=
SIR. JOHN LOGIN
AND
DULEEP SINGH
B 846,901
LADY LOGIN.
W. H. ALLEN & Cr
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भार

ни
d. L Logu
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH
BY
(Lena Campbell)
LADY LOGIN
WITH AN INTRODUCTION
BY
COLONEL G. B. MALLESON, C.S.I.
LONDON
W. H. ALLEN & Co., 13, WATERLOO PLACE, S.W.
1890.
DS
4.75.2
L82
183
0916198-234
TO THE MEMORY
OF THAT ILLUSTRIOUS ENGLISHMAN, THE
RIGHT HONORABLE JOHN BRIGHT; M.P.,
WHOSE LOVE OF JUSTICE
AND WHOSE CLOSE PERSONAL FRIENDSHIP
WITH
SIR JOHN LOGIN
CAUSED HIM TO TAKE A SINCERE INTEREST
IN THE OBJECT OF THIS WORK,
AND WHO WAS ONLY PREVENTED BY HIS OWN MORTAL ILLNESS
FROM ADDING TO IT (AS HE HAD INTENDED).
HIS TRIBUTE
TO THE MEMORY OF HIS FRIEND,—
·
I DEDICATE THIS BOOK.
+
PREFACE.
It is probable I should never have been induced to
take up the subject of this volume but for the fact that
the interest taken by my late husband in his ward
invested it with an interest which has assumed greater
proportions in consequence of the recent action of the
Maharajah. For many years the Maharajah lived in
our house; he spontaneously adopted Christianity
under our roof; and he developed many instincts alike
generous and calculated to inspire regard. I have
always taken the deepest interest in him, and no one
has been more grieved than I have been at the line of
conduct he has lately so heedlessly adopted. Still,
condemning that conduct as thoroughly as anyone,
feeling that the world regards it as a base return for
great kindness, I am anxious that that world should
know that there is not only something, but a great
deal, to be said on the other side. What that is I
have told in these pages. They contain the story of
the first connection of the Maharajah with the British
to the present day. It is only just that, however the
public may condemn the recent foolish utterances of
}
Vill
PREFACE.
the Maharajah, they should know that his outbursts
are not the offspring of a mere freak, that he has real
wrongs, and that his nature, always quick and sensi-
tive, has been goaded into action, which, in his calmer
moments, he would be glad to disavow. The carrying
out of this task has been rendered the more genial to
me, in that it has enabled me to show the world what
manner of man he was to whom the Government of
India entrusted the earlier training of the young
Prince. There have been men in India whose services
have come more before the public, but I am confident
I shall be borne out by those who knew my husband
when I state that a truer man, one more imbued with
sense of duty, and more fearless in the performance of
it, never served the East India Company than John
Spencer Login.
GRACEDIEU, WATERINGBURY, KENT,
July 4th, 1889.
LENA LOGIN.
CONTENTS.
PREFACE
...
:
༢
:..
INTRODUCTION BY COLONEL G. B. MALLESON, C.S.I.
PAGE
vii
XV-
EARLY DAYS.-1809-39
CHAPTER I.
Orkney-Edinburgh University-Surgeon's diploma at the age of
nineteen-Degree of M.D.-Private Physician to Lord Chief-Commis-
sioner Adam—Offered a commission as Assistant Surgeon in H.E.I.C.
service-Farewell to the old Orkney home-Blindman's buff!—Arrival
at Calcutta-Posted to the "Buffs "-Dinapore- Transferred to First
Brigade H.A., Dum Dum-Major Powney-Selected for post of medical
officer with mission to Persia-Made over to service of Nizam of Hyder-
abad-Farewell dinner given in his honour by the Corps-Presentation
-Bluejacket for ever!-Attached to sixth regiment Nizam's Infantry—
Hengolee-Ellichpore-On active service in Bheel Country-Appointed
Civil Surgeon at Howrah-Garrison-Surgeon at Fort William-Sir
Ranald Martin-On Lord Metcalfe's personal staff-Two years at Agra
-Famine. Relief and Dispensary-Orphan Asylum at Secundra-
Departure of Lord Metcalfe-Applied for by Sir Theophilus Metcalfe-
Appointed Civil Surgeon and Postmaster at Hooghley-Acting Resi-
dency-Surgeon at Lucknow-Established the Gharib-khana, Hospitals,
Dispensary, and Relief Works-On active service with the Army of the
Indus, in medical charge of the H.A.-Complimentary letter from the
Resident Joins the Army at Kurnaul, November, 1838-Honoured by
an embrace from the King of Oude !-Ferozepore-Henry Lawrence-
Candahar-Applied for by Major D'Arcy Todd to accompany mission to
Herát.
1
X
CONTENTS.
HERÁT.-1839-40...
CHAPTER II.
Herát-Shah Kamrán and Yar Mahomed-The poor of the city
Login's special charge-Re-establishes manufacture of carpets-Charge
of Commissariat and Post-office arrangements-Afghan treachery—
Offered appointment of Surgeon to Commander-in-Chief-Mitford's.
description of the life of the mission-A frequent visitor at the Shah's
palace in the citadel-An unseen audience-Login's "sister"-The
first book in Pushtoo-Intercourse with the Merv Turcomaun-
Inquiries for "Luggan" from Dr. Wolff-Khalipha Ali Bux-Hinghan
Khan-Public breakfasts-Drunkenness of the Heráti Afghans-"There's
no houz here!"-Difference between Indian and Afghan Mussulmaun-
"You are a spoon !"-Letters from Colonel James Abbott and General
C. F. North-How the latter settled disputes among the servants—The
Persian style of living adopted-A dinner of ceremony under difficulties
-Treachery and duplicity of Yar Mahomed-The Envoy determines to
depart from Herát.
PAGE
22
CHAPTER III.
CANDAHAR AND CABUL.-1840-41
...
...
Reached Ghirishk in safety-A false alarm-Candahar-How to deal
with men of the stamp of Yar Mahomed-How the Government dealt
with him-Ferrier's opinion-Login proceeds to Cabul-Military
operations against Ghilzies-Accompanies Major Pottinger to Kohistan
—Boat-sailing matches on the lake at Cabul, Orkney v. Caithness—
Private secretary to Sir W. Macnaghtén, pro tem.-Leaves Cabul with
Todd, proceeding via Khyber Pass to Jellalabad-Letter from Major
D'Arcy Todd-Letters from Sir Henry Havelock and Bishop Wilson.
52
LUCKNOW.-1842-48
CHAPTER IV.
Residency-Surgeon at Lucknow-Marriage-Life in the zenanas of
Mohamedans of high rank-Unique opportunities of insight-The little
Begum Wuzeeroolniza-Login's "daughter"-The Wuzeer's gratitude
-Embarrassing presents from grateful patients !-A wolf-child-James
Dryburgh Login-Tom Login-Wajid Ali Shah, King of Oude-Ali
Bux and Hinghan Khan again-The mad elephant-The Martinière
College-Friendship with Henry Lawrence-Letters from H. Lawrence
at Khatmandoo-Login's promotion to grade of full surgeon-Once
more joins the Horse Artillery on activé service in the Punjab.
67
CONTENTS.
Xi
THE SIKHS
CHAPTER V.
The Sikh religion-Ñânuk-Govind-The Khâlsa-Misls-Runjeet
Singh-Khurruck Singh-Death of Nao Nehal Singh-Murder of Shere
Singh-Accession of Maharajah Duleep Singh-Punchayets—The
Jummoo Brothers-First Sikh war-Treaty of Bhyrowal-Resident
invested with supreme powers-Henry Lawrence-Revolt of Moolraj—
Sir F. Currie-Second Sikh war-Annexation-Terms granted-Mr.
Elliot's report-Login's remarks.
LAHORE.-1848-49
CHAPTER VI.
Letters from Login to his wife, during and after the campaign-
Helping Lawrence at Lahore-Appointed Governor of the Citadel and
its contents, including charge of the Maharajah-Description of the
Toshkhana The State prisoners-Trial of Moolraj-Turning "swords
into pruning-hooks."
CHAPTER VII.
LAHORE (continued).—1849
Letters from Login to his wife-The Maharajah's birthday-More
State prisoners-Conversations with Shere Singh and Chuttur Singh-
Letter from Robert Adams, describing Login's work-The contents of
the Toshkhana under his charge-The Koh-i-noor-Arrival of the
Governor-General-Death of Dr. J. Dryburgh Login-Robbery at the
Toshkhana-Statement of Misr Makraj with regard to the Koh-i-noor,
on making it over to Doctor Login, May 6th, 1849.
FUTTEHGHUR.-1849-50
CHAPTER VIII..
Removal of the young Maharajah to Futtehghur-Precautions on
road-Lord Dalhousie's receipt for the Koh-i-noor-Life at Futtehghur
Park-The Shahzadah--The Ranee Duknoo-The gentlemen of the
suite-The Maharajah's education-Correspondence with Lord Dalhousie
-Matchmaking-Lucknow revisited.
THE NEOPHYTE.-1851 ...
CHAPTER IX.
Duleep Singh announces his intention of becoming a Christian-
Official correspondence on the subject-Testimony of his native atten-
dants-Bhajun Lal-How Duleep Singh broke caste-Matter referred
to the Court of Directors-Their acquiescence—Visit of Lord and Lady
Dalhousie to Futtehghur-Pretentions of the Shahzadah-The Ranee's
little plot!
PAGE
98
143
172
200
241
xii
CONTENTS.
THE BAPTISM.-1852-54...
CHAPTER X.
"Marching" to Mussoorie-Adventures in camp-Wolves-Robbery
—Agra-Delhi-Ganges Canal-Hurdwar-Life at Mussoorie-The
Maharajah's companions-The Shahzadah goes to school-Letters from
Lord Dalhousie-Return to Futtehghur-The Maharajah studies music
-His baptism-Second season at Mussoorie-Letter from Sir F.
Currie-Correspondence with Lord Dalhousie-Visit to England per-
mitted—Bhajun Lal-Death of Colonel Mountain-The Maharajah's
desire to enter a public school in England-En route for England—
Lucknow-Sir W. Sleeman-His letter on the origin of the Jats-
Benares-Pundit Nehemiah Goreh-Government House, Barrack-
pore-The Ranee opposes the Shahzadah's visit to England-Leaves
Calcutta-Lord Dalhousie's farewell.
ENGLAND.-1854-56
...
CHAPTER XI.
...
The homeward voyage-Egypt-Visit to the Pyramids-Royal salutes
—The Maharajah's usual dress—Reception by the Queen and the Prince
Consort-Duleep Singh's truthfulness-His reception by society in
London-Lord Shaftesbury-Knighthood conferred on Login-The
Maharajah's rank and precedence fixed-Once more holds the Koh-i-
noor in his hand !--The sittings for his portrait at Buckingham Palace
-Correspondence with Lord Dalhousie-Visit to Osborne-Kindness
of Her Majesty and the Royal Family-Intercourse with the young
Princes-Visit to Lord Hardinge-Edinburgh-Dalmahoy-Hickleton
Hall-Wentworth-Cannizara House, Wimbledon, taken for the
Maharajah-His education and tutors-Commissions obtained for the
Boileaus-Granard Lodge and Ashburton Court, Roehampton-Rents
Castle Menzies, Perthshire-Crimean pensioners-Life at Castle
Menzies-Anecdotes-Letters.
PAGE
280
331
ITALY.—1856-57 ...
CHAPTER XII.
367
..)
Journal of visit to Italy-"Mr. Login"-Cannes-The "Blacka-
moor!"—The Empress of Russia-Lord Dufferin-Genoa-John Bright
-Florence-Rome-Story of Lord Macaulay-The studios--Cardinal
Manning-The Carnival-John Bright at the Carnival-Ash-Wednesday
-Ceremony at the Sixtine Chapel-Baron von Orlich-Art-lecture in the
Vatican, Mr. Gibson and Mr. Macdonald-Mrs. Beecher Stowe-
Naples-Venice-Illness of Mr. R. Leslie Melville-Reach Padua-
Mr. Cawood's troubles with Austrian custom-house officers-Brescia-
Milan-Turin-Geneva-M. Merle d'Aubigné.
CONTENTS.
xiii
CHAPTER XIII.
THE MUTINY.-1857
Annexation of Oude-Letter to Chairman of Court of Directors
regarding the Maharajah's affairs-Restriction as to residence removed
-Outbreak of the Mutiny-The Queen of Oude in England--Visits of
the Prince of Wales and Prince Alfred to Ashburton Court-Note from
the Prince of Wales-Lord Canning-Letter from Sir John Kaye about
supposed correspondence of the Maharajah with his mother-Letters to
the Pundit Nehemiah Goreh-The Maharajah's property at Futtehghur
sacked and destroyed by the mutineers-His servants massacred, to-
gether with Sergeant Elliot and Mr. Walter Guise-Sir John Login's
correspondence with Sir Charles Phipps with regard to the Maharajah's
disposition and indifference to the events passing in India-The brave
Donald !-Letter from John Bright on the Mutiny-Sir J. Login in-
vestigates the cases of "mutilation"-The correspondence with Sir
Charles Phipps on the future government of India and reorganization
of the Indian army-Ditto with Sir J. Melvill-Quotation from "Life
of the Prince Consort"-Last letter from Lord Dalhousie-Letter to
Mr. Delane, Editor of the Times.
CHAPTER XIV.
GUARDIANSHIP ENDED.—1858-63
The Maharajah of age-Shooting trip to Sardinia-Lease of Auch-
lyne-Letters from Lord Hatherton and Sir Charles Phipps-Letters
from Duleep Singh to Lady Login--Princess Victoria Gouramma of
Coorg-Accompanies Sir John. and Lady Login to Rome-The Prince
of Wales there-Sir John Login and the Court of Directors-He resigns
the H.E.I.C.S.-The baronetcy for Sir H. Lawrence's son-Letters
from Dr. and Mrs. Bernard and from Sir John Lawrence-Letters from
Sir C. Phipps and Lord Shaftesbury on the Oude Proclamation -Letter
from the Duke of Marlborough—The Maharajah goes on a shooting ex-
pedition down the Danube with Sir S. Baker-Turns up at Rome-
Appoints Colonel Oliphant as equerry-The allowance granted to the
Shahzadah—Mulgrave Castle-Nearly bags an Archbishop !—Death of
the Rajah of Coorg-Marriage of the Princess Gouramma-The Maha-
rajah goes out to India-The Maharanee Jinda-Correspondence with
Mr. Bowring-The power of attorney-The Maharajah's letters from
Calcutta―Letter from Colonel Ramsay-The Maharajah returns to
England with his mother-Jinda Koür-Negotiations with the India
Office-They refuse to recognize the power of attorney-Death of Mr.
Cawood-The Maharajah announces his determination of at once re-
turning to India to devote his life to the evangelization of the heathen
-His religious opinions in an unsettled state-Death of the Prince
PAGE
390
423
t
"
xiv
CONTENTS.
Consort-Correspondence with Sir C. Phipps-A house taken in
London for the Maharance-Letter from Sir John Login to the Maha-
rajah on his legal rights and duties as a Christian-Hatherop Castle
purchased-Purchase of Elveden-Sir John Login's last visit to India-
His first severe illness-Death and funeral of the Maharanee Jinda--
Death of Sir John Login-The monument in Felixstowe churchyard-
Letters from Sir C. Phipps and John Bright-Later history of the
Maharajah-His marriage, &c.-Death of the Princess Gouramma of
Coorg The Maharajah's willingness to submit his case to the arbi-
tration of any three English statesmen-After thirty years' negociation;
with no result, he embarks for India-Death of the Maharanee Bamba
-The future of Duleep Singh's children-Remarks.
CHAPTER XV.
DULEEP SINGH AND THE GOVERNMENT.-1856-86
The affairs of the Maharajah-Letters and memorandum of Sir John
Login on the matter-Correspondence with the India Office-After the
death of Sir John Login matters' remain in statu quo-The Maharajah's
letter to the Times-The reply-Second letter-Extracts from "The
Maharajah Duleep Singh and the Government "-Payments actually
made to the Maharajah-Private estates in the Punjab claimed by the
Maharajah-Property at Futtehghur destroyed by the mutineers-
Conclusion.
APPENDIX.
I. Extracts from a letter to John Bright, on the policy of
our rule in India ...
II. Extracts from correspondence between Sir John Login
and Sir Charles Phipps, in August, 1857, on the future
government of India
III. The Treaty of Bhyrowal
A
PAGE
501
INTRODUCTION.
BY COLONEL MALLESON, C.S.I.
A FEW lines which I wrote on the subject of Duleep
Singh in the Asiatic Quarterly about a year ago
procured for me the pleasure of an acquaintance with
Lady Login, whom I found to be even more interested
than myself in the conduct and treatment of one who
had been her husband's ward in the tenderest and most
impressionable years of his life. I soon found that
whilst Lady Login regretted equally with myself the
wayward conduct of the Maharajah since he quitted
England, we both agreed that there were many
circumstances in his history, a knowledge of which
would induce a public which judged only from facts
within its ken to take a more lenient, or, at all events, a
less prejudiced view of conduct which, without such ex-
planation, would appear wholly unjustifiable. No living
being was so thoroughly acquainted with all the circum-
stances attending the Maharajah's youth, early training,
development into manhood, and subsequent career as
Lady Login; nor could any one tell as accurately the
history of those monetary relations towards the Govern-
ment which have influenced so unfortunately the later
actions of the Maharajah. I respectfully urged, then,
upon Lady Login the advisability, in the interests of the
Maharajah, in the interests of truth and justice, of writing
from the stores of documents in her possession a connec-
ted history of the Maharajah's life, from the date of the
xvi
INTRODUCTION.
connection with him of the late Sir John Login to the
time of the cessation of that connection. The story
might, I ventured to suggest, form one of the main
features of the life of one of the noblest servants of the
late East India Company-Sir John Login himself.
The idea commended itself to Lady Login, and she
at once acted upon it. The result is contained in this
volume. How admirably Lady Login has performed
the self-allotted task the public, I am confident, will
unhesitatingly admit. The great merit of the narrative
is that it tells “the truth, the whole truth, and nothing
but the truth." Lady Login has kept back nothing
that she was able to tell. The result is a valuable
contribution to contemporary history, and, what is
of not less importance, a complete revelation of the
causes which have influenced Duleep Singh in his
hostility towards the British Government.
I
I have myself always held that the treatment dealt
out to Duleep Singh after the close of the second Sikh
war was alike impolitic and unjust. When that war
broke out Duleep Singh was the ward of the British
Government. He was a child of nine years old, and
took no part whatever in the administration of the
country of which the British Government had recog-
nized him to be the Sovereign, but of which the
English Resident and a council of native nobles were
the actual rulers. The revolt of Moolraj, and the out-
break of Sikh chieftains in the Hazarah which followed
that revolt, were directed against the actual Govern-
ment of Lahore, which, as I have said, was presided
over by an English Resident, and which ruled in the
INTRODUCTION.
xvii
name of Duleep Singh. Yet, when those risings were
suppressed on the field of Gujerat, the British Govern-
ment, then absolute master of the situation, visited the
sins of Moolraj and the Hazarah chiefs on their innocent
ward, deprived him of his kingdom, and, he has always
asserted-though this would seem to be denied of the
estates which his father had accumulated, and consigned
him to the care of Doctor-afterwards Sir John-Login.
To a truer-hearted, more conscientious, or better
man it would have been impossible to consign him.
How thoroughly and how well Sir John, aided in every
particular by Lady Login, performed his duty towards
the young Prince is admirably told in these pages.
The reader who may take up the book for information
on this point will, I am confident, not lightly lay it
down. Upon this part of the history I do not propose
to dwell in this Introduction. There can be no doubt
—indeed, I had it from the Maharajah's own lips in
1871—that throughout this period, and at the date also
of his speaking to me on the subject, he was thoroughly
happy. I propose, rather, to ask the attention of the
reader to the circumstances related in the fifteenth
chapter-circumstances which explain the sudden
migration from happiness to discontent, from discontent
to despair, from despair to acts bordering on insanity.
It would seem that the Maharajah was a man of a
trustful, generous, and open disposition. Further,
that he did not care to bother himself with details,
and that he hated business matters. So long as Sir
John Login lived he was happy. Though often urged
to effect a settlement, or rather to insist that the India
xviii
INTRODUCTION.
His
Office should make a definite settlement with him, he
always put it off. He was content to have Sir John
between him and the India Office. After Sir John's
death, Colonel Oliphant, whom he appointed equerry
and controller of his household, soon gained an
ascendancy which produced similar feelings of trust.
He was then living at Elveden, where he had the best
shooting in England; and when I stayed with him
there in 1871, he told me he was the happiest man in
the world. When I next saw him, about ten years.
ago, he told me he was the most miserable.
words were to the effect that subsequently to Colonel
Oliphant's death he had discovered that he had been
cheated out of his kingdom, and out of the private
estates which his father had possessed, and that he
could get no settlement from the India Office; that he
had still hopes that he might ultimately succeed, but
that the treatment he had received had well-nigh
broken his heart. He complained bitterly that no
provision had been made for his family. When at
Elveden, he said, he was in constant hopes that he
might receive an English title, and with that title
such a sum attached to it inalienably as might make
him forget that he had ever sat on the footsteps of a
throne; which hope, he added, was growing dimmer
and dimmer, till it was well-nigh extinguished. He
told me this one evening, the only evening that I
dined with him, at the Garrick Club, of which he was
a member. The time, to the best of my recollection,
was 1879-80.
P
The whole story is told, fairly and impartially told,
•
INTRODUCTION.
xix
蠢
​in the fifteenth chapter. The evil, as Lady Login tells
us, dates from the time of the annexation of the
Punjab. No settlement, properly so called, was then
made. But, when Duleep Singh attained his majority,
Sir John Login pressed upon Sir Charles Wood the
necessity of coming to a settlement on the terms of
the Treaty, and suggested Sir John Lawrence as the
most suitable person to draw up the agreement. Sir
Charles Wood, after some delay, assented; and Sir
John Lawrence agreed to act in the matter on condition
that Sir Frederick Currie should be associated with
him. This was conceded. The two men met and
drew up a report. This report, however, was objected
to in Council, and was never acted upon. The outcome
was that somewhat later Sir Charles Wood offered
"improved" terms to Duleep Singh. The Maharajah
accepted these terms, with the reservation of his rights,
as the head of the family, of being allowed to have a
voice in the apportioning of the fund known as the
“Five Lakh Fund," and to inspect the accounts. He
further claimed the repayment of his losses in the
Mutiny. This was the last transaction. It occurred
just before Sir John Login's death.
It is to be regretted that the Indian Council
set aside the settlement proposed by Sir John
Lawrence and Sir Frederick Currie. These men
had been on the spot; they knew all the circum-
stances of his case; and if their recommendations
had been attended to, Duleep Singh would still be a
loyal subject of the Queen, and the "perfect happiness"
of 1871 would never have been impaired. But not
}
XX
INTRODUCTION.
only was the recommendation not acted upon, but no
permanent settlement was ever arrived at. The rela-
tions between the Maharajah and the India Office can
be best described as having been from first to last
hand-to-mouth relations.
As a specimen of what these have occasionally been,
I quote from the last page of this book:-"The Govern-
ment," writes Lady Login, "has never accounted to
the Maharajah for the money received for the sale of
the house, nor has he received anything in respect of
the value of the land, though the papers show that the
whole was purchased out of his money; nor any com-
pensation in respect of the contents of the house which
were destroyed at the Mutiny." Lady Login proceeds
to show that during thirty years differences arose
which would have instantly disappeared if the recom-
mendations to which I have referred had been adopted.
Since then officials have arisen who had had no part in
the original treaty-who knew nothing of Duleep
Singh as the recognized ruler of a powerful state-who
know him only as a deposed prince, asking, as they
consider it, for alms.
The Maharajah, doubtless, has many faults, and his
more recent conduct requires the exercise of a large
amount of charity. But there are few who will rise
from the perusal of Lady Login's book without
admitting that he has suffered great wrongs, and
without asking whether it is yet too late, by a
generous concession, to bring back the lost sheep to
the fold he quitted in despair.
July 12th, 1889.
G. B. MALLÈSON.
་
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
CHAPTER I.
EARLY DAYS.
=
I.
1809-39.
How often in the history of the British Empire in Chapter
India, has the unexpected offer of a cadetship or
commission in the H.E.I.C. Service been the means,
under Divine Providence, of opening a career to some
young and eager spirit whose lot might otherwise
have been cast in a less eventful path of life!
In no case has this been more singularly exemplified
than in that of the young Orkneyman who, in the
summer of 1831, had just taken his degree of M.D. in
the University of Edinburgh, and whose early associa-
tions and ideas were all so connected with the sea
and its interests, that his highest ambition then was
to be able to combine his present profession with his
B
2
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter desire for a life of adventure, by entering the Royal
I. Navy as surgeon.
1809-39.
It is just this innate yearning for a wider field of
action than the narrower life at home can give, that
has impelled the sons of Scotland forth into all
quarters of the globe as the pioneers of civilization,
and engendered in them that adventurous spirit which
creates the successful colonist, or the brilliant soldier
of fortune.
Such names as Livingstone, Clyde, and Gordon, are
enough to testify that in these later times the race has
not lost that chivalry and love of adventure which have
ever been its characteristics; and if this be true of the
descendants of the Celts and Anglo-Saxon-Danes who
people the mainland of Scotland, is it wonderful that
the dwellers in those isolated groups-known to the
Romans as "Ultima Thule," that mythical land
"bordering the unknown," and to us as the Orkney
and Shetland Archipelago-should feel inspired with
the spirit of their Norse ancestors, and burn to see
and conquer other lands?
Though these islands form now an integral part of
the United Kingdom, and are politically considered
one of the shires of Scotland, their incorporation is,
comparatively speaking, only of recent date, and their
inhabitants are totally distinct in customs and origin
from the rest of their fellow-subjects.
In the commencement of the eighth century, sea-
rovers, or Northmen, from Scandinavia descended on
་
EARLY DAYS.
3
- T
I.
1809-39.
the Orkney and Shetland Isles, and extirpating what- Chapter
ever race they found already in possession, colonized
the archipelago. From this central point of vantage,
sheltered in its vöes and fiords, their fleets of war-ships
harried the coasts of England, Scotland, and Ireland,
and pushed their enterprise down and around the
shores of the continent of Europe into the Mediterra-
nean Sea, even up to the walls of Constantinople.
The Orkneys, therefore, were under the sway of the
Kings of Norway, and for centuries continued to be so.
Indeed, it was not until the year 1468 that King
Christian I. of Denmark mortgaged his rights in these
islands to James III. of Scotland, as part-payment of his
daughter's dowry-the right to redeem them being
retained to this very day by the Danish Crown; and
down to modern times their laws and internal regula-
tions have remained peculiar to themselves, and based
on the old Norse customs and charters, the Norse
language itself, still preserved in local names and
expressions, becoming extinct only within the last
century.
Thus, lineally descended from the old Vikings, the
Orcadians are essentially men of the sea; for, roads
being few, the shortest distances must be done by
water; and he is of little count among them who
can neither handle an oar, nor sail a boat skilfully,
amid the currents, whirlpools, and skerries which
render these regions so dangerous to mariners. Lying,
as these islands do, where the opposing forces of two
B 2
4
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter oceans meet their shores washed by the failing waters
I. of the Gulf Stream, along whose borders storm and fog
1809-39. continually hover, while the Atlantic billows un-
ceasingly thunder against the giant cliffs of Hoy-
their natives must indeed be a hardy race to battle
successfully with the terrors of such a coast; and, in
fact, as seamen they are unsurpassed for boldness and
enterprise.
Here, then, was the birthplace of John Spencer
Login. He was born in Stromness, on the mainland
of Orkney, on November 9th, 1809.
The name of Login is peculiar to this one family in
Orkney, and is believed to be of Norse origin.*
The following particulars of John Login's early days
are furnished by his brother, the Rev. William
S. Login
On both father's and mother's side he sprang from a class of
small proprietors peculiar to Orkney. Small though their hold-
ings be, they tenaciously cling to them, and pride themselves on
keeping them intact and handing them on to their sons. Many
of them, therefore, can trace their connection with their lands for
hundreds of years.
Our grandfather was in the service of the Hudson Bay Company,
and his son (our father, John Login) was, when a young man, in
the merchant navy, but left the sea and settled on his patrimony,
or holding, in his native place, Stromness. Here he became a
* There are many "Logies" throughout the islands whose ancestors came
over originally from Buchan, in Aberdeenshire, as retainers of Earl Patrick
Stewart, towards the end of the sixteenth century.
EARLY DAYS.
5
こ
​ship-owner and agent, and married Margaret Spence, who came Chapter
of an old Orkney family on the west mainland, the head of the I.
1809-39.
house being Spence, of Kirbuster, in the parish of Birsay.
((
Our maternal grandfather commanded a merchantman trading
to the West Indies from London. He married an Orkney
lass" named Groundwater-by the way, a great beauty!—a
daughter of Edward Groundwater, of Groundwater, in the parish
of Orphir. They had a large family, all of whom were born in
London, our mother being one of the youngest. When he left
the sea, he retired to Orkney, and there ended his days.
Soon after our father's death a great change came over our
circumstances. Several vessels, of which he had been part owner,
were wrecked, and as none of them had been insured (insurance
was not so common in those days) our means were consequently
greatly reduced; but our mother, who was a woman of remark-
able energy and courage, struggled bravely on under great
difficulties, winning the respect and admiration of all who came
in contact with her. Wherever her name was known (and that
was widely) it seemed to make way for us, her children. She
had business correspondents in all the principal towns on the
east coast of Scotland, and as far as Newcastle; and in all of
them we found friends to welcome us for her sake. Though she
has been in her grave for nearly fifty years, her memory is still
green in Stromness. Her trust in her eldest son John was cer-
tainly not misplaced. Never did son or brother take upon him
in early youth such heavy responsibilities with greater con-
scientiousness.
We have all great reason to thank God for such a mother; it
is only in after life that we can realize and appreciate all the
efforts and sacrifices she made on our behalf.
Stromness was at that time a place largely resorted to by
merchant ships trading to all parts of the world, The Hudson Bay
Company's ships and the whale-fishing fleet called there regularly,
both coming and going; and ships on long voyages to Australia,
•
6
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter the West Indies, or America, called there also for some of their
I. supplies. It was a very usual refuge for vessels disabled by the
1809-39. storms of the North Sea, and it was a common practice for
Russian and Swedish ships that found themselves too late to
enter the Baltic, to winter in the harbour of Stromness.
Our house became the resort, consequently, of ship captains
and passengers going to and fro; and, young though I was, I still
retain a very pleasing recollection of the friendships, we then
formed. On John, who was ten years my senior, the effect of
seeing men of that class and hearing their stories of the sea, was
very great. His youthful enthusiasm was kindled, and he was
seized with an intense desire to become a sailor.
Both our father and our mother were decidedly opposed to
this idea, and did all they could to dissuade him from his purpose.
They, in the first instance, sent him from home to school at
Kirkwall, to keep him, as they believed, away from ships and
boats; but even there he was more frequently found about the
harbour and pier than any other part of the town, and he was
such a favourite with the seamen in the harbour that he found
it easy to indulge his passion, spending hours at sea alone in the
roughest weather, handling a sailing boat with the greatest
dexterity, or spending his nights at sea with the fishermen.
As a compromise he was sent to Edinburgh, though yet a mere
boy-certainly not more than fifteen-to study medicine at the
University, with a view to become a surgeon in the Royal Navy.
He was too young to take full advantage of the classes he had to
attend in matriculating, and I believe his first year of attendance
was spent more in the study of naval history than of any other
branch of learning!
He awoke at length to the importance of his medical studies,
and his undoubted talents attracted the notice of the Professors.
After studying for three summer and three winter sessions under
Professor Syme, who showed him much kindness, and at the
Royal Infirmary as Surgeon-Dresser under Doctors Adam
EARLY DAYS.
7
Hunter and John Campbell, he received his Diploma as Licentiate Chapter
of the Royal College of Surgeons in Edinburgh, June, 1828, when I.
only nineteen years of age.
1809-39.
In March, 1829 he was appointed House-Surgeon in the Royal
Infirmary, the Visiting Surgeons being Liston and Lizars, with
whom he was brought much in contact. In the winter of 1829-30
he was appointed permanent Physician-Clerk to the Royal
Infirmary, with charge of the medical wards under Doctors
James Gregory and Shortt and Professor Christison. The
degree of M.D. he obtained in 1831, having to wait till he reached
the prescribed age of twenty-one years.
While pursuing his studies, he was only at home for eight or
ten weeks in the autumn. It was during these brief intervals
alone that I had an opportunity of seeing him. I remember how
he busied himself in improving the streets of our town; there
were no rates available for the purpose, so he went about
collecting subscriptions, and spent the money according to his
own judgment in making alterations and improvements where
they were most needed. He hired labourers to carry out his ideas;
and not content with merely directing, when the pinch came,
often lent a hand himself.
A few weeks before he left home for the last time a terrific
storm broke over the North of Scotland, and was felt in its
greatest violence in Orkney. Our harbour was full of ships, a
number of them were driven from their moorings, and the havoc
among the boats and jetties was terrible. There were no lives
lost; but the destruction of property was considerable, and but
for the skill and energy displayed by John on this occasion, the
losses would have been much greater. He roused all the pilots
and boatmen, and compelled them to follow his leadership in
defending the piers and jetties against the ships that were driven
against them; he had such a masterful way with him that he
carried all before him!
It was immediately after obtaining his degree of
8
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter M.D. that a career in India was suddenly opened up
I. to John Login, altering all his previous plans of life.
1809-39.
Dr. Shortt was asked to recommend a young surgeon
to take charge of the case of Lord Chief Commissioner
Adam, who was then suffering from dangerous compli-
cations, necessitating close and skilful supervision.
He at once advised that young Login should be asked
to undertake the case, and for this purpose take up his
residence at Blair-Adam.
The proposal was accepted, and the results of his
care and skill proved so eminently successful, that in a
short time the Lord Chief Commissioner was most
effectually relieved of his complaint.
To show in some gratifying form his appreciation of
the valuable professional services rendered to him, the
Lord Chief asked and obtained from Mr. Loch (his
son-in-law, one of the directors of the H.E.I.C.) a com-
mission as assistant-surgeon for young Login, advising
him to select the Presidency of Bengal, as he could
supply him with good introductions to influential
friends there.
In those days India was a sealed book to all who
could not command personal interest at the India
House, therefore this unexpected prospect was most
welcome, as it opened the way to splendid possibilities
in the way of travel and adventure, and of usefulness
to his fellow-men, which amply compensated him for
having, in deference to his parents' wishes; renounced
his personal leaning to the sea.
EARLY DAYS.
9
I.
1809-39.
One more visit Login paid to the old Orkney home, Chapter
to take leave of all his friends before setting sail for
the other side of the world, and (though he knew it
not) to look for the last time in this world on the face
of that mother to whom he owed so much, and from
whom he inherited those qualities of indomitable
energy, perseverance, and sound judgment, which were
destined to stand him in such good stead in after life.
Even in those early days he was remarkable for a
certain persuasive power of "getting his own way,"
and this was amusingly illustrated on the occasion of
his last visit home.
His mother had invited a large number of friends to
a sort of farewell entertainment. All the bigwigs of
their little community were there-doctors, lawyers,
baillies, ship captains, the old parish minister and his
assistant, all much impressed with the dignity incum-
bent on their positions, and the sedate gravity which
it behoved them, as elders, to maintain on an occasion
so appropriate for parting words of counsel and
admonition to a young friend about to be launched
in life.
+
""
Scenting some intention of the sort in the air, Login
électrified the assembly by proposing that all, young
änd old, should join in a game of "blind-man's buff!
Spite of all protests, he carried his point; and the
guid folk" of Stromness had presented to their
astonished view the unusual spectacle of all those
66 grave and potent seigniors" tearing about in a state
((
10
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter of the wildest excitement, like school-boys broken
I.
1809-39.
loose!
In another letter his brother William* writes:
home on the 4th of
I was only twelve years old when he left
December, 1831, and I never saw him again. Still, the unceasing
flow of his affection towards us all, which time and distance
seemed not in the least to abate, kept him as fresh in our thoughts
and affections as if we had never been separated. Few families
have been so closely knitted together as we have been, and this
was largely owing to the strong hold he had on us, and the self-
denying generosity which he exerted on our behalf. Though
abundantly prosperous, and flattered with friendly recognition by
the highest, he never forgot the "auld hoose at hame" and its
inmates. He left on my youthful mind an impression of one born
to command. There was no resisting him!
On arrival at Calcutta, in July, 1832, Login found
himself posted to H. M. Buffs, and in October accom-
panied the regiment to Dinapore. Here he learnt
that the Commander-in-Chief had ordered him to be
transferred to the 1st Brigade of Horse Artillery, and
he was appointed to take medical charge of the 3rd
Troop at Dum Dum. At this place he was stationed
until December, 1833, and here, too, like many young
officers in the Bengal Artillery, had cause to bless the
earnest religious influences and true Christian piety
which pervaded the great headquarter station, and of
*The Rev. William S. Login, for thirty years Presbyterian minister of Sale,
Gipp's Land, Australia.
EARLY DAYS.
11
which Major-afterwards General-Powney, of the Chapter
Bengal Artillery, was the chief centre.*
John Spencer Login was naturally of a serious and
earnest disposition; but it was at this period of his life
that were chiefly laid the seeds of that deeply-rooted
piety and strong faith, which were the ruling features
of his character in after-life, and which so plainly
governed his every word and action, though he was
not one to make a parade of his religious convictions :
indeed, it was this very dignity of reserve with regard
to his inmost feelings that impressed those brought in
contact with him.
3
While at Dum Dum he was selected by Government
to proceed to Persia as medical officer to the detach-
ment under Colonel Pasmore, sent to organize the army
of Futteh Ali Shah, but was induced to withdraw his
name in favour of another medical officer who was most
anxious for the post.
The appointment of Dr. Login to the Horse Artillery
at Dum Dum had been in the first instance rather a
sore point with the Brigadier commanding there (Sir
C. Brown, K.C.B.), he having applied for the post for a
friend of his own. Login had therefore some natural
prejudice to overcome on the part of his commanding
officer; but in the end his zealous attention to his
public duties so won the heart of the Brigadier, that
when in December, 1833, he was made over by Lord
* See Kaye's "Lives of Indian Officers"-" Major D'Arcy Todd."
I.
1809-39.
12
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
1809-39.
Chapter William Bentinck to the service of the Nizam of
I Hyderabad, the Commandant was among the foremost
in expressing the regrets of the community at losing
him. A silver breakfast service was presented to him,
and a farewell dinner given in his honour by the
corps-rather an unusual compliment to a young
assistant-surgeon.
The whole is described by him in a letter to his
mother:
What do you think of your son being honoured with a fare-
well dinner given by the station, and invitations sent to all my
friends to meet me, in the name of the Brigadier commanding
and the officers of artillery-upwards of forty at dinner, the old
Brigadier in the chair, with your humble servant on his right?
