collision between
the Boers and the British. A request from the
Reform Committee to be allowed to send an ambu-
lance corps to Krugersdorp was refused. On the
same day Messrs. Bell and Cohen (two of the
II 8 Dr. Jameson's Raid.
defendants) requested the Government Commission
to assist in trying the prisoners then in Johannes-
burg jail. The Commission replied by asking who
had given authority to Mr. Trimble to try these
prisoners, and to punish the Kaffirs with the lash.
No answer was received to this inquiry. Witness
next deposed to having received a letter from the
Secretary of the Reform Committee complaining of
the police having seized the horses of private
citizens. On January 4th Advocate Leonard, one
of the defendants, assured the Government Com-
. mission on his word of honour that the Kaffirs
employed in the mines were not being armed.
Various letters were also received regarding horses
stolen from citizens, and of citizens being
fired at. -
The above evidence was adduced to show the
part played by the Reform Committee and its
individual members, and the position which it took
up in the town. On December 31st and January
1st I heard a rumour that the State Artillery was
to join the police force ; and thereupon I went with
Mr. Carl Jeppe to the Rand Club, and assured Mr.
H. Eckstein that the report was not true. Streuben
was said to have spread that rumour. On January
2nd I saw the arrival of troops in Fox Street, and
arms were being served out at Findlay's and
Trimble's offices. The feeling on the Rand at this
Zºrial of the A’eforme Committee. I 19
time was one of great excitement, especially after
the dealing out of arms. -
Troops marched through the streets, while the
people were massed at the Gold-fields Offices. The
office of the Reform Committee was at various
places, but the head office was at Tattersall's.
The most notable incident was the talk and expec-
tation of the arrival of Jameson. Ladies were
waiting with bouquets to greet him. I was present
when the disarmament took place. Three Maxims
and a quantity of arms were brought on a trolley.
Advocate Leonard and Messrs. Farmer were
present. The arms were forwarded to me to
Pretoria on January 8th.
Jacobus Bosman, the next witness, deposed:—
“I was present at the distribution of arms to the
insurgents, consisting of a load of arms and several
Maxims. I was present at the throwing up of
earthworks round the Rand. The work was
carried out by Kaffirs, who were commandeered in
the streets for the purpose. I heard Mr. Betting-
ton's speech. It was made at the Post Office.
The people shouted, ‘Why did you not go out to
meet Jameson ?' Bettington replied that he did
go, and he said the Jameson invasion was a good
thing, for before they could not get men; but now
they could get any amount. The police were
I 2 O /D7°. }ameson's Aºaza.
hindered in the performance of their duties; both
shops and bars were closed.”
Mr. Eugene Marais, editor of “Land im Wolk,”
deposed:—“I was present at the meeting of the
Reform Committee on December 31st. About
fifty or sixty persons were present. I recognised
there among those who attended the meeting of
the Reform Committee on December 31st Messrs.
Leonard, Fitzpatrick, Phillips, Von Holsteyn,
Mackie, Niven, St. John, Carr, Joel, Hammond,
Bailey, Langermann, Strange, Auret, and Colonel
Rhodes. I was present at the meeting at the
request of the Government. I went to the Rand
Club, where I met Messrs. Bailey and Leonard.
Pſe proposed that a committee should be appointed
to meet the Government in order to try and avoid
bloodshed. Through his efforts a deputation,
consisting of Messrs. Phillips, Bailey, Schultz, and
Langermann, waited upon the Government at
Pretoria, and on behalf of the Government a
commission was formed, consisting of Mr. Malon
and myself. At the meeting there was some
conversation about Dr. Jameson. Mr. Phillips
said that in the event of Jameson reaching the
Rand the Reform Committee would guarantee
that he was sent across the border. I took back
a message to the Government from Messrs. Phillips
and Leonard that they did not want bloodshed,
Trial of the A’eform Committee. 121
but wished to settle matters in a peaceful way.
I was aware that a proclamation was issued
previous to the conversation in question ; but
that proclamation was not discussed at the meeting,
although I referred them to it.”
Constable De Williers, of the Johannesburg Foot
Police, deposed that when on duty on the 1st of
January he met two Englishmen, who spoke to
him. One of them said he would give him Hades
for dessert that day, while the other remarked,
“You will not see the sun go down if you cross
Marshall Square.”
Another Johannesburg constable, named Otto,
said he saw bodies of men, with yellow bands round
their arms, marching through the streets. Some
of them were armed. They wanted him to take
Some Kaffirs in charge, and when he refused they
threatened him, one of them holding a gun to his
breast.
Constable Posley, of the Johannesburg Police,
gave corroborative evidence as to the presence of
armed men in the streets. He was insulted by
them in every way.
Jacobus de Meillon was then called, and deposed :
—Things were very tumultuous on December 28th.
The Republican flag was hoisted at the Gold-fields
Offices. I saw men signing a document. I asked
what it was. I was told that they were signing
122 Dr. Yameson's Raid.
for the protection of life and property. I was in-
formed that Colonel Rhodes wished to see me, and
accordingly, went upstairs and entered the room,
where I saw a large number of members. My name
was announced, and I heard some one say, “No,
no.” . Thinking my presence was not wanted, I
turned on my heel to go. Advocate Leonard came
after me, and telling me that Colonel Rhodes would
soon be there, took me into a private room. There
I saw Messrs. Leonard, Hammond, Lace, and
Colonel Rhodes. We talked about the condition of
affairs. They said they brought the country into
a flourishing state through their capital, and it
was hard to be governed by stupil Boers. They
had asked Dr. Jameson to come to Johannesburg,
and told me I ought to use my influence with
the people so that they should not be interfered
with. Dr. Jameson was only coming to preserve
peace and to protect them. I asked, “Against
whom?” They replied, “ Against the lower
classes.” I said, “Why are you arðing the very
men against whom you wish to be protected ?”
Later I saw Mr. Leonard on horseback. He said,
“We have not equal rights with the Boers. We
have sent petitions. They have all been thrown
out in contempt. We now demand our rights,
arms in hand.” Mr. Leonard caught hold of me
and Said he regarded me as a sensible man if an
Trial of the Reform Committee. 123
armed force crossed the border and marched on
the Rand. He concluded his speech to the crowd
by saying, “We want government on Republican
basis, not autocratic government at Pretoria. We
are prepared to defend our rights. All who wish
to stand up for their rights and for freedom can
receive arms at Trimble's office.” Mr. Leonard
rode away amid cheers. I saw trolleys full of
provisions brought into the town, and entrench-
ments being dug.
Daniel Davies deposed :—“I saw armed men go in
the direction of the hospital and the Star office.
Earthworks were being thrown up behind the jail.
Later I saw three bodies of insurgents, with a
hundred coolies and Kaffirs, marching in the direc-
tion of Fordsburg. Most of them were armed, and
they marched like regular troops. I saw provisions
being transported, escorted by armed natives, and
a hundred coolies were being drilled at Kelley’s
Home.” -
On February 6th, J. P. Doyle said:—“At the end
of December and beginning of January a large
number of persons were appointed constables.
Shops were barricaded and armed men were going
about. Amongst these were men who had been
sentenced to imprisonment for highway robberies,
burglaries, and other crimes. On December 31st
I saw Maxims on a waggon at the Goldfields Offices.
I 24 Dr. Yameson's Raid.
A man, named Wilson, said they were going to
shoot the Boers. All the white men were armed.
There were a good many Cape boys and some
Kaffirs. With Detectives Pool and Dalton I went
to Mr. Carl Jefferies. On the road we met a body
of armed men, who stopped us and asked us for
the password. They said, ‘You are detectives, are
you not ?’ ‘Yes,’ we replied, ‘we are Govern-
ment officers.' . Upon which they said, “We do
not recognise Government officials now.”
Detective Smorenberg deposed:—“ On December
28th I was at Lovemone's stable. I saw many
persons engaged in equipping horses with saddles
and guns. Drilling was being carried on, but arms
were served to whites only. Arms were brought
from the mines. On January 2nd I was on duty
with Detective Penn at Nazareth House. I saw
the insurgents erecting an electric light engine.
Guards were placed at the entrance, and without
the password it was impossible to enter. I recog-
mised many criminals among the men, and I was
hindered by them in the performance of my duty.
I saw troops march out. Bettington and his troop
went in the direction of Roodepoort. On January
1st the people were greatly excited against the
Boers, but the Government was quite supine. The
Boer National Anthem was hooted, and ‘God Save
Trial of the A’eform Committee. 125
the Queen' was performed and received with en-
thusiasm.”
Mr. John Keith stated, “That he was induced
to join the corps styled the George Washington
Corps on pretence that it had been formed for the
protection of life and property. I joined to protect
life and property and to uphold the Transvaal flag.
Later I heard that the corps was to march to Pre-
toria to fight the Boers, but I was ‘dead off.’ I was
born under the Republican flag, and I tore the
colours off my arm, as others also did. We were
all arrested. The insurgents took me and hand-
cuffed me and locked me up in the Chamber of
Mines office. They knocked me about, and thrust
a gun in my face, thinking to frighten me. They
thought I was an Englishman; but I am a free-
born American citizen.”
James Couper, ex-prize-fighter and author of
‘Mixed Humanity,” deposed—“That he was em-
ployed as Inspector in Trimble's police force, and
that, acting under orders received from Mr. Mans-
field, commandant of that force, he had visited all
the mines in the district round Johannesburg, and
had not seen one Kaffir or coloured man armed,
nor had he seen a single cannon.”
Art. Tully, another prize-fighter, who was also
a member of Trimble's police force, Said–" He
I 26 Dr. Yameson's Raid.
knew very little of what was going on. His chief
duty was to see that members of the force did not
get drunk.”
On February 12th the inquiry was adjourned
sime die.
I 27
XX.
PRESENT STATE OF AFFAIRS IN THE TRANSWAAT.
THE following letter, treating of the Reform
movement in the Rand, has been received by Mr.
George Leitch, West Newbiggin, Norham-on-
Tweed, from his son, who has been for some time
in Johannesburg:—
P.O. Box 2,433, JoHANNESBURG, S.A.R.,
20th January, 1896.
MY DEAR FATHER,-According to promise, this
letter will be almost wholly taken up in an attempt
to give you, however imperfectly, a brief retrospect
of the situation of the last three weeks, and my
personal opinion thereon. Before proceeding
further, let me state much of vital importance
must necessarily be awanting, inasmuch as facts
are almost unattainable, and unless one can pro-
cure information from really reliable and indis-
putable sources we are left with nothing but
conjecture and rumour. I am, nevertheless, in
possession of authoritative statements which
warrant me in expressing an opinion.
