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British Expedition to Manila
and Freemasonry

HS
655
·A5
P44
1762-1764
BY
EUGENE ARTHUR PERKINS
Past Master, Southern Cross Lodge No. 6, F. & A. M.
Grand Orator of the Most Worshipful Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted
Masons of the Philippine Islands
NEW YORK-1926
36

18 17
ARTES
LIBRARY
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
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SCIENTIA
CIRCUMSPICE
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THE BRITISH EXPEDITION TO MANILA
AND FREEMASONRY
1762-1764
By
EUGENE ARTHUR PERKINS,
Past Master, Southern Cross Lodge No. 6, F. & A. M.,
Grand Orator of the Most Worshipful Grand Lodge of
Free and Accepted Masons of the Philippine Islands
“I am but a gatherer and disposer of other men's
stuff."-Sir Henry Wotton.
New York-1926
HS
655
,A5
P44
CONTENTS
Letter of Transmittal
I. By Way of Introduction
II. The Grand Lodges of Masonry
III. The Expedition to Manila
IV. Early Masonry in Madras
V. Regimental Histories
VI. Concluding Notes
Reference List
VII.
VIII. Index
Page
5
8
16
20
30
36
48
58
64
5
Letter of Transmittal
New York, November 29, 1926.
Most Wor. Francisco A. Delgado
Grand Master of Masons
of the Philippine Islands
Dear Sir and Most Wor. Bro.:
My absence from the Philippines and from
Grand Lodge during practically the entire period
of your able administration will be to me a last-
ing regret. Circumstances alone have made it so.
Meditating upon the duties of Grand Orator of
the most Worshipful Grand Lodge, an office which
you had so generously but unworthily bestowed
upon me, it seemed that my absence ought not to
be an excuse for the non-performance of that es-
sential act expected of the Grand Orator at the
annual communications, namely the presentation
of a paper on some instructive or interesting ma-
sonic subject.
Situated as I am, and have been-on the oppo-
site side of the globe-I have endeavored with the
means at hand to prepare something from which
extracts may be read for me in lieu of my personal
presence at the forthcoming annual communica-
tion. Conceding that it differs materially from
the ordinary "oration," yet I trust that it may be
acceptable to you and to my Brethren of the Craft
as a substitute therefor.
The material was gathered by me personally in
London, New York and Washington between July
of this year and the present writing. It has taken
6
two months to compile. It comes from five prin-
cipal sources, to wit:
(1) The records at Freemason's Hall, Great
Queen Street, London, the home of the Mother
Grand Lodge of the World;
(2) The Library of the British Museum, Lon-
don;
(3) The Library of the Supreme Council of the
33°, Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rites, House
of the Temple, Washington;
(4) The Congressional Library, Washington;
(5) The New York Public Library, New York.
Each proved a fruitful source of information
and I have drawn alike from all of them for my
theme. In fact, my memoranda already fill four
note-books, and there is still more for me to do.
Besides I have had several interesting documents
copied in full for me by others. A reference list
of the principal authorities consulted is also at-
tached.
The subject primarily treated is that of the
British occupation of Manila from September 24,
1762, to June 11, 1764, together with antecedent
facts bearing upon the expedition-with relation
to the generally accepted legend that the British
Army of occupation first established masonry in
the Philippine Islands. I have also delved into
all other reputed instances of early masons and
masonry in the Philippine Islands, but the results
will have to await another occasion.
I do not pretend that the accompanying paper
7
is either exhaustive or persuasive. I do not even
ask you and my Brethren to accept my conclu-
sions unless the dictates of your own good judg-
ment may permit you to do so. I do ask you, how-
ever, to believe that I have sincerely and truly en-
deavored to add a little more light to that inter-
esting but obscure subject, namely, the origin of
regular masonry in the Philippine Islands—and
perhaps thus make it a little easier for those who
follow, to develop further the chain of events
where I am compelled to leave off.
It is with a feeling of great personal regret
that I am obliged to inform you that I do not ex-
pect to arrive in Manila by the date of the next
annual communication (although soon thereafter
I hope to be with you again), hence, as proof that
tho absent in person I will be with you in spirit,
I am sending this along that you may deal with it
as you see fit.
Please accept my most respectful fraternal
greetings, and permit me, through you, to extend
the same to my brother officers and members of
the Grand Lodge.
Very sincerely and fraternally,
E. A. PERKINS
Grand Orator
8
THE BRITISH EXPEDITION TO MANILA
AND FREEMASONRY
1762-1764
By
EUGENE ARTHUR PERKINS,
Past Master, Southern Cross Lodge No. 6, F. & A. M.,
Grand Orator of the Most Worshipful Grand Lodge of
Free and Accepted Masons of the Philippine Islands
"History, in every age, is only popular
among a few thoughtful men. It was scarcely
known or understood in the early ages of the
world, but the place of History was every-
where supplied by Myths and Legends.”
DE GROOT.
I
BY WAY OF INTRODUCTION
2
Masonry in the Philippine Islands is, at least
by popularly accepted tradition, supposed to date
from the British occupation of Manila in 1762 (1),
which period coincides with the close of the so-
called Seven Years War-a war carried on from
1756 to 1763, and in which practically all of
Europe was involved. Frederick, the Great, in
(1) As a matter of fact this is not strictly true. I have
definitely traced instances of European masons in the
Philippine Islands at an earlier date; one in particular on
January 10, 1752. The present article, however, is limited
to the British occupation of Manila between 1762 and 1764,
and facts properly antecedent thereto.-E. A. P.
9
alliance with England, was fighting against France
(who had lost her possessions in India), Austria,
Russia, Sweden, Saxony, and most of the smaller
German States (2). Towards the end of the pe-
riod Spain became an ally of France and upon the
refusal of Portugal to join with them against the
British, both declared war upon her.
Our most eminent Filipino Masonic scholar,
Bro. Teodoro M. Kalaw, in his splendid compila-
tion of Masonic records and achievements, en-
titled La Masonería Filipina, speaking in his in-
troductory chapter of the origin of Philippine
freemasonry says:
* * *
It is not possible to say definitely who
was the first mason to place foot on Philip-
pine soil
It is said that when the
English took Manila about the years 1762-
1764, some of them founded a lodge here,
but its existence was as uncertain as its
duration, and of it scarcely a remembrance
or evidence remains (3),
Again on the occasion of a Scottish Rite
luncheon held in the Masonic Temple, Manila,
about 1924, the speaker of the day was a visiting
brother from Honolulu (4) who had sometime pre-
(2) Robert Freke Gould, Military Lodges, London (1899),
p. 129; see also any good history. For two contemporane-
ous accounts in the British Museum, see A Complete His-
tory of the Late War, pub. 1764 (Library pressmark
807d36); The Beginning, Progress and Conclusion of the
Late War, pub. 1770 (pressmark T917(5) ).
* * *
(3) No es posible decir definitivamente quién fué el
primer masón que pisó tierra filipina.
Se dice
que cuando los ingleses tomaron Manila hacia los años 1762-
1764, algunos fundaron logia aquí, pero aquello fué tan
efímero como su estancia, y de ello apenas queda recuerdo
ó testimonio. Teodoro M. Kalaw, La Masonería Filipina,
Manila (1920), p. 3.
(4) Karl C. Leebrick.
10
viously returned from a trip to Spain where he
had been engaged in research work in the old
Archives of the Indies in writing a thesis having
to do with the history of Manila contemporaneous
with the British occupation (5). That brother in
his talk informed us that he had seen and taken
notes from records in the Archives at Sevilla of
considerable correspondence, as I now recall,
originated by the Archbishop of Manila and hav-
ing to do with a meeting or series of Masonic
meetings or lodges held by the British in the Ca-
thedral of Intramuros, thereby so profaning the
edifice as to render it possibly unfit for further
ecclesiastical use (6).
(5) The English Expedition to Manila in 1762 and the
Government of the Philippine Islands by the East India
Company, a manuscript thesis by K. C. Leebrick, which
is on file in the University of California Library, Berkeley,
California. The author refers to it himself in an article
entitled Troubles of an English Governor, read before the
Pan-Pacific Historical Congress at San Francisco in 1915.
The latter article is published in The Pacific Ocean in His-
tory, Macmillan, New York (1917), p. 192.
(6) In response to the request of Bro. Frederick H.
Stevens, one of our Past Grand Masters, and Deputy of the
Supreme Council of the Scottish Rite, who presided at the
luncheon in question, the brother promised to forward
copies of his notes upon his return home. Bro. Stevens
never received the notes. I wrote to Bro. Leebrick from
Washington on October 17, 1926, requesting the use of his
notes, and received a reply from him at Chicago under
date of November 1, 1926, in which he says:
"Your letter of October 17th went to California and fol-
lowed me East. I was in Washington the day you started
your letter West.
Once again I must disappoint you for the following
reasons:
I am away from my notes and books and will not be
back before about December first, to Berkeley.
For the first time since the death of * * * in 1918
I have had my Spanish notes and documents in my pos-
session. They were in his rooms and court action has tied
them up until this summer. I went through my things and
boxed them up to be sent to Honolulu so they are not avail-
able to me until I return there about February first.
11
Another distinguished Masonic writer in allud-
ing to the establishment in 1856 of Primera Luz
Filipina as the first organized lodge in the Philip-
pines, disposes of the English tradition in this
language:
This [Primera Luz Filipina] was there-
fore the pioneer Masonic body in the Phil-
ippine Islands, unless there is truth in the
legend that the British army of occupation
of 1762 had a regimental lodge (7).
Such in brief are the only direct allusions to the
origin of Philippine Masonry in its relation to the
British occupation of Manila in 1762.
The task confronting one in attempting to delve
into past records in search of further light is
simply stupendous. The paucity of definite re-
liable information is simply appalling. Practi-
cally no records exist of any particular value. It
is only by piecing together stray bits of informa-
I have never forgotten our very interesting lunch in
Manila and have been very impatient to keep my promise
to you men to get the documents to you but have not been
able to get through the legal entanglements until a little
over a month ago and then there was no time to do the
work before starting East on this trip.
So I am afraid that. this part of the history will have
to wait until later.
The fact of the use of the cathedral for a lodge meet-
ing (and I think initiation) is substantiated by documents,
also the Spaniards considered this a desecration of the
cathedral. The lodge was a regimental lodge among troops
who came from Madras with Draper and Cornish in 1762.
I am sorry I do not remember accurately about Brigadier-
General Matthew Horne I have the same opinion as yours
but no memory of proof.
May your report go well. I regret that I am unable
to help you with this part. You may rest assured that
as soon as possible I will get all the information I have
to you for your use."
(7) H. Lawrence Noble, Why I Am a Scottish Rite
Mason, a Handbook on Scottish Rite Masonry in the Philip-
pine Islands, Manila (1924), p. 36.
12
tion gleaned here and there, often by accident,
that one is able to paint the picture at all. Fre-
quently false trails lead to nowhere, or necessitate
reference to books not available, or else result in
unearthing facts, interesting in themselves, but of
no practical utility in the present inquiry. For
instance, a search through the index of the New
York Public Library disclosed an English work on
the genealogy of the Horne family (8), the rele-
vancy of which name will be apparent hereafter.
Yet from cover to cover there is no mention of the
particular Horne who is to figure in our story.
Again the title "The Story of the Manila Ransom
1762'' (9) was calculated to attract attention. Yet
a reading of the article disclosed a masterful ex-
position of the principles of international law
from the time of Grotius, from which the writer
deduced, to his own satisfaction at least, that the
right of Britain to the unpaid money promised by
Spain for the ransom of Manila had not pre-
scribed; that America by acquiring title to the
Philippine Islands had become by some process
of novation responsible for the debt; and that
interest has been accruing on the capital amount
all these past 164 years. The title La Masoniza-
ción de Filipinas (10) looked promising. However,
-
(8) Horne Family Genealogy, My Ancestors, by Norman
Penny, London (1920). (N. Y. Pub. Libr., classmark
ARZ.)
(9) N. W. Sibley, The Story of the Manilla Ransom
1762, and Britain's Debt to the United States, Journal of
Comparative Legislation and International Law, London
(1925), series 3, vol. 7, pp. 17-32. (N. Y. Pub. Libr., class-
mark SEA.)
(10) M. Garcia-Barzanallana, La Masonización de
Filipinas-Rizal y su Obra, Barcelona: Librería y Tipo-
grafía Católica (1897). (Congressional Libr., classmark
DS678-M3; N. Y. Pub. Libr., classmark BFFp.v.2-No. 2.)
13
it is devoted largely to Rizal's retraction, said to
have been signed a few hours before his martyr-
dom. Still again I was intrigued by the coinci-
dence of names in the following passage from the
Rev. Bro. Firminger's work on Indian Masonry:
At a Communication of Grand Lodge,
held on April 10, 1755, "James Dawson,
late Provincial Grand Master for East
India," was present, and at the same Com-
munication, the Grand
Grand Master "was
pleased to appoint (among others) the
Honorable Roger Drake, Esq., Provincial
Grand Master at Bengal for East India"
(11)
-
Now a Mr. Dawson Drake or Dawsonne Drake
was the governor of Manila appointed by the East
India Company in 1762. In my fancy I had pic-
tured Roger Drake as the father of Dawsonne
Drake, naming his son, for some sufficient reason,
after James Dawson, Provincial Grand Master for
East India. I spent considerable time in the ef-
fort to establish some relationship but without ef-
fect, and finally decided that it was merely an-
other of those vanishing trails.
M
And so it went.
geting
In the beginning whole days were spent in al-
most fruitless search for something deserving of
a place in the ubiquitous notebook. And this is
scarcely to be wondered at when recognized au-
thorities writing both from the standpoint of gen-
eral history as well as from the Masonic side have
met with little better success.
(11) Walter Kelly Firminger, The Early History of
Freemasonry in Bengal and the Punjab, Calcutta (1906),
p. 2.
(Libr. of the Sup. Council A. & A. S. R. Washing-
ton-class No. M17-954.)