After the cloth was removed, the Commandant proposed my
health in the most flattering terms, toast drunk with honours
(aye, more than honour, for there was kindness in the manner
they did it), the regimental band playing "Logie o' Buchan "
(for which I am indebted to some Scotch friends who were pre-
sent); and when I attempted to return thanks, I fairly broke
down-it was too much for me! When I tell you that
my breakfast table is now adorned with a handsome silver
service, and that my old Captain (generally looked upon as a
miser) sent me before leaving, a cheque for 500 rupees (£50) to help
my new outfit and uniform, need I tell you that I am sorry to
part with all my friends here? I am sure you will not think
that I tell you this in any boastful spirit, but I cannot withhold
expressing my feelings to you, besides, I know what pleasure it
will give you.
I am quite an artilleryman now. Bluejacket for ever! I have
been trying iny hand at the great guns too, and have made one of
the best shots, I assure you! Indeed on the strength of it, I
r
EARLY DAYS.
13
think I shall apply for a lieutenant's commission in the Nizam's Chapter
I.
artillery!
1809-39.
On arrival at Bolarum, Login found himself
appointed to the medical charge of the 6th Regiment
Nizam's Infantry, which he continued to hold at
Hengolee, Ellichpore, and on active service with a
brigade of troops in the Bheel Country, until
December, 1835, when he saw his name in orders as
Civil-Surgeon at Howrah, near Calcutta. Proceeding
at once to join, he marched from the Deccan, viâ
Nagpore and the Nerbuddah, to Mirzapore, and found
on his arrival there, in January, 1836, that he had
been transferred to Fort William as Garrison-Surgeon.
For these appointments he was indebted to Mr.
James Ranald Martin-afterwards Sir Ranald Martin-
Presidency-Surgeon, who, before Login left Calcutta,
had expressed his intention of securing his services at
the Presidency whenever opportunity offered. He
had not held this post long, when Mr. Martin
recommended him to Sir Charles-afterwards Lord—
Metcalfe, as surgeon on his personal staff, when
proceeding to assume the Government of the North-
West Provinces. Dr. Login remained with Sir
Charles in this capacity at Agra for two years,
occupied to his heart's content in such work as he
delighted in; for Sir Charles enabled him to set on
foot a hospital or dispensary for the poor, and he was
further engaged as superintendent of the Famine
14
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter Relief Society, the work of which at that period was
I. extremely onerous, owing to the terrible distress
prevalent.
1809-39.
At this time he organized the Orphan Asylum at
Secundra, which has expanded since into its present
proportions, and proved such a boon.
He here formed
the lasting friendship of James Thomason, afterwards
Lieut.-Governor N.W.P., which continued throughout
his career. Here, also, he learnt to know Henry
Havelock, Broadfoot, and Edward Sanders, of the
Bengal Engineers, ever after highly valued friends of
his.
This was a happy, busy time, under a Chief whom he
so much loved and respected, and it was a great sorrow
to him when at length, in December, 1837, Sir Charles
Metcalfe left Agra to return to England, where he was
appointed to the post of Governor of Jamaica. Login
accompanied him to Calcutta, and, loth to say farewell,
went out with him to sea, returning only with the
pilot vessel.
Sir Theophilus Metcalfe (brother of Lord Metcalfe)
at this period applied for him to be sent to Delhi;
but as Dr. Ranken elected to return to his duties there,
Login was appointed to Hooghley as Civil-Surgeon
and Postmaster, being posted at the same time to his
old corps-the Horse Artillery, at Dum Dum.
was, however, soon to quit this for a locality with
which he was afterwards much associated, and where
his name was destined to be widely known among
He
EARLY DAYS.
15
Europeans and natives alike, as the originator of many Chapter
benevolent and charitable institutions.
Dr. Stevenson, the Residency-Surgeon, being com-
pelled to leave Lucknow and proceed to England on
sick-leave, the acting vacancy was, in April, 1838,
offered to Login by Lord Auckland, whose interest
had been specially requested by Sir Charles Metcalfe
on his behalf. Accordingly, in May, he became Acting
Residency-Surgeon at Lucknow, and was soon after
appointed Postmaster-General in Oude, in addition to
his other duties. It might have been thought that
the work of those two appointments would be sufficient
to occupy the whole of any one man's time, but such
was by no means the opinion of Dr. Login, who was
filled with an eager desire to do his part towards
alleviating the distress he saw around him among the
suffering native population.
The famine which had so terribly prevailed through-
out the N.W. Provinces, had extended into Oude, and
driven thousands of poor starving wretches to seek
relief in the city of Lucknow. A large public sub-
scription had been raised a little time before he arrived,
at the instance of Colonel Low, the Resident, and
Captain Paton; and as Login had had much experience
in this work, both at Agra and as a member of the
Relief Committee in Calcutta, he was asked to super-
intend the application of the fund at Lucknow. With
characteristic energy he threw his whole soul into the
work, and drew up certain proposals on the subject which
I.
1809-39.
16
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
1809-39.
Chapter were unanimously adopted by the Committee. An
I. institution called the "Poor's House," or "Gharib-
khana," was thereupon established, where the most
destitute were received, lodged, and fed. Here they
were classified according to their needs: the sick, the
blind, the maimed, and the lame, being placed in
different wards, while special arrangements were made
for the comfort of children and families; and the
public report says, "Order, cleanliness, and excellent
arrangements were everywhere manifest, exhibiting a
well-conducted and most useful institution."
The
whole was under his personal and daily supervision.
At the same time he was enabled, by the liberality
of the King of Oude-Mahomed Ali Shah-also to
provide food, shelter, and clothing for upwards of 500
infirm persons daily, while of those able to work,
several thousands were employed on the buildings
then in progress at Hoosainabad, under Azimoolah
Khan, Derogah. There was, moreover, in the city of
Lucknow an old native hospital and dispensary,
founded by Nusseeroodeen Hyder, the preceding Sove-
reign of Oude, which had fallen into neglect, and this
also was reorganized by Dr. Login, and rendered
capable of treating 140 cases daily.
These various institutions were in full swing, and
Login had settled down to a life of hard work, “such
as his soul loved," with every moment occupied, when
the Gazette announced that Dr. Stevenson (who was
still drawing his official salary as Residency-Surgeon
*
EARLY DAYS.
.17
*
I.
and also as A.D.C. to the King of Oude) had been pro- Chapter
moted to the grade of surgeon, which disqualified him 1809-39.
from holding the appointment any longer.
On this, knowing how fully satisfied both the Resi-
dent and the Governor-General were, with the manner
in which he had performed the duties of his position,
Login abstained on principle from making any appli-
cation for the vacancy, having a conscientious convic-
tion that the Government ought to be the best judge
of the man most qualified for any particular post. The
Resident, as well as the community at large, felt
certain that he would be confirmed in the appoint-
ment, and in consequence of this general belief no other
medical officer applied for it. Dr. Stevenson, however,
exerted all his private interest to retain his appoint-
ment in spite of his disqualification. Owing to Login's
scruples, he was enabled to do so with success, and it
was arranged that he should be allowed to return to
his duties in January, 1839.
In the meantime, Lord Auckland, in August, 1838,
offered Login the choice of a civil appointment, or
to go on active service with the army of the Indus,
then assembling for the invasion of Afghanistan.
Login, in reply, expressed his willingness to be em-
ployed in any way in which he might be thought most
useful, adding that "if appointed to the army, he
hoped to be allowed to join the artillery again.”
This answer so pleased the Governor-General that
he himself requested Sir Henry Fane to post Dr. Login
C
18
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
1809-39.
Chapter to one of the troops of Horse Artillery ordered on active
I. service, and he was directed to join the army on the
frontier, as soon as the return of Dr. Stevenson set him
free from his duties at Lucknow. Such was his eager-
ness, however, for service in the field, that when he
learnt, in October, that the troop of Horse Artillery to
which he was posted was ordered to the frontier, and
would have to be placed temporarily in medical charge
of the doctor of H.M. 16th Lancers, he wrote to head-
quarters offering to throw up his present well-paid
appointment and proceed forthwith to join his troop.
Gratified with such zeal, the Commander-in-Chief
ordered that his travelling expenses should be paid to
Kurnaul, where he arrived in November, 1838, and
found himself placed in medical charge of all the Horse
Artillery, with an assistant-surgeon under him.
Though his residence at Lucknow had been so short,
barely six months in all, many were the expressions of
regret and goodwill from all classes of the community
on his departure; the subscribers to the Gharib-khana
especially recording their "unanimous admiration of
his benevolent zeal and laboured assiduity in personally
superintending every department of this Institution,
the numerous sick among them having also received
daily from Dr. Login the great benefit of his own per-
sonal medical attendance."
Colonel Low, the Resident, at the same time
addressed a most complimentary letter to him, in the
name of the whole European community, expressive of
EARLY DAYS.
19
their admiration for his untiring efforts for their wel- Chapter
fare, and adding-
I have good evidence of the fact that great numbers of natives
`of this city have expressed, in their own circles of society, their
admiration of the zeal and kind feeling displayed by you at the
Hospital, and of the unwearied personal labours which you
voluntarily took upon yourself during the late sickly season, in
attending upon your numerous patients; while many of the
Christian inhabitants have often spoken to myself in the warmest
terms of the kindness which they and their families have received
from you, in your medical capacity, at their own houses.
I sincerely hope that wherever Providence may cast your
future lot in life, you may enjoy health and opportunities to
continue the practice of similar acts of benevolence and useful-
ness to those which you have so conspicuously performed at
Lucknow, and which will ever produce a pleasing reward, in the
consciousness of possessing talents and energies actively exercised
for the benefit of your fellow-creatures.
I have the honour to be,
I.
1809-39.
The Residency,
Lucknow,
Oct. 22nd, 1838..
J. Low,
Resident.
It was also gratifying to Dr. Login to find that the
improvements he had inaugurated in the Post Office
during his short tenure of office were highly appre-
ciated, both by the European community and by the
Postmaster-General in Calcutta.
The following letter to his mother was written from
C 2
20
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter Umballa, November, 1838, just after leaving Luck-
I.
1809-39.
now:
The Commander-in-Chief was so kind as to order my dâk to be
paid, and I was directed to make all possible speed to reach
Kurnaul on the 1st instant.
The King of Oude sent for me a second time to the Palace
before I left; he received me most kindly, and honoured me by
an embrace! (which I assure you is considered by no means a
small compliment) and in other respects treated me most
liberally, presenting me with a dress of honour, or Khillut.
He has thus put it into my power to send a small token of my
gratitude to the kind Lord Chief, Miss and Mrs. Adam, and
Dr. Shortt, in the form of some handsome shawls which he
himself put on me; I hope to be able shortly to send you a
sketch of my "dress of State," which was, I understand, much
more valuable than such as is usually given.
We are on the march to Ferozepore, on the banks of the
Sutlej, where the whole army is to meet to make a grand
display before the Commander-in-Chief, Lord Auckland, and
Runjeet Singh, preparatory to proceeding on more active service,
I had to walk through at least three miles of tents at
Kurnaul before finding Tom Drevor, who was encamped at the
other end of the lines from me. This will give you some idea of
the force which is to assemble at Ferozepore, for this is only
two-thirds of it! The number of fighting men, it is true, does
not exceed 15,000, but of followers there are no less than 150,000!!
I must now conclude, earnestly entreating that God's abundant
grace may be vouchsafed to us both. . .
Believe me, your most affectionate son,
J. S. LOGIN.
The bonds of friendship with Henry Lawrence (who
EARLY DAYS.
21
I.
was there on duty with his troop of Horse Artillery) Chapter
were drawn very close during that march; they shared 1809-39.
the same tent and were constantly together, being of
one mind on every matter which they discussed.
Henry Lawrence had not long been married, and
had to leave his young wife behind, but she joined him
at Ferozepore, and Login was much with them until
the army marched for Candahar.
On leaving Ferozepore, the army of the Indus, under
Sir Willoughby Cotton, advanced through Scinde and
Beloochistan to Candahar, where it formed a junction
with the main body under Sir John Keane.
Login
accompanied the force, and shortly after he arrived at
Candahar, in May, 1839, he was asked by Major
D'Arcy Todd to accompany his mission to Herát, with
the option of remaining there, or returning through
Turkestan to Cabul with Major Eldred Pottinger.
The military authorities, however, were very un-
willing to lose his services, and it was only on his
personal application at Lord Keane's headquarters,
stating his desire to join the mission, that leave
was at last granted.
On his departure, he received from the Commander-
in-Chief a most gratifying official letter, testifying to
his valuable services.
3
CHAPTER II.
HERÁT.
II.
1839-407
*
Chapter "FOR three or four hundred years," says Colonel
Malleson, "the valley and city of Herát were the
granary and garden of Central Asia. In that valley
and within the walls of that city the desolating
presence of the Afghan was, in those days, never felt.
The inhabitants, of mixed Persian and Turkí blood,
were industrious, inventive, energetic, and pains-
taking. The fertile valley of the Herirúd produced.
supplies far more than sufficient for their simple wants.
Their city lay on the intersecting point of the roads
which communicated with the markets of Europe,
of India, of Bokhára, and of Persia.
"Under these circumstances Heråt soon became the
most important commercial city in Central Asia.
Her streets were adorned with palaces, with markets,
with aqueducts, the remains of which even
excite wonder and admiration. The courts of her
ruling princes became centres to which the intellectual
even now
* "Herát,” by Colonel Malleson, C.S.I., pp. 9-11.
1
HERÁT.
23
II.
aristocracy of Central Asia resorted-all who were Chapter
famous in poesy, in science, in astronomy, in architec- 1839-40.
tural acquirements. Her fame was sung by poets,
and recorded by historians. Nor was the pros-
perity confined to the city alone. It spread into
the valleys, to the north, and to the west. To this
day the valley of the Murghab, even as far as Merv, is
strewn with ruins of castles and villas which attested
the prosperity of the parent city. Nor was that pro-
sperity transient. Conquerors indeed came, and besieged,
occasionally they even stormed, the city. But those
conquerors were not Afghans. They did not carry in
their hands a withering and perpetual desolation.
After coming to conquer they remained to repair.
And so inherent were the advantages possessed by the
city, that after each new conquest she rose again
almost immediately from her ashes, and recovered her
former prosperity.
Herát still remained the
commercial queen of Central Asia. . . . until the year
1717"-when t fghans first captured the city.
In such glowind eloquent language does the
able pen of Malles describe the famous city. Some
idea of its size in former times may be gathered from
the fact, that when in 1219 it was taken by Chingiz
Khan, it was found to contain 12,000 retail shops,
6,000 public baths, caravanserai, and water-mills, 350
schools and monastic institutions, and 144,000 occupied
houses. One million and a half of men perished in the
siege. Again, in the time of Tamerlane (1381), the pro-

24
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter verb was universal, "Which is the host splendid city in
II. the world? If you answer truly you must say Herát!"*
1839-40..
But it is not only on account of its wealth and
commerce that Herát has such a paramount position
in Central Asia, and it was chiefly its strategical
importance, as dominating the road to India, which
induced Lord Auckland to despatch thither the mission
under Major D'Arcy Todd. His aim was not only to
further the commercial interests of the East India
Company by opening its markets to British trade, but
also to cultivate amicable relations with the ruler of
Herát, Shah Kamrán; and by aiding him with grants
of money and the support of the English hame, enable
him to maintain his independence, and withstand the
attacks of Persia, instigated by Russian agents.
their condition.
The distress among the starving population was
great, and the want of confidence in their ruler
crushed all heart out of the people and prevented
their making any effort to better
Shah Kamrán was at this time a
hands of his Wuzeer, Yar Mal
character for brutality, cruelty, a
that there was no hope of matters
ducted in his own hands.

t cipher in the
d, but his own
deceit, was such
being better con-
He was the son of Mahmoud, the last of the
Sadoksye Kings of Cabul, and had, in his father's
lifetime, been made by him Governor of Herát. When
:
*See Malleson's "Herát."
HERÁT.
25
<<
II.
1839-40.
Mahmoud was driven from Cabul and deprived of his Chapter
kingdom, he retreated to Herát, which place still
remained faithful to him, and calling himself King
of Herát," under the suzerainty of Persia, remained
there until he died by the hand of his son Kamrán,
who thereupon proclaimed himself King.
Shah Kamrán soon proved himself a very trouble-
some vassal, frequently making raids on the neighbour-
ing tribes and villages wherever he could obtain spoil;
and having constantly to be called to account for his
filibustering behaviour, he was seldom in favour with
his suzerain, who was at last provoked into attacking
him in his stronghold.
The renowned siege of Herát by Mahmoud Shah,
King of Persia, had taken place only two years before
the mission arrived there, when the brave Eldred
Pottinger was the instigator and leader of the
successful defence made by the Herátis against the
Persian army.
The following extract from a letter written by
Login to his mother gives his first impressions of
Herát:-
July 29th, 1839.
You will be glad to hear that we have reached this
famed fortress in safety. Our political negotiations are, I think,
going on well, and I hope ere long that British influence may be
fully established here. The city and its environs have suffered
severely from the siege, not one-fourth of its former population
remains. Under a good Government it might in a short time
"
་
26
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter regain its former prosperity, but such is not Shah Kamrán's! We
II. expect to be allowed to spend part of the money, we have brought
1839-40. in repairing the fortifications, giving advances to the cultivators,
and supporting the poor, of which there are an immense number;
but these Asiatics are so jealous of our interference and so sus-
picious of our motives that there is no certainty as to what we
may be permitted to do. The people of the surrounding country
are wild and lawless, but they have a very high opinion of
individual British skill and prowess, and consequently respect us
greatly. I have no doubt that, with God's blessing, much good
may be done amongst them. I believe it is almost decided that
I am to remain here for some time. I cannot say that I at all
dislike the idea of doing so: the country is very fine, climate to an
European delightful, snow for four months in the year, fruit of
all kinds in great abundance, "only man is vile!"
-I think I ought to remain here—a wide field of usefulness is
open to me, and I may, through Divine blessing, be preparing a
way for a Christian mission in this centre of Asia ere long..
Colonel Stoddart, who was here lately with Pottinger, is now at
Bokhára, sent as an agent from the British Government. The
Usbegs affected to treat him as a Russian spy, and put him in
prison; but he has found favour with his jailor, and is by no
means uncomfortable. I believe him to be a sincere Christian,
and who knows but what the city, "Holy Bokhára," as it is
called, may yet feel his influence.
There are several families of Jews here. I had yesterday a
long conversation with two of them; they were much delighted
with part of the Epistle of St. Paul to the Romans which I read
to them in Persian.* While here my allowance may be about
* Jews are settled in great numbers over Eastern Persia and Turkestan, though
only a few families were then to be found at Herát, who, however, were well
affected to the mission.
་
Among themselves they use the Persian language, written in the Hebrew
character, and as they appeared much delighted with the small tract which
HERÁT.
27.
700 rupees per month, but expenses are very great. The poor of Chapter
the city are to be my special charge.
II.
There is something unique in the idea of our Government 1839-40.
strengthening itself by acts of benevolence in the interior of the
city, while its walls are being repaired without.
The courier starts immediately. God bless you all.
Your affectionate son,
JOHN.
The Herát Mission was composed of the following
officers:
Major D'ARCY TODD, Envoy;
Capt. EDWARD SANDERS, Bengal Engineers;
Lieut. EDWARD CONOLLY, Bengal Engineers ;
Lieut. JAMES ABBOTT, Bengal Engineers;
Lieut. RICHMOND SHAKESPEAR, Bengal Artillery;
Lieut. CHARLES F. NORTH, Bombay Engineers;
Dr. RITCHIE, Bombay Army;
Dr. LOGIN, Bengal Army;
joining Major Eldred Pottinger at Herát in August,
183.9.
Login had got one of their Rabbis to transcribe for them, he was induced to
employ the same man on a similar transcription of Martyn's Persian Testament.
This was not finished when the mission left Herát, so Login took the manu-
script with him to Cabul, where he met a son of the old Rabbi, just arrived with
letters from Stoddart at Bokhára. Him, Login engaged to complete the work,
leaving him in the charge of Major Dawes, B.H.A., who took the Jew with him
to Jellallabad, where the transcription was finished during the siege and sent
down to Peshawur by the first kafila, which traversed the Khyber after Pollock's
advance. Thirteen years after Login had the happiness of hearing that this
last-named Jew had through this work been led to enquire into the truth of the
Gospel, and died a Christian at Bombay. -Ferrier's "Caravan Journey,”
p. 123.
28
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND. DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter
II.
Login undertook the charge of the poor, amounting
to 2,000, who had for some time before the arrival of
1839-40. mission been supported by Eldred Pottinger, at the
expense of the British Government.
As soon as arrangements could be made by the
Engineer officers, a portion of the destitute people were
employed in the fortifications of the city, but a large
number of females and infirm persons remained to be
provided for, and continued under charge of Dr. Login
during the stay of the mission. For those of this
class, who were unable to earn a livelihood, an asylum
was established by him, in which employment was
given to the blind and infirm according to their various
circumstances, and with a success that was truly
gratifying. To those able to work at their own homes
(the custom of the country preventing out-door work
for females) he endeavoured, with great success, to re-
establish the manufacture of carpets, for which Herát
had always been famed the women being employed
in spinning the cotton and wool required for the
purpose, and receiving a supply of food (attah, Hour)
for their labour.
On the success of these arrangements being reported
to the Court of Directors, a sum of 700 rupees per
mensem was ordered to be placed at Dr. Login's
disposal to carry on this work, and also that of a
dispensary and hospital which he had established, and
which was daily attended by crowds of the sick poor
of the city and surrounding country.
C
29
HERÁT.
1839-40.
In addition to these duties above mentioned, the Chapter
Commissariat and Post Office were placed under Dr. II.
Login's charge; the former being of great importance,
owing to the famine at Herát after the siege, and the
necessity of obtaining supplies from a great distance,
i.e., Seistan and Merv-not only for the mission, but
also for the numerous poor dependent on it; and the
latter including the establishment of horsemen for the
protection of travellers between Herát and Candahar,
a distance of 400 miles. Dr. Login personally inspected
all the intermediate stations, conciliating the Dourani
tribes in the neighbourhood (by which the safe passage
of the mission was afterwards much facilitated).
arrangements on this line were so successful, that the
members of the mission were able to communicate with
Candahar in less time than letters took to go from
Candahar to Cabul, though the distance in the former
case is greater by 100 miles; while so efficient was
the protection of the road under the system employed
—viz., that of keeping at each station two or more
Afghan foot-soldiers belonging to the Sir-i-Khail
(chief of the tribe) of most influence in the neighbour-
hood—that during the whole eighteen months only
two or three trifling robberies took place throughout
the whole distance.
The
During 1840, Login was despatched on a special
mission to Candahar. His chief object was to convey
despatches and presents for transmission to England,
and to bring back the treasure (sovereigns) for use of
30
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
1839-40.
Chapter the mission at Herát. He made a most successful
II. journey, meeting with the utmost courtesy and kind-
ness at every Khail he passed through; probably
owing as much to his control over the guards on the
road, and his well-armed party of twelve, as to his
reputation as a Feringhi Hakim.
At one of his halting-places, however, he was near
falling a victim to Afghan treachery. He had been
received by an Afghan chief in the neighbourhood of
Washeer in a most courteous and hospitable manner,
and honoured with an istigbal in Afghan style-
the eldest son of the chief having been sent out to
meet him with display of feats of horsemanship. The
principal men of the tribe were also invited to a feast
in his honour.
-
It was arranged before parting for the night that
the Khan, with an escort, should accompany Login
next morning for a short way towards Ghirishk. It
happened, however, that the latter awoke very early,
and could not again fall asleep (the Afghan pilau may
have been indigestible!), so finding the moon bright and
the weather favourable, he left his little tent which
was pitched in the courtyard of the caravanserai, and
walked to the gate, where he found a Pharsevân.
holding the horse of the sleeping Afghan who was
supposed to be sentinel. After a little conversation
with this man, during which he was considerably
enlightened as to the character of his host, Login
determined to wake up his men and proceed on his
HERÁT.
31.
.II.
journey to Ghirishk as soon as possible. This was done, Chapter
and á message sent to the Khan of apology and thanks, 1839-40..
accompanied by a small present. The Khan speedily
appeared, and endeavoured to dissuade him; but
failing in this, ordered out his party to escort him.
This was civilly declined by Login, who after a trying
march of nearly fifty miles reached Girishk in safety,
and was cordially welcomed by Captain E
charge of the district.
in
On the following day, Captain E's agents
brought information that the Khan of Washeer had,
while entertaining his guest, despatched messages to
Aktar Khan, a Dourani chieftain then encamped not
far from Sadaat, urging him to intercept Login, who
would pass at a certain time, and who would prove a
valuable prize!
Had it not providentially happened that the afore-
said "
prize" had been induced to start two hours
earlier than was expected, he might not have reached
Ghirishk so safely, and a valuable copy of the
"Shahnameh" presented by Shah Kamrán to Her
Majesty, of which he was the bearer, and which he
afterwards had the pleasure of recognizing in the
Royal Library at Windsor, might have failed to reach
its destination.
Being deeply interested in carrying out his various
duties, Login, at the earnest desire of the Envoy,
declined to avail himself of the option given him to
return to Cabul with Major Pottinger.
32
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
+
1839-40.
Chapter In the following March, 1840, he received a letter
II. from the Commander-in-Chief, Sir Jasper Nicoll,
intimating that he had, on the recommendation of
several medical authorities in Calcutta, appointed him
as surgeon on his personal staff, hoping he could make
arrangements to join. On hearing this, the Envoy at
Cabul represented so strongly to the Governor-General,
at the instance of D'Arcy Todd, the great importance
of Dr. Login's work at Herát, and the difficulty there
would be to replace him, that Lord Auckland
requested Sir Jasper Nicolls to appoint another
surgeon to officiate for him till he could be spared
from his present post, intimating to Sir Jasper at the
same time that he (Lord Auckland) intended giving
Dr. Login a permanent appointment as soon as het
could.
After Eldred Pottinger had left, taking with him
Dr. Ritchie, the number of the mission was still further
reduced by Conolly's departure to Seistan, and at
Christmas, Abbott, and later on Shakespear, were sent
by Todd on a mission to Khiva on behalf of the
Russian captives.
The small remnant became entirely dependent for
news of the outer world on the cossids, or runners, whom
Login had established on the roads to carry the posts;
and their appearance at stated periods was anxiously
looked for. Mitford's arrival was, therefore, an event
eagerly welcomed, and as his description of the position
of affairs at the time, and the life led by the mission
HERÁT.
33
II.
at Herát, is the most detailed and interesting on the Chapter
subject, some extracts from his work are inserted, in
spite of its being already so well known.
*Oct. 27th, 1840.
Reaching Herát at sunset, I entered the gate, and made my
way through a long street crowded with people and strings of
camels, and proceeded immediately to the Residence of the
British Envoy, Major D'Arcy Todd, by whom I was most kindly
and cordially welcomed. Major Todd's party at this time con-
sisted of Lieut. North, Bombay Engineers, and Dr. Login, of the
Bengal Army. I experienced the most assiduous kindness from
those gentlemen, and once more felt myself at home with country-
men and friends, most thankful that I had not been marched as a
slave to Khiva by the Turcomans. My wardrobe, as may be
imagined, was in a very precarious condition-my frock-coat was
dilapidated at the elbows, the buttons had made their escape
from their cases, and altogether I was scarcely fit to appear in
civilized society, but by the kindness of these friends I was soon
furnished with a fresh outfit.
The British Envoy arrived at Herát in August, 1839, since
which time a great change has been effected in the condition of
the place; the town reviving from its ruins, the population
returning, the peasantry are restoring their villages, resuming the
cultivation of their fields, and caravans of Herátis are daily
arriving from Meshed and other places where they had taken
refuge, to re-occupy their deserted homes under the protection of
the English name. These people had fled, not as might have
been supposed, from the Persians, but to escape the tyranny of
the Wuzeer, and actual ruler, Yar Mahomed, the greatest oppressor
of his own people. He carried on a trade with the Turcomans in
1839-40.
* Mitford's "Land March."
D
34
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
1
Chapter slaves, receiving in return horses and cash; he is said to have
II. disposed of over 30,000 of his own people in this nefarious way!
1839-40. and nothing but our protection induces the people to return within
reach of this miscreant.
Dr.
Dr. Login informed me that when the Envoy first arrived the
place was full of beggars, the remains of the ruined population
scarcely amounting to a thousand, but now there is a well-stocked
bazaar crowded with people, and a beggar is rarely seen.
Login has contributed much by his praiseworthy exertions to the
rising prosperity of the place: he employs the people in various
works and branches of industry, and has re-established the carpet
manufacture for which Herát was always celebrated.* These
carpets are very handsome, and the colours bright. I visited
some of the looms, and was struck with the rapidity with which
they worked; they had no pattern to guide them, but worked
from memory, yet never made a mistake by inserting the wrong-
coloured worsteds.
-
When the Envoy arrived he found no house that he could
occupy, but was assigned a large garden surrounded by the
ruins of the Shah's palace in this place, called the Char-Bagh;
there was not a room entire, and he was forced to pitch his tent
until a house could be built. There is now abundant accommo-
dation, the Residency being large and commodious. Dr. Login
has also built a pretty house on a more European plan at the
opposite side of the garden-which gives the place a most
uniform appearance; in the centre of the garden is a large
square tank, where several broad pathways intersecting the
garden meet, the different partitions being full of trees and
shrubs.
The people of Herát seem well-disposed towards the English,
* The Heráti carpet is famed above all others for the brilliancy and per-
manency of its colours. They are made in all sizes and prices from £1 to £100.
Conolly pronounced the best pieces he saw to equal the Turkey carpet, and their
price to be moderate.-Malleson's "Herát," p. 92.
!
रु
-
HERÁT.
35
and well they may, considering the benefits they reap from them. Chapter
They are protected from tyranny, they are profitably employed,
II.
as well as assisted by us; the villagers are advanced money and 1839-40.
grain to plant their fields; but what reliance can be placed on a
fickle populace if their chiefs are inimical?*
When the Envoy first arrived he had with him a detachment
of Sepoys. These were sent back to Candahar, as he considered
himself safer without them. He has a pretty little castellated
walled village on the Herirúd, three miles from the town,†
where in case of danger he might take refuge and maintain
himself until events turned in his favour.
Residency they have adopted the precaution of giving appropriate
conventional names to all the people of importance, to prevent
servants who may know a little English from understanding the
At the
*
Writing so late as 1863, Vambéry says, "I find no exaggeration in the
opinion that the Herátees long most for the intervention of the English, whose
feelings of humanity and justice have led the inhabitants to forget the great
differences in religion and nationality. They saw during the government of
Major Todd more earnestness and self-sacrifice with respect to the ransoming of
slaves than they had ever even heard of before on the part of a ruler.”
""
† A beautiful garden at Herát is mentioned in Ferrier's “Caravan Journey,
described as a new one laid out by Yar Mohamed; this, according to Login's
notes must be "one which originally belonged to Hajee Ferozeoodeen (grand-
father of the present ruler). It is situated on the Candahar road, within a short
distance of the Herirúd. Like all the other gardens in the neighbourhood, it
had been destroyed by the Persians during the siege, but after the retreat of
Mahomed's army it was made over to Eldred Pottinger, who expended a small
sum in restoring it and repairing the garden-house. Major D'Arcy Todd
continued to keep it up and embellish it, and all our party, especially Major
James Abbott, while he remained at Herát, took more or less interest in putting
it into order. Seeds and plants of various kinds were procured for it by Todd
from India and England, with a view to make it useful as a nursery for the
improvement and restoration of other gardens. Besides this garden, which was
made over to the mission, a farm, at some distance up the valley, of about 200
acres, was presental to me by Shah Kamrán, but at my request assigned for the
support of a dispensary and poor-house that had been established in the city
during our stay there. The farm was remarkable for its fertility, especially for
the quality of the melons which it produced."-J. S. L.
+
D 2
36
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter conversation.
Shah Kamrán, for instance, living in the " Ark,”*
II. was given the appropriate name of Noah.
1839-40. prosperity of the country is now fast reviving.†
f
The
If
Herát were occupied by us, and agriculture encouraged, any
moderate-sized military force could be maintained here on the
supplies of the country, and hold its own against all-comers.
The grapes of the Herát valley are particularly
luscious. "The cultivators of this happy valley," says
Conolly, in 1831, "enumerate, if I remember rightly,
seventeen different sorts of grapes which they grew."
During his residence in Herát, Dr. Login often
came in contact with the members of Shah Kamrán's
household, and was in great favour, being constantly
called upon for professional advice, which he afforded
willingly to all. This was frequently used merely as a
pretext to get him to give the news of the outer
world to those who were kept in seclusion, Shah
Kamrán himself often requesting him to come, osten-
sibly to prescribe for some passing ailment, but more for
the purpose of getting him to talk of England, its
power and greatness in contrast with Persia and
Russia, the Queen, and that very mysterious power
known as "Jân Kumpany Bahadoor," whose existence
he marvelled at being permitted by the great
í
* Persian for "citadel.
+ The town of Herát, destroyed by the siege of 1838, rose by degrees from its
ruins, thanks to the gold that the English had so profusely scattered around
them.—Ferrier's "Caravan Journey.”
เ
HERÁT.
37
Queen, in case they should rebel against her some Chapter
day!
On many of these occasions, there would be an un-
seen, though not unheard, audience, listening in wrapt
attention to his descriptions, and many were the
audible "wah! wah's!" Kamrán's favourite wife was
very intelligent, and full of anxiety to hear all about
Englishwomen, and especially everything that could
be told her about her sister the Queen! She always
called the Hakim Sahib "bhai," or brother, and this
originated his soubriquet among his colleagues, the
Begam, at the same time, being known as "Login's
sister." The needlework done by the ladies in the
harem was beautiful, and they were always sending him
specimens of their skill-embroidered vests, and quilted
chogas and resais. Covers were made for Login's
Bible and Prayer Book, and this opportunity was made
use of by him to send a Persian Testament to have a
cover made for it; and when he found it bore marks of
having been read (by whom he never discovered), he
offered to exchange it for a volume of Hafiz's poems,
which offer was eagerly accepted.
Though the common speech of the people of Herát
is Pushtoo, they have no literature in that language,
it being merely a colloquial dialect or corrupt form of
the Persian. Consequently, as Login says:-
The first book in Pushtoo ever seen by Shah Kamrán and his
family, or by any other person, I believe, at Herát, was a New
II.
1839-40.
38
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter Testament which I had brought from India, and which had
II. been published by the missionaries at Serampore in the Persian
1839-40. character. It excited great interest among them, and was read
by some of their learned men. It was, if my memory serves me
right, in possession of Shahzadah Mohamed Yussuf, the present
ruler of Herát (1856), at the time of the departure of the mission.
At all events, he had got it from me a short time before. May I
hope that it has been equally as useful as the Hebrew transcript !
After the siege, Eldred Pottinger commenced a translation into
Pushtoo of a part of the Holy Scriptures, but discontinued it on
finding I had brought a copy.
In connection with this, I may mention, that I gave away
several copies of Martyn's New Testament in Persian to people
of influence at Herát, and a Testament in Turkí to the Khalifa
of Merv, a man of considerable sanctity among the Turcomans.
With this latter I had, perhaps, more intercourse than any other
member of the mission, from the circumstance of almost every
one who came in with kafilas from Khiva and Bokhára being
anxious to consult the "Feringhi Hakim" at the dispensary,
either for their own maladies, or for those of their relations; and
few of them went away without asking to see the hikmut by
which the blind were taught to work in the poor-house.
I must confess, it was not a little gratifying to me to learn
from Wolff's "Journal" that kind inquiries were long afterwards
made at Merv for a gentleman of the name of "Luggan," with
whom Dr. Wolff said he had not the pleasure of being acquainted.*
The Hindostani servants who had accompanied
the mission to Herát, not caring to remain there for
an indefinite period, became clamorous to return, and
they were allowed to depart to Candahar with the first
*J. S. L. Notes to Ferrier's" Caravan Journey,” p. 185.
1
ጕ
HERÁT
39
і
II.
1839-40.
safe escort, leaving their masters to supply their places Chapter
as best they could with Herátis. Login was the only
one unaffected by this move, as his faithful Khalipha,
Ali Bux, would not desert him; he said that he had
been with him from the first, and meant to die in his
service. He also declared his intention to make him-
self comfortable in Herát, and take a Heráti wife, as
it might be years before he again visited Lucknow,
where he had left his wife. He found no difficulty in
making his selection; and with the consent of her
family, Fatimah, whom he declared "fair like a Belati
Bibi** cast in her lot with the mission, and when its
departure was decided on, refused to leave her
husband, and with her child, accompanied him through
many dangers and forced marches, proving herself a
fearless rider.†
Poor Khalipha was not always able to preserve the
peace between his rival wives when in after life he
settled down in Lucknow, as Derogah of the Gharīb-
* i.e., European lady.
† On one occasion Khalipha, who was in charge of the baggage animals, saved
the papers and valuables from loot by marauders. Solemnly opening one box he
displayed a number of terrible-looking surgical instruments (of which they
stand in great awe), and declared that these and some marvellous dawaie (medi-
cine) formed the sole contents of the boxes, which were the property of the
world-famed Hakim and Wizard who had worked such wonders at Herát, empha-
sizing his assertion by pointing at the same time to his enchanter's staff which he
carried in his hand, and to which the wild tribesmen instinctively salaamed with
deep reverence. The staff was Login's favourite walking-stick, a very formid-
able bludgeon, a gift from D'Arcy Todd, having a coiled snake around it, and
being covered with hieroglyphics all carved by him; it bore also the inscription,
Bhuggut Ram (Todd's soubriquet), his work.”
"C
40.
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter khana, surrounded by his various belongings; but to
the last he was devoted to the "fair Fatimah."
II.
1839-40.
Hinghan Khan, an orphan boy of good family, one
of the captives rescued by Eldred Pottinger from the
Turcomans, used to follow Login about like his shadow,
sleeping at his door all night, until at last the Hakim
Sahib took him into his service. He proved himself
invaluable, adapting himself to all circumstances and
places. He was, like all his countrymen, a splendid
rider, and was of great service on several occasions
when there were difficulties with the tribesmen on the
march..
With these two servants Login was very independent
at Herát, though, of course, the style of living was de-
cidedly primitive, and the Persian mode was perforce
adopted. Still, life, with all its attendant roughnesses,
was thoroughly enjoyed by men who led such a busy,
well-occupied existence; doing good to their fellow-
creatures, and by their blameless lives, in the midst of
debauchery and excess, shedding lustre on the name of
Englishmen ; and during the whole stay of the mission
the fanatic Mahomedans had before them a living
example of Christianity in that band of devoted, self-
sacrificing soldiers.
The Envoy kept an excellent Persian cook, to whose abilities
Englishmen and Afghans, at our morning meals, says Login
(to quote again from the notes previously mentioned), did ample
justice, with such knives and forks as may have been used by
HERÁT.
41
II.
Abraham; but we generally dined alone in the English style, and Chapter
I think the prudence of this arrangement cannot be doubted.
The Heráti Afghans are a very drunken lot, and cannot under- 1839-40.
stand the self-denial of Christians in declining to drink, when
wine is not prohibited to them by their religion.