I 28 Dr. Jameson's Raid.
First of all, then, let me say that ever since my
arrival in the Transvaal, now fully twelve months
ago, I have been struck with the existing form of
government, its gross inequalities, bristling as it
were on all sides with injustices of the most flagrant
character, and when one bears in mind that a city
like Johannesburg, composed as it is of 60,000
white inhabitants, only 600 of whom have any
voice in the government, one cannot wonder at a
movement being inaugurated in favour of reform.
The question then is—Have the people of
Johannesburg taken any steps worthy of note to
bring about a better state of things 2 Have they
agitated in public, and roused, as it were, public
opinion, and thus made one and all alive to the
existing grievances 2 To such questions I answer
unhesitatingly, No ! And, if not, why not ? Be-
cause men in the mass have been so much
engrossed in commercial pursuits, have been
pursuing too eagerly the road to fortune, that
i
provided no direct return or remuneration. It is
stated that they (the Uitlanders) have been seeking
redress of such grievances for the last five years;
yet within the last fourteen months in which I
have resided here not one political meeting has
taken place on behalf of such an object. I do not
Present State of Affairs in Tº
deny that they ever did agitate, b,
stand they did so repeatedly previot
coming here ; yet what they did carry out was
formed in an arrogant, insolent, and contemptuous
spirit. They assumed themselves at liberty to
dictate to the Government, and in proof of the
spirit displayed I shall quote the words of one
man, delivered at a mass meeting demanding
reforms. Speaking about the President, this party
said:—“He (Kruger) had the morals of a hypocrite
and the manners of a clown.” Now, this is a fair
sample of the method pursued by many when seek
ing reform, and it is, in my opinion, contrary to
human nature to expect any man to consider
favourably an extension of political power to
persons who openly display and give vent to such
sentiments as these. Now, I would have you bear
in mind that, although these statements would lead
you to believe I was antagonistic to reform, let me
distinctly state the reverse. With the present
form of government. I have no sympathy. It is not
a Republic, but a DeSpotism ; yet I hold reforms
must and can only be secured through sources
and by means very different than those above set
forth. -
But to deal with the present. Has this been,
after all, a movement whose ultimate aim was
reform, or has it not been a deep-laid scheme,
R



7. 9ameson's ſºaia.
over of reform, whose object was
te overthrow of the Government 2 The
* to answer this is premature. Much has to
come to light ere we can pronounce a verdict; but
given certain facts as a starting point inferences
can be drawn. To begin with, then, the movers
Ol' promoters of the scheme are men at the wrong
side of the ladder. They are nearly all of them
millionaires—an important fact to keep in view.
Furthermore, they are almost to a man men who
ten years ago came into the country penniless, and
who, to say the least of it, have, to use a familiar
phrase, “feathered their nests” under the existing
conditions of government. Is it not strange, then,
that these very men who have flourished to such
an almost incredible extent as this, and con-
sequently have never felt the pinch, should be the
first to step into the van of reform and pretend to
pave or make Smooth the way of the more humble
classes 2 I do not think the World ever possessed
such genuine philanthropists. Just fancy eight
or nine millionaires saying: “We are heart and
soul with you, the labouring community. Your
interests are ours. Here are not hundreds of
pounds, nor thousands, but millions which we are
willing to give you in order to redress your
grievances.” Truly history furnishes no parallel
to this, could it be cited as genuine, But, I hold,



Present State of Affairs in Transvaal. 131
reform was not their object. It was self-aggran-
disement. They found that certain burdens
relating to the gold-mining industry were
becoming unbearable and unprofitable. In days
gone by they had extracted all that was worth
having out of the Government, and as nothing
further was likely to be procurable at any value,
the time had subsequently come when they could
afford to turn round and stab the Government in
the back. And the stab meant, if they had
succeeded, death. The outcome of the whole has
been to ruin credit, upset all business, a terrible
loss of life through the Glencoe Railway disaster
—all these things lie at the door of these men.
Moreover, they have plunged into prison the most
of our influential commercial men on a charge of
high treason, while they (the latter) were led to
believe that by putting their names upon the
Reform Committee they were really assisting in
the way of bringing about what they considered to
be the true privileges of all just and right-thinking
citizens.
I do not know that I can add anything more
on the subject at the present time. The move-
ment is one that will live in history, and will
prove itself one of the most remarkable under-
takings in the last decade of the century. I feel
certain that time will disclose much of a character
K 2
I 32 AJr. Jameson's Raid.
reflecting anything but credit on those who
originated it.
The idea has just struck me that there may be
many people in and around Berwick-on-Tweed who
might be interested to have the ideas of one who
has more or less been an eye-witness of this event-
ful movement. This being so, you are at liberty
to make public the ideas or views which I have
expressed in whatever form you may deem prudent
and wise. —I am, your affectionate Son,
ROBERT W. LEITCH.
I 33
XXI.
DR. JAMESON IN LONDON.
Proceedings at Bow Street.
THE troopship Victoria, having on board Dr.
Jameson and his officers, instead of putting into
Southampton, as was expected, came round direct
to the Thames. On arrival at Gravesend on
Tuesday (February 25) she was boarded by the
port officials and Inspector Burke, of Scotland
Yard. The vessel proceeded slowly to Long Reach,
and anchored off Purfleet. About half an hour
afterwards Dr. Jameson and his officers were train-
shipped to the tug Cambria, which immediately
went up the river. It was eventually met by One
of the Thames Police launches, the Watch, to
which the defendants were transferred. The war-
rant authorising their arrest under the Foreign
Enlistment Act was then read by Chief-Inspector
Swanson. The journey to Waterloo Pier is described
as having been anything but pleasant, and all the
occupants of the Watch appeared glad when the
police-station at Waterloo Bridge was reached. It
I 34 AJr. }ameson's Raid.
was nearly a quarter-past six in the evening when
the Small craft, after a swift passage, turned in the
river to make the landing-stage, and a number of
people who had been waiting at Temple Pier, in
anticipation of Dr. Jameson's arrival, hurriedly
made for the river station, but they were not
allowed to approach the Waterloo Pier, which is
private property. Dr. Jameson and his colleagues
were conducted into the waiting-room on the pier
to await the arrival of two private omnibuses from
Scotland Yard. Only five minutes elapsed before
these vehicles drove up to the pier entrance. Dr.
Jameson and his companions, together with their
custodians, at once took their places inside the
Omnibus, and were speedily on their way to Bow
Street. - -
The officials at Bow Street police-court had been
informed that some time during the day Dr. Jame-
Son and the officers of his expedition would be con-
veyed there, and a charge laid against them at the
instance of the Public Prosecutor. What the
nature of the charge might be was not known,
neither was it intimated at what hour the party
were likely to arrive. Sir John Bridge, the Senior
police magistrate, had announced that he would
take the case himself, and it was arranged, in order
that all might be in readiness at any moment, and
that but as little delay as possible should occur,
AJr. }ameson in Zondon. I 35
that the ordinary business of the Court should be
taken in the smaller room upstairs in which extra-
dition cases are usually heard. The doors were
thrown open as early as ten o'clock, at which time
a large number of persons were assembled outside
the building in the hope of seeing the party arrive.
As time wore on the numbers increased, and during
the course of the morning several well-known per-
Sons, who are either interested in South African
matters, or have relatives or friends among Dr.
Jameson's party, were present. About luncheon
time it became evident from the paucity of news
that no attempt had been made to disembark Dr.
Jameson from the troop-ship Victoria under cover
of the darkness of the early morning, and that it
would be somewhat late in the afternoon before he
could appear in court. Presently a telegram was
received, in which the information was conveyed
that the Victoria, with Dr. Jameson and his friends
on board, had arrived at Gravesend. Most of the
visitors then left, but returned shortly after three
o'clock. By four the crowds, both in the street
and within the court, had become very considerably
increased, Every available space in the building
was occupied, and several additional seats had
been placed on the bench behind the magistrate's
chair. Among those who occupied these were the
Duke of Abercorn, Lord and Lady Alington, Wis-
136 Dr. Jameson's Raid.
count Chelsea, M.P., the Hon. R. Ward, M.P.,
General Sir George and Lady Foley, Mr. Montague
Guest, Colonel Brocklehurst (commanding the Life
Guards Blue, to which regiment Sir John Wil-
loughby, one of the defendants, belongs), Mr.
Rochfort Maguire, Captain the Hon. Charles
White (who has two brothers charged with Dr.
Jameson), Captain Stracey (who has a brother
in the party), Inspector L. L. B. Dykes (of the
Matabeleland Mounted Police), Captain Heyman
(Resident Commissioner at Buluwayo), Major
Rincaid-Smith (a brother of Dr. Jameson's Ar-
tillery Officer), the Hon. T. T. Egerton, and Mr.
Allan F. de Rutzen. A few of the troopers of
Dr. Jameson's force who arrived in England by the
Harlech Castle on February 23rd were in the body
of the court.
About five o'clock Mr. Angus Lewis and other
officials of the department of the Solicitor to the
Treasury arrived, it having become known that the
long-expected party had left Gravesend, and might
shortly be expected. It was not, however, until on
the stroke of half-past six that the loud cheers of
the crowd in Bow Street announced the arrival
of the defendants, who had been conveyed to the
court in omnibuses. The gates of the police-
station were swung open, the vehicles were driven
Smartly into the courtyard, and the gates were
ZDr. Jameson in London. I 37
promptly closed. The cheering was, however,
continued for several minutes afterwards. The
party were ushered into the receiving-room, where
the charge was read over to them, and their names
and descriptions entered on the sheet. This
Occupied half an hour, and it was five minutes
past Seven when Sir John Bridge took his seat.
The defendants were simultaneously brought into
-
the court, and their entrance was the signal for
the outburst of such a round of cheers, which were
repeated time and time again, as fortunately are
Seldom heard in an English Court of Law. Sir
John Bridge, rising from his seat, waved his hand
for silence, and ſhe officers of the court added to
the uproar by calling for silenæ, At length, when
the magistrate could make himself heard, he an-
nounced, in tones of stern rebuke, that if there was
any more cheering at the back of the court he
Would have everybody turned out.
The prisoners were ranged in front of the dock,
‘Dr. Jameson being on the left. Each looked
remarkably well, but it would be wrong to say that
they did not at all feel the position in which they
stood, but the care seemed to sit more lightly on
Some than on others. For the prosecution Mr.
Charles Mathews, with whom was Mr. Horace
Avory, appeared, instructed by the Hon. Hamilton
J. A. Cuffe, Director of Public Prosecutions. The
138 Dr. Jameson's Raia,
defendants' counsel was Mr. C. F. Gill, with whom
was Mr. Arthur Gill, instructed by Mr. Hawkesley,
Solicitor to the Chartered Company.