14
Le Roy, a painstaking student of Philippine
history consumed two respectable volumes in writ-
ing of the Islands, yet he dismisses the British
occupation of Manila with these words:
To untangle the various conflicting ac-
counts of the capture and occupation of
Manila by the English, especially those of
religious writers, will be the work of the
future historian of the Philippines (12).
Malden, the leading British Masonic writer on
Masonry in Madras, from whence the troops
came who invested Manila, says:
The earliest period of Freemasonry on
the Coromandel Coast (13) may be aptly de-
scribed as the Prehistoric Period. Of the
five lodges warranted by the regular Grand
Lodge of England (14) not a vestige remains.
Not only are there no records in existence
in India, but no returns are to be found in
the archives of Grand Lodge. We have,
however, a few references to them, or some
of them, in other places, from which the
history can be inferred. But it must be re-
membered that the Madras Presidency was
at this time the scene of wars and all kinds
of interruptions to Masonry. And it is a
matter of wonder that the craft should have
existed at all amid such unfavorable sur-
roundings (15).
Passing from the question of paucity of records
to the fact of the uncertainty or rather unrelia-
(12) James A. Le Roy, The Americans in the Philippines,
Houghton, Mifflin, Boston (1914), vol. 1, p. 19, note 1.
(13) Madras Presidency.
(14) Between 1752 and 1768.
(15) Rev. C. H. Malden, A History of Freemasonry
(Under the English Constitution) on the Coast of Coro-
mandel, Addison & Co., Madras (1895), p. 1.
15
bility of existing data, Gould takes as his author-
ity Lane (16) for saying:
No less than 40 "Regimental," "Mili-
tary," or "Army" Lodges, and several
others bearing the titles of "Royal Navy"
or "Marine" are shown by Mr. John Lane,
in his valuable work, to have been war-
ranted by the English provincial authorities
abroad, which were never registered in the
books of any Grand Lodge (17).
Other authors approach their subject in a sim-
ilar vein (18). Is it then to be wondered at that
any attempt to write the story in this present
XXth Century should be fraught with dangers
and pitfalls for the unwary-danger, in drawing
erroneous conclusions; pitfalls of untrustworthy
records. Will the reader, therefore, please proceed
with that truly Masonic virtue-Charity—ever
foremost in his mind, remembering that I have
approached my self-appointed task with no
thought of preparing a public discussion. It was
of little consequence to me what the findings might
reveal as I had no theory to prove or even the
tradition to maintain. I was merely seeking light.
(16) John Lane, Masonic Records 1717-1894, 2d edn.
(17) Gould, Military Lodges, p. 54.
(18) See appended list of principal authorities consulted
by the writer, p. 58, post. Most of them also appear from
time to time in these footnotes.
16
II
THE GRAND LODGES OF MASONRY
Where deduction is necessary one must begin
at the beginning, and after first considering the
whole, endeavor by a process of elimination to re-
duce the resulting factor to a point where a deduc-
tion results in something reasonably definite. As
we have no assurance whether the reputed lodge
which visited Manila was civil, military or naval,
nor to which obedience it pertained we must per-
force glance at all of the contemporaneous grand
institutions of British masonry.
First of all, of course, comes the Grand Lodge
of England-1717-the Mother Grand Lodge of
the world. Curiously enough, when the great
schism was created in English masonry the Junior
body called themselves the "Ancients" and
dubbed the members of this, the parent grand
lodge, the "Moderns."
The rest follow in point of time.
The Grand Lodge of York was established in
1725 and underwent a reconstruction in 1761. It
expired about 1792. Gould is authority for the
statement that it issued a solitary military war-
rant to the 6th or Inniskilling Regiment of Dra-
goons in 1770 (1).
Irish Masonry assumed an organized form at
almost the same time. A Grand Lodge of which
the Earl of Rosse was Grand Master, existed at
Dublin in 1725. This was followed in 1726 by the
Grand Lodge of Munster, Colonel the Hon. James
(1) Gould, Military Lodges, p. 31.
17
O'Brien, Grand Master; and in 1729-30 by the
Grand Lodge of Ireland-which still exists-un-
der James, Viscount Kingston, G. M., who had
previously been Grand Master of England in
1728, and Provincial Grand Master of Munster
in 1729 (2).
The Grand Lodge of Scotland was founded in
1736 (3).
The so-called "Scottish Masonry" of the Conti-
nent, which was unknown before 1737, appeared
shortly afterwards and had a great vogue in
1743 (4).
In 1743 the Lodge of Kilwinning, then owing
obedience to the Grand Lodge of Scotland, re-
sumed its independence, which in the matter of
granting charters it had in reality never re-
nounced, and thereafter for about seventy years
continued to exist as an independent Grand Body,
dividing with that of Edinburgh the honor of
forming branches in Scotland as well as in the
British possessions overseas. Ultimately, of
course, a reconciliation was effected, and "Mother
Kilwinning" was placed at the head of the roll
of the Grand Lodge of Scotland without a num-
ber, in 1808 (5).
The "Grand Lodge of England, according to
the Old Institutions," was established in 1751, in
(2) Gould, op. cit. p. 31. Vide Ahiman Rezon first pub-
lished in 1756; Notes on Irish Freemasonry, by W. J. Chet-
wode Crawley (the Gould of Irish Freemasonry), reprinted
from Ars Quatuor Coronatum; Caementaria Hibernica, by
the same author; Annual Reports of the Grand Lodge of
Ireland; and the new official History of the Grand Lodge
of Ireland (in course of preparation), vol. 1 published.
(3) Gould, op. cit. p. 31.
(4) Gould, op. cit. p. 34.
(5) Gould, op. cit. p. 35.
18
opposition to the parent Grand Lodge of English
Masonry (1717), which it was averred by the
Junior body had adopted new plans and departed
from the old landmarks. The two Grand Lodges
of England amalgamated in 1813, but during the
continuance of the schism, the junior body was a
most important factor in the dissemination of
particular ritualistic observances in countries be-
yond the seas, through the instrumentalities of
the Army Lodges (6).
Lodges were established in British Regiments
by all of the Grand Lodges mentioned above, as
well as by "Mother Kilwinning" ("). And at the
beginning of our search, at least, it was necessary
to assume that the supposed lodge established
in Manila might have been of any obedience enu-
merated above, and for that matter either civil,
naval, or military. So all had to be considered,
though it was subsequently possible to eliminate
most of them.
Naval or "sea" lodges were the easiest to elim-
inate, and this we were able to do forthwith.
Gould says:
There was a "Sea Captain's Lodge" at
Wapping, Liverpool, Sunderland, Yar-
mouth and Bristol. But the first lodge
afloat which obtained a position on the lists
was held "On Board His Majesty's Ship
the Vanguard" in 1760. Similar lodges
were afterwards established "on board"
H. M. S. Prince and Canceaux, in the
former "at Plymouth," in 1762, and in the
latter at Quebec, in 1768. No other "Sea
(6) Gould, op. cit. p. 35.
(7) Vide, Lane, Masonic Records, 1717-1894, 2d edn.
19
Lodges" than these three appear to have
been regularly constituted either before or
since (8).
It will be noticed that Gould dismisses the first
five, as we will do, with a mere word-they were
stationary in the seaports mentioned; in other
words they were not traveling sea lodges. The
one on the Vanguard we can eliminate because
that name is not mentioned in the list of vessels
in the naval operations at Manila; and further
search would undoubtedly disclose that it was on
duty elsewhere (9). The Prince can be eliminated
for the same reason. The Canceaux lodge did not
receive its charter until 1768, which was four
years after the British had evacuated Manila.
Before attempting any further elimination it
was found advisable to examine into the histori-
cal background leading to the capture and occupa-
tion of Manila in 1762, and also look into the story
of Masonry in Madras, from whence the troops
came.
(8) Gould, Military Lodges, p. 48.
(9) Vice-Admiral Samuel Cornish was in supreme com-
mand of naval operations at Manila. Shortly after the
capture of the City, he made a complete report to the
Lords of the Admiralty in London. Every vessel is men-
tioned by name and in detail. Neither the Vanguard nor
the other two mentioned in the quotation above appear
in the list. Vide Report of Cornish, dated at Manila Oc-
tober 31, 1762, released by the Admiralty Office April 19,
1763, and published in the London Gazette of that date.
Also Scots Magazine, vol. 25, pub. 1763. (British Museum,
pressmark 2113 a-e.) A list of his vessels appears in
Cornish's letter quoted hereinafter at p. 23.
20
III
THE EXPEDITION TO MANILA
It will be remembered that it was the closing
period of the Seven Years War. England was
already fighting France. Pondicherry, the prin-
cipal French stronghold on the coast of Madras
(the coast of Coromandel, as all writers called
it then, and as many still do today), had fallen
to the superior strategy of British arms. Britain
had declared war against Spain on January 2,
1762. She struck at Spain through Cuba and then
came the decision to attack the Philippines. This
particular incident is covered in the writings of
various authors. Fortesque, the official Army his-
torian, says:
But in India there were troops lying idle
since the fall of Pondicherry, which could
be employed against Spain. In June
[1762] Admiral Cornish received secret or-
ders for an expedition, which he communi-
cated to the authorities at Calcutta (1); and
on the 1st of August the fleet sailed away
to eastward with a force of one thousand
Europeans, half of them of Draper's regi-
ment, and two thousand Sepoys, under
General Draper. On the 24th of Septem-
ber, after much delay owing to stormy
weather and the extremely defective condi-
tion of Cornish's ships, the expedition en-
(1) He probably means "Madras."
21
tered the bay of Manila and anchored off
Cavite (2)
Just recently the writer has come across a most
valuable collection of books under the general
heading of Indian Records Series published for
the Government of India and consisting almost
wholly of reprints of original records from the
East India Company's archives preserved at Fort
St. George, Madras, and at the India Office. The
compiler of those records, by way of introduction
to the events in question, says:
The British Government resolved in
1762, to send a naval and military force un-
der Admiral Cornish and General Draper
against the Spanish settlement of Manila,
and the East India Company was invited
to co-operate with troops. An organizing
Commission was appointed at Madras, con-
sisting of Pigot (3), Cornish (4), Lawrence (5),
"
(2) Hon. J. W. Fortesque, A History of the British Army,
First Part to the close of the Seven Years War (pub.
1899), vol. II, p. 544. (British Museum, pressmark 2084 e.)
One must take Fortesque's facts and figures with reserve.
Several errors have been noted. For instance, p. 472, op. cit.,
he speaks of the expeditionary force as being made up of
the "89th" regiment. This is in error; it was the "79th,"
but the mistake caused me many hours of useless effort.-
E. A. P.
(3) Lord George Pigot (Baron Pigot), governor of
Madras, born March 4, 1719. Entered East India Company
service as a writer. Arrived Madras, July 26, 1737. Pigot
succeeded Thomas Saunders as governor and commander-
in-chief of Madras on January 14, 1755. Resigned office
November 14, 1763, and returned to England. In April,
1775, Pigot was reappointed governor and commander-in-
chief of Madras. He resumed office at Fort St. George on
December 11, 1775, but soon found himself at variance
with some of his council. Matters went from bad to worse
and following a complete break with his council he was
arrested by the military and confined at the quarters of
Brigadier-General Matthew Horne. He died on May 11,
1777, while under confinement. The proceedings caused a
sensation in London where the matter reached the House
22
Draper (6) and Tiddeman (7). Lawrence was
opposed to the scheme from the outset, as
he considered that men could not safely be
spared. The local government nominated
Dawsonne Drake to be prospective Deputy
Governor of Manila, and gave him John
Lewin Smith, Henry Brooke, Claude Rus-
sell, and Samuel Johnson as Council (8).
Draper, now a Brigadier-General, arrived
from England at the end of June, and se-
lected Captain Robert Fletcher (9) as his
Brigadier-Major. Major Robert Bar-
ker (10) commanded the artillery (11).
of Commons. At the inquest held after his death the jury
recorded a verdict of wilful murder against all those who
had been concerned in his arrest. The proceedings were
later held to be irregular by the Supreme Court of Judica-
ture in Bengal. Pigot was unmarried. (Sidney Lee, Dic-
tionary of National Biography, London, 1896, vol. 45, p. 278,
N. Y. Pub. Libr., pressmark *R-AGH.)
(4) Sir Samuel Cornish. Date of birth unknown. Rose
through various naval ranks to rear-admiral of the white
on Feb. 14, 1759, and sent to the East Indies. Ordered
to co-operate with Draper in the reduction of the Philippine
Islands. Was in command of the fleet at Manila. On
Oct. 21, 1762, was advanced to be vice-admiral of the blue,
and returned to England in the following year. He had
no further service but was created a baronet on Jan. 9.
1766. Died Oct. 30, 1770, without issue. Dictionary of
National Biography, vol. 12, p. 231.
(5) General Stringer Lawrence, major-general, "father
of the Indian Army," born March 6, 1697. Served at
Gibraltar between 1727 and 1745, in General Jaspar Clay-
ton's regiment (afterwards the 14th Foot and now the
West York). Arrived at Madras 1748. Very active in
organizing the army. Saw much service. Received com-
mission lt.-col. Feb. 26, 1754. The first king's regiment
which had served in India-the 39th Foot (Primus in Indis)
arrived in 1754, under Col. John Adlercron, who, by senior-
ity, superseded Lawrence in the chief command. The 39th
returned to England in 1759. Lawrence made brig.-gen.
In 1759 received the rank of major-general.
Later re-
turned to London because of ill health and died Jan. 10,
1775. (Dictionary of National Biography, vol. 32, p. 275.)
[The Dictionary says Lawrence returned to England at the
end of 1759. This is a manifest error for he served on
the organizing Commission at Madras in 1762.—E. A. P.]
