:. 1 GRAD DS 69.6 M67 1953a BUHR A.D.I. DOCUMENT 3926 ! 1. Pa kak Jalan 14 1 Cage, that any ANNUA 295 KEE RIHO Mestis ! A.D.I. Ameriad Da 1 ĭ Hid Surtde DOCUMENT 3926 P تم 3: No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. Title CONTENTS ADI Doc 3926 The Four-wheeled chariot from Kish by Louis Charles Watelin Goats from Ur and Kish by holfgang Anschler Inscriptions from South Arabia by A. R. M. Rickards Ancient wells in Mesopotamia by E. W. Shaw Archaeological site found in Iran, 1935 by W. E. Browne Dental Survey of Iraq by M. Don Clawson Kuwaitis as I have known them by Iva L. Robertson Notes on Sinai by Henry Field Stone implements from Egypt and Kenya by C. B. Williams Geological Reconnaissance in the Near East by Heinz Tiemann Anthropometric Data from Iraq by Winifred Smeaton Photograph of Arabs dancing at a wedding in Iraq Arrangement of Anthropometric Groups studied in Iraq, Iran and the Caucasus by Henry Field Page לא 3 10 15 17 18 19 46 52 53 54 59 68 69 I 2. ハ ​I 1 No. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. Title List of Hair Samples from the Near East collected by Henry Field Archaeological Notes from Saudi Arabia by Don Holm Notes on Iran Tombs (Nawamis) and Stone Circles in Sinai by Jacques Daumas Notes on Sinai Page 70 ୧୧୧ ୧ 72 2. 74 1 3. | Amer Doc. Inst. (L.C) Duc. 3926 The Four-Wheeled Chariot from Kish by Louis Charles Watclin In 1928, Sumerian chariots were found for the first time, both at Kish and at Ur. The excavations at Kish, carried on under the auspices of Field Museum, Chicago, and Oxford University. Englund, yielded cne two-wheeled and one four-wheeled chariot in 1928, and three two- wheeled chariota in 1929. Of these, it has been possible to preserve part of the four-wheeled chariot. The vehicles were found lying in graves three or four meters under the actual level of the plain, having evidently been interred beside the bodies of the persons whose property they were; for at that period it appears to have been customary to bury the worldly possessions of the deceased with the owner. This included wives, ber- vants and animals, which were sacrificed to accompany him to the next world. Accordingly, the graves have fieldod skeletons of the personal retinue of the deceused and those of their animals, together with their chariots, copper weapons, vases of copper, atone und caked clay; lumps. ses' mortars and necklaces. A detailed account of these tomba will be published in the report of the Expedition; the matter with which we are concerned in this note is the four-wheeled chariot. | I We gume on the chariot ut u de th of Lout five meters below the actual level of the fluin. It was jlaced upon a juve sunt formed of ragments of buked clay, probably the remains of bricks partially destroyed by resence of water, which was found at a depth of 10 0 meter below the floor of the tomb. The platform of the chariot resting on it axles, was further supported of bricks placed underneath it. 1. the shafts of the ohariot were tie skeletons f two air of xen with their hurnejo, and in front and beside the vehicle, were six human skeletons. as the okoletras of the uimals were discovered at a slightly higher level than that at wi.ich the chariot was found, it is natural to supose tit. the chariot was placed first in the tmb and consolidated bị brick su orts, the body oi the uece sed and his wacrificed companiens being interred with it, and that subsequently the slaughtered win.l. were tured in ca the whole. Otherwise, it would so-reely have been neo- eusury to prop up the floor 1 the clariot--u prequation evidently intenced to protect it from being crushed if the body of an unimal fell ty on it. 4 The difference of level between the position of the churict and that of the animals scems to exclude the jos Diuility of the tomb having been ruched by an inclined plane; on the contrary, the ton was excavated from above, the 4. 5. -- It wus like a well, J were the other to be found. enclosed in a vault, but the weight of the ton meters of rubbish and oil which lay above had imploded it. nd it was therefore imobile to study the architect- urul teahnique. The chariot e msisted fu wenuen latform terminated behind by a 300 nd anuller ¡lutirrm 300 nd analler lutirrmlaucu uintly lower than the other, and stren-themed in its curved jart by a band of ceper. On either siuc of the 1lat- for wooden uprights revolted the lead from falling off. The shape of the front art reis problematical, as there remained no trace of material, which would have assisted in its reconstruction. 4 * ܝ The wheels, held in lace at the .d of the axles Ly woode. keys, were composed of irregular slabs kept teether by jerties of planking sccured by wooden pegs. The irreg lurity f theceleces is explained by the size of the copper _ws found during the excavations, Which wore a}; roximately forty centimeters in length, were too short to cut planks of the full diameter of the whe.ls. The rim was reinforced by a studding of copper ails to 12 vunt the od from being wora uwuy. The pole was fixed bencuth the platform, out its dimensions cannot be ascertained, nor whether it was straight or ourved, but it was probably loner than the animals, and may have attained a total length of three - ا -3 - 6 | meters. at its extremity was a thickenia covered Behind the ith copper, traces of which were observed. withers of the unimals, it supported a wooden oke. curved on either side, and behind the yoke were rein- ring thron-h which the guiding reins were passed. The fore-carriage working on a rivet did not exist at this reriod, so that the charioteer must have found himself obliged either to take very wide turnings, or, in diffic lt places, to turn the chariot by lifting it rund himself. • The method of harnessing employed has been the sub- ject of an excellent study by the Commandant Lefebvre des Nettes. (La Foroc Motrice minale à Travers les Area) from which I borrow the following information. It was based upon the principle of the neck of the animal drawing the weight, the harness being comicsed of icur pieces, the collar-girth, the yoke, the jole and the bridle, forming together an apparatus for traction, зteering, backing and control. The collar was the chief means of traction. The unimal pulled upon this collar, which was a wide belt of flexible leather fixed to the yoke above the withers by leuthern thenga which went round the animal's threat at the very spot where the trachial blood vessels разв neur the skin. CẨM 1 7 The rth. irth, by which th anicals were frued to buck, w…o a band of jule leather encircling the chest colind the elbows, and was joined to the yoke -t the sume point as the collar. The joke, which was the xes of traction, control, and bucking, consisted of a bur of weed, stricht or surved, fixed cross-wise of a peg and leathern thong to the anterior portion of the pole. It rested claud placed on the withers of the two animals reused to the pole, and received at its extremities the thongs of the cellar and of the girth of euch animal. The bridle, acting as bot: uit and reins, was the neti.ed eny Loyed for steering the animal. The excavatica of this chariot vurified the Luove i.oration. I will further quote Comandat Lefevre des Tecttes a. to the use of the harnes. "When t. teun started fo w_r the anils pulled ..st their cellars and tins drew the yoke, the chariot- pole, d tie ciuriot, after them. The collar thus ressing on the throat and ijalg the respiration, the unimal fustinctively threw up its lead so as to strotel. and arden te coles of the neck. Tie characteristic attitude of the draught minul as represented 1.1 antique urt has no other jaune. actually, this reined-in attitude is the worst possible for a harnessed animal to adopt, Bud .. -5- 8 оо for it throws back the center of gravity and prevents the beast from throwing its entire weight into the draft. Under Juan gomuitions, this curious collar of antique urnes succeeded in utilizing only a small pertion ci the actual traction power of the bastu." The sure of the fore art of the clarict is, us I have said, outre, and to angest Its probable con- truction and referal appearance, he must examine the evidence furnished by the temporary representations already excavated. The most important lue, are given by a cylinder зeal and the acdel of a chariot in unbaked clay found at Hish in 1929, as well as a mosaic )laque aiscovered at Ur upon which sever_l chariots are portrayed. The shape of the iore part of the four-wheeled chariot c.. tile oylinder from Kish and the plaque fro Ur is identical, and CL both it is more teeply imoli..cd than in the clay model of a two-wheeled chariot. Kelloe it seems probable, judging fro these examyles, that a uifference of shape existed between these vehicles. The plaque fou..d ut Ur sees to indicate that the four-wheeled chariot was used in time of war and that the grouter height of the fore part was intended as a pro- teution, a supposition reiaforoed by the probability that, the chariot being thus rendered more difficult to turn, it was replaced in daily life by the mere practical two- wheeled chariot. se / 9 It is to be regretted that wing to the decay of the wood it was not possiule to make more exuot observation of the complete charict. This wheeled vehicle which was in use ut Kish more than fifty centuries aro sheds considerable light up on the life of tix people of these primitive times. Tiere does not exist in the world a vehicle of equal antiquity. -7- D Page Missing in Original Volume Page Missing in Original Volume Page Missing in Original Volume Page Missing in Original Volume Page Missing in Original Volume 15 INSCRIPTIONS PROM SOUTH ARABIA by (P) Squadron-Leader A.R.M. RICHARDS During 1932 on a journey to the Wadi Beihan the following three inscriptions were copied, ① All IX ) q HOXA. 00041041/fing (4)5289 #194015>4 (5)4851400> } (237150214HISA 12. 