Shortly after our arrival at Herát, in walking across the
garden one dark night after dinner, without waiting for the
lantern, on my return from the Envoy's to my own residence, I
struck my foot against the ledge of the houz (cistern surrounding
the fountain), which happened that day to have been nearly
emptied for the purpose of cleaning it out, and fell to a depth of
about eight feet, receiving a severe concussion. It was at once
supposed by the people of Herát that I had been drunk on this
occasion, although by habit almost a "teetotaler!" and all the
kind condolences with which I was honoured by Shah Kamrán and
his family, and Yar Mohamed and his chiefs, were evidently
offered under this impression. Nujoo Khan, the "topshee bashee,"
himself a noted toper, wished me quietly, in confidence, to
acknowledge that I had taken kudrezeadah !"* and it was not
till my habits were better known that I was exonerated from the
suspicion.
About a year afterwards, happening to go up to the citadel to
the King, I found him drinking some Shiraz wine, which he also
desired the "athar bashee,” after Ì had been seated, to offer to
me; and on observing that I merely tasted it, the Shah said, with
a knowing look, "Don't be afraid, there is no houz here!"
During the Ramazan, the public Afghan breakfast gave place
to private English ones; but we were then honoured with the
presence of Sirdar Sheer Mohamed Khan, brother to the Wuzeer,
who, to entitle him to the privileges of a traveller, had, while the
fast lasted, pitched his tent outside the gate of the city, and
came to learn the European mode of eating with knife, fork, and
* Anglicè, a drop too much."
42
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter spoon.
(Travellers, in Mussulmaun countries, being exempted
II. from the necessity of observing fasts.)
1839-40.
It will thus be seen that the Afghans are not altogether rigid
Mahomedans, as regards the abstention from wine and the due
observance of fasts, but their hatred to heathen Kafirs* is very
marked, and they carefully avoid all intercourse with them.
Consequently, in Afghanistan, the Hindoo servants who had
followed the mission, found their position towards their Christian
masters, with respect to caste and purity, exactly reversed to
what it would be in Hindostan. At Herát and beyond the Indus
generally, Christians-as people of the Book-were freely admitted
to eat with Mahomedans, so long as they abstained from the
forbidden food; and we were often asked, "Why we allowed
unclean Kafirs, like Hindoos, to be freely admitted into our
houses?"
When travelling between Candahar and Cabul we were met by
a few horsemen of one of our irregular cavalry regiments-Maho- -
medans from India. Our servants, Afghans and Pharsevâns, to
show their hospitality, offered them a "kalian" which had just
been smoked by Major Todd.
The Indian Mahomedans asked if they intended to insult them`
by "offering a pipe smoked by a Kafir?" whereupon our people
retorted, that the Indian Mussulmaun were Kafirs in following
the customs of Hindoos, and a battle royal would have ensued,
had we not interfered.
For eighteen months previous to the arrival of the English
mission, Shah Kamrán had never stirred out of the citadel, and
was only induced to ride, for the benefit of his health, at my
suggestion. One reason he gave for not showing himself in
public was, that the Wuzeer did not allow him a proper retinue.
He never rode out during our stay, without asking me to accom-
* Infidels.
HERÁT.
43
pany him ;* though whether this partiality for my society arose Chapter
from any mistaken idea as to my official importance, I cannot
say!,
The influence which the "Hakim Sahib" has generally exer-
cised in the British Embassy at Teheran, and the employment of
such men as Campbell, Jukes, McNeill, Riach, Bell, Lord, and.
others, in various important duties in those countries, has
naturally led the chiefs of Herát to suppose that "physicians
occupy a higher place in the councils of the English than is
accorded them, and they attribute much of the prosperity of the
English nation to their" hikmut."
There was much personal and social intercourse between the
members of the mission, and some of the Afghan Sirdars; and
amongst those who were fond of being seen in their company
was Syud Mohamed, the Wuzeer's eldest son. This youth,
who by no means inherited his father's great abilities, was
frequently an unconscious source of amusement to the English
officers.
During one of his visits to the Char-Bagh; he expressed a wish
to learn English, upon which a wag of the party offered to
teach him a sentence; and under the impression that it was
merely an ordinary English salutation like "Khoosh amedeed,"
taught him to say "You are a spoon!"
Full of importance of the acquisition-though somewhat doubt-
ful of the exact meaning-on meeting his father on his return
home, he accosted him by saying, "Agir-be-adebi" (If it be not
disrespectful!) "you are a spoon !'
There is a certain grim humour in the intense inappropriate-
ness of such a mild epithet as applied to the ferocious Yar
II.
1839-40.
* On one of these occasions, Shah Kamrán proposed to exchange horses with
Login as a seal of friendship. Login named the Turcoman "Kamrán," and found
him invaluable on a march-Turcoman horses are noted for their power of endu-
rance.
44
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
-
=
Chapter Mahomed, whose atrocious cruelties-practised not only on
II. criminals, but on his "political opponents "—are past belief. He
1839-40. is said to have flayed a chief of the Bardooranis alive, and after-
wards stewed him in a large cauldron ! not long before Pottin-
ger reached Herát.
Colonel James Abbott and General C. F. North are
the only two living members of the Herát Mission at
this date. The former writes as follows:
Login's fine temper and cheerfulness under difficulties on the
march won all our hearts, and he was voted a most important
acquisition. Though we were beset with constant rumours of
intended treachery, nothing of the kind actually occurred on that
usually desert tract, which we traversed by marches, averaging
twenty miles each.
On arrival at Herát, Login obtained permission to set up a
hospital for native patients, the scanty remnants of the once dense
population being in the utmost misery from long starvation during
a siege of ten months. To his care also were made over the
children whom Eldred Pottinger had rescued from the Turco-
mans. He also took charge of our post-office arrangements. He
was a first-rate man of business, and invaluable to the mission,-
his benevolence equalling his zeal and his capacity. Whatever
could be done to alleviate the terrible distress and misery in which
we found the remnants of that once thronged population, the
Envoy (with Login's loving aid) carried out. The people mar-
velled that a nation, strangers to them in faith, should thus lavish
lakhs of rupees and all their energies to alleviate the sufferings of
wretched beings who could never hope to be even useful citizens.
They marvelled, but one man execrated what excited wonder in
the rest. He believed the whole work of benevolence to be part of
a plot or scheme on our part to render his own detestable conduct
more abhorrent to the people he ruled!
:
HERÁT.
45
1839-40.
About Christmas, 1839, the Envoy despatched me on a mission Chapter
II.
to Khiva, and I parted from Login, whom I met but once again,
and that casually. He, however, remained with the Envoy to
the last, rendering excellent service and retiring with him. The
Envoy's value for him was very great.
General North writes:-
Soon after we got settled in Herát, Login set himself to work
to assist the poor, who were in a starving condition. Herát,
when in its prosperity, had been famed for the manufacture of
Persian carpets or large rugs, but at the time of our arrival, there
were only two or three men who knew anything about it; but
this was enough for Login, who at once started a carpet manu-
factory, giving employment to many people; and although their
first productions were coarse they sold well, and he was
encouraged to persevere, until before we left, the Herát looms
turned out articles that vied with the best made in Persia.
Login also established a dispensary, and was continually
employed in one way or another in exercising his truly bene-
volent disposition for the benefit of those among whom he found
himself.
Our Indian servants soon left, and we had to replace them
with natives of the country. We had a train of baggage mules
and camels, which required a good many men to look after it.
About sixty horses were at different times presented to the Envoy,
and we put men on them and made them into an irregular
cavalry escort. Besides these there were numerous Pesh-
kidmuts, or personal servants, and Farrashes, house servants,
natives of the place. All these were placed under the control of
the assistant to the Envoy, which office I held after Abbott's
departure to Khiya, and a very troublesome lot I found them!
for as they were half Soonees and half Shiahs, they were always
quarrelling among themselves-these two sects among Mahome-
46
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter dans being as inimical to each other as Protestants and Roman
II. Catholics in Ireland.
1839-40.
One day the Envoy asked me, "North, how do you manage
those fellows? Abbott was always asking me to settle some
dispute, but you never do?" I replied, "When they come to
complain against each other, as they lie so abominably that truth
cannot be arrived at, nor justice done, I just order the Farrash-
Bashee to put one foot of the complainant and one of the
defendant in the fullukh (the pole to which feet are tied for
bastinadoing) and to bastinado them both, and so the right man
gets punished, and complaints diminish, whatever quarrels do!"
Altogether they are not bad fellows, and we get along very well
with them.
When our Indian servants left, we adopted the Persian style of
living all meals taken on the floor, no chairs or tables, no knives
or forks, all food put into the mouth with the fingers and thumb
of the right hand; we soon became expert at it, but our first
attempts at this mode of feeding were rather ludicrous. On
the occasion of our making our entry into Herát we were all in
full-dress uniform, and went to the Palace to pay our respects to
the King. After our reception Shah Kamrán sent us a dinner which
was of course served on the floor. In addition to the officers
attached to the mission, there were present the Wuzeer, Yar
Mahomed Khan, and eight or ten of the Sirdars of Herát. It is
not etiquette to sit cross-legged like a tailor, but on one's heels in
a kneeling posture; the spurs on the heels of our boots prevented
our doing this with any degree of comfort. The sight of some
half-dozen tightly buttoned up men, encumbered with swords and
cocked hats, kneeling around more than fifty dishes spread on
the floor, and awkwardly endeavouring to get their food into
their mouths with their fingers, kept us in perpetual stifled bursts
of laughter, while the Afghan chiefs stared at us in wonderment,
keeping grave faces all the time. When the dinner was over it
was quite a relief to us to be allowed to cross our legs, for which
..
HERÁT.
47
we begged permission of our host.
When Todd explained the Chapter
“That to see us stooping
II.
cause of our merriment, the Wuzeer said,
over the dishes with our cocked hats and feathers reminded him 1839-40.
of a lot of fowls picking up grain!"'
*
The chief dish at a Persian dinner is pillaou-rice cooked with
butter-in which is the mutton or fowls, and there are numerous
small dishes to be eaten with it. At a large entertainment there
would be a whole sheep stuffed with fowls, and these each stuffed
with raisins, pistachios, and spices. To cook this, a hole is dug
in the ground and lined with smooth round stones, a fire of
wood is made in the hole, and when the stones are very hot
vine leaves are laid over them, and the sheep put in, and the
hole covered over; the sheep comes out perfectly cooked by the
steam, and the meat is very tender.
Owing to the sudden withdrawal of the mission, much valuable
property, as well as paper, diaries, &c., were sacrificed, as we left
in light marching order.
The following was written by Login from Herát to his
brother-in-law, John Beatton :
HERAT, Nov. 16th, 1840.
We have already had letters by this route (via Erzeroum),
c/o H.M. Chargé d'Affaires, in seventy-three days from Paris, though
for upwards of 700 miles the letters are carried by a single runner
or "cossid" on foot. As soon as I hear of the return of our mission
to Teheran, I shall endeavour to get a regular mail established
between that place and Herát, and have no doubt that it will
prove most useful. Within the last few days we have had good
news from several quarters. From Khiva, of the delivery over to
the Russian authorities of all the Russian captives by Captain
Shakespear, and of the probable settlement of the differences in
that quarter; from Bokhára, of Col. Stoddart being released
48
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter from jail, and being entrusted with the command of the Ameer's
II. Artillery; of the surrender of Dost Mahomed to the Envoy
1839-40. and Minister, at Cabul; of the defeat of the Belooch Army at
Dâdar; of the occupation of Kelat, by our troops under General
Nott; of the submissive answer of the Sikh Durbar to our demand
for passage of our troops through the Punjab, and an explanation
of their treacherous conduct in assisting the rebels in Afghanistan
-all these providential occurrences have assisted us to strengthen
our position.
Within the last month we have lost many promising officers,
among them Broadfoot of the Engineers, an Orkneyman. Dr.
Lord, who was in political charge of the northern frontier, a
distinguished officer, has also been killed in one of our engage-
ments with the Dost.
Here we have been very quiet, but had matters not turned out
as they have done I doubt whether such would have long been
the case.
If ever nation has had cause to say "the Lord has been
gracious unto us," assuredly we have; it has not been by the
power of man that all these things have been brought to pass.
I see little prospect of being allowed to join my appoint-
ment on the Commander-in-Chief's staff, but I am contented
here.
Those of our readers who may be interested in the
general aspect of affairs in Central Asia at the period of
the First Afghan War, will find an account of the
causes which led to the despatch of the mission to
Herát, and of the political history of that mission in
notes and appendix to General Ferrier's "Caravan
Journey," which Sir John Login compiled many years
after at the request of the author-a portion of which
HERÁT.
49
II.
is also quoted in Kaye's “Lives of Indian Officers." Chapter
Sir John Login's views are there given on this 1839-40.
question, and also a description of the duplicity,
arrogance, and avarice of Yar Mahomed and his nominal
master, Shah Kamrán, which will serve to explain
Todd's reasons for the sudden withdrawal of the
mission. Though upwards of nineteen lakhs of rupees
had been advanced to the Herát Government* and
people to assist them against the Persians, Yar
Mahomed not only demanded more, but continued to
insult the British Envoy, while he kept up a secret
correspondence with the Persian Minister, in which he
declared himself the faithful servant of the Shah-in-
Shah, that he merely tolerated the presence of the
English Envoy from expediency, but that his hopes
rested in the "Asylum of Islam!"
When this glaring breach of treaty became known
to Major Todd, he determined to mark his opinion
of such duplicity by stopping the monthly payment
of 25,000 rupees until the pleasure of Government
* A short abstract or memorandum of expenditure found amongst Sir John
Login's papers may give some idea of the amounts expended on the Herátis. It
runs as follows:-
Abstract of expenditure on charitable establishments by the Herát Mission, for
six months, 1st May to 31st October, 1840, inclusive.
Total received by J. S. Login
Disbursed on account of hospital, dispensary, pauper establish-
Rs. 6,378, 8, 41
ment, orphans, carpet-weavers, cultivators, &c.
...
•
Rs. 6,378, 8, 4
E
50
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH,
II.
should be known, and notified his intention to the
Wuzeer.
1839-40. Finding himself, in consequence of the Envoy's
1
resolution, in great straits for money, Yar Mahomed
ventured on the bold step of declaring that unless money
was forthcoming the British Mission must depart from
Herát.
·
Shah Kamrán,* says Login in the "Notes" before mentioned,
for a long time back had felt that the lives of the Englishmen
were in imminent danger, and he told me in August, 1840, that
such was the case, but that the Sahibán Inglis need be under
no apprehension, as he was our friend; but that had he not pro-
tected us, not a Feringhi would have been left alive. His
Majesty was pleased to conclude by asking if he did not "deserve
credit for behaving so differently to us from what the Ameer of
Bokhára had done to Stoddart Sahib ?"
In reply I thanked His Majesty for his kindness, but said that
we were under no apprehension; that we were conscious of
having done only good to Herát, and we feared no ill that could
befall us; especially as we knew that to pluck even a few hairs
from a lion's tail was somewhat dangerous."
At this time it was no secret in Herát that the Wuzeer was
only waiting his opportunity to seize the officers of the British
Mission. He lived utterly in a state of intoxication; and the
prospect of seizing and plundering their property, was seriously
discussed by himself and his drunken associates, as the easiest
way of replenishing his coffers.
The Envoy, seeing that nothing could be gained by remaining
at Herát, and that a catastrophe would involve the Government
* See Kaye's "Life of D'Arcy Todd." Login's Notes.
HERÁT.
→
51
II.
in serious complications, decided to retire, and accordingly Chapter
the mission left, and they had scarcely gone when the Residency
was sacked and pillaged by a howling mob, headed by the 1839-40.
Wuzeer's own soldiers.
A good deal of private property had been sacrificed; as a large
baggage guard could not be provided, many valuable papers and
diaries were left behind.
E 2
=
C
CHAPTER III.
CANDAHAR AND CABUL.
Chapter THE departure of the mission from Herát is thus
described by Login :-
III.
1840-41.
}
Our party, under Major D'Arcy Todd, consisting (with the
escort commanded by Sirdar Futteh Khan) of about 300 persons,
passed unmolested through the Herát territories, by ordinary
marches, receiving marks of good will and respect from the in-
habitants, but on reaching the Candahar frontier we found that
Aktar Khan, a Dourani chief, was on the watch to intercept us
with a considerable force; we therefore determined to conceal
our route.
With this view, we turned out quietly during the night from our
encampment at Dilaram, and pursued our march.
Accompanied by Sirdar Futteh Khan, who was in the secret of
our councils, and whose conduct always gave us cause to trust
him, I pushed on with an advance party of horsemen, a little in
front of the main body under charge of Major Todd, until early
dawn, when we made a rapid advance to take possession of the
first set of wells, which we were apprehensive might be held by a
party of Aktar Khan's men.
Finding these, however, unoccupied, the advanced party
halted there until the main body came up within a sufficient
distance to secure them, when it again pushed on to occupy
CANDAHAR AND CABUL.
53
another small pool in the same way, and thence reached the Chapter
appointed halting-place, a distance of fifty miles from Dilaram, III.
where it waited the arrival of the main body.
1840-41.
Halting only a sufficient time for a slight refreshment to men
and animals, the order of march was again formed as on the
previous evening; but as it was considered dangerous to show any
lights for fear of attracting the notice of the Afghans, much
difficulty was experienced in finding the proper pathway, and
heavy clouds having for a time obscured the stars by which he
guided us, our one-handed cossid—a man well known in these
parts for his wonderful intelligence as a guide-actually had to
feel for the trodden path on the surface of the desert, and so
found it. By occasionally sending back a horseman from the
advanced party communication was kept up with the main body
during the night, but as soon as day dawned our advance was
pushed on more rapidly.
-
On approaching some broken ground near the "Houz," said to
be a favourite rendezvous of Beloochi marauders, and likely to be
occupied by Aktar Khan's men, our advance was made with great
precaution, covered by files of horsemen in front and on our
flanks. A signal being made from our right flank, and a horse-
man riding in to report that a large number of saddled horses
were to be seen in a ravine near the Houz, we immediately pre-
pared for action in the Afghan style. Chogas (cloaks) were
put in saddle-bags, kummerbunds (waist-belts) were tightened,
turbans firmly bound, loose sleeves turned up, arms bared to the
elbow, and matchlocks and bucklers unslung! The signal of the
horseman had been observed by the main body, about a mile.
distant, and we were shortly joined by a party detached in sup-
port. They came up at full gallop similarly prepared, each man
wishing to appear a very Roostum.*
Thinking it strange none of our horsemen from the front had
* Famous Persian hero..
54
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
}
Chapter fallen back, the broken ground preventing our seeing them, I
III. proposed to the Sirdar to ride on with him to ascertain the
1840-41. cause; and on descending a ravine we came suddenly in view of
a kafila of asses, laden with corn and butter from the Helmund,
on its way to Bukwa, escorted by many Afghans on foot! They
had just been laden when seen by our vedette, and in the haze of
the morning mistaken for horses.
After passing through the ravines, and again emerging on the
level desert, our main body closed up, and we proceeded together
to Ghirishk, having safely accomplished a distance of upwards of
100 miles with only a few hours' halt, though hampered with
camels and other slow-travelling animals.
It was afterwards reported that we had got over our difficulties
only just in time, a detachment from Aktar Khan having been
sent to intercept us, but arriving too late.
Lord Auckland blamed Todd for not being concilia-
tory enough, and thus precipitating a rupture; but men
accustomed to deal with Orientals in a semi-barbarous
state know that they only respect those they fear, and
Yar Mahomed naturally thought that want of power
to punish, was the cause of his insults and treachery
being rewarded with money.
From Candahar, Login writes to his sister, Mrs.
Beatton, as follows :—
CANDAHAR, April 25th, 1841.
You will probably see mention of the departure of
the mission from Herát in the papers. It has already caused
much discussion in India, and Lord Auckland is highly displeased
with Todd for having adopted this measure. It must no doubt
CANDAHAR AND CABUL.
55
seem very extraordinary to His Excellency that a man should be Chapter
so blind to his own interests as to act towards us
as Yar III.
Mahomed has done; and I can even understand his being 1840-41.
doubtful whether Todd, under the circumstances, has been
sufficiently conciliatory.
Lord Auckland will, however, find ere long that Yar Mahomed
is not to be won by conciliation, that to have influence over him
we must command. Everything which conciliatory manners
could do towards retaining our position with honour was done..
To have yielded one single iota more to the demands of such a
man would have been unworthy of the British name and
character, and would have lowered us in the estimation of Central
Asia.
Lord Auckland may be laudably anxious to avoid the necessity
of marching troops to such a distance; but our hesitation to do
so after what has occurred will be construed into weakness by
these people, and make them even more arrogant.
I have not the least doubt that were 4,000 men and a few
guns sent at once against Yar Mahomed, he would immediately
submit, and we should have no more trouble with him. It tries
one's patience to think of it, when one might so easily put them
down. I have been waiting here in hopes of a force being ordered
towards Herát; but as there seems now little prospect of it, I
shall start to-morrow for Cabul on my way to India.
I have heard from the Residency at Lucknow that I am to be
appointed there permanently; I shall, therefore, endeavour to
make my way there as quickly as possible.
Let me see! Any more news? Yes! You have heard
from me of Stoddart's captivity in Bokhára, where he has been
most cruelly treated by the Ameer.
He might have made his escape if he wished; but being a
chivalrous man and anxious only for his country's honour, he
would not avail himself of the opportunities purposely offered
him, and determined, it is said, not to leave the place until ample
56
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH,
Chapter apologies were made for the insult shown to a British repre-
III. sentative.
1840-41.
This bold tone on Stoddart's part, the influence which Shake-
spear has established over the Khan of Khiva, and the friendly
manner in which Conolly has been received by the other Turkoman
(Usbeg) state Kokán, has brought the Ameer to his bearings, and
induced him to pay the utmost attention to Stoddart, whom he
now consults on everything.
+
་
Stoddart, instead of being anxious about his own liberty, is
arranging the release of all the Khan's prisoners (Russian) at
Bokhára.
Nothing you see like working on the fears of these rascals!
Thrash them first to their heart's content is our only policy, then
they will be in a fit condition to appreciate conciliation and
forbearance!
If Lord Auckland should, after all, determine on moving a
force on Herát, I think I shall almost be tempted to return from
India to join it. We have done our utmost to do these people
good, and spent money in great abundance for that purpose; but
the greatest boon we could confer on Central Asia would be to
show our power by removing Yar Mahomed and his myrmidons
from authority.
We should then find our efforts at conciliation fully appreciated,
and, without doubt, most successful. However, I doubt Govern-
ment being prepared for such a bold measure.
Your most affectionate
JOHN.
As all further attempts at conciliation seemed only
to have a bad effect on Yar Mahomed, there is no
doubt that Major Todd adopted a wise course in with-
drawing the mission before any overt insult had been
CANDAHAR AND CABUL.
57
..
III.
1840-41.
offered, thus leaving Lord Auckland free to adopt any Chapter
line of policy he might think expedient. For this step,
however, he was not held excused by the Governor-
General, who, before he even received Todd's explana-
tion of his reasons, declared him unfit for political
employment, and remanded him with disgrace to his
regiment.
When the mission left, Yar Mahomed became
greatly alarmed; he had never believed that he would
be taken at his word, and he now trembled at the
probable consequences; but in this extremity his pro-
verbial good fortune did not forsake him. When he
expected nothing less than the advance of a brigade of
British troops across his frontier, he was delighted by
the receipt of two friendly letters, assuring him of the
high consideration of the British Government, and of
their deep regret that anything unpleasant should
have for a time estranged their very faithful friend!
To give him a better opportunity to explain his con-
duct, the Government disavowed all the late proceed-
ings of Major Todd, and begged that the Wuzeer
would favour them with his own statement of the case!
And greater effect was at the same time given to these
conciliatory letters, by our small force being withdrawn
from the Helmund to Candahar, leaving the Dourani
again at full liberty to renew his rebellious proceedings
in Zemindawar.
Satisfied by these conciliatory overtures that he had
no immediate cause to apprehend an attack, and that
58
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
1840-41.
Chapter the British Government were as anxious as ever to
III.
retain his friendship, Yar Mahomed put the letters
from the British Government in his pocket, and replied
that he could give no answer to them until-through
his brother, whom he had sent to Teheran-he received
the commands of the "Imperatur-i-Rus !”
During his stay at Candahar, Login wrote the
following letter to Todd:-
CANDAHAR, April, 1841.
Although aware that any expression of my opinion, as to your
conduct towards the Wuzeer and chiefs of Herát, can be but of
little service; I consider it a duty, which under present circum-
stances I owe to the cause of justice and to you, to offer it at
your request.
Having had very favourable opportunities during the last
eighteen months of observing your conduct towards the Herát
authorities, I can have no hesitation in stating, that it has been
marked throughout, by the utmost desire to secure their friend-
ship; and that your anxiety to gain their good will, has on many
occasions led you to carry your efforts far beyond the limits
which, in my opinion, ought to have been assigned them. Judg-
ing, indeed, from the character of the Wuzeer and his chiefs, it is
my firm belief that your evident anxiety to conciliate them, and
the necessity imposed on you of overlooking many just causes of
offence, have led them to attach too high a value to their friend-
ship; and that had a less conciliatory tone and more command-
ing line from the first been adopted, your efforts to secure British
influence at Herát might have been more successful. With
regard to your personal intercourse with the Wuzeer, it has
always been of the most friendly nature, and I have frequently
heard him and his principal advisers express their obligations to
7
:
CANDAHAR AND CABUL.
59
III.
you for the lenient consideration with which you treated him Chapter
and your readiness to exculpate any part of his conduct which
appeared dubious. So convinced was he of these obligations, 1840-41.
that he studiously avoided meeting you for some time before our
departure from Herát, lest personal friendship, as he stated,
should induce him to forego all the schemes which false ideas of
his power had led him to entertain, or make him acknowledge
the justice of your advice.
I cannot conclude without acknowledging my sincere regret for
having on several occasions expressed myself to you very freely
on your great leniency to the Wuzeer. The evidences of his
tyranny, of which my duties made me a daily witness, and the
knowledge thus acquired of the people's sentiments towards him,
had led me at an early period to the opinion that the uncontrolled
power and influence of Yar Mahomed Khan were incompatible
with the happiness and welfare of his subjects, and had induced
me to believe that his removal from power would be esteemed
the greatest benefit which British benevolence could bestow on
the people of Herát. In this opinion, I need not say, I am more
than ever confident.
J. S. LOGIN.
In his Caravan Journey" M. Ferrier gives a very
amusing account of an interview with Yar Mahomed,
who was then virtual King after Kamrán's death. He
evidently believed M. Ferrier to be an Englishman,
sent to open up negotiations with him, and he urged
him to declare his mission as he was quite ready to
treat. He said that during Todd's mission he had
lived in fear.of his life from the old drunkard, Shah
Kamrán, (!) whom Todd was instigating against him ;
but that now all authority centred in himself, and
60
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter that his view of the matter was "pay me well, and
III. I will be your humble and devoted servant."
1840-41.
What I heard and saw in Afghanistan (says General Ferrier)
gave me the most profound conviction that the moment the British
flag is seen in an Asiatic State the shameless government in force
under a native ruler is replaced, if not by abundance, certainly by
security and justice. However burdensome the taxation of the
English may be, it is always far less so than that extorted by
native princes, who add persecution to rapacity. . . . . The
Sirdars, Mollahs, Syuds, and soldier classes, who live by plunder-
ing the industrious inhabitants, were always declaiming against
the English, because under them they could not practise their
iniquities. The people were irritated, it is true, because their
prejudices had been shocked, and rose to shake off their yoke;
but now they regret them. They remember with grati-
tude, their justice, their gratuitous care of the sick in hospitals;
the presents of money and clothes when they left them cured;
the repairs of their public works, and the extension of commerce
and agriculture and after exhausting their praises, they
would finish up by-"What a pity they were not Mussulmaun like
us! we would never have had any other masters!" After hearing
such expressions, is it not allowable to regret, in the name of
humanity and civilization, that the British power was not con-
solidated in Afghanistan, whatever means might have been em-
ployed to attain that end?
•
·
Leaving Candahar in April, still in company with
D'Arcy Todd, Login proceeded towards Cabul, being
present at some military operations against the
Ghilzies on the way, and he had the satisfaction of
affording professional aid to the wounded, amongst
•
CANDAHAR AND CABUL.
61
III.
1840-41.
them his dear friend and comrade, Edward Sanders, Chapter
of the Bengal Engineers, who had been with the
mission during the first year in Herát. After a short
stay at Cabul, being prevented crossing the Punjab by
orders from Government, in consequence of the disturb-
ances after the death of Nao-Nehal Singh, Login
accompanied Major Pottinger to Kohistan, and whilst
there wrote the following letter to his sister :-
CHARIKAR-KOHISTAN, June 21st, 1841.
I have been detained at Cabul by the Envoy, Government
having notified to him that passage through Punjab is not safe
at present; so I have come out here with Eldred Pottinger,
being tired of being idle at Cabul. I shall remain some time with
Maule, an old Artillery friend, who commands a regiment here.
I am sitting writing this in an arbour in his beautiful garden; a
lovely murmuring stream flowing round it, and, excepting the flies.
being very troublesome-a big fellow has just settled on my nose—
exceedingly pleasant. At this moment Purwan Darrah, the site
of the disgraceful affair with our cavalry last year, and the places
rendered most classical by recent events, are under my eyes.
Nor do recent events only contribute to render this place
historical. Within eight miles are the ruins of a Bactrian city,
Alexandria, whence coins innumerable are to this day dug up. I
have been collecting some, but so many have already been sent
to England that I fancy they are no longer rare. Here, also, are
places celebrated in the history of Baber, Emperor of Hindostan.
Altogether, it is a beautiful country. As Alexander Burns said
to me when describing it one day-" Above, the Alps, Hindoo
Koosh! below ne, Lombardy!" and certainly it realizes the
description.
I must confess that were it not for other great advantages
62
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter attending an Indian appointment, I should much prefer remaining,
III. as I might do, at Cabul. Within three miles of the Residency
1840-41. and cantonment is a fine large lake, on which there are now two
boats built by Lieut. Sinclair of H.M. 13th Light Infantry,
a Caithness man from near Thurso, and considering that no Cabul
carpenter (mistree) had ever before seen a boat, they are certainly
most creditable to Lieut. Sinclair as a boat-builder. Sinclair him-
self was, however, the only man that could manage them until I
arrived, and, as you may imagine, was not a little delighted to have
an Orkneyman to cope with. We have had many pleasant
cruises on this same lake of Cabul; rather odd that an Orkney
and Caithness man should be having races and matches in boat-
sailing in such a place! Sinclair was born within sight of Hoy
Head, has been in Long Hope, St. Margaret's Hope, and Scapa
Floe, but never in Stromness. He, however, knows the merits of
the Stromness boats built by the Wards, the Moores, and
Louttets. He is a great favourite with his regiment.
Login was recalled by the Envoy and Minister to
Cabul from Kohistan, to take the place of John Conolly
as private secretary, pro tem. Conolly was sent to
Candahar, and Login was fully occupied by Sir W.
Macnaghten till he started with Todd for India,
proceeding by raft down the Cabul river from Jellalabad
to Attock, and marching across the Punjab in-
September, 1841, very shortly before the insurrection
at Cabul broke out.
Before parting from Todd, the following official
letter was addressed to him by his late chief:—
CANDAHAR AND CABUL.
63
}
SIR,
MAJOR D'ARCY TODD, Political Envoy at Herát,
to J. S. LOGIN, M.D.
CAMP, NEAR ATTOCK, August, 1841.
I take this opportunity of thanking you for the very Chapter
zealous and able manner in which you not only performed your III.
duties at Herát, but exerted yourself in carrying into effect the 1840-41.
benevolent intentions of Government towards the inhabitants of
that place. Indeed, I may truly say that had it not been for
your kind assistance I should have found it impossible to give
full effect in this respect to the views of Government. I have, as
you are aware, already brought to the notice of the Envoy and
Minister at Cabul the numerous duties which you took upon
yourself at Herát, the main object of which was to apply
judiciously the means placed at our disposal by Government in
relieving the wants and alleviating the miseries of the distressed
inhabitants of Herát. I need only say there is scarcely an
individual in that city who has not reason to be grateful for your
unwearied assiduity, kindness, and patience; and the effect of
your zealous and philanthropic exertions has been to establish in
Herát, and to diffuse throughout the neighbouring states, the
fame of British humanity and liberality. It was from the high
sense which I entertained of the value of your services, and from
the difficulty which I felt certain would be experienced in
supplying your place, that I requested you might be detained at
Herát, when in February, 1840, you were appointed to the staff
of His Excellency the Commander-in-Chief.
·
I was aware that your detention at Herát would entail upon
you some pecuniary sacrifices, I hoped that this would be made
up to you by an increase to your salary. I have been disappointed
64
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter in this hope, and I have also to regret the losses which you have
sustained on the sudden departure of the mission from Herát.
III.
1840-41.
I have, &c.,
E. D'ARCY TODD,
Late Political Agent, Herát.
J. S. LOGIN, Esq.
Soon after joining his appointment at Lucknow as
Residency-Surgeon, the storm burst in Afghanistan,
and the insurrection at Cabul thrilled the hearts of all
the English in India.
The following letter from Havelock at Jellalabad,
urging the need of chaplains with the army, is inter-
esting
SIR HENRY HAVELOCK to DR. LOGIN.
MY DEAR LOGIN,
Jellalabad, Dec. 14th, 1841.
I have just seen it announced in the paper that you had
arrived at Agra and were to proceed to Lucknow. You will have
heard that we have had a grand crisis here in Afghanistan, which
can hardly be pronounced to be over, though the symptoms have
become decidedly more hopeful.
I should define the affair to be a struggle of the Chiefs to
maintain their power to misrule, of which they dreaded the
annihilation; of certain tribes, especially the Eastern Ghilzies,
to revenge the wrong of the reduction of their stipends; and,
finally, of the whole people to get rid of the Feringhees.
The facts are, that Sir Robert Sale's Brigade, with its
CANDAHAR AND CABUL.
65
1840-41.
auxiliaries, having been moved down towards Tazeen and Chapter
Gundumuk, with the double purpose of freeing the passes and III.
retiring to the provinces, that opportunity was seized to spring
the mine of a Cataline plot. Sir A. Burnes was assassinated
with all our adherents in Cabul, and our troops driven by the
force of a general insurrection to confine their efforts to main-
taining themselves on the two points of the Bala Hissar and the
intrenched cantonment. This they are yet successfully doing,
and I trust, by God's blessing, will continue to do until reinforce-
ments arrive.
Sir R. Sale's force, to which I was temporarily attached with
General England's sanction, fought its way inch by inch to
Gundumuk, and on the news of the general outbreak, retired on
this place, which it has made too strong for any Asiatic force
without artillery to get at any price. It has twice sallied, and
utterly defeated its assailants in open field.
-
This is an epitome of things here. Dawes is within these
walls, and well; and we have contrived to re-establish ordinances
amidst the din of arms. And having said this much, I come to a
subject I have much at heart. Peruse the enclosed letter, and if
you do not think this voice from Afghanistan will decidedly do
harm, kindly send it on to his Lordship, whose address or where-
abouts nobody here can tell us.
There may yet be time to send a chaplain up with the second
reinforcement. If he can be spared, let him come at any time
with troops, and the sooner the better. I trust that Todd has got
safely through his journey, and that his affairs are prospering.
Believe me, dear Login, ever truly yours,
H. HAVELOCK.
Login forwarded Havelock's letter to the Governor-
General, and also wrote to the good Bishop (Daniel
F
66
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter Wilson), from whom he received the following charac-
III. teristic reply
1840-41.
MY DEAREST FRIEND,
BISHOP'S PALACE, Jan. 8th, 1842.
I read every word of your interesting letter to the
Governor-General. The very first opportunity that presents
itself we must and will send a chaplain. We had one in
view, a kinsman of the Envoy, but he is uncertain in his move-
ments, and I am afraid odd in his habit of mind. The Governor-
General tells me he has given you Lucknow; there you will have
a charming station, and when you are settled there, I shall send
you my subscription paper for 200 rupees per annum for five years,
which I know you will not grudge as a contributor to my new
cathedral-but of this hereafter. I have not yet seen your paper
about Yar Mahomed. You may rely on my doing all I can for
your friend Todd with the Governor-General. How you could
imagine, my dear Login, that I could forget you! No, no! I
remember you, and love you as when we first met at Agra. You
have never been long out of my mind, and I shall always be
Your affectionate,
D. CALCUTTA.
-
CHAPTER IV.
LUCKNOW.
IV.
1842-48.
Ir was a great delight to Login to resume the Chapter
old work he had set on foot at Lucknow during his
previous tenure of the appointment of Residency-
Surgeon. He found that Captain Paton, the first
Assistant to the Resident, had carried on the work at
the Gharib-khana on the old lines on which he had
established it, and he had only to resume the reins.
Having so lately left Afghanistan, he was deeply
interested in all that was occurring there, and his friend,
Sir Robert Hamilton, Resident at Indore, kept him
accurately informed of the progress of events, forward-
ing to him all the intelligence that could be ascertained
of the fate of the prisoners, many of whom were Login's
personal friends.
Before the hot weather had fully set in, the 56th
Native Infantry arrived in Lucknow Cantonment, and
the commanding officer, Major Hope Dick, was joined
by his wife and her sister (Miss Campbell), from
England. The young lady had accompanied her sister,
on the death of her parents, at her eldest brother's
F 2
68
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
་
1842-48.
Chapter request, Captain Charles Campbell, of the 42nd Bengal
IV. Native Infantry, Buxee, or Paymaster, at Cawnpore ;
and she intended to join her brother as soon as her
sister was settled at Lucknow. But it was otherwise
ordained, for on July 28th, 1842, John Spencer Login
and Lena Campbell* were married at Lucknow, her
brother coming over to give her away.
The newly
married couple settled down at the Residency-in the
house afterwards famous as the scene of Sir Henry
Lawrence's death during the memorable siege in 1857
-after having spent their honeymoon at Beebeepore
Palace, kindly placed at Login's disposal by the King.
The post which Login held at Lucknow was generally
considered as one of the "plums" in the medical service
of the Company, and as being an extremely lucrative
one.
It was customary for the Residency-Surgeon to
increase his pay by accepting other employment at the
native Court, and by taking large fees from natives
of rank and wealth in return for medical attendance.
But Login had such a high sense of the dignity and
honour of the British name, and of the duty which
devolved upon every officer who held a position under
* Lena Campbell was the youngest daughter of John Campbell, of Kinloch,
Perthshire, male representative of the Loudon Campbells; the title going in the
female line to Flora Mure Campbell, only child of James, fifth Earl of Loudon.
Lady Flora married the first Marquess of Hastings, Governor-General of India.—
See History of the Campbells of Melfort and Kinloch," published by Simmons
& Botten, 1882, p. 64.
LUCKNOW.
69
1842-48.
the British Government (especially near a native Chapter
Court), to show himself entirely free from all desire IV.
of gain or hankering after "filthy lucre," that he,
perhaps, went rather to the opposite extreme, and was
considered Quixotic in his ideas.