(6) Sir William Draper, lieutenant-general, born 1721,
at Bristol, England; ensign 1744; lieutenant and captain
23
The report of Admiral Cornish following the
capture of Manila gives first hand information as
to the naval aspect of the enterprise. He says:
I completed the Elizabeth, Grafton,
Lenox, Weymouth and Argo, with such of
the troops and military stores as they were
to take on board, and on the 29th [of July,
1762] sent them away under the command
of Commodore Tiddeman. * * * I sailed
[from Madras] the 1st of August [1762]
with the ships under-mentioned, viz: Nor-
folk, Panther, America, Seaford, South-sea
1749; lt.-col. 1757, commissioned to raise a regiment of foot
a thousand strong for service in India. The regiment took
rank as the 79th Foot; was partly formed of companies
drafted entire from the 4th, 8th and 24th Foot. Draper
arrived at Madras with the regiment, Sept. 14, 1758. Re-
turned home in 1759 on account of illness. Arrived at
Madras again in June, 1762, with rank of brigadier-general
to assume command of the expedition against Manila.
Manila captured Oct. 6, 1762. Draper returned to England
at once. Died at Bath Jan. 8, 1787. (Dictionary of Na-
tional Biography, vol. 16, p. 4.)
(7) Captain Richard Tiddeman, R. N. [His name does
not appear in the Dictionary of National Biography.]
(8) None of these five gentlemen appear by name in
the Dictionary of National Biography. For a good ac-
count of Drake and his troubles with his council at Manila,
see Troubles of an English Governor, by K. C. Leebrick,
published in The Pacific Ocean in History, New York
(1917), p. 192.
(9) Name does not appear in Dictionary of National
Biography.
(10) "Robert Barker appears to have arrived in India
about 1749. He accompanied Clive to Bengal in 1756 in
command of the artillery, and went with the Manila ex-
pedition in the same capacity. In 1764 he was knighted
in England before proceeding again to Bengal, where he
ultimately commanded the army of the presidency.
retired in 1772, and was created a baronet in 1781.
died at his seat near Godalming in 1789." (Vol. 2, p. 588,
note 6, of the work cited in the next succeeding footnote.)
See also Dictionary of National Biography, vol. 3, p. 208,
for a similar review.
He
He
(11) Henry Davison Love, Indian Records Series, Ves-
tiges of Old Madras, 1640-1800 (in 4 volumes). Published
for the Government of India by John Murray, London
(1913), vol. 2, p. 586.
24
* * **
* * *
castle storeship, Admiral Stevens store-
ship, Osterly Company's ship, leaving the
Falmouth, at the request of the presi-
dent and council to convoy the Essex
India ship, who was not ready to sail,
having the treasure to take on board
for the China cargoes, and to bring
to Manila such of the company's serv-
ants as were to be put in possession
of that government, if the expedition suc-
ceeded.
On the 19th [of Septem-
ber, 1762] I made the coast of Luconia
[Luzon] but was drove off again by a
strong N. E. wind
the 23d we re-
covered the land again. The next day en-
tered the bay of Manila, and, in the close
of the evening, anchored off the fort of Ca-
vite. [Here follows a description of the
reconnoitering operations and a report of
a conference had with General Draper and
some of the officers resulting in the deter-
mination to attack the city at once.] In
consequence of these resolutions, I immedi-
ately made the signal on board the Sea-
horse for the squadron to join me, and for
the troops to prepare to land. About seven
in the evening, the 79 regiment, with the
marines, in the boats, under the direction
of the Capts. Parker, Kempenfelt and
Brereton, push for the shore; and under
the fire of the three frigates, effected the
landing at a church called the Moralta
[Malate?], about a mile and a half from
the walls.
The next morning the
General took an advanced post about 200
yards from the glacis; and there, under
cover of a blind, intended his battery
against the face of the southwest bastion.
The number of troops being small, I landed
a battalion of seamen, consisting of about
700 men, under the command of Capts. Col-
* * *
25
lins, Pitchford, and George Curry. [Next
follows an account of the landing of stores,
preparation of camp, the attack and the
bombardment of the city causing a breach
in the walls.] On the 6th [of October,
1762] at daylight in the morning, the Gen-
eral's regiment, with the sea-battalion,
mounted the breach, made the attack, and
soon got possession of all the bastions,
which completed the conquest. I immedi-
ately went on shore, and, with the General,
had a meeting with the Spanish governor,
and some of his principal officers, when a
capitulation was agreed upon, that the
town and fort of Cavite, with the islands
and forts dependent on Manila, should be
given up to his Britannic Majesty, and that
they should pay 4 millions of dollars for
the preservation of the town [i. e. Manila]
and their effects (12).
Then, General Draper, himself, kept a very
complete journal of his operations, altogether too
lengthy to be quoted here, which he transmitted
to the Earl of Egremont with a covering letter
dated at Manila, Nov. 2, 1762, almost immediately
after the capture of the City. In his letter he
says:
On the 6th of October, 1762, we took the
capital [i. e. Manila] by storm, after twelve
days' operations, which are detailed in my
journal.
I have this day deliv-
ered up Manila, one of the richest cities
* ** *
(12) Letter from Vice-Admiral Cornish, dated Manila
Bay, October 31, 1762, reporting the naval operations to
the Lords of the Admiralty, released by the Admiralty
Office, April 19, 1763. Published in the London Gazette
of that date; also Scots Magazine, for 1763, vol. 25. (Brit.
Museum, pressmark 2113 a-e.)
26
*
*
and islands in this part of the world, with
the port of Cavite, to Dawson Drake, Esq.;
and the other gentlemen appointed to re-
ceive them on behalf of the Company [i. e.
The East India Company].
I have
appointed Maj. Fell of the 79th regiment
to be commandant of the garrison; which
must consist of all the troops brought from
Madras, as the great extent of the place,
its very numerous inhabitants, and unset-
tled country, with the importance of the
Cavite, demand at least this force for an
effectual security (13).
This letter accompanied his report styled
"Journal of the proceedings of his Majesty's
forces on the expedition against Manila." We
will quote from the "Journal" just enough to
show the personnel of the landing force:
The troops allotted for this enterprise
were the 79th regiment, and a company of
the Royal Artillery. The auxiliaries fur-
nished by the gentlemen at Madrass con-
sisted of thirty of their artillery, 600 sea-
poys, a company of Caffrees, one of To-
pazes, and one of pioneers, to which they
added the precarious assistance of two
companies of Frenchmen, inlisted in their
service, with some hundreds of unarmed
Lascars for the use of the engineers and
park of artillery. As a compensation for
this feeble supply of men they favoured us
with some very good officers in every
branch of the service. Rear-Adm. Cornish
reinforced our little army with a fine bat-
talion of 550 seamen and 270 good marines.
(13) Scots Magazine for 1763, vol. 25, p. 225. (Brit.
Museum, pressmark 2113 b.)
27
So that the whole force for the land opera-
tions amounted to 2300 men (14).
The most precise list of all is compiled in an
account of the Madras Army by a retired officer
of that service. According to that account (15) the
expedition consisted of:
His Majesty's 79th Regiment
(Draper's)
about 450 men
66
66
Royal Artillery
Madras
66
Two Companies Foreign De-
serters
66
One Company Coffrees (16)
One
Topasses
Pioneers (Europeans)
Madras Seypoys (17)
Nawaub's European Infan-
try
to which we must add Cornish's
contribution of seamen and marines,
landed to assist in the assault:
One sea battalion
66
66
66
66
66
66
t
66
60
30
200
80
80
60
650
60
700
Total
66 2370 men
There are still other contemporaneous ac-
counts to which one who wishes to go further
(14) Ibid., pp. 225-235.
(15) History of the Madras Army compiled by Lt.-Col.
W. J. Wilson. Pub. by E. Keys, at the Govt. Press, Madras,
1882-9. 5 vols. and atlas. See vol. 1, pp. 160, et seq. (N.
Y. Pub. Libr., classmark VWZH.)
(16) Apparently Portuguese Eurasians from Goa, raised
at Bombay. See The India Office, by Sir Malcolm C. C.
Seton, p. 188. Pub. by Putnams, London and New York,
1926.
(17) Composed of details from different Battalions. The
particulars are not known.
28
-
into the subject may refer (18), but they do not
vary essentially from those already quoted, ex-
cept perhaps as to their viewpoint. Certain it
is that they do not contain anything startlingly
new or different, nor figures as definite as those
already given.
From these various accounts it will be seen
that the forces engaged in the capture and oc-
cupation of Manila consisted of these five prin-
cipal groups:
1. The 79th Foot (Draper's Regiment).
2. Various companies of Artillery, Pioneers,
etc. (European).
(18) Sitio y conquista de Manila por los Ingleses en
1762, by Pedro Jordan de Urries, Marqués de Ayerbe. Pub.
1897. (Brit. Mus., pressmark 9055 cc 29.) [This interest-
ing monograph is based almost wholly upon an unpub-
lished diary of Don Alfonso Rodriguez de Ovalle who car-
ried the notice of the peace terms to Manila and who fig-
ured largely in the events of that period.] A plain nar-
rative of the reduction of Manila and the Philippine Islands,
by Brigadier-General Draper. Pub. 1765. (Brit. Mus.,
pressmark 9056 aa 11.) [This account is somewhat colored
by Draper's hostility due to his failure to receive his share
of the ransom money which Spain refused to pay after
the treaty of peace had been signed.] Una memoria de
Anda y Salazar, edited by T. H. Pardo de Tavera. Pub.
1899. (Brit. Mus., pressmark 8022 cc 14.) [This valuable
monograph with the interesting comments of our late
brother, Pardo de Tavera, contains the report of Anda to
the King, about 1765, after the evacuation of Manila by
the British.] Historia general de Filipinas desde el des-
cubrimiento de dichas islas hasta nuestros dias, by J.
Montero y Vidal. Pub. 1887-1895, in 3 vols. (N. Y. Pub.
Libr., classmark BFE.) The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898,
by E. H. Blair and J. A. Robertson. Pub. 1903-1909, in
55 vols. [Vol. 49 deals in its entirety with the period of
British occupation, 1762-1764, and contains in particular a
translation of the Journal of Manuel Antonio Roxo Rio,
the Archbishop-Governor who signed the capitulations.]
There is one set of this work in the British Museum, an-
other in the Library of Congress and still another in the
New York Public Library.
29
3. Various units of native Indian troops.
4. Two companies of Foreign Deserters, in
one account mentioned as "French and
German deserters” (19).
5. A sea battalion (about 700 men) composed
of seamen and marines.
-in all about 2,370 men.
At this point let us leave the troops for the
moment within the gates of Manila, and turn back
to Madras in the endeavor to trace the masonic
history of those stirring times—a period which
it will be remembered our masonic writers char-
acterize as the Prehistoric Period.
(19) In a letter from Draper to the Earl of Halifax,
at London in 1764, written as an answer to certain argu-
ments advanced by the Spanish Ambassador concerning the
refusal to pay the ransom money he says: "We entered
Manila by Storm, on the 6th of October, 1762, with an
Handful of Troops whofe Total amounted to little more
than Two Thousand; a motley Compofition of Seamen,
Soldiers, Seapoys, Cofres, Lascars, Topafees, French and
German deferters." (Brit. Mus., pressmark E 2094(10),
p. 21, year 1764.)
30
. IV
EARLY MASONRY IN MADRAS
Bro. William James Hughan, Past Senior
Grand Deacon of the Grand Lodge of England, a
noted authority on British-Indian masonry, has
reviewed at length the standard "History of
Freemasonry" on the Coast of Coromanel, by
the Rev. Bro. C. H. Malden, from which we will
soon quote. Bro. Hughan in commenting on Bro.
Malden's work says:
The Rev. C. H. Malden has done mar-
vellously well by writing his most inter-
esting, accurate and exhaustive "History
of Freemasonry on the Coast of Coroman-
del." His conspicuous success is not only
very gratifying, but will prove a most
pleasant surprise to Masonic students,
who are familiar with the difficulties inci-
dental to such an investigation. The ob-
stacles to a thorough understanding of
the origin and progress of the Fraternity
in Madras, are not confined to the paucity
of Records, but quite as many are due to
conflicting evidence, requiring immense
patience, persistent research, and a judi-
cial mind, to properly appreciate, unravel,
and put in order. These qualities have
been duly exercised by my friend, the
Historian, the result being a reliable, com-
plete, and ably digested account of the
Craft in Madras from 1752 to date; a fit
offering to any grand body, and of which
the District Grand Lodge of the Presi-
dency may well be proud.
The first "Deputation to constitute a
Lodge in Madras" seems to have been is-
31
sued in 1752, but neither Bro. Malden, nor
Bro. John Lane (Masonic Records, 1717-
1894) have succeeded in tracing its exact
date.
The earliest authority of the kind for
East India was signed on 6th February,
1728-9 (1729), and apparently led to the
constitution of a Lodge at Fort William (1)
in 1730, which was No. 72 on the Register
of the Grand Lodge of England.
It is quite probable brethren from Eng-
land, Ireland and Scotland, who were resi-
dents for a time in British India early last
century, did not hesitate to open Lodges,
and confer degrees, without applying for
permission to either Grand Lodge, just as
others did in America and elsewhere. Such
organizations were not uncommon for many
years, subsequent to the inauguration of the
first Grand Lodge in 1717 by several old
Lodges; and doubtless explain why we meet
with notices of Masonic meetings abroad,
at times, and in places, not registered at
headquarters, down to the middle of the
last century.
It is simply impossible to reconcile not a
few of the statements respecting the Craft
during the period treated by Bro. Malden,
and that not in Madras only. Unfortu-
nately the official records in Grand Lodge
are not always to be trusted; the care exer-
cised at the present time being in sharp
contrast to the old customs. No surprise,
therefore, need be felt, that the appoint-
ment of Capt. Edmond Pascal as Prov. G.
M. of the [Madras] Presidency, is dated
1767 in the calendar of the Grand Lodge of
England (1895) though evidence exists of
(1) Calcutta, Bengal.
32
his exercise of such an office some years
earlier.
In the constitution of 1767 the appoint-
ment is thus noted: "Capt. Edmond Pas-
cal, for Madras and its dependencies.