14 801X94 Bold 10 Dishing (8) 1 1 4953 1 { 16 عالی KW & ELLY & LOK 1562-5 3P (Shea) Au(1 4 の​皿 ​8.com 1 AHOB From DIE. W. Show Ing Petroleum Co. Ancient Wells in Mesopotamia The attached photograph is of one of at least 3 or 4, possibly half a dozen wells aligned in a direction approximately from Najaf toward Mecca. Wells are about 12 miles apart (the distance of a day's camel journey), several hundred feet deep, 10 to 15 feet across and now dry. They have associated with them big expensive open reservoirs, 50 or more feet across, walled with dressed limestone, and commonly a khan built of the same material. These khans are still pretty good buildings. Why should that be? They may be older than the Arab invasion because of their architecture, their masonry, their elaborateness, and their expensiveness. Possibly their inscriptions will check this. 1931 Abandonment of the wells and abandonment of the route harmonize with evidence for apparent regional dessication, but against this we have absence of terraces around Dead Sea, ancient irrigation canals possibly to as far back as 1000 B.C., etc. 1 17 18 '; I ARCHAEOLOGICAL ITF FOUND IN IFAN, 1935 1 hy .. E. BRO„NE Geologist, Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. On February 2, 1935, I discovered a new city, known locally as Chugha ambil, twenty miles southeast of Susa. I believe the French archaeologists, who are working for the Louvre (de Mecquenem, Le breton, and Van der May), will dig there early next year. I took them out there. ..e found lots of irscribed bricks and tablets, but no indication of a name. However, in following Assurbanital's campaigns on my quarter-inch map, it seemed to fit in with a city he calls DUFUNDASI. Here follow my sketch map and a hotograph by Le Ereton looking northwest toward Chugha Zambil. outh it. j Royal litig? Southwest Santermission am! gruthion and shingo how. Remai brick fortification. innovised bricks. → / No. про 12 13 14 16 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 26 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 269 270 272 273 274 275 276 278 279 281 282 283 284 Dental Survey of Jag by M. Jon Clawson 19 (1) American University Beirut Assyrian Women 12-38 Vincents' Spirochet & Pusiform Bacilli Vincents' Spirocheta & Fusiform Bacili # Few Gram neg. fusiform bacilli only No fusiform B. or spirocheta found Vincents' Spirochete & Fusiform Bacilli n 11 11 n 11 [1 #1 11 = = = = = " n Gram # 1 11 n n ม " 11 -- n ft 11 = n Few fusiform bacilli. No spirocheta Vincents' fusiform bacilli spirocheta · No fusiform bacilli or spirocheta Vincents' spirocheta fusiform bacilli $. Tribe Khariseh Camp Tel Al Shor 266 Vincents' spirochete & fusiform bacilli 268 ENE Many fusiform B. Very few sirocheta Vincents' spirochete a fusiform bacilli 2 " " neg. fusiform bacil.1. No spirochete A = = = = = = = = = = = Many fusiform bacilli & few spirocheta Vincents' spirocheta & fusiform bacil i # " = = = n Other Predominating Organisms Gram positive rods #} n #1 #1 # = neg. cocci Gram positive rods M 11 " Gram negative rods Cocci positive rods cocci rods " A E E = #1 ㄇ ​n # 1 #1 11 " " Σ C 1 ศ. N No fusiform bacilli. No spirocheta Vincents' fusiform bacilli &spirocheta No fusiform bacilli no spirocheta No fusiform bacill. No spirocheta Gram negative fusiform bacilli No spirochetɛ" " " # = 266-306 1 en Gram positive reds and coco1 " cocci rods " n # n Reg. cocci, positive rods Gram neg. rods #1 Gram p. cocci Negative rods and cocci positive rods Grm neg.cocci #1 # Gram P. Cocci and cocci e8cc1 negative rods # # and cocci streptococcus Negative rods few post.rods positive cocci and positive cocci 1 (2) 20 1 NO 291 298 299 300 302 303 305 306 12345 882 883 884 885 886 887 888 -890 891 892 893 894 895 896 897 898 899 900 369 371 372 373 374 37L 873 874 875 876 877 878 879 Vincents' Spirocheta &Fusiform Bacilli Vincents' spirocheta & fusiform bacilli n #1 " #1 Vincents Few fusiform bacilli,no spirocheta St. Vincents' spirocheta & fusiform bacilli 11 #1 ft " 11 spirochet & fusiform bacilli "1 !! 11 Vincents' Spirocheta & Fusiform Bacill1 No fusirom bacilli.F spirocheta Vincents' spirocheta & fusiform bacill1 TI " #t 11 #1 #1 Very few fusiform bacilli,few spirocheta Vincents' spirocheta & fusiform bacilli Few fusiform bacilli and spirocheta Vincents' spirocheta & fusiform bacilli "I "1 " 11 " 11 11 ## 11 " #1 11 n n #1 899-900 1-5 Tel Lrmah Women 882-890 Al Biagir Women 369-375 Suhail women Continuation of page (1) 6 n 11 11 n No fusiform bacilli or spirochets found Vincents' spirocheta & fusiform bacilli Very few fusiform bacilli and spirocheta Vincents' spirocheta & fusiform bacilli 11 M ?? !! fl 11 11 == Ħ 11 ព 11 11 " 11 !! # = = = == Many fusiform bacilli, few spirochet: Vincents' fusiform becilli and spirocheta #1 11 " Vincents' spirocheta & fusiform bacilli 11 n " (1 11 (1 ff Few fusiform bacilli & spirocheta Vincents' spirocheta & fusiform becilli 10 "I # "I n " 11 n 11 #1 " " " "} 1? Other Predominating organisms Gram positive cocci 11 Streptococcus Gram positive rods f1 #1 " cocci " Gr.post rods Gram negative diplococci Gram negative rods positive #1 11 Gram positive rods n = #1 Gram positive rods in chains Gram positive cocci in chains 11 "} 11 11 " " " #1 !! 11 1 11 in chains pe Co " Gr.post.rods rods in chains rods Gram positive rods 11 cocci Gram positive rods 21 No. 2 880 7 9 400 Vincents' spirocheta & fusiform bacilli Many fusiform bacilli,& spirochetafew Vincents' irochata & fusiform bacilli M 19 11 #1 Vincents' spirocheta & fusiform 225 226 227 229 230 231 232 233 TF 851 852 853 854 85€ 856 857 858 860 862 865 866 863 Many fusiform bacilli, few anirochete 864 Many fusiform bacilli No spirocheta Vincents' spirocheta & fusiform bacilli Few fusiform bacilli & spirocheta Vincents' spirocheta & fusiform bacilli Vincents' spirocheta &fusifor bacilli Vincents8 spirocheta & fusiform bacilli Lany fusiform bacilli No spirocheta Vincents' spirocheta & fusiform bacill1 867 868 869 870 871 17 n 878 n 390 ក 11 Many fusiform becilli & few spirocheta Vincents' spirocheta & fusiform bacilli 11 # 17 # 11 (3) (Continuation of page (2) ft n Few fusiform bacilli,very few spirocheta Vincents' spirocheta & fusiform bacilli #1 " Tape) Shammar. Many fusiform bacilli and few spirocheta Vincents' spirochete & fusiform becilli #1 #t ་་ " cilli #t 398 393 398 Very Tusiform bacilli & 8 irocheta 399 No fusiform bacilli or spirocheta 958 Ao fusiform bacilli or spirocheta 980 Vincents' spirocheta & fusiform bacilli Vincents' spiro heta & fusiform bacilli Vincents' spirocheta & fusiform bacilli Vincents' spirocheta & fusiform bacilli 962 977 988 # 11 n == " 17 No fusiform bacilli, no spirocheta Vincents' spirochets & fusiform bacilli "} n #1 " " # Tel Kuttar Tribe Khariseh 225-265 Ken Vincents' spirocheta & fusiform bacilli Grem positive rods #! π n Other predcrinating organisms Gram positive rods in long chains n #1 Gram positive rods Few gran positive diplococci Gram positive cocci Gram positive rods Gram positive rods Gram positive cocci Gram Positive cocci in short chair Gram poistive rods n "I " Few gram positive diplococci Streptococcu in long short chair Streptococcus in long chains positive rods Gram positive rods Gram positive rods gram Gram positive diplococci Gram positive rods in long chains Gram positive rods 2 2 No. 234 235 236 237 238 239 239 240 241 24% 243 244 245 246 247 249 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 260 261 262 263 264 265 ABCDELCHETRAZOO J K M (4) (Continuation of page (3) Vincents' Spirocheta Fusiform Bacilli & Vincents' fusiform Bacilli & spirocheta Vincents' spirocheta & fusiform bacill n #1 1 11 " #1 " "I " "} " " 11 "1 11 11 #1 ## 11 n Very few fusiform becilli & spirocheta Vincents' spirocheta & fusiform bacilli #1 11 n 11 11 11 " 11 "1 "I Many fusiform bacilli & few spirocheta Vincents' spirocheta & fusiform bacilli 11 n 11 11 11 " === "I No fusiform b cilli, few spirocheta Vincents' spirocheta & fusiform bacilli Many fusiform bacilli, few spirocheta Vincents' spirocheta & fusiform bacilli "I 11 Few fusiform bacilli and spirocheta No sirocheta, no fusiform bacilli Vincents' spirochete & fusiform bacil i # 11 44 " n Vincents' spirocheta & ft 11.5 " n 11 n == "I Vincents' spirocheta & fusiform bacilli #! n Few fusiform bacilli & spirocheta Vincents' spirocheta & fusiform bacilli 11 n H [1 No fusiform bacilli; no apirocheta 11 11 11 = = 11 129-165 El-Kharab Men A-X Schmeira men 117-125 Shammar Al Ukhaider " fusiform bacilli # 11 Few fusiform bacilli & very few spirocheta Vincents' spirocheta & fusiform bacilli Few fusiform bacilli & spirocheta Vincents' spirocheta & fusiform bɛ cilli Lany"fusiform becilli & few spirochets Vincents' spirocheta & fusiform bacilli Other Predominating organisms Gram positive rods in chains Gram positive rods in chains Gram positive rods 17 " 11 Gram n ་ = # #1 "I in chains positive rods Gram positive rods in chains # 11 Gram positive roda Gram positive diplococci Gram positive rods in chains Gram positive rods in chains Gram positive & negative cocci 11 neg cocci Gram neg neg. rods