To his mind, Englishmen in the service of the King
of Oude, especially if they were at the same time
officers of the East India Company, were already in a
false position, and it behoved them to avoid anything
which could endanger their independence, self-respect,
or influence for good in the eyes of any native. Hence,
though he at all times willingly gave gratuitous
professional advice to natives of all ranks, privately
as well as at the dispensary and hospitals, he had,
perhaps, an over-scrupulous dislike to ask fees from
them, but he often instead took the opportunity to urge
and encourage his wealthy native patients to assist in
promoting useful works in their native city and its
neighbourhood. One native friend, Azimoolah Khan,
Derogah to the King, who was greatly indebted to him,
spent a large sumat his suggestion in opening up a
street from the heart of the crowded bazaar to the old
bridge of boats over the Goomtee, greatly adding to
the healthiness of the city.
Thus, though his professional services were more
sought after by the nobles than those of any of his
predecessors, he derived little personal advantage; still
he had the honest satisfaction of knowing that, in the
opinion of those best qualified to judge, he did more
70
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter for the public good and for the poor of the city than
IV. any who had held the appointment before him.
1842-48.
After his marriage, the eagerness of his native friends
that Mrs. Login should visit their zenanas was great,
and her opportunities of insight into the manner of life
of ladies of the highest rank were unique.
When she became intimate with the wives of the
King (Malika Geytee, in particular) a special request
was always made when they were ill that she should
accompany her husband, on the ground that she would
be able to describe symptoms and appearances more
fully to him from her observations, as of course he was
not permitted behind the purdah !
*
The patient
answer the
The scene sometimes was very comical.
was brought close to the curtain to
doctor's questions, a large hole being made for the
purpose of feeling the pulse; but when it came to the
operation of getting the lady's tongue through the
hole, in such a way as not to exhibit her face, it was
often too much for the gravity of the visitor, in spite
of the air of solemnity and dignity with which the
eunuchs supported their mistress, and opened her
* Login had a great dislike to any underhand way of teaching Christianity in
the harems, and thought that, unless with the full consent and approval of the
He
husbands, there should be no tampering with the religion of their wives.
placed more faith in the effect of a good life, and a character for strict integrity
and truthfulness, in those who bear the name of Christians, and believed that no
blessing could rest on work, which gained the women of India at the expense of
the respect of the men.
LUCKNOW.
71
}
mouth for the purpose, though even their features Chapter
sometimes relaxed into a broad grin !
The Wuzeer Ameenoodowlah's only
only child
child (a
daughter) was supposed to be dying of consumption,
and her death was daily looked for, all the wise women
and native hakims having given her over, after trying
all their cures and spells to no effect. The Wuzeer
was in great distress and grief, for although only a girl,
she was his only child. Dr. Login asked to see the
little girl, and on closely examining her, he found that
her whole skin was encrusted with a coat of armour,
formed by the unguents and ointments that had
been successively rubbed on by each new adviser
called in, without removing by washing the previous
application (washing during illness being looked upon
as fatal); thus the pores of the skin could not act, and
unless this could be secured it was no use ordering
remedies.
He suggested a warm bath first, which terrified
them all, and a great wailing of women and eunuchs
ensued! After a time, the Begum, listening to his
persuasions through the purdah, consented, if only the
Mem-Sahib would come and see it properly carried
out in the zenana.
She came therefore, taking her Mussulmauni ayah
with her, and a supply of soft towels, scented soap, and
sponges. The poor child was very weak, and great
care and tenderness was exercised before the hard shell
could be softened enough to come away, and show what
IV.
1842-48.
72
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter the little Begum, Wuzeeroolniza, was really like,
IV. without the husk or shell she had been encased in,
1842-48.
Poor little mite! She was a perfect skeleton of thin-
ness, and so weak there seemed little hope for her life.
Dr. Login said he could only undertake the case, if
the child was made over to his care in the cantonments,
where he was then residing, with a few trustworthy
servants to carry out his orders. He knew that in the
zenana, with such a number of excited slave-girls and
jealous wise-women to counteract his directions, there
would be small chance of a cure. The parents eagerly
grasped at this chance of getting their child restored
to health; and a bungalow was taken for her, with a
retinue of women and eunuchs, as near as possible to
the house in cantonments where Dr. Login was then
residing with his family.
It was rather ludicrous to see the astonishment of
the Begums and their attendants in the zenana, at the
large sponge used in the bath operations. They were
at first alarmed, and shrieked with fright when it filled
with water, thinking it was an animal that would bite
the child! but they were delighted with the gift of it,
and amused themselves for hours filling and squeezing it
out again, and throwing it at each other amid peals of
laughter! The scented soap was also a great delight to
them.
The recovery of the child, though tedious, owing to
her weakened state, was wonderfully rapid when she
was once removed out of the hot city to the purer air
LUCKNOW.
73
in cantonment, and under the doctor's eye as to food, Chapter
air, exercise, and amusement.
It was an amusement to her to learn to read and
write with the Mem-Sahib, whom she always afterwards
called her "mother."*
The Chota Begum was an object of great curiosity
and interest, to all the English children in cantonments,
as she took her daily drives morning and evening in a
gorgeous chariot, in the form of a peacock, painted to
represent the bird with tail outspread, under which she
sat, attended by her zenana guards.
This most enviable carriage was presented to the
Login children when the little lady became con-
valescent.
One morning there was a great uproar! A messenger
arrived at the Residency to say that the Prime
Minister, Nawab Ameenoodowlah, who had been out
in the district enquiring into a case of a refractory
Zemindar, had been waylaid by dacoits, attacked, and
murdered, and that his corpse was being brought in.
Login spoke to the excited messenger, who was one of
the Nawab's horsemen, told him to dismount, go to
the Nawab's house, and prepare everything to receive
him. He then put some surgical necessaries in his
pocket, mounted and galloped off to where the
Wuzeer's camp was. Had he delayed, the Wuzeer
*
Many years afterwards, when he was in England, Login received a letter from
the little Begum in question (then the wife of a Nawab), commencing, “My dear
Pappa and Mamma," and ending, "your affectionate daughter."
IV.
1842-48.
74
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
:
7
1842-48.
Chapter must have bled to death from his wounds; as it was,
IV. Login met a mournful procession of the Nawab's
people, carrying home, as they believed, their master
dead. He recovered, however, after long and anxious
nursing and attendance, and was ever after truly
grateful for his life at Login's hands. His right arm
had been nearly hacked off, and he was otherwise
fearfully wounded; but his arm was saved in the end,
and, to his delight, he could again use his sword and
gun.
interview.
Many were the odd expedients resorted to by some
of the nobles, to express their gratitude and apprecia-
tion of Dr. Login's professional services. One morning,
during her husband's absence, Mrs. Login was informed
that a messenger from the Palace requested an
A stately chobedar in the royal livery,
scarlet and gold, carrying his golden mace (chobe),
made his salaam, and pointing to the entrance gates,
where stood a splendid barouche and pair, informed her,
with all the graces of Oriental language, that this was
presented to her by the Wuzeer, by the King's special
desire, as he thought it was most suitable from its
style, to carry the wife of so distinguished a gentleman
as the Doctor Sahib, who was so considerate to all,
and "the protector of the poor.”
The lady's astonishment and consternation was
great! Well did she know the equipage in question-a
distinguished and much admired feature in all the
Royal processions, which it invariably headed!
LUCKNOW.
75
1
IV.
No doubt, it was London built, and gorgeously lined Chapter
with satin and gold; but it was scarcely such an 1842-48.
equipage as the doctor's wife would choose for her
evening drive. The horses were large milk-white
creatures with pink noses; and their tails, which
literally swept the ground, were dyed a brilliant
scarlet. Their pace was a sort of slow canter, lifting
their feet very high, as if pawing the air, or rather, as
if moving along majestically on their hind legs! This
remarkable action of theirs was particularly admired
in the processions-there was something so distingué
about it! The harness, also, was all bound with red
morocco, and had solid silver mountings.
It required great diplomacy to avoid offending the
King and the Prime Minister by declining this present,
but it was accomplished after making a few ceremonious
visits of thanks in this magnificent turn-out, by sug-
gesting to the King that the Royal processions would
suffer, and be shorn of much splendour, by the absence
of this admired carriage, and assuring both King and
Minister, that Dr. Login could actually forego the
pleasure and delight of seeing his wife driving about in
this truly regal conveyance, if he could thereby attain
the object he had long desired of adding to the healthi-
ness of the city, by the opening up of a new street, and
by getting the King and Prime Minister to push for-
ward the scheme for the new road between Lucknow
and Cawnpore, with its splendid bridge over the
Goomtee, which had lain in abeyance since 1839.
76
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
>
IV.
1842-48.
Chapter This was now urged on the King by the Resident,
Mr. Davidson, at Dr. Login's suggestion, and was
agreed to by the Oude Government, Captain Hugh
Fraser, Bengal Engineers, being appointed to carry
out the work.
Other strange offerings were presented in lieu of
fees-for instance, two baby elephants, each attended
and led by a young negro slave (with nothing but a
necklace of large bright beads and a waist-cloth as
clothing), were sent by the King's brother-in-law after
recovery from an illness.
It was represented to the
Nawab that Englishmen kept no slaves; but he
begged that these boys, who had been born in his
own harem, should be bred up in close attendance
on the Mem-Sahib and her children, for whom they
would be ready to die if necessary!
Although the little elephants, who were gaily
painted and adorned, were as black as their grinning
negro attendants, they would have proved veritable
white elephants to Dr. Login, as in virtue of his office
as A.D.C. to the King and Superintendent of the
Royal Hospitals, an elephant establishment
already kept up for him at the King's expense.
was
On another occasion, two huge Persian cats, male
and female, more like small cheetahs, or hunting
leopards, each chained to a separate miniature charpoy,
carried on the head of an attendant keeper, were sent
by a grateful patient, a cousin of the King's, as play-
mates for the children: As, however, their food was
LUCKNOW.
77
raw flesh, and they were allowed to kill and eat, they Chapter
would not have been safe companions; indeed, they did IV.
not seem much more amiable than tigers!
It was surprising how the Gharib-khana cleared
the streets of beggars, who had been a great pest.
Children were made to see that it was better to
learn to work for a livehood than to beg. Many
boys from the Gharīb-khana were placed out in
situations, and made some of the best servants in
Lucknow and throughout Oude.
The hospital drew so many patients that Dr. Login
was obliged to apply for a qualified sub-assistant
surgeon (native) from Calcutta, to help in the work.
Cases of snake-bite and of cholera were of constant
occurrence. The patients were brought in from the
surrounding districts in numbers, and as they invariably
preferred to be carried to the Doctor Sahib's house
first, there was frequently of a morning to be seen
at the entrance gates, a ghastly assemblage of poor
wretches writhing in agony in the doolies or on the
charpoys, on which they had been conveyed from
distant villages; sometimes, alas! expiring before
they reached their harbour of refuge.
In Login's time there occurred only one of those
extraordinary cases of so-called "wolf children "—i.e.,
children carried off by wolves when infants and suckled
with their cubs-of which there have been several
known in Oude.
In this instance, the child, who was found in the
1842-48.
78
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
1842-48.
Chapter district near the Terai,* appeared to be about four or
IV. five years old. The body was covered with soft hair,
and though undoubtedly human, it was very animal in
its instincts and ways. It walked and ran on hands
and feet, and could only utter a sound or cry like an
animal. It was looked after carefully, but still
managed several times to escape to the woods. In
spite of all efforts to coax it, it refused food, and soon
pined and died in captivity.
Colonel Low, the Resident, Login's kind friend,
knowing how anxious he was to get his next brother
an appointment, exerted his influence to this effect,
and an assistant-surgeoncy was offered him and eagerly
accepted:
James Dryburgh Login, after taking his degree
of M.D. in Edinburgh, had walked the hospitals
of Paris and Vienna, and was looked upon as a surgeon
of great promise. He was appointed to an European
regiment on his arrival in India, and was only able to
pay a flying visit to his brother en route to the
frontier, where his regiment was stationed.
.
John Login being now able to offer a home to his
sisters, after their mother's death, which took place while
he was at Herát, two of them came out to him, and
married respectively Colonel-afterwards General—
Joseph Graham, Superintendent of the Thuggee
* Large district of jungle and swamps on the confines of Oude and Nepal,
the resort of tigers and all sorts of game.
A
!
LUCKNOW.
79
IV.
Department, and Captain-afterwards General-Alfred Chapter
Wintle, Bengal Horse Artillery. His youngest brother 1842-48.
Tom, after practical training at home as a civil
engineer, he brought out, and through Mr. Thomason's
interest got him appointed under Colonel-afterwards
Sir Proby-Cautly, who was then commencing the
Ganges Canal. He proved himself to have talents
of no mean order in his profession; he rose to great
distinction as an engineer, and died some years ago
Superintending Engineer of the Punjab (Second
Circle).
Patrick Vans Agnew was one of the assistants to the
Resident at Lucknow, and a great friendship grew up
between him and Login; after he left they corre-
sponded frequently, until Agnew's melancholy death by
assassination at Mooltan.
The King of Oude had several English officers and
gentlemen in his service, besides those in his military
employ. Colonel Wilcox (Trigonometrical Survey)
was Astronomer to the King, and Mr. George Beechey
(son of Sir William Beechey, Royal Academician) was
his painter, and had to take portraits of the Governors-
General and Commanders-in-Chief for, the King's
gallery.
These gentlemen had always been treated with great
distinction by Mahomed Ali Shah; but when he was
succeeded by his son, Wajid Ali Shah—who was after-
wards deposed by Lord Dalhousie-a marked difference
began to display itself. The young King was anxious
1
80
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
1842-48.
Chapter to show his courtiers that these Englishmen were
IV. merely his servants, who could be treated with
arrogance and contempt. This was felt very galling
by the Englishmen, who were unable to take notice of
it, as they knew it would be seized on by the King's
favourites as a means of getting rid of them. Matters
came to a climax when, instead of the customary
courteous invitation from His Majesty to attend some
grand public function at Court, a circular invitation
was brought, with only the names of the gentlemen
invited on the outside of the envelope in a column,
with space opposite each for their signature in token of
acceptance.
+
Login's name headed the list, in virtue of receiving
pay from the King as Superintendent of Hospitals.
Instead of signing his name, he confiscated the paper,
and took it straight to the Resident, Sir George
Pollock, who made a special representation to the King
on the subject. His Majesty was quite alarmed at this
unexpected turn of affairs, and ordered an ample
apology to be made, decreeing that the title of
"Bahadoor" was henceforth conferred on "Login
Sahib," and a huge silver seal, set with stones, was
ordered to be engraved with his name and title, to be
used as his seal, and always to be attached by him to
any paper he might send to the King. A day was
appointed for his reception at the Palace, to have his
title and seal presented, with a khillut, or dress of
honour.
LUCKNOW.
81
י
t
Instead of losing influence by this independent Chapter
course, he was more highly appreciated than ever.
The King's public dinners, followed by entertain-
ments of nautches and fireworks, were always a great
amusement to strangers. These dinners were more
breakfasts or tiffin, being given during the day.
Every sort of delicacy was provided, and the King
himself had some special dish served up for him. It
was considered a great mark of Royal favour to have a
portion from this dish sent round to some favoured
guest.
On one occasion, after a khillut had been presented
to Dr. Login, before the dinner, for some special reason,
the King took it into his head to show a public mark
of his approval, and taking up a handful (!) of
kabobs* and rice, which he was eating, placed it on a
plate and sent it round with his salaam to Mrs. Login,
who, it is to be feared, did not fully appreciate this
delicate attention!
The eyes of all the assembly were fixed on her, for
of course she was expected to eat the dainty thus
honoured by the royal hand!
A crowd of servants stood behind the royal chair,
each having his separate office. One waved the regal
chowree over his master's head to keep off the flies; a
second, the royal punkah, or fan; another bore his
hookah; a fourth, the golden chillumchee and lota; † a
* Small pieces of meat roasted on tiny wooden skewers. † Ewer and basin.
IV.
1842-48.
Ꮐ
82
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
IV.
1842-48.
Chapter fifth stood by the King's side to wipe his mouth with
a napkin after every morsel; a sixth lifted his glass of
sherbet to his mouth; whilst the seventh held in
readiness the royal pocket-handkerchief and wiped
"his royal nose !"
It was etiquette that he should not appear able
even to walk about without support, and he was lifted
into his carriage like a bale of goods! This did not
appear so extraordinary in the case of the old King,
Mahomed Ali Shah, who was both aged and infirm,
but it did strike the European community as absurd
when the young Wajid Ali Shah, who had prided
himself on his great activity, suddenly seemed by his
accession to the throne to have been deprived of the
use of his limbs. On one occasion alone did he dare
to set etiquette at defiance. This was on his first visit
of ceremony to the Resident. He submitted to be
hoisted up the steps and into the Residency, but on
taking his leave, to his attendants' dismay, he actually
ran up the ladder to the howdah of his elephant, amid
the applause of the Europeans present. Is it surpris-
ing that this life of inaction so rapidly produces in their
sovereigns the amount of corpulence which in Oriental
ideas is essential to the kingly dignity?
That Login had the faculty of gaining the hearts of
his subordinates, is proved by the devotion shown by
his servants to himself and his family, and the length
1
LUCKNOW.
83
of years they remained in his service, following his Chapter
fortunes often into strange and distant lands.
The faithful Khalipha Ali Bux, who had been with
him at Herát and Cabul, was now made Derogah
of the Gharib-khana. He took up his abode there
with his two wives, and was indefatigable in his
duties. Fatimah, the fair Heráti, was a great
favourite with everybody. Khalipha used to compare
himself to Jacob, with whose history he was quite
familiar, and would say, with a twinkle in his eye, that
whenever he saw signs of a little domestic "breeze"
getting up, he threatened to send for the Doctor
Sahib, and that was enough!
Hinghan Khan, the Heráti boy, had accompanied
his master to India. He was a light weight, and
being like most of his countrymen a splendid rider,
often rode postillion with Mrs. Login's pretty phaeton,
drawn by a pair of Cabulis. These animals had a
most inveterate love of fighting, in which they
frequently indulged, even when in harness. To cure
them of this habit, an extra rein was fastened to the
"off" pony, tying his head away from his fellow; but
this did not prevent the "near" horse, when his rider
was off his guard, making a snatch at his companion
across the pole and then the fight began. At it they
went, "tooth and hoof," to the terror of the
bystanders, whether at the bandstand of an evening,
or on the road!
Mrs. Login became so used to it, that she would sit
IV. -
1842-48.
G 2
84
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter patiently till the combatants were either separated or
IV.
1842-48. tired out, helping Hinghan by pulling the rein that
held back the "off" pony, in order to stop the
fight, and save his leg from being crushed against the
pole. When herself driving these animals, she was
obliged to have both of them kept apart by reins.
Strange that this quarrelsome disposition only showed
itself after they came to India; at Herát and Cabul
they lived together in one stall, and were most
affectionate.
Poor Hinghan was devotedly attached to his master's
children, and his gallantry and presence of mind helped
on one occasion to save them from an awful peril.
The Kings of Oude used to delight in elephant fights
at their entertainments, and for this purpose a certain
number of male elephants were kept in a place apart
from others, where they were trained and made must
(mad or ferocious) to prepare them for these fights.
One morning, very early, the boy Hinghan Khan
was out exercising his master's horse, Kamrán. On
passing this place he found a terrific battle going on,
between the mahout* and a large elephant who was to
fight next day at the Palace entertainment.
Hinghan only remained long enough to see the poor
mahout thrown down and trampled to death, while the
elephant rushed out, quite mad, straight through the
city. Suddenly it flashed on him, that the two babies
* Elephant-driver.
LUCKNOW.
85
-
IV.
of the Doctor Sahib had started for their early Chapter
morning airing with the ayah on their elephant, and 1842-48.
would be now on their way home, right in the track
of this infuriated beast, whose trumpetting was rousing
the whole city! Instead of turning home, therefore,
the boy gave the rein to the Turcoman he was riding,
and flew like the wind to give the alarm to the
children's attendants. He met them returning about
a mile and a half away, their elephant already excited
by the distant roaring of the mad one, and refusing to
proceed. Instead of obeying the mahout's goad, it
stood still, quivering with rage, and trumpetting loudly,
eager for the fray-for it was a large and powerful
animal, noted in the shikar after tigers for its courage
and speed,* and could hardly be induced to turn its
back on the prospect of a fight. When, therefore,
Hinghan appeared shouting "Hathee! hathee! must!
must!" (Elephant ! mad elephant !), and waved to the
mahout to leave the road and strike into a by-way, it
was with the greatest difficulty that the man endea-
voured to follow his directions. When at length he
succeeded, the must elephant was almost upon them,
and then ensued a terrible race for life!!
It requires practice to accommodate oneself to the
pace of an elephant, even when the animal is only
walking, and what the motion is like when at a gallop,
* It was afterwards nearly blinded by a tiger in the Terai, when out on
shikar.
86
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
IV.
1842-48.
Chapter or in a race, is past description! Suffice it to say,
that the mahout managed to outstrip the mad brute,
whose terrific roaring seemed to strike terror into all
other animals. Hinghan Khan created a diversion in
every way he could, to distract the must elephant's
attention, and would have succeeded better had not
his poor Turcoman been wild with terror and un-
manageable.
Throughout this mad gallop the ayah, though dis-
tracted with fright, yet bravely seated herself in the
bottom of the howdah, clasping the two children with
one hand, while she held on with the other. The
children, fortunately, were too young to understand
their danger, and were only indignant at the rude
treatment and knocking about their "dear ayah” had
sustained in trying to save them.
That Login's coolness and determination approached
stoicism when his own sufferings were in question, was
sometimes rather curiously illustrated.
He had been badly bitten by a horse in the hand;
the brute having seized the whole thumb in his teeth,
had regularly crunched the bone. Nothing would make
him let go; and he kept throwing up his head out of
reach, so that Login was unable to free himself. For-
tunately, Mrs. Login, who was with him, had the
presence of mind to pass her hand into the horse's
mouth, behind the teeth, and seizing the animal's
tongue, to give it a violent twist, at the same time
,
LUCKNOW.
87
IV.
1842-48. -
startling him with a blow on the nose. This manœuvre Chapter
was successful in making him leave go of his victim;
but the injury was already so severe, and in such a
dangerous position, that it was feared tetanus must
supervene. In view of this, Dr. Login himself made
all the preparations for the amputation of his thumb;
as it was his right hand that was wounded he could
not perform the operation himself, and there was no
other surgeon to be had. He therefore sent for his
European apothecary, and gave him the most minute
instructions how to proceed, and arranged that he
himself would do all to assist him, short of using the
actual knife. Mercifully the amputation was not
found to be necessary.
1
General Claude Martine's* noble legacy to the City
of Lucknow, the Martinière College, was inaugurated
at this time, and Login was the most active member
of the Board of Management.
As Honorary Secretary he drew up all the rules of
* Claude Martine, the Founder, was a Frenchman, a true soldier of fortune;
he amassed great wealth while in the service of successive Kings of Oude, and at
his death he left it in equal portions between the cities of his birth and adoption,
Lyons and Lucknow.. His splendid house, or rather palace, named Constantia,
which he had built near Lucknow, he specially endowed to be a college called by
his name La Martinière. Knowing that there was a risk that his master, the
King, might choose Constantia as a royal residence when he died, he took the
precaution to direct in his will that his body should be placed in a mausoleum
underneath the house, with access through it, so as to be actually in the
building, thus defiling it for Mahomedans. His tomb was one of the sights
of Lucknow, being quite French or Napoleonic, figures large as life dressed in full
uniform guarding the coffin, and a light always burning.
88
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
1842-48.
Chapter the College, and had the satisfaction of setting it
IV. afloat under its first Principal, Mr. Clint a very
learned man sent out from England. He was succeeded,
on his retirement after a short period, by Dr. Sprenger,
a much more practical man for a new college on its
trial. After Dr. Sprenger's appointment, Login had
the opportunity he had longed for of securing another
dispensary for the poor of Lucknow.
To effect this purpose he generously offered to give
up
his allowance of 100 rupees per mensem for medical
duties at the College, in order that a well-qualified
sub-assistant surgeon (native) might be entertained,
who could perform the duties of a dispensary as well.
At the same time he offered gratuitously his own
assistance and advice to the person appointed. In
proposing this he had in view the suggestion which he
had submitted to the Secretary to Government two
years before, and which was approved of, to endeavour
to attach a medical class to the College as soon as it
was fairly established, as it would be a great benefit if
some of the students could have the opportunity of
being trained in the medical profession.
On Henry Lawrence being appointed. to the post of
Resident at Nepal, he came with his wife and little
boy Alick (Tim) to pay the Logins a visit on his way
to Khatmandoo. Lawrence's energetic character found
a ready response in Login, and the two friends were
perfectly happy during this visit in conceiving and
LUCKNOW.
89
IV..
carrying out all sorts of schemes for improving the Chapter
condition of the natives, and for stirring up the indolent 1842-48.
nobles and opulent merchants to a sense of their re-
sponsibility to their poorer brethren.*
Lawrence at that time was writing articles for the
Calcutta Review, of which Kaye was editor, and he
urged Login to do the same. Observing that the idea
of improving the means of carriage for our wounded
soldiers in the field was exercising his mind, he got him
to write several articles on that subject.†
All Lawrence's staff of servants were hired in
Lucknow for the new appointment at Khatmandoo,
and when he took up his abode there the intercourse
between the two friends did not slacken.
Henry Lawrence's faith in Login's powers as a Post-
master was very great, and they were indefatigable in
stirring up their respective native Courts, of Oude and
Khatmandoo, to facilitate traffic by post and dûk.
* Could those two friends have foreseen, as they sat together over their chota
hazeree in the verandah, in the delicious cold weather mornings, after their early
ride, that on a day not far distant Henry Lawrence would be carried, amid a very
hail of bullets, wounded unto death, from the Residency hard by, to die on this
very spot!
† Login had seen, when on active service, so much of the suffering experienced,
and borne so patiently, by the sick and wounded, in the wretched doolies in use,
that he employed his inventive powers (which were great) in perfecting a litter
which would be comfortable in itself and easily carried by bearers, or on the backs
of elephants, camels, bullocks, or ponies. It was named "Blessière," and was
found so pleasant as a conveyance that it was often used by invalid travellers
going dak, in preference to palanquin or doolie, as it allowed of change of
posture.
90
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
?
Chapter
IV.
1842-48.
The Lucknow post-office became famous for its speed
and punctuality, and Login received a special letter of
thanks from Government, to whom he was recom-
mended by Thomason, Lieut.-Governor of the North-
Western Provinces, for a special gratuity on this
account; but there was some rule which prevented
this being granted, though the recommendation was
recorded.
Some letters of Henry Lawrence's may prove
interesting:-
MY DEAR LOGIN,
NEPAL, Jan. 20th, 1844.
I have just written to Thomason about post-office
matters. I have asked him if the report is true that I hear, that
he is to appoint a young civilian to the Postmaster-Generalship?
I said he ought in justice to the country to give the post to the
best man in the department, one able to do the duty and willing
to do it, and who would stick to the berth. I have told him there
should be three grades-500, 300, and 200 rupees, and raise men
of acknowledged zeal and ability, that the natives would then
trust their valuable letters to us, which they don't do at present,
and the post-office funds would soon pay the increased salaries.
Thomason is a queer fellow, and dislikes interference. If,
therefore, he values my opinion at all he will take it best in the
shape I have given it, and I heartily hope soon to see you in office
as Postmaster-General of the. North-West Provinces, for I
earnestly believe you would do it full justice, and would expedite
the dâks in a manner the slow coaches little think of. You would
also make the dâk as valuable to the natives as it is to our-
selves.
LUCKNOW.
91
I have given Thomason numerous instances of how native Chapter
letters are neglected.
Our love to you both.
IV.
1842-48.
Yours,
H. M. L.
NEPAL, Dec. 19th, 1844.
MY DEAR LOGIN,
I hear from many quarters that there is every prospect
of your being our new Postmaster-General.
I thought Thomason could not be so foolish as to put in a young
civilian, for then it would only be temporary.
You will make a first-rate head of the department, and work
up the men under you into something like your own energy and
capability.
Alick has been very ill again. Oh I wish we
Oh' I wish we had your brother
the medico here; I would have every confidence in him. The
little fellow is so pulled down, and my wife is so sadly weak, that I
feel very anxious. The Lucknow ayah is a great comfort. I
hope you are busy with your "Beggar" article. Follow your
own bent, and I doubt not that it will take immensely, and be
very acceptable to the Review. Please have it ready by the end
of February at latest, and any information you can give as to
relief societies, and the effects of the great famine, will be
very interesting.
Our Prince here has put down his papa, and has been giving
me a lot of trouble. Last week they murdered (killed, they call
it) sixteen of the opposition party, and all hands have now called
the boy to the throne. Do give me a slight biographical sketch
of Hakim Mhendi and Agameer, and the Treasurer, or Dewan-I
forget his name stating who and what each of them were.
Yours sincerely,
H. M. L.
92
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
NEPAL, Feb. 11th, 1845.
Chapter MY DEAR LOGIN,
IV.
1842-48.
My wife has been very ill, so ill that for a week I feared
for her life. To-day she is better, and I hope out of danger, but
terribly reduced.
I am sorry to hear that your dear wife has been so ill. I regret
much that you did not make up your minds earlier to spend your
hot season with us here; it is now, of course, too late for a deli-
cate lady to travel through the Terai, but your brother Tom might
still come if you and he like the idea, and you think it is for his
good to do so. I shall be right pleased to have him. Write by
return, and start him off without delay, so as to reach Segowlee
by the 7th or 8th of March.
He must travel dák, of course, and the less he brings with him
the better, beyond his clothes. It is not safe to pass through the
Terai after the 15th March. I repeat my offer to give him 100
rupees per mensem, and a moonshee to teach him the languages, on
condition that he gives me (in my own room) his time for two
hours a day to write letters for me. I have books of every kind,
and will be glad to assist his studies in any way. My invitation
is for the whole year for certain. After that we'll launch him, and
if he is your brother he'll find his own legs!
If he agrees, give him a copy of what I have written, that there
may be no mistake between us. I limit the time to a year,
because I never feel sure that I will care to remain here longer
than this year.
I have heard from Thomason; he does not like my saying that
his post-office arrangements are not so good as they might be.
Good as he is, he has crotchets, and not a few.
He says he finds it very difficult to do always as he would
like.
My dear wife will gladly undertake the office of godmother to
the last arrival (remember our compact, that the next boy is to be
my godson).
LUCKNOW.
93
r
When your wife's letter reached Honoria, she was so ill that I Chapter
feared much you would have need to apply elsewhere. Her illness
seems very strange; certainly Dr. C
does not understand it.
I called in Prince Waldemar's * doctor, and he was so far useful
in supporting C.
IV.
1842-48.
MY DEAR LOGIN,
Yours,
H. M. L.
NEPAL, Aug. 9th, 1845.
I am glad to hear you are all flourishing. . . .
. . I
I was
pleased that you approved of the Oude article in the Calcutta
Review. • If I had known I would have been kept so long
before printing, I would have sent the manuscript to you for
revision, to be sure that I had grasped your meaning always; as
it is, there are some absurd misprints. You are mysterious in
what you say about Shakespear's movements. I have no wish to
get Lucknow unless I were allowed full swing to carry out my
schemes for the amelioration of the people; in that case I would
undoubtedly accept, and as a matter of conscience consent to
sacrifice my own comfort for the good of the country; but if I
were employed in Oude I should certainly stipulate to have the
benefit of your services. Don't you think we could make some-
thing of that fine country between us? I certainly would not
have men with me who are idle lie-a-beds like
I hope your young brother likes his work. I hear from Thoma-
son that he finds him well "worth his salt" on the Ganges
Canal. I am very glad, although you would not accept my offer
to help him.
How I wish we had your brother James here as doctor, and
also for companionship, for my rides are very lonely-only fancy
* Prussian Prince then travelling in India.
94
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter
never once has ridden with me since he came, though often
IV. asked! I fancy he and his wife dislike us, at least it looks like it.
1842-48. They are respectable people according to the fashion of the
world's respectability, but their hearts are "gizzards." He has
only three ideas in his head-there is no such thing as poverty
in England—the English Church is purity and propriety personi-
fied, and-" Antigua." We have never any disagreement, simply
we don't milao (assimilate); but, my dear old Login, I know
you hate scandal, and I never meant to write any when I began.
We don't like to see Tim grow so weedy and nervous; I don't
want him to be girlish, but he has lost all courage of late. My
wife begs I will give you the enclosed description of his state.
Will you think it all over, and give us directions or prescriptions
as you think best? My wife has such faith in you that if you
take him in hand she will be at rest.
Yours,
H. M. L.
When Lawrence was sent from Nepal to Lahore to
be Resident, he still kept up a friendly correspondence.
Here is a letter written when preparing to go home on
leave to recruit his health, sadly broken down, leaving
the Punjab, as he and Lord Hardinge believed,
tranquil, if not quite settled down :-
MY DEAR LOGIN,
LAHORE, Nov. 5th, 1847.
Many thanks for your kind chit just received. I answer
in a way at once, lest it get laid aside in the bustle. I want you
to tell Tom to qualify as a surveyor, for there will be work for
him hereafter in the Punjab.
LUCKNOW.
95
I don't think it would do for Lord Hardinge to do anything just Chapter
as he is leaving; but I think that his successor should do much
IV.
what you propose, and I agree with you that John is the best 1842-48.
man they could get to carry out the arrangement, and I shall tell
the Court of Directors so when I get home.
I leave Lahore on the 1st December, and go down to Calcutta.
I am better, but very seedy and rickety, and want a thorough
setting-up. I'll keep your secret, and advise you to write a great
deal more of same sort for the Delhi Gazette. I thought the
article very good and very like you-certainly not written by
Delhi folks. The paper wants a little help; a little would enable
it to floor that scoundrel at Meerut. I trust that Mrs. Login's
health holds out. My kindest regards to her and you.
Yours,
H. LAWRENCE.
Previous to this Lawrence had succeeded in getting
Login's brother, James Dryburgh, appointed to be Resi-
dency-Surgeon at Nepal, where he remained after
Lawrence was appointed to the Punjab frontier on
the breaking out of the war. The young surgeon's in-
fluence over the Minister, Jung Bahadoor, was remark-
able. He inspired him with a great desire to go to
England to judge for himself what sort of people they
were who ruled India.
Jung Bahadoor applied for permission to Govern-
ment, that Dr. James D. Login should be permitted to
accompany him to England and to visit the Continent
of Europe.
The permission was granted; but before the informa-
1
い
​196
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
· 1842-48.
Chapter tion reached James Login he was dead, having been
IV. attacked by cholera at Dinapore, and carried off after a
few hours' illness. It was brought on by exposure to a
fierce sun on the river, working and superintending the
fitting-up of a boat to carry a patient, the wife of
a friend, to Calcutta on her way to England.
It is satisfactory to know that although he was not
permitted himself to carry out his desire to open Jung
Bahadoor's eyes to the power and greatness of England,
yet that the visit was productive of great results, and
that it was the cause of making a friend of that astute
and wily native, whose friendship proved so useful in
the Mutiny.
It was expected that when Dr. Login's promotion to
the grade of full surgeon took place that he also (like
Dr. Stevenson, his predecessor) would be permitted to
remain in the appointment of Residency-Surgeon until
there was a vacancy for him as Postmaster-General.
No doubt this would have been the case had either of
his former chiefs, Low, Nott, Pollock, or Davidson,
been the Resident, for they would have applied for
him. Login himself, on principle, always acting on the
belief that the Government knew best who was the
fittest man for a particular office, had, made it a rule
never to ask for anything. It happened however,
that the Resident and his first Assistant had taken
offence at Dr. Login, because on public grounds he (as
a member of the Council of Management and Secre-
tary) opposed their wish to appoint a very unfit man
}
}
LUCKNOW.
97
1
IV.
as the Sub-Assistant Surgeon in charge of the Marti- Chapter
nière Dispensary. Colonel Richmond took the extra- 1842-48.
ordinary step, as soon as he saw Login's promotion in
the Gazette, of appointing another Assistant-Surgeon
till his successor was gazetted, and ordered the native
Sub-Assistant Surgeon to take charge at once of the
King's hospitals, thus virtually ousting Dr. Login.
This appointment, when sent up to the authorities
for confirmation, brought down a severe rebuke on the
Resident, who was told by the Governor-General that
the appointment was a most improper one; he had,
therefore, himself to pay to his nominees the allowances
he tried to deduct from Dr. Login.
Login had arranged to send home his wife and
children when he became full surgeon. And had it not
been for the disturbed state of the Punjab at the time,
he would have taken furlough and gone home with
them; as it was, he applied to be sent on active service
with the army then assembling.
He was again appointed to the charge of the Horse
Artillery, and joined the 6th Battalion at Deena-
nuggur, under Brigadier Wheeler, in the autumn of
1848.
H
CHAPTER V.
THE SIKHS.
was first
Chapter THE Punjab, or Land of the "Five Rivers,
V. known to Western nations as the kingdom of Porus.
The Greeks under Alexander, who defeated that
monarch, gave to the country he ruled over the name
of "India."
India." This name later ages extended to those
vast territories which lie betwixt the Indus and the
Irrawaddy, and stretch from Cape Comorin to the
farthest Himalayas.
The Punjab itself is about the size of the present
kingdom of Prussia (including Hanover and Schleswig-
Holstein), though its population is not quite so dense
as that of northern Germany. It enjoys every
variety of climate, from the drifting snows of Ladakh
to the dust-storms of Mooltan.
The products of the
* From panch, “five;” āb, “water."
†The total population of the Punjab, including the Native States, was, in
1881, 22,712,120. Exclusive of the Native States, it is 18,850,437. The popula-
tion of Prussia is about 27,000,000.
Cunningham's "History of the Sikhs,” p. 2.
}
THE SIKHS.
- 99
V.
soil are equally varied, and though it is not so Chapter
marvellously fertile as parts of Bengal and the basin of
the Ganges, even in the days of Runjeet Singh the
revenues were estimated at two and a half millions
sterling, while under British rule they have nearly
doubled!* The wealth of the country, however, is
largely owing to its trade in shawls, carpets, and silk
goods (the shawls of Cashmere and carpets of Mooltan
being almost equally famous), and to its export of salt
-the salt-mines of the Jhelum district forming a
valuable source of revenue to the British Government.
The inhabitants are of many races, the most numerous
in the central plain, about the cities of Lahore and
Amritsur, being the Jats—a tribe of Central Asian
origin—and it was amongst these people that the Sikh
theism had its birth.
It must not be forgotten that the Sikhs in origin
were a religious body, and not a race. They were
banded together, not by the ties of kindred or
common ancestry, but by the ardour and religious
zeal of one earnest soul searching for Divine truth,
who formed them into a brotherhood of enthusiastic
disciples, sworn to carry on his mission to succeeding
generations, and bring all who would accept their
teaching, of whatever tribe, language, or religion, from
the darkness of idolatry and debased superstition,
* Gross receipts for the year ending March 31st, 1884-£4,810,825.
H 2
100
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter which disgraced all the creeds of India, to the simple
V. worship of the one Supreme Deity. Unlike the
followers of Mahomed, the Sikhs made no converts by
the sword.
1469.
1695.