In case of his absence, the Lodge to have
power to choose another, till application
can be had for another."
The 2nd Prov. G. M. is stated in the of-
ficial calendar to have been Brigadier-Gen-
eral Matthew Horne (2) 1786. This must
have been a revived appointment, as Bro.
Malden proves most clearly that Bro. Horne
occupied that distinguished position sev-
eral years before then, and it was only due
to his sensitiveness that he desired another
patent (3).
This gives a very excellent idea of the scope of
Bro. Malden's book, upon which we expect to rely
so extensively, as well as an estimate of its worth.
An effort to paraphrase the language of Bro.
Malden would be a mistake. There is so little
known of Madras masonry during the period in
question; and it has such a direct and important
bearing on Philippine Masonry, that the writer
offers no further excuse for quoting in extenso.
Bro. Malden says:
(2) [Was at the capture of Manila in 1762.]
(3) William James Hughan in his introduction to A His-
tory of Freemasonry (under the English Constitution) on
the Coast of Coromandel together with Histories of the old
Madras Lodges which were founded before the Union, by
the Rev. C. H. Malden, P. M., etc., Local Secretary for
South India, Lodge "Ars Quatuor Coronati," Madras (1895).
(Libr. A. & A. S. R., Washington, class No. M17-954.)
[A very rare book.]
33
Period 1752-1768
Captain Edmund Pascall and Major Mat-
thew Horne, Provincial Grand Masters.
The first lodge established on the Coro-
mandel Coast was warranted in 1752, very
soon after Madras had been restored to the
English under the treaty of Aix-la-
Chapelle. It is described in the lists as "at
Madras" in East India, and was numbered
222 in the list of 1740. At the revision in
1755 it became 157, in 1770, 124, and in 1780
and 1781, 101 and 102. It was erased in
1790, but its number was given to the
"Stewards' Lodge," which was established
about 1786 at the Revival. Who granted
the warrant for this Pioneer Lodge, or to
whom it was granted, it is impossible to say.
It was in all probability founded by Captain
Edmund Pascall, who was the first Provin-
cial Grand Master on the Coromandel
Coast. His appointment is recorded by
Preston in his "Illustrations" as follows:
* * *
* *
"The following deputations for the office
of Provincial Grand Master were granted
by Lord Blaney
10 for Madras
The fifth, tenth and eleventh (Bengal,
Madras and Hampshire) have been faith-
fully executed. The revival of the Bengal
and Madras appointments has been at-
tended with considerable advantage to the
Society, as is evident by the late liberal re-
mittances from the East Indies."
Preston calls this appointment by Lord
Blaney (27th February 1767) a revival.
From this it would appear that Captain E.
Pascall had been previously appointed.
This must have been the case, for in the
year 1765 he as Prov. Grand Master es-
34
tablished three new lodges on the coast.
They are described as Lodges No. I, II and
No. III, and were numbered 353, 354 and
355 respectively. On the renumbering in
1781 these became 233, 234 and 235. Of
these three lodges, No. I worked at Madras
and No. III at Trichinopoly. Where the
location of No. II may have been we have
been unable to discover, but possibly it was
at Ellore on the East Coast. There was
a lodge there of which Bro. G. Westcott was
Master for many years, and which cannot
be identified with any other lodge.
Captain Edmund Pascall, the first Prov.
Grand Master, was an officer in the Coast
Army; the date of his Commission in the
English Infantry on the Coast being the
30th October, 1751. In 1758 two battalions
of European Infantry were formed, partly
from the large number of deserters from
the French. A garrison order by Colonel
Lawrence, dated at Fort St. George, 20th
October, 1758 shows that Captain Pascall
was in command of the second company of
the second battalion (4)¸
This is all that can be ascertained from
Military Histories about E. Pascall.
What steps this first Prov. Grand Master
took to further the objects of Freemasonry
cannot be ascertained.
He appears to have appointed as his
Deputy, John Call, who was appointed
Chief Engineer in succession to Captain
Brohier in 1758. He was granted the rank
of Captain by G. O., dated 24th December,
1758, and took a leading part in the siege
of Fort St. George. He was present at the
(4) Wilson's History of the Madras Army, vol. I, pp.
117,
123.
35
sieges of Karical and Pondicherry, 1759-
1761. In December, 1761, he was promoted
to the rank of Major and became a member
of Council.
**
*
*
*
*
It is impossible to say on what date Pas-
call vacated the office of Prov. Grand Mas-
ter, but it was probably on his return to
England
* He was succeeded in the
office of P. G. M. by Major Matthew Horne,
at that time in command of the Artillery
at St. Thomas' Mount. In all probability
this appointment is the one alluded to by
Preston as having been granted by Lord
Petre (1772-1776). Major Horne was
Master of the Lodge No. I, 353, which met
at Madras. This lodge continued to meet
until it was broken up by the dissensions
occasioned by the removal of Lord Pigot
from the position of Governor of Madras.
This event took place on the 24th August,
1776.
*
*
*
1777 is the last date of the Madras Lodge
under the Grand Lodge of England. It is
the fate of Pioneers to be unknown and
unhonored, but we can look back to this
early period of Freemasonry, and feel sure,
that in those days of battle, murder and
sudden death, the Craft must have proved
a great source of interest and relaxation
to those who joined its ranks (5).
(5)
C. H. Malden, A History of Freemasonry on the
Coast of Coromandel, Madras (1895), pp. 1-7. (Libr. A. &
A. S. R., Washington, class No. M17-954.)
36
V
REGIMENTAL HISTORIES
A historical inquiry into the antecedents of
the military units doing duty in the Madras
Presidency in those stirring times is, of course,
in order. However, the changes in numbers and
designations of regiments by successive reorgan-
izations of the British Army does not make this
task as simple as it might otherwise seem. Among
the regimental records, we find that "The Queen's
Own Cameron Highlanders" (late 79th High-
landers) is the only Territorial Regiment having
but one Line Battalion. The official account of it
contains the following:
This famous Highland regiment is the
junior of three which, in succession, have
ranked as the 79th Regiment of British
Foot, namely:
1. The 79th Regiment of 1757-64. This
corps was raised under an order dated 2nd
November, 1757, by the celebrated Sir
William Draper, the captor of Manilla
and the literary opponent of "Junius."
Draper, at the time, was a captain in the
1st Foot Guards. The rendezvous was at
Colchester, and the regiment was made up
chiefly of companies drafted from the 4th
King's Own, 8th King's, and 24th Foot,
with some sergeants from the Foot Guards.
It landed in India in 1758, and served at
the siege of Madras and in many other
contests with the French under M. Lally
during the war in the Carnatic, and like-
37
wise at the conquest of Manilla (1) in 1762.
In the course of its service in the East the
regiment lost 30 officers and over 1,000
men. Much of its story may be gathered
from the picturesque narrative of the his-
torian, Orme, and from the "Calendar of
Home Office Papers" for 1760-5. The rem-
nant of the regiment was disbanded after
Manilla was restored to the Spaniards.
Draper erected a monument on Clifton
Downs, recording its deeds (2).
The only record at Freemasons Hall, London,
with reference to the 79th Regiment of Foot,
otherwise known as the Cameron Highlanders,
shows that it held a warrant from the "An-
cients," that is the junior of the two Grand
Lodges of England, the one established in 1751.
It is carried on the records as "Atholl 191 B,"
English Constitution, date of warrant February
13, 1808, and was erased from the rolls Septem-
(1) Certain companies of the 79th
for garrison duty at Fort St. George,
accompany the Regiment to Manila.
of the Madras Army, vol. 1, p. 164.
Regiment were held
Madras, and did not
See Wilson's History
(2) The Records and Badges of Every Regiment and
Corps in the British Army, by Henry Manners Chichester
and George Burges-Short. Pub. Wm. Clowes & Sons, Lon-
don, 1895, p. 452. (N. Y. Pub. Libr., classmark VWZH.)
See also A History of the Military Transactions of the
British Nation in Hindostan from the year 1745, by R.
Orme, 4th edn. Pub. London, 1803 (N. Y. Pub. Libr., class-
mark BGL); also Army Inspection Returns-1753 to 1804,
by Percy Sumner, in the Journal of the Society of Army
Historical Research, vol. 3, pp. 227-260. Pub. Sheffield,
1924 (N. Y. Pub. Libr., classmark VWA); also Historical
Record of the 79th Regiment of Foot, or Cameron High-
landers, by Robert Jameson. Pub. W. Blackwood & Sons,
Edinburgh, 1863 (N. Y. Pub. Libr., classmark VWZH); also
Historical Records of the 79th Queens Own Cameron High-
landers, by Thomas Arthur Mackenzie. Pub. Hamilton
Adams & Co., London, 1887. (N. Y. Pub. Libr., classmark
VWZH.)
38
ber 5, 1838 (3). These dates are, of course, long
after the capture and occupation of Manila and
in fact the "lodge" referred to was not held in
Draper's 79th Regiment, because that had been
disbanded after its return from Manila; nor even
in the next regiment to bear that number (a regi-
ment of Liverpool Volunteers organized in 1778;
and disbanded in 1784), but in the third regiment
bearing the same number, raised by Alan Cam-
eron, much later.
However, the 79th Regiment although the only
one to sail as a unit in the Manila expedition
was not the only British regiment in India dur-
ing the period under consideration. The first
battalion of a present Dorsetshire regiment was
the first in point of time. It was the late 39th
Regiment of Foot and bears as its motto Primus
in Indis (First in India)—an allusion to having
been the first King's regiment to serve in India.
It saw service there on various occasions. We
will, however, quote from its regimental record
only in so far as pertinent:
The old 39th Foot, the present 1st
Dorsetshire, is the junior surviving corps
of the regiments added to the Army dur-
ing the great wars of Queen Anne's reign.
It was raised in Ireland by Colonel Rich-
ard Coote, under a warrant dated 13th
February 1702. Colonel Coote fell in a
duel shortly afterwards, and was suc-
ceeded by Colonel, afterwards Lieutenant-
General, Sankey.
There is a tradition that the regiment
(3) See Lane's Masonic Records, 1717-1894, 3d edn., p.
142.
39
fought bravely at the disastrous battle of
Almanza on 23d April 1707, and that the
men were mounted on mules to enable
them to get up to the Army in time for
the battle, whence the regiment was
dubbed "Sankey's Horse."
It is very
possible that a draft of the regiment (in-
cluded in the returns of some other corps)
was thus engaged; but the regiment itself
appears to have first left home with other
reinforcements for Portugal, after the
date of the action. It made the campaigns
in Portugal and Spain in 1708-11, and
was distinguished by its steadiness at the
Caya, 7th May 1709. In 1712 it was in
Portugal, and in 1713 at Gibraltar, whence
it proceeded later to Minorca. It appears
to have been one of the four old regiments
embarked at Minorca on board Sir George
Byng's Fleet in 1718, which were present
in the naval engagement with the Span-
iards off Messina, and afterwards actively
employed in co-operating with the im-
perialists on the coasts of Sicily. After
this it was at home for a time. The regi-
ment was among the reinforcements sent
to Gibraltar when that fortress was be-
seiged by the Spaniards in 1726-7; and
afterwards went from Gibraltar to Jamai-
ca, where it was stationed until 1732.
It was employed as Marines on board the
Channel Fleet in 1744-5; and again in
1747-8.
In 1754 the 39th Regiment proceeded to
Madras, being the first King's regiment
landed in India (4). It served at Madras
(4) See also Wilson's History of the Madras Army, vol.
1, p. 68. The regiment sailed from England early in
March, 1754. It was accompanied by a detachment of
Royal Artillery.
40
until August (5) 1756, when part of the
regiment was detached to Bengal, under
the command of Colonel Adlercron. Three
companies served under Clive in the oper-
ations against Surajah Dowlah, Nabob of
Bengal, ending with the overthrow of the
enemy near Calcutta, 5th February 1757.
On the renewal of hostilities they were
again engaged, and bore a distinguished
part in Clive's crowning victory at Plas-
sey, 23d June 1757, when, to quote Ma-
caulay, "he scattered an army of near
60,000 men, and subdued an empire larger
and more populous than Great Britain."
The portion of the regiment remaining at
Madras had meanwhile been actively en-
gaged against the French at Nellore,
Trichinopoly, Wandewash, and elsewhere.
The regiment returned home in 1758,
many of the officers and men transferring
their services to the East India Company
and remaining in India (6).
Of this regiment Wor. Bro. W. K. Firminger
had considerable to say in a paper (7) read by
him at a meeting of Lodge "Defense," held
at Freemason's Hall, Calcutta, on July 23, 1924.
We quote:
Military lodges in Bengal in the old
days fall under two descriptions:
(5) Wilson's History of the Madras Army, vol. 1, p. 87,
says "October."
(6) The Records and Badges of Every Regiment, etc.,
by Chichester and Burges-Short, pp. 309-310. Wilson in
his History of the Madras Army, vol. 1, p. 120, says that
in November, 1757, Lt. John Carnac and 350 men of Col.
Adlercron's regiment (H. M. 39th Foot), then about to
return to England, volunteered to serve the Company for
three years.
(7) A copy is in the Archives of the Grand Lodge of
England.
41
First the Lodges attached to the Bri-
gades or Artillery Companies in the pay of
'John Company" (8) mostly under the
jurisdiction of the old Prov. G. Lodge of
Bengal-these sprang into existence in
1772 (9)
Second, lodges attached to the King's
Regiments, and these wandered over the
face of India and looked up to no su-
perior body save the Grand lodge from
which they derived their original warrant.
Indeed the travelling military lodges fre-
quently constituted lodges on their own
authority and by way of having more
strings to their bow, some of them seem
to have worked at one and the same time
under warrants from more than one
Grand Lodge.
Lodge "Gibraltar" #128 of the I. C.
constituted at the "Rock" in 1742 in the
39th Foot (now the 1st Dorsets). The
39th-Primus in Indis-was the first Brit-
ish regiment to be despatched to India.
In 1758 it was rewarranted as No. 290
I. C. and revived under its original No.
128 in 1819.
