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GRAPHIC LATI
By
JOHN C. GREEN, Jr.
Instructor in Latin at Blair Academy
INTRODUCTION
It is an accepted principle of learning that, in the study of any subject made up of a great number of inte-
gral parts, one's power to grasp the correct meaning and significance of those parts as he studies them is greatly
stimulated by an ability on his part to conceive the whole subject as an entirety in which the exact relation of
each part to each other part or to each group of parts or to the whole stands out prominently and can be
accurately observed. In the following the author has attempted to portray graphically the Latin Language as
such an entirety from the standpoint of its eight parts of speech. The result is work not intended as the
basis for a beginner's course, but designed to be a supremetrºar;-rºutraar age ºf rº-referer ~------
view by students in any grade of the subject in which they may find Latin a cºicise, clear and visual
ment of facts—an orderly, concrete structure—not a confusing 111...s of vague abstractions.
The practical worth of this scheme has been thoroughly proved by successful classroom experience. The
substance is now being presented in the following handy form in the hope that it can be used more generally
to the possible advancement of the cause of education, to the enlightenment of those who learn, and to the
gratification of those who teach.
It will be observed in the charts that only the fundamental points of the language are included for obvious
reasons, but all such fundamental points are included. Practically all exceptions to rules, unless very important,
have been omitted for the sake of clarity in exposition and a satisfactorily concise arrangement. The student
may consult grammars in cases where more complete information is needed or teachers may supplement the
matter as presented by further explanation.
The author desires to acknowledge deep obligations to Dr. W. H. Kirk of Rutgers College, who thor-
oughly examined manuscripts and proof and offered many wise and valuable suggestions that have been incor-
porated in the text. J. C. G.
g
&
ºf Twº ºrºgº Fºº º- re: , SLUIUly rter- º
arrange-
PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR
Blairstown, New Jersey
COPYRIGHTED," 1916


















NOMINATIVE
GENITIVE
DATIVE
&
| ACLUSALVE | porten
ABLATIVE
ºn ºf ºººººº..." & " ' ,
it -
****-s--- *-tº tº stºry
GENERAL RULES
N O U NS
(a) The Vocative Case of Direct Address is omitted from the paradigms below, since it has but the one use
and is like the Nominative in form except in the singular of -us nouns of the Second Declension. This
exception is noted later. -
(b) Vestiges of another case, the Locative, occur in the names of towns and a few other words. It denotes
“Place Where” and in the plural is always like the Dative and Ablative. The forms for the singular
are noted below. *
(c) In Appositive Expressions (Cicero, the consul, or Caesar, the general) the noun in apposition always
takes the case of the noun it modifies or explains. - - &
(d) The Accusative of Neuters is always like the Nominative and in the plural both cases end in -a.
(e) The Dative and Ablative Plurals are alike in each Declension.
ExAMPLEs . . .
RULES OF USAGE
Subject of Finite Verb ............... Vir venit; the man comes.
Predicate Noun ...................... Vir miles est; the man is a soldier.
After Verbs of “Remembering,” etc.. Ipse mei meminit; he himself is mindful of me.
After Impersonal Verbs..... ......... Pudet mé tui; I am ashamed of you. 2^
After verbs of Judicial Action....... Mé fürti arguit; he charged me with theft.
Possession Domus est Cicerömis; the house is Cicero's. .
e e e g º e º 'º e º e º e º e º 'º e º ſº e º e g fe a e
Descriptive Vir est magnae virtùtis; he is a man of great valor.
Partitive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nihil audāciae habet; he has no courage.
Appositional . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nômen régis habet; he has the name (of) king.
objective ........................ .... Est cupidus régni; he is desirous of a kingdom.
Subjective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Caesaris voluntáte factum est; it was done with Caesar's
consent.
tº - º - tº © • After Certain Adjectiv.2s . . . . . . . . . . . . Est peritus belli; he is skilled in war.
| 1st Declension | 2nd Declension | 3rd Declension | 4th Declension | 5th Declension | “..." - - -
- i &lº (2
SINGULAR PLURAL | SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL SIN GULAR PLURAL Meaning f - -
i After Certain Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Populà favet; he favors the people.
sº - Indirect Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Librum mihi dat; he gives me the book.
rta tº © ictóre frt früctüs "ra º
po portae hortus horti victor W1CLOTes rüctus I'll C i Teº Teº Advantage or Disadvantage . . . . . . . . . . Hoc mihi factum est; this was done for me.