The names of the prisoners were entered on the
charge-book in the following order: Leander Starr
Jameson, Sir John C. Willoughby, the Hon. H. F.
White, Raleigh Grey, the Hon. R. White, John
Stracey, C. H. Williers, K. J. Kincaid-Smith, H. M.
Grenfell, C. P. Foley, C. L. D. Monro, C. F.
Lindsell, and E. C. S. Holden. With the excep-
tion of Dr. Jameson, all hold Her Majesty’s com-
mission, either in the army, the militia, or the
Yeomanry Cavalry. The charge laid against them
was “that being certain persons in the month of
December, 1895, in South Africa, within Her
Majesty's Dominions, without the license of Her
Majesty, did unlawfully prepare a military expe-
dition to proceed against the dominions of a certain
friendly State, to wit, the South African Republic,
contrary to the provisions of the Foreign Enlist-
ment Act, 1870.” No reply was made to the
charge. -
Mr. Charles Mathews, addressing Sir John
Bridge, said it was obvious at that late hour that
they could not proceed very far with the case that
evening. He proposed, therefore, on behalf of the
prosecution, to call the officer by whom the prison-
ers were arrested, and afterwards to ask for a
Z}r. }ameson in Zondon. I 39
remand. He presumed Mr. Gill would then ad-
dress the Court on the Subject of bail.
The Magistrate inquired if all the prisoners were
arrested by the same officer.
Mr. Gill said he was informed that was so.
Chief-Inspector Swanson was then called. He
Said he arrested the prisoners at four o’clock that
afternoon on board the tug Cambria, at Long
Reach, within the Metropolitan Police District.
Examined by Mr. Avory, the witness stated that
he arrested them on a warrant received from that
Court.
In reply to another question by Mr. Avory, Mr.
Swanson said the prisoners made no reply to the
charge.
The Magistrate inquired of Mr. Gill if he desired
to Say anything at that stage.
Mr. Gill said he did not, but, inasmuch as he
was not aware what the charge against the prisoners
was until that afternoon, he should like them to be
remanded for a fortnight.
The Magistrate said a remand for a fortnight
could not be granted without bail.
Mr. Gill submitted that they should be remanded
on their own recognisances. -
The Magistrate said the question of bail was
entirely in his hands, but he thought he ought to
make one observation in that case. As to the
I4O ADr. Jameson's ſºaia.
facts of the case he knew nothing, but as a crime
that with which the prisoners were charged was
One of the greatest possible gravity, and as such it
must be treated. Many valuable lives might have
been lost and homes made desolate. Besides that,
there was the still greater danger that war might
have been precipitated between two countries.
Therefore, in his opinion, that must be treated as
an extremely important case. He felt, however,
in that particular case there were peculiar circum-
stances, in consideration of which he felt sure that
it was the desire of each of the prisoners that the
case should be fully inquired into, and, in conse-
quence, he felt justified in accepting their own
recognisances of £2,000 to appear that day fort-
night. He wished to make one other observation
to the prisoners. He desired to warn them against
going to any place where their presence might
give rise to public excitement, and not to go about
in public together if they could possibly help it,
and to do everything they could to avoid any
public disturbance, and he should demand from
each of them a promise to that effect." In conclu-
Sion, he said the remarks he had made were
especially directed to the younger of the prisoners.
} As the prisoners filed out of the court into the
offices to complete their recognisances the cheering
was again taken up, and several persons tried to
Pr. }ameson in London. 141
shake hands with Dr. Jameson and his com-
panions. Cries of “Good luck, doctor,” and such
like, were heard above the tumult.
Sir John Bridge, rising from his seat, called for
order, and, after the cheering had gone on for
Some moments, the Magistrate, addressing the
crowd at the back of the court, said, “If you
wish to bring the name of England into contempt
this is the way to do it,” and afterwards retired.
The crowd then dispersed, and joined the throng
outside.
While the hearing of the case was in progress
inside the court there was only a small crowd col-
lected in Bow Street, but when, at about twenty
minutes past Seven, it became known that the
proceedings were concluded the roadway opposite
the police-court was quickly thronged with an
excited crowd. Dr. Jameson, taking advantage of
a diversion made by the police, who drew the main
crowd away, attempted to get away unobserved.
He slipped out of the doorway and turned into
Broad Court at the side of the police-court, with
the intention of getting into Long Acre, where a
cab awaited him. He was not, however, able to
elude the vigilance of Some of his admirers, who
followed him into Long Acre. \ In a few moments
he was hemmed in by the enthusiastic throng, and
it was with the utmost difficulty that he was able
I42 Br. Jameson's A&aid.
to force his way into the centre of the road and
step into the cab; The driver had apparently
already received his instructions, and Dr. Jameson
drove off at a rate that defied pursuit.
Messrs. Donald Currie and Co.'s steamer Roslin
Castle arrived at Plymouth on Tuesday morning
from Capetown. Among her passengers were
Several witnesses against Dr. Jameson, including
the Postmaster of Mafeking and Serjeant White,
who carried one of the despatches ordering
Jameson's force to return.
XXII.
TERRITORIES OF “THE BRITISH SouTH AFRICA CHAR-
TERED COMPANY.”
THE vast territories—at present known by the
name of “Zambesia,” from the fact that the larger
part of the land is in the basin of the River Zam-
besi–extend from the northern frontier of the
Transvaal to the Zambesi on the north, and to the
Portuguese territory on the east. The name
“Rhodesia” has recently been applied to an enor-
mous region, which consists of Zambesia and a
large tract of country extending northwards from
British Bechuanaland and the Zambesi River.
Rhodesia is about twice the size of the British
Isles, and is named after Mr. Cecil Rhodes, who
has striven in an energetic manner to develop the
resources of the country. Zambesia consists of
Matabeleland—named after the Matabele tribe—
which extends over the Southern part, and
Mashonaland—named after the Mashona tribe—
occupying the northern part as far as the Zambesi
River.
I44 Pr. Jameson's Raza.
“The British South Africa Chartered Company”
is an association of British merchants who have
acquired from the British Government the sovereign
power of controlling the trade, finance, and com-
mercial development of these territories. By a
Royal Charter received from the British Govern-
ment in the year 1888 they are empowered to open
up trade routes, levy customs and taxes, construct
and maintain fortified stations, fit out ships of war,
and establish an army of soldiers and police. The
powers granted to the Company are very similar to
those formerly granted to the old “East India
Company.”
Amongst the numerous and varied powers con-
ferred by the Royal Charter are those of clearing,
planting, irrigating and cultivating any lands
within the territory, settling any such lands, and
aiding and promoting immigration, and granting
lands for terms of years or in perpetuity.
There are few European residents in the
country, but these are rapidly increasing. The
Company at first effected a peaceful settlement,
obtaining possession without encountering much
opposition.
They organised a well-equipped body of police
under Colonel Pennefather, and constructed a
waggon road from their southern boundary on the
Macloutsie River to Fort Salisbury in the north-
South Africa Company's Territories. 14 5.
east, with forts at intervals. Their police marched
in and took quiet possession of the district. Under
Dr. Jameson the work of organisation and settlement
went steadily on, although the Matabele tribe re-
garded the proceedings with suspicion. It is alleged
that a band of Matabele raided the neighbour-
hood of Victoria—a station about midway between
the Transvaal border and Fort Salisbury, and
assegaied and mutilated a number of Mashonas
in the service of the Company. In consequence
of this a war broke out between the Matabele
and the Chartered Company. The details are
stated in an address delivered by Mr. Selous before
the Royal Colonial Institute in March, 1894. Mr.
Selous says:—“It was the colonists of Mashonaland
who, having been provoked beyond all endurance
by the savage insolence of the Matabele, and
thoroughly recognising that until the Matabele
power was broken it was impossible to proceed
with the development of the country, called upon
Dr. Jameson and Mr. Cecil Rhodes to at once
organise a force to protect the interests of the
settlers in Mashonaland in the only way in which
those interests could be protected permanently,
namely, by marching to Buluwayo and conquering
the Matabele. A memorial, signed by every
inhabitant of Victoria, was presented to Dr.
Jameson, pointing out that, after what had taken
L
146 Dr. 9ameson's Raid.
place, no mining development or any other kind
of enterprise could be undertaken in the country
as long as it was overshadowed by the terror of
the Matabele, and that no further settlers and no
more money would come into the country until
the power of these Savages was broken, and finally
calling upon him to conquer Matabeleland for the
safety of the settlers of Mashonaland, unless he
wished to see the white man abandon the country
altogether. Luckily, for the sake of the preser-
vation of the results of four years of British
enterprise, there were at this juncture two such
men in South Africa as Cecil John Rhodes at Cape
Town and Dr. Jameson in Mashonaland. When
Mr. Rhodes learned from Dr. Jameson that either
Matabeleland must be conquered, or Mashonaland
abandoned, he fully recognised that a policy of
scuttle would not only be disgraceful, but would
endanger the prestige of the British race in
every part of South Africa, and therefore at once
made up his mind to devote all his energies to the
task of conquering the Matabele. Into the conduct
of the war he would not enter. It was a bold
enterprise, boldly and successfully carried out.
The last of the powerful native military organisa-
tions in South Africa had been broken, and
Matabeleland was now, like Mashonaland, in the
South Africa Company's Zerritories. 147
hands of British settlers under the government of
the Chartered Company.” . .
He concluded by saying that “the political effect
of the conquest of Matabeleland would tend to
assure the eventual Supremacy of the Anglo-Saxon
in South Africa, for the Dutch States were now.
completely surrounded by British territory, except
to the east of the Transvaal, on which side there
Was no outlet for immigration. In the Transvaal
itself every year the power and influence of the
European element, which was chiefly British, was
increasing, and it could not be many years before
this British element would have a fair share in
the legislation of the country; whereas the Dutch
Settlers, who would probably trek into the British
South Africa Company's territories in considerable
numbers during the next few years, now that the
military power of the Matabele had been broken,
would gradually lose the hatred of British rule
which their forefathers carried with them from the
Cape Colony into the northern Transvaal, and
their children would live as happily under the
British flag as do the Dutch of Cape Colony and
Natal. Had Mr. Cecil Rhodes not secured
Mashonaland and Matabeleland for the British
these countries would infallibly have fallen to the
Dutch, and British enterprise would have been
hampered in those territories as it had been in the
L 2
I48 Dr. 9ameson's Raid.