Streptococcus Grem negative rods Gram negative rods Few gram neg. roda chain Gram positive rods and cocci in Gram positive cocci some in chab Grem positive & negative cocci Gram positive rods in chains Gram negative diplococci Gram positive cocci gr.neg rods Gram positive rods and cocci Gram positive cocci 23 (5) Continuation of age (4) No. Vincents' Spirocheta & Fusiform bacilli Q CHSHU> R T V W X 117 118 119 120 121 122 122 124 125 129 140 148 143 146 159 161 162 163 164 4 165 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Vincents' spirocheta & fusiform bacilli n ព 11 牢​掌 ​11 " 11 ft #1 "1 n ======== 11 " " " n n 11 11 " Many fusiform bacilli few spirocheta Vincents' spirocheta & fusiform 19 n MI = = = any fusiform bacilli, very few spirochetɛ Vincents' spirocheta & fusiform bɛcilli 11 # n M n 11 11 17 A 17 # #1 0 " n 19 :::: n # 11 11 1 11 #1 = = = = n #1 H 11 n 1 + " 0 11 n ===== " # #1 M = = = = = 3 1 2 " = 11 " 11 "t 11 M #1 H n 11 # Assyrian Women 39-116 Vincents' Spirocheta & Fusiform bacilli n # 11 # #1 " n 39 40 41 42 43 44 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 No fusiform 33 bacilli or spirocheta found No fusiform bacilli or spirocheta found Vincents' spirocheta & fusiform bacilli 11 9 11 === 11 # 11 === E n n £ # 11 n " "I Ħ == " n ม bacilli n # = 11 FE " " 11 11 ft " #1 n === # 11 11 11 11 n 11 n + # 11 #1 11 = = = Other predominating Organisms Gram neg. rods, gr.post.rodsin Streptococcus "I n Gram positive rods in chains. " ## cocci, Gr.neg.rods n " # 11 " " 體 ​E - "1 = 11 n #1 n a a 11 n " ↑↑ n n n #1 #1 " 11 #1 n #1 "I > Gram positive & neg. rods 11 n A H n # neg. cocci, Gr.pegtrue rods rods " n 11 positive cocci & positive rod positive & negative cooot "1 Chain rods, staphylococcus positive cocci & neg. rods 11 # 11 & neg. cocci positive rods &staph. & neg. rods negative rods & cocci 11 & streptococcus #1 & Posttive coca positive rods & cocci n & neg. cocci positive rods in chains positive & neg. cocci Positive & neg. rods #1 11 cocci & positive rods cocci & neg. rods 11 & positive rods & neg. diplos rods negative Positive rods in chain positive cocci & neg. rods positive diplos & neg. rods positive cocci & neg. diplos positive rods & neg. rods negative rods & staph. negative diplos & posit.rocd positive diplococci positive diplococci positive cocci & neg. diplos negdiplococci & neg. rods neg diplos & positive cocci positive diplos & ng. rods positive & neg. diplococci negative diplococci 24 A No. 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 88 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 169 110 111 112 113 114 115 1116 Vincents' Spirocheta & fusiform bacilli Other Vincents' spirochet & fusiform bacilli Few fusiform bacilli & spirocheta Vincents' spirocheta & fusiform bacilli.Gram positive cocci & neg.rods Gram negative diplococci Long chains of streptococcus #1 ต 11 11 negative diplococci positive diplococci 11 Very few fusiform bacilli & spirocheta Vincents' spirocheta & fusiform bacilli } any fusiform bacilli,few spirocheta Vincents' spirocheta & fusiform bacilli 1 Ħ 11 11 11 1 ז' 11 " 11 #f ## It 17 11 Vincents' fusiform bacilli & spiroodeta Many" fusiform br cilli, fe# spirochëta Vincents' spirocheta & fusiform bacilli 19 11 !! #1 #! #1 11 n +1 Ħ 11 " π (6) Continuation of page (5) 11 n 1 0 11 n 11 11 ·A #1 "T " Few fusiform bacilli & spirocheta No fusiform bacilli or spirocheta Y Vincents' spiroch ta & fusiform bacilli No fusiform bacilli or spirocheta Vincents' spirocheta "I "1 11 , TT No fusiform bacilli or spirocheta Vincents' spirochete & fusiform bacilli n " 11 II "1 " 11 #1 #1 11 fusiform bacilli #1 n 11 11 't " = = = = It ་། Very, very few fusiform B.& spirocheta No fusiform bacilli or spirocheta Vincents spirocheta & fusifor bacilli Vincnet's spirocheta & fusiform bacilli Vincnets' spirocheta & fisifor becilli Few fusiform brcilli. No spirocheta Few fusiform becilli & spirochet Vincants' spirocheta & fusiform bacilli Many fusiform ba illi, few spirocheta Vincents' spirocheta & fusiform bacill1 Many fusiformbacilli,very, very few sptDo Very few fusiform becilli & spirocheta Vincents' spirocheta & fusiform bacilli " 11 It ** ก !! " Fw fusiform bacilli & spirocheta 111 Vincents' spirocheta & fusiform bacilli Few fusiform bacilli & spirocheta Vincents' spirocheta & fusiform bacilli 11 11 11 ft 11 *# ↓ 11 11 H 1 #1 n ?? 17 #1 = #1 " " (1 " negative diplos, staph. negative diplos neg rods 11 positive diplos & neg. rods negative cocci & neg rods # positive cocci Streptococcus in long chains Gram positive cocci & neg rods ** 11 A predominating Organisms 11 # n = = Gram positive cocci in short chif Gram negative rods 11 Gram neg. rods. post.rods in chi Gram neg tive rods # clociin chain neg ra cocci & neg. rods cocci & neg. rods rods & neg. Chcei Grem post.cocci & positive rods Grɛm positive negative rods Gram negative rods Gram p. rods in chain. po.cpcci Gram positive &neg. diplococci Streptococcus in long chains Gram neg diplos & neg. rods Gram neg rods & cocci Gram positive & negative cocci Gram positive cocci 章​要 ​& negative rods neg. diplos Grm. post.cocci neg. diplos & positive cocci neg. diplos & positive cocci & rods Gram positive coċċi in chains Gram positive cocci #1 Positive cocci & neg rods 11 n 11 ** post.rods in chain.Grm P.coca negative diplos post.cocci negative diplos. negative rods positive cocci neg.diplos.&positive cocci positive cocci chs in neg.rods &positive cocci în. positive cocci & neg.rods Streptococcus Staph & positive cocci Gr. p.rods in chin.positivecoe Gram positive rods & cocci 25 į 7 No 5 855 859 863 868 869 873 875 886 887 Place Tel Afar # El Kahn J Al Ba'ajir No. 853 855 859 863 868 869 873 27 875 27 886 28 887 29 28 28 28 30 29 Sub-Tribe Jbra Kabirak ❤ SHAMMAR WOMEN( UNDER 20 YEARS) Social Status Married Teeth Occlusion II II II II II II II II I Binjar Harairi Abo 5 5 5 8 2 8 2 6 8 18 19 16 20 16 20 18 19 15 Attrition 7651557 76167 616 6.6 76167 76.67 76167 67 67 765414567 654321123456 76167 76167 7651567 7651567 7651567 7651567 7654 14567 7654321 1234567 765414567 765414567 Single Married Single Married Yes No Yes Brosion Ocel. No No Li NO Height 1537 1520 1489 1516 1492 1554 1507 1502 1577 1438 321123 No Weight 120 M. 118 116 " 118 114 # 125 110 T 118 M. 130 110 Caries Gin. Prox. No Inve No : 26 ! Page 2 NO. 853 855 859 863 868 869 873 875 886 887 Cusp Formulae ########## 粥 ​崭 ​粥 ​SHAHAR WOMEN (UNDER 20 YEARS) 3rd Holars Lowers Impacted ора Ung-upted Erupting Impacted દુકાન sruptio In meted 15 #100128 Impacted Une rupted C 8 Impacted Others Crupting Une rupted Impacted 18 Ti-que Ing. Others Erupting CURS Normal Hottled Mottled Inflamed Seallion Fed Mottled Normal Red Mottled Red Red Swollen ceding II Reo. Mottled Rad Deposits Slight Med lun Sta ined Some Heavy @ ( © A Heavy Black 81ight • 27 Pace 3 No. 853 855 859 863 868 869 873 875 886 887 No 853 855 859 863 868 869 873 875 886 887 To as 11 Inflamed Normal Enlarged Swollen Inflamed Engårged Normal Tonsil Gu Smear Toneil Tunsil Ging. 0106. SHAMMAR TOMEN (UNDER 20 YEARS) Fair N. N. 1 Breath Bad Tonque Coated Normal Coated Very Bad Bad Fair Norum 1 Coated Clear Mottled Enamel Im. Mottled Guns Anomalies 212 Se para ted 111 Buck Saliva Impact. Mottled Enam. Peg Shape U. Lateral 1 Long, Large Acid Alk. Asid · = Alk. Acid Ropy, Acid Ropy, Asid Alk. Smear Findings Vincents Spirocheta Fusiform No Vincents. Grame Rods in Chains. U.S. · U. 8. U.S. - F.b. (Many) · F. B. (Many) F. B. Mottled No Vincents. Gram Rods (Chaim Impact. 6 Lost D U.S. F.B. Gran • Rods. U.S. F.B. ( In Profusion) U. S. - F.B. (Many) No Vincents, Grams Rods. 28 | No. 856 858 860 861 862 864 870 877 882 885 Page 2 No. 856 858 860 861 862 864 870 877 882 885 Place Sub-Tribe Tel Afar Ibra Kabirak Al Ba'ajir Harairi Teeth 32 32 28 ☺ you wou 32 30 32 ☺ ☺ ☺ y 30 32 SHAMMAR WOMEN (BETWEEN 20 & 50 YEARS) Social Status He1.ht Married 32 32 II II II II II II II II II 765414567 765414567 A11 A11 A11 A11 A11 Occlusion Attrition II 765414567 765414567 A11 Age 25 SHAMMAR WOMEN ( BETWEEN 20 & 50 YEARS) A11 All ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ŏ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ All A11 A11 22 35 765414567 765414567 25 26 35 30 35 30 # Brosion No A11 All Yes 321| 123 No All Yes 321|123 You Weight 1439 150 F. 1494 120 1547 140 1577 142 1430 128 1506 130 1436 125 1542 134 1519 1.30 1433 120 Caries Oocl. Gins. Prox. No None Pits Molar Buccal No 4 molars No No 223/10 18/18 no # ¡ 10 76167 $76 1678 2 Proximal NO 路 ​29 1 Page 3 Cusp No. Formulae 8565 858 860 861 862 864 870 877 {2 885 裝 ​443 傑 ​SHAMMAR WOMEN (BETWEEN 20 & 50 YEARS) 器 ​3rd Kolars Normal Impact.? Une rupt. Normal Not Visible Decayed Normal [8 Impacted 882 Not Visible 818 Unerupt. Others-OK Normal 8 Impacted Guns Bleeding Putrescent Swollen Red Swollen Red Normal Red Inflamed Red Receding Svollen Red Normal Deposits Inflamed Red Stained Heavy Inflamed Medium Red (rec.) (L & B) Stained Heavy Medium Stained Medium Medium (L & B) Heavy (L & B) Little Medium Tonsils Ton.me Normal Coated B Normal Coated Enlarged Coated Red Furrowed Inflamed Normal Red Inflamed * 1 30 | Page 4 No. 856 858 860 861 862 864 870 877 882 885 Saliva Acid Ropy Aoid Alk. Agla Acid Ropy SHAMMAR WOMEN ( BETWEEN 20 & 50 YEARS) Smear Anomalies Ging. Ging. Tonsil Tonsil Gingiva Breath Bad N. Y. Bad N. N. Sweet Bad Sweet N. N. Guns Mottled .... No ne Mottled Gume Mottled • & Impaction U.S. Smear Findin. - and F.B. (Ma ny) No Vincents Some Vincents U. 8. · F.B. U. 8. 