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UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN.
POLITICAL SCIENCE ASSOCIATION
1885–1886_
Studies on the History of ſndustrial Society Prepared in the
Seminary of Political Economy.
BASTIAT says:
“In proportion to the increase of capi-
tal, the absolute share of the total product
falling to the capitalist is augmented, but
his relative share is diminished; while, on
the contrary, the share of the laborer is
increased, both absolutely and relatively.”
RODBERTUS SayS:
“Present social arrangements for the
production and distribution of wealth result
in giving to the workers, in the Shape of
wages, a smaller and Smaller proportional
Shaº'e of the wealth created by improved
methods of production.”
Only by a thorough study of industrial development can one decide between these two
interpretations of modern history.
I.--DEVELOPMENT OF CLASSES.
Classes in early England were the result of gradual development. Subsequent to the
Norman Conquest, society was formed on the model of the Feudal System and
embraced freemen; sockmen; villains; serfs. The causes contributing to the Over-
throw of feudal dependence and to the establishment of free labor are: Crusades;
foreign wars; the Plague; wars of the barons; growth of the guilds.
The Poor Laws of England exerted important social influences. They originated in the
time of Edward III.; but were more clearly formulated under Henry VIII. The
purpose of the Elizabethan Poor Law was to suppress vagabondage and to provide
relief for the indigent poor. These laws threw continually increasing burdens on
the industrial classes; they increased the number and the dependence of the labor
ing classes; the evils resulting from them were so great that the reform of 1834
became necessary.
The Capitalist class is of long standing in English society. Its rapid development Subse-
quent to the sixteenth century is due to the discovery of rich mines of gold and
silver; to the increase of commerce; to the Reformation, which freed church-
lands from the control of religious corporations and radically changed the customs
and thoughts of the people; and to the invention of labor saving machinery.
Society of the present is marked by greater individual freedom than that of the Middle
Ages. Political dependence has given way to industrial dependence. This change
corresponds to the growth of industrial competition. • *
To be read April 14, by Herbert E. Boyntom, '86.
II.—DEVELOPMENT OF COMMERCE.
A. —OCEAN TRANSPORTATION.
The Hanseatic League, which controlled early commerce, was formed in 1241. By the 14th
century it had attained great political power. This system of commerce illustrated
by trade at London; at Bruges; at Novgorod; at Bergen. It is the earliest application
of the principles of ſree trade. Its power was first checked by Richard II. in 1382;
further curtailed under Elizabeth; the League was finally dissolved in 1630.
With the 16th century the character of English commerce changed. Importance of the
compass. The opening of American trade exerted a political, a commercial, and an
industrial influence. The new route to China also extended the English market.
The legislation of this period conforms to the Mercantile theory of Urade which esti-
mated too highly the importance of money. Under its influence monopolies grew
up, as the East India Company chartered in 1600. I'ron the Mercantile theory
sprang the restrictive colonial policy; exemplified in the Navigation Acts of 1651,
1660, 1663, and 1672. This theory opposed by Dean Tucker, by Adam Smith.
Growth of English commerce in the 19th century has been very marked, as also its social
and industrial effects. -
To be read April 21, by Josiah McRoberts, '86.
IB —IN LAND TRANSPORTATION.
The development of inland commerce conforms to that of industrial society. Roads in
England were first regarded as part of the feudal domain; were next brought under
the control of the parishes; Were systematized by national legislation in the latter
part of the 17th century; were developed to their present condition in the latter part
of the 18th century.
Canals suggested by the Duke of Bridgewater about 1750. Their construction met with
great popular opposition. Manchester canal completed in 1760; from which time
development was rapid; but Subsequent to 1830 the importance of canals has declined
On account Of the introduction Of railroadS.
Railroads were suggested by the old tramroads. Steam locomotion developed by many
experiments subsequent to 1802. Liverpool and Manchester railroad opened in 1829.
The era of railroads lastened by the arrogance and exorbitant charges of canal
proprietors. Sketch of their subsequent extension.
The extension of inland transportation is all essential factor in advancing civilization. Time
and cost of transportation is decreased; Security and certainty of travel is increased;
industries and population are concentrated; a World’s market is rendered possible;
prices are rendered permanent and uniform; customs are changed and political
organization is modified.
To be rectal April 21, by F. A. Clary, 'S6.
III.—GTJILDS AND TRADES UNIONS.
The Craft Guilds were organized by the handicraftsmen to resist the tyranny of the Mer-
chant Guilds. Their purpose was partly political, but chiefly industrial; acquired
complete control over the “arts and mysteries” of industry; most powerful in the
12th and 13th centuries; became exclusive in the 14th century; exist to-day only 3S
Trust-Fund Societies. i -
In the 16th century the control of industries had passed from local bodies to the central
government. Most important legislation was the Elizabethan labor code; its pur-
pose was to make all needful provisions for trade; it regulated wages, hours of labor,
and apprentice relations. It was altered by Subsequent Acts of Parliament.
With the change in industrial methods in the 18th century arose an agitation for the
repeal of the Elizabethan Act. This was urged by the manufacturers; but opposed
by journeymen and by masters in Some industries. Their arguments were both
moral and economical; Act was repealed in 1814.
Combination among wage earners an ancient practice; became frequent in 18th century.
Severe laws against combination led to Secret organizations; laws repealed in 1824;
new law passed in 1825; legalization of Trades Unions in 1871.
Trades Unions combine the characteristics of “benefit ’’ and “trade ’’ socicties; the lat-
ter element in reality, though not in appearance, the most important. Unions and
Guilds similar in that both were results of an effort by the oppressed to secure
their rights: different in composition and particular aims. What relation do Trades
|Unions sustain to the labor problem?