Transvaal during the last few years. Thus the
effect of the Matabele war, though it might have
been prejudicial to the happiness of the military
caste in Matabeleland, had been directly beneficial
to every other native race in Central South Africa,
whilst, what was of far more importance, it had
regained for Englishmen the prestige that was
lost amongst whites and blacks when Sir Evelyn
Wood was ordered to make peace with the Boers
after the defeat of Majuba Hill, and insured the
peace and security of Mashonaland, and reduced
to a certainty the eventual supremacy of the
British race as the dominant people in South
Africa.”
Jmportant A’effort. I 49
ERITISH SOUTH AFRICA COMPANY.
Important Report.
AN announcement was recently issued by the
Directors of this Company to their shareholders
that until after the trial of Dr. Jameson and his
officers they would not hold their ordinary general
meeting. But the Board is not leaving those whom
they represent and the public in ignorance of their
present position or of the progress of the great
enterprises which they have on hand. On 26th
February they issued a report, dated the 19th inst.,
just two days after the departure of Mr. Rhodes for
South Africa, explanatory of the position of the
Company's affairs for the year ending March 31,
1895, with a balance-sheet showing the financial
position at that date. The report also records the
leading events which occurred up to December,
1895. The directors, it will be remembered, are:
—The Duke of Abercorn, K.G., President ; the
Duke of Fife, K.T., Vice-President ; the Right
Hon. Cecil J. Rhodes, M.L.A. (Managing Director
in South Africa); Earl Grey (who succeeds Dr.
Jameson); Lord Gifford, W.C.; Sir Horacef'arquhar,
Bart., M.P. ; Alfred Beit, Esq.; George Cawston
I5O AJr. Jameson's A&aid.
Esq.; Rochfort Maguire, Esq. (alternate in London
for Mr. Rhodes).
The report, from which we quote largely, exhibits
the Company's possessions as a State not only in
point of magnitude, but even now, after an adminis-
tration of only six years' duration, highly organised
and ready on every hand for further development.
From the balance-sheet it appears that the direc-
tors, after paying off, by means of an increase of
share capital, a large debenture loan and all other
liabilities, have in hand a cash surplus of £600,000,
which does not include the amounts subscribed for
the Southern and Eastern railway systems. The
revenue last year, exclusive of the sale of town lots,
was £112,000, and the increase in population and
commerce is indicated in the enlarged return under
the heads Post-office, Stamps, Licenses, and Tele-
graphs, the latter having risen to £3,268 for the
year ending in March, 1895, being only £370 for
the previous year.
CAPE RAILWAY SYSTEM NORTHWARD.
The shareholders will remember that the Bechu-
analand Railway Company (Limited) was formed
in 1893 for the purpose of constructing and work-
ing a railway from Vryburg to Mafeking, and
thence northwards towards the River Zambesi,
Important A’effort. I5 I
The line to Mafeking was opened for traffic in
October, 1894, and the net earnings for the ten
months to the end of July, 1895, have been equal
to 4 per cent. per annum on the cost of this section.
The distance from Mafeking, the present railway
terminus, to Buluwayo will be under 500 miles,
and the section from Mafeking to Gaberones, a
distance of about 95 miles, is now in course of con-
struction, and will be opened about July. The cost,
as per contract, is £2,575 per mile, including
bridges. From Gaberones the line will be con-
tinued to Palapye, a further distance of about 175
miles. The survey for this is almost completed.
The line will be eventually continued to Salisbury,
viä Buluwayo, connecting with the Beira line at
Umtali. The Company’s territories will then be
well served by railways. In September, 1895, an
issue of £900,000 Five per Cent. Debentures and
Debenture stock (part of a total authorised issue
of £1,300,000, the interest on which is guaranteed
by this company for twenty years) was made by the
Bechuanaland Railway Company. The subscrip-
tions were largely in excess of the amount re-
quired. Up to the present only 20 per cent. has
been called on the debentures. The balance will
be called as required to meet the expenses of the
construction of the railway. The British South
Africa Company advanced the money required for
I 52 Dr. }ameson's Alaza.
the construction of the line from Vryburg to Mafe-
king, taking Six per Cent. Debentures issued by
the railway company, and have agreed to exchange
these debentures for an equivalent amount of Five
per Cent. Mortgage Debentures or Debenture
stock, part of the above £1,300,000.
EAST COAST LINE.
As is well known, the Beira Railway, in which
the Chartered Company has the control, offers the
only convenient means of approach from the East
Coast to Mashonaland. It will be remembered
that last year it was reported that the line had
been carried to Chimoio. Surveys have been
made for the line to Umtali and Salisbury, and
the construction of this extension will be shortly
commenced.
A new railway company, called the Beira Jung-
tion Railway Company (Limited), has been formed,
with the object of constructing a railway thirty-six
miles in length, connecting Port Beira with Fontes-
villa, the present terminus of the Beira Railway.
When this line and the extension to Salisbury are
completed the capital of Rhodesia will be in direct
railway communication with the sea coast at Beira.
The company's engineers report that, although
construction has been somewhat delayed, owing to
Important Report. I 53
the Scarcity of labour, fair progress has been made,
and it is expected that the line will be completed
and opened for traffic within a few months. All
permanent way and other materials required from
this country have been delivered at Beira, and, up
to the end of December last, about twenty miles of
the earthworks and twenty-three bridges and cul-
verts had been completed, and the rails laid for a
distance of 7% miles.
A deep-water pier is to be erected at Beira, as
the Southern terminus of the railway. The mate-
rials for this work have been shipped, and as soon
as these are received at Beira the pier will be
commenced.
MEMORIAL HOSPITAL.
As stated in last year's report, it was decided
that a memorial to the memory of those who fell
during the Matabele campaign should be erected
by public subscription, and that it should take the
form of a hospital at Buluwayo. With this object
committees were formed in London and the Cape
Colony. The hospital has been completed and
opened, and will no doubt prove to be of the greatest
possible benefit to the town of Buluwayo and the
surrounding districts.
I 54 ZJr. }ameson's Raid.
TELEGRAPHS.
Mr. Somerset R. French, Postmaster-General of
the Cape Colony, reports that the British South
Africa Company’s telegraph business is a flourish-
ing one, and that the telegraph system has worked
successfully during the year, no complete interrup-
tion of communication of any moment having
occurred. The work done during the past year
included the completion of the new wood pole line
between Buluwayo and Charter on February 7,
1895. Already a branch line from Gwelo to the
Selukwe mining district has been authorised, and
is approaching completion. The proposal to erect
an iron pole line between Mangwe and Macloutsie
(ninety-six miles) has been given effect to, and the
work was completed on June 21, 1895. As a con-
sequence Macloutsie has become the transmitting
station for the Company’s system in place of
Palapye. Besides the foregoing and other neces-
sary works which have been carried out under Mr.
Prench’s direction, the Company has, under con-
tract with the Beira Railway Company, completed
the telegraph line from Chimoio to Salisbury. The
total length of telegraphic line under the control of
the Company South of the Zambesi now in opera-
tion is 1,354 miles. The Company’s traffic receipts
Important Report. I 55
during the twelve months ending March 31, 1895,
were £9,701 6s. 8d., whilst the expenditure on
working and maintenance was £6,432 9s. 8d. For
the six months ending September 30, 1895, the
receipts showed an approximate total of £7,681
18s. 7d., and the expenditure £8,889 19s. 4d.
In the progress of a new country it is naturally
a difficult matter to procure and retain a staff in
all respects suitable for such an Onerous Service as
that of posts and telegraphs, and it has been
considered desirable to materially improve the pay
and status of the officers of both branches, who
have worked cheerfully and commendably under
trying circumstances.
Since communication was established with Teteon
October 22, it has been maintained by joining the
completed portion of the line from Salisbury to the
Portuguese wire, which runs in a southerly direction
from Tete, by means of a temporary line sixty-two
miles in length. The importance to the Portuguese
Government of the establishment of a permanent
office at Tete, from an administrative point of view,
and also on commercial grounds, is so great that
it may eventually be found to the advantage of all
concerned that a modification of the original stipu-
lation be made. It should be mentioned here that
the Portuguese Government has erected a telegraph
line from Chinde to Tete, and that by using the
º
i
•3
sº
;
&
º
I56 Dr. Aameson's Aaid.
Trans-Continental line, which runs through the
latter place, the important shipping community of
Chinde is brought into touch with other parts of
Central and Southern Africa, as well as with Europe
and the rest of the world generally. Chinde is the
seaport of Northern Rhodesia and the Nyassaland
Protectorate.
Communication has been recently established
between Salisbury and Blantyre, and congratula-
tory messages have been exchanged between the
Right Hon. C. J. Rhodes, M.L.A., and Her
Majesty's Commissioner and Consul-General, Sir
H. H. Johnston, K.C.B.
In connection with the projected extension north
of Blantyre, 200 miles of material was shipped
from the Clyde in the month of June last. The
material is of a lighter description than that
Originally sent out, the poles being specially manu-
factured for the purpose, and the line will be much
more economical in construction. The material
was specially made up into packages weighing
about fifty pounds, and duly classified in sections,
so that when active operations are recommenced
there should be little difficulty in Securing its
distribution at the various depôts at a minimum
of expense.
Important Report. I 57
POSTAL AND COACH SERVICE.
During the year many improvements in the
mail and passenger communication between Cape
Colony and Mashonaland and Matabeleland have
been effected. The bi-weekly service between
Mafeking and Buluwayo alluded to in the last
report has been running since May last with most
Satisfactory results.
MONEY ORDERS.
Money orders are issued and payable in Rho-
desia, the Cape Colony, Bechuanaland, the United
Kingdom, and all places abroad which have money
order offices.
STAFF.
The present European administrative staff in
Rhodesia (exclusive of police) numbers some 130.
The Civil staff has been considerably augmented
during the past year. It has been found necessary
to constitute three new magistracies, namely, at
Melsetter, Gwelo, and Tuli. Formerly the judicial
functions at these centres had been discharged by
special justices of the peace, but the rapidly
increasing population rendered it imperative to
appoint officials with wider powers.
158 Dr. }'ameson's Raid.
LAND COMMISSION.
The Land Commission decided to locate two
reserves for the occupation of the natives in the
neighbourhood of the Shangani and Guay Rivers,
termed the Shangami and Guay Reserves, the
approximate areas being 3,500 and 3,000 Square.
miles respectively.
FXTRADITION,
A convention between Her Majesty's High Com-
missioner for South Africa (on behalf of the
British South Africa Company) and the authorities
of the Orange Free State was made and entered
into in August last, making provision for the
mutual extradition of fugitive criminals between
the territories of the British South Africa Company
and those of the Orange Free State, and was
embodied in a proclamation issued by the High
Commissioner on August 9, 1895.
TOWNSHIPS.