Nânuk, the founder of the Sikh religion, was born
in the year 1469. The Adi Grunt'h, or sacred book
of the Sikhs, which contains his writings, shows that
the doctrines he taught breathe a high spirituality
and truly exalted moral character. Here and there,
indeed, they bear a strange and shadowy resemblance
to some of the precepts of the Christian faith. Nânuk
taught that God was One, Eternal, Incomprehensible,
the Creator of all; that all creeds were to be tolerated,
and all founders of religious systems honoured as
teachers sent to reveal some portion of Divine truth;
but they were on no account to be regarded as deities
themselves. The Hindoo religion and that of
Mahomed is thus placed on equal terms.
Nânuk was succeeded by nine Gûrûs or teachers,
whereof Govind* was the tenth and last. Govind
proclaimed the foundation of the Khâlsat or sacred
commonwealth of the Sikhs. Caste was to be done
away, and all Sikhs were equally to receive the pahul,
* Govind assumed the Gûrûship in 1695.
+ The word Khalsa signifies "pure, special, free." According to the teaching
of Govind, every Sikh, as such, was equally a member of the Khâlsa, which was
regarded as the depository of Divine authority upon earth, and in whose collective
body God Himself was held to be mystically present.
THE SIKHS.
101
-
or initiatory rite;* the locks of the faithful were to Chapter
remain unshorn, and they were told to assume the
surname of “Singh" (lion).
V.
1695.
Govind also formed the Sikhs into a military and 1708.
political organization, and when he died, in 1708, told
his followers that the mission of the appointed "Ten"
was fulfilled; and henceforth the Gûrûship was absorbed
in the general body of the Khâlsa.
Politically the Sikhs were divided into a number of
separate "Misls" or confederacies, each headed by a
Sirdar or chief. These associations are peculiarly
Sikh institutions, and the name being derived from an
Arabic word signifying "alike or equal," implies that
they were associations of equals, under chiefs of their
own selection. The Sirdar's portion being first divided
off, the remainder of the lands and property acquired
by these bands of freebooters was parcelled out among
his followers-whether relatives, friends, volunteers,
or hired retainers—who had followed his banner in the
field, and who each took his part as co-sharer, and
held it in absolute independence.†
* The essentials for this were: 1st. The presence of five Sikhs (disciples).
"Where five Sikhs are assembled," says Govind, "there is the Khalsa." 2nd.
Some sugar and water stirred together in a vessel with a two-edged dagger or
other iron weapon. The candidate repeats the articles of his faith, a portion of
the water is sprinkled over him, and he drinks the remainder with the exclama-
tion, "Hail Gûrû!" See Cunningham, Note, p. 76.
+ Prinsep's "History of the Sikhs," p. 28. The principal Misls were twelve in
number, viz:-1. Bhungee. 2. Kuneia or Ghunneya. 3. Sooker-Chukea.
4. Ramgurhea. 5. Phoolkea. 6. Nukeia. 7. Aloowalea. 8. Duleeala.
9. Nishanwalea. 10. Krorea Singhea. 11. Shudeed and Nihung. 12. Fyzool
lapoorea or Singhpoorea.
102
!
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter
V.
1762.
1774.
It is in the year 1762 that the name of Churrut
Singh, Chief of the Sooker-Chukea Misl, first rises into
notice, he having then established a stronghold in his
wife's village of Goojranwallah, famous in after years as
the birth-place of his grandson, the renowned Runjeet
Singh.
When, in 1774, Churrut Singh was killed by the
bursting of his own matchlock, and was succeeded in
his chieftainship by his son, Maha Singh, the revenues
of his Misl were estimated at three lakhs of rupees
(£30,000).*
Maha Singh overthrew and slew Jai Singh, the chief
of the Kuneia Misl, who had become the most powerful
amongst the Sikh Sirdars, and married the infant
grand-daughter of Jai Singh to his only son Runjeet
Singh. That youth, therefore, on his father's death, in
1792. 1792, found himself, at the early age of twelve years,
paramount chief of the Sikh nation.
1799.
In the year 1799, in return for services rendered to
the Afghan Shah Zuman, Runjeet Singh received a
royal investiture of the city of Lahore. Thus was the
first step gained towards the establishing of kingly
power in the Punjab, though it was not until ten years
later, that his predominance over the other Sirdars was
firmly fixed, and a formal treaty entered into with the
British (April 25th, 1809), in which he was acknow-
ledged as ruler of all the Sikhs (except those of Malwa
*
Prinsep, p. 39.
}
:
1
"
THE SIKHS.
103
1799.
and Sirhind, south of the Sutlej, which were under Chapter
British protection), and whereby perpetual friendship
was secured between the British Government and the
State of Lahore-an engagement faithfully kept
throughout his life by the Maharajah.
Runjeet Singh left at his death (June 27th, 1839) 1839.
six sons, of whom four were legitimate, or "acknow-
ledged," viz., (1) Khurruck Singh, born 1802; (2)
Shere Singh, born 1807; (3) Tara Singh, said to be
twin-brother of Shere Singh; (4) Duleep Singh, born
September 4th, 1831.
There were also two illegitimate, or "adopted," sons,
viz., Cashmera Singh, born 1819; and Peshawura
Singh, born 1823.
Of the "legitimate" sons, born of his wives, only
two, however, Khurruck Singh and Duleep Singh,
were fully acknowledged as such by the Maharajah ;
Shere Singh and Tara Singh having always been sup-
posed by him, and generally believed, to have been
substituted for a daughter by his first, or principal,
wife, Mehtab Koür, daughter of Goorbuksh Singh, and
heiress of the Kuneia chieftainship. To neither of
them did the Maharajah ever show any parental
affection.* Shere Singh was commonly reported to be
the son of a carpenter, and Tara Singh that of a
weaver.
1
* Memorandum drawn up for Her Majesty by Sir John Login. See also
Cunningham, p. 186.
!
104
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter
V.
1839.
Runjeet Singh was succeeded by his eldest son,
Khurruck Singh, whose reign lasted barely five and a
half months. Khurruck Singh was of weak intellect,
and the government rested entirely in the hands of
his son, Nao-Nehal Singh. This Prince conspired with
the famous three "Jummoo Brothers "* to murder one
Cheit Singh, the favourite of the Maharajah, his
father. The crime was perpetrated at daybreak on the
8th October, 1839, within a few paces of the terrified
monarch, who himself died soon after (November 5th),
prematurely old and careworn.
That same day retribution overtook Nao-Nehal
Singh, for, as he was returning from the perform-
ance of the last rites at the funeral pyre of his father,
the masonry of a gateway under which he was passing
gave way, and he, together with the eldest son of
Golâb Singh, who was at his side, was crushed under
the ruins. The Jummoo Rajahs were, of course,
suspected of causing his death, and it is possible that
self-preservation may have been their motive, as they
well knew that Nao-Nehal Singh had determined on
their destruction.
For some time the government was assumed by
Chund Koür, the widow of Khurruck. Singh; but on
*
Rajahs Golâb Singh (made afterwards Maharajah of Cashmere by the English),
Dhyan Singh, and Suchet Singh, three brothers, who were powerful favourites of
Runjeet Singh.
† See Cunningham, p. 244; also Smyth's "Reigning Family of Lahore."
Steinbach. Henry Lawrence's " Adventurer in the Punjab," &c.

६
Ever affichimately
Deluß Fenger

THE SIKHS.
105
1
V.
the 18th January, 1841, through the influence of the Chapter
Jummoo Rajahs and the army, Shere Singh, the 1841.
reputed son of Runjeet Singh, was proclaimed Mahar-
ajah.
In 1843, Rajah Dhyan Singh, who was Wuzeer, 1843.
finding that his influence with the Maharajah was on
the wane, conspired with two Sirdars of the Sind-
hanwallah family,* named Ajeet Singh and Lena
Singh, to murder both Shere Singh and his
eldest son, Pertâb Singh, a boy of thirteen or
fourteen years. Dhyan Singh, however, gained little
by his treachery, for he was murdered by his
accomplices within an hour or two of his master. His
death was avenged by his son, the youthful Heera
Singh, who made an appeal to the army; and Ajeet
Singh and Lena Singh were slain in their turn.†
Duleep Singh was then proclaimed Maharajah
(September 18th, 1843), and Heera Singh raised to the
high and fatal office" of Wuzeer.‡
66
Duleep Singh was born in the palace at Lahore on
the 4th September, 1838, about three months before
the interview at Ferozepore between Lord Auckland
and the ruler of the Sikhs, which preceded the advance
of the army of the Indus to Afghanistan. He was at
* Descendants of Nodha, an ancestor of Runjeet Singh.
+ Smyth's "Reigning Family of Lahore," p. 76.
† Cunningham, p. 271. Shere Singh had left a son (Sheo Deo Singh), then an
infant of four months, and also three adopted sons.-Memo. by Sir J. Login.
106
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
V.
1843.
Chapter once acknowledged by the Maharajah Runjeet Singh
as his son, and much attention and kindness was shown
to his mother, the Ranee Jinda, or Chunda. After the
death of the " Great Maharajah," which occurred when
the child was about ten months old, and during the
reigns of Khurruck Singh and Shere Singh, the young
prince continued to reside in the palace under his
mother's care, receiving but little notice from either of
his elder brothers, the reigning princes, or their
ministers.
Since the death of Runjeet Singh and the dissolution
of the Misls, the army had been the real power in the
State. Claiming to represent the Khâlsa itself, it
took upon it to discuss all national and important
matters, and to have the selection of the occupant of
the guddee (throne). It maintained a rigid internal
discipline in itself, as far as drill and military duties
were concerned; but its relation to the Executive
Government was determined by a council or assemblage
of committees, composed of delegates from each
battalion or regiment. These committees were termed
Punchayets," from the word `panch (five), the mystic-
number of the Khâlsa, and the system is a common
one throughout Hindostan, where every section of a
tribe or district has its punchayet, or village parliament.
66
The Maharanee Jinda was made Regent for her son.
She was a woman of great capacity and strong will,
who had considerable influence with the Punchayets,
being a skilful intriguer and endowed with undoubted
1
THE SIKHS.
107
courage, though her moral character left much to be Chapter
desired.
Dissensions soon broke out among the Jummoo
family. Suchet Singh, the youngest of the three
"Jummoo Brothers," was mortified at the ascendancy
of his nephew, Heera Singh, and determined to sup-
plant him.
He broke at length into open rebellion,
but was overthrown, and died, fighting to the last.
Suchet Singh left no heirs, and his immense estates
and wealth were the cause of much dispute later on.
He had buried about one and a half million rupees'
worth of treasure at Ferozepore on British territory,
and this the Lahore Government claimed, both as
escheated property of a feudatory without male heirs,
and as the confiscated property of a rebel in arms,
while the British Government contended that the
claim must be pleaded and proved in a British court of
justice.*
Rajah Golâb Singh had supported his nephew Heera
Singh. He was the eldest and most crafty of the
"Jummoo Brothers"; his wealth and territories were
enormous, and this overgrown vassal was a source of
serious embarrassment to the central power.
He was,
however, reduced to submission by the army, and
obliged to pay a fine of three and a half million
rupees (£350,000), which was afterwards increased to
six and three quarter millions (£675,000).
* Cunningham, p. 278.
V.
· 1843.
108
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter
V.
1845.
Jowahir Singh, the brother of the Maharanee, was
now ambitious of power. He conspired against Heera
Singh, caused him to be put to death, and himself
became Wuzeer in his place; but falling under the
displeasure of the Punchayets, was himself publicly
shot by their order, in the presence of his sister and his
nephew, the little Maharajah.
In the December of the same year (1845), the Sikh
army crossed the Sutlej, and there followed what is
known as the First Sikh War.
On the news reaching the capital, of the annihilation
of his army at Sobraon, the young Maharajah set out
for Kussoor, to offer his submission to the Governor-
General, Sir Henry Hardinge.* Some days later, at
another durbar held at Lahore, Sir Henry asked to be
allowed to see the famed Koh-i-noor.
It was pro-
duced for his inspection, and afterwards passed round
to the other Europeans present. Colonel Balcarres
Ramsay thus describes the incident :-
I arrived at the camp at Lahore, just as the Governor-General
was going out with his cortége to meet the young Maharajah and
receive his submission. There was a grand durbar afterwards,
and when the Koh-i-noor was handed round for our inspection,
Mr. Edwards, the Under-Secretary to Government in the Foreign
Department, was put in charge of it. He was evidently extremely
nervous, and carried it round himself from one staff officer to
another. Just as he placed it in my hands, Sir Henry Hardinge
* Afterwards created Viscount Hardinge.
THE SIKHS.
109
V.
sent for him; I naturally passed it on to the next officer, but Chapter
when Edwards hurried back and demanded the precious jewel, I
never shall forget the agony depicted on his face, as he rushed
down the ranks of staff officers, frantically demanding it! *
Sir Henry then, with a pleasant smile, fastened it
himself on the arm of the little King, afterwards
patting him on the back in a kindly manner.†
+
1845.
On the 20th February, 1846, the British troops 1846.
entered Lahore, and the whole Punjab lay at their
feet. It was theirs by force of arms and the for-
tune of war, yet Sir Henry Hardinge had no thought
of annexation. He contented himself with annexing
the Jullundur Doab, or country between the Sutlej
and the Beas, and demanding an indemnity from the
Lahore State of a crore and a half of rupees (one and
a half million sterling). This sum the Lahore Trea-
sury was unable to produce, and the Governor-
General took Cashmere and the Hill States, from the
Beas to the Indus, in lieu of two-thirds of the in-
demnity, and transferred this territory to Rajah Golâb
Singh, as a separate sovereign, for a sum of one million
sterling. As, however, it was found advisable to retain
* "Life of Lord Lawrence," vol. i., p. 191.
+ "Maharajah Duleep Singh and the Government," p. 71. See also "Life of
Sir Herbert Edwardes," vol. i., p. 44.
The war had cost the victors dearly in men and officers. Among fifty-six of
the latter, who fell in the bloody fight of Ferozepore, was the noble-hearted
D'Arcy Todd, Login's late chief at Herát, to whom he was attached by the
closest bonds of intimacy and affection.
1.10
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND. DULEEP SINGH..
V.
1846.
Chapter a portion of this territory in the hands of the East-
India Company, this latter sum was reduced by one-
fourth, and the liquidation was rendered still more
easy to the Jummoo Prince, by considering him as heir
to the money buried by his brother, Suchet Singh, at
Ferozepore, and which was already in the possession of
the East India Company.
When it is considered, says Cunningham,* that Golâb Singh
had agreed to pay sixty-eight lakhs of rupees, as fine to his para-
mount (and had never done so) it appears that he ought to
have paid the deficient million of money into the Lahore Treasury,
as a Lahore subject, instead of being put in possession of Lahore
provinces as an independent prince.
His rise to sovereign
power excited the ambition of others, and Tej Singh
offered twenty-five lakhs of rupees, for à princely crown and
another dismembered province.†
Later on (March 11th), an additional clause was
added to the Treaty, to the effect that a British force
should remain at Lahore till the close of the year, to
protect the Maharajah and his Government while the
reorganization of the Khâlsa army was in progress, but
as the time approached when this force would be with-
drawn, the uneasiness of the durbar,. or council of
ministers, prompted them to ask the Governor-General
to continue to assist them in the administration of
*
""
History of the Sikhs," pp. 331-33. See also ante, p. 107.
† His offer, however, was rejected.
THE SIKHS.
111
V.
affairs, during the minority of the Maharajah, and the Chapter
Treaty of Bhyrowal (December 16th, 1846) was the
outcome of this request.*
$
By this new Treaty, the Punjab was placed "under the
dictatorship of a British Resident, who was to have full control
over every department of the State. It provided for the con-
tinuance of a British force at Lahore until the Maharajah Duleep
Singh should attain the full age of sixteen, which would happen
on the 4th September, 1854. The sum of twenty-two lakhs
annually was to be paid by the Lahore State for the expenses of
the occupation. The administration of the affairs of the country
was to be continued, under the direction of the Resident, by a
Council of Regency.
The Ranee was to be provided with a
fitting maintenance, but was by this new arrangement to be
virtually excluded from any share in the government.”+
•
By the selection of Henry Lawrence to fill the
arduous and delicate position of Resident at Lahore,
and virtual ruler of the Punjab, Lord Hardinge
showed at once his foresight and desire to conciliate
the Sikhs..
By the terms of the Treaty, the Resident was vested
with supreme and despotic powers, subject only to the
instructions of the Governor-General.‡ In a letter
dated 3rd July, 1847, Lord Hardinge reminds the
Resident that the articles of government "give to the
*
See "Treaty of Bhyrowal." Appendix.
+ Quoted from “Maharajah Duleep Singh and the Government,” p. 30.
+
"Punjab Papers," 1849, pp. 35, 48, 53.
1846.
112
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
V.
1846.
Chapter Government of India, represented at Lahore by its
Resident, full power to direct and control all matters
in every department of the State. It is politic," he
says, that the Resident should carry the native
Council with him, the members of which are, however,
entirely under his control and guidance; he can
change them and appoint others; and in military
affairs his powers are as unlimited as in the civil
administration; he can withdraw Sikh garrisons,
replacing them by British troops, in any and every part
of the Punjab.”* In a subsequent letter Lord Hardinge
again urged on Henry Lawrence the advisability
of keeping a tight hand on all native officials, and
making his own personality felt in every department
of the government. The following extract from
another letter of his will show what the real scope of
the Treaty was, and that the Resident was to be
entirely responsible for the administration of the
country :-
1847.
• October 23rd, 1847.
In all our measures taken during the minority, we must bear in
mind that by the Treaty of Lahore, March, 1846, the Punjab
never was intended to be an independent State. By the clause,
I added, the Chief of the State can neither make war nor peace,
nor exchange nor sell an acre of territory, nor admit an European
officer, nor refuse us a thoroughfare through his territories, nor,
in fact, perform any act (except its own internal administration)
*“Punjab Papers," 1849, p. 18.
† Dated October 23rd, 1847.
THE SIKHS.
113
without our permission.
V.
1847.
In fact, the native prince is in fetters, Chapter
and under our protection, and must do our bidding. I advert
hastily to this point because, if I have any difference of opinion
with you, it consists in your liberality in attempting at too early
a period to train the Sikh authorities to walk alone; I wish them
to feel and to like our direct interference by the benefits con-
ferred:*
The Resident thus describes the practical working
of the Council of Regency (August 1847):-
On the whole, the durbar gives me as much support as I can
reasonably expect; there has been a quiet struggle for mastery,
but as, though I am polite to all, I allow nothing that appears to
me wrong to pass unnoticed, the members of the Council are
gradually falling into the proper train, and refer most questions
to me, and, in words at least, allow, more fully even than I wish,
that they are only executive officers-to do as they are bid.†
Although the Maharajah was too young to share the
councils of those who ruled in his name, he was always
present in state at the durbars, and all dignities and
honours were conferred by his hand.
It chanced that at a grand durbar held on the 7th
August, 1847, it was arranged that distinctions should
be given to various Sirdars who had rendered important
services. Amongst other dignities, the title of "
“Rajah
was to be conferred on Tej Singh, Commander-in-Chief
* 66
Life of Sir Henry Lawrence, K.C.B.," vol. ii., p. 100.
† “Punjab Papers," 1849, p. 32.
I
114
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
V.
1847.
Chapter of the Lahore army, betwixt whom and the Maharanee
Jinda there reigned a bitter enmity. The latter, there-
fore, delayed her son's arrival at the durbar for upwards
of an hour, though all the Sikh Sirdars and English
officers were assembled and waiting. When at length
he did appear, the Maharajah refused to put out his
hand to mark the forehead of the new Rajah on his in-
vestiture, and by Colonel Lawrence's orders the cere-
mony had to be performed by a Sikh priest.
The scene is thus described in a private letter from
Lord Hardinge to Sir Frederick Currie* :-
He resolutely played his part, tucked his little hands behind
him, threw himself back in his chair, and one of the priests
performed the ceremony. In the evening she (the Maharanee)
-
would not allow the Prince to be dressed to see the fireworks.
In short she is breeding him up systematically to thwart the
Govt., and the English connection. I am now in confidential
correspondence with L., and I see no remedy but to remove her
from Lahore . Sooner or later it must come to this, as
he grows older it is our duty as his Guardians to remove him
from her evil example.
For this open insult to the Resident and durbar,
for which she was known to be responsible, the
Maharanee was consequently separated from her son,
and removed to Sheikopoora, about twenty-five miles
from Lahore (August 19th, 1847).
* Dated August 19th, 1847. Private Papers of the late Sir F. Currie (by kind
permission of Lady Currie.)
1
་་
THE SIKHS.
115
*
The constant strain of work at the Lahore Residency Chapter
- V.
was too much for Henry Lawrence's health, and he 1848.
was obliged to return to England on sick leave, in
company with his friend Lord Hardinge, whose period
of office had just expired, and who was succeeded as
Governor-General, by the Earl of Dalhousie, on the
21st of January, 1848.
Owing to Henry Lawrence's absence, the post of Re-
sident at Lahore was temporarily filled by Sir Frederick
Currie, but as he was not able to assume his duties till
March, 1848, the affairs of the Punjab remained, in the
interim, in the able hands of Henry Lawrence's younger
brother, John.
Sir Henry Lawrence had left the Punjab, as he
believed, in a condition of internal peace; and so little
anticipation was generally felt of any serious outbreak
in that quarter, that Lord Hardinge had assured his
successor, on handing over the reins of government,
that, so far as he could see, "it would not be necessary
to fire a gun in India for seven years to come!"*
How speedily was this fair prediction to be falsified,
and these bright hopes dashed to the ground!
66
sky."+
The thunder-bolt fell, as it were, out of the blue
Towards the end of April, the Punjab was
ringing from end to end with the intelligence of the
murder of Vans Agnew and Anderson at Mooltan, and
-
#
“Life of Lord Lawrence,” by Bosworth Smith, vol. i., p. 245.
+ "India under Victoria," by Captain Trotter, vol. i., p. 171.
I 2
116
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
4.
Chapter the revolt of Moolraj, the Dewan and Governor of the
province, who had raised once more the standard of
the Khâlsa, calling on all true Sikhs to join him in
freeing their country from the rule of the foreigner.
1848.
There is no need to tell over again the story of that
revolt. Had the military authorities, either at Lahore
or Simla, shown only one tithe of the energy displayed
by Lieutenant Herbert Edwardes, who, with a single
native infantry regiment, 300 horse, and a couple
of horse-artillery guns as a nucleus, set about collecting
and raising troops, defeated the Dewan in two pitched
battles, and finally confined him within the walls of
his own city and fortress of Mooltan, the whole
rebellion might have been suppressed as rapidly as
it rose, and the necessity for the Second Sikh War have
never existed.*
Although by the terms of the Treaty of Bhyrowal (see
Articles vii., viii., ix.), a British force was specially pro-
vided "for the preservation of the peace of the country,"
for whose services the Lahore Government were
annually to pay the sum of twenty-two lakhs of rupees,†
and although Lord Hardinge had specially arranged
* Alone, unsupported, he (Edwardes) achieved a result of which a British
army might have been proud. And it is not too much to affirm, that had he been
then and there supported by a few British troops and guns, placed under his own
orders, he might have taken the fortress, and possibly have nipped the rising in
the bud.-Malleson's "Decisive Battles," pp. 351, 352.
If this sum was not paid annually into the Calcutta Treasury, the matter
was entirely in the hands of the British Resident, who had supreme control over
the revenues and finances of the Punjab. Sec Articles ii. and vi. of the Treaty
of Bhyrowal.-Appendix.
་
THE SIKHS.
117
V.
for such an emergency, by providing a British movable Chapter
brigade to be kept always in readiness at Lahore, Sir 1848.
Frederick Currie hesitated on his own responsibility to
order the march of that brigade. Sending instead for
the Sikh Sirdars, he told them that they must put
down the rebellion and bring the offenders to justice,
by their own means, as their only hope of saving their
Government. The astonished Sirdars, "after much
discussion, declared themselves unable, without British
aid, to coerce Dewan Moolraj in Mooltan, and bring
the perpetrators of the outrage to justice.
""*
Some little light is thrown on this seemingly un-
accountable action of Sir Frederick Currie, when we
recollect that, as Foreign Secretary to the Govern-
ment of India and as Member of Council, he was
doubtless cognizant of many considerations then influ-
encing the new Cabinet at home, but which were un-
known to the general public; and we find from a
perusal of certain private letters which passed between
him and Lord Hardinge,† that, as far back as April,
1847, Currie was aware that matters at home pointed
more and more "decidedly to eventual annexation of
the Punjab."
Believing, therefore, that any serious revolt among
the Sikhs, which should necessitate the employment of
British arms to suppress it, would only hasten this
*
66
Punjab Papers," 1849, p. 140.
† Unpublished Correspondence of Sir Frederick Currie.
118
:
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP. SINGH.
V.
Chapter measure, Currie, in thus sending for the Sirdars, had
apparently in his mind, the desire to offer them another
chance for the continuance of the native Government,
so far as it then existed.
1884.
The Sikh Durbar having acknowledged their in-
capability of coping. unaided with the rebellion, Sir
Frederick Currie strongly urged on the Governor-
General and Commander-in-Chief the advisability of
the interposition of the British Government, and the
immediate despatch of a sufficient force of troops and
siege-guns from Ferozepore; but to this Lord Gough
would not agree, and the only support given to
Edwardes was a force of 5,000 Sikh troops, under
Rajah Shere Singh Atareewalah.
Meanwhile, on the 8th May, a plot against the
Resident and British officials was discovered at Lahore,
in which the Queen-Mother was implicated. Her
vakeel,* Ganga Ram, was one of the chief conspirators,
and, together with one Kanh Singh, late a Colonel of
Sikh Artillery, was convicted and hanged.† On the
15th of May the Maharanee was removed from the
fort of Sheikopoora by the Resident's orders, and con-
veyed under escort to Ferozepore on her way to
Benares. Here she remained a State prisoner for
nearly a year, until removed for greater security to
the fortress of Chunar. Not long after her arrival at
this last place, however, she, on the 18th of April,
* Ambassador, or accredited agent.
Trotter.
}
THE SIKHS.
119.
$
V.
1848.
1849, managed to effect her escape in the disguise of a Chapter
fakeernee, and took refuge in Nepal, where she came
under the charge of Dr. James Dryburgh Login, who
was then Acting-Assistant Resident at Khatmandoo.
The order for the removal of the Maharanee Jinda
was signed by three members of the Council of Regency,
and by Golâb Singh, on behalf of his absent brother,
Rajah Shere Singh Atareewalah. "The venerable
Fakeer Noor-ood-deen, personal friend and adviser of
the late Maharajah Runjeet Singh, and a person greatly
respected by the Sikhs generally," personally saw to
the order being carried out.
So urgent was Major Edwardes in appealing to
Lahore for a few regular regiments, heavy guns, &c.,
offering with the help of these "to close Moolraj's
accounts in a fortnight, and obviate the necessity of
assembling 50,000 men in October," + that Currie,
on the 1st July, on his own responsibility, and against
the advice of the Commander-in-Chief, ordered the
march of the movable brigade under his orders; yet
Punjab Papers,” 1849, p. 169. On her removal to Sheikopoora the Ranee's
stipend had been reduced to 48,000 rupees (£4,800); on her banishment to
Benares it was made 12,000 rupees (£1,200).
D
•
† “Punjab Papers,” p. 223. I am one of those who believe to this day, and per-
haps ever shall, that had that brigade, under a fine soldier like Brigadier Campbell,
marched AT ONCE upon Mooltan (say on April 25th) the rebellion would have been
nipped in the bud by the escape and surrender of Moolraj. Moolraj did not
rebel because the Sikhsavere ready to back him up. The Sikhs backed up Moolraj
because the British Government did not put him down. The Sikh insurrec-
tion was created out of the materials collected to put down the Mooltan rebellion.
—Remarks of Sir Herbert Edwardes (see his " Life," by Lady Edwardes, 1886,
vol. i., p. 145, 147).
•
•
J
120
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
i
V.
1848.
Chapter so many delays ensued, owing to want of carriage, and
references back and forwards between Simla and
Lahore, that it was not until the 24th of the month
that the brigade left Lahore under General Whish,
and it did not reach Mooltan till the 18th August-
the siege-guns only coming into camp on the 4th of the
following month.
On the 14th September the siege was raised, owing
to the defection of the Durbar troops under Rajah
Shere Singh,* and was not resumed until the 26th
December, after more than three months and a half
of inaction. On the 2nd January 1849 (seven days
after the siege was undertaken in earnest), the city
was taken by assault; while on the 22nd the citadel
was breached, and Moolraj had surrendered uncon-
ditionally.
But by this time the Punjab was in a blaze, and
Shere Singh defiant at the head of 30,000 men!
This is not the place to tell over again the history of
the Second Sikh War, with its surprising blunderings
and bloody victories-victories won at the point of
the sword, from an heroic foe driven to desperation,
the Sikh Khâlsa at bay, and battling for its very
existence! Suffice it to say, that on the 18th December
Lord Gough crossed the Chenab with his army; that
on the 13th January, 1849, with 15,000 men, he
* When Currie consulted the Sirdars, they warned him then that these troops
were disaffected, and not to be depended on. "Punjab Papers," p 140.
:
THE SIKHS.
121
√.
1849.
fought the battle of Chillianwallah, late in the after- Chapter
noon, with darkness creeping up, and with troops who
had been under arms since early day-break.
.
*
On the
21st February, having on the previous day been joined
by General Whish's force, set free by the fall of
Mooltan, Lord Gough retrieved all the previous errors
of the campaign, by gaining the crowning victory
of Goojerat, driving the Sikh army of 34,000 men,
totally routed and in confusion, across the Jhelum.
On the 14th March, Shere Singh, Chuttur Singh, and
the rest of the Sirdars, gave up their swords, and the
last remains of the Khalsa army-to the number of
16,000 men-flung down their arms at the summons
of General Gilbert, on the upland plains of Rawul
Pindee.†
Thus ended the Second Sikh War, whose origin and
motive we must look for in the ranks of that residue
of the Khâlsa army which, contrary to the advice of
the Sikh Commander-in-Chief, we retained as the
standing army of the Punjab,‡ while at the same time
we took from them the authority and influence they
had arrogated to themselves in the government of the
* Trotter.
† Malleson. Trotter, p 221. See also the description of this scene in Mr.
Bosworth Smith's "Life of Lord Lawrence," vol i., p. 276.
"Rajah Tej Singh said, two years ago, and has always adhered to the opinion,
that it was less dangerous, and would prove less embarrassing, to disband them all
and raise a new army, than to continue a man of them in service."-Sir F.
Currie to Government, September, 1848.
122
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter country, and reduced the pay and privileges they had
been accustomed to fix for themselves at their own
V.
1848. sweet will.” Discontented, sullen, and revengeful,
they formed a tempting instrument, ready to hand
for any turbulent and intriguing spirit, desirous of
upsetting the present state of affairs, and involving
the Punjab in general confusion for their own
advantage.*
On this subject Major Edwardes thus wrote to the
Residentt :
The people of the Punjab repose contentedly under the pro-
tection our courts of justice afford them against the great; and
our only enemies are the Sikh army whom we spared in 1846.
A proof that the discontent was not universal is
seen in the fact that the rebellion spread very slowly.
Up to October 4th, no Sirdar had joined Chuttur Singh,
"who was in despair at the refusals he had received
from the Sikh officers at Peshawur." It was not until
October, when Moolraj had been six months in
rebellion, that the troops at Bunnoo and Peshawur
broke into mutiny. The disaffection was throughout
mainly confined to the Sikhs, who were dreading the
extinction of the Khâlsa; and "a large proportion of
the inhabitants, especially the Mahomedans," as Lord
* June 22nd the Resident wrote:-The Sirdars are true, I believe; the soldiers
are all false, I know." Punjab Papers,” p. 220.
+ August 27th, 1848. Unpublished Correspondence of Sir F. Currie.
7
}
THE SIKHS.
123
:
V.
1848.
Dalhousie says in one of his despatches, "took no Chapter
part in the hostilities, and had no sympathy with the
Khâlsa army."
Even among the Sikhs, who form but
one-sixth of the population, there were thirty-four
Sirdars, who with their relatives and dependants took
no part in the rebellion. Six out of eight members of
the Council of Regency remained loyal, and one of
these was Bhaie Nidhan Singh, called in the official
despatches "head of the Sikh religion." Sirdar Khan
Singh (whom Vans Agnew was to instal as Dewan
in Moolraj's place), and Guldeep Singh, the com-
mandant of the escort, openly defied Moolraj, and were
put in irons and most cruelly treated; both died in
confinement. Several Sirdars and officers of the
Durbar did good service throughout the war, on the
British side, notably Sheikh Imam-ood-deen and Misr
Sahib Dyal, who co-operated with Lord Gough's army,
the latter being attached to the Commander-in-Chief's
headquarters as "chief officer on the part of the
Durbar; "* and the Resident, writing to the Governor-
General on the 16th August, assured him that "the
conduct of the Durbar, collectively and individually,"
had been "entirely satisfactory in everything con-
nected with this outbreak, and indeed in all other
respects for the last two months.”
*(
Punjab Papers," p. 444. These Sikh forces are said to have numbered
20,000.—“ Maharajah Duleep Singh and the Government.”
124
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter
V
4.
1848.
in progress,
Whilst the Second Sikh War was in
matters remained in statu quo at Lahore, the city being
perfectly quiet and unaffected by the disturbances in
the northern and western provinces. The Resident
continued to exercise supreme authority, assisted by
the Durbar (except that one member who had gone
into open rebellion), and the little Maharajah remained
in profound ignorance that any unusual events which
could affect him or his sovereignty were passing in the
country without.
He knew only that Golâb Singh, the son of Chuttur
Singh, and his own personal companion, was suddenly
removed from his attendance and placed in confine-
ment, and that later on, the palace itself was guarded
by a British regiment."
*
The insurgents were proclaimed as rebels “against
the Government of the Maharajah Duleep Singh," and
the Resident, on the 18th November, issued a procla-
mation (approved by the Governor-General), telling "all
loyal subjects to the Maharajah" that the British
army "has entered the Lahore territories, not as an
enemy to the constituted Government, but to restore
order and obedience." It is addressed " to the subjects,
"Look
*This was in consequence of information received from Mooltan.
well," says Major Edwardes, writing on the 29th August to the Resident, “to the
person of the Maharajah, for Shum Shere Singh says, Chuttur Singh will try to
get him carried off while out riding, or at the Shalamar Gardens, and then ask
us to account for fighting against Duleep Singh, with whom we made a
Treaty!"—Unpublished Correspondence of the late Sir F. Currie.
THE SIKHS.
125
1
V.
servants, and dependents of the Lahore State," and Chpater
all" who have remained faithful in their obedience to
the Government of the Maharajah Duleep Singh
who are not concerned, directly or indirectly, in the
present disturbances, are assured that they have
nothing to fear from the coming of the British
army.
""*
It will serve to give some notion of the contradictory
opinions, and confusion of theories, then prevailing in
the official world, if we compare this proclamation with
a sentence from a despatch of the Secretary to the
Government of India, written to the Resident on
October 3rd of the same year, i.e., six weeks previously.†
I am desired to intimate to you that the Governor-General in
Council considers the State of Lahore to be, to all intents and
purposes, directly at war with the British Government, and
he expects that those who may be, directly or indirectly, concerned
in these proceedings will be treated accordingly by yourself and
your officers.
=
1848.
At length, on the 30th of March, 1849, from the 1849.
camp at Ferozepore, the Governor-General issued
the famous manifesto, which announced that the
Government of India was now resolved" on the entire
"on
subjection of a people whom their own Government
has long been unable to control, and whom no punish-
ment can deter from violence, no acts of friendship
Punjab Papers," pp. 260, 438, 449, 562. † Ibid, p. 374.
126
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
V.
1849.
Chapter conciliate to peace;" and it then became known that
Mr. Henry Elliot, the Secretary to the Government
of India, had been despatched to Lahore, where he
arrived on the 28th of the month, commissioned
by Lord Dalhousie to offer terms to the Council
of Regency, on the annexation of the country to the
British dominions.
LAST TREATY OF LAHORE.
LAHORE, March 29th, 1849.
Terms granted to the Maharajah Duleep Singh Bahadoor, on
the part of the Honourable East India Company, by Henry
Miers Elliot, Esq., Foreign Secretary to the Government of
India, and Lieut.-Colonel Sir Henry Montgomery Lawrence,
K.C.B., Resident, in virtue of the power vested in them, by the
Right Honourable James, Earl of Dalhousie, Knight of the
Most Ancient Order of the Thistle, one of Her Majesty's Most
Honourable Privy Council, Governor-General, appointed by the
Honourable East India Company, to direct and control all
their affairs in the East Indies; and accepted, on the part of
His Highness the Maharajah, by Rajah Tej Singh, Rajah Deena
Nath, Bhaee Nidhan Singh, Fakeer Nooroodeen, Gundur Singh,
agent of Sirdar Shere Singh Sindunwallah, and Sirdar Lal
Singh, agent and son of Sirdar Uttur Singh Kaleewallah,
members of the Council of Regency, invested with full powers
and authority on the part of His Highness.
I. His Highness the Maharajah Duleep Singh shall resign for
himself, his heirs, and his successors all right, title, and claim to
the sovereignty of the Punjab, or to any sovereign power
whatever..
+
THE SIKHS.
127
II. All the property of the State, of whatever description and Chapter
wheresoever found, shall be confiscated to the Honourable East - V..
India Company, in part payment of the debt due by the State of 1849.
Lahore to the British Government and of the expenses of the
war.
III. The gem called the Koh-i-noor, which was taken from
Shah Sooja-ool-moolk by Maharajah Runjeet Singh, shall be
surrendered by the Maharajah of Lahore to the Queen of
England.
IV. His Highness Duleep Singh shall receive from the Honour-
able East India Company, for the support of himself, his relatives,
and the servants of the State, a pension of not less than four,
and not exceeding five, lakhs of Company's rupees per annum.
V. His Highness shall be treated with respect and honour. He
shall retain the title of Maharajah Duleep Singh Bahadoor, and
he shall continue to receive during his life such portion of the
above-named pension as may be allotted to himself personally,
provided he shall remain obedient to the British Government, and
shall reside at such place as the Governor-General of India may
select.
Granted and accepted at Lahore on the 29th of March, 1849,
and ratified by the Right Honourable the Governor-General on
the 5th of April, 1849.
(Signed)
DALHOUSIE
MAHARAJAH DULEEP SINGH.
H. M. ELLIOT—RAJAH TEJ SINGH.
H. M. LAWRENCE-RAJAH DEENA NATH.
BHAEE NIDHAN SINGH.*
FAKEER NOOROODEEN.
GUNDUR SINGH
(Agent to SIRDAR SHERE SINGH, Sindunwallah).
SIRDAR LAL SINGH
(Agent and son of SIRDAR UTTUR SINGH, Kaleewallah).
* Head of the Sikh religion,
128
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter
V.
1849.
Sir Henry Lawrence had by this time returned to
his post at Lahore, having hurried out from England
in hot haste on receipt of the news of the outbreak at
Mooltan. Landing at Bombay in December, he lost
no time in joining the camp of the besiegers-was
present at the capture of the city of Mooltan, and on
the 9th of January took the news of that event to
the Governor-General. He then joined Lord Gough's
headquarters, witnessed the battle of Chillianwallah,
and proceeded on the 18th to take up his duties at
the Residency.