- ri
mºm | Purpose or Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Legió est praesidió castris; the legion is as a guard (for
i a guard) to the camp. -
ta ictóri ictöru frtictu friictuu *--> gº of a GATE *
portarum victor. VICTOTunn I'll CIU 3 tº tre. Te full ºn or GATES Possession . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Liber mihi est; I have a book (lit., the book is to me).
s Agency (After Gerundive) . . . . . . . . . . Haec nébis agenda sunt; we must do this (lit., this must
w be done by us).
º to or for a
portae portis hortö hortis victori victóribus frictui früctibus rei rebus: . §§ gr After Certain Adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . Mihi inimicus est; he is unfriendly to me.
ºf - | |
**** *.*.*... r * ~ * —- T • tºr * i-- ~ * - * : *-**-*-*- :- - - ------- - - - - *** ------ ~ * - - - - - -, *-* - ---. --- - | - ——- -- TGATE OT - *- ~. -- - - - © - - - - - - - . S -- - - o he love . he si **------------------ *** . . . . . .” ---------------- . . . . . . .
portie ' ' ' 'Hºtum.” hortös victórem victórés früctum früctiis tº fem res GATES as Direct Object of Most Verbs. . . . . . . . . Servum amat; he loves the slave.
i - # object Duration of Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Decem annäs vixj+; he lived ten years.
* * d | -
with, by, in Extent of Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Est altum sex pedes; it is six feet high.
* * A sm * = as tº * º ºs dº & "-- gº 70??? a
hortis victore victóribus frictü früctibus rº rebus §§ Or Limit of Motion (Place to Which).... Römam venit; he came to Rome.
! ! • GATES - -
i After Certain Prepositions . . . . . . . . . . . Inter sé colloquuntur; they are talking to each other.
Nouns of this Declension end
in -a and are FEMININE un-
less they refer expressly to
males, cf. nauta, masculine,
sailor.
The Locative Singular ends
in -ae, cf. Römae, at Rome.
Nouns of this Declension are
MASCULINES of the form
hortus, horti;
vir, viri;
puer, pueri;
ager, agri;
and NEUTERS of the form
bellum, belli.
The Vocative Singular of
Masculine nouns in -us regular-
ly ends in -e.
The Locative Singular ends
in -i, cf.
Corinthi, at Corinth.
Nouns of this Declension are
of ALL GENDERS and have a
variety of forms. Note—
réx, régis;
miles, militis;
princeps, principis;
iter, itineris;
caput, capitis;
cönsul, cónsulis;
legió, legiónis;
pater, patris;
homó, hominis;
nómen, n5minis;
genus, generis;
corpus, corporis;
hostis, hostis;
mare, maris;
Nouns of this Declension are
mostly MASCULINES of the
form früctus, früctiis.
There are three common
NEUTERS of the form cornu,
corniis (cornã, genii, verú).
The Dative Singular of these
Neuters ends in -ü.
Two common FEMININES
are domus and manus.
Domus follows the Second
Declension in some of
forms (cf. Grammar).
* Nouns of this Declension end
in -es and are FEMININE ex-
Gept diès and its compounds.
, Even diès is sometimes
Feminine in the Singular.
its
calcar, calcãris.
Certain nouns of this De-
clension may substitute -i for -e
where -e occurs in their case
endings except in the Nomina-
tive Plural. They may also in-
sert -i before the -um of the
Genitive Plural and -a of the
Nominative and Accusative
Neuter Plural. They are called
“i-stems.”
The Locative Singular ends
in -i, cf. -
rüri, in the country.
After Certain Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Divitiis tititur; he uses his wealth.
Separation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Divitiis privătus est; he was deprived of his wealth,
Place from Which . . . . . tº e º 'º e º ſº º e º & Ex urbe venit; he came from the city.
Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nöbili genere natus est; he is born of noble family.
Agent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ab e5 factum est; it was done by him.
Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Patria cărior vità est; my country is dearer than life.
Degree of Difference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Est minor dimidio; it is smaller by a half.
Means . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sagittà vulneratus est; he was wounded by an arrow.
Cause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Suä victóriá glóriantur; they boast of their victory.
Manner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cum gravitäte loquitur; he speaks with dignity.
e e g º e s e º s º e º º
Bonis auspiciis accidit; it happened under good omens.
Accompaniment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cum fråtre venit; he came with his brother.
Descriptive • e º e s e e º e º e a tº º a 6 & 8 tº e º & e º 'º Est eximiä förmä; she is of exceptional beauty.
Price . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eum quinque minis emit; he bought him for five minae.
Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gallós virtùte superant; they surpass the Gauls in valor.
Place Where ............. . . . . . . . . . . . . In urbe vivit; he lives in the city.
Time When . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Quărtă horă mortuus est; he died at the fourth hour.