Sales of stands were held in Salisbury, Umtali,
Buluwayo, and Gwelo in August, 1895, at which
the prices realised greatly exceeded all expecta-
tions. The directors regard the result of these
Important Report. I 59
Sales as most Satisfactory evidence of confidence in
the future development of the country.
The following were the figures realised :-
49 S.
Salisbury ... ... 450 stands realized 32,025 0
. Umtali ... ... 117 , 55 8,640 0
Bulawayo ... 539 , , } % 153,312 10
Gwelo ... ... 111 , , } % 9,117 10
1,217 203,095 0
Wºmme
GOLD DIEVELOPMENT.
During the past year the work done in the mines
by subsidiary companies has been altogether con-
fined to development, and the directors are gratified
to know that most of the various companies are
Satisfied with the progress that has been made.
The separate report gives full information from
the mining commissioners at the various centres.
Shareholders who wish to have more detailed in-
formation should apply to the secretaries of the
various subsidiary companies.
DEVELOPMENT CAPITAL.
Since the last report of the directors was sub-
mitted to the shareholders, many development
companies have been floated, thus providing fur-
I6O AJr. }ameson's Raid.
ther large amounts of working capital for expendi-
ture in the development of the country. So far as
the Company is aware, the number of development
companies at present at work in the country is
approximately 200.
AGRICULTURE.
The following details with regard to agriculture
are furnished by the Company’s statist (August,
1895):—Farming has suffered from an abnormally
Small rainfall during the wet season of 1894-5,
and from an unusual visitation of locusts,
especially in the vicinity of Salisbury, where the
locust pest has been particularly destructive. The
more profitable nature of mining work offers
greater attractions than farming at present, but
as the market for stock and agricultural produce
increases no doubt agriculture will become more
remunerative, and will be continued on a larger
Scale, and with improved methods. At present
the farmers, being for the most part men of small
capital, have not been able to import much in the
way of agricultural machinery. Those who occu-
pied farms prior to last March report they have
had fairly good crops. Very good oats, hay,
wheat, mealies and Kaffir corn have been reaped,
and realized good prices in the local markets.
Important A’eport. 16I
Dairies have also been found to pay well. Po-
tatoes have proved a successful crop, and more
attention is being bestowed on them than here-
tofore. Green forage (oat hay) can be successfully
grown during the dry winter season on irrigated
ground.
WOLUNTEERS.
With the absorption of Matabeleland, and th
taking over of the Northern Sphere, the Company
recognized the necessity of having in the country
a thoroughly efficient force, on which it could rely
in the case of native troubles arising. It was
accordingly decided to re-organize the Volunteer
force, and the movement has proved most
popular.
NATIVE POLICE.
The force of Native Police was organised in
the beginning of May, 1895, and is composed
solely of the Matabele. A great many of the
Imbesu and Insukumini, the late Lobengula's two
crack regiments, belong to the force, which has a
numerical strength of 150 non-commissioned
officers and men. The men were put through a
course of drill for about a month before being
drafted to their different stations. They quickly
picked up the drill, performing the manual and
M
162 Dr. }ameson's Raid.
firing exercises, and the different movements,
Without mistake. The majority are becoming
fair shots, and the force will form a smart body of
men. The duties of the Matabeleland Native
Police are to assist Native Commissioners in the
various districts in collecting hut tax, arresting
deserters, branding cattle, tracing hidden cattle,
procuring evidence in native cases, and police and
detective work generally in connection with the
natives; and the reports from the different Native
Commissioners in connection with this force
are, in the above respects, most Satisfactory.
The credit of the organization is due in a great
measure to Mr. H. J. Taylor, the Chief Native
Commissioner for Matabeleland, who has worked
indefatigably in making them the Smart body of
men they are. The actual annual cost of main-
tenance is stated to be about £80 a head, as
against £205 a head for the White Police.
BANKS.
The Standard Bank of South Africa, who are
the Company's bankers in South Africa, have
opened a branch at Umtali, in addition to those
already existing at Salisbury and Buluwayo. The
Bank of Africa has opened branches at Salisbury,
Buluwayo, and Beira. The African Banking
J. mportant A'effort. I63
Corporation has also opened a branch at Bulu-
WayO.
FINANCE.
Since the date of the balance-sheet the share
capital of the Company has, by a resolution passed
at an extraordinary general meeting, held on
July 12, 1895, been increased to £2,500,000, by
the creation of 500,000 new shares of £1 each.
These shares were issued at £3 10s. each (a pre-
mium of £2 10s. per share), and subscriptions
guaranteed by the underwriting contract, as
Sanctioned at the extraordinary general meeting.
With the moneys thus obtained, the debenture
debt has been paid off and all other liabilities
discharged, the balance being available to forward
the development of the country by directly pro-
moting railway and other enterprise. As a result
the Company has, at the present time, after paying
off its debentures and all other debts, a cash
balance of some £600,000 in hand, and has got
rid of a heavy annual charge for interest. This is
altogether independent of the sums subscribed
for railway construction, amounting to some
£900,000.
The liabilities under this head given in the
balance-sheet, amounting to £196,627 5s. 1d. have
also been discharged. -
- M 2
164 AJr. }ameson's Raid.
REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE.
The balance-sheet shows the administration
expenses, direct and indirect, at £142,423 4s. 9d.,
as compared with £65,766 14s. in last year's balance-
sheet. In this year's accounts £14,471 0s. 5d. for
telegraph construction is included. The very
large increase on the previous year's administra-
tion expenses is due to the great increase in
population, and to the fact that the figure given in
last year's balance-sheet only included three
months’ administration of Matabeleland, as
against twelve months in the present accounts.
The revenue is £118,883 1s. 3d. (including stand
sales in 1894), being more than double the
amount given in last year's balance-sheet, viz.,
:944,489 6s. 5d. Confidence in the future develop-
ment of the country is shown by the enormous
success of the sales of stands held in August, 1895,
which realised the sum of £203,095, and greatly
exceeded the most Sanguine expectations. This
item, of course, is not included in the present
balance-sheet, which deals only with the figures
for the year ending March 31, 1895.
The following table will show a comparison
between the revenue received by various depart-
ments for the year ending March 31, 1894, and
the year under review, ending March 31, 1895:—
Important Reporé. I 65
For the twelve For the twelve
months ending months ending
March 31, 1894. March 31, 1895,
£ s. d. 42 s. d,
Transfer Duty ... • . . 624 12 3 4,769 8 0
Quit Rent tº s tº e & © 1,131 10 6 2,296 11 0
Postal Revenue ... © º º 1,682 18 4 4,609 15 0
Revenue Stamps and
License Department ... 12,395 17 2 30,221 11 8
Telegraph Department... 370 7 6 3,268 16 7
OFFICERS.
In accordance with the provisions of the deed of
settlement, Lord Gifford, Sir Horace Farquhar,
Mr. Alfred Beit, and Mr. George Cawston retire
from the board, but, being eligible, offer themselves
for re-election.
The auditors, Messrs. Cooper Brothers and Co.,
retire in accordance with the deed of settlement,
but, being eligible, offer themselves for re-
election.—Daily Telegraph.
166
XXIII.
FUTURE ASPECTS OF SOUTH AFRICA.
THREE weeks after “Dr. Jameson's Raid,” the
Right Hon. James Bryce, M.P., late President of
the Board of Trade, delivered an address to the
Edinburgh Chamber of Commerce, on “The Com-
mercial Aspects of South Africa.” Mr. Bryce has
just returned from South Africa, and speaking as
he does from personal observation, there are few
men better able to indicate the future aspects of
this important Colony. He made a three months’
journey over British South Africa and the adjoin-
ing territories, and amassed a large amount of
useful information regarding the present and future
aspects of trade. The increasing keenness of
foreign competition is pressing upon this country,
and it is important that England should open up
new markets, and make the best use of these
markets. This can only be done by the training
of our young men, and conducting our commerce
with a reliable knowledge of foreign markets, and
the capabilities of our vast colonies scattered
Future Aspects of South Africa. 167
throughout the world. Thus would England in
the future hold her own in the struggle between the
great commercial communities of the earth. South
Africa may be expected to develop a growing
market—creating an increasing demand for British
goods. The importance of a market is in its
purchasing power, and this purchasing capacity
depends upon the population of the country, the
wealth of the people, the extent to which they are
able to buy goods, and the needs they have de-
veloped. With the march of civilisation is a
growing desire to possess the skilled and artistic
products of other civilised communities. Popula-
tion and wealth in turn depend upon the natural
resources of a country, and therefore to solve the
question, what are the prospects of South Africa
as a market is best answered by considering the
natural resources of the country, how far these
resources are likely to be developed, and the con-
tinuity of such development. Now the resources
of South Africa may be summed up under three
heads:—Culture of the soil, rearing of stock, and
the obtaining of minerals from its rocks. Tillage of
the soil is carried on in this Colony to a very small
extent, and this arises not from the barrenness of
the soil, but from the fact that the people have
other resources of wealth, and are not dependent
upon agriculture. Although agriculture could be
I 68 AD?". 7ameson's A’aza.
carried on to great advantage, large quantities of
wheat, maize, butter, and cheese are regularly im-
ported into the country, albeit it is eminently
a country where butter and cheese might be ex-
pected to be produced. Maize, or “mealies” as it
is called in South Africa, for feeding oxen and mules
in the absence of grass, is largely imported,
and yet there is no country in the world better
fitted for the cultivation of maize than large parts
of this Colony. This, however, is a transient state
of things likely to be remedied in the future, and
arising from the fact that very few of the immi-
grants pouring into the Colony go there for the
sake of agriculture. At present scarcely any im-
migrants go into the country with the object of
Settling down as farmers, but with the view of
making wealth in the industries of the gold and
diamond fields. Thus it happens that agriculture
is somewhat stagnant. The unoccupied land is
mainly in the drier parts, where irrigation is
necessary to render the soil fertile and productive.
The population devoted to agriculture is of Dutch
origin, and they are very conservative in their habits
—clinging to the agricultural methods brought by
their forefathers from Holland two centuries ago, and
slow in the adoption of those useful innovations of
modern husbandry, which in this Colony would largely
transform rural Social life. If the Cape Government
Future Aspects of South Africa. 169
could attract agricultural settlers by granting farms
of moderate size at a cheap rate, the producing power
of the country would be greatly increased. The
Soil is fertile, the Sunshine genial, and if irrigation
on a large Scale were introduced, of many a barren
region it might be said “the wilderness and the
Solitary place shall be glad for them, and the
desert shall rejoice and blossom as the rose, for in
the wilderness shall waters break forth and streams
in the desert.” It is a good country for the culti-
vation of fruit, and the arrangement of steamers
makes it easy to send fruit to this country at low
freights. Moreover, fruit is ripe in South Africa.
during our winter, and, therefore, there ought to be
a development of an immense fresh fruit trade
between the two countries. The uplands of the
Transvaal grow tobacco of extremely good quality,
but neither skill nor energy are shown in its culti-
vation. Sugar is cultivated in the lower parts of
Natal, and large tracts of land are well suited for
the growth of tea.