It would be affectation to conceal the fact, that
Lord Dalhousie's views and Sir Henry Lawrence's did
not coincide as regards the policy of annexation, and
indeed, the Governor-General's decision was a sore
grief to the generous-hearted Resident, and a reversal
of many cherished hopes and projects.
projects. Speaking in
vindication of this dearly-loved friend of his, in after
years, Login says:-
Lawrence acted in the best faith for the interests of both
Governments; and so far from desiring the annexation of the
country, on finding that it could not be avoided, and that all his
efforts to uphold the native Government were unavailing, he was
only prevented from resigning his high position, and returning to
his regiment as a Captain of Artillery, by the earnest entreaty of
his friends. He remained at Lahore with the sole object of
exerting his influence to conciliate the chiefs. and people of the
Punjab to our rule.*
* Ferrier's "Caravan Journey."-Note by J. S. L., p. 359.
THE SIKHS.
129
a
V.
1849.
When John Lawrence's counsel was sought as to Chapter
whether the annexation determined on should be
carried out now, when the people were depressed by
récent defeat, or later, when they had been more per-
fectly subdued, he gave it without hesitation" No
delay! The Khalsa must not be allowed again to raise
it head."
His advice was taken, and Mr. Henry Elliot was
sent to announce the decision of the Governor-General
to the Maharajah and his people.
We will leave Mr. Elliot to tell, in his own words,
the manner and purport of his mission
*
Immediately on my arrival, he says, I communicated to Sir H.
M. Lawrence and Mr. J. Lawrence the instructions with which
I was charged, and regretted to find that both those officers were
fully persuaded that the Council of Regency would on no account
be induced to accede to the terms which were offered for their
acceptance, inasmuch as they had already incurred great odium
amongst their countrymen for what were considered to be their -
former concessions. Ì, however, requested that the two most
influential members of the Council might be at once summoned to
a private conference at the Residency; and Rajah Tej Singh and
Dewan Deena Nath were accordingly sent for. The Rajah, at first,
excused himself on the ground of sickness; and I should have,
consequently, gone to his house, had I not been apprehensive that
any exhibition of undue eagerness might have been interpreted
into too great a desire to obtain his concurrence. It was then
intimated to him that, as my mission was urgent, and could not
*Note and Report by Mr. H. Elliot.
K
130
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
V.
1849.
Chapter be accomplished without him, he should come to the Residency,
unless he really was seriously ill. Upon this, he came, his looks
giving no warrant for his excuses, and was accompanied by Dewan
Deena Nath.
After the first compliments had been exchanged, I explained to
them the purpose for which I had come, that the Punjab would
be annexed to the British dominions at all events, but that it was
for them to decide whether this should be done in an unqualified
manner, or whether they would subscribe to the conditions which
I was about to lay before them.
The Rajah, who was more than usually nervous and garrulous,
opened out in a strain of invective against Rajah Shere Singh and
all the rebellious Sirdars, who had brought the Council to this
pass, acknowledged that the British Government had acquired a
perfect right to dispose of the country as it saw fit, and recom-
mended that it should declare its will, without calling upon the
Council to sign any conditions. I replied that, if they refused to
accept the terms which the Governor-General offered, the Maha-
rajah and themselves would be entirely at his mercy, and I had
no authority to say that they would be entitled to receive any
allowance whatever.
The Dewan, who was much more deliberate and reserved than
his colleague, commented on the severity of the conditions, and
particularly on the expatriation of the Maharajah; and when I
told him it was intended to exclude also the female relatives of
the Maharajah from the palace, in order that the citadel might be
exclusively in British occupation, he remarked that, immediately
they were relieved from the restraints which their present
residence subjected them to, they would begin leading licentious
lives, and bring scandal upon the memory of Runjeet Singh and
his descendants.
After many inquiries from them about the distance to which
the Maharajah was to be removed, I observed that his destination
would not improbably be the Deccan, but, after they had
!
131
THE SIKHS.
requested reconsideration, on account of the remoteness of that Chapter
V.
country, "where," said they, "God knows whether the people
are Hindoos or Mahomedans," I promised that the Maharajah 1849.
should not be sent anywhere to the east of the Ganges, pointing
out Hurdwar, Gurhmuktesir, Bithoor, and Allahabad as being
all of them places of high sanctity in their religion. They seemed
to be thankful for this as a concession. But they had no definite
notion of the exact position of any of these places except
Hurdwar. The Rajah, indeed, was astonished to discover that
Lahore was not so far from Allahabad as from Benares.
They seemed fully satisfied with the personal allowance
assigned to the Maharajah, which I told them would be about
10,000 rupees per mensem.
Other subjects were then discussed, and they enquired anxiously
about their own future position. I told them that it was not
intended to deprive them of their jagheers or salaries, and that,
for this indulgence they would be expected to yield the British
Government the benefit of their advice and assistance whenever
they were called upon to do so; that, if they did not subscribe to
the conditions, I could not promise that any consideration would
be shown to them. The Dewan enquired whether the jagheers
would be continued to future generations. I replied, certainly
not, unless the grants conveyed a perpetual title; and that would
be left to the decision of the officers, who would shortly be
appointed to investigate the validity of all rent-free teņures.
After much more parley, during which, while I told them that
they were at perfect liberty to decline, or to accede to, the
conditions I had been instructed to lay before them-at the same
time I convinced them of my resolute determination to yield no
point, they expressed their willingness to sign the paper, and
signed it accordingly, not without evident sorrow and repugnance
on the part of the Dewan.
Upon this I requested that Fakeer Nooroodeen and Bhaee
Nidhan Singh, the only other members of the Regency resident
1
K 2
132
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter at Lahore, might be sent for; and upon informing them of what
V. had passed, they said they would abide by whatever their
1849. colleagues were prepared to do.
They then affixed their seals and signatures to the paper in
duplicate, and Sir H. M. Lawrence and myself then added our
counter-signatures. It was agreed that next morning a Durbar
should be held at seven o'clock, a.m., in order to promulgate
the Articles subscribed to, and to obtain the Maharajah's
ratification.
The members then took their leave, after the conference had
lasted about two hours.
Sir J. Login, commenting on the above report in
1860, remarks:-
"It indicates feelings more creditable to the members
of the Lahore Durbar (whose personal interests were
separately worked upon) than to the British official,
who describes the scene with so much undignified
exultation."
To continue Mr. Elliot's report :-
Next day at the appointed hour,* after the troops had been pre-
pared against possible tumult, I proceeded to the Durbar, accom-
panied by Sir H. M. Lawrence, K.C.B., and the gentlemen of the
Residency, and escorted by a squadron of the body-guard,
which Major Mayne had brought over by forced marches
from Ferozepore. We were met by the Maharajah Duleep
Singh outside the gate of the citadel. After the usual
* Report by Mr. Elliot, March 29th, 1849.
THE SIKHS.
133
V.
salutations, and giving and taking of presents, we conducted Chapter
the Maharajah to a seat at the end of the Hall of Audience,
and took our places on either side of him.
The Maharajah, who 1849.
is endued with an intelligence beyond his years, and cannot be
supposed to have been ignorant of the purpose for which the
Durbar was now convened for the last time, conducted himself
throughout with cheerfulness and self-composure.
The hall was filled with spectators, who ranged themselves on
each side of the centre seats the Europeans on the right, the
natives on the left. The latter were in such numbers as almost
to give cause that, with a view of courting popularity, the Council
of Regency might refuse to abide by the terms which they had
signed the evening before.
After we were seated, the following note, declaratory of the
intentions of the Government to assume the sovereignty of the
Punjab, was read out in Persian, and afterwards translated into
Hindostani, for the comprehension of every one present:-
MANIFESTO ΤΟ THE LAHORE DURBAR.
FOR many years, while the wisdom of Maharajah Runjeet Singh
ruled the people of the Punjab, friendships and unbroken peace
prevailed between the British nation and the Sikhs.
The British Government desired to maintain with the heirs of
Runjeet Singh the same friendly relations which they had held
with him. But the Sirdars and Sikh army, forgetful of the policy
which the Maharajah's prudence had enjoined, and departing
from the friendly example he had set, suddenly crossed the
frontier, and, without any provocation, made war upon the
British power.
They were met by the British army-four times they were
defeated-they were driven back with ignominy across the
Sutlej, and pursued to the walls of Lahore.
134
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter
4.
1849.
The Maharajah Duleep Singh tendered there, to the Governor-
General of India, the submission of himself and his chiefs, and
implored the clemency of the British Government.
The Government of India had acquired, by its conquest, an
absolute right to subvert the Government of the Sikhs, by
which it had been so grossly injured. But, in that time of
victory, it showed the sincerity of its declarations, and gave
signal proof of the moderation and forbearance by which its
policy was directed.
The kingdom of the Punjab was spared; the Maharajah was
replaced on the throne of Runjeet Singh; and treaties of friend-
ship were formed between the States.
How have the obligations of these treaties been fulfilled?
The British Government has, with scrupulous fidelity, observed
every promise which was made, and has discharged every obliga-
tion which the treaties imposed upon it.
It gave to the Maharajah the service of its troops. It afforded
him the aid of its treasures in his difficulties. It meddled with
none of the institutions or customs of the people. By its advice
to the Council it improved the condition of the army; and it
laboured to lessen the burdens and to promote the prosperity of
every class of the Maharajah's people. It left nothing undone
which it had promised to perform; it engaged in nothing from
which it had promised to abstain. But there is not one of the
main provisions of those treaties which the Sikh Government and
Sikh people have not, on their part, faithlessly and flagrantly
violated. They bound themselves to pay an annual subsidy of
twenty-two lakhs of rupees. No portion whatever has at any
time been paid.
The whole debt due by the State of Lahore has increased to
more than fifty lakhs of rupees; and crores have been added by
the charges of the present war. The contfol of the British
Government, which the Sirdars themselves invited, and to which
they bound themselves to submit, has been rejected and resisted
by force.
ו'
THE SIKHS.
135
The peace and friendship which were promised by the treaties Chapter
have been thrown aside. British officers in the discharge of their
V.
duty have treacherously been thrown into captivity, with women
and children.
Other British officers, when acting for the Maharajah's interests,
were murdered by the Maharajah's servants, after having been
deserted by the Maharajah's troops.
Yet, for these things, the Government of Lahore neither
inflicted punishment on the offender, nor made reparation for the
offence. It confessed itself unable to control its subjects. It
formally declared to the British Resident that its troops would
not obey its command, and would not act against the chief who
had committed this outrage against the Government of India.
Not only did the army of the State refuse thus to act, but
it everywhere openly rose in arms against the British. The
whole people of the Sikhs joined in its hostility. The high
Sirdars of the State have been its leaders; those of them who
signed the treaties of peace were the most conspicuous in
its ranks; and the chief by whom it was commanded was
a member of the Council of Regency itself. They proclaimed
their purpose to be the extirpation of the British power, and
the destruction of the British people; and they have struggled
fiercely to effect it.
But the Government of India has put forth the vast resources
of its power. The Army of the Sikhs has been utterly discom-
fited; their artillery has been captured, the allies they invited
have been driven from the Punjab with shame; the Sikh
Sirdars, with their troops, have surrendered, and been disarmed,
and the Punjab is occupied by the British troops.
The Government of India repeatedly declared that it desired
no further conquest; and it gave to the Maharajah, by its acts,
a proof of the sincerity of its declarations.
The Government of India has sought and desires no conquest
*
now.
1849.
136
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
V.
1849.
Chapter But when unprovoked and costly war has again been wantonly
renewed, the Government of India is bound by its duty to provide
for its own security for the future, and to guard effectually the
the interests and tranquillity of its own people. -
Punishment and benefit alike have failed to remove the
inveterate hostility of the Sikhs. Wherefore, the Governor-
General, as the only effectual mode which now remains of
preventing the recurrence of national outrage, and the renewal
of perpetual wars, has resolved upon declaring the British
Sovereignty in the Punjab, and upon the entire subjection of
the Sikh nation, whom their own rulers have long been unable to
control, who are equally insensible to punishment or forbearance,
and who, as past events have now shown, will never desist from
war so long as they possess the power of an independent
kingdom.
-
The Governor-General of India unfeignedly regrets that he
should feel himself compelled to depose from his throne a
descendant of Maharajah Runjeet Singh, while he is yet in his
early youth.
But the Sovereign of every State is responsible for, and must
be affected by, the acts of his people over whom he reigns.
As in the former war, the Maharajah, because of the lawless.
violence of his subjects, whom his Government was unable to
control, was made to pay the penalty of their offence in the loss
of his richest provinces; so must he now be involved in all the
consequences of their further violence, and of the deep national
injury they have again committed.
When a renewal of formidable war by the army and the great
body of Sikhs has forced upon the Government of India the con-
viction that a continuance of Sikh domination in the Punjab is
incompatible with the security of the British territories, the
Governor-General cannot permit that mere compassion for the
Prince should deter him from the adoption of such measures
against the nation as alone can be effectual for the future
THE SIKHS,
137
maintenance of peace, and for protecting the interests of the Chapter
British people.
Upon the conclusion of this Manifesto, silence was observed
for a few minutes, when Dewan Deena Nath observed, that the
decision of the British Government was just, and should be
obeyed; but he trusted that the Maharajah and servants of the
State would receive consideration at the hands of the British
Government, and that some allowance would be granted to
maintain them in comfort and respectability.
"If France," he observed, "after the defeat and captivity of
Buonaparte, had been restored to its legitimate ruler, though the
country yielded thirty crores of revenue, it would be no very
extraordinary act of British clemency if the Punjab, which yielded
less than three crores, should be restored to the Maharajah.
However, let the Governor-General's will be done."
I replied, that the time of concession and clemency was gone;
that I was ready, on the part of the Governor-General, to confirm
the conditions to which the Council had subscribed yesterday, and
which should be read out in Persian and Hindostani, for general
information.
This was listened to with the deepest attention, but it called
forth no observation. To the former signatures were then added
those of Gundur Singh, the accredited Agent of Sirdar Shere Singh,
Sindunwallah, and Sirdar Lal Singh, Agent and son of Sirdar Uttur
Singh, Kaleewallah, thus completing the entire number of the
members of the Council of Regency, who have remained nominally
faithful to their engagements. The paper was then handed in
duplicate by Rajah Tej Singh to the Maharajah, who immediately
affixed his signature, by tracing the initials of his name in
English letters. The alacrity with which he took the papers
when offered to him, was a matter of remark to all, and suggested
the idea that, possibly, he had been instructed by his advisers
that any show of hesitation might lead to the substitution of
terms less favourable than those which had been offered.
V.
1849.
138
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter When the document had thus been fully ratified, I directed the
proclamation to be read aloud in the native languages.
V.
1849.
I then handed one copy of the terms to the Maharajah; and
having thus fulfilled the object of my mission, I took my leave
with the usual etiquette, and dissolved the Durbar.
The whole ceremony was conducted with grave decorum. No
Sirdar was armed. The costly jewels and gaudy robes, so
conspicuous in the Sikh Court on other public occasions, were
now thrown aside. I did not observe the slightest sign of
wonder, sorrow, anger, or even dissatisfaction, upon the
countenance of any one present, except that of Dewan Deena
Nath; and from the nice inquiries he had made during the
private conference, respecting his own interests, it would not be
uncharitable to suppose, that his sadness arose more from the loss
of the immense influence he possesses in every department of the
State, than from regret at the subversion of his master's dynasty.
But neither did I observe any signs of gladness. The whole
announcement appeared to be received with a degree of indifference
bordering on apathy, and not a word or whisper escaped, to
betray the real feelings pervading the hearts of that solemn
assembly, which had met to witness the ratified dissolution of
the great empire established by the fraud and violence of
Runjeet Singh.
As I left the palace, I had the proud satisfaction of seeing the
British colours hoisted on the citadel under a royal salute from
our own artillery, at once proclaiming the ascendancy of British
rule, and sounding the knell of the Khâlsa Raj!
"That the annexation of the Punjab was a politic
measure," says Sir John Login,* "few were inclined to
question, but, inasmuch as it involved the deposition
*
Memorandum published (for private circulation) in 1860.
THE SIKHS.
139.
་
V.
1849.
of a young Prince whom the British Government had Chapter
solemnly engaged to protect in his position during his
minority, and who had throughout evinced the utmost
confidence in us, it was, to say the least, a harsh pro-
ceeding, and one which demanded from our Government
towards the person whom our policy had despoiled, the
most liberal and generous consideration.
(C
Unfortunately, however, in the Maharajah's case,
there were circumstances which had the effect of placing
the position of His Highness in unfavourable contrast
to that of his ministers and chiefs, and which, unless
obviated in a liberal spirit, necessarily led to the con-
clusion, that, in accepting the terms offered by the
British Government, his ministers had consented to
sacrifice his interests to their own.
66
Having, so far as respects their claims upon him,
been considered by the British Government, notwith-
standing the full control exercised by their officials
over his person, power, and resources, to be in the
position of a Sovereign and despotic Prince, every
article of property in the possession of the Maharajah
was declared to be State property, and appropriated
by the British Government, under the terms which
had been granted to him; his Highness being merely
permitted to retain, by the courtesy of the Governor-
General and the local authorities, such articles as were
considered necessary for his personal use.
"He was thus made entirely dependent upon the
allowance assigned to him, under Article v., by the
140
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
1849.
Chapter British Government, amounting during his minority to
V. £12,000 per annum; another portion of the State
pension being granted to his relatives and dependents,
at the discretion of the British Government, and a
balance retained by them for future appropriation.
"No stipulation was made for the benefit of his
heirs and descendants, the pension granted to him
being apparently terminable with his life. He was
required to remove from the Punjab, and from all his
early associations, and to reside wherever the Govern-
ment of India might appoint.
"To His Highness's ministers, Sirdars, and chiefs,
the annexation of the Punjab was attended with
more favourable circumstances.
"They were relieved from the claims of a Native
Government, as feudatories of a despotic Prince, liable
to contributions for State purposes-secured in all
their private property, real and personal, under British
laws—confirmed in possession of their several jagheers,
some in perpetuity, others rent-free for their own lives,
and with deductions of one-half and one-quarter in
two succeeding generations; and they were exempted
from much personal service to their Prince.
"Having seen that, in 1846, Golâb Singh, one of their
number, was not only made independent of Lahore,
but was allowed to purchase the Province of Cashmere,*
the chiefs who remained faithful were naturally not
* See ante pp, 109-10.
THE SIKHS.
141
V.
indisposed to enter into terms with a Government which Chapter
could act so liberally, and relieve them from demands
frequently made by their natives princes.
"To Rajah Tej Singh in particular the arrangement
must have been very satisfactory, as it secured to him
and his heirs all his accumulations (amounting in 1846,
as shown by his offer for an independent territory like
Golab Singh, to not less than twenty-five lakhs of
rupees), besides confirming him and his family for three
generations in large estates, very lightly assessed,
it is believed, at two and three lakhs of rupees, and
yearly increasing in value.
"In the same manner, the other chiefs had more or
less cause to be satisfied. Even those who had been
in arms against us, though deprived of such property
as could not be concealed, were doubtless able to
secure very large sums among their friends, In the
case of Rajah Shere Singh, the writer of this was
told, by himself, that such was the case, when he
wished to obtain permission to go to England, instead
of being sent to Calcutta.
"It was not considered expedient at the time to be
too particular, and I think it will be found, on
reference to Treasury receipts from forfeited estates,
that very little was obtained, compared with the
wealth of which, a short time before, the chiefs were
known to have been in possession.
"This leniency has not been without its good effects,
and the security with which Sikh chiefs have been
1849.
142
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
V.
Chapter allowed to enjoy their wealth, without exaction from
Government, has no doubt contributed very greatly
to reconcile them to our rule.
1849.
"But it must not be overlooked, that all this
liberality was shown at the expense of the claims
of their Sovereign Prince, on both feudatories and
rebels."
"*Although the young Maharajah could not but
feel that the terms which had been imposed on him
were hard and severe, especially when the loss of
his throne was occasioned by no fault on his part,
but entirely from the treachery of those whom we
had placed in power around him, the difficulties with
which he had been surrounded in his precarious
position, before he was received under the protection
of the British Government, were too strongly impressed
on his mind to cause any hesitation on his part to
retire into private life, and he accordingly submitted
to the force of circumstances with very becoming
dignity."
* Memorandum prepared for Her Majesty by Sir John Login.
CHAPTER VI.
LAHORE.
Letters from DR. LOGIN to his WIFE.
CAMP BEFORE KALEEWALLAH, Nov. 22nd, 1848.
With only the loss of one man killed on our side, we Chapter
have been able to cut off and disperse a large body of Sikhs who VI.
had collected at this place, and were making great depredations. 1849.
A party of them still hold the fort, and, while I write, are still
keeping up a fire upon us, but it is expected, as in other instances,
that they will endeavour to escape during the night, and that in
the morning we shall find it evacuated. Our guns were ordered
down at half-past three in the afternoon, and opened fire within 500
yards with good effect for a couple of hours, but as the
Brigadier did not wish to expose his men to the danger of an
assault, or to throw away ammunition uselessly, we were called
back to camp about seven p.m., intending to resume proceedings
to-morrow.
Many of our young officers had hand-to-hand encounters, and
some narrow escapes were made-Westcott Davidson, Samı
* It was a current joke among Login's brother officers, that he equally dis-
tinguished himself in laying the guns during a fight, as in carrying off the
wounded afterwards.
144
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH,
1
"skewered
""
Chapter Fisher, Swinton, Jackson, Christie, and others of the Cavalry,
VI. and a young lad, Mackell, of the Artillery, have been among the
1849. most successful. I cannot say that I heard with much pleasure
the various accounts of how their opponents were
(the favourite slang expression); by all accounts, about 200 Sikhs
were cut up, and a very few made prisoners. To-morrow I trust
I
may be successful in getting hold of some at least of the poor
wounded wretches, if any have been left alive, as soon as we get
possession of the fort, so as to make it possible to prosecute a
search for them. We came on the Sikhs so as to take them by
surprise. This could not have happened had the country people
generally been friendly to them, so as to have given them informa-
tion. You will be amused at the share of loot that has fallen to-
my lot—a little boy about four, deserted by his parents, found in
a`small hut behind the battery where I was stationed! My
doolie bearers brought him to me, and I have told them to take
good care of him for me.
November 23rd. Well; it is as we expected, a shell of ours
set the place on fire; the men in the fort made off in all direc-
tions, the darkness favouring their escape; still many were cut up,
or else severely wounded. At daylight I sent to the Brigadier to
ask permission to go and pick up all the wounded I could, taking
all the litters I could collect with me. "Certainly, certainly, an
excellent proposition!" So off I started, with a train of litters
behind me, a supply of water, and some brandy. We soon found
all that were alive in the fort or village. Some desperately cut-
up, poor fellows, had been brought into hospital, where Beatson of
the Horse Artillery and I have been working all day, doing all we
can for them. We shall take care of them while we remain here,
and leave them in charge of some villagers when we march. The
first man I picked up was an Akali in the ditch of the fort.
He had almost bled to death, and when he saw us evidently only
expected his coup de grâce. He was greatly, and no doubt
agreeably, surprised when I gave him a little brandy and after-
LAHORE.
145
wards water, and, raising him carefully, placed him on a litter and Chapter
dressed his wounds before he was carried off to our hospital tent. VI
Some of our people doubt the wisdom or propriety of treating 1849.
them in this way, but I tell them that we can only teach the
poor ignorant creatures the difference between Christians and
Hindoos by showing mercy and kindness to our enemies. I feel
sure they will not fight against us with such bitter determination
again. I am glad that, from having so few wounded of our own,
I am able to look after these poor fellows properly. I must stop,
as I must go to amputate the arm of one of the Sikhs we
brought in.
I hear that James has passed a good examination, and is
returning to Nepal. We have captured a great quantity of
grain in the fort, and commissariat supplies of all sorts. The
owner of the fort of Kaleewallah is Goordas Singh, a wealthy
man; he has evidently a large family of small children, for it was
touching to see yesterday, when walking through the place, lots
of children's toys, swings, horses and carts, all lying as they had
thrown them down; it seems he sent them off at once when he
made up his mind to hold the place against us.
A good copy of the Grunt'h was found here, and as no one else
attaches value to it, I shall take it. I have also, as a relic of the
fight, my friend the Akali's "quoits," as sharp as a razor; he had
them in his turban when I picked him up in the ditch, also a
jingall ball, which passed close by me and lodged in the doolie.
I believe that I and my bearers were as much exposed as any, the
fellows in the fort fired so high that the shots fell among us, but
happily no one was hit.
WITH WHEELER'S FORCE AT MOOKEEZAN, JULLUNDUR Doab.
December 2nd, 1848.
It is past four p.m., and I have only just reached my tent after a
long march from Deena-nuggur; yesterday we crossed the Ravee
L
146
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter and made a long march, Delaspoor to Deena-nuggur, and to-day
we have had an equally long and tedious one to this place.
VI.
1849.
The Brigadier is anxious to get to Hoshearpoor, where part of
the force will halt for some time.
Since I wrote you last, we have taken and destroyed another
fort, which had been evacuated just before we arrived by the
insurgent Sikhs, and an hour after, when our rear guard came up,
and when all the Sepoys were busy cooking at their chulahs, an
alarm was given that the Sikhs were upon us.
The whole force turned out in double quick time, and out we
marched for nearly two miles in their direction, when we found
that it was only the fellows who had been in the fort, who had
ventured near us in the hopes of picking off some of our camels at
graze. The Irregulars were sent in pursuit, and came up with a
party, of whom, it is reported, they killed and wounded twenty,
having five or six of their own men wounded.
A couple of hospital doolies had been destroyed by some
Sikhs, who had hidden themselves in the neighbouring villages
when the cavalry went past. Dr. Wallich lost his surgical instru-
ments in them. So we have only my case now to depend on.
After we crossed the Ravee, Hodson of the Guides followed
up the chase, and found that they made for some jungle in the
direction of Neroli, where the party broke up and divided,
dispersing to their homes, leaving their chief with a following
of only twenty-five horsemen. They are nothing better than
dacoits. John Lawrence is out in the district after some
fellow near Noorpoor, who has managed to put the Jullundur
people in a great fright, and it is in consequence of the alarm
he has excited that the Brigadier is anxious to get the force
quietly to Hoshearpoor, to set their minds at rest. This is
only a night's dák from Jullundur, and if you recollect, I wrote you
from here on my way to join the force at Deena-nuggur. We
expect to reach Hoshearpoor in two marches, and it is not
unlikely that we may afterwards return to Jullundur.
•
LAHORE.
147
I endeavour to make myself quite easy anyway, and to Chapter
believe that all is for the best. I am determined never to be VI.
a grumbler, and to try to make grumblers look on the sunny side,
if possible.
We have just heard that Uttur Singh has given himself up,
to save Lal Singh, his son, from being hanged, and that all
the insurgent chiefs, except Chuttur Singh, have expressed
themselves ready to come to terms.
The answer sent them
is, that we do not treat with armed rebels!
Altogether we are in a very curious position in this country.
We are supposed, and believed, to represent the Government
of the country, and yet the very men who are in arms against
us are, or rather were, the instruments who were selected by us,
and by whom we ruled!
God grant that we act wisely and justly when putting all
resistance down. You would be amused at the Oude article in
the Delhi Gazette; I wrote it hurriedly, but it seems to have
been approved of.
1849.
LAHORE, March 18th, 1849.
I am only in from Jullundur for a few days, to visit Henry
Lawrence, and you may be sure he has not allowed me to be idle.
He is busy enough himself, and I am doing my best to help him.
He is hard at work arranging his new Government in the Punjab.
Owing to God's good providence, we now have Mrs. George
Lawrence back safe, with her little ones, from captivity. I have
just been walking with her in the garden for half an hour. George
is expected to-day. Moolraj is in jail; Chuttur Singh, Shere
Singh, and all the other rebel chiefs, on the way to Lahore.
Forty-one guns and 16,000 stand of arms surrendered to Gilbert
beyond the Jhelum, and Dost Mahomed and his Afghans are taking
themselves off to Cabul as fast as they can. No proclamations.
out yet regarding our future policy, but no doubt Lord Dalhousie
will report all his arrangements to the Court of Directors by this
1
L 2
148
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter mail, so that probably you may know it in England before it is
VI. announced here. I am not, of course, at liberty to tell you all I
1849.
know, but Lawrence says that as it will be public in England
soon, I may tell you this much-that annexation is determined
on by the Governor-General; a large local force to be raised;
Henry is to be Commissioner of the new province, with his brother
John and another civilian as Revenue Board and Council; and
the whole country parcelled out into districts, as in the Saugur
and Nerbuddah territories. Had not the chiefs been permitted
to come in and submit, on a promise of not being deported from
the Punjab, I think Lawrence would have sent some of them to
England under my charge. He is still anxious that some of the
young lads may go to England, but of course now they could not
be sent as hostages. Another plan he has, is to get the Punjab
separated from the North-West Provinces in all that concerns
Post-office arrangements, and make me his Postmaster-General,
and see what we can do in this line. But he fears that the
Governor-General will sanction nothing that would be a risk of
expense, as he dreads the Punjab not turning out a financial
success.
The work on which I am engaged at present, is an estimate of
military expenditure-several Irregular Cavalry corps to be raised
at once. I tell him that all the doctors who have been employed
on active service in the Punjab must be rewarded before he thinks
of me, such as Dempster, Macrae, and others.
He says,
"Never
fear, something will turn up for which you alone are specially
fitted, which will prevent you running off home.” I believe this
will be the case, and if not, I shall feel that is my best course to
go home. Lady Lawrence not arrived, but expected, via Mooltan,
in a few days.
March 28th, finished 31st.
Still at Lahore with Lawrence. I have had a busy
time helping him, but I have laid my dâk to return to my duties
at Jullundur.
LAHORE.
149
I told you in my last that Lawrence was anxious to get me Chapter
something that would keep me here permanently with him.
I showed both Henry and John the paper I drew up, and of
which I sent you a copy, and I believe they have come to the
resolution to recommend me very strongly to Government for the
charge of the young Maharajah Duleep Singh, when the Punjab
is annexed to these territories. George Lawrence has arrived
since they came to this determination, and strongly supports
them in their decision that I am the fittest man they know for
the office; at the same time George is disappointed, for he came
full of the resolution to apply for, and get me appointed to civil
employ with him at Peshawur, and will not give it up unless I
myself would prefer the charge of the young King.
The recommendation is to be made when the disposition of
Duleep Singh comes under consideration, in the meantime I shall
go back to my military duties at Jullundur. I leave the whole
matter to be settled, as I know it will be, by One who is wiser
than I. At the same time, I have put all in training to be ready
to start for England to rejoin you, and have applied for my leave
to Calcutta, preparatory to applying for furlough to England.
If Government decides that I am to be put in charge of the
young Maharajah, as the best man for the post, I can easily get
my leave cancelled, if not, then I shall joyfully take myself off on
my homeward journey.
Had I consulted my own feelings alone, I should at once have
determined to go home, but I feel it my duty, as long as my
health continues so good, not to neglect, or rather, decline, an
opportunity of making your circumstances more comfortable if I
can.
I gave John Lawrence, who is a thorough man of business, and
even more consulted by Lord Dalhousie than Henry, my
paper to read, with the request in writing that he would give me
his candid opinion as to whether he thought it likely that I would,
at the present conjunction, be selected for employment out of the
VL
1849.
150
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH..
VI.
1849.
Chapter strict line of my profession (such as my previous duties may have
qualified me for), or whether the probabilities were that my future
service would be strictly professional, such as I could always
obtain on returning to India from furlough? As my standing in
the profession is high, I am told by those whose opinion is
worth having, and who stand at the top of it, such as Ranald
Martin and others, that unless I get a good opening in the
political department, I should not give up my chances in the
medical line.
I consulted John first, rather than Henry, because I knew
he was less likely to be influenced by our friendship and
intimacy, and would be more unbiassed than Henry, who had
known me so long. I afterwards showed it to Henry, and the
resolution both have come to is what I mentioned above. I
know that you will agree with me that I have done all that is
required of me in the matter. I now leave my "sentence
to come forth from His presence," and am satisfied that He
will dispose of me as "seemeth best to Him.”
I think that the Governor-General is not unfavourably
disposed towards me, if I may judge from letters I received
to-day regarding the balance of my Lucknow pay. I have
received it in full, instead of part being deducted to pay Dr.
Glennie, whom Colonel Richmond appointed to take over charge
from me.
Colonel Richmond's application for these allowances
has been refused, on the ground that the appointment was an
improper one, so he has had to pay Glennie out of his own pocket,
and pocket the snub instead!
I thought my proper course was to state my just claims, but
express my readiness to submit to whatever decision (after due
consideration) the Civil Auditor might arrive at.
Goodwyn of the Engineers tells me that. Tom has pleased
Cautley so much by his work and his zeal on the Ganges Canal,
that he spoke of him in the highest terms as one of his most
promising engineers. This is a great comfort to me. I now can
LAHORE.
151
feel that neither of my brothers have proved one of "John Chapter
Company's bad bargains."
Last night we heard of the occupation of Peshawur, and the
flight to Cabul of the Dost and his Douranis.
I went with Henry Lawrence to visit Moolraj. To-morrow we
go to see Chuttur Singh and his son.
I have seen a good deal of Fakeer Nooroodeen and Dewan
Deena Nath during my stay at Lahore.
When I think of all the responsibility and anxiety that will
devolve upon you, in your delicate health, having to arrange all
about the children's school, &c., I feel inclined to throw it all up,
and be off to join you. It is only for your sake I care to make a
name for myself.
Your brother Charles is appointed Paymaster in the Punjab,
I am told, and is to remain.
VI.
1849.
JULLUNDUR, April 31st, 1849.
Left Lahore on Wednesday, and returned here.
The day
before, Mr. Elliot arrived—sent by the Governor-General to
communicate to the little Maharajah the intention of Govern-
ment. I saw Elliot at the Residency, and had some talk with
him. Well, all is over! the Punjab is annexed, and from the
Khyber to the Sutlej is now a British province. Strange, is it not,
that this has been brought about almost against one's will? The
interview I spoke of in my last, with Chuttur Singh, Shere Singh,
and the other prisoner chiefs, took place--I saw them with Henry
Lawrence, and afterwards alone in private. I have heard all
they severally had to say. They all declare that the insurrection
was quite unpremeditated, and only gathered strength as it went
on, until almost every chief of note in the Punjab had been more
or less involved. Rajah Tej Singh and old Nooroodeen were the
only two, I believe, whom Shere Singh spoke of, as not having
communicated with him at some time or other; and he gave up
152
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter a letter which he had received from the Ranee, which implicates
VI. her very decidedly, and corroborates two others which had been
1849. intercepted; so that you see that if the insurrection had been crushed
in the bud,-which it might most easily have been, as they them-
selves admit, why then, few chiefs would have been compromised or
implicated, and we could not have annexed the country without
great injustice. But what we have looked upon as our reverses.
and mismanagement, have in the end been overruled for good.
Such is it always with us, even with regard to Peshawur and the
districts beyond the Indus. Had Dost Mahomed not acted like a
fool in the matter, they would have been offered to him; but as
matters have turned out, we must ourselves take them.
This I do honestly believe, that there has been a strong desire
on our part to act justly, and not to grasp this country from the
Sikhs, as no doubt our enemies will say; but it has been, as it
were, forced upon us. I know that Lawrence would give any-
thing if it could have been averted.
Now I trust we may look forward to a lasting peace, with, I
hope, attendant blessings in its train, that is, if we now do our
duty as becomes a Christian nation, seeking guidance from God in
all we do.
Do you remember Herbert of the 18th at Lucknow, coming to
see Henry L and his wife, when they were with us? He is
the man who defended Attok so long. A gallant fellow he is, and
has proved himself so, and his courage is of the right sort too,
which is all the more pleasing.
When he told me at Lahore of all his feelings, and his desire to
attribute all his confidence to its right source, and his anxiety to
acquit himself as became a Christian, I was sincerely rejoiced.
April 2nd. The order for my return to Lahore has just come,
the Governor-General having approved of my appointment, and
I have laid my dák and start to-morrow.
I do not yet know exactly how I shall be employed. Henry
Lawrence intends me to be Governor of the Citadel and all it con-
LAHORE.
153
VI.
tains, including the young King; but it is possible that he may Chapter
be removed from the Punjab, and I may have to accompany him
elsewhere; how nice it would be if I were told to take him to
England!
I scarcely know what to think of this appointment: may God
strengthen me to do my duty whatever it may be. I cannot bear
to give up the hope of seeing you soon.
RESIDENCY, LAHORE, Easter-day, April 20th, 1849.
The service to-day and Holy Communion were very impressive.
I wish you had been with us, for it is the first time that Holy
Communion has been celebrated here. It was even the more
impressive from the service being held in the great hall of the
Residency, for of course we have no church. The Communion
Service was of no ordinary character, many of those who par-
took of it had lately been in great peril. It was the first that
George Lawrence and his wife, Herbert Edwardes, and others
with him, had been able to attend since they had passed through
great dangers, and had been safely delivered from them; and
many of those present were about to commence their new
labours in this new country, where probably many years must
elapse before every part of these new dominions may hear the
sound of the Gospel!
+
I know that many of those present were in earnest in seeking
God's blessing on their work.
I wrote you that I was installed by Sir Henry Lawrence
on the 6th, as Governor of the Citadel and its contents; and
he took me to the Palace, and introduced me in the character
of his future Governor to the young dethroned King, Duleep
Singh. The little. fellow seemed very well pleased with me,
and we got on swimmingly. I told him that now you had gone
to take my little ones to England, I was left alone, and wanted
some one to care for, and be kind to, so that I was all the more
1849.
154
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter disposed to take pleasure in the duty which had been assigned
VI. me by the Governor-General and Sir Henry Lawrence,
1849. and would do all in my power to make him happy.
He seems a very fine-tempered boy, intelligent, and handsome.
He writes and reads Persian very well, and showed me his
last copy; he has also made a little progress in English, which
I hope to make him like better. After conversing with him
for some time, I went to look at the place intended for my
residence-in a very beautiful garden within the Palace, not
far from the Maharajah's apartments, fine marble baradurries,*
fountains, &c.; in fact, far beyond anything of the kind else-
where at Lahore, and reminding me somewhat of the Shah Munzil
at Lucknow, only the buildings, being of marble, are richer.
I then took a glance over the different establishments of the
little man-enormous they are indeed, and in his fallen and
altered circumstances will require great reductions, which I
shall endeavour to manage as well as I can, by finding other
employment for the people, and conciliating them as far as
I can by patient inquiry into their cases. I have to commence
to-day with the establishment of orderlies, or bayas, and go
on through the whole, recommending reductions in each for the
approval of Government.
I trust, with God's blessing, to manage pretty well, for I
have had experience to some extent.
You will see the names of all those who are to have civil
charge in the papers. No one can say that Lawrence's selec-
tion is not good. Men of the stamp of Montgomery, Macleod,
Tucker, Thornton, to be Commissioners!