After Certain Prepositions . . . . . . . . . . . Id pro amicö fêcit; he did it for his friend.
After Two Adjective: dignus } tº e
indignus . Est dignus laude; he is worthy of praise.
:
º
:
i






























- AD.JECTIVES : -
E. With the Noun They Modify in GENDER, NUMBER and CASE
They Change Their Form to
Denote
DECLENSION
COMPARISON
in declension Adjectives are divided into two distinct groups:
Adjectives of 1st and 2nd Declen-
sions decline their
Masculine Feminine Neuter º e
like like like i-stems of the third declension) ex-
HORTUS PORTA BELLUM cept in the Nominative Singular.”
Q) ſº In this there are for the three
PUER Genders, either
Of
AGER
Note the examples below-
Nom. bonus bona bonum
good
r &#–ban;––bóñee-----bor:--
- etc.
Nom. miser misera miserum
wretched
Gen. miseri miserae miseri
etc.
Nom. niger nigra nigrum
black
Gen. nigri nigrae nigri
etc.
*Observe, however, that this is true only in general, for the following noun-rules
apply here also- : .
tº.
1. The Neuger:$re, is like the Nom. and in the plural both cases end in -a.
2. The Vci. i; like the Nom.
Adjectives of 3rd Declension
decline their
Three Genders similarly (like
ONE TERMINATION
Mas., Fem. & Neut.
Nom. prüdéns
Gen. prüdentis
Dat. prüdenti
etc.
!----- ~~ - --~~~~"-e- - - - • - - - - - ** --- --- - - - - - -- - - - *----- -... -- ~~ :- - - - -
TWO TERMINATIONS
Mas. & Fem. Neut.
Nom. omnis On 1116
Gen. . omnis
Dat. omni
etc.
THREE TERMINATIONS
Mas. Fem. Neut
Nom. Åcer ăcris âcre
Gen. ăcris
Dat. àcri
etc.
Adjectives of this declension
present a variety of stems. Note
ãcer, àcris; omnis, omnis; prüdéns,
prüdentis; felix, félicis; vetus,
veteris; princeps, principis; pauper,
pauperis, etc.
POSITIVE
(Eng. Wise)
Simple Adjective
cărus, -a, -um
fortis, *O
COMPARATIVE
(Eng. Wiser)
Formed regularly by
adding -ior to the
positive stem.
cărior, -ius
fortior, -ius
4° in English, Latin Adjectives have three degrees of comparison.
SUPERLATIVE
(Eng. Wisest)
Formed regularly by
adding -issimus to the
positive stem.
cărissimus, -a, -um
fortissimus, -a, -um
old
senex old
vetus
idónsus, etc.
Note that the above
forms are declined ac-
cording to the third
Note that Adjectives
in -er form their su-
perlative by adding
-------"
declension ond are of
Two Terminations
Mas. & Fem.
Nom. carior cărius
N 2°
cărióris
Neut.
Gen.
etc.
They are not regu-
like
i-stems, however, and
larly declined
have Ablative Singu-
lar in -e, and Accusa-
tive Plural in -es with
no -i in the Genitive
Plural or Nominative
and Accusative Neuter
Plural.
irregular. For instance—
POSITIVE COMPARATIVE
bonus good melior
malus bad peior
parvus small minor
magnus large maior
multus many pliis
prior former
senior older
-rimus to
stem—
Pos. Sup.
âcer âcerrimus
and that six adjectives
in -ilis form their su-
perlative by adding
-limus to the stem.
Pos.
facilis
Sup.
facillimus
Several Adjectives vary the stem in comparison and are hence
SUPERLATIVE
optimus
pessimus
minimus
maximus
plurimus
Some are defective and have a degree lacking. For instance—
first
oldest
primus
veterrimus.
Some Adjectives admit of no comparison—annuus, hodiermus,
e º - W |
Petitº !---— ”
ADVERBS
Adverbs Ordinarily Modify Verbs; cf. Celeriter currere, to run quickly f
Less Frequently They Modify
DERIVATION
COMPARISON
Adj ectives; cf. Facile doctissimus, unquestionably the most learned
Adverbs; cf. Tam celeriter, so quickly. - •
—z E — ºm
' Adverbs are for the most part derived from Adjectives. Adverbs depend upon Adjectives for their comparison.