The keeping of live stock is, however, more im-
portant than agriculture, and until recently was
the main source of the wealth of South Africa; and
with the exception of the desert called the Karroo,
the whole land is excellently suited for the raising of
live stock. The best regions for this are the
Orange Free State, the upper parts of Matabele-
I 7o AJr. }ameson's A&aid.
land and Bechuanaland, and the immense country
known as “British Zambesia.” All that country
lying as it does from 3,000 to 5,000 feet above the
level of the sea, is extremely good for cattle and
sheep: fresh grass is found everywhere, grass
which, after the rains, is very succulent and nutri-
tious. The country could support a very much
larger number of cattle and sheep than is placed
upon it, and stock-keeping Ought to be a greater
source of wealth to the country than at present.
The exports consist of hides, wool, and goats' hair,
and there is no reason why these should not be
increased almost infinitely, because only a small
part of this valuable land is now used for pasture.
South Africa ought also to be a great meat-eaſporting
country, not only supplying its own markets, but
exporting vast quantities of meat to this country.
The chief sources of wealth of South Africa of
recent years are her great mineral resources, of
diamonds, gold, iron, copper, and coal, The dia-
mond district is comparatively small, the principal
centre belng Kimberley. Gold is found in great
abundance in the Transvaal, both in quartz
reefs, and in a conglomerate rock called “banket,”
a Dutch or Boer name for a kind of Sweetmeat in
which almonds are embedded. The pieces of
rounded quartz in the conglomerate resemble the
almonds found in the sweetmeat. The quantity of
Future Aspects of South Africa. 171
gold found in quartz reefs is very uncertain, while
the yield is fairly uniform in the banket rock.
This latteris confined to a small district in the Trans-
vaal called the Rand, a district about a hundred miles
long and forty wide. These rocks show a remark.
able persistence and permanence in the quantity
of gold to the ton which they contain, and the fact
of its being almost certain to occur, so far as is
known, renders the auriferous beds of the Rand of
extraordinary and exceptional value. An impor-
tant question, widely discussed on the Rand before
the recent disturbances at Johannesburg, was the
depth to which mining could profitably be carried
on. The auriferous beds have been proved to
extend to a depth of 4,000 feet. Haulage is, of
course, according to the depth of the working, and
the temperature rises steadily as miners descend
from the surface. The best authorities are prac-
tically unanimous in the belief that the con-
glomerate beds of the Rand working—the Transvaal
mines—are almost of uniform value, extending to a
very great depth, and that the future value of these
Transvaal mines may be regarded as certain.
With the growth of the mines there would be a
growth of the population. Johannesburg, which
had no existence ten years ago, has probably a
population of 80,000 people, while the whole
mining population of the Rand cannot be much
172 Dr. Yameson's Raid.
under 120,000. With the present rate of develop-
ment of the mines, the population will go on
increasing, and Mr. Bryce thinks that, twenty years
from now, the population of Johannesburg will
probably reach from 300,000 to 400,000 people.
In many parts of Zambesia gold has been found
in the quartz reefs. -
In the mountains behind the town of Beira are
everywhere traces of ancient gold washings, which
Some refer to the time of Solomon, and which at
any rate are many centuries old. As the ancient
miners, with their imperfect mechanical appliances,
could not get deep enough to take away all the
gold, doubtless much gold exists there still.
The gold-fields in this district may yet prove to be
of great value. Railways are greatly needed in
Mashonaland and Matabeleland for the development
of the wealth of these countries. At present
it is very costly to transport mining batteries,
chemicals, and mining appliances, but railways
would develop the wealth of these regions. At
present a railway runs from Cape Town to Mafe-
king, but the Chartered Company of British Africa
purpose carrying the line as far as Buluwayo.
Another railway starts from Beira, and runs up to
Chimoia, and the Company purpose carrying it on
through Umtali and Fort Salisbury, through the
middle of the Mashonaland mining district. This
Future Aspects of South Africa. 173
will open up the district, not only for mining
machinery, but for all kinds of British goods.
Calculations made from authoritative sources
regarding the probable production of the Johannes-
burg mines during the next fifty years, set the
value at seven hundred millions of money for the
gold of the Rand alone. With regard to the future
history and development of South Africa, it ought
to be remembered that the Dutch population is
greater than the British, and that the black native
population far outnumber the whites. There are
probably three blacks to one white. Mr. Bryce
said: They would perhaps ask him whether they
were to suppose that the political troubles which
had lately arisen in the Transvaal would seriously
interfere with the prosperity of that part of the
country which had those great mines; because,
although the agricultural wealth of the country
was great, and although the stock-raising wealth
of the country was great, these were both
sources of wealth which would develop compara-
tively slowly, whereas population and wealth would
increase very rapidly if the mines fulfilled the
prospects hitherto held out. Therefore the future
of the mines, particularly of the Transvaal mining
district, is a matter of great importance in
considering the commercial future of the whole
country. Well, he believed that these troubles,
I 74 Dr. Yameson's Raid.
which had been so much heard of during the last
three weeks, would not permanently interfere with
mining property, and would not greatly impede the
development of mining industries. Property has
an extraordinary talent of taking care of itself, and
where money is to be had, there is the strongest
possible inducement to settle down and return
again to the making of money. The Dutch popu-
lation, the Boer Burghers, do not themselves mine.
They like to live in solitary state in the middle of
a farm of perhaps six miles in extent in each
direction, looking after cattle and sheep, and not
engaging in any way or any form of industry and
commerce. That is their ideal life, which they had
cultivated for the last two hundred years; but, at
the same time, the Boer Government had profited,
and the Transvaal had profited immensely by the
development of the mining industry. We may be
assured that the Government will only be too glad
to see the mining industry resumed, and we may
further take it for granted that the mining property
is perfectly Safe. Mr. Bryce does not think that
anything is likely seriously to endanger the peace
and prosperity of those countries, except the
intrusion of another European power. In spite of
recent troubles, which had caused much anxiety
and regret, we may on the whole reasonably hope
that the period of disturbance is at length drawing
Future Aspects of South Africa. 175
to a close, and that there will be no more native
wars. The recent unfortunate events have for a
Season interfered with the peaceful co-operation of
the Dutch and British, but there is no valid reason
why a conciliatory spirit should not be able to
establish a friendly relation between the two races,
and usher in a new period of peace and prosperity
throughout South Africa.
176
XXIV.
DR. JAMESON'S CAREER.
DR. LEANDER JAMESON, whose ill-starred raid
into the Transvaal is regarded as one of the most
daring and unfortunate military expeditions of
modern times, is an enterprising Scotchman, forty-
two years of age. He was born in Edinburgh in
1853, his father being a Writer to the Signet, and
his mother a daughter of Major-General John
Pringle. He received his early education in his
native town ; but on the family settling in London,
as they did a quarter of a century agO, young
Jameson was entered as a medical student of
University College, and pursued his studies in
medicine in that institution. Of medium height
and somewhat slight physique, he was yet accounted
a tolerable athlete. He was diligent in the pursuit
of his studies and soon distinguished himself as a
student. In College he won silver medals and a
scholarship in surgery, and when he graduated at
London University in 1875, he gained the gold
medal for medical jurisprudence. He was ap-
Dr. Jameson's Career. 177
pointed house surgeon of University College Hos-
pital, and his old colleagues prophesied for him a
bright future. Unfortunately his health broke
down, and to recruit his strength he made a sea
voyage across the Atlantic and took a tour in
America. Shortly after his return to London, in
1878, he set out for South Africa, and entered into
medical partnership with Mr. Prince, a doctor in
Rimberley. The practice prospered much, and
this was largely due to the fact that, in addition to
professional skill and a capacity for incessant
labour, the young doctor was possessed of a suavity
of manner and engaging Social gifts. Soon Mr.
Jameson was regarded as the leading physician of
the district, and among his early patients was Mr.
Cecil Rhodes, whom he restored to health by
skilful treatment. Mr. Rhodes was then a rising
millionaire, a king among Kimberley financiers,
and a member of the Legislative Assembly. He
was, moreover, even then accounted to be an acute
politician who took a wide sweep of the political
horizon, and the vastness of his schemes were
realised only by his intimate friends. Mr. Rhodes
struck up a close friendship with Dr. Jameson, and
unfolded to him his pet ideal of a colossal con-
federation of all the States of South Africa under
the British Dominion, and an extension of that
Dominion in the vast regions stretching away
N
178 AJr. Jameson's A&aid.
northward of the Transvaal. In 1888, a Royal
Charter was granted to the “British South Africa
Company,” for the settlement and colonisation of
Zambesia, and Mr. Rhodes was appointed Managing
Director of the Company. Forthwith he picked
out Dr. Jameson for a responsible office, appointing
him Mr. Rudd's companion in a mission to Loben-
gula, king of the Matabele people, requesting that
monarch to permit a pioneer force to march through
his territory into Mashonaland. Dr. Jameson at once
threw up a lucrative medical practice, staking his all
upon the accomplishment of his friend's political
dreams. He stayed at Buluwayo for three months,
treating Lobengula for the gout, and became a great
favourite with that unfortunate potentate. In many
military expeditions the doctor proved himself a good
organiser and leader of men. He became Adminis-
trator of Mashonaland in succession to Mr. Archi-
bald Colquhoun, and by a singular accident of
fortune, about this time, by exercising tact and
firmness he prevailed upon an armed party of
Boers—desirous of marching into Mashonaland
and settling there—to turn back into their own
country. When war arose with the Matabele,
Jameson organised and led the expedition that
broke for ever Lobengula's power. Doubts still
exist in some quarters as to the necessity of the
war; but nobody can doubt the promptitude,
AJr. jameson's Career. I 79
boldness and energy by which the campaign was
brought to a dramatic conclusion. His success
was further rewarded by the Queen conferring
upon him the distinction of C.B.; and on the
occasion of his visit to England a few years ago,
he was received with much enthusiasm. His last
public appearance in London, before returning to
the land of his adoption, was before a fashionable
audience on the platform of the Imperial Institute,
with the Prince of Wales in the chair, and Mr.
Rhodes by his side. Since the Matabele war,
Buluwayo has been the headquarters of his
administratorship, and there he organised and
drilled many of the troopers who took part in the
rash and unfortunate raid into the Transvaal.