To be read April 28, by Fred. C. Hicks, ’86.
IV.—RISF O F GREAT INDUSTRIES.
Hand system of industry, which prevailed from 1400 to 1700, sprang from the guilds; codified
and made general by the Statute of Elizabeth. Was characterized by limited circle of
exchanges; by production to satisfy actual and known wants; by union of capitalist
merchant and laborer; by labor protected from the evil effects of competition.
Change to the house system was gradually introduced between 1700 and 1770. This was
caused by extension of the markets; by production for speculative purposes. The
merchant was separated from the manufacturing Class; the capitalist from the la-
boring class. Laborers lost control of raw material; and of markets. Connection of
this system with agriculture. Gradual decline of apprenticeship.
The factory system was introduced by the invention of machinery. Inventions from 1760
to 1785. Production becomes almost wholly speculative, chief purpose to control
foreign markets. The factory system introduced an éra of unrestrained COmpeti-
tion. Effect on the capitalist class; the laborer loses control of skill; of tools; of shop;
of land; his family life is endangered; but he gains increased Social and political
importance.
The economic effects of the factory system were to increase production; to multiply
industries; to extend division of labor; and to greatly reduce cost in production.
The social effects were to concentrate capital; to increase the number of employed
persons both absolutely and relatively to population; to degrade the quality of
labor; to bring women and children into competition with men. Its moral effects
are observed in family life; in the condition of Women and children; in its influence
upon health and intelligence; in the prevalence of crime. These effects were in part
limited by external causes; by labor organizations; by government interference.
Advent of great industries accompanied by industrial conflict; shown by division of cap-
ital and labor; by the demands of laborers. It is the historical basis of socialism;
Socialist Manifesto Of 1848. -
To be read May 5, by Jolim, Dewey, Ph. D.
V.—WA GES AND PRICES.
Industrial and political society in the Middle Ages was based entirely on tenure in
land. Influence of this upon labor; upon the character Of industries. Period from
1400 to 1540 called “the golden age of labor;” shown by comparison of wages; of
general prices; and by considering the dietary of laborers’ families. Subsequent
decline of the condition of the laborer due to debasement of the coinage; to regu-
lation of wages by government; to administration of poor laws; to destruction of
the guilds.
There is an observed relation between rate of Wages and population. Causes of slow in-
crease in population before the 19th century; rapid subsequent increase. Under cer-
tain conditions Wages may influence population; development of industry the most
important factor; there is a moral limit to population; also a plıysical limit. Law
of Malthus applies only where free competition is active.
The condition of laborers has improved with recent industrial development; but this
improvement is not proportionally as rapid as that of other classes. Shown by
comparing wages and prices at different epochs for the agriculturist; the trades-
man; the factory hand. Effect of machinery on real wages; on the shifting of occu-
pations in the 18th and 19th centuries as shown by relative numbers in agriculture,
in trade, in manufactures; on the shifting of incomes as shown by percentage of
total product given to various classes. Present condition of the laborer; some sug-
gestions for a solution of the labor problem.
To be read May 12, by D. J. Haff, B. A.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
GENERAL REFERENCE Books—Hansard's Debates; Statutes at Large; Annual
Register; Journal of the London Statistical Society: Rogers’ History of Prices; Tooke's
History of Prices.
Anderson.
Macpherson.
Hall.
DOWell.
Francis.
Williams.
Smiles.
Smiles.
Davidson.
De Foville.
Herbert.
Madox.
Clode.
Atkins.
Williams.
Heath.
Jupp.
Rogers.
. Nicholl.
Kirkpatrick.
BIeld.
Lambarde.
Laing.
Wade.
Cherouny.
Tuckett.
Langford.
Dodd,
Ure.
Gaskell.
Alfred.
Baines.
Babbage.
Head.
White.
Cartwright.
Owen.
Papers
... COMMERCE.
History of British Commerce.
Annals Of Commerce.
Customs-Revenue of England.
History of Taxation in England.
History of the English Railway.
Our Iron Roads.
J.ives of Boulton and Watt.
Lives of the Engineers.
The Railways of India.
La Transformation des Moyens de Transport.
GTJILDS.
History of the I.ivery Companies.
Parliamentary Report of the London Livery Companies’ Commission.
History of the Exchequer. g
Memorials of the Merchant Tailors' Company.
Some Account of the Worshipful Company of Clock-makers.
Annals of the Founders’ Company.
Some Account of the Worshipful Company of Grocers.
History of the Worshipful Company of Carpenters. -
Historical Account of the Register of Cupar Abbey.
History of the Iron-mongers’ Company.
Religious Orders, etc., in Norwich.
INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT.
Zwei Bücher zur Socialen Geschichte Englands.
Perambulation of Kent.
'Observations on Europe.
History of the Middle and Working Classes.
Historical Development of the Labor Question.
History of the Laboring Classes.
Century of Birmingham Life.
Days at the Factories.
Philosophy of Manufactures.
The Manufacturing Population of England.
History of the Factory Movement.
History of the Cotton Manufacture.
Economy of Manufactures, .
A Home Tour Through-Manufacturing Districts.
Memoir of Slater and History of Manufactures.
Life and Correspondence of Major Cartwright.
Memoir Of M. T. Sadler.
Life of Robert Owen.
were read in the Seminary by Hannah Sewall, B.A., on Prices in Rela-
tion to Family Life; by Clyde Smith, '86, on Influence of the Gold Discoveries; and by
Henry Swift on Development of Rent.
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