Adverbs derived from adjec- Adverbs derived from adjec- POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
tives of the 1st and 2nd declen- |tives of the third declension form (Eng. slowly) (Eng. more slowly) (Eng. most slowly)
sions ordinarily form their posi-.] their positive by adding -iter or
tive by adding -e to the adjective |-ter to the adjective stem. Note—
tem. Note—
Gºrnºe IV OfC Adjective Adverb Simple Adverb Accusative Neuter | Superlative of Ad-
Adjective Adverb º º Singular of Compara- jective with final -us
fortis fortiter tive of Adjective (i. e. changed to is
cărus cără sapiens sapienter adds -ius to positive craanged to -e.
pulcher pulchré audax audacter stem).
Some adjectives of the 1st and * ºriº satiºns
2nd declensions form their adverb foriter fortius fortinia's
facile facilius facillimä
by adding -o to the stem instead
of -e.
Aalieetive Aalsmerk ~~~~ sº- - •º-
crèber crèbrö
falsus falsā
subità
subitus
A few add -iter or -ter to the
stem.
firmus firmiter
alius aliter
A few adjectives employ the Accusative Neurer Singular as the
adverbial form. .
Adjective Adverb
multus multum
facilis facile
Note also many adverbs that are derived from no adjective as:—
niiper, prope, saepe, dili, secus, etc.
A large number of adverbs whose derivation is hard to trace or irregular and which regularly admit of no comparison are to
Adverbs derived from no adjective nevertheless
éridings for their comparative-and-superkºffee-ºhan
comparison.
adopt the same
Some adverbs are peculiar in formation and comparison. Note—
POSITIVE
magnopere greatly
dili long
niper recently
COMPARATIVE
magis
dilitius
potius rather
often it is well to note the correlation of Relative or Interrogative, Demonstrative and Indefinite forms. Observe:-
Relative or Interrogative
Hic; here
Hüc; hither
Hinc; hence
Ubi; where, where?
Quà; whither, whither?
Unde; whence, whence?
Quâ; by which way, by what way? {
Häc; by this way
Eä, Istäc, Illac; by that way
Demonstrative
SUPERLATIVE
maximé
dilitissims
müperrimé
potissimum especially
be noted. Very
l
Indefinite
Alicubi, Usquam, Uspiam; somewhere
Aliqué; to some place
Alicunde; from somewhere
Aliquā; by some way



C O N J U G AT I O N S
V ERB S
Conjugation || 1st conjugation (s) || 2nd conjugation (s) || 3rd conjugation (e) || 4th conjugation (i) English
ng Ils
Principal amõ amăvi moned monui regó réxi audió audiwi Equi-
Parts amāre amātus moniere monitus regere rectus audire auditus lent
V&A Q ºn
Voice ACTIVE PASSIVE ACTIVE | PASSIVE ACTIVE PASSIVE ACTIVE PASSIVE
Tense INDICATIVE MOOD
- I hear .
Present and 3.1110 f moned In OIIGO f regö regor audió audiór I am hearing
I do hear
- I heard
Imperfect amābām amābar monébam monsbar regébam regebar audièbam audièbar I was hearing
I used to hear
# gº ºs tº tº ºg º tº e I will hear
Future amābā amābor monébù monebor regam regar audiam audiar I shall hear
tº º e- * gº tº sº gº *E. * tº ise I heard
Perfect 2.IIIa VI amātus sum monui monitus sum réxi réctus sum audivi auditus sum I have heard
;ect amăveram amātus eram monueram monitus eram réxeram réctus eram audiveram auditus eram | I had heard
- Fº amăverö amātus eró monuero monitus eró réxerö réctus eró audivero auditus eró I ; heard
|- - - - - - - - || || ||
Present 3.III e ºl 3.111er IIlOIlean T. In Oſle ºf regam regar audiam audiar
Imperfect amārem amärer monerem monérer regerem regerer audirem audirer
Perfect amāverin amātus sim monuerim monitus sim réxerim réctus sim audiverinn auditus sim
Plu- amāvissem amātus essem monuissem monitus essem réxissem réctus essem laudivissem auditus essen
ſº g * > hear
Present amā amāre mone In OIlere rege regere audi . audire hear thou
Present amāre amäri monere moneri regere regi audire audiri to hear
amātum iri monitum iri réctum iri auditum iri to º,
* * * * * * im g ºn * 8 gºe to be about to
Future amātūrus esse (rare) monitiirus esse (rare) réctuirus esse (rare) auditiirus esse (rare) hear
Perfect amāvisse amātus esse monuisse monitus esse réxisse réctus esse audivisse auditus esse to have heard
P A
R T I
C.. I P L E
Present amâns monens regens audièns hearing
Future amātūrus moniturus réctiirus auditurus about to hear
sº gº e- tºº having been
I CCLUI auditus
Perfect amātus monitus êctus heard
H
THIREE | OTHIER | FORIMS
R U L E S OF U S A G.E
THE INDICATIVE is used in ordinary statements of fact and
obtains in general where the Subjunctive is not specifically
prescribed by rule. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
THE SUBJUNCTIVE is used in Independent Clauses in—
(1) Sentences beginning in English with “let,” “may” and
“would that’—except where “let” or “may” definitely
denote Permission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . © e º e g º e º º e º a º
(2) Many Exclamatory or Rhetorical Questions..............