The charge made at Bow Street Police Court,
on Tuesday, 24th February, against Dr. Jameson
and twelve brother officers, who served under him,
was as follows:—
“That they and certain other persons in the
month of December, 1895, in South Africa, within
Her Majesty’s dominions, and without the license
of Her Majesty, did unlawfully prepare and fit
out a military expedition to proceed against the
dominions of a certain friendly State—to wit, the
South African Republic.” -
As regards the coming trial the Times says:—
“It concerns our reputation for justice as a nation
N 2
I 8o AJr. }ameson's A&aid.
that Dr. Jameson should have a fair, full, and
impartial trial. Nobody familar with the tradi-
tions of our courts, and with the judicial instincts
which animate our juries in all save the rarest of
cases, can entertain much doubt that it will be
accorded to him, and that the facts and argu-
ments on both sides will be investigated and
weighed with the colourless impartiality which is
the pride of our tribunals. It is not enough,
however, that the trial should be absolutely just.
It must be demonstrably just as well. It must be
not only above suspicion, but above scandal of a
tolerably plausible kind. A malicious anxiety is
only too likely to be felt in certain quarters to
misrepresent its course should the issue turn out
to be adverse to the prosecution. It is our busi-
ness to see, be the result what it may, no
national cause can be found to impugn the justice
of the British Courts. The story of Dr. Jameson,
whatever may be the character of the chapter
which begins to-day, is full of interest ; but
romantic and pathetic though it is, its interest
pales before that of the greater piece in which it
forms but an episode.”
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{\
AINSWORTH, W. H.
The Tower of London.
Old St. Paul's.
Windsor Castle.
Miser's Daughter.
Star Chamber.
Rookwood.
St. James’.
Flitch of Bacon.
Guy Fawkes.
Lancashire Witches.
Crichton.
Jack Sheppare",
Spendthrift.
Boscobel.
Ovingdean Grange.
Mervyn Clitheroe.
Auriol.
Preston Fight.
Stanley Brereton.
Beau Nash.
A USTEM, Jame.
Pride and Prejudice.
Sense and Sensibility.
Mansfield Park.
Emma.
Northanger Abbey, and Per-
suasion.
COCK TON, Henry
#
Valentine Vox.
Sylvester Sound.
Stanley Thorn.
COOPER, Fenimore.
The Deerslayer.
The Pathfinder.
The Last of the Mohicans.
The Pioneers.
The Prairie.
The Red Rover.
The Pilot.
The Two Admirals.
The Waterwitch.
The Spy.
The Sea Lions.
Miles Wallingford.
Lionel Lincoln.
The Headsman.
Homeward Bound.
The Crater; or, Vulcan's Peak
Wing and Wing.
Jack Tier.
Satanstoe.
The Chainbearer.
The Red Skins.
The Heidenmauer.
Precaution.
The Monikins.
The Wept of Wish-ton-Wish
The Ways of the Hour.
Mercedes of Castile.
Afloat and Ashore.
Wyandotte.
Home as Found.
Oak Openings.
The Bravº.
FLORIN NOVELS, Cloth—continued.
DICKENS, Charles.
Sketches by “Boz.”
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Oliver Twist.
Barnaby Rudge.
Old Curiosity Shop.
D3 mbey and Son.
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Martin Chuzzlewit.
Pickwick Papers.
David Copperfield. (Copy-
right.)
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Twenty Years After.
Monte Cristo,
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The Queen’s Necklace.
The Conspirators.
The Regent's Daughter.
Memoirs of a Physician.
The Countess de Charny.
The Vicomte de Bragelonne,
Vol. I.
Vol. 2.
#7.AEA’AºA ER, Aftissſº
Marriage.
The inheritance.
Destiny.
FIELDING, Henry
Tom Jones.
Joseph Andrews.
Amelia.
GRANT, James.
The Romance of War.
The Aide de Camp.
The Scottish Cavalier.
Bothwell.
Philip Rollo.
Legends of the Black Watch.
Jane Seton.
The Yellow Frigate.
Mary of Lorraine.
AA LIBUR TOW, Justice.
The Clockmaker.
The Attaché.
The Letter Bag of the Great
Western.
RINGSLEY, Charles.
Alton Locke.
Yeast.
LA WREZVCE, George.
Guy Livingstone.
Sword and Gown.
Barren Honour.
A. VER, Charles.
Harry Lorrequer.
Charles O’Malley.
Jack Hinton.
Arthur O’Leary.
Con Cregan.
Horace Templeton.
I.O.VER, Samuel.
Handy Andy.
Rory O'More.
L VTTON, Lord.
Author's Copyright Bevised Editions
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Pelham.
Paul Clifford.
Eugene Aram.
Last Days of Pompeii.
Rienzi.
Ernest Maltravers.
Alice; or, The Mysteries.
ELORIN NOVELS, Cloth—continued.
LYTTON, Lord—continued.
Night and Morning.
Disowned.
Devereux.
Godolphin.
Last of the Barons.
Leila; Pilgrims of the Rhine.
Falkland; Zicci.
Zanoni.
The Caxtons.
Harold.
Lucretia.
The Coming Race.
A Strange Story.
Kenelm Chillingly.
Pausanias: and The Haunted
and the Haunters.
My Novel, Vol. I.
— Vol. 2.
What will He Do with It? Vol. I
- - Vol. 2.
The Parisians, Vol. 1.
* -º-º-º-º-º-º-º-º-º-º Vol. 2.
MARRYAT, Captain.
Frank Mildmay.
Midshipman Easy
Phantom Ship.
Peter Simple.
The King's Own.
Newton Forster.
Jacob Faithful.
The Pacha of Many Tales.
Japhet in Search of a Father.
Dog Fiend.
Poacher.
Percival Keene.
Monsieur Violet.
Rattlin, the Reefer.
Valerie.
Pirate; Three Cutters.
Poor Jack.
Masterman Ready.
Olla Podrida.
Settlers in Canada.
The Mission; or, Scenes in
Africa.
MARRYAT, Captain—continued.
The Privateersman.
Children of the Nev. F. jrest.
The Little Savage.
WEAZE, W. J. W.
The Pride of the Mess.
PORTER, Jame.
The Scottish chiefs.
The Pastor's Fireside.
RADCLIFFE, Mrs.
The Romance of the Forest
The Mysteries of Udolpho.
REID, Captain Mayne.
The Scalp Hunters.
The Rifle Rangers.
The War Trail.
The White Chief.
The Quadroon.
The White Gauntlet.
Lost Lenore.
The Hunter's Feast.
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The Ocean Waifs.
The Half Blood.
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The White Squaw.
The Headless Horseman
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The Maroon.
Wood Rangers.
The Desert Home.
The Bush Boys.
The Plant Hunters.
The Boy Hunters.
RICHARDSOAV, Samuel.
Clarissa Harlowe
Pamela.
Sir Charles Grandison
FLORIN NOVELS, cloth—continued.
SCCTT, Michael
Tom Cringle's Log.
The Cruise of the “Midge.”
SCOTT, Sir Walter.
With Steel Frontispiece to each Volume.
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The Abbot.
kenilworth.
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Peveril of the Peak.
Quentin Durward.
St. Ronan’s Well.
Redgauntlet.
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Widow.
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Woodstock.
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Anne of Geierstein.
Count Robert of Paris,
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SMOLLETT.
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Peregrine Pickle.
sve, Eugene.
Wandering Jew.
Mysteries of Paris.
THACKERA Y, W. M.
Vanity Fair.
Pendennis.
WARREN, Samuel.
Ten Thousand a Year.
The Diary of a late Physician.
YATES, Edmund.
Nobody's Fortune.
Black Sheep.
Kissing the Rod.
BY WARIOUS A UTHORS,
Gideon Giles the Roper.
THOMAS MILLER.
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Hon. C. A. MURRAY.
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Nick of the Woods.
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Jane Eyre, * {
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HENRY MAYHEW.
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Mrs. CROWE.
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ts Causes & Consequences
tº Rººs ºn " -



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Freckles, Tân, Sunburn, Redness and Roughness of
the skin, soothes and heals all Irritation, Chaps, Chilblains, Cutaneous Eruptions,
etc., and produces a beautiful and delicate complexion. Bottles, 2/3 and 4/6.
E SSE N G effectually dyes red or grey hair a permanent
OF TYR brown or black. 4/-
EU 0Ni A pure toilet powder in three tints, White, Rose, and Cream for
IAs ladies of a Brunette complexion and those who do not like white
powder. Boxes, 1/-, large boxes, 2/6. Ask Chemists for ROWLAND’S ARTICLES,
20, HATTON GARDEN, LoNDoN, and avoid spurious imitations.
BREAKFAST-SUFFER.
E. I P I Fº S ’s
GRATEFUL–COMFORTING
(?
BUY CONTAINS NO ALUM.
THE BEST THAT MONEY GAN

























hirteenth] Routledge's Railway Library Advertiser. . . [18846,
WE GATHER THE HONEY OF WISDOM FROM THORNS, NOT FROM FLOWERS.
- NOBILITY of LIFE.
ºf “Who best can suffer, best can do.”—MILTON.
* What alone enables us to draw a just moral from
* | *, * . . . . the tale of life? . . . . .
“Were T asked what best dignifies the present and
consecrates the past;"what -alone enables w8 to draw
º w a just moral from the Tale of Life ; what sheds the
w £3.9% ºy"?". . pwrest light,w}om our reason, , what gives the firmest
"a |W #" - . . . strength to own religion; what is best fitted to soften
|W ‘. . . . . ... the hearb, of man and elevate his sowl—I would
º . answer with Lasswes, it is “EXPERIENCE.’”
- ... ', " . . . . .. LoRD LYTTON.
... “QUEEN’s HEAD HOTEL, NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE.
* SIR,-Will you to-day allow me to present you with
this Testimonial and Poëm on ENO’S justly celebrated
‘FRUIT SALT 7 * "My occupation being a very sedentary
one, I came here to see what change of air wºuld do for
me, and at the wish of some personal friends, I have taken
your “FRUIT SALT,” and the good result therefrom is my
reason for addressing you.
... “I am, Sir, yours truly, “A LADY.
“The appetite it will enforce,
And help the system in its course; -
Perhaps you’ve ate or drank too much,
It will restore like magic touch.
Depression, with its fearful sway,
It drives electric-like away; -- - -
And if the Blood is found impure,
. . It will effect a perfect cure.