7.B. (Many) Gran & Rods in Chains U. 8. ♦ F.B. U.S. - r. B. } 31 No. Ploe 851 Tal Afar 852 854 857 865 867 874 El Kahın 878 880 No. 851 852 854 857 865 867 874 878 880 30 22 29 • 25 (OVER 50 YEARS) Social Status Aze Ibra Kabirak 50 Married Testh Occl. 30 II SHAMMAR TOKEN Sub-Tribe II II II W II * 3 Sinjar Attrition 15 51 55 50 50 50 51 50 50 70 763414567 765414567 No 01228585 29 25 29 28 1 N. Vip!ble 654313456 6541456 lo Arosion 321/12345 765414567 Yes 765414567 号 ​No Yes No II II II 7654|4567 765414567 II 7654321|1234567 765432111234567 No 53133 No No Ho He isht 1508 1555 1559 1670 1500 1535 1535 1524 1480 1479 Occl. No No Weight 130 M. 132 M. 120 T. 140 M. 128 130 130 130 " 170 120 Caries Pits Buccal Molars Pita (Occ. & sooc. (Buccal 2 Molars 6 Molars Pite (Buccal Pits Buccal No Ging. No 2 Premolars Kolare # No Prox. No No. 4 Molars 2 Anterior 2 Anteriors No # 1 32 No. 851 4 852 5 Page 2 Cusp Formulae 865 857 雞 ​鲻 ​867 874 鲻 ​854 N. Visible 18 Normal Others Lost 878 ES ISTE that t 鲻 ​X SHAMMAR WOMEN (OVER 50 YEARS) Gums Deposits 3rd Molars Impacted 8 18 Impacted 81 18 흥구 ​3) Normal Lost Impact. 18 Broken & 8 Missin 88 De cay 13 Tissue Imp. 818 Unerupt. HIS SITE 880 N. Visible No ruzal Lost Inflamed Red Rad Red Infl. (Bleeding) Swollen Putrescent Receding Putrescent Normal Mottled Red Swollen Red Swollen Swollen Receding Healthy x Crown of 8 Broken by Blacksmith in Dier-Zoir Tobacco (Med) Stained Heavy L B Medium Heavy Med lum Little Heavy L & B HA Heavy L & B Heavy No Tonsils Normal Enlarged Red Red Tongue Normal Enlarged enlarged Inflamed Inflamed Normal Normal Coated Coated Coated Norma 1 Coated Normal Furrowed Furrowed Coated Coated ! 33 Page 3 NO. 851 852 854 857 865 867 874 878 880 SHAMMAR WOMEN ( OVER 50 YEARS) Saliva Smear Breath Alk. Ging. Bad Aoid Alk. N Ging Tonsil Ging Ropy Tonsil Acid Ging Acid Acid Topy Acid Ging Tonsil Ging Tonsil N. N. Bad Anomalies Smear Findings No Vincents F. B. F.B. (Many) Nottled Gums Impactions Mottled Guns No Mottled Guns Elongated 11 Separated No N. N. Mottled Guns Bad No U.8. U.S. · - U.S. F. B. (In Profusion) Lepothrix -Gram Rods No Vincents U. S. & F. B. (Profusion) U.S. & F. B. U. 8. & F.B. Gran & Rods in Chains U. 8. & P.B. 1 34 -| No. Place 373 Aintel Lawee L-326 Sohweira F-329 279 Tel Shar 283 300 226 233 237 264 No. Teeth 373 28 289 L-326 28 279 F-329 32 IV 283 300 226 233 Tel uttar 237 264 28 Ocol. TI II II 33 L 32 I 28 I 29 II 28 30 II SHAMMAR MEN (UNDER 20 YEARS) Social Status Married Single Narried Sub-Tribe Al-Tayyar El Kharissa El Thabit El Kharissa · Attrition Slight 6541456 6541458 8761678 8761678 A11 A11 A11 A11 81 ight S11 ht 7651567 765414567 I A11 7651567 $651567 All Age 17 16 19 20 8 8 2 16 18 20 16 11 Single Married Yes 21 212- H No = Erèsion Single Height 1538 1661 1744 1763 1576 1672 1665 1515 1666 1622 4 Molars No Wel.ht * 140 Lbs. 145 " 150 * 155 Caries Ocel. Ginge Prox No ΤΟ Lo Yes 1/1 140 * 150 145 135 138 135 No Anterior 2 Molar No # " 35 Page 2 No. 373 L-326 T-329 279 283 300 226 233 237 264 Page 3 300 226 233 No. 373 Alk. L-326 F-329 Aoid 279 283 237 Cuep Formulae 3rd Molara Erupting 鼹 ​( 264 ******** Saliva Alk. Acid SHAMMAR MEN ( UNDER 20 YEARS) Gums Normal Normal Erupting Normal 111 (Sousps) Normal Unerupted 818 Impacted 818 (Bicuspid ALB Imp. (Size Unerupted Smear Ging 8 Tonsil Inflamed Red Normal Ging. Inflamed Red Inflamed Rød Normal Breath X. N. Sour N. N N. N. Bad SHAMMAR MEN (UNDER 20 YEARS) N. X. Red Bad Deposits Tonsils Medium Normal 81ight Medium 18 B Heavy Medium 81 Loht Medium Anomalies No. 1 $10 Super 818 (5ousp) No 2 Cuspe No Inflamed Rad Normal Enlarged Red Enlarged Red Inflamed Furrowed Ton.u Normal · Coated Normal Normal Gram Rods No Vincents No Vincents Coated Smear Findings No Vincents Normal Slight Vince at s 7. B. U. 8. Coated U.P.-F.B. (Profuse) · 36 / No. Place 129 El Kharab A315 Schwoirm P330 1337 268 274 228 234 245 251 Tel Shar 268 274 228 234 245 251 " P330 31 1337 28 Tel Muttar El Kharissa 32 22 32 8 SHAMMAR MEN (BETWEEN AND 50 YEARS) Social Status Height Weight Married 1702 150 1605 130 1613 135 1682 145 1705 148 1645 148 1702 160 1741 165 1668 145 1677 150 Caries Ginze 10 . II Sub-Tribe F1 Kharissa I II F1 Thabit 185 Tooth Ogol. Attrition Erosion 32 11 No A315 28 I II II II II II W Ago 35 30 35 45 25 35 65156 7651567 A11 All 7651567 65156 All All Ô ☺ ☺ ŏ 3 30 35 35 Yes 21112 No You Lov No Fool, Lo ♪ Prox 8 Impact Caries 1 / No. 129 (EH A315 Estetist P330 (SA 268 #337### 228 Page 2 274 ( 234 251 Cusp Formulae 245 (444 1544 274 228 234 隣 ​245 Page 3 251 12 5 RAIS E NO. 1.29 A315 P330 1337 268 THE SHAMMAR MEN ( BETWEEN 20 and 50 YEARS) 3rd Molars Gume Normal 818 Impact. Impact. Une rupted Saliva Acid Normal 3 Impact. Normal 8 311 183 cuep Nɔrzal Snear Tons 11 Ginjo 31.03. Tonsil Tonsil Tonsil 8p Impact. Swollen 3 Missing Red Ging. Normal Putrescent Heavy Tonsil Swollen Rød Red Inflamed Rød Norwal Ging. Rød Inflamed Breath Bad Deposits Medium N. N. Bad " Medium Heavy 811ght Medium Stain Medium 511ht blacksta in Much SHALMAR MEN (BETWEEN 20 AND 50 YEARS) Anomalies No ne Impactions No Impactions No 3 cusp 3rd N. Mottled Enamel Tonsils Mottled Gums Red Inflamed Normal Red Inflamed Red Swollen Red Inflamed Few U. 8. U. 8. Tongue Normal Furrowed · Coated · Smear Findin a U.8. - 7.B. Many U.S. & F.B. U.S. & F.B. Many U.S. Furrowed Normal ܝ Voated F.B. F.B. 37 r. B. I 38 NO. 144 159 R332 8333 248 282 225 231 240 255 No. 144 159 R332 8333 248 282 Place El Kharab Sohwe ira 255 Tel Muttar 28 ~ 283 32 Teeth Oool. III IIII II 30 26 32 225 31 231 31 240 32 32 I II Sub-Tribe El Kharissa # I I II I SHAMMAR MEN ( OVER 50 YEARS) Social Status I # Attrition A11 411 7651 567 8765 567 All All All Holars to Gun. All All 7651 567 7651567 A11 A11 All All Age 57 58 5 55 Married 55 60 65 80 8285 80 8 55 60 Erosion No 11 3211123 No No Height 1695 1641 1658 1673 1636 1693 1686 1624 1696 1697 0001. No 2 Pre. Mol. 4 Molars 2 Molars 4 Molars Ging No Caries # Weight 150 156 155 150 148 150 145 148 150 152 Prox. No 6 Holars No 4 Molars 5 Molars • 3 Molars 4 Kolars ا Page 2 No. 144 159 ( 248 282 225 SHAMMAR MEN (OVER 50 YEARS) 3rd Cusp ~ormulae Molars Gums Deposits Heavy Red Swollen 231 R332 Not Visible Missing 83331544 818 Impact. 240 for t 255 {S S { Not Visible Page 3 No. 144 159 F332 8333 248 282 Not Visible Lost 225 231 240 255 Miss in Saliva Acid Alt. Normal Aold . . . Normal 8 Impact. Lost Normal SWA Smear Ging ❤ * Tonsil Ging. Ging Red Red Swollen Normal Swollen Red Recoded "Swollen Red Swollen red Bad N. N. Bad N.H. Bad Medium I. N. Heavy 811 ht Bad Heavy 8light Heavy AR MEN (OVER 50 YEARS) # Breath Anomalies No Medium Stains Staine Heavy Tonsils Tongue Inflamed Normal Impact. No Mottled Enamel Normal Inflamed Impactions No Red Normal Inflamed Separated 12 Rød Red Few U. 8. Many U. 8. ولی Coated U. 8. Normal Coated Smear Findings Many U.8. Normal · · F.B. 7. B. F.B. No Vincents Many U. 8. P.B. Lepothrix-Gram • Rods - P.B. Many · ! 1 40 I "BEDOUIN" SHAMMAR TRIBE CARIES GUMS V SALIVA -i.. * › • .* TOVAL 174 (N SHAMMAR WOMEN UNDER 20 YEARS .3 SINGLE MARRIED 412 5462 HE ALE RARE 12 CHEWY Y by Brosion attritior { 1. MA. A EL THE ire. We DENTAL SURVEY ▸ 16.1 8%. الز SMEAR FINDINGS Namel Şağa 3 3RD MOLARS 010 T * 30 ** Lora-l Slight or DEPOSITS Impiana * Vnfected 14% TONSILS ! 41 " "BEDOUIN" SHAMMAR TRIBE i W CARIES GUMS SALIVA * ! SHAMMAR WOMEN BETWEEN 20850 YEARS ܝܺܐ 4:4 1'4'~' Chin 44 IT WELCH बजे Vi re Sni 14 00 4 ... TH / !! i 12-4 J DENTAL SURVEY tite SMEAR FINDINGS 1 3RD MOLARS 21 DEPOSITS 3 ! 1 R TONSILS > 4 å #1 REDOUIN SHAMMAR TRIBE DENTAL SURVEY. SHAMMAR WOMEN OVER 50 YEARS PARIES SUMS SALIVA } 0674. VOLE MARRIED VARASE HE!! AVERAGE BEAM f 1. A Erosion Attritio 1. 40 " St Tuirschneto fr R4A TEETH TA } Dur 1 f V * SMEAR FINDINGS 1 * * 3RD MOLARS - DEPOSITS I TONSILS : 1 43 { 1 "BEDOUIN" SHAMMAR_TRIBE Proximal 2.4% Nil 97.6% CARIES 120gd Hargoted Normal 60% GUMS Asid 13 Alkaline 88% SALIVA AVERAGE AGE SOCIAL STATUS C SHAMMAR MEN UNDER 20 YEARS SINGLE 30% MARRIED. 70% AVERAGE HEIGHT :.5*5}" AVERAGE WEIGHT. 1411bs • CUSP FORMUL Æ SHEMON THUS ra Trasion 0% Attrition 25 Forma 50% AVERAGE Mª OF TEETH 29 DENTAL SURVEY 18.2 14. SMEAR FINDINGS Ꮴ Norwal 95% Missing 1 Lost 3RD MOLARS Heavy 21 4% None Slight 94% Normal 40% DÉPOSITS Inflamed 35%% Infected 25% TONSILS 44 { 1 "BEDOUIN SHAMMAR TRIBE Nil 10 M CARIES 4.6 Proximal 25.4% Inflamed 50% Was Infected 40% GUMS Acid 22% Alkaline 78% SALIVA SHAMMAR MEN BETWEEN 20 & 50 YEARS - AVERAGE AGE ………..34.5. SOCIAL STATUS SINGLE: 0% MARRIED: 100% AVERAGE HEIGHT:3:7}" AVERAGE WEIGHT: 147 De CUSP FORMU Æ SHEWN THUS Erosion P 00 Attrition 96% Spirocheta.i 25% 0% AVERAGE Nº OF TEETH 31.1 DENTAL SURVEY. Heavy Spirochaeta. V. 65% SMEAR FINDINGS 6% Lost Normal 89, 3RD MOLARS None 2 6 Slight Norm 5 Mening Heavy 92% Inflamed 31% DEPOSITS Infected 61 TONSILS } 45 ¿ t E ¡ X.CHACH "BEDOUIN SHAMMAR TRIBE Ccclusa Cay V 111 CARIES /Infirmed .6 froxix. Infected 67 GUMS Loos56 Acid 267 Alkalice 93,5 SALIVA SHAMMAR MEN OVER 50 YEARS 1.24 AGE AGF SOCIAL STATUS SINGLE MARRIED AVERAGE HEIGHT AVERAGE WEIGHT 150 FORMIL 4 SHEWN THES S Srosion Attrition 100% 100% AVERAGEN OF TEETH 26.2 Normal 54 ** No Spiro. 