It was in Calcuttta in 1756 (10) after the
Tragedy of the Black Hole. The lodge
is said to have not only founded many dis-
pensation lodges in various parts of
Hindustan, but also to have been the first
Lodge to make a mason under a European
warrant.
(8) The East India Company (?).
(9) It will be remembered that the British occupation
of Manila was 1762-1764.
(10) Bro. Firminger does not make it quite clear here
that only a part of the 39th Foot was in Calcutta; another
portion remained at Madras. See last preceding quotation,
at p. 40, giving the regimental record.
42
In 1886 Lodge Gibraltar disappeared
from the Roll of Irish Constitution (11).
Still a third King's regiment with a masonic
history saw service in India prior to the Manila
expedition. It was the Duke of Gordon's First
Regiment, or 89th Foot, as it was then designated.
It has however since lost its identity as such and
is now amalgamated with and forms the 2nd Bat-
talion of the 87th Regiment. In other words, the
old 87th is now the 1st Battalion of the present
87th; while the old 89th is now the 2nd battalion
of the present 87th. Furthermore, three different
British regiments have ranked in succession as
the 89th Foot. The first alone concerns us:
1. The 89th (Highland) Regiment of Foot
of 1759-65. This was a regiment of Gor-
don Highlanders raised under an order
dated 13th October, 1759, by Major Staates
Long Morris, from the 36th Foot, after-
wards a general, and Governor of Quebec.
Morris had married the Duchess-Dowager
of Gordon, who was a daughter of the Earl
of Aberdeen, and grandmother of the Duke
who raised the 92nd Gordon Highlanders.
Within a few weeks a body of Highlanders,
960 strong, was collected at Gordon Castle,
and soon after shipped at Portsmouth for
Bombay, where they arrived in Novem-
ber, 1761 (12). After serving in various
(11) A similar account to that of Bro. Firminger may
be found in Gould's Military Lodges, 1732-1899, from which
most of the above account was evidently taken.
(12) This date is in error. See The Duke of Gordon's
First Regiment, the Adventures of the 89th (1759-65), by
J. M. Bulloch, p. 5, wherein Major Gordon's letters are
quoted from the originals (British Museum Additional
MMS. 35,917 f.44) making it perfectly clear that the 89th,
or part of it, were at Pondicherry in August, 1760.
Y. Pub. Libr., classmark VWZH p.v.19 No. 13.)
(N.
43
parts of India, the regiment, or a portion
of it, under the command of Major Hector
Monro, afterwards the celebrated Sir Hec-
tor Monro, arrived at Patna, in time to
assist in putting down the mutiny among
Colonel Carnac's troops at that place. It
afterwards fought at the famous victory at
Buxar, 23rd October, 1764. The regiment
was brought home and disbanded in
1765 (13)
>
In this regiment, or rather in its successor (14)
curiously enough, is one of the only two military
lodges still existing holding a charter under the
Grand Lodge of England, Lodge Social Friend-
ship #497, constituted in March 21, 1844 (15).
While masonic writers are all silent as to any
masonic history of the original 89th Highland
Regiment, and no records appear to exist, it is
nevertheless a fact, worthy of further considera-
tion, that this regiment was raised in 1759 with
the assistance of the Duke of Athol at a time when
'Athol Masonry" represented by the junior
grand body styled "The Grand Lodge of Eng-
land according to the Old Institutions," was very
66
(13) The Records and Badges of Every Regiment, etc.,
by Chichester and Burges-Short, p. 465.
(14) There was also an 89th Foot, between 1779-83.
This regiment which appears to have been largely recruited
in the West of England, was raised during the American
War of Independence. It served for a time in the West
Indies, and was disbanded at the peace of 1783. The third
or present regiment to bear this number, now the 2nd
Battalion Princess Victoria's Royal Irish Fusiliers, was
raised in 1793-4.
(15) The only other existing military lodge holding its
charter under the Grand Lodge of England is Unity, Peace
and Concord, No. 316, in The Royal Scots, 2nd Battalion,
constituted in 1808.
44
active in disseminating its observances through
the instrumentalities of army lodges (16).
No account of the armies of those times would
be complete without a reference to the troops
raised and maintained by the East India Com-
pany itself. Many histories are available. We
shall quote from the one we deem most compre-
hensive as well as accurate (17), and refer to others
in the notes.
The town of Madras was founded in
1639; the first Fort St. George in 1644;
but the military history of the Presidency
does not commence till a century later (18)
War broke out between England and
France in 1744. [The French attacked and
captured Madras.]
This happened in September, 1746, and
the Government of the Coast of Coroman-
del, thus devolved on the Governor and
Council of Fort St. David. They immedi-
ately began to raise troops and the move-
ment then commenced has continued to the
present time.
The toops raised were European cavalry,
artillery and infantry, and Native infantry.
Native cavalry were not raised till 1784;
Native artillery (as a separate corps) not
till 1805.
(16) See Additional MMS. 33,056 f. 360 in the British
Museum, a document sent to the Prime Minister at the
time. It is quoted in Bulloch's account of The Duke of
Gordon's First Regiment, and reads: "Captain Morris, of
Lord Robert Manners' Regiment, husband to the Duchess of
Gordon, proposes to raise a regiment of Highlanders for
foreign service, with the assistance of the Duke of Athol,
Lord Finlater, Lord Desford [sic], Sir Ludovic Grant, and
other Highland chiefs."
(17) History of the Madras Army, compiled by Lieu-
tenant-Colonel W. J. Wilson, Retired List, Madras Army,
Printed by E. Keys, at the Govt. Press, Madras, 1882-9.
5 vols. and atlas. (N. Y. Pub. Libr., classmark VWZH.)
(18) Ibid., vol. 1, p. 1.
45
The European cavalry never rose above
the strength of a squadron and were not
maintained for more than a few years (19).
* * *
The services of the artillery (20) and
European infantry have been told so well
and so fully (21) as to leave little for any
future historian to say regarding them (22).
The services of the Madras Sepoy com-
mence in 1746 (23)
But for the first twelve years, from 1746
to 1758, the Madras Government seem to
have had a low opinion of the natives of
the Carnatic.
They enlisted Euro-
pean adventurers of all nations (24), the
* ** *
(19) Between 1761-1763 there appear to have been two
troops of horse and one troop of foreign hussars, which
averaged about 60 men each. About the end of 1761 a
troop of cavalry arrived from England, but not being re-
quired at Madras, it was sent on to Bengal early in 1762.
See Wilson's History of the Madras Army, vol. 1, p. 171.
(20) The Artillery in Madras at the time of the Manila
expedition was composed of two companies, each with six
officers. In September, 1761, Captain Barker was promoted
to the rank of Major in command of the whole body of
Artillery, Royal as well as Company's. "This promotion
called forth a strong remonstrance from the Captains of
H. M. 79th Regiment who questioned the authority by
which it was made; nevertheless Government maintained
their position, and Major Barker afterwards commanded
the whole of the Artillery employed in the expedition
against Manilla. He was succeeded in that command dur-
ing January, 1763, by Captain Matthew Horne, also of the
Madras Artillery." Wilson's History of the Madras Army,
vol. 1, p. 172.
(21) At this point in his work the author inserts a
footnote reading: "History of the Services of the Madras
Artillery, by Major P. J. Begbie, 1852. Historical Record
of the Honourable East India Company's First Madras
European Regiment, by a Staff Officer, 1843."
(22) Wilson's History of the Madras Army, vol. 1, p. 6.
(23) Ibid., vol. 1, p. 7.
(24) The Court of Directors around 1751 and 1752 were
recruiting in Switzerland, Frankfurt, Lubeck, Wurttemberg,
Hesse-Cassell and Nuremberg (Ibid., vol. 1, p. 47), but none
enlisted after 1754 (Ibid., vol. 1, p. 63). In 1760 and 1761
there were about 1900 Europeans in the English Army in
the Madras Presidency (Ibid., vol. 1, p. 132).
46
refuse of their respective countries; they
hired Topasses and Caffres; they sent to
Bombay for Arabs, Rajpoots, and Hindo-
stanees; they purchased slaves in Madagas-
car; till, about 1758, the absence of most of
their troops in Bengal, and the prospect of
a French war, compelled them to turn their
attention to the people of the country (25).
In August, 1758, they were formed into
regular companys of 100 men each, with a
due proportion of native officers (26)
* * *
Five battalions were formed (Septem-
ber, 1759) (27).
The first General Order issued by the
Commander-in-Chief of the Madras Army
is dated 22nd November, 1772. From 1746
till that date, all orders affecting the army,
down to the smallest details, are issued by
the Governor and Council, and are record-
ed in the Government Consultations, along
with other affairs, political, revenue, mer-
cantile, and so forth (28).
In January, 1748, Government resolved
to raise a small body of European Cavalry,
and they authorized the purchase of 100
horses (29).
In December, 1747, orders were received
from England for the formation of a regu-
lar Company of Artillery (30)¸
In June, 1762, the declaration of war
with Spain was read to the garrison of
Fort St. George, and preparations were
(25) Ibid., vol. 1, p. 8.
(26) Ibid., vol. 1, p. 9.
(27) Ibid., vol. 1, p. 10.
(28) Ibid., vol. 1, p. 21.
(29) Ibid., vol. 1, p. 37.
(30) Ibid., vol. 1, p. 39.
47
commenced for the expedition against Ma-
nilla (31).
On the 11th July the undermentioned of-
ficers were appointed to the expedition:
Brigadier-General Draper to command
the troops.
Colonel Monson to be second in command.
Major Scott, H. M.'s 89th Highland Reg-
iment, Adjutant-General.
Captain Fletcher, Company's service,
Brigade-Major.
Major Barker to command the Artillery.
Captain Wood to command the Com-
pany's Troops.
Captain Stevenson and Captain-Lieuten-
ant Cotsford to be Engineers (32).
The expedition (33) left Madras on the 1st
August [1762], the town of Manila was
stormed on the 6th October with little loss,
and the citadel capitulated immediately
afterwards, the conditions being the ces-
sion of the whole Philippine Archipelago
and the payment of four millions of dol-
lars (34); in consideration of which the in-
habitants were to be secured in the posses-
sion of their property, and the exercise of
their religion (35).
(31) The following dates are important: Britain de-
clared war against Spain January 2, 1762; the declaration
of a state of war by Spain is dated January 18, 1762; the
British entered Manila Bay September 24, 1762; the city
was captured by storm on October 6, 1762; the preliminary
articles of peace were signed at Fontainebleau, November 3,
1762, and ratified on November 26, 1762, by a proclama-
tion of the British Sovereign ordering the cessation of
hostilities; the definite treaty of peace between England
and Spain was concluded February 10, 1763; the last con-
tingent of the British forces sailed away from Manila on
June 11, 1764.
(32) Wilson's History of the Madras Army, vol. 1, pp.
159-160.
(33) See ante, p. 27, for a detailed list of the various
contingents of which the expedition was composed.
(34) The greater part of the ransom money was never
paid.
(35) Wilson's History of the Madras Army, vol. 1, p.
160.
48
VI.
CONCLUDING NOTES
There is never any end to research work. One
reference leads to another and so ad infinitum.
The volumes of dusty tomes and faded manu-
scripts in the various great world repositories
are simply limitless, and some time a halt must
be called for the purpose of marshalling the facts
already obtained (¹).
One cannot read to any extent the history, mili-
tary, political, and masonic, of those stirring
times without being constantly impressed by the
way the 39th Regiment of Foot-Primus in
Indis—continually injects itself into the mental
picture. Malden says, but gives no authority for
making the statement, that the first deputation
to constitute a lodge in Madras seems to have
been issued in 1752, and while Hughan accepts
it without question, yet he admits that neither
Malden nor Lane has succeeded in tracing it
much further, and adds by way of explanation
the probability that brethren from England, Ire-
land and Scotland, who were residents for a time
in British India early in the Eighteenth Century,
did not hesitate to open lodges and confer de-
grees, without applying for permission to their
respective Grand Lodges. They also fail to fix
a date, yet assume without mentioning it, that it
was under the obedience of the Grand Lodge of
(1) Up to this point the writer has used scarely one-
tenth of the notes collected. In the expectation some day
to be able to place these notes side by side with the rec-
ords obtained by Bro. Leebrick in Sevilla, their publication
must await a future occasion.
49
England. Of course, it might well have been in
point of time, and it is an undeniable fact that
later it did owe obedience to that Grand body.
Nevertheless his own assumption is weakened by
his prefatory statement that "of the five lodges
warranted by the regular Grand Lodge of Eng-
land not a vestige remains. Not only are there
no records in existence in India, but no returns
are to be found in the archives of Grand Lodge."
Now, we know, as a matter of fact, that the
39th Regiment, together with a detachment of
Royal Artillery, sailed for Madras early in
March, 1754, and remained there until about
October, 1756, when part of the regiment-some
three companies-was detached to Bengal, and
there served under Clive. The remaining com-
panies were meanwhile engaged in operations
around Madras. In 1758 the regiment was re-
assembled, probably at Madras, prior to their
return home, whereupon Carnac with many other
officers together with 350 men volunteered to
serve the East India Company and remained in
India. This respectable contingent, which re-
mained over, of course, lost their identity as mem-
bers of the 39th Regiment and became merged in-
to the various units of the East India Company's
army to which they were assigned-probably the
Infantry and the Artillery.
With the admitted existence of Gibraltar Lodge
#128, Irish Constitution, established in the 39th
Regiment while it was at the "Rock" in 1742,
and recognizing, as we must, its masonic activity
in founding many dispensation lodges in various
parts of Hindustan, it does not require much of
50
a strain upon the imagination to ascribe the for-
mation of a Madras lodge in 1754 to the activities
of those masons in the 39th Regiment who were
members of Gibraltar Lodge.