I shall be among friends, you see, good, hard-working fellows,
who have their hearts in the right place—it is no little pleasure
to be with them. I feel much this separation from you, but
who knows what may come? Sir Henry would only be too glad
* Hall, reception-room.
LAHORE.
155
She is
VI.
1849.
to have the little boy go to England, and Lord Dalhousie may Chapter
ordain it. Lady Lawrence is here, not looking strong.
always saying she wishes you were here with me. Harry
promises to turn out a strong, sturdy boy, a little like Tim in his
old-fashioned ways. Herbert Edwardes is here in the house, from
Mooltan.
CITADEL OF LAHORE, April 10th.
I am very busy drawing out my statements and lists, but I fear
it will be many weeks, if not months, before I can complete them.
I have to make out a list in English for the Governor-General, of
all the jewels and valuables belonging to the Sikh Government,
and now transferred to ours; among them is the Koh-i-noor.
Besides this, which is pressing on me, I have to pay up and
discharge all the old establishments of Runjeet Singh. I take care
to look after the interests of my young charge, and, as far as I
can, see that he has his luxuries and comforts as before; I have
also to see that he is not robbed by people about him, who only
think of themselves in the universal "burst up" that has taken
place!
Poor, dear little fellow! So far, he seems mightily pleased
with me, and I do hope we shall continue to like each other; he
is very lovable, I think. Now that I know what I can keep for
him out of the accumulated property, I must take care that his
possessions are not diminished by robbery or pilfering. What he
does not require to take with him I shall have sold for his benefit,
and purchase Company's paper for him. His studies at present
are Persian and English. For amusements, he is passionately
fond of hawking, and thinks of nothing else. He is busy getting
up a book on the subject, in Persian, with drawings and paintings
of all the various species of hawks; this takes up his whole
attention, and renders him indifferent to all else for the time
being. The book is to treat of all the most approved ways of
156
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
VI.
1849.
Chapter training and managing hawks. He has painters constantly
employed near him at this work, which he watches with the
deepest interest, and himself tries to draw and paint a little. I
want you to send me out for him, a nice paint-box and materials,
for his use, and a good book of instructions in the art of drawing
and painting, till I can get him good lessons. Send also some
good mechanical toys to amuse him, also geographical puzzles or
dissected maps, plates of animals, &c., fit for a boy of his age,
to amuse and interest him.
-
I hope the likeness he is having taken for you will be ready to
go with this, also the sketch of the Palace and its surroundings.
Strange the vicissitudes of Indian life! I am now writing in the
room which Jowahir Singh (the Ranee's brother) always occu-
pied, and there is a beautiful little garden adjoining the house.
I have no idea yet whether Lord Dalhousie wishes me to go
with the Maharajah, if he is sent away from Lahore, or whether
I am to remain here as Assistant to the Board of Government,
and to be in charge of all civil pensioners. I have had no time
to look at a paper, so I know nothing of what is going on around.
Dr. Sprenger writes from Lucknow, congratulating me on the
very laudatory article on my appointment, in the editorial of the
Delhi Gazette! I never saw it. Dr. Sprenger says that since I
left, B. has not been "over-bearing," but "beyond bearing!"
Hollings is on his way here; I shall see him shortly. Lucknow
is nearly denuded of all our old party. The little Maharajah has
just been in with the portrait of himself, which I am to send you
with his salaam ! He says he wrote his name below, that you
might know it was genuine. If I remain here for good, I shall
send for Khalipha Ali Bux and some of our old servants; I shall
then have the pleasure of talking to them of the Mem Sahib and
Baba-log. You would be pleased if you saw how gentle and
patient I am with Meah Jan, poor lad! He was your favourite
khidmutgar, though I always thought him rather slow; indeed,
I am afraid that he will now believe that my temper must
LAHORE.
157
*
VI.
be that of a turkey cock (or perhaps a gander!), who only flares Chapter
up before his mate and little ones! I think the Maharajah shows
a great desire to hear about England. Sir H. Lawrence wishes
he could be educated there, and not left to grow up idle and de-
bauched in India, with nothing to do.
He will surely have as much to live on as any of our nobles,
considering what he has lost, and we have gained! Why, then,
should he not be brought up to the life of one? (in the highest
sense of the word)-he is young enough to mould.
CITADEL OF LAHORE, April 29th, 1849.
My occupations continue to multiply. I am now known as the
"Killah-ki-Malik "-Lord or Master of Lahore Citadel. I have
just been placing some sergeants of Artillery in charge of the
magazine under my orders, to write out lists of all the arms of all
kinds. Another set I have appointed, in the same way, in Runjeet
Singh's camp establishment, including ever so many splendid
Cashmere tents, carpets, purdahs, &c., while I myself take the
jewel department in the Toshkhana, and overlook the whole. The
extraordinary way in which jewels of the greatest value are
packed away would amuse you. Yesterday, when looking over
some splendid diamond rings, with the Treasurer and his man,
which were all huddled together in a bag—one of them being a
very beautiful likeness of Queen Victoria-I suggested that, until
the velvet rolls I had ordered for them were ready, they
should tie a label to each with a bit of thread or string, to which
they agreed. To my amusement, I find that they had misunder-
stood me, for they strung them all on a string like so many
buttons, dozen by dozen! The first ring I took out of the bag
was a diamond valued at 6,000 rupees! and some of them were
very valuable.
I cannot yet arrive at a valuation of the jewels (exclusive of
݂ܕ
158
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter the Koh-i-noor), but I don't think it will be far short of à
million! and the other valuable property as much more.
VI.
1849.
Lawrence seems to think that Lord D intends, after making
over what may be thought proper for the use of the deposed King,
to send the rest to England. If so, I hope under Lawrence's
charge; at least, he should have the option.
With my little charge I get on very well. I have had a
communication door opened between my room and his apart-
ments. As soon as he heard the announcement made to me
that the opening had been made, he proposed to go with me to
see it, and off we went. The opening could only, as yet, be got
through by stooping, and then a drop of some feet into my room.
I leapt down, and he called out to me to catch him, and jumped
into my arms; followed, of course, punctiliously, by his whole
retinue! some of them elderly stout courtiers, who were quite
serious about it, looking upon it as all in the way of duty. It was
a droll scene! I think that he and I shall be very good
friends.
He told me gravely that he won't trust himself among the
Sikhs again, and declines to go out for a ride or drive unless I
accompany him.
There is a rumour current that his mother has escaped from the
fort at Chunar. I trust she won't come this way.
I think Duleep a remarkably intelligent boy, he seems to
understand thoroughly the characters of all those about him, in a
way that an English boy would be incapable of doing. When he
brought me the two pictures finished and ready to send to you, he
was quite proud of the signatures on them, one in Persian, the
other in English. He wishes me to tell you that he did it all
himself, without any help. I don't think the likenesses are good
enough, for he is really a handsome little fellow.
Dryburgh writes me from Nepal that he has been appointed
to officiate as first Assistant to the Resident in Cripp's absence,
and it may probably be permanent.
LAHORE.
159
Strange, is it not? that we two are the only medicos in political Chapter
employment in India just now, except Campbell at Darjeeling.
VI.
1849.
CITADEL, LAHORE, May 6th and 8th, 1849.
I continue very busy, paying off all the Durbar establishments,
taking lists of jewels and treasure collected by Runjeet, collecting
ordnance stores into the magazine in the citadel from all
quarters, looking over the vast camp-equipage of the late rulers
of the Punjab. I have at last got some European assistants
under me, Cooke of the Horse Artillery, and two Horse Artillery
sergeants, and four European writers have been placed at my dis-
posal, besides ever so many moonshees (writers), and mutsuddies
(native), to bother me from morning to night. I have wheeled
them into line, as Todd would say, and now I can get along
swimmingly.
To-day is Sunday, and I have had the little Maharajah over
with me for a couple of hours; he brought his Urdu teacher with
him. I have got rid of all other work for the day and enjoy the
rest, but I feel I am doing a good work to teach him any good I
can.. It is an amusement to him to have an English writing
lesson with me, so I give him a precept to write out and translate,
"Do unto others as you would they should do unto you." I
intend, as I cannot put the Bible in his hands yet, to let him
have such principles as these to season his studies with, and I
hope to see more of him as I get rid of duties that are pressing.
He continues to be very frank and confiding with me, and I am
getting really fond of him. Hollings and Drake turned up, just
as I was engaged superintending the removal of the Koh-i-noor
and the State jewels from the old Toshkhana to the place in
which all the other treasure is kept, in the Motee Munden, so
they were fortunate in having an opportunity of seeing them,
before they were shut up for a time.
·
One of the Maharajah's painters has just made a sketch for me
Į
160 SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter of the "Summun Boorj," and of my residence in the Khâb Gha,
VI. but he has left out the finest part of the building, the marble
1849. baradurrie which adjoins my rooms, and opens into the garden.
You would delight in the view, it is magnificent. The racecourse
and grand parade in front, and the Ravee with its numerous
lovely gardens in the distance.
The little Maharajah has been busy collecting for me drawings
and paintings done by his best painters. Some are very curious
and interesting indeed, representing domestic life in the Punjab,
and various trades and professions. He has also selected authen-
tic likenesses of the great chiefs and men of note.
I have just had a letter from asking me to set him up
with some furniture, &c., from the Toshkhana ! I don't think
he will much relish the reply I have sent him; indeed, I have
some hesitation in using these things in my own rooms (though I
do live in the Palace), and I am most careful not to take any
advantage of my position in any way, for it is a most delicate one
with respect to my little charge.
I have continued to ride my own grey Cabul horse, "Robin
Hood," daily, with plain English saddle, in the midst of the
gorgeous calvacade, or royal Sowarree, when I accompany the
little boy; but, as he has stumbled badly several times, I am
looking out for another horse, as it would not be dignified to have
a fall!
The little fellow, and also several of his courtiers, express
astonishment that I do not order out the best horse in the stable
for myself, and both Mansel and John Lawrence, who rode with
Yet I
me last time, said I was too scrupulous in this matter.
have determined that I shall ride a horse of my own.
The Maharajah sent me yesterday three splendid Arabs to
choose from, and, of course, I was then obliged to order one of
them to be prepared for me to ride out with him that day, but at
the same time I have fixed on another horse to purchase, not one
of those ordered to be sold from the royal stables under my
LAHORE.
161
charge! I may be too scrupulous, but I feel happier in my inde- Chapter
pendence.
VI.
I am very indifferent as to my fate. I shall be rejoiced at 1849.
the opportunity of taking furlough and rejoining you in England,
but I want to do my duty, whatever it is.
Many would regret losing such an appointment as this, but
I have not yet acquired much relish for acting the "Bahadoor,"
although I have that distinguished rank, thanks to the King
of Oude!
You will doubtless see by the papers, that the Ranee Jinda
(Duleep's mother) has made her escape from the fort at Chunar,
near Benares, where she was imprisoned. I have just heard
from Dryburgh that she is in his custody at Nepal (I told you
he was Acting Assistant Resident).
He says she arrived there in disguise as a Fakeernee, and
Jung Bahadoor at once sent her to the Resident.
A
Is it not a strange turn of events that has brought the son
under my charge, and the mother under his? I trust he will keep
her safe, so that she won't come here to complicate matters.
connection of the Ranee's, a brother-in-law, is one of my atten-
dants. He has just been telling me strange stories about her.
He says that her affection for the handsome young Rajah Heera
Singh was the cause of her not offering to perform suttee with old
Runjeet, that she made proposals to Heera Singh, which he
declined, but recommended Lal Singh to her attention, which
proposal was accepted; that after Heera's refusal, her love
turned to hate, and she at last compassed his death. I daresay
you remember reading the account of it at the time.
The Ranee Jinda is, even by her own relatives, looked upon
as exceptionally bad, even among these licentious people.
CITADEL, LAHORE, May 22nd, 1849.
No more known yet of our future destination. Sir Henry
tells me that as soon as I can get clear of paying off the Civil
M
162
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter Establishment and the Toshkhana, that he wants me to take
VI. the Post-office in hand, as Postmaster-General in the Punjab.
1849.
I tell him I must get through some of my pressing work
before I undertake anything new. I am getting a return
from Bowring of all the lame, blind, old, and infirm in the city,
so as to give away some of the Maharajah's regular charity
to them, instead of the indiscriminate almsgiving to professional ·
beggars. I wish to show his people whom we consider proper
objects of his bounty.
I do so long to join you in England, that I feel quite indifferent
as to whether this is to be a permanent appointment or not.
When I feel myself longing for your presence, I try to comfort
myself by thinking that at all events you are safe from all the
discomforts that many other military men's wives are liable to
here, take poor "Dismal Johnnie as an example ! He took
his wife with him to Wuzeerabad, and was ordered to send
her back immediately. He writes me in despair, and throws
himself on my mercy, begs me to take charge of her, and give
her a room here in the Khâb Gha! I have managed a place for
her elsewhere.
I was much amused yesterday, when giving some directions to
the Havildar of the Guards at the Toshkhana, to find that he
belonged to the 56th Native Infantry, and had been with Colonel
Hope Dick at Lucknow, remembered the " Mem-Sahib " and the
"Mem-Sahib-ki-Bain," who had married the "Residency Doctor
Sahib," and that she was "essah khoopsurut." I could not
help wondering if the rogue was poking fun, but he was as grave
as a judge, and apparently had no idea that he was talking to
the identical Doctor Sahib, for, as I said before, I am only known
here as the "Killah-ki-Malik.
Sir H. and Lady Lawrence, and their dear little boy, have
started for Simla. I daresay the fate of my little charge will
The dear little man has just been with me
for a couple of hours to-day; he seems always so glad to come,
soon be known now.
LAHORE..
163
VI.
1849.
that I feel so sorry I have not more time to spare to receive him Chapter
oftener, but I am so occupied. I have taken care to select some
of the best tents for his use, before any are made over for sale,
and I have ordered that those that are to be used for his servants
and establishment, be at once pitched on the parade ground in
front, and have given his people a plan of encampment to which
they are always to adhere, and of which they highly approve.
send you a sketch of it.
I
Now when you are told that the tents for the little man himself
are all lined, some with rich Cashmere shawls, and some with
satin and velvet embroidered with gold, semianas, carpets, purdahs,
and floor-cloths to match, and that the tent-poles are encased in
gold and silver (like a chobedar's mace), you may fancy that we
shall look rather smart! I should say that for camp-equipage,
old Runjeet's camp was the very finest and most sumptuous
among all the Princes of India. It is very pleasant to look out
at the pretty little encampment, and feel that we shall soon start
somewhere-a report is current that the Mahabuleshwar Hills,
near Poona, is to be the boy's destination.
I heard from Lamb from Lucknow; he says it is reported on
good authority, that Colonel Richmond was jealous of my
influence with the natives, and reported to Government that I
had influenced them in political matters!
CITADEL, June 10th, 1849.
I am at present occupied with the pensions and settlements for
the wives, or rather, widows, of Runjeet Singh; twenty-two in
all-seventeen Hindoo, and five Mahomedan ! ·
At first they made all sorts of difficulties as to their communica-
tions with me, sending their maldas with their messages; but
they soon gave that up, and I am now overpowered with their
personal attentions. My great help and factotum in all matters
connected with the Ranees is old Amlah Singh, a white-bearded,
M 2
164
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter tough old Sikh, who has been with every Sikh Maharajah ever
VI. since their commencement.
1849.
He told me-sitting at my feet the other night—of all that
occurred at the death, or rather the assassination, of Maharajah
Shere Singh (Duleep's predecessor), to whom he was actually
speaking when he was shot by Ajeet Singh six years ago, and also
of his being one of the five of Heera Singh's party who escaped,
when that poor lad was cut up. Don't you remember my reading
an account of it to you at the time?
Meah Kheema, the confidential personal attendant of Duleep
Singh, also occasionally gives me his account of various matters.
He says he was the only one left with the boy, when his mother
sent the troops in pursuit of Rajah Heera Singh and his party:
I wish I had the pen of a ready writer. I might bring out
some very interesting facts connected with the history of the
Punjab and Afghanistan during the last fifty years.
The principal topic of the day is the commencement of the
trial of Moolraj. I have fitted up the Dewan-i-Aum of the Citadel
for the occasion, to the admiration and satisfaction of the Com-
missioners, John Lawrence and Mansel. Herbert Edwardes and
Montgomery have been in, expressing their delight at the hand-
some appearance I have contrived to give the building; every-
thing handsome, and no gaudy display; it certainly added dignity
to the solemn occasion for which they were assembled.
When I was appointed Governor of the Citadel, I found that
this included charge of all the State prisoners, and thus Moolraj
became my ward; and it would amuse you if you saw me, twice a
day, walking across the quadrangle of the Citadel, to and from the
prison to the court, with Moolraj in friendly conversation (but with
a European guard close by), when I make him over and receive
him back.
I told him that Vans Agnew was my dear friend, and that his
death was a great grief to me. He expressed himself as more
grieved than ever at the event since he heard this, and he
LAHORE.
165
Nor had he ever Chapter
He expressed great
solemnly avers he never authorized it.
encouraged his people to attack Agnew.
regret for what had occurred, but said he was helpless, and so
far I believe the evidence does not implicate him.
Colonel Hamilton, of the 34th Native Infantry, a Deputy Com-
missioner here, is appointed to act for him, and takes up the case
con amore. I do not wonder that Moolraj is loud in his praise of
our justice and love of fair play, when he sees how Hamilton
sticks up for him against Bowring, the Government prosecutor.
I told John Lawrence that if they expect to get a verdict against
Moolraj, they had made a mistake when they gave him a Scotch-
man to defend him! Hamilton comes of a legal family; Mr. R.
Hamilton, the Clerk of Sessions, is his uncle. His brother Jock,
is a great friend of your brother Charles; they came out as cadets
together.
Certainly Indian life is full of romance! I never dreamt of
having to do with such strange and historic characters as are now
accumulated under my charge, for I have all the political prisoners
now. It is very amusing the-requests I get from friends and
acquaintances. One asks me to get him appointed to carry the
Koh-i-noor to England; several to get them appointments in
the Punjab under the Lawrences; another asks to get a civil engi-
neer's appointment; but there is no end to the absurd requests.
Many I have been able to help to get quarters, for they are very
difficult to be had. I have been able to take Colonel Hamilton
and E. Prinsep into the Citadel, as they could get no place any-
where. My duties are certainly multifarious. I was first
appointed Governor of the Citadel, and in charge of the Maha-
rajah; then Pension Paymaster to all State pensioners. I have
to pay off and discharge all public establishments of the former
Government, which I did not think necessary to retain, to recom-
mend all persons who were to receive pensions and gratuities;
then I received charge of all the magazines, receiving all military
stores, guns, arms, &c., collected throughout the whole country,
VI.
1849.
166
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter in consequence of the general disarming. I was formally made
VI.
Keeper of the State Toshkhana, or Treasury, with the State jewels ;
1849.
´and the Koh-i-noor was placed in my hands. All the artillery work-
shops throughout the city, and the guards at the city gates, were
made over to me; the great stud establishments for breeding
horses throughout the Punjab also, which entailed a great deal
of work. But I have forgotten the most troublesome of all, the
Ranees, the wives and concubines of all the Maharajahs! I am
now trying to find houses for them, to get them out of the Citadel.
So if I have not work enough, I am surprised! By-the-bye, I am
also Postmaster-General of the Punjab, at Henry Lawrence's
special request; he knows I like the work. I should not
object, when all these various duties are fulfilled, tó remain Post-
master-General of the Punjab, if Cashmere could be added to
my beat! I often wish you were herë, to help me with your sug-
gestions in many things. I would like, above all things, to be able
to show you the gorgeous State jewels, as I have now arranged
them in the fine box I have had made and lined.
-
You would have laughed to see how they were kept before, by
the native treasurers, rolled up in bits of rags, and stowed away
in such queer places.
TRIAL OF MOOLRAJ.
}
LAHORE, June 17th to 22nd.
The trial of Moolraj still going on. I don't think the old
fellow is anything of the hero they would make him out to be,
but rather a weak, chicken-hearted fellow, afraid to do what was
right, and entirely in the hands of some resolute villains around
him. I don't think he really intended any harm to dear Pat
Vans Agnew; but he had not moral courage enough to put the
fellows down.
LAHORE.
167
-
("
I have not heard yet whether Tom has succeeded in turning Chapter
VI.
the river from its course three-quarters of a mile, as he has
undertaken to do! he does not stick at trifles, and I hear he is 1849.
highly thought of at Roorkee, so I think I may consider him
safely launched, and that he will prove himself worth the Com-
pany's salt. Well; Moolraj's trial is over, poor wretch! Hamil-
ton made an excellent defence for him, and spoke the sentiments
of most people who understand the whole matter from the
beginning. Moolraj is, however, found guilty; but from having
been the victim of circumstances is most earnestly -recom-
mended to mercy." I had a long talk with him the other day;
he spoke highly of the endeavours which had been made to
ensure him justice. He said it was this love of justice
which had made us so powerful, and would continue
to make us more So. Until we came forward, he said,
and offered him the assistance of an officer qualified to under-
take his defence, no one had dared to speak a word in his favour;
but now he was not a little surprised to find that Colonel Hamil-
ton had succeeded in getting four witnesses to speak favourably
for him. He told me that from the day of Agnew's death, he
had never gone to visit his own family at his own house, though
some of them had been to speak to him. I daresay we may
soon look for Henry Lawrence and his wife back from the hills.
They have both derived benefit from the change, but I fear it
will be the old thing again with him-he will overwork himself
as before.
-
CITADEL, LAHORE, July 12th, 1849.
I wish you were here to enjoy the lovely view from the window
of my sitting-room, the little garden in front, with its marble
fountain, the vinery, the gallery leading to the Summun Boorj,
which would make a splendid conservatory, the marble hall out-
side, with the fountain in the centre, and its beautiful mosaic
168
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
VI.
1849.
Chapter pavement. You may form an idea of its beauties, by a remark
I heard from a lady (who was sketching it), to a friend, “It is a
place just made to pass the honeymoon in!" (This was not
intended for my ear!) I have been far too busy to go out much,
but Lady Lawrence was determined that I should be with them
at the only large party she has been able to give in the Residency
this season, and as I have been unable to return visits or calls, it
was a good opportunity to meet everybody at once.
·
It is very amusing the number of lady visitors I have, they all
come to call on Mrs. Login, but they are all eager to see the
pretty things I have to show. Mrs. John Lawrence, Miss
Willson and Mrs. Napier, came yesterday to help me with their
advice and assistance, as to the arranging of the State jewels in
the handsome box I have had prepared for them, and they promise
to come again till all is finished.
How amused you would have been with the odd things that
come under my inspection. Such a queer conglomeration of odds
and ends has never before been seen, I do believe !
I found a fine picture of the Queen in a go-down, among a heap
of other valuables, all covered with dust, and among other curiosi
ties I have unearthed from the same place, were a lot of valuable
drawings of different kinds and fine old engravings, and a little
wax-cloth bag, containing a copy of Henry Martyn's Persian Testa-
ment, presented (so the inscription says) by good "Lady William
Bentinck to Joseph Wolff." How came it here? The medley of
articles in that Toshkhana is indescribable!
I have told the little Maharajah that I am in anxiety to hear
from you of your safe arrival, as there are reports of several
deaths on board your ship on the voyage, and it is nice to see
how the little man's sympathy has been aroused, and how eagerly
he asks, the first thing, if I have heard of you.and Edwy.
I am overwhelmed with applications by my old writers, &c., at
Lucknow for situations. I have been able to give one in my office
to Mr. Sequera, but I can do no more.
↓
LAHORE.
169
VI.
There is every prospect of fine crops this year, better than for Chapter
many years back; this will have more effect in keeping the
country quiet than an army of 20,000 men.
The immense number thrown out of employment by the
breaking up of the Sikh army, and all the Court establishments,
was naturally a severe and great anxiety to the Government, and
endeavours are being made to turn their attention to agricultural
pursuits as far as possible. Almost the first thing done, on our
taking possession, was to send out engineers and workmen to
open canals for irrigation throughout the Doab, and I did all in my
power to urge it on, by keeping the matter constantly before
Lawrence and his two coadjutors; so that I believe it was the
very first order issued, on assuming full power. In consequence,
we are now working hard in the magazine, breaking up old arms
as fast as we can, and converting them into powráhs and pick-
axes, and already I have supplied Napier with many tons of them,
for his work on the canals. I had the pleasure of having the first
swords brought in, converted into capital scythes for mowing the
grass in the soldiers' gardens, which was coming as near "pruning
hooks as circumstances permitted! I am now trying my
ingenuity in breaking up cannon shot, without going to the
expense of heating them, and I think I shall succeed pretty well;
as they are all made of hammered iron, and beautifully finished;
the expense of shot made this way must have been enormous. I
am setting aside those that may suit our six and nine pounders,
for trial during the artillery practice season. I have little doubt
that the range of hammered shot, when well made, will be found
greater than cast iron.
I have just sent in to the Governor-General a list of jewels,
amounting in value to about sixteen and a half lakhs of rupees, and
I daresay I shall soon have his orders as to the disposal of them.
By-the-bye, I met a Madras officer the other day who knew your
two brothers, John and Colin, there. He told me that on his
arrival he met an officer, whom, from his extraordinary likeness to
1849.
170.
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SİNGH.
VI.
1849.
Chapter John in face, figure, manners, and in every way, even to his beard,
must be a brother of his, whom he heard was here. It turned out
to be Herbert Edwardes; of Mooltan celebrity. There must be, as
I told Edwardes, a strong resemblance; his nose is certainly big
enough for a pair of Campbells!
=
CITADEL, July 21st, 1849.
Moolraj is always so pleased to see me, when I have time to go
in and say a kind word to him. I tell him, he can see that it is not
the wish of our Government to treat him harshly, but that the
only fear was that, by treating him too leniently others might be
induced to do as he did, and thus the lives of many of our people
may be sacrificed. He seemed perfectly to see the justice of this
view of the matter, and asked me what I thought would be his
punishment. I said, probably imprisonment for life. "Oh,"
said he, in true Oriental style, "under your care that would be no
punishment!”
رکیه
I have sent some letters for his son through Mr. Edgworth, the
Commissioner; and I supply him with a few books and news-
papers to read, as well as a Persian Testament, which, with God's
blessing, may be useful to him.
He begged me to allow his "Said" (Hindoo priest) to visit
him, which I did at once. But the man does not care to repeat
his visits often.
Moolraj passes almost his whole time in prayer, and in writing out
couplets to invoke the Deity, and propitiate Him in the way he
has been taught. As his mind is so disposed that he only thinks
of religion, he is anxious I should get him another copy of the
Testament, in a character he can read more easily than the one
I gave him, which is the Arabic character. I hope to be able to
do so.
He is, for a native of these parts, a well-educated man.
I enclose as a curiosity for you, a paper he wrote and sent to me
{
;
171
LAHORE.
}
yesterday, covered over with the word "Ram-Ram-Ram" which Chapter
serves as a prayer. His own signature is on the back.
V1.
1849.
As soon as the Governor-General's decision on the
fate of Moolraj was made known to the Board, Mansel
wrote to Login as follows :
MY DEAR LOGIN,
ANARKULLAH, July 21st, 1849.
I have just heard by to-day's post from the Governor-
General, that he has remitted the capital sentence on Moolraj,
but that his punishment will be severe.
Will you kindly see him (Moolraj), and communicate to
him privately, that this is the word of the Governor-General :
"That he will not be executed."
I have received no authority to make it public, but if Moolraj
is informed of it, he may be expected to tell his friends and visitors,
and so the matter is no longer a secret. I have not seen you for
an age. Come to dinner at eight to-morrow, and bring Wakefield.
If he can't come, not being quite recovered, mind you come
yourself.
Yours,
C. G. MANSEL.
CHAPTER VII.
LAHORE.
LOGIN to his WIFE.
CITADEL, LAHORE, Sept. 3rd, 1849.
Chapter
I am rather anxious about Sir Henry's state of health; he is far
VII. from well, and I fear will have to go to the Cape to recruit, for he
1849. cannot afford to go home. By scraping all together, he cannot
make more than £700 to live on, for himself, wife, and children,
and he would feel miserable at having nothing to give away to
others.
}
I cannot but feel gratified at the entire confidence reposed in
me by the Board of Administration (Henry and John Lawrence
and Mansel). Almost the only instructions I get from them, when
I appeal to them are, "Just do what you think right and proper,
and we will support you."
Now when you consider how much must be left to my
discretion in an appointment of this kind, where I am put
in charge of property of all kinds, of which neither the Govern-.
ment (nor indeed any one else) can have any idea of the value,
nor any check to enable them to judge of the amount, and
it is so entirely left to me to make over this or that to the
Maharajah as being, in my opinion, necessary for his use,-
I think I may take it for granted that I stand high in
their opinion for conscientiousness, integrity, and honesty, even
•
LAHORE.
173
VII.
1849.
Lord Dalhousie, in acknowledging the receipt of the list of Chapter
jewels, to the amount of sixteen and a half lakhs, which I sent in,
thinks it necessary to express his sense of the way in which I have
proved myself worthy of the Lawrences' high recommendation.
He expresses himself also highly pleased with the careful
manner in which the lists have been prepared. I feel that this
is greatly owing to Jowahir Misr's assistance, so I do not plume
myself on this or any other flattering remarks. God knows, I
shall be right glad when I can get all the property safely made
over, without loss or detriment to Government. I only fear that
I will find myself a poorer man by having this charge laid on me;
if, as I foresee, the accounts may not balance exactly, from the
innumerable detailed payments that have been made, I shall of
course be answerable.
I feel the disadvantage often, of not having been trained to the
regular work, as civilians are, when cases are brought up to me to
decide and judge, but on the whole, I think I get on very well,
and decide the cases impartially.
as
Login was very anxious to make his birthday
pleasant as possible to the little dethroned King, so
he proposed to the Lawrences, in the following letter,
that a sort of fête should be given on the occasion :-
MY DEAR LAWRENCE,
The little Maharajah's birthday is to take place on Tuesday
or Wednesday (the Pundits have not yet decided which, as it all
depends on his star), but I will let you know. Don't you think
it would be proper to make up a party from the Residency to
offer him their good wishes?
I can have the Summun put in order, to make it look well, and
if Lady L. and Mrs. John will give me help with khidmutgars,
you can all have tea in my garden afterwards. We shall not be
174
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
י,
Chapter able to have a very large party, and I should like to see as many
VII,
children as possible, on the little fellow's account. All the Ranees
1849.
are, as usual, to pay their respects, and present their nuzzurs oṇ
that day. We can arrange matters easily, if the European party
comes early, so as not to interfere with them. I think we should
fix sunrise as the time.
·
A little civility and attention shown on this, his first birthday
since he lost his throne, would be kindly taken. It need not be
in the least official, merely friendly; but as the natives will all
dress in their best to do him honour, I think our party should
not sport solah hats and shooting jackets on this occasion!
Don't you agree with me? Tell me what you think of my
proposal as soon as you can, that I may make arrangements.
Yours very truly,
August 31st, CITADEL, 1849.
J. S. L.
On the back of this letter, in Indian fashion is
scribbled this characteristic reply —
MY DEAR LOGIN,
We are agreeable to all you propose (my brother John in-
cluded). Let's know the day fixed.
Yours always,
H. LAWRENCE.
The following letter to his wife written the day
after the fête, describes the proceedings:
CITADEL, Sep. 5th, 1849.
Yesterday was the birthday of the little Maharajah: he is now
eleven, and entering his twelth year.
}、
LAHORE.
175
1
VII.
1849.
Everything was done that was in my power, to give the anni- Chapter
versary-due honour, so that he should feel the difference in his
position as little as possible, and not contrast unpleasantly with
the last, when he was a reigning King. No doubt, in spite of all,
he did see and feel a great difference, poor little man! but never-
theless he thoroughly enjoyed himself, and was as delighted with
the fireworks as any boy of his age could be. Luckily the
evening was fine, though the deluge of rain in the morning was
dreadful, and upset all my grand arrangements.
I had the great pleasure of presenting to the Maharajah, on the
morning of his birthday, a lakh of rupees' worth of his own jewels
from the Toshkhana which I had been empowered by Government
to select and present to him.
He appeared, therefore, dressed most splendidly; wearing,
besides other jewels, the diamond aigrette and star I had selected.
When I congratulated him on his appearance, he innocently re-
marked, that on his last birthday he had worn the Koh-i-noor
on his arm!
L
The rain was so heavy, that to prevent the poor Ranees getting
drenched in their finery, I ordered the wall of the Palace to be
broken through, to admit them direct from their apartments,
instead of going round in the rain to the ordinary entrance.
They all came early, very smartly got up, to present their nuzzurs
to their little Sovereign, and to see and speak to him a while, when
offering their congratulations. I had purdahs put up to screen
the Mahomedan ladies from observation; but the Sikh Ranees
are not so particular, and were quite ready to chat with me.
The little fellow gave himself up to enjoyment for the rest of
the day, like a boy as he is.
I shall be truly glad when it is settled what is to be the future
destination of Duleep Singh. Sir Henry and Mansel both advise
his being sent to England at once; but Lord D. is not fond of
: suggestions, so we all wait for his decision.
Sir Henry says
that the Dhoon, with a large estate or Jagheer, might not be a
bad thing.
176
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH
་
Chapter
VII.
1849.
Either of these plans would suit me; but if it is decided to send
him to some place in Central India, and to bring him up with no
other expectation than to be a mere pensioner, debauched and
worthless like so many others, then I feel it is no work for me,
and I'll wash my hands of the charge, take my furlough, and join
you in England; but all this is in wiser hands than mine, and I
leave it there contentedly.
THE SAME to THE SAME.
October 4th, 1849.
No particular news, except that Chuttur Singh, Shere Singh,
and eight other chief Sirdars, have been added to my collection of
curiosities in the Citadel. They have been suspected, on pretty
good evidence, of holding communication with several disaffected
chiefs who are still in hiding, and of having in this way broken
through the agreement made with them, when they were allowed
to return to their homes. Some of them are, I daresay, guilty,
but against others there is little evidence. However, their arrest
will be useful in putting down little intrigues which were going on,
and which have required us to be on the alert.
Shere Singh wishes to be thought (as indeed he is) a devil-may-
care sort of fellow, and makes himself quite at home anywhere.
His first request was for a pack of cards, and something good
to eat and drink.
Old Chuttur Singh I feel most for. I shall make them as
comfortable as I can; they affect to look upon it as a piece of
rare good fortune to be sent to me. You see what a good name
I have got for all sorts of virtues! Knowing me as you do, only
think how people can be humbugged! I ought to be vain, if
flattery could make me so, for I don't think anybody has had such
a pat of butter administered, as I have lately. Henry Lawrence
gave me a letter he had received from Macleod, as he said you
would be pleased to know what such a man said of your husband.
LAHORE.
177
VII.
It now lies before me, so I shall enclose it. I trust the effect on Chapter
me will be to make me more humble, and strive to be what such
a man as Donald Macleod believes me to be already.*
CITADEL, Oct. 24th, 1849.
There is a report going about since last mail that, much to the
honour of " our dear little Queen," she has declined to accept the
Koh-i-noor as a gift, under the circumstances in which it has been
offered her; indeed, I shall rejoice to hear that this is true, and I
am sure that many of her subjects will rejoice with me.
I think I told you that I had urged Henry Lawrence to propose
to Lord Dalhousie that the Queen's subjects all over the Empire
should be allowed to embrace the opportunity of showing their
love and goodwill, by offering it to her. I feel certain that it
would be easy to raise a sufficient sum to purchase it,† and it
would have more value in her eyes, givén her in this way by her
people, as a token of their respect and honour, the money to be
spent for the good and benefit of her new. subjects here, by making
the Punjab to bloom like a garden. This may easily be done, by
giving employment to the 100,000 men who have been cast adrift,
making roads, bridges, and canals, and establishing schools among
them, and thus showing that we are above taking anything from
them in a shabby way.
This would be one way of converting the possession of the Koh-
i-noor into a blessing instead of a curse, which the natives
say it
Extract of a letter from Mr.—afterwards Sir Donald-Macleod to Sir Henry
Lawrence :-
DEAR LAWRENCE,
It is truly a happy thing that the young Maharajah has been
entrusted to one who will so favourably impress him in respect to the
uprightness, benevolence, and intellectual superiority of the European race.
†
દ
D. MACLEOD.
Of course, it would be absurd to fix a price that would be near its intrinsic
value, but I think £200,000 would meet the purpose."-J. S. L.
1849.
史
​N
178
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
}
Chapter has been. But there! I've no doubt you will say that, as usual,
my romance is running away with me.
VII.
1849.
LAHORE, Nov. 6th, 1849.
My work is increased just now by the seizure of Shere
Singh's papers, and those of others, and the inquiries and exami-
nations of witnesses necessary to be made in consequence, which
may yet lead to important results.
I was present at a very interesting conversation the other day,
between Chuttur Singh and Shere Singh with John Lawrence and
Herbert Edwardes.*
•
•
"In the autumn of 1849 . . in attendance on Mr. John Lawrence, who
was conducting a political investigation, I had one or two very interesting inter-
views with the Rajah in confinement; and in the presence of Mr. Lawrence and
Dr. Login, the Superintendent of the Palace, I took the opportunity of asking
the Rajah his reasons for going over to the enemy. He replied, throwing up his
hands, “My evil destiny! It all took place in one night. My mind was dis-
tressed by the Sikh force being ordered away from Mooltan. More pressing letter's
than ever came in the very next day from my father, imploring me to join the
movement; and I wrote off to Moolraj, for the first time, to say that I would
march to him next morning.
""
This is the Rajah's account of his own defection. Now let us have Moolraj's.
Moolraj's religious adviser and private secretary (his Jesuit, in short) was one
Misr Kool Juss, a high caste Brahmin. This man's trial succeeded his master's,
and was conducted by me. Amongst other questions, I asked him how long
Rajah Shere Singh had been in correspondence with Moolraj before going over.
He replied, "That the Rajah never wrote but one letter to the Dewan, all the
time he was at Mooltan, and that was the night before he came over.
We were
astonished; for, though we knew all the Rajah's soldiers were our friends, we
believed the Rajah himself was our enemy. He had previously rejected all over-
tures, punished all traitors in his camp, and fired upon our troops. When, there-
fore, all at once he proposed to join us, we suspected treachery, and would not
admit him within the walls, but made him encamp under the guns of the fort;
and up to the very day when he marched away again to join his father in Hazaruh,
the Dewan and the Rajah never came to a good understanding."
The power of evidence cannot go further than this; and impartial history is, in
my opinion, bound to record this verdict: that Rajah Shere Singh Atareewallah
was opposed to the rebellion of Mooltan and the second Sikh war; did what
he could to stop them both; but failing, sided with his family and nation.
For my own part, I pity him for giving way at last, as much as I execrate his
father for leading him astray."-From Sir Herbert Edwardes's "Year in the
Punjab,” vol. ii., pp. 506-7.
*
+
་ ༣
LAHORE.
179
I had to take notes of all that was said, and shall have to give Chapter
evidence on the subject when the Governor-General arrives. It VII.
may possibly result in our settling accounts afresh with our Cash- 1849.
mere friend, Golâb Singh.
I shall not be surprised, if certain things are proved against
him, to see him ordered to countermarch a little, and take up his
position beyond the Indus, giving him Peshawur and Derajet in
exchange for Cashmere. He is the sort of man to hold such a
country, and save us a vast deal of trouble.