182 sa mga dhamana Heavy Spirothaeta V. green te DENTAL SURVEY Ꭵ. SMEAR FINDINGS 1r - 4 + 'cal 92 3RD MOLARS Normal A lor* -0 Iz DEPOSITS TONSILS ; | KUWAIT WOMEN AS I HAVE KNOWN THEM, 1430 by IVA L. ROBERTSON 46 Kuwait, Arabia, is a town of about fifty thousand and the women of that town are as widely diverse as are those of a similar town in the United States. There are the homely and the beautiful, but to me the majority of the girls and young women are fine-looking. Their lovely brown eyes are made softer and more alluring still by their use of kohl on their eyelashes. There is a great deal of Trachoma in the district and so, as they get older, you see many of them with inflamed, sore-looking eyes and even some who have lost their eyesight completely. Dr. Calverley, the missionary lady doctor there, has saved many from blindness by means of the operation, called Trichiesis. Because, from earliest childhood they carry all their burdens on their heads, they have a most graceful carriage, and indeed with their long thobes sweep- ing on the floor behind them, they, in some cases, look almost regal. They wear their hair in long braids hanging down behind them and two over their shoulders, one on each side. They are very proud of the length of their hair and often add to it, by braiding in dangling gold ornaments. Many of them are as scrupulously clean as anyone could wish. In fact, one friend said in apology for taking so long at her ablutions, "You know we're not like you. We're very clean." To be sure you can find dirty Arabs, just as you can find the unclean in any nation. pour dipper upon dipper of water over them, when they wish to take a bath, rather than getting into a bath-tub, as we usually do. They Their diversity applies in the matter of character too. a house with four wives and many children. Naturally there is much quarreling, much intrigue, much disturbance and little time for peaceful Imagine ! ļ a spate E 47 meditation. A separate room is usually given to each wife and to each son's wife but, even so, they are always meeting in the common courtyard. At times you find women of big enough calibre to teach and even love, in fact to mother the younger wives. Because of this patriarchal system of the family from generation to generation, living together, there is need for real executive ability in the administration of that household and many of the women thus show the brains they really have, even though they have no education, worthy the name. Arabia is certainly a mixture of democracy and autocracy. In it there are slaves who seem to have much more freedom in mixing with the guests than have our own servants and may even join in the conver- sation, yet she is the absolute property of her master and may be beaten till death is the result, if occasion seems to warrant. The Arab women are on the whole gay and light-hearted, seeming to have assimilated some of the African's fun and humor. Yet they do suffer when their husbands marry other wives or visit them but seldom. The wealthy Arab keeps his wife or wives in seclusion. Her rare outings are only to the house of an immediate relative. She rarely ap- pears on the street and when she does is very heavily veiled. Many of the older women rather enjoy the feeling of superiority this gives to them and feel that they are much more loved and protected than the freer Western wife. The poorer women have to work and work hard and have cor- respondingly greater freedon. Their great occasion for gossip and merri, ment is Washday. As we strolled by the seashore we used to see groups, varying in size, pounding their clothes with their wooden paddles, and throw- ing them about in the water, chatting and laughing with their neighbors. Then too the poorer women have to cook the meals for their lords This they do over a brazier of charcoal and they can even contrive an oven over this same brazier. They mix up their cake, place and masters. 48 it in the pan, which they put on the red coals, and then cover it with a tin cover upon which they have placed some of the same live coals which they have beneath the pan. I can vouch for it too, that the re- sult is very delicious. The wealthy usually have huge kitchens where the bulk of the cooking is done. When there are to be many guests, usually a whole sheep is provided, huge dishes of rice, smaller plates of gravy and vegetables and many sweet cakes and candies cooked in much Dehan or Arab shortening. In many cases too, there is a whole chicken provided for each guest. Such is a typical Arab dinner, which is eaten as quickly as possible, in silence if the guests are all Arab. Of course if there are Europeans present, they have this incomprehensible fashion of talking at their meal, so it is not quite so speedily consummated. There really is method in their fashion of haste, for the women eat after the men and after them the servants, so at the best it's rather a long drawn-out affair. The big meal of the day, dinner, is eaten at night and lunch at noon. For lunch the Arab usually has a huge bowl of leban with great globs of butter floating around in it. He takes a date, stones it, smears some of the butter upon it, eats a piece of the flat Arab bread and then washes it all down with a drink of leban right from the common bowl. This sounds like very simple fare, but is very delicious indeed. In the afternoon, after the daily rest period, the Arabs always serve tea, which is three quarters milk with a great deal of sugar. With this, they may serve cakes or not. But the main occasion when they dispense their afternoon tea, is upon the marriage of a daughter. She may be anywhere from twelve to sixteen. When the mother insists that the child be bathed, her feet and hands henna-ed, a gorgeous silk thobe or gown donned, the heavy pearl necklace worn, the rings on finger and thumb, bracelets on the wrists, anklets on the ankles, heavy gold coins flattened out, on her bosom, then she suspects that something is 1 49 in the air and that something, marriage, if it is not a fete day. It is the custom in Arabia to marry off the daughters to cousins, but if these are already married and do not wish to take the second wife, the young girl may be married to a man old enough to be her father, to whom she may be the petted plaything but with whom she cannot have any com- panionship. In the evening the bridegroom is escorted to the house of the bride there to be feasted, along with his male companions, and then the poor little child wife is thrust into the room with him. The rest of the week she sits in state, very shyly and correctly gazing down at the floor but happy nevertheless to hear admiring comments about her dress or jewels. The crown of the Arab woman is her man-child and though her name may have been Dana before her child was born, after that event so great to her, she will be called Un-Yusef, if her son has been named Yusef. Midwives are still used in Arabia, and sometimes cause great suffering and even death to both the mother and the next child by applying salt to stop hemmorhage. The Moslem is allowed to have four wives at the same time, and if he accidentally sees a face of new allure or hears of the beauty of some new attraction, he can easily get rid of his least loved wife by simply saying three times, "I divorce you". She however takes with her, the jewels etc. he has given her at her marriage. These jewels take somewhat the place of our insurance with the divorced wife. But, as long as the wife stays with her husband, she is his absolute property. A friend told me of visiting an Arab house and see- ing three dear little children. Being a newcomer and anxious to put into practice her new hard-earned Arabic expressions, she said to the prettiest of all, the little three year-old, "Where is your mother?" An older missionary with her, hastily changed the conversation. When 1 50 she was walking home the elder woman told her that just the week before the man had heard lying rumors that his wife had unbared her face so that some of his cronies had seen her. He hastened home and, as she looked up from her cooking, she received a mortal blow from a heavy stick, and her children no longer had a mother's care! I remember Dana as I first saw her, pretty and attractive, beautifully dressed in correct Arab costume, evidently her father's darling. Soon there came rumors of her betrothal to her cousin, but these, in turn, were contradicted by tales of her unwillingness. I must say I don't blame her for he really was not attractive. Then there came stories told under the breath, of her aunt's intrigues and of how she was exploiting her for a price, making it easy for different boys who would be attractive to her and attracted by her, to see her. Then we got the sad news that our little Dana was to be immured within Jus or cement walls. This was done for forty days and then came her final expiation. She was taken out and shot. To his credit, be it said, her father just couldn't do it, and pleaded illness, which I have no doubt, was more real than assumed as his excuse, and it was her uncle who fi- nally put her out of existence, for the awful offense, of dishonoring the family name, though a similar deed on the part of a man is condoned. When one visits one's Arab friends, toys and girls of a dis- tinctly negroid cast of feature, are often seen playing about the court- yards. These may be slaves, for each high-born child, when he is a mere infant, is given a slave of similar age to play with and later to be- come his servant. On the other hand, they may be acknowledged as the lawful sons and heirs of the aristocratic Arab father, though having a negro mother. These inherit equally with the pure-bred Arab sons. Since the negro is so much a part of Arab life, it is not strange that the superstition which we usually