In all of our assumptions we must keep con-
stantly in mind the stirring events of the time,
the delays and difficulties in communication be-
tween Madras and England, which was by sail-
ing vessels proceeding via the Cape of Good
Hope; and the fact that the military officer
rather than the civilian was the preponderating
factor in the affairs of the Presidency. It is not
surprising, therefore, to find that the officers, and
probably practically the entire membership, was
composed of fighting men. The first Provincial
Grand Master was Captain Edmund Pascall.
While he was an officer in the Coast Army and
did not come to Madras with the 39th, still we
find in the military histories that two new bat-
talions of European Infantry were formed in
1758-at the time when some 350 officers and men
of the 39th had decided to remain over and enter
the Company's service-and that Captain Pas-
call was a company commander in one of those
battalions.
What is more natural than that the masons of
Gibraltar Lodge #128, with their recognized en-
thusiasm and love for the craft, on their arrival
in Madras in 1754 should have undertaken to
initiate their brother officers there into the mys-
teries of the order, and to form a lodge among
themselves. That there was a subsequent inter-
ruption of Masonic activities in Madras is cer-
tain because so many of the troops were absent
51
in the Philippines between 1762 and 1764. And
in support of this we find an appointment of
Pascall as Provincial Grand Master by Lord
Blaney in February, 1767, which Preston in his
"Illustrations" calls a "revival," and from
which Bro. Malden assumes that Pascall had pre-
viously held the same office and therefore places
the lodge under English obedience from its con-
ception. It seems more natural and logical to
assume that it was a "revival" of masonry in
Madras-interrupted by the Philippine cam-
paign to which Preston refers, rather than a
"revival" of Pascall's appointment, as Bro.
Malden assumes. If he was master of the lodge
before the troops sailed he certainly was in line
for appointment as Provincial Grand Master
when the interest in freemasonry was revived
after their return.
P
The succeeding Provincial Grand Master was
a brother officer by the name of Matthew Horne.
As in the case of Pascall, little is known of
Horne's early history. Later in life he received
considerable undesirable publicity as the jailor of
Lord George Pigot, Governor of Madras. Many
important facts of his career are inscribed on a
tablet to his memory in the church at Trich-
inopoly where he is buried (2). From this and
from the military and masonic histories of the
times the following facts have been compiled:
(2) For a copy of the inscription see Malden's History
of Freemasonry on the Coast of Coromandel, p. 33.
52
1732-Matthew Horne was born (3),
1757-Commenced his military career at the
age of 25 years (4).
1757-1762-Served
under Lawrence (5) and
Clive (6) between these dates.
1759-Held the rank of Lieutenant of Ar-
tillery (7).
1762-1764-Served in the Manila campaign in
the Madras artillery (8).
1763-In January, as a Captain of Madras
Artillery, he succeeded Major Robert
Barker in command of both the Royal
and Company Artillery at Manila (9).
1768-In March orders were sent from Eng-
land to Madras directing that the
Artillery should be augmented and
formed into a battalion of five com-
panies, Captain Matthew Horne of
the Company's Artillery to be third
in command (10).
1769-Probable date of appointment as Pro-
vincial Grand Master of Madras (11).
(3) The exact date and place of his birth is unknown,
but this would seem to be the correct year by reason of
the fact that the Trichinopoly memorial tablet gives the
year of his death as 1789 and his age as 57 years.
(4) From the Trichinopoly memorial tablet.
(5) Stringer Lawrence was the senior military officer of
the Madras Army until superseded by Col. John Adlercron
who came from Gibraltar with the 39th Regiment in 1754.
Lawrence was thereafter second in command until Adler-
cron returned to England in 1759, whereupon he again as-
sumed command with the rank of brigadier-general.
(6) From the Trichinopoly memorial tablet.
(7) Love's Indian Records Series, Vestiges of Old Madras
1640-1800, vol. 3, p. 54, note 3.
(8) From the Trichinopoly memorial tablet; also Love's
Indian Records Series, Vestiges of Old Madras 1640-1800,
vol. 3, p. 54, note 3, and p. 113.
(9) Wilson's History of the Madras Army, vol. 1, p. 172.
(10) Ibid., vol. 1, p. 283.
(11) Malden's History of Freemasonry on the Coast of
Coromandel, p. 3.
53
1771-With the rank of Captain of Artillery,
reported wounded before Tanjore, Oc-
tober 28 (12)
1773-In July with the rank of Major serving
as Quartermaster-General under Brig-
adier-General Joseph Smith in a force
composed of Infantry, Artillery and
Cavalry assembled at Trichinopoly to
co-operate with the Nauwab in the
second siege of Tanjore (13).
1774 Married a Miss Ann Salmon (14).
1776-As a Major of Artillery was in com-
mand of the station at St. Thomas'
Mount (a suburb of Madras) where
on August 24, he was placed in charge
of Lord George Pigot, Governor of
Madras, who had been arrested and
deposed by the military (15),
1777-Lord Pigot is noticed as still residing
in the house of Major Horne at the
Mount as late as April 28 (16). In
June, the several officers concerned
in the arrest of Lord Pigot were or-
dered to be tried. Major Horne es-
caped trial because his principal, Gen-
eral Stuart, was acquitted on the plea
(12) "A Return of killed and wounded in the Army com-
manded by Brigadier-General Joseph Smith from their
leaving Trichinopoly to this date, Camp before Tanjore,
28th October, 1771." Appendix to Wilson's History of the
Madras Army, vol. 1, p. 390.
(13) Wilson's History of the Madras Army, vol. 1, p.
298.
(14) Love's Indian Records Series, Vestiges of Old
Madras 1640-1800, vol. 3, p. 54, note 3.
(15) Wilson's History of the Madras Army, vol. 1, p.
340.
(16) Ibid., vol. 1, p. 343.
54
that he had acted under the legitimate
orders of the majority of Council (17).
This year is the last date of the
Madras Lodge under the Grand Lodge
of England (18)¸
1785-Horne, now a Brigadier-General, writes
from Madras under date of January
16, to the Grand Master, Wardens
and Officers of the Grand Lodge of
England, soliciting the appointment
of Surgeon T. Gahagan as Provincial
Grand Master (19). Some time prior
(17) Ibid., vol. 1, p. 344.
(18) Malden's History of Freemasonry on the Coast of
Coromandel, p. 7. Horne's letter to the Grand Master, dated
January 16, 1785, later referred to, explains the situation.
(19) Malden's History of Freemasonry on the Coast of
Coromandel, p. 22. Horne said, in part, in his letter:
"Right Worshipful Sirs and Brethren:
"I have been lately apply'd to by Brother Gahagan and
some other respectable Brethren, to authorize them to as-
semble and form a Regular Lodge at Arcot, where a large
part of the Army on this Coast is station'd under my com-
mand, supposeing me authorized to do so, as the late Pro-
vincial Grand Master, and also Master of the late Madras
Lodge. But which has for some years been discontinued,
and I presume struck of the list of Regular Lodges in your
Books, long since.
*
*
*
*
*
*
"Here I must beg leave to account to you for the reasons
of the discontinuance of the Madras Lodge, once a very
respectable one. The Revolution in Government which re-
mov'd Lord Pigot from being Governor of Madras was the
sole cause, most of the principal Gentlemen of the Settle-
ment were members of the Lodge. But that Event occa-
sioned such party animosity that even the Institution and
Regulations of Masonry had not sufficient influence over
men's mind as to induce them to forget that party rancour
that had taken place throughout the Coast even when as-
sembled in the Lodge, and as the numbers on each side
were both respectable, I found it expedient to discontinue
our meetings not choosing to shew an improper prefer-
ance to either party hopeing time would moderate the
animosity that had taken place, this did not happen as
soon as I wish'd and expected, and my removal to other
55
to July 17, a new lodge at Arcot
called "Carnatic Military," had been
opened by Horne and Gahagan (20).
1786-Notwithstanding his letter siliciting the
office of Provincial Grand Master for
Bro. Gahagan, Horne himself was re-
appointed Provincial Grand Master
of the regular masons (21). This pat-
ent is dated February 20, 1786, and
was granted by the Earl of Effingham,
acting G. M. for H. R. H. the Duke
of Cumberland (22).
1788-1789-General Horne was transferred to
Trichinopoly in 1788 or 1789, and
Stations in course of my profession as a Military Man,
and my absence in England for a few months, and after
my return
return to India being captured by two French
Frigates and sent to Mauritias where I was detain'd till
the Ratification of Peace arrived has occasion'd such a
lapse of time that I conceive the power I held as Pro-
vincial Grand Master of this Coast is become, extinct, and
that I cannot regularly fulfill the duties of that office with-
out fresh authority from you. And which I should pre-
sume to solicite was I properly qualify'd to execute its
functions with propriety and abilitys. But altho I retain
the greatest veneration and attachment to the Institution
of Masonry, I now find myself by no means qualify'd to
preside as Provincial Grand Master and to inquire into
and regulate the various Lodges on this extensive Coast
many of which rec'd their Institution from our Lodge.
Others call themselves Ancient and correspond with the
Grand Lodge lately under the Direction of His Grace the
Duke of Athol. But as a Provincial Grand Master under
your sanction and authority I am persuaded would be very
usefull, and greatly tend to the good of the craft I pre-
sume to solicite that one may be appointed, and I know
of none so fully qualified as Brother Gahagan."
(20) Malden's History of Freemasonry on the Coast of
Coromandel, p. 16.
(21) Ibid., p. 18.
As
(22) Ibid., p. 24. This patent alone is recorded.
a consequence many masonic writers give 1786 as the year
of his appointment as Provincial Grand Master. That this
appointment of 1786 was in fact a reappointment is amply
demonstrated by Horne's letter quoted in footnote 19.
56
wrote to England asking for leave to
resign his office as Provincial Grand
Master. His resignation was accepted
with deep regret and he was asked to
ascertain the sense of the brethren as
to his successor (23).
1789-Was Commander-in-Chief of the Coast
Army of the East India Company
[Madras Presidency] from February
to October (24). Died at Woriore, De-
cember 14, at the age of 57 years, and
was buried in the church at Trichino-
poly (25)
With the activities of the members of Gib-
raltar Lodge #128 in the 39th Regiment of Foot
in the neighborhood of Madras during the
years immediately preceding the expedition to
Manila and the absorption into the Madras
Army of a large percentage of that Regiment;
with masonic activities in Madras under the
Provincial Grand Mastership of Pascall and
later of Matthew Horne (the latter serving
throughout the Manila campaign); with the
statement that records exist in the Archives of
the Indies at Sevilla (26) establishing the exist-
ence of masonic activities in Manila by mem-
bers of the expeditionary force; it seems prob-
able (without regard to any of the other al-
Sp
(23) Malden's History of Freemasonry on the Coast of
Coromandel, p. 32.
(24) From the Trichinopoly memorial tablet.
(25) Malden's History of Freemasonry on the Coast of
Coromandel, p. 33.
(26) The writer hopes, through the courtesy of Bro. Karl
C. Leebrick, to demonstrate, at a not too distant date, the
relevancy of those records to the present inquiry.
57
ternative possibilities) that the masonry exist-
ing within the army of occupation at Manila
between 1762 and 1764 was a creature of Gibral-
tar lodge (perhaps irregularly formed when
measured by present day standards, but never-
theless in accordance with the standards and
customs of those times) either by the direct es-
tablishment of a lodge within the Madras Army,
or by the constitution of a lodge at Madras
among the European officers who accompanied
the expedition in sufficient numbers to constitute
themselves into a lodge at Manila.
Irrespective of other considerations, we be-
lieve we have at least demonstrated that Brig-
adier-General Matthew Horne, second Provincial
Grand Master of Masons on the Coromandel
Coast (Madras Presidency), is entitled to rank
among the early masonic visitors to our shores.
And in conclusion let us express the hope that
in due time all doubts may be set at rest.
Meanwhile, if the data herein collected, incom-
plete and inconclusive as it is, may serve only
as a foundation or stepping-stone for the future
superstructure so as to make the task a little
easier for him who may care to build hereafter,
the writer will feel amply repaid for his time
and trouble consumed in what has been purely
a labor of love.
58
VII
REFERENCE LIST
OF
PRINCIPAL AUTHORITIES CONSULTED
At the British Museum, London (1):
"A plain narrative of the reduction of Manila and the
Philippine Islands." Pub. 1765. Pressmark 9056aa11.
"A History of the British Army," by the Hon. J. W.
Fortescue. "First Part-to the close of the Seven Years
War." Pub. 1899. Pressmark 2084e. [Vol. 2 deals with
events in India prior to as well as contemporaneous with
the departure of the expeditionary force for Manila in
1762.]
"Answer to Spanish Arguments," by Sir William Draper.
Pub. 1764. Pressmark E.2094(10).
"Preliminary Articles of Peace between his Britannick
Majesty the
the most Christian King and the Catholic
King.' Pub. 1762. Pressmark 1390h65(3).
""
"Roxo y Calderon, Memorias funebres." A. J. Roxo. Pub.
1765. Pressmark 4865bbb15(2)
"Sitio y conquista de Manila por los Ingleses en 1762,"
by Pedro Jordan de Urries, Marqués de Ayerbe. Pub. 1897.
Pressmark 9055cc29. [This interesting and valuable mono-
graph is based almost wholly upon an unpublished diary
of Don Alfonso Rodriguez de Ovalle, who carried the notice
of the peace terms to Manila and who figured prominently
in the events of that period. Its value to the student would
have been increased if the editor-author had contented him-
self with copying the diary verbatim rather than reproduc-
ing it in his own words.]
Spain-"A complete history of the late war to the ex-
change of ratifications of peace between Great Britain,
France and Spain." Date of Publication, 1764. Library
pressmark 807d36 (2).
Spain "The beginning, progress and conclusion of the
late war." Pub. 1770. Pressmark T917(5).
(1) Citing books by classifications under the names of
Libraries does not of course imply that they are not to be
found elsewhere. It is merely where they were first con-
sulted by the writer. Moreover, it is quite probable that
most of the works cited in this entire reference list might
be found either in the Library of the British Museum or
in the Library of Congress.