(3) The Apodosis of a “Should-Would” or “Unreal” Con- }
dition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * > & e º e e
THE SUBJUNCTIVE is used in Dependent Clauses introduced by—
(1) Si beginning the Protasis of a “Should-Would” or “Un- }
real” Condition .
(2) Ut, except where ut means “as” or “when,” and Ne........
(3) Cum, except where cum, meaning “when” and referring to }
past time, is strongly temporal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . © º e º e º 'º e º ſº }
(5) Quamvis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tº e º 'º º ºs e e
(6) Antequam and Priusquam when Anticipation or Expect-
ancy is shown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tº e º e e º 'º e º º tº e º ºs e º 'º
(7) Dum, Dönec, and Quoad when Anticipation or Expectancy
is shown e
(8) Ac si, ut si, quasi, quam si, tamguam si and velut si...... }
(9) Dum, modo, and dum modo, meaning
g4 * O?!, Jºy • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e e º e º 'º e e º e s ∈ e s e e o e º e º 'º e º e º 'º e
expresses Purpose, Result, Cause, Concession, or Char-
acteristic
THE SUBJUNCTIVE is furthermore employed—
(1) In all Indirect Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(2) In all Indirct Commands, introduced by ut (cf. (2) above)
(3) In all Subordinate Clauses of Indirect Discourse depend-
ing upon a main verb of Indirect Discourse in the
3)
(10) The Relative Pronoun, qui, quae, quod, when the clause }
Infinitive or Subjunctive. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tº º tº º ſº º *
(4) In many Subordinate Clauses that imply Indirect Piº
course, though no main verb appears................. ſº
when there is no negative. Negative Commands are expressed
by employing the Imperative of nôlö, “to be unwilling,” accom-
THE IMPERATIVE is used to express Commands or Entreaties {
panied by a dependent infinitive of the verb negatived........
THE INFINITIVE is used—
(1) With esse + an adjective. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(2) With certain Impersonal Verbs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -
(3) With certain verbs to complement their action (Comple-
mentary Infinitive) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • - -
(4) With Nominative asthierº Wre vis’id narratiers (Histo-feel
Infinitive) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e is e is e e º º ...... }
(5) With Accusative subject in Indirect Statements and after }
certain verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tº gº tº º
Infinitives, when dependent, express time relative to that ex-
pressed by the main verb.
some noun and are equivalent in meaning to a subordinate
clause—Relative, Descriptive, or Circumstantial...... tº º e º 'º e º O & ſº tº 6
The Perfect Passive Participle is most common and finds wide }
THE PARTICIPLES are used mainly as adjectives agreeing with |
usage in the Ablative Absolute construction. With certain
parts of sum it forms the Perfect Passive Tenses........... tº e &
The Present Active Participle (amāns, -ntis) is less common, but }
by no means rare. . . . . . . . . . . . . .................... tº º e º e º 'º º ºs º gº º º
The Future Active Participle rarely attains to the regular particip-
ial use explained above, but appears with esse in the Future
Active Infinitive and also quite extensively in the
forms a construction that is always active in meaning and
First Periphrastic Conjugation. Here, combined with sum, it ſ
expresses Emphatic Futurity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (
| THE GERUNDIVE, combined with parts of sum, forms in the
| combination the so-called
| Second Periphrastic Conjugation. This is always Passive in
meaning and always expresses Obligation or Necessity.
Active ideas must be made passive before being translated
into this construction. It is accompanied by the Dative of
Personal Agent
e e º e e i e º e º e s a s e a e e s & e s tº e o e º 'º e º e º e º e º º e º s e e º e
The Gerundive as a verbal adjective (amandus, -a, -um), agree-
ing with a noun, may be used to translate the form in “-ing”
in an English phrase like “of seeing the city” (= prep. --
| * * * * * * * * * *- : * : *-* = , = - *-* * = * * = a- . = , = , = , = , = u-u mui amma = man mana summa .mºn sum ºm , ma am am umma rºm m, m = m = m, sm sºme semºn isºme ºn 1 mm.
ExA M P Les
Vir filiam amat; the man loves his daughter.
Caesar, ut diximus, vir fortiserat; Caesar, as we said, was a brave man.
Di haec prohibeant! may the gods prevent that!