associate with the negro race, has also been imbibed by the Arab. The Thousand and One Nights, which 1 • ا 51 / is to us but an interesting fairy tale, is sober verity to the Arab, for he still believes in Jinn. A woman may be thrown into hysterics to merely Indeed the devout Moslem see a sheep as she goes home in the darkness. often prays for protection against the evil spirits, which he believes are all about him. It is the careless mother indeed that has not placed about her baby's neck, a cord bearing a little leather case which contains a verse from the Koran and is supposed to keep her darling from the ill effects of the Evil Eye. Even so, the tourist or missionary must be careful not to enthuse too fulsomely about the baby's beauty, lest the child being For this taken ill in the near future, she be blamed for this sickness. same purpose of protection, mothers also sew bright blue buttons on their babies' bonnets. If, despite all these precautions, the baby or indeed, the adult becomes really ill, the Arab Hakim is summoned. He will enquire the location of the Pain, and if, perchance it should be in the stomach, he will chowie or cauterize that part. If the patient still refuses to get better, the slave may be despatched to the Mullah's who at a certain hour comes out and graciously spits into the various coffee cups held for him to perform that service. This will be given the patient to drink. That, the Arab thinks, is an infallible remedy. Or it may sometimes be that the patient's friends decide that he has Dharura or Demon possession. Then the American doctor is told in no uncertain terms, to keep hands off. In that case the Mullah will read the Koran over him and perhaps perform other little services. The demon is then supposed to be exorcised. But some women, having the reputation of being possessed, use that report to their advantage. They say that their demon wants a sheep or a new thobe or anything else that they them- selves happen to desire. Yes, there are imposters in every nation. 1 52\ # I ! NOTES ON SINAT1 by Henry Field During the University of California African Expedition, 1947-1948, we drove in two trucks from El Arish to Nekhl in central Sinai. 1. 2. 3. November 26, 1952 While I searched for stone implements between Bir Hasaneh and the Wadi el-Letheili, Professors W. F. Albright and 8. A. Muzayyin visited Jebel Halal. Here on a rise they reported fifty graves facing east-vest arranged in a circle. In Kl Arish Ramadan Mahmud Ahmed Salem, teacher at Farouk el-Awwal School, supplied the following in- formation: a) Sheikh Shahuda Salaam Daldul of the Tarabin. b) Sheikh Mosleh at Bir Hasaneh. c) Haiii Shaab Sheikh Kherlubi (10 tents) near Jebel Libni. Addenda to the Bibliography: BALL, John 1939. Contributions to the Geography of Egypt Ministry of Finance, Egypt. MOON, F. W. and Sadek, H. 1921. Topography and Geology of northern Sinai. Part 1, Session 1919-1920 Ministry of Finance, Egypt. 1. These should be considered as supplementary to Henry Field, "Contributions to the Anthropology of The Faiyun, Sinai, Sudan and Kenya," University of California Press, 1952. ! | Stone Implements from Egypt Flen! Implimen Par lllage of El mandi 8 miles south of Carro th nih Helwan line I Desert wady TEL Shoes Merlin A Site on massed back a 5. Sid 1 Lady opacity Li site alul & mich East and Kenya mich East of the thiel allege of aber on the East Bank of Caus- [Raidway statur on the village of il Maadi сто невиче NAIVASHA. Reft valley. Kanya Corey July, Augen 1928- mande Racing Statin ·To Cason найте R. hele Flunks Collacha chalk ↳ 1824.25.26 53 all on surfac Obsidian Inflame to foou pit by such of man road авая 1 mile (NW) of ville d Betty (Rackenery station of the tit ham) E aface C.B will came au 54 ii di | Geological Reconnaissance in the Near East by Heing Tiemann In the spring of 1902 we were ordered south on an exploration expedition with Kuweit as the eastern and the Arabian Desert the southern terminal with no specific orders other than to look for outereppings of whatever nature, follow major uplifts and structures trail their laterals, examine salt marshes, salt and mineral springs locate salt domes and basalt plugs and investigate gas soopagos and bitumineus exudes (many of these known to man, and petroleum, naptha and asphaltum used by them for ages). This order was joyfully received and with feverish haste preparations were made to expedite our departure. Professor Dr. August Boelsche (Berlin and St. Petersburg) in charge, Dr. Brederik Bosse, Mineralogist, Dr. Walter Schaefer, Chemist, Van Der Burg, surface geologist and the writer, Heinz Tiemann, his assistant. With Bactrian camels as beasts of burden and horses to carry the men, we left Baku with its Vodka, caviar, mosquitoes and oil fumes with the good wishes of those we left behind and ourselves elated to quit the monotonous hum-drum life at the Baku field. After a few days' travel through the marshes and steppes of Azerbaijan we arrived on higher ground, traversed land with prosperous farms and fruit trees and beautiful open woodland. On the southeastern horizon conteurs of mountains became visible. Gradually this rolling country became mountainous, roada acarcer, until we travelled over a century old caravan trail towards Teheran. Skirting the Elburz range on the south and after about three weeks* travel we made our entry into Teheran on a cold rainy day. The German consul had taken all necessary steps for the housing of man and beast. In a nice roomy yard with barn and stable back in a garden which was surrounded by a low stone wall was a flat roofed two-story house, such overfurnished with carpets: sofa settes and pillows everywhere but with no beds, lavatory or ruming water. ا 55 In every room there we an open weed firo-plece, petroleum lamps a plenty and candles by the score. Because of the rain and sold we stayed indoors and glad to. We had wine with our meals, good coffee, Gognac and Russian cigarettes. The day after our arrival came the sensul with Captain Pete Van Brueggen who was to join our party as navigator, so to say. He had with him chronometer, theodolite, sextant and a stack of logarithm tablets. He ms to make daily observations, determine our longitude and latitude, jet down meteorological and astronomical data, and keep a daily log book er journal. From Teheran ve made an excursion to the aines at the feet of Mr. Denavent. Coal is here obtained on the surface by pick and shovel and an escasional blast of black powder. Mt. Domvent is nearly the starting point of our Near Eastern mineņi-geological survey. Preceeding vest to the &W. slopes of the Elbur: range we encountered the first indications of early chaotic convulsions, here the Kiburs seemingly acted a barrier against the Zagros system of uplifts, a mountain belt pushing in s general S.W. direction towards the Arabian Feroland through S.V. Persia; the farther we followed the Zagros the more distinet and orderly its formation, strong- ly folded, in places overlapping and over thrust structures, abrupt faulting and breaking causing depressions of enormous area. These are the H.V. Persian gulf and lover Mesopothamia which were wholly submerged, during the Kiocene when the see extended from N.W. India to Akia Miner where the Taurus and Antiteurus formed the western barrier and the Archaean Rock Plateau of Arabie, the southern. The later occurring uplift converted this whole region into a continuous land surface as for S.E. as Kuweit where the relatively shallow Persian Gulf is the remnant of the enormous lifting movement caused by masses from the H.E. moving 8.W. and masses from the Arabian Plateau noving H.and N.W. lifting the lower Mesopethemia to its present level. ; } ! 1 ا کاتی 1 But back to the Zagros. The nearer we approached the Ireq water shed through Kermanshah the Zagros gradually split in two at Manist Ku and here its S.. course abruptly changes to South and S. E. forming several and distinct anti- S.E. clinal uplifts running and diminishing in southeasterly direction, the major structures are Kuhi Bang, Lagros Kuh and Kuh Kaber. I may state here that on the whole Zagros the upper Permian and Triassic formations are unknown and Jurasti o fossils nowhere encountered. The Devonian is represented in Old Red Sandstone facies, limestones apparently nuulitie appear to be of either Devonian or Carboniferous age, upper Cretaceous limestones with fossiliferous marle are plentiful and farther S.E. these marle are often intersected with bituminous cementations between strata of shale and gumbo (black clay). At Kalian Kuh at the eastern end of Kuh Kebir interesting specimens of punjab were obtained in carboniferous limestone,. Approaching the Salt Dome area of the N.. shores of the Gulf of Persia on the Bermuz range in clefts and brakes as well as on mountain alopes and crevices interesting outereps of Cretaceous and Eocene limestones, marls and gypsum are much in evidence and exposed. At Kuh i Bit gradual ly sloping toward the depressed range of the alluvial planes a new folding movement is observed on the Hormuz range; toward 8.E. numerous outeropa of crystalline rock, granite, gneiss and schist are found. These are possibly metamorphosed Palaeozoic sediments. Marine rocks on the Oman anticline (Cambrian) are encountered north on the whole Twin River mter shed, also trilobite limestones, shales, sandstones, mugh anhydrites, salt pseudomorphs, bituminous comentations, fossiliferous limestones (often