(2) In the Library of the British Museum the index or
distinguishing number of a book or pamphlet is called a
"pressmark." In most American libraries it is called a
"classmark."
59
"The definite treaty of peace between his Britannick
Majesty and the King of Spain concluded Feb. 10, 1763.”
Pub. 1763. Pressmark 593d21(6).
"The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898," edited by E. H. Blair
and J. A. Robertson. Pub. A. H. Clark Co., Cleveland,
1903-1909, in 55 vols. Pressmark 2378ee-g. A separate
volume of the bibliography (vol. 53) by J. W. Robertson is
carried as a reference book in the British Museum, press-
mark BBIcl. [This work is invaluable to the student of
Philippine history, and should always be consulted first in
preference to any other work. Unfortunately the writer
did not do so, much to his regret. The edition consists of
52 vols. of text, consisting of a compilation of most of
the important documents dealing with Philippine history
to the close of Spanish sovereignty, with enlightening com-
ments of the compilers. Vol. 53 is made up of bibliography.
Vols. 54 and 55 contain a most comprehensive index. The
general arrangement is chronological. Vol. 42 covers the
period 1762-1765 and treats wholly of the British occupa-
tion of the Philippines. Pp. 104-131 of vol. 42 contain
a translation of Archbishop Roxo's journal taken from "Le
Gentil's Voyages, 1779-1781."]
The Scots Magazine, vol. 25. Pub. 1763. Pressmark
2113 a-e.
[Contains, pp. 225-235: Letter from Brig.-Gen.
Draper to the Earl of Egremont, dated Manila, Nov. 2,
1762; his journal of the expedition; capitulations; letters
from Vice-Adm. Cornish to the Admiralty Office, dated
Manila, Oct. 31, 1762, and Nov. 10, 1762.]
"Una Memoria de Anda y Salazar," by T. H. Pardo de
Tavera. Pub. 1899.
Pub. 1899. Pressmark 8022cc14. [This valuable
monograph with the illuminating comments of our late
Bro. Pardo de Tavera, contains the report of Anda to the
King after the evacuation of Manila by the British, in
which he reviews the period in question and severely at-
tacks the administration of Archbishop Roxo.]
At Freemasons' Hall, Great Queen Street,
London:
Folder files of records of Military Lodges arranged by
numbers assigned to regiments and artillery companies.
"Masonic Records, 1717-1894,” 2d edn., by John Lane,
F. C. A.
"Military Lodges, 1732-1899," by Robert Freke Gould.
Pub. London, 1899.
"Old Military Lodges in Bengal," by Wor. Bro. the Rev.
W. K. Firminger. Pub. Calcutta, 1904.
"The History of the Grand Lodge of Ireland"-Vol. I.
[The only volume published to date.]
At the Library of Congress, Washington (3) :
"Estadismo de las islas Filipinas," by Joaquin Martinez
(3) The title "Philippine Islands" alone consumes five
tills, standard card-index size.
60
de Zúñiga. Pub. Sampaloc, 1803. Classmark DS668-M38.
A translation by Maver, pub. London, 1814. Classmark
DS668-M39. A Madrid edition, pub. 1893, classmark
DS658-M38.
“Filipinas (La Masonería)” by Eduardo Navarro Ordoñez.
Pub. Madrid, 1897. Classmark DS676-5-N32.
"Historia General de Filipinas," by Juan de la Concepción.
Pub. Manila, 1788-92. 14 vols. Classmark DS674-J91.
"La Masonización de Filipinas," by Manuel Garcia-Bar-
zanallana. Pub. Barcelona, 1897. Classmark DS678-M3.
"Los Frailes de Filipinas," by Nicolas Diaz Perez. Pub.
Madrid, 1904. Classmark DS673-F7D5.
"The Pacific Ocean in History."
"Masonic Reprints and Historical Revelations," by Henry
Sadler. Pub. London, 1898. Classmark HS416. S2.
(Papers and addresses
presented at the Panama-Pacific Historical Congress, 1915.)
Pub. Macmillan Co., New York, 1917. Classmark DU29-P3.
[Contains at pp. 192, et seq., an article by Bro. Karl C. Lee-
brick entitled "Troubles of an English Governor."]
"Voyage dans les mers de l'Inde," between 1761 and 1769,
by Le Gentil. Pub. Paris, 1779. 2 vols.
2 vols. Classmark Q115-
L52.
At the Library of the Supreme Council of the
33° A. & A. Scottish Rite, Washington (4):
"A History of Freemasonry (Under the English Con-
stitution) on the Coast of Coromandel, together with His-
tories of the old Madras Lodges which were founded be-
fore the Union," by the Rev. C. H. Malden, with an in-
troduction by W. J. Hughan. Pub. Addison & Co., Madras,
1895. [A most valuable book.]
'Ahiman Rezon" (various editions) first published in 1756.
"Caementaria Hibernica," by W. J. Chetwode Crawley.
Pub. Wexford, 1895. [The author may be justly considered
the Gould of Irish Freemasonry.]
"History of Minden Lodge No. 63 held in the 20th Regi-
ment of Foot," by John Clarke. Pub. Kingston [Jamaica?],
1849. [This is one of the oldest military lodges under the
I. C. It was in India for many years, but not at the time
of the expedition to Manila.]
"List of Lodges in Bengal, Madras, Bombay and Ceylon,"
compiled from Lane's Masonic Records from 1729-1851. A
pamphlet. No date; no publishers' name. Class No.
M17-940.
(4) This is probably the finest Masonic library in the
world. All books are grouped in some logical and natural
way. Accordingly they take a "class number" and not an
individual number. Books on Masonry in India come under
"Class No. M17-954"; books on Masonry in Ireland come
under "Class No. M17-9415." In general, all books were
examined under both of these classifications.
61
"Notes on Irish Freemasonry," by W. J. Chetwode Craw-
ley, from "Ars Quatuor Coronatum."
Reports of the Grand Lodge of Ireland.
"The Early History of Freemasonry in Bengal and the
Punjab," by Walter Kelly Firminger. Pub. Thacker, Spink
& Co., Calcutta, 1906.
"The History and Antiquities of Freemasonry in Saint-
field, County Down" [Ireland], by W. G. Simpson. Pub.
Saintfield, 1924.
"The Second Lodge of Bengal in the Olden Times," by
Walter K. Firminger. Pub. Thacker, Spink & Co., Calcutta,
1911.
At the New York Public Library (5):
"A History of the Military Transactions of the British
Nation in Hindostan from the year 1745," by R. Orme.
4th edn. 3 vols. Pub. London, 1803. Classmark BGL.
"Army Inspection Returns-1753-1804," by Percy Sumner,
in the Journal of the Society of Army Historical Research,
vol. 3. Pub. Sheffield, 1924. Classmark VWA.
B
"British conquests in the Philippines," by Carlos Gilman
Calkins. (In: Proc. U. S. Naval Inst., vol. XXVII, No. 1,
Mar. 1901, whole No. 97, pp. 79-114.) Pub. Annapolis,
1901. [A very complete and interesting account of the
military aspect of the capture and occupation of Manila.
No classmark. It must be described as above.]
"Dictionary of National Biography." A compilation,
originally in 63 vols. but with many supplementary volumes
since added, giving biographies of all important British
personages. Pub. Smith, Elder & Co., London, 1888. Class-
mark *R-AGH.
"Documentos politicos de actualidad," published by W. E.
Retana. Ser.
Ser. 1 (In: Archivo del bibliofilo filipino, vol. 3).
Pub. Madrid, 1897. Classmark BFE. [Contains many in-
teresting references to Philippine freemasonry during the
latter period of Spanish sovereignty.]
"El tribunal de santo oficio de la inquisición en las Islas
Filipinas," by Jose Toribio Medina. Pub. Impr. Elzeviriana,
Santiago de Chili, 1899. Classmark ZLY. [Interesting ref-
erences to the burning of the records in 1762, and early
instances of freemasonry. Compiled from records obtained
in Mexico.]
"Historical record of the 79th regiment of Foot, or
Cameron Highlanders," by Robert Jameson. Pub. W. Black-
wood & Sons, Edinburgh, 1863. Classmark VWZH.
"Historical Records of the 79th Queen's Own Cameron
Highlanders," by Thomas Arthur Mackenzie. Pub. Hamil-
ton Adams & Co., London, 1887. Classmark VWZH. This
work is based largely on the Jameson history.
""
""
(5) The principal titles consulted in the N. Y. Pub. Libr.
were "Philippine Islands," "Manila," "Luzon,” “India,'
"Madras,"
"Masonry," "Freemasonry, ""
"Army (British).”
62
"History of the Madras Army," by Col. W. J. Wilson.
5 vols. and atlas. Pub. by the Government Printing Office,
Madras, 1882-9. Classmark VWZH.
"Indian Records Series. Vestiges of Old Madras, 1640-
1800, traced from the East India Company's records pre-
served at Fort St. George and the India Office and from
other sources," by Henry Davison Love. 4 vols. Pub. for
the govt. of India, John Murray, London, 1913. Classmark
BGP. [A very useful and authentic work.]
"Masonic Union. An address to His Grace, the Duke of
Athol, on the subject of an union, between the masons that
have lately assembled under His Grace's sanction, and the
regular masons of England, His Royal Highness, George
Prince of Wales, grand master. To which is added, an
appendix, containing authentic sources of masonic informa-
tion, compiled from ancient records. By a member of the
fraternity." Pub. J. Shaw, London, 1804. Classmark
*Cp.v.208, no. 16.
"State of the Philippine Islands," by T. de Comyn, Trans-
lated with Notes and a Preliminary Discourse by William
Walton, Esq. Pub. London, 1821. Classmark BFH.
[Walton gives in his "Preliminary Discourse" an extended
account of the capture and occupation of Manila by the
British in 1762. He further says that copies of all pertinent
public papers came into his hands, but he does not say
how nor where, nor does he make any specific mention of
them.]
"The Americans in the Philippines," by James A. Le Roy.
2 vols. Pub. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston and New York,
1914. Classmark *R-BFF.
"The Duke of Gordon's First Regiment, the Adventures
of the 89th (1759-65),” by J. M. Bulloch. No date or place
of publication. Classmark VWZH.p.v.19, no. 13.
"The Philippine Islands," by John Foreman, Pub. Lon-
don, 1890. Classmark BFF. [Also third edition, 1905.]
"The Private Diary of Ananda Ranga Pillai." A record
of matters political, historical, social and personal from
1736 to 1761. Translated from the Tamil by order of the
Government of Madras. Classmark B.G.L. [This is an-
other of the official publications emanating from the Madras
Records Office, carefully edited and generously annotated.
The diarist was a most prolific writer and painstakingly
recorded most of the daily events of the period. Ten
volumes have been issued from time to time during the
past 20 years. The last volume was published in 1925 and
brings the diary up to June, 1757. Up to this date his
associations had been mainly with the French at Pon-
dicherry, but indications point to closer connections with
the British in Madras for the remaining years. Any new
volume issued will merit a careful examination.]
"The Records and Badges of Every Regiment and Corps
in the British Army," by Henry Manners Chichester and
George Burges-Short. Pub. Wm. Clowes & Sons, London,
1895. Classmark VWZH.
•
63
"The Story of Madras," by Glyn Barlow. Pub. H. Mil-
ford, London, 1921. Classmark BGR.
"The story of the Manilla ransom 1762, and Britains debt
to the United States," by N. W. Sibley. (In: Jour. of
Comparative Legislation and International Law, series 3,
vol. 7, pp. 17-32.) Pub. London, 1925. Classmark SEA.
"Tercera parte de la Vida del Gran Tacaño," by Vicente
Alemany, 1729-1817; edited by W. E. Retana. Pub. New
York, 1922. Revue Hispanique, vol. 54, pp. 417-558. Class-
mark RGA.
64
Aberdeen, Earl of
Adlercron, John
Admiralty Office
Ahiman Rezon
(Numbers refer to pages)
A.
Aix-la-Chapelle
Almanza
America
America (ship)
American War of Independence
"Ancients"
Anda y Salazar, Simon de
Anne, Queen
Arabs
Archbishop of Manila
Archives of the Indies
Arcot
Argo (ship)
Army Inspection Returns
Army Lodges
Ars Quatuor Coronatum
Artillery
Athol, Duke of
Athol Lodge
Athol Masonry
Austria
Ayerbe, Marques de
Barker, Robert
Bath
VIII
INDEX (1)
Begbie, Maj. P. J. –
Bengal
Berkeley
Black Hole
Blair, E. H.
Blaney, Lord
Bombay
Brereton, Capt.
Bristol
42
22, 40, 52
19, 25
17
B.
33
39
12, 31
23
43
16, 17, 37, 43, 55
28
38
46
10, 28
10, 56
54, 55
23
37
15, 18, 44
17, 32
20, 22, 23, 26, 27, 28, 35, 39, 41,
44, 45, 46, 47, 49, 52, 53
43, 44, 55
37
43
2009
28
22, 23, 45, 47, 52
23
45
13, 23, 31, 33, 40, 41, 45, 46, 49
10
41
28
33, 51
27, 42, 46
24
18, 22
(1) Index includes both text and footnotes, but does not
cover Chapter VII, Reference List of Principal Authorities
Consulted, as the same is merely an alphabetical compila-
tion of the works which appear in the various footnotes.
65
Britain
British
British Army
British India
British Museum
British Occupation
British Regiments
Brooke, Henry
Brothier
Bulloch, J. M.
Burges-Short, George
Buxar
Byng, Sir George
Call, John
Cameron, Alan
Cameron Highlanders
Canceaux (ship)
Caementaria Hibernica
Caffrees
Calcutta
Calendar, Home Office Papers
California
Cape of Good Hope
Carnac, John
Carnatic
Carnatic Military Lodge
Cathedral of Intramuros
Cavalry
Cavite
Caya
China
Clayton, Jaspar
Clifton Downs
Channel Fleet
Chicago
Chichester, Henry Manners
9, 10, 14, 16, 17,
6,
Clive
Coast Army
Coast of Coromandel
Coffrees (see Caffrees)
Colchester
Collins, Capt.