But Licetne (indicative) mihi id facere? may I (be permitted to) do
this?
Nam quid ego querar? for why should I complain?
Si hoc dicäs (dixissés), errës (erråssès); if you should say (had said)
this, you would err (would have erred).
Si hoc dicăs (dixissès), errés (erråssés); if you should say (had said)
this, you would err (would have erred).
Edimus, ut vivāmus; we eat that we may live.
Eö cum vänisset, aciem instruxit; when he had come there, he drew up
his line of battle.
Němč tam fortis est quin interfici possit; no one is so brave that he
may not be killed.
Nön est facultās fugiendi, quamvis periculis premämur; there is no
chance to flee, though we are beset by dangers.
Priusquam dimicărent, foedus ictum est; before they fought (in antici-
pation of the fight), a treaty was struck.
Dum hostes veniant, exspectábo; I shall wait until the enemy come.
Tantus eds metus cépit, velut si hostés adessent; as great fear seized
them as if the enemy were at hand.
“provided that,” } Öderint, dum metuant; let them hate, provided they fear.
Légātös misit qui pâcem peterent; he sent envoys to seek peace.
Sunt qui Caesarem fortissimum esse dicant; there are those who say
Caesar is bravest.
Rogăvit quid faceret; he asked what he was doing.
Imperávèrunt ut haec fierent; they ordered that these things be done.
Virum, qui in urbe esset, ventùrum esse dixit; he said that the man who
was in the city would come.
Imperavérunt ut vir, qui in urbe esset, veniret; they ordered that the
man who was in the city should come.
Frümentum flāgitävit, quod polliciti essent; he demanded the grain
which (he said) they had promised.
Ignásce mihi; pardon me.
Egredere ex urbe; depart from the city.
Nöli resistere; do not resist.
Dulce est pré patriá mori; it is sweet to die for one's country.
Senátui placuit légātós mittere; it pleased the Senate to send envoys.
| Gallós incitàre coepit; he began to incite the Gauls.
Sequani nihil respondere; the Sequani answered nothing.
Dixit eum ventùrum esse; he said that that man would come.
Orätiöne éius adducti proelium commisèrunt; encouraged by his speech,
they joined battle.
Të fugientem video; I see you as you flee.
Régnó occupató, civés concitävit; when he had seized the kingdom he
aroused the citizens.
Sagittà interfectus est; he was killed by an arrow. -
Haeduis petentibus id concessit; he granted it to the Haeduans who
were seeking it.
Dixit eum ventùrum esse; he said that that man would come.
Eum vocatürus sum; I am about to call him.
Eum vocatürus eram; I was about to call him. etc.
Vocandus sum; I must be called.
Vocandus eram; I had to be called. etc.
Nöbis veniendum est; we must come (lit.—it must be come by us.)
Oppugnandó oppidó civés perterruérunt; they terrified the citizens by
attacking the town. g * Q
Cupidus urbis videndae erat; he was desirous of seeing the city.
Gerundive amandus monendus regendus audiendus form in “-ing” + noun object). The Gerundive must be | Ad eas rés conficiendās venit; he came to finish (for finishing) these
used in such a phrase if a preposition is required in the Latin. things.
l te *
| *ś,":::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::ſorrº.º.º. reiterruerunt, they terrified the disºn,
amandi monendi regendi audiendi of hearing . i English phrase like “of seeing the city” (= prep. -- form in by aſſººng the rººm.... e g *
G d amandö monendö regendó audiendó to or for hearing ſ “-ing” + noun object) if no preposition is required in the §". ..": ::::: !. *.jº, :::::::. Pºiº)
€4°44% amandum monendum regendum audiendum ...?" ect) | Latin. (Note use of Gerundive in such phrases.) The lilla I a Cll & y tº
tº tº º cº e tº 1% Włę0????, tº * * gº g
amandö monendö regendó audiendö 9. | Gerund must be used to translate such a phrase if there is Parātus ad agendum est; he is ready for action (acting).
| no noun object. f_*
The Supine in ti is used to denote Specification after certain ad- } Hoc est optimum factii; this is best, to do. ...; ; ; ;
Supine amātum amātū monituin monitii réctum réctii auditum auditii to hear jectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tº ſº º ºs e º 'º e º ſº º tº º gºe * * , ſº
:*:: ; ; * The Supine in um is used to denote Purpose after verbs of motion... Ad eum grätulātum venérunt; they came to him to congratulate him.
SOME VERBS ARE-
(2) Deponent, i. e., Passive in form but active in meaning, cf. Ho: facere canor; I try to do this.