“Free from danger, free from harm,
. It acts like some magician’s charm;
At any time a dainty draught,
Which will dispel disease’s shaft;
More priceless than the richest göld,
That ever did its wealth unfold;
And all throughout our native land
Should always have it at command.”
rom the late Rev. J. W. NEIL, Holy
Trinity Church, North Shields :—
“DEAR SIR,-A8 an illustration of the beneficial effects
of your FRUIT SALT,” I have no hesitation in giving
you particulars of the case of one of my friends. . To such
an extent did the sluggish action of the liver and its con-
º comitant bilious headache affect him, that he was obliged
to live upon only a few articles of diet, and to be most
- - %"ſºft * Rºe - w rººt. 3 # * * : *-i- . -
Ş ſ/.3%iſ/ º ſ sparing in their use. This, while it probably alleyiated
r §§ § \ TZ *% flºº º his sufferings, did nothing in effecting a cure, although
§ §§ M"...a % %;º §§ § persevered in for some twenty-five years, and also con-
NSS §§ |A Sº %iºſ. #ºlº sulting very eminent, members, of the faculty. By the
use of your “FRUIT SALT,” he now enjoys vigorous
- * > .. - health; he has never had a headache nor constipation
since he commenced to use it, and can take his food in a hearty manner. There are others known to me to
whom your remedy has been so beneficial, that you may well extend its use pro bono publico. I find it makes a
very refreshing and exhilarating drink.—I remain, dear Sir, yours faithfully, J. W. NEIL-To J. C. E.No, Esq.”
MALL POX, SCARLET FEVER, PYAEMIA, ERYSIPELAS, MEASLES, GANGRENE,
and almost every mentionable Disease.—“I have been a nurse for upwards of
ten years, and in that time have nursed cases of scarlet fever, pygemia, erysipelas, measles,
gangrene, cancer, and almost every mentionable disease During the whole time I have not
been ill myself for a single day, and this I attribute in a great measure to the use of EN O'S
FRUIT SALT, which has kept my blood in a pure state. I recommended it to all my
patients during convalescence. Its value as a means of health cannot be overestimated.
“April 21st, 1894. “A PROFESSIONAL NURse.”
NO’S “FRUIT SALT * assists the functions of the LIVER, BQWELS, SKIN,
E §§ KIDNEYS by Natural Means ; thus the blood is freed from POISONOUS or
other HURTFUL MATTERS. THE RE IS NO DO UBT that, where it has been taken
in the earliest stage of a disease, it has in innumerable instances prevented a severe illness.
Without such a simple precaution the JEOPARDY OF LIFE. IS IMMEN SELY
INGREASED. It is impossible to overstate its great value.
CAUTION.—Ea'amime each. Bottle, and see the Capsule is marked ENO’s “FRUIT SALT.”
Without it, you have been imposed on by a worthless imitation. Sold by all Chemists.
Prepared only at ENO’s “FRUIT SALT.” WORKS, LONDON, S.E.
[By J. G. Eno's Patent.] -















Thirteenth] Routledge's Railway Library Advertiser. - [/S3t
ºf , ºf
- **- : * ~ *
EOR ALL
Biliſ)|IS & NBRVOIS DiSOrder
SICK HEADACHE, CONSTIPATION,
WEAKSTOMACH, IMPAIRED DIGESTION
D!SORDERED LIVER & FEMALE AILMENTS.
Annual Saſe, Six Million Boxes,
In Boxes, 9%d., 1s. 1 }d., and 2s. 9d. each, with full direction
BEECHAM'S T00TH PASTE
WILL RECOMMEND ITSELF.
It is Efficacious, Economical, Cleanses the Teeth, Perfumes
the Breath, and is a Reliable and Pleasant Dentifrice.
In Collapsible, Tubes, of all Druggists, or from the Proprietor
for ONE SHILLING, postage paid.
Prepared only by the Proprietor— -
THOMAS BEECHAM, ST. HELENS, LANCASHIRE,
Sold by all Druggists and Patent Medicine Dealers everywhere.
100,000, S. & B., Ltd., 13/3/95.



Thirteenth] Routledge's Railway Library Advertiser. [Issue.
Gold Medals, Paris, 1878 : 1889.
JOSEPH
of Highest Quality, and Having
Greatest Durability are Therefore
- CHEAPEST.
sº -
... * *
| slº * - 5
• */ - ** {
% º A*-
º * *
§§ Nº.
* † tº **
* *g, *
ſº
&
* -
&_ve tº gº
s & a’s ºvºs * * * * : * **. . . . . . * * : - . . . ºr issº
#º: :::::::::::::::::::::::::::
ARCER Tins 3,2633 is
* … gº I º
º - . . ; *. º Aº ºf A. º. ºº
*:: *. gº.º.º. º' As ºw ſº ; :
SOUTHAMPTON BUILDINGS, CHANCERY LANE, LONDON,
TWO-AND-A-HALF per CENT. INTEREST allowed on DE-
POSITS repayable on demand. * -
Two per CENT. INTEREST on CURRENT ACCOUNTS when
not drawn below £ IOO.
STOCKS, SHARES, and ANNUITIES purchased and sold.
SAVINGS DEPARTMENT.
|For the encouragement of Thrift the Bank receives Small sums on
deposit, and allows Interest Monthly on each completed £1.
BIRKBECK BUILDING SOCIETY.
How to Purchase a House for Two Guineas per Month.
BIRKBECK FREEHOLD LAND SOCIETY.
How to Purchase a Plot of Land for Five Shillings per Month.
THE BIRKBECK ALMANACK, with full particulars, post free.
FRANCIS RAVENSCROFT, MANAGER.
++










Thirteenth] Routledge’s Railway Library Advertiser. [Issue,
H y JDR. DUNE AIR'S
| RapāDUNBAiſsa s AI, KABAM,
hºw sº Aº Pº the original Anti-Catarrh
… . . . . . - Smelling Bottle is the only
Cure yet discovered for
C O L D S A N D S OR E
THROATS by Inhalation.
Shun inferior substitutes. Of
Chemists, 2s., or gº.
CURES CAT ARRH &; SORE THR0 ATS. gº NEWBERY'S, KING
#yaº stºr, London,
SULPHOLINE
*###|Näs, LOTION.
A SPOTLESS SKIN. -
A BEAUTIFUL complexION.
REMOVES ALL DISFIGUREMENTS.
º º ---, -ºs.ºrsº-ºººº… º.º.º. ººzºº-ººrºº º ". *t
tºº.” É::$º: ... * *** - ?. 2 ... ºr º: . . . . . . . " . . . .” * ~ * -
ºš:º: *::::: * > * > .:::::" ºr .......º.º.º. -- ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ſºlº tº .
§ ... *
º *T -
º: Kºº ; : zºº .*- : * * ~ * - - '',
º tº º żºłº Bº （; ; y Fº
… " N § * ... ::: - .*.*.
º: º, § §s. §º Fº .
. …" ºn ºxº -ºr ºf " . º
ºfºº º ºſ" ºf , - - .."
º § 5. º †: - ºl
§ tº ºzº, 2 ºf * , ºº :
º s.
rt ‘. .
|
Is invaluable for Protecting the Skin and Preserving the
Complexion from Winds, Redness, Roughness,
: Chaps, etc.
: 6D. &
º USED IN THE ROYAL NURSERIES.
§§ ºf . ,-ºº-ºº! …g. º. ºf
º-ºr-
OF ALL CHEMIST.S. .
ſº *** *-ºſ tºº. . . .” -& 23
S.
º
º
tº cº-sºº.: ºº ºf ºr -ººrºººººººº-º-º-º: Fºº, -ºº-º-º: ****3°º
º-ºº: Fº: ..º.º.º.º. ºr. º.º.º.º.º. r. º º
Hº:::::: fºr-3-3.:*::::::::::::::sºlº - - - - º
specially EURIFIED FOR THE SKIN.T
= This sweetly scented Emollient Milk is superior to every other
w - preparation for rendering the Skin
#! soft, SMooTH, AND WHITE.
Ésº It entirely removes and prevents all
Eff Rough NESs, REDNESS, SUNBURN, CHAPs,
** And all other blemishes of the Skin caused by
# summer's HEAT or WINTER'S COLD.
# It keeps the Skin Cool and Refreshed on the Hottest Day in
#=; Summer, and Soft and Smooth in the Coldest Winter.
Bottles, 1], 2/6. Of all Chemists and Perfumers. Free for 3d. extra by the Makers
& Mr. BEETHAINT & SCII, CHEMISTS, CHELTENHANI.





























Thirteenth] Routledge's Railway Library Advertiser. [185ue.
ATIN POLISH,
For Ladies' and Children's Boots and Shoes, Travelling Bags,
Trunks, Harness, etc.
| º IT IS NOT A SPIRIT VARNISH, AND WILL NOT INJURE
º THE LEATHER.
º | | HIGHEST AWARD WHEREW ER EXHIBITED.
T Latest, Paris Exhibition, 1889.
ºf
ºil, SAIN BROWN HEAM.
Light, Medium, and Dark.
º For Brown and Russian Leather Boots and Shoes, etc.
-- ~~~~~~~~~
ſºrº sunnºyiſiºns
For improving all kinds of Patent Leather and
Glacé Kid.
ſ
|
For Brown and Russia Leather Boots and Shoes.
Invaluable for Travelling Bags, Harness, etc.
§ SATIN BROWN POLISH,
* CA UTIOAV. —see the AWame * SATAW " on all the above.
Alſº Wi- a
| nº
#1) BRONZE *
Gives to old Boots and Shoes, Ornaments, É3:
etc., the appearance of new.
@ 7, N. :)
AHMW & NAVY ſº
& º º
Gives a Brilliant Jet Black Polish | j9).
quickly. º N
None GENUINE without our Signature—
B. F. BROWN & Co.
T
|| || |
SOLD E VIEEYWHERE. lº º
100,000, S. & B., Ltd., 25/3/95,
|| ||
#
- **-*.*-*-**-* *-*-*-* ~ * ~ **-*-e



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9%
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§ N - *
WON'T WASH Clſ;H.S, BROOKE'S WON'T WASH CLOTHES,
SR on fictſ Šta no Socip
FOR SGRUBBING KITCHEN TABLES AND FLOORS,
The World’s most marvellous Cleanser and Polisher. Makes Tin like
Silver, Copper like Gold, Paint like New, Brass Ware like Mirrors,
Spotless Earthenware, Crockery like Marble, Marble White.
EDMUND EVANS, ENGRAVER AND PRINTER, RACQUET courT, FLEET Street, LONDON, E.C.

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