Congressional Library
Coote, Richard
Cornish, Samuel
Coromandel Coast
Cotsfort, Capt.-Lt.
Court of Directors
Crawley, W. J. Chetwode
Cuba
Sky
Cumberland, Duke of
Curry, George
1
C.
19, 20,
11, 21,
- 6, 8, 10, 11,
18,
12, 20, 47
21, 28, 47
36, 37, 47
31, 48
14,
38,
6, 28
28, 41
41, 47
22
34
42, 44
37, 40
43
39
17
26, 27, 29, 46
20, 31, 40, 41
37
10
34
38
36, 37
18, 19
50
40, 43, 49
36, 45
55
10
44, 45, 46, 53
21, 24, 25, 26
39
39
10
37, 40
24
22
37
23, 40, 49, 52
34, 50, 54, 56
14, 20, 30, 32, 33, 44, 52, 54, 57
36
24
6, 28
38
11, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27
14, 20, 30, 32, 33, 44, 52, 54, 57
47
45
17
20
55
25
66
Dawson, James
Defense Lodge
De Groot
Delgado, Francisco A.
Desford, Lord
13
40
8
5
44
22
13, 22,
Draper's Regiment
Dublin
38, 41
16
23, 26
13
Draper, William 11, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 28, 29, 36, 37, 47
20, 23, 25, 27, 28, 36, 38
16
42, 44
43, 44, 55
55
42, 44
Duchess of Gordon
My da
Dictionary of National Biography
Dorsetshire Regiment
Dragoons
Duke of Athol
Duke of Cumberland
Duke of Gordon
Drake, Dawsonne (or Dawson)
Drake, Roger
Earl of Aberdeen
Earl of Effingham
Earl of Egremont
Earl of Halifax
Earl of Rosse
East India
East India Company
Edinburgh
Effingham, Earl of
Egremont, Earl of
Eighth Regiment
Eighty-ninth Regiment
Eighty-seventh Regiment
Elizabeth (ship)
Ellore
D.
Engineers
England
England, Grand Lodge of
English
English Infantry
Essex (ship)
Eurasians
Europe
European Artillery
European Cavalry
European Infantry
European Masons
Falmouth (ship)
Fell, Maj.
Finlater, Lord
E.
25
29
16
13, 22, 31, 33
10, 13, 21, 26, 40, 41, 44, 45, 49, 56
17
55
25
23, 36
21, 42, 43, 47
42
23
34
26, 47
42
55
9, 17, 20,
21, 22, 23, 31, 35, 39, 40, 44,
45, 46, 47, 48, 50, 52, 55, 56
6, 14, 16, 17, 18, 30, 31,
35, 37, 40, 43, 48, 49, 54
9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 23, 28, 33
34
24
27
F.
8
20, 44, 45
44, 45, 46
20, 27, 34, 44, 45, 50
8
24
26
44
67
Firminger, Walter Kelly
First Dorsetshire Regiment
First Foot Guards
Fletcher, Robert
Fontainebleau
Foot Guards, First
Foreign Deserters
Foreign Hussars
Fort St. David
Fort St. George
Fort William
Fortescue, J. W.
Fourteenth Regiment
Fourth Regiment
France
Frankfurt
Frederick the Great
Freemasons' Hall
French
French Deserters
Frenchmen
Gahagan, T.
Garcia-Barzanallana, M.
German Deserters
German States
Gibraltar
Gibraltar Lodge
Goa
Godalming
Gordon Castle
Gordon, Duchess of
Gordon, Duke of
Gordon Highlanders
Gordon, Major
Gould, Robert Freke
Grafton (ship)
Grand Lodges:
Bengal (Provincial)
East India (Provincial)
England
Ireland
Madras (District)
Munster
Scotland
York
Grant, Sir Ludovic
Grotius
Halifax, Earl of
Hampshire
G.
13, 40, 41, 42
38, 41
H.
36
22, 47
47
36
27, 29
45
44
21, 34, 37, 44, 46
31
20, 21
22
23, 36
9, 20, 44
45
8
6, 40
20, 36, 40, 44, 46, 55
29, 34
26
52235
54, 55
12
29
9
39, 49, 52
41, 42, 49, 50, 56, 57
27
23
REFERRA
42
42, 44
42, 44
42, 43, 44
42
15, 16, 18, 19, 42
23
41
13
6, 14, 16, 17, 18, 30, 31, 35,
37, 40, 43, 48, 49, 54
16, 17, 31
30
16, 17
17
16
44
12
88338383
29
68
Hesse-Cassell
Highland Chiefs
Highlanders, Cameron
Highlanders, Gordon
Hindostan
Hindostanees
Home Office Papers, Calendar
Honolulu
Horne Family
Horne, Matthew
House of Commons
Hughan, William James
-
Ireland
Ireland, Grand Lodge of
Irish Fusiliers
Irish Masonry
Jamaica
Jameson, Robert
Johnson, Samuel
"Illustrations"
33, 51
India 9, 14, 20, 22, 23, 36, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 49, 55
India Office
Indian Army
Indian Masonry
Indian Records
Indian Troops
Infantry
21, 27
22
13, 30
21, 52, 53
29
20, 27, 29, 34, 44, 45, 49, 50, 53
16
31, 38, 48
16, 17, 31
43
16, 17
Inniskilling Regiment
Jordan de Urries, Pedro
Journal, Archbishop's
Journal, Draper's
"Junius"
Kalaw, Teodoro M.
Karical
Kempenfelt, Capt.
Kilwinning, Lodge of
King's Regiments
Kingston, James, Viscount
Lally, M.
Lane, John
Lascars
Lawrence Stringer
Lee, Sidney
Leebrick, Karl C.
Lenox (ship)
I.
J.
K.
42,
37,
L.
45
44
36, 37
43, 44
41, 49
46
37
9, 10
12
11, 21, 32, 33, 35, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57
21
30, 32, 48
39
37
22
28
28
26
36
9
35
24
17
22, 36, 38, 39, 41, 42
17
36
15, 31, 48
26, 29
21, 22, 34, 52
22
9, 10, 23, 48, 56
23
69
LeRoy, James A.
Libraries:
British Museum
Congressional
Grand Lodge of England
New York Public
Scottish Rite (Washington)
University of California
Liverpool
Liverpool Volunteers
Lodges (by name):
Ars Quatuor Coronati
Athol
Carnatic Military
Defense
Gibraltar
Kilwinning
Madras
Marine
Sea Captains
Social Friendship
Stewards'
Unity, Peace and Concord
Lodges (by numbers):
I
II
III
72
101
102
124
128
157
191
222
233
234
235
290
316
353
354
355
497
London
London Gazette
Lord Blaney
Lord Desford
Lord Finlater
Lord Manners
Lord Petre
Lord Pigot
Lords of the Admiralty
Love, Henry Davison
Lubeck
Luconia [Luzon]
14
6, 28
6, 28
41, 42, 49, 50,
30, 32, 33,
6, 12, 28
∞∞0000000000000
6
38
32
37
55
40
56, 57
17
35, 54
15
18
43
33
43
34, 35
34
34
31
33
33
33
41, 49, 50, 56
33
37
33
34
34
34
41
43
34, 35
34
34
43
5, 6, 19, 22
19, 25
33, 51
44
44
44
35
21, 22, 35, 51, 53, 54
19, 25
23, 52, 53
45
24
70
Macaulay
Mackenzie, Thomas Arthur
Madagascar
Madras
So my m
Madras Army
Madras Artillery
Madras Engineers
Madras Lodge
Madras Presidency
Madras Sepoys
Malden, Rev. C. H.
Manila
11, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 26, 29,
35, 36, 37, 39, 40, 41, 44, 45,
G
Manila Cathedral
Manila Ransom
Manners, Lord Robert
Marine Lodge
Marines
Nabob of Bengal
Native Artillery
Native Cavalry
Native Infantry
Nauab [or Nawab]
Naval Lodges
Nellore
Monro, Hector
Monson, Col.
Montero y Vidal, J.
Moralta [Malate]
Morris, Staates_Long
Mother Grand Lodge
Mother Kilwinning
Munster, Grand Lodge of
M.
14, 30, 31, 32, 48, 51, 52, 54
6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 18, 19,
21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28, 29, 32, 36,
37, 38, 41, 42, 45, 47, 52, 56, 57
10
12
44
15
39
28
6,9
55
39
9, 15, 40, 41, 42, 43
37
39
16
43
47
28
Marques de Ayerbe
Masonic Records
Mauritias
Messina
Military Lodges
Military Transactions in Hindostan
Minorca
"Moderns"
New York
New York Public Library
Ninety-second Regiment
Noble H. Lawrence
Norfolk (ship)
Nuremberg
14, 23, 26, 27,
47,
30, 32, 33, 35, 54
14, 23, 30, 31, 36, 44, 45, 50, 56, 57
45
40
37
46
30, 31, 32, 33, 34,
47, 48, 49, 50, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 57
37, 39, 44, 45, 46,
49, 52, 53, 56, 57
27, 41, 45, 49, 52
26, 47
N.
24, 25, 27, 29,
24
42, 44
6, 16
17, 18
16, 17
40
44
44
29, 44
27, 53
18
40
5, 6
6, 12, 28
42
11
23
45
71
O'Brien, James
Orme, R.
Osterly Company
Patna
Penny, Norman
Petre, Lord
P.
Pan-Pacific Historical Congress
Panther (ship)
Pardo de Tavera, T. H.
Parker, Capt.
Pascall, Edmond
Philippine Masonry
Philippines
G
Pigot, Lord George
Pioneers
Pitchford, Capt.
Plassey
Plymouth
Pondicherry
Portsmouth
Portugal
Portuguese Eurasians
Preston
Primera Luz Filipina
Primus in Indis
Prince (ship)
10
23
28
24
31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 50, 51, 56
43
12
35
9, 11, 32
6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 20, 22, 28, 47, 51
21, 22, 35, 51, 53, 54
26, 27, 28, 35
25
14th
24th
-
36th
39th
79th
0.
Rajpoots
Regimental Histories
Regimental Lodges
Regiments (by numbers):
4th
6th
8th
Princess Victoria's Royal Irish Fusiliers
Provincial Grand Lodge
Provincial Grand Master
Punjab
Quebec
Queen Anne
Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders
Q.
17
37
24
R.
33333
40
18
20, 35, 42
42
9, 39
27
33, 35, 51
11
22, 38, 41, 48
18, 19
43
13, 30, 41
13, 17, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35,
50, 51, 52, 54, 55, 56, 57
13
18, 42
38
36, 37
46
36
11, 15, 18
23, 36
16
23, 36
22
23, 36
42
22, 38, 39, 40, 41, 48, 49, 50, 52, 56
21, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 36, 37, 38, 45
72
87th
89th
92nd
Rizal, Jose
Robertson, J. A.
Rodriguez de Ovalle, Alfonso
Rosse, Earl of
Roxo Rio, Manuel Antonio
Royal Artillery
Royal Irish Fusiliers
Royal Navy Lodge
Royal Scots
Russell, Claud
Russia
Saint Thomas' Mount
Salmon, Miss Ann
San Francisco
Sankey, Lt.-Gen.
Sankey's Horse
Saunders, Thomas
Saxony
Scotland
Scotland, Grand Lodge of
Scots Magazine, The
Scots, Royal
Scott, Maj.
Scottish Masonry
Scottish Rite
Gal
Scottish Rite Library
Sea Captains' Lodge
Sea Lodges
Seaford (ship)
Seahorse (ship)
Seamen
K
Seapoys
Seton, Sir Malcolm C. C.
Seven Years War
Seventy-ninth Regiment
G
Sevilla
Sibley, N. W.
Sicily
Sixth Regiment
Smith, John Lewin
Smith, Joseph
Social Friendship Lodge
South-sea Castle (ship)
Spain
Spaniards
Spanish Ambassador
Stevens, Admiral
Stevens, Frederick H.
Stevenson, Capt.
And
S.
42
21, 42, 43, 47
42
12, 13
28
28
16
10, 28
26, 27, 39, 45, 49, 52
43
2*4*2*
15
43
9
35, 53
53
10
38
39
21
9
17, 31, 48
17
19, 25, 26
43
47
17
10, 11
6
18
18, 19
23
24
24, 26, 27, 29
20, 26, 29, 45
27
8, 20, 21
21, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28,
36, 37, 38, 45
10, 48, 56
12
39
16
22
53
43
23
9, 10, 12, 20, 28, 39, 46, 47
11, 37, 39
29
24
10
47
73
Stewards Lodge
Stuart, General
Sumner, Percy
Sunderland
Supreme Council
Supreme Court of Judicature
Surajah Dowlah
Sweden
Switzerland
Tanjore
Thirty-ninth Regiment
Thirty-sixth Regiment
Tiddeman, Richard
Topasses [or Topazes]
Trichinopoly
Twenty-fourth Regiment
Vanguard (ship)
Viscount Kingston
U.
Unity, Peace and Concord Lodge
University of California Library
V.
Wandewash
Wapping
War of Independence
Washington
West Indies
West York Regiment
Westcott, G.
Weymouth (ship)
Wilson, Lt.-Col. W. J.
Wood, Capt.
Woriore
Wurttemberg
Yarmouth
York, Grand Lodge of
Ꭲ.
W.
Y.
33
53
37
♡ LO
ww
| A M
18
6
AOA NO
22
40
45
53
22, 38, 39, 40, 41, 48,
49, 50, 52, 56
42
22, 23
26, 27, 29, 46
34, 40, 51, 52, 53, 55, 56
23, 36
3999999
43
10
18, 19
17
900909090
40
18
43
5, 6, 10
43
22
34
23
27, 37, 39, 40, 44, 45,
47, 52, 53
47
56
45
18
16

:
1
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UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
3 9015 02447 9787
BOUND
DEC 23 1954
UNIV. OF MICH.
LIBRARY
Filmed by Preservation NEH 1994

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