PECULTARTTTE's T
(1) Impersonal, i. e., can take no personal subject. They may have as subject (a) “it” understood in the verb, (b) a neuter pronoun or (c) a clause, cf. Haec ei facere placuit; it was pleasing to him to do these things (it pleased him to do this). , ... "
(3) Semi-Deponent, i. e., Passive in form but active in meaning for the Perfect Tenses only, the Present Tenses being normal, cf. Ausus sum ire, I dared to go, BUT, Auded ire, I dare to go.
(4) Defective, i. e., certain forms lacking. Look up memini, coepi and inquam in your Grammar.
(5) Irregular, i. e., conjugated not according to any regular conjugation, but taking certain special forms of their own in part or throughout. Observe that— i.e. * tº
(a) Capið and other verbs in -io of the Third Conjugation take the endings of the Fourth Conjugation when the latter endings contain two successive vowels; cf. capiebat. This does not apply to the Perfect Tenses, cf. capit.
(b) Possum (potis + sum) in the Present, Imperfect, and Future Tenses is conjugated like sum. . Observe that -t enters where the form of sum begins with a vowel, cf. possumus BUT potest. This does not apply to the Perfect Tenses.
(c) Sum, Eä, Fió, Feró, Volā, Nälä and Mālā present many peculiarities and should be studied in full from some Grammar or First Year Book.
i
&=º gº§
tº
(3
ii
|


- i
i.
PREPOSITIONS
Some Prepositions Govern the ACCUSATIVE.; Some Govern the ABLATIVE.
They indicate—
1. A REGULAR CASE USAGE
Venit ex urbe, he came from the city (Abl. Place from Which).
Venit ad urbem, he came to the city (Acc. Limit of Motion).
2. A MEANING SOMEWHAT DIFFERENT FROM THE REGULAR CASE USAGE
Id fecit propter cupiditätem, he did it on account of his avarice.
Id fécit prä amicö, he did it for his friend.
The following are some of the most common—
Governing the Ablative— ,
à or ab; away from.
cum; with.
dé; from, concerning, about.
• 5 or ex; out of.
in; in on. -
prä; for, in behalf of, in consideration of.
sine; without.
sub; under, beneath.
;
*
::
3.
;
Note that in and sub may govern either the Ablative or the Accusative.
Where and the Accusative to indicate Limit of Motion.
ad; to, for, at, near.
ante; before.
Governing the Accusative—
circum; around, about.
contrå; against.
in; into, to.
inter; between, among.
ob; on account of.
per; through, by.
post; after.
propter; on account of.
sub; under.
They govern the Ablative to indicate Place
D E M o N S T R AT I v E PERSONAL REFLEXIVE POSSESSIVE RELATIVE INTERROGATIVE INTENSIVE | INDEFINITE
- These refer to the subject These are strictly adjectives Th - These correspon d This, equals the . . . .
Th int out an object son as here, there or review mentioned These correspond to the Eng- | of the clause in which they : the First and Second De- Eº ...: to the English : #;" * e: º . º
ese point out an object or person as here, p y ſº lish I, you, he, she, it, etc. stand or of the main clause, "ensions and are inflected as who, which or that. rogative who flieſ;" or very in someone, an y 0 t e º
. such. - which? “It's ... the very -: y
} SEC- | SEC spot.” Some, any.
FIRST THIRD | FIRST S | THIRD
-- - - FIRST | SECOND | THIRD Fårö QNP | #.” ‘º: QND tº
HIC ILLE IS ISTE IDEM pºsóN | pºor | PERSON söN | }; SöN | SöN | # § QUI QUIS IPSE QUIS, QUI
Mas. Fem. Neut. | Mas. Fem. Neut. I Mas. Fem. Neut. is, he Mas. Fem. Neut. The Indefini
* lº (2 nºdefinites
--- = e e - sº º e tº º ſº 9 Same Same I — Iſºlellº t - ---> º
NOM. hic haec hoc ille illa illud IS Q&A id *::::" is, ea, id ego, I tū, yotſ i. ſh. as the l as the •B\ *: &. qui quae quod s: like *...* º:d ‘. -
| º r- *UI ºn º (º ti e º e 9
GEN um & sms & hiii - || -- G W T as illi sº tº * * sm & m. with mei tui i Personal Personal sui UI) ºn tive of cuius cüius cilius . . "... Declined like ille any (adjective) GºIP&
GEN. hüius huius iiius I illius illius illius | Eius Q \lº GlúC || Q suffix (See the lºſiº the | Iº the is, ea, id cept that it f* * except that Neuter declined like the
-dem * |dºnin ||..." | . .il is em- ... . lºw.......I.s.l., "eminal.;
ſº © tºo º is • se e ºn º º - tº º tº o CºCCCs C&C Gººe CUII CUII º * as a - ©s bººt for