crystalline) dolomites and gypsum are encountered everywhere in intrusive igneous rocks of Cambrian age. All these observations made through S.W. Persian territory, but on our entry in Turkish Kubzistan to investigate age old oil seepages, near Naftum, our troubles began and were repeated each time ve entered another vilayet. The Turkish official always looking for easy money made the life of our little caratan miserable. Our 57 own photographs and specimans we had to actually buy from these fellows and purchase the right to acquire more. After creasing the Shati-drab into Kuwait vilayet, the Turkish official detained us for two weeks, then we were allowed to proceed to Baara for further orders. Here I got thoroughly sick of dates, goat milk and barley. From Basra vo pushed on to Bagdad about 600 km. through elluvial lands with small unproductive sections because of lack of water to irrigate. To us the country was not very interesting because of its monotonous nature, with no geological changes of importance. We picked up in dry vadios somo fossils and a few flints. We suffered greatly because of the heat and once in a while the shamal bles 50 to 60 miles with lots of dirt and grit. From Bagdad we followed the Euphrates to Hit. To stayed in and near Hit because of its interesting and promising geology over two months. ▲ good many outerops of older formtions were encountered, conglomerates,marls and schist, bituminous elay and sand comentations, and on Kairas, near Ana, X.V. of Hit at 150 kilometers we encountered velcanic lavas, fine grained bę salt and numerous flints and calcitic crystallizations. Numerous lesations for later drilling voi'e made and proved, although years later, that our calculations were melly right and paid high dividends From Hit we cressed upper Kesopothania, M.E. to the river Tigris at Samarra . In the demi desert we found several cairas with white soft limestone ceres enslesing rounded pebbles of flint forming conglomerates. Farther north toward Mosul ve encountered numerous signs of origin, we also found that there must have been glasiers amongst the mountains for the presence of mornine and erratis blocks of sychite, granite and gusiss, especially between Baiji and Hadir H.V. from the ruins ve discovered numerous outerops of Cretaceous limestones, same pushing out of the ground at angles up to 45° mormous slabs filled with fossils and calcite crystals, farther H. and V. volcanis | 58 5. towards Jebel Abdal Asis basaltie lava and flints are much in evidence, especially found in and near old dry wadis and in the river Kabur tributaries. From here north the country rises tomrds the foothills of the Tarus Mountains. On our side of the river south and going east toward Mosul the beds are Cretaceous, Escene and Miesene although some basaltic lavas are found but nåt in great quantities. ressibly those were brought down during a glacial period in the northern mountains. Near Mosul and south to the Zab the Tigris flows along a fault plane, Pliesens songlomerates are everywhere in evidense. The distance to Beled Majar vest from Mosul about 180 kilometers was accepted as the radius of our activities for the next six months; the conglomerates bods here rest on red clay beds with essazional bituminous intrusions. Following the pheriphery around our adopted zone of interest, ve found near Zakho, on the frânges of Vadi Simel, a dyke of fine grained basaltic rock with a generous sprinkle of crystals of iren pyrites and much enleites. Next a find of great importance was made near Erbil, 8.E. frm Mosul about 100 kilometers. Here we found, on the red clay interbedded with rock salt, bituminous comentations, gypsum and calcareous limestones and hugh summulitic limestones bacus. square mile, about 600 aeres, we made four locations of which three became productive twelve years later. Here one notices the presence of iron ores and iren pyrites on the surface or outcroppings but nowhere any exudes or gas soopages like in lower Mesopotamia. Near Erbil ve followed a forementioned structure east into the vilayət of Bulaimania and in the Kirkuk. The formation is chiefly Cretaceous and Plissone with much gypsum and marls showing, several lesations made near Jara-Mir, where fossiliferous limestone outerops and bituminous comentations on the surface looked promising . Returning to our base at Mosul ve found orders to proceed by caravan route to Tripeli 300 miles west on the Syrian coast. Only Myhher Van de Burs was to stay and eœmplete unfinished work. The party broke up in Tripoli and proceeded to Rotherdam. The writer was sent to Palembang east Sumatra in the Sunda Archipelago. Here on a Heing Tieman } i 59 Authropometric Data from drag Iraq No Age C, 25 Talloving 7 887 - polere mom Hair Eyes Nose 15% / 6500phali --- 10X53 pronto par.- 1984 Total facial 40 Upper facial--- I ]------ 4759 3467 Be Teeth H. G. M. A. 1 INSCO-s.... 18% 44, Jugon mad. ------ 01/148 P. CAR Dabe reve Sex 1672 -LE weed 25 1669 مهار ۰۹۱۰۱ 66.0 91.4 59, 69.5 53.7 74.3 ……. 16,1934 male Jugo front .----- --- 72,1 "Rel. sitting height 51.6 Mack, Kwaves, PITCH SERWUND Place Race 168 153 Photos: 101 140 10시 ​128 83 59 41 67 36 Carse 03271 Zablo Anneni Armenian (com in komt, Hair parents d. brown I the rim, theidsbut of convex, flaring, sepr. d.up. convex А m. weird yellow color good, över ! women north, and поль, ни $ 60 03272 * # No 884 Age Tattooing 255-3027 Hair Eyes Noa Teeth as li 1584164 op 210 10% stronto-par.----658 120 Total facial--- 85, 1 14141 Upper facial--- 52.5 35/51- 38% 5 Ber 9841 Jugor and. 100 Jogo front. ----- 70.9 7141 Rel.sitting height 50.5 69.5 55.9 6915 H. G.M. ны Da' M.. Sex June 16, 1979 Heade 1644 86.4 comex compressed sl. Jac. prign. риди smake por 1 fair skin Place Rathe Armenian Kann seit. Bace Armenia Beside Lang Hdi Photos: 126 152 100 141 ૧૦ black, Kicians fine :lue-brown goned clear ་ mid, depression 120 74 56 35 ૮૪ 38 several you. scans Kang, prits wear lat.coup. счар sept ayını town Ow CÁMSLÁNSIZ : rea. Pas Č dupage Spezőg } ¿ No Age Tallooing 1602 Hair Eyes 1290 415 875 Near Christian Armenian 4/4736 Theth 876 35 A. P. в G.M. # Dale #1 Sex male none Convex slight ove grod mome 178 154 ور 57 `~~` 34 52 3/ From measured in Zakko. 03273 Kesta near Zakho in Turkey Plnes Race Armenian Hhir dark brown low waves clear Photos List 18. He spen 15e -----86.5 154 Pronto-par... 74.7 WE Total facial--- 86.0 Upper facial--- 56 136 medium man was 53.7 59.7 59.6 77,9 -84.6 fine Lomagmos lost 2 f I { 61 62 Armenian No 879 Age 30 Tallooing 1586 1262 847 4 い ​Eyes Nose Teeth Hair dock brown G.M H. A. P. Date none Convex Sex food good nove " 6/25/36 mala 169 148 116 Place Sihi www www goo Race Photo: Hair 148 169, Ce pha 110 lilla an 134 138 138 198 107 134 089 59 10716 56 Armenian Fronto-par.---- Ear What Total facial---97. Upper facial--- 60, Nasal-- Jugomand.------ 11 Jugofron t.----- 138 low waves clear Compressed ++ 03274 Erzerum 87.6 7814 84,1 Rel. Set let. 53.4 fini marked once 45.8 57.1 77.5 homo, lost o 63 Observer Place and Date No. Age 25 Married? Yes How long? yes How many children? Occupation Nationality, Tribe, and Clan of Father Nationality, Tribe, and Clan of Mother & Physiological Temperature WS Assyse refugee camps Musard. Thay 33, 1938 'Race Asmeman Amal! Birthplace Parkkala ? husband gewar Sex Date of Birth 10. Sitting height Pathological Anomalies T FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Anthropometric Form سلم Infant Mortality No. of Brothers No. of Sisters Tattooing, ornamental sears, etc. General observations Underscore following if data have been obtained: 1. Standing height 2. Acromion to sole 8. Dactylion to sole 4. Biacromial 5. Bi-iliac 6. Chest breadth 7. Chest depth 8. Circumference of chest Inhalation 9. Circumference of chest Exhalation Boys 1 Girls 1 Twins Living? Living? Pulse • Photographs: Frontal, profle; hair sample, mouth cast, blood sample, face cast, foot-print, hand-print, finger-prints. MEASUREMENTS Living? Outside tribe? 1 Cripples or otherwise unit o Dead? Dead? Weight 147 11. Head length 12. Head breadth 13. Hend height 14. Min. frontal diam. 15. Bizygomatic 16. Bigonial breadth 17. Total facial height 18. Upper facial height 19. Nasal height 20. Naml breadth 21. Ear length 1220 22 Ear breadth 15 /04 /39 95 107 Dead? 171 £42 4/1 & •34 Skin Color No. 2 80/19 Nasal 45 Car 33 65° Sex? INDICES 2/1 Relative shoulder height Relative shoulder breadth 10/1 Relative sitting height 53.7 12/11 Cephalic 83.0 03275 Age at Marriage 14/12 Fronto-parietal 739 ठे 17/15 Total facial 17.0 44.6 18/15 Upper facial 13, 55 حمدد head 4%8 Annenian. didn't know till end-type not different \ # { 64 } No Age 30 Tallooing 825 146 19 Jephelie --- Hair Eyes Nose nove ---81.0 -66.9 $15 Pronto-par. RS 4 Total facial-- 92.8 10 SUPP 3515 Rasel- 3267 Bar.......... 9855 Jug onand. ❤❤❤ 1593 Teeth facial ---- 56.0 #641)........... 17.8 52,2 78.4 ๆๆ 77,6 To5 REL. Sitting sill Juge freat.-- G. M. H. Dale Sea Jun 18, 1934 ремове عنب J. Crown d. brown filmed! sl. convex (start) edge to edge ste. l.waves flawning 99 125 179 145 98 115 10 45 J 35- 67 35 Place Rass bloodshot air condition U Zakko Photos: Ha bridge 사 ​༥གས Алмерики. Liver inediam G 03276 игра broad. tip etw. septem up, str. червши tost several 1 65 1 [ Armena. Аллег Y17 1465 1360 510 850 ý Ji n dk. br., in w., med dhe tre clear linno n lower agra iq liz plots-1.0 everted 176 151 116 137 //1 151 convex, med f., topo 3rd... nerupted, marked over, good, rtg., 2- зла 122 176 ceph 73 11 51 Prestomperome 7.6. !! Total facial 79.1 58 122 33 59 34 137 33/58 3459 Van-(Bittes) hair-yo 2000 - pt 31 €51€ upper fcciaiono 53.3 He ma 56.9 57.6 81,0 !!! 