DAT. huic huic huic illi illi illi Q © ©l attached mihi tibi of the de- ployed. Cùl gular— . and Accusa- the exception that
* * monstra- tº-e Mas & Fon, woul... " "****, * commonly
ACC. hunc hanc hoc illum illam illud leum eam id mě tº tive is, GG quem quam quod te : IV elºt. ipsud. used for quae ex-
ea, id.) quis quid cept *i. Nomina-
* * * * . º º - -e º tive ural Femi-
ABL. lhae hae hāc lills ills illā leg es e5 me tº ! | se quo quá quo nine. (ºf ſºlº
NOM. hi hae haec |illi illae illa | ei, ii eae ea nās, we vös, you — Tºº [ve-tº- qui quae quae
*UIn 1 •U Ind
- tri º - - º º
GEN. hörum hārum hārum l illörum illārum illörum! edrum eñrum edrum } *:::::m | ::::::... CUll quorum quirum quorum
DAT. his his his illis illis illis leis, iis eis, iis eis, iis nóbis I våbis sibi quibus quibus quibus
ACC. hös his haec l illös illās illa eós eas Q&A nós vös se quos quis quae
ABL. I his his his illis illis illis eis, iis eis, iis eis, iis nóbis vöbis se quibus quibus quibus
Hic = “this”; near the Ille = “that"; some- Is – “that,” “the"; Iste = Idem = The Nominative forms are Nº. that there is nothing Hence, for the Third Person . The Relative agrees with --~ Quis and qui ap-
speaker or writer. thing more remote than so me thing previously “that”; “same.” only used for emphasis, the new here except sui, sibi, se, his its antecedent in Number ºf - lso i te
º º e sé which is used as the Third © * & d Gender. Its {..., Pear also in various
“hic.” mentioned or about to be where you | Note the proper pronoun for the subject Person Reflexive in all its X = Gius and “ender. Its case de- compounds (aliquis
mentioned. It is weakerſ are, near followin being regularly understood On Reflexive in all Gen- her pends upon its cu nstruction ‘. Or equi uidam
than “ille.” the person º from the Person and Nunuber Rºs and both Numbers. ke ** & News.) 111 º: clause in which it | =s. quisa .. * etc .
T-T--—w-r- sº------- --- * -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - , - - - ~ ------- *zºº-º-º------------, - ...— ... -- ---- . . " " - - ###2 - -º- tº ei- — a r. owa &-l. ^ nº s - - '-º'-wºx * ... --> r $º **. & .
- - Used absolutely, it sup- spoken to. to the de- Of the Verb. — ( earum (Fem.) , |- sttº bove declined - * * ~Twmen are-recrimetrº
o tº * - ſº 1e form above {1ecline *: ike the Pronoun ad
plies the Third Personal clension of In the Genitive Plural the The Possessive Pronouns 'serves also for the Inter- * * . *. ronoun of
Pronoun. is, ea, id–l forms in -um are Partitive -> e which they are comi
• e are usually not employed ex- rogative A die ti
• * ' only; the forms in -i are Ob- cept for cl º: Ad lective— pounded, the pr
idem for jective. pt for Clearness. what?” “what sort off" nominal part on
isdem or The above forms also serve qui homā7 = what man? I being declined ſº
iidem for the Reflexive Possessives Grammar for , " .
isd except in the Third Person, complete ex.
...'Or where it is always suus, -a, tion). $
•ll. The
m changes
to n before
d,
cf. eundem f “,
They are of two general varieties—
1. CO-ORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS connect like words, phrases or clauses.
Caesar et Labiénus duces sunt; Caesar and Labienus are leaders.
Propter, meam. populique Römāni amicitiam factum est; it happened on account of my friendship and
that of the Roman people.
| Ad urbem vénit et servum émit; he came to the city and bought a slave.
Exercitus impetum fécit sed hostés fugèrunt; the army attacked but the enemy fled
i Cita mors venit aut victória laeta; swift death or glad victory comes. e
| 2. SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS connect Subordinate Clauses to the
i Id fecit ut potestätem habéret; he did it that he might have power
For Copulative, Correlative, Disjunctive
and Adversative Conjunctions consult Grammar.
INTF ... ECTIONS
INTERJECTIr J rare. When used they express EMOTION.
-eu; ecce; 5.
; euloe.
or Pain;—heu; eheu; vae; pro.
gº-haus; eho.
&m . L_º tº
mm.
1. CONJUNCTIONS º ~
• Conjunctions are words that are used to connect WORDS, PHRASES or CLAUSEs
clauses upon which they depend.






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