137 11/137 sstrostom & 4.7 } 03788 Arminion 0378 cradle tied Pol. sitting height 541 } > 66 yıq 1670 Armenian 1375 510 865 eyes - nose g y n n age - Wat hair- sk.br. in and dk. br. dear lenno it, mud teeth-3rdm. Hecto- no 19 188 155 118 140 108 un 25 70 50 36 54 31 tij. Evana Van :: 219 TTE Cophalic --- で ​Ear crupted, at over, hair -yes Datos apl 214500 19 \15/55 Fronto-par.----7b. 1 155/40 Total facial--- 10/40 upper facial--- 36/50 Hasel-...... 31/59 10340 suganando. 117, Jugofront.-- ney. 89.5 Armenian 03789 cofronto-----84,3 Bl sitting Height 53.4 lust 03799 ? 9:3 50.0 79.0 57.4 771 V мне វ 67 8871 25 3072 25-50 1644 2013 15 8574 La Ľ L 1667-98* 861 168 183 101 140 104 890 176 188 200 107 875 198 154 116 1.96 106 847 269 148 116 18 107 1506 2075 25 1078 1976 80 2595 ¡ "with and without heels 796 171 in 794 299 .. * V LA A 8871 67 84 31.6 11.1 66.0 8372 60 88 60.5 86.4 45.8 8975 52 8274 56 5215 65 84 55.7 SETS ARUFEXIANG KRAMUREUITS 240 204 199 145 W 125 SA si 92.4 86.5 74.7 06.0 63.7 17.6 78.4 97.1 60.1 85.0 78.2 77.0 82.1 01.0 46.9 8 44.6 14.0 ท 188 180 117 154 Lille 65 69 74 66 98 05 107 13 125 TO 7 PA TV/F m-sa/3 vi 17/1 50.8 69.5 85.7 74.5 78.1 05.1 52.5 65.5 55.9 69.5 70.9 59.7 59.6 77.9 84.6 45.8 57.1 77.5 84.2 59 98.8 55.4 69.8 77.8 1.1 78.4 F 38 34 .. C 74.8 77.6 I 68 Dancing at a wedding feast 92€/ near LAS Selencia, Iraq. Photograph by Winifred Smeaton, 1932. 12 ARABS 1. Marsh Arabs BEDUINS ARRANGEMENT OF ANTHROPOMETRIC GROUPS Albu Muhammad Suwa'id 2. Dulaim 3. Shammar Negroes 4. Anaiza 5. Groups near Beirut 6. Sulubba 7. Nawar (Gypsies) NON-BEDUIN NOMADS VARIOUS GROUPS Kurds 8. 9. 10. 11. Subba (Mandaeans) 12. Jews 13. Turkomans 14. Armenians 15. Chaldean 16. Miscellaneous 17. Skeletal material (a) Arab (b) Beduin 25. 26 27. Yezidis Assyrians 18. Lurs 19. 20. 21. Rayy workmen 22. Jews (97 Isfahan) 23. Miscellaneous (14 (2) Kinnareh Yezd-1-khast 24. Skeletal material Northern Ossetians Yezidie Armenians IRAQ Males 221 50 from Kinnareh cemetery 25% Skulls (19) from Ossetien Musoun 29. Skulls (20) from Dargavskaia Valley 137 283 15 23 37 39 6 IRAN 53 74 48 18 609 235 1690-2298 2332-2567* 2645-2750 106 111 64 92 2888-2979 3013-3123 3176-3239 3271-3274 3277 1 99 7 U.S.S.R. Numbers 738-953 954-1003 50. Arabs, Beduins, Kurds meas. in Baghdad Hosp. by Dr. Rassam 31. An Nasiriya (W.S.) 32. Baghdad Royal Hosp. (w.s.) No. 2511 omitted - Arab from Mosul. 1007-1145 1144-1426 1555-1569 1571-1595 500 126 32 1594-1650 1631-1669 1680-1685 107 3580-5686 51 3757-3787 3788-3789 3281-3333 3334-3407 3408-3455 3456-3473 3474-3572 3573-5579 3790-4289 4290-4415 4456-4487 Females 128 1 9* ឌនន្ទឌ៩៨១ 137 31 150 40 41 Numbers 1004-1006 1427-1554 1570 1670-1679 1686-1689 2299-2331 2568-2644 2751-2887 2980-3012 3124-3175 3240-3270 3275-3276 3278-3280 $687-5756 4426-4455 4488-4528 69 70 1 (-_-)) Country ARABIA TRANS-JORDAN EGYPT SYRIA List of 1375 Hair Samples from Near East PALESTINE TURKEY IRAQ Locality or Tribe Hi jaz Nomads and villagers Jebel Druze and Nomads Jew (Diarbeks) (Armenian, Lake Van Anatolia Kish Arabs Ba'ij Beduins Al Suwaid, Halfaya Dulaim, Haditha Shammar Negro Anaiza Sulubba Gypsies Yezidis Assyrians Jews Kurds *Turkomans Armenians Chaldeans Arabs Negro, Baghdad June 10, 1959 Male 1 67 1 15 O 8 O 1 336 27 23 69 10 2 18 10 92 100 53 95 2 02 2 2 Female 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 O 0 0 0 0 10 8 0 0 22 27 O 1 1 5 Totals 841 60 H.B. The Kish Arabs (336) and the Ba'ij Beduins have been published in / A.J.P.A. by Mildred Trotter. 1. \ 1 71 L IRAN Kinareh Jews, Isfahan / Yezd-i-Khast Rayy Workmen Lurs, Pusht-1-Kuh Gypsy Totals CAUCASUS Yezidis, Tbilisi N. Ossetes (Ordzhonikidze) N. Ossete Cemetery Armenian (Tbilisi) Totals • 25 25 1 2 228 31 71 1 105 OO 0 0 0 0 O ༠ 0 50 0 0 50 } ! 72 i 1952 ARCHAEOLOGICAL NOTES FROM SAUDI ARABIA by DON HOLM Geologist, Arabian American Oil Company | On April 19, 1952, we examined a group of large mounds (sing. mahfur, pl. mahafir) thirty kilometers west of our field camp on the plateau at El Mutadil. We found quite a few flints, scrapers and one or two knives. On a khashi, four kilometers south- west of camp lie five cylindrical rock mounds with one broken point of Solutrian form. One West of Sakaka I photographed many pictures and crude draw- ings and some pre-Arabic scribblings on sandstone cliffs. Some well-preserved drawings and graffiti were also photo- graphed on sandstone cliffs in Jebel Adhara west of El Jauf. series appeared to represent a long-horned wild ox, and another the ibex (waal). Nearby was a small, shallow rockshelter with flints on the surface but no bones. The best hunting ground in northwest arabia will be in El Harra. For here there are many mahafir in the numerous silt flats within the lava beds and many sites have been spotted around the margins. Apparently Paleolithic man hunted in El Harra and El Hamad, living in crude, temporary camps. ! 73 1936 NOTES ON IRAN Coo The following information was supplied by an observer who wished to remain anonymous: Pul, a village of about 200 houses, situated in Mazan- deran roughly northeast of Kandavan, was inhabited in October, 1936, almost entirely by Kurds (Khwaja vandís). Kujur, another village in the neighborhood, is also Kurd- ish. During the reign of Agha Mohammed Khan Qajar, Mazanderan rebelled and so he brought from the borders of Luristan some 270 Kurdish families with their flocks and belongings and settled them in various places, where the local people were in rebellion (cf. Rabino: Mazanderan and Astarabad, p. 12). 74. | TOMBS (KAWANIS) AND STONE CIROLES IN SINAI JAOQUES DAUMAS Kawamis are buildings of dry stones, usually grouped in uneven numbers (3 or 9). Some are circular or elliptical with an exterior oiromference of 12-15 meters, others are square, the roof formed by a flat block of stone. The walls are 0.80 0.95 m. thick and rise 0.50 0.70 m. above the ground. conical cupola (2.0 3.0 m.) is formed by plao- ing flat stones ene on top of the other. Maspero comments on their resemblance to the talavot · of the Balearic Islands and to certain Scotch buildings. These are not, as once was believed, primitive fort- resses but ancient tombs. The narrow entrance always faces west. The Beduins believe that these are baildings erected by the Israelites to protect themselves from flies and mos- quitos. (Cf. Ar. namous # fly, pl. nawamis). 1. Translated and summarised from "La Peninsule du Sinai", Royal Automobile Club of Egypt, Cairo, 1951. These notes complement my observations (pp. 75, 90-91) recorded in 1948 and published in "Contributions to the Anthropology of the Faiyum, Sinai, Forthern Sudan and Kenya", University of Cali- fornia Press, 1952. See alse T. 3. Peet, "Primitive stone buildings in Sinai", an, 1o. 87, pp. 151-168, 1915; W. M. Flinders Petrie, searches in Sinai", London, 1906; and G. W. Murray, Ishmael", Landen, London, 1935 and "Bee-Kive Graves northeastern Sudan and Sinai 1, vol. For beehive houses (botham) in the Hebrides 五號 ​"Sons of in PP. 17-18. of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, ve pp. 187 21 293, 12. cup markings on fallen blooks in Wadi faqb Hava and Wadi by Peet. ran" recorde (1.7.) / 1 75 However Aetheria in the fourth century of our era refers to them as tombs and that pamous is a corruption of the ancient word pacus = sepulchre. The pawanis are nearly always near stone circles. Javania 1. On a plateau (900 m.) at the end of the Wadi Beiraq. 2. Vadi Umm Gerifat. 3. Wadi ol Asraq in Hegb Amran. 4. Wadi Umm Garaf. Vadi Ghazala. Wadi el Agous. Haset Kharas toward Fasb. 5. 6. 7. 1. 2. 3. 4. 6. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Stone Giroles Fifteen in Wadi Hisrin off the Fadi Feiran. Tadi ol Asraq in Hagb Amran. Jebel el Hayala. Jobel limeithi. Wadi Magheirat, to the north on left bank. a Vadi Wadhah. Wadi Umm Garaf. Wadi Abu Gardan. Junction of Fadi Gereif and Wadi Umm Adawi. Wadi Qasab. Hasat Khares toward Tasb. it of Jebel Lig (1440 m.). 1 ; 76. Cultivated Areas In the Agricultural Census of Egypt, 1939 printed in Cairo, 1946, Ahmed Abdel Ghaffar, Minister of Agriculture, gives the following data, based on the 1937 Census: industry, 976; agriculture, 691; gardening, 19; cattle and sheep-breeding, 13; domestic service in farmers' houses, 5; land-owning, 2; tree-cutting and charcoal-making, 8; fishing, 238; employees and on own account, 482; and employers, 493. The Summary of agricultural data gives the following with no information on the southern district of Sinai: Aread? Central Qantara Shara 1357 764 0 Crops and Vegetables Fruit trOOS Timber trees Pastures Crops Millet Barley Wheat Other Vegetables Watermelons ...... Cucumbers and melons Tomatoes ………. NOTES ON SINAI Jew mallow Other 1. In foddans. North 455 223 0 1000 88 0 6 904 10 26 11 26 19 0 0 0 758 589 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 764 O 0 77. / Fruit Trees Palms Olives Piga Vines Oranges Other 12 Asses Sinai: Live Stock Cows Camels Sheep Coats Horses Mules 8. North In hundreds. 100 26 0 38 3 Central 2038 2937 2953 80 1 2 961 21 2 จ 0 10 The same source gives data on domestic animals in Worth Central 201 2729 3101 3716 287 0 2. Qantara Sharq 1192 0 0 0 Qantara Bhasa 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 , UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 3 9015 02481 9503 •