Dr. McCosh is anxious to take daguerreotypes here, and begs
to be allowed to come to-morrow to take likenesses of all the
notabilities collected here, myself included among the number, he.
says! I have told him he cannot take any of the prisoners.
You would laugh if you saw me in the midst of my work trying
to snatch a moment to write this. Í have moonshees on one side,
reading purwanas and roobookarees for my edification, old
pensioners in front receiving their pay; on the other side, Misr
Makraj, the Treasurer, asking for and receiving my orders. We
are all seated in the verandah of the Toshkhana.
I must stop
now, for I am told John Lawrence is in sight, bearing down upon
me with papers in his hand. Something wanted to be done, no
doubt.
LETTER from ROBERT ADAMS.
CITADEL, LAHORE, Nov. 2nd, 1849.
MY DEAR COUSIN,
Login will have told you that, through his kind offices with
Sir H. Lawrence, I am here on my way to join the Guide Corps
at Peshawur, as second in command. I scarcely regret that I have
been detained here by illness a few days, as it has given me an
opportunity of seeing all the multifarious wonders, animal and
mineral, over which your worthy husband keeps guard within
}
N 2
180
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter the Citadel, and of telling you before I leave this, how well
VII. his really responsible duties have agreed with him.
1849.
I must try and give you some idea of his daily work and of all
he has to look after, but as I shall start by dák in an hour I have
little time to do it. To give human nature precedence, there is
first the little Maharajah, the care of whose small person is his
specific appointment. The little bit of Royalty himself gives little
trouble, and he seems much attached to Login, looks on him as
his "
Ma-Bap," and won't even go out to ride in the morning,
or drive in the evening, unless he will go with him. But the.
establishments of the King, vast and entangled as they were,
must have cost him no little trouble; the cutting them down to
due dimensions, the task of striking out the names of those who
were entitled to no consideration, fixing the amount of the just
claims of others, settling the pensions of all whose services deserved
to be recognized, and retaining those whose services were
required, with the preparation of lists, reports, and descriptive
rolls, must have been very harassing. But the Ranees! How
would you have felt if you had known that he was busily
employed inspecting some hundred of queens and their female
attendants, examining and noting down all the warts, moles, and
freckles on their dingy countenances and fingers? Coaxing the
dark beauties to unveil their faces to his prying gaze, that he
might the better write down their portraits, and fix the rates of
their future allowances! What fascinations they must have
employed to induce him to take a liberal view of their wants, and
make the paltry twenty-five a clear half hundred.
It is said, I know not with what truth, that the young and
pretty Ranees have little reason to complain! I only hope the
old and ugly have no grounds to bewail their scrimp allowances!
Moolraj, another of the wild beasts of his menagerie, I was
introduced to yesterday, and never was more disappointed in any
man. Prepared to see a weak, attenuated frame, I did expect tò
see something of the hero visible on his face; but not a bit! he
LAHORE.
181
VII.
looks an ordinary shrewd buniah with little energy. Certainly his Chapter
was not the bold pluck to enter on a contest with the armies of
British India, nor was his the enduring fortitude that held
Mooltan against us for so long; he could only have been the tool
in the hands of braver men.
One cannot help being persuaded, when looking at him, that
however just the sentence of death is on Moolraj as Dewan of
Mooltan, he personally is guiltless of the blood of Agnew and
Anderson.
Login manages to make time to visit him daily, and chats with
him, and it is only by his kind coaxing that he can be induced
to take enough to keep body and soul together. Poor wretch! one
cannot help feeling pity for him, and I am glad he has fallen into
such kind hands.
=
Chuttur Singh, Shere Singh, and ten others of less note, are in
Login's custody at present, making thirteen State prisoners.
Login is now hard at work with his staff of assistants, in getting
the Toshkhana of kingly valuables into order against the coming
of the Governor-General, which is expected about the 20th.
I wish you could walk through that same. Toshkhana and
see its wonders! the vast quantities of gold and silver, the jewels
not to be valued, so many and so rich! the Koh-i-noor, far
beyond what I had imagined; and, perhaps above all, the
immense collection of magnificent Cashmere shawls, rooms
full of them, laid out on shelves, and heaped up in bales—it is
not to be described! And all this made over to him, without any
list, or public document of any sort, all put in his hands to set in
order, value, sell, &c.; that speaks volumes, does it not, for the
character he bears with those whose good opinions are worth
having? Few men, I fancy, would have been so implicitly trusted.
He will come out of it all none the richer, but probably
poorer, for his pay is not quite so much as he had at Lucknow.
I hear he is constantly bothered by people coming to beg he will
show them the jewels, &c., and he is too kind-hearted to refuse;
182
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter but now he says he must fix one day in the week to let them
VII. be exhibited, and thus secure peace on other days.
1849. ready, I must stop.*
My dák is
Your affectionate cousin,
ROBERT R. ADAMS.
P.S.—The enclosed rough memorandum will amuse you.†
*The writer of this letter, after having served in the Guides (as second in
command), was made an Assistant-Commissioner by John Lawrence, and after-
wards Deputy-Commissioner in Hazara. He was assassinated at Peshawur in
1864, when Deputy-Commissioner of that city, being cut down by a fanatic as
he was riding near the Cabuli Gate.
† Memorandum of Memorabilia, under charge of
JOHN SPENCER LOGIN,
in the Citadel of Lahore,
April 6th, 1849.
The young RULER of the Sikhs.
The FAMILIES of Runjeet Singh and of all the successive Maharajahs of the
Punjab, including thirty-three Ranees and 130 concubines.
The PRINCES of the Abdalee family, rulers of Afghanistan and Cashmere.
The Court Establishment of all the Lahore Maharajahs, including six sets
of courtezans, natives of Cashmere, and five full bands of musicians.
The NAWABS of Mooltan and their families.
Moolraj, ex-Nazim of Mooltan.
Rajah Chuttur Singh.
State Prisoners.
Rajah Shere Singh.
Rajah Lal Singh,
and ten other men of note, including Hakim Rai and his two sons.
The female attendants of Ranee Jinda, from Chunar, were added to this list.
The keys and royal seals of the Motee Munden and of Govindghur (royal
treasuries).
THE DIAMOND (KOH-I-NOOR).
The State jewels and treasures in gold, silver, and precious stones; dishes,
plates, cups, cooking pots, and gurrahs of gold and silver.
1
The vast store of Cashmere shawls, chogas, &c.
1
LAHORE.
183
Chapter
VII
1849.
LOGIN to his WIFE.
CITADEL, Nov. 22nd, 1849.
Still busy; I shall be glad when I can give a “good
account of my stewardship." Not that I have any wish what-
ever that by doing my work well here I may get something
higher, but merely to satisfy my own conscience that I have done
my duty.
I have sent in my pension lists, and was not a little gratified at
what Burn told me. The Board sent them up to Government.
with high commendations, and drew attention to the fact (which
I did not particularly notice), that by exercising a sound discre-
tion, and paying off the establishments promptly, with and
without gratuities, I had saved a large sum to Government. Mr.
P. Melvill, the new Secretary (who is much in Lord Dalhousie's
confidence), told me that I am much too useful to part with just
now, and that I am far more likely to be kept at Lahore by Lord
Dalhousie, than to be sent away with the little boy. I only tell
you this because you will be pleased to hear that I give satisfac-
Runjeet's golden chair of State; his silver summer-house, gold and silver poled;
tents and camp-equipage of rich Cashmere; arms and armour, very
magnificent.
Shah Sooja's State pavilion, gorgeously embroidered.
Relics of the Prophet: his shoes, walking-stick, shirt, cap, and pyjamas; his
book of prayers in the Kufic character; several locks of his hair.
The Kulgee "plume" of the last Gûrû (Govind).
་
The sword of the Persian hero Roostum, taken from Shah Sooja by Runjeet
Singh.
The sword of Wuzeer Fathie Khan, founder of the Baruksye family at Cabul
and Candahar.
The sword of Holkar (an old Spanish blade).
-
The armour worn by the warriors and Sirdars of note, many of them stained
with their blood.
The wedding garment of Maha Singh ;
besides these, many valuable curiosities and relies of all kinds, too numerous
to note.
184
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter tion. I have no desire for distinction; I am much more anxious
"to be content with such things as I have."
VII.
849.
I am now in my fortieth year, and have seen probably the
largest half of my pilgrimage; and while full of health and energy,
would like to devote what remains of it to higher duties than this
world's ambition; but God knows what is in store for me, and
will make all work together for my good, if I only seek Him
earnestly.
I saw Lady Lawrence yesterday; she looks better than she has
done for years. I shall not feel at all surprised if Henry makes
up his mind to go home and settle down on his £700 a year, and
bring up his boys. He is harassed and worried a good deal, and
can't take disappointments easily.
If he does go, what do you say to my following his example,
and living in his neighbourhood? Lady L. and you get on quite
as well as Sir Henry and I. We often talk over this idea when
he gets depressed over his work.
Lady L. seems much pleased with the composition of the civil
staff in the Punjab, and hopes great things from them. I still
expect to see Tucker here, and then with Montgomery, Donald
Macleod, and Edgworth we shall be excellently well set up with
Commissioners, whom it would be a real pleasure to work with.
This is certainly a noble country in climate and productions, far
beyond any other part of our dominions in Hindostan. The hot
weather is certainly trying, but the cold weather more than
makes up for it, and it is delightful to see the rosy cheeks of the
children now.
I have a large party of officials coming to inspect arrange-
ments, and must break off. My ideas on the subject of retirement
are as strong as eyer, and I shall not be easily tempted to give
them up; it appears to me to be a duty I owe to my children. It
all resolves itself into contentment with the means we possess.
I have promised the Maharajah to take him to see the races
to-day.
LAHORE.
185
VII.
1849.
We have just returned, and I confess that in spite of my telling Chapter
your brother Charles I hoped he would lose the race—to make
him give up racing-as soon as I saw his and your clan tartan
(Campbell) on his jockey, I could not help wishing it success.
Duleep Singh was much excited about Charles's horses, and was
delighted when he won a good race. The General (Gilbert) rode
his own horse and won his own cup, and was vastly pleased about
it; he came up to the carriage after the race and had a long talk
with me. I try to make the Maharajah understand the difference
between enjoying a race for the sport's sake, and enjoying it for
the purpose of betting and gambling, but as he has few amuse-
ments now, I don't like to refuse him a little pleasure, and he is
delighted to come. I am very anxious to get in my lists, and
statements, and accounts of public property before the Governor-
General arrives, and thus grudge every moment that is not given
to my work. I think what I have done will show him that I am
not idle, and that he has got an industrious and honest man here
in charge, and one whom as a public servant he must respect.
The fellows under me work very hard, seeing that I do not
spare myself. I have now got orders as to where all the State
prisoners are to be sent, and who are to be let off, and I am
making private arrangements to carry this out, and enquiring
among their families as to whom they would like best to have
with them. Poor wretches! they are to be pitied after all. I
rather think if I had been a Sikh I should have been out in the
'48! But still we must take care of ourselves, and not let them
loose at present.
Sir Charles Napier is coming next week, and I shall have little
peace while he and the Governor-General remain, as I shall have
to show them all the lions of the Punjab, and answer such heaps
of questions. The pat of butter from Lord D., which I told you
of, has been as satisfactory to the Lawrences as it has been to
me.
It is amusing, going the rounds of the guards, as sometimes I
186
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter do, to hear the different titles they give me, the favourite one is
VII.
Killah-ki-Malik Bahadoor. The little Maharajah has been to
1849.
play in my garden; he is really a fine boy, and I know you would
like him much.
I am having his place of residence put in 'thorough order before
the Governor-General sees it, and I think when he does see the
home the boy has had, he could never have it in his heart to send
him to a shabby one.
I am told it is not unlikely that the old Begum Sumroo's palace
near Meerut (Sirdanah) may be fixed upon.
I am writing this at four a.m. I cannot for the life of me sleep
more than five hours, but these I do well, and I am in perfect
health.
I have just had another addition to my responsibilities, in the
shape of sixteen women, the Ranee Jinda's attendants, whom
she left behind when she escaped from Chunar; I must try and
distribute them among the other Khaneem. They are mostly
hill women, and much better looking than the others here.
Sir C. Napier writes me to show him the litters first, before
anything else, so I must get them ready. . .
In the little garden in front of the marble hall, on a handsome
marble platform, I have erected a silver summer-house, 16 feet
square, made some years ago for Runjeet Singh in Cashmere.
It is really beautiful work, and it will look perfectly lovely and
unique, the more so from the excellent site and background I
have chosen for it. Standing in the marble hall the effect is
enchanting, with its background of orange trees in full bearing,
the dark-green foliage, and the sparkling fountains.
I intend to have a party of children down on Saturday to
have a little play with the Maharajah, and to eat fruit in it.
By showing it off in this way, I have some hope that the
Governor-General will make it over to the young Maharajah,
or, if he will not consent to this, at least allow him to make
a present of it to the young Prince of Wales, along with some
:
!
LAHORE.
187
of his handsome Sikh armour and dresses, there being some of a Chapter
splendid description made for himself, and only suitable for a VII.
1849.
young boy. I do not know how the Governor-General máy
take the suggestion, so I shall say nothing until I see Elliot
on the subject.
Octavius Anson is still with me. I like him very much. A fine,
gentlemanly, right-minded man. I am glad of the opportunity
of knowing him, as well as you did his poor young wife. He
seems to like me also. At this moment he is writing to his
cousin, Lady Rosebery, to ask her to invite you out to Dalmeny,
near Edinburgh, for change of air after your illness. He says
he is sure you would like her, that she is a very pleasant
creature.
At the races this morning the little Maharajah was quite
excited. Some wag had entered a horse under the name of
'Dr. Login," which caused much amusement! I could not
wait till the race was ended, as I had an appointment, but
the boy was delighted that he was a winner of some small
stakes.
Herbert Edwardes announces the approach of the
Governor-General.
MY DEAR LOGIN,
RESIDENCY, LAHORE, Nov. 27th, 1849.
Will you render Fagan any assistance in you power to
water the roads on which the Governor-General will enter
to-morrow? You might spare a party of men for the purpose.
He is expected at eight a.m. John Lawrence and the Sirdars go
out about seven a.m. to meet him, and your company is requested,
but, of course, not your ward's. Please join us on the Parade.
Yours sincerely,
་
1
HERBERT EDWARDES.
1
188
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
VII.
L
Chapter The following letter from Login to his wife was
written under sadder auspices, he having just received
the news of the death of his brother James :-
1849.
LAHORE, Nov. 28th, 1849.
--
You will be little prepared for the sad intelligence I have to
send you, of the sudden death of my poor dear brother, James;
it occurred at Dinapore, on the 13th, from cholera, after
twelve hours' illness. He had come down from Khatmandoo
in high health, to pass his examination at Calcutta, and was
suddenly struck down on his way back, at Dinapore.
For
the last two days I have not had a moment's leisure, preparing for
the coming of the Governor-General, who arrived this morning.
If, under the circumstances, I could derive much pleasure from
any worldly praise, I have had sufficient to satisfy me.
•
•
I was introduced by John Lawrence to Lord Dalhousie with
much warmth of commendation. His lordship said that, "he
had heard on all sides how much satisfaction I had given in
discharging my duties, which were of no ordinary delicacy, and
that I had acquitted myself well." He said he wished to have a
long conversation with me, and appointed twelve to-day.
I have just returned from him (two p.m.). He told me that,
after much consideration, it had been determined to remove the
little Maharajah to Futtehghur, and that he wished much that I
should continue in charge of him there on my present allowances,
and do all that I could to make him comfortable and happy..
He said it had been quite a relief to the Government, and to -
him, to have me in charge of the Maharajah, and that the way I
had done my duty towards the Maharajah, and the Government,
was in every way satisfactory to both." He was really very kind.
and cordial indeed; told me that he did not wish to restrict me
to Futtehghur, but that I might take him to Agra or Delhi, or
any of the neighbouring places, whenever I liked, and eventually
LAHORE.
189
VII.
to England in course of a year or two. I then had an opportunity Chapter
of giving him my ideas regarding the advantages of sending some
young Sikh nobles to England, and showing them something of 1849.
our power and resources.
And then what came next? Poor
Dryburgh was to have been appointed this day to the charge of
the Nepalese Mission to England! I told Lord Dalhousie what
had occurred, and he was much shocked, and sympathized with
me most cordially.
P.S.-Lord Dalhousie also approves of an estate for the
Maharajah after a few years.
:
CITADEL, LAHORE, Dec. 7th, 1849. -
After Lord Dalhousie had inspected all my work in the Citadeľ,
and had witnessed how happy the young Maharajah was with
me, he said that he did not compliment me, but congratulated me,
most heartily, on the success with which I had performed a most
delicate and difficult. duty, and that I had effected far more than
could have been expected from any one. He then thanked me, and
shook hands with me warmly.
-
That very night, however, as if to show me
the emptiness of
human praise, and perhaps to bring down any little pride I may
have felt in showing all my work to the Governor-General,
at midnight my Toshkhana was robbed, and property to the
amount of 20,000 rupees carried off (this out of some
thirteen or fourteen lakhs was not very much); but in
what way was greater loss prevented? Why, by the
providential circumstance of the place catching fire acci-
dentally, by the light brought in by the thieves! Had this
not occurred and caused the discovery, I should have been ruined!
Immediately on the fire being discovered I was called, broke
open the door and got the fire out, which had done little damage,
and found that a breach had been made in the wall, by which the
thieves had entered. This, with sentries all around, was rather
190
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter strange. What if it should turn out that it was with their
connivance, and that the European sentry then on duty had a
hand in it? Can any foresight provide against that?
VII.
1849.
The native sentry, it is true, is posted in the same court, but he
is not exactly in the same position, and the European can
easily manage to keep him at a distance, when he wishes to
do so.
On the discovery being made, I promptly sent orders to all the
gates not to let a soul pass out without a written pass from me;
put all the sentries on the alert; and commenced a strict search
all round (it had occurred before one in the morning) in case the
thieves might still be in hiding; got the Kotwal and his people
from the city, and the assistant-magistrates, to set to work, offer-
ing a reward of 1,000 rupees, diminishing by one hundred daily
until the property was discovered.
I also shut up every person in the Citadel in their respective
quarters, placing sentries to prevent communications, until our
search was made. Nothing was found until five p.m. on Sunday,
when a box was brought in which had contained a pistol, and
bore my Toshkhana mark. This had been detected under some
rubbish near the European Artillery Barracks. I may mention
that the Barracks had been searched, but not satisfactorily; and
the officer commanding (Money, you remember him at Lucknow)
had thrown obstacles in the way, for which he has been well
"wigged.".
This, with the circumstance that some lucifer matches were
found near the breach in the wall, gave me a clue to further
discovery, and the result has been, that I have recovered already
eight-tenths of the articles stolen (chiefly gold vessels), and I hope
to get the remainder before very long. They have all been dug up
in the little houses adjoining, and in the loose earth at the road-
side.
I felt certain that the property must still be within the walls,
as such prompt action had been taken, and there was no time to
}
LAHORE.
191
>
carry them off; I kept a strict watch and search at all the Chapter
gates.
*-
It unfortunately happened, however, that the Governor-General
had fixed to return in State* the Maharajah's visit, and to pass
n at the gate in procession, and through the Citadel; therefore,
I had to take measures to prevent any of the Citadel people
getting out when Lord Dalhousie's party left, or from carrying
off any property under the jules of the howdahs, in the crowd.
My measures were crowned with success. I shut up every
avenue leading to the main street, which the troops were to line,
an hour before the procession came, gave orders to confine all
camp-followers to their quarters, and prevented the people in
the Citadel from joining in the procession, telling them to see as
much as they could from the house-tops. Well, all went off
splendidly. The orderly arrangement and the appearance of my
Durbar was greatly admired; and on accompanying the.
Governor-General to his tent, he expressed again his acknow-
ledgments, and assured me that, seeing all my arrangements
were so perfect, no blame could possibly attach to me.
*
Copy of Official Notification of Governor-General's Visit.
On Monday, at four o'clock, the Governor-General will proceed in State, and under
a salute of twenty-one guns from the artillery in the camp, to return the visit of
the Maharajah Duleep Singh. The members of the Board, all the secretaries and
the personal staff will be in attendance.
Some one on the part of the Maharajah will come to the Governor-General's
camp, for istigbal-probably Maharajah Shere Singh's son.
The Maharajah with his Governor will come out of the fort on an elephant to
receive and conduct the Governor-General.
The Governor-General and his party will sit on the right, and that of the
Maharajah on the left.
The Governor-General will present a seruana of 5,000 rupees, as usual. After a
few minutes' conversation, fifty-one trays of articles, with seven horses and one
elephant with gold howdah, should be presented by the Maharajah, and also
the usual trays to all the secretaries and aide-de-camps in attendance.
Uttur will then be served, and the Governor-General will take leave.
The Maharajah will conduct His Lordship as far as the place where His Lord-
ship will mount his elephant.
A salute of twenty-one guns to be fired in the fort on the arrival and depar-
ture of the Governor-General.
VII.
1849.
192
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter I had not then recovered any of the missing articles, but felt
VII.
assured in my own mind that I should have them before long.
1849. He approved highly of all the steps I had taken, and of the
reward offered. I dined with Lord Dalhousie that evening, and
attended Lady Dalhousie's reception afterwards. At the con-
clusion, Lord Dalhousie took me into his private tent for an hour
to talk over matters. He told me that if he mentioned the
affair of the robbery to the Court of Directors, it would only be
with the intention of showing them the debt of gratitude owing
to me for my wonderful arrangements, which had prevented any-.
greater loss than this, which was a mere trifle to what it might.
have been. I asked him to bestow some mark of his approval
on my great helper and assistant, Misr Makraj, the old State
Treasurer, as being in my belief an honest man. •He has made
him a noble of the land, and I feel more pleased than if I had got
honours myself!
Sir Charles Napier has been very kind indeed, and claimed
me as an old acquaintance. His daughter, Mrs. McMurdo, has
been sketching up at my quarters several times with Mrs. Colin
McKenzie. She managed to take a sketch of the young boy
surreptitiously.
I have been with Lord Dalhousie again all this morning,
taking his instructions regarding the boy, to whom he has taken
a great fancy, and I am now expecting him here at the Toshkhana,
as he is coming up quietly for a private view, and again to-morrow.
morning.
Since writing the former part of this letter, I have had the
good fortune to recover more of the stolen property-indeed I
may say all-and besides I have secured the very men concerned
in the robbery, one of them having come to me and voluntarily
confessed it. They are European artillerymen, I am sorry and
ashamed to say. Four of them are in custody, and a woman
connected with the affair is by this time arrested in Ferozepore.
There will be no difficulty in bringing it home to them, the
evidence we have is so complete..
LAHORE.
193
>
When the Governor-General met me, after he heard of my Chapter
VII.
success, he clapped me on the back and congratulated me most
heartily! (Certainly there is a great deal of cordiality about 1849.
him.)
When I was with Duleep Singh at the Garden Fête given to the
soldiers by Lawrence, the boy's fancy was much taken by some
Highlanders in full dress. Lord Dalhousie said, "Login, tell him
they are my countrymen.”
I was much amused at his admiration of the way I had turned
out the Maharajah's equipage; he declares he has "seen nothing
so smart out of England." After all, it is only the old carriage
with the box taken off, and made to sit gracefully on its springs;
he said, "Why don't you take Lawrence's turn-out in hand!"
I have taken the Governor-General to visit Moolraj, also Chuttur
Singh and Shere Singh, afterwards he came in to call on Duleep,
in a friendly way.
I get little time to myself, as he comes again at four p.m., and I
have to dine with him again; however, he has told me to bring
this letter with me to go in his bag, otherwise it will be too late.
He is writing by this mail to the Queen, an account of his visit to
the Maharajah, and how pleased he is with everything: Mrs.
John Lawrence is sending home her children under Herbert
Edwardes's charge; mind you go to see them, that I may give her
your report. Tell me if you think Edwardes like your brother
John.
So much romance being attached to the famous
Koh-i-noor, of which Login had charge at this time,
some account of it here may be of interest. The
following extract is from the "Life of Lord Lawrence"
Shortly before the decree of annexation went forth, Lord
Dalhousie had written to Henry Lawrence to make every
+
194
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter disposition for the safe custody of the State jewels, which were
VII. about to fall into the lap of the English. In a letter dated April
1849. 27th, on the subject of the Maharanee, who had just escaped from
our hands, he remarks, "This incident three months ago would
have been inconvenient, now it does not so much signify, at the
same time it is discreditable, and I have been annoyed by the
occurrence. As guardians seem so little to be trusted, I hope you
have taken proper precautions in providing full security for the
jewels and Crown property at Lahore, whose removal would be
a more serious affair than that of the Maharanee." It had, in
fact, been found more than once on the enrolment of some new
province in our Empire, which, whether by cession, by lapse, or
forcible annexation was growing, or about to grow, so rapidly, that
the State jewels or money had had a knack of disappearing; it is
amusing to read the expressions of virtuous indignation which
bubble over from our officers at the extravagance or rapacity or
carelessness of the former owners, when, on entering a palace which
they deemed would be stocked with valuables ready for English
use, they found that the treasury was empty and the jewels were
gone. Great care was therefore needful, especially as among the
Punjab jewels was the matchless Koh-i-noor, the "mountain of
light," which it was intended should be expressly surrendered by
the young Maharajah to the English Queen.
The origin of this peerless jewel is lost in the mists of antiquity.
It had fallen into the hands of the early Turkish invaders of
India, and from them it had passed to the Moguls. My son
Humayoun," says the illustrious Baber, one of the most lovable
of all Eastern monarchs, "has won a jewel from the Raja, which
is valued at half the daily expenses of the whole world.”
A century or two later the Persian conqueror, Nadir Shah,
seeing it glitter in the turban of Baber's conquered descendant,
exclaimed with rough and somewhat costly humour, "We will
be friends, let us change turbans in pledge of friendship," and
the exchange of course took place.
LAHORE.
195
VII.
1849.
The Afghan conqueror, Ahmed Shah, wrested it in his turn Chapter
from the feeble hand of Nadir Shah's successor, and so it came
into the possession of Shah Sooja, who was by turn the pen-
sioner and the puppet of the English, and the miserable pretext
of the first disastrous Afghan war. Half prisoner and half guest
of Runjeet Singh, he had, of course, been relieved by the one-eyed,
money-loving Sikh of the responsibility of keeping such a valuable
treasure. Runjeet, listening on his death-bed to the sugges-
tions of a wily Brahmin, had been half disposed, like many other
death-bed penitents, to make his peace with the other world
by sending the beautiful jewel to adorn the idol of Juggernaut;
but fate reserved it for the ultimate possession of the English
Crown.
To this we may add the following statement,
obtained by Login at the request of Lord-Dalhousie :--
STATEMENT OF MISR MAKRAJ,
Treasurer to H.M. the Maharajah Duleep Singh
(for upwards of thirty-two years employed in the Toshkhana at
Lahore), with regard to the Koh-i-noor, from the time that it
came into Runjeet's possession.
Shah Sooja-Ool-Moolk, at the time the Koh-i-noor was taken
from him by Runjeet Singh, was in confinement with his family
in the house of the Dewan Lukput Rai, near the Shah Alum
Gate, or Putree Durwaza. The Maharajah sent to him Dewan
Motee Ram, Fakeer Azizoodeen, and others, to demand the
jewel from him, and he sent by their hands a large pookraj
(topaz) of a yellow colour, which the Shah stated to be the
Koh-i-noor. On this being shown to the Maharajah, who was
then in the Summun, he sent for jewellers to ascertain whether
this were the Koh-i-noor or not; and on being told by them it
0 2
196
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter was not the Koh-i-noor, he kept the topaz, but sent immediate
VII. orders to place the Shah under restraint (tungai), and to prevent
1849. him from eating or drinking until the Koh-i-noor demanded was
<
-
given up, as he had attempted to impose upon the Maharajah
-
by sending a topaż instead. After this restraint had been con-
tinued about eight hours, the Shah gave up the Koh-i-noor to
the Vakeels above named, who immediately brought it to the
Maharajah in the Summun, where it was shown to the jewellers
who had remained with the Maharajah at the palace until the
return of the Vakeels. The Maharajah had dressed for the
evening Durbar, and was seated in his chair, when the jewel was
brought to him. It was brought in a box lined with crimson
velvet, into which it had been fitted, and was presented to
the Maharajah, who expressed great satisfaction.
It was at that time set alone (singly) in an enamelled setting,
with strings to be worn as an armlet. He placed it on his
arm, and admired it, then, after a time, replaced in its box,
which, with the topaz, he made over to Belee Ram, to be
placed in the Toshkhana, under the charge of Misr Bustee
Ram Toshkhanea. The Toshkhana being then in the Motee
Bazaar, at the house of Ramsaker Gurwai (now Lal Singh's
Toshkhana), who placed it in a chest there. After a little
while it was taken by the Maharajah to Amritsur under charge
of Belee Ram, along with other articles of the Toshkhana,
and carried along with the Maharajah, wherever he went, under
a strong guard.
It was always carried in a large camel trunk, placed on the
leading camel (but this was known only to the people of the
Toshkhana). The whole string of camels, which generally
consisted of about one hundred, being well guarded by troops.
In camp, this box was placed between two others alike, close
to the pole of the tent, Misr Belee Ram's bed very close to it,
none but his relatives and confidential servants having access
to the place.
LAHORE.
197
1849.
For four or five years it was worn as an armlet, then fitted Chapter
VII.
up as a sirpêsh for the turban, with a diamond drop of a
tolah weight (now in the Toshkhana) attached to it. It was
worn in this manner for about a year, on three or four occasions,
when it was again made up as an armlet, with a diamond on each
side, as at present. It has now been used as an armlet for
upwards of twenty years.
Shah Sooja remained at Lahore after this for ten months
or a year, and then made his escape with his family, taking
the guard with him. The Koh-i-noor remained under the charge
of Belee Ram, as above stated.
Shortly before the death of Runjeet Singh, Rajah Dhyan
Singh, Wuzeer, sent for Belee Ram, and stated that the
Maharajah had expressed, by signs, that he wished the Koh-i-
noor to be given away in charity (the Maharajah being then
speechless). Misr Belee Ram objected, saying, that “it
was only fit to be possessed by a king! and to whom could it
be given in charity??" Rajah Dhyan Singh said "to the
Brahmins at Juggernaut." But Belee Ram objected to this,
stating that it ought to remain with the Maharajah's descen-
dants, and that already twenty-one lakhs of rupees, and jewels,
and gold, &c., had been given away to the Brahmins. He thus ex-
posed himself to the greatest emnity on the part of Rajah Dhyan
Singh, and after the accession of Maharajah Khurruck Singh, and
the assassination of Cheyt Singh, Rajah Dhyan Singh obtained
uncontrolled power, and threw Misr Belee Ram into prison,
where he was kept for four months, the keys of the Toshkhana
having been handed over to Tej Chund.
However, on the accession of Maharajah Shere Singh, Misr
Belee Ram was once again called into office, and continued
during his reign.
On the day after Shere Singh's death, Belee Ram was seized
by Heera Singh's people and sent to the house of Nawab Sheik
Imamoodeen, by whom he was disposed of in the Tykhana
{
198
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter (underground room) of his house, along with his brother, Ram
Kissen, and Bhaee Goormukee Singh.
VII
1849.
At the time of Belee Ram's seizure the keys of the Tosh-
khana and of the jewels were with his nephew, Gunesh Doss,
who was with his uncle, and from him the keys were taken by
Rajah Lal Singh, who, at the same time, put him in confinement,
along with six others of Belee Ram's family, including Misr
Makraj,* but still making them perform their duties in the Tosh-
khana, though the keys were given to Bowanee Doss and Kurrum
Singh.
On the death of Heera Singh they were released, and after the
removal of Lal Singh from power, the charge of the Toshkhana
and Koh-i-noor again came into the hands of Misr Makraj,
with whom it has continued without intermission until made over
to the undersigned on 6th May, 1849, when taken possession of
by the British Government.
·(Signed) J. S. LOGIN.
The Koh-i-noor was brought from the old Tosh-
khana by Dr. Login, and placed with the other
valuables in the Citadel, under guard.
The old treasurer, Misr Makraj, gave him every
assistance, and said "the relief to his mind was great
at being free of responsibility." He said that the
· Koh-i-noor had been the cause of so many deaths,
having been fatal to so many of his own family, that
he never expected to be spared!
* Belee Ram's younger brother.
LAHORE.
199
.
VII.
Login followed the advice given him by Misr Chapter
Makraj-when showing the jewel to visitors, to keep it 1849.
in his own hand, with the ribbon cords that tied it as
an armlet twisted round his fingers: It was still
set, as before described, as an armlet, with a diamond
on each side of the Koh-i-noor as a contrast of size.
CHAPTER VIII.
FUTTEHGHUR.
VIII.
1850.
Chapter THAT the removal of the young ex-King from the
Punjab was contemplated with no little anxiety by
the Government at Calcutta ; that most elaborate pre-
cautions were taken to prevent his abduction on the
road; and that the protection of a very strong escort
of troops was deemed necessary to guard against sur-
prise, will appear from the following official de-
spatches
From SIR HENRY ELLIOT, K.C.B., SECRETARY, to the
GOVERNMENT of INDIA, with the GOVERNOR-GENERAL; to the
BOARD of ADMINISTRATION for the affairs of the PUNJAB.
SIRS,
(Dated) CAMP BULLÓKHEE, Dec. 11th, 1849.
The Governor-General has from the first considered it essen-
tial that Maharajah Duleep Singh should not continue to reside
in the Punjab after its annexation to the British Empire.
2. The lateness of the season in April last; and His Lordship's
unwillingness to expose him to the fatigue of a long journey in
the hot weather, induced the Governor-General to defer his re-
moval until the end of the year.
FUTTEHGHUR.
201
3. The Governor-General having had an opportunity of show- Chapter
ing all due respect and courtesy to His Highness at Lahore, con-
ceives that his departure should no longer be delayed.
4. Preparations for this purpose have already been made. A
residence has been provided for the Maharajah at Futtehghur,
befitting his rank and station.
5. The troops which were to escort the Maharajah have been
provided. A squadron of the Body Guard will arrive at Lahore
in a few days, and two companies of Her Majesty's 18th Regi-
ment are waiting there also.
6. The Governor-General lately requested His Excellency the
Commander-in-Chief to give orders for the escort of a regiment
of native infantry being added to the troops already mentioned.
Application should be made to the Major-General commanding in
the Punjab for the further arrangements of this escort, His
Excellency's intentions having no doubt been communicated to
him.
7. The Governor-General, I am further directed to state, is
entirely satisfied with the past services of Dr. Login, in the position.
he has occupied towards the Maharajah. His Lordship thinks
that nothing better could be desired by the Government, and
nothing could be more advantageous to the future comfort and
happiness of the boy, than that Dr. Login should continue for
the present to have charge of him and of all his affairs.
8. The Governor-General begs that the full approbation of the
Government for his past services may be conveyed to Dr. Login,
and His Lordship's confidence that in the future discharge of his
duties he will continue to merit the praise of the Government,
and will confer lasting and real benefit on the young Maharajah.
9. Dr. Login will continue to draw a consolidated salary of
1,200 rupees a month. It is not just that the whole of this salary
should be defrayed by the Government, and His Lordship considers
that a fair division should be made, and that one-half should be
VIII.
1850.
}
202
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter paid by the British Government, the other half defrayed from the
annual income of His Highness.
VIII.
1850.
10. Dr. Login will have entire authority over His Highness's
household during his boyhood. He will be placed under the direct
control of the Governor-General, after leaving the jurisdiction of
the Board of Administration in the Punjab. Monthly diaries or
reports should be made by him to the Secretary to the Government
of India in this department, and copies of his accounts should be
rendered quarterly in the same department.
11. Doctor Login will, as soon as practicable after his arrival,
report on the precautions to be taken for His Highness's security
in the event-which His Lordship thinks an improbable one-of
any design being entertained for carrying him off; and he will
suggest such measures as he may consider necessary. Care must
be taken to guard against any intrigues on the part of his mother,
the Maharanee, who is now residing under guard at Khatmandoo,
and who has refused to return to the British territories, but whose
avowed intention is to regain possession of her son, the
Maharajah.
12. The Governor-General conceives it to be desirable to
remove at the same time from the Punjab the child who is, it is
believed, the only legitimate son of the Maharajah Shere Singh.
He can, for the present, occupy the same residence as the
Maharajah, under such regulations as may be thought right.
He should be treated as a companion of the Maharajah, but as in
all respects his inferior.
}
13. In both cases a very careful selection should be made of
the attendants who are to accompany them. In the case of the
child, especially, there can be no reason for taking almost any
servant from Lahore,* and both should be prevented from having
* In an official letter to Secretary to Government, dated February 6th, 1850,
Login says, that owing to the Shahzadah's tender age (six and a half years), and
FUTTEHGHUR.
203
any one about them, except such persons as Dr. Login may Chapter
consider from his experience to be worthy of trust.
14. The Governor-General finally requests that a report may
be forwarded of the arrangements made by the Board in
pursuance of the foregoing instructions, and of the servants,
property, &c. ... to be taken, after the departure of the
Maharajah.
•
I have, &c.,
H. M. ELLIOT, Sec. to the Government of India.
In forwarding a copy of the above to Dr. Login,
Major H. P. Burn, Deputy Secretary to the Punjab
Board of Administration, after some remarks on the
earlier portion of it, adds by direction of the Board
that
No man of doubtful character should be permitted to accom-
pany the camp. You should keep, he says, two or three trusty
persons at all times with the Maharajah in addition to the armed
guard. Care should be taken against his being inveigled away at
night, quite as much as against armed violence. The Board have
much pleasure in being the medium of conveying to you the
present handsome tribute of the approbation of the Government,
in which they cordially join.
VIII.
1850.
the suddenness of the order for his removal, he had thought it advisable, to pre-
vent any appearance of undue harshness, to permit the mother to accompany the
child, in the hope that afterwards, "when the boy could dispense with female
attendance. she might more easily be induced to leave him" in Dr. Login's
care, and return to her own family at Kangra. In thus departing from his
instructions he acted with the approval of Sir H, Lawrence.
204
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
VIII.
1850.
Chapter From MAJOR H. P. BURN, Deputy Secretary to the BOARD of AD-
MINISTRATION, to J. S. LOGIN, ESQ., M.D., Agent to the
GOVERNOR-GENERAL, in charge of the Ex-MAHARAJAH; by
direction of Sir H. M. Lawrence, K.C.B., President.
SIR,
LAHORE, Dec. 21st, 1849-7 a.m.
•
1. I am directed by the Board to call upon you for a reply
to my letter of the 14th inst.
detailing the arrangements
you propose to make for the safety of Maharajah Duleep Singh
during the march to Futtehghur, and forwarding a list of servants
and establishment accompanying the camp.
2. The Board cannot too strongly impress on you the necessity
of the utmost watchfulness. The strong escort will prevent all
chance of open rescue; your chief care should, therefore, be
against secret abstraction, especially at night.
3. Major-General Sir Walter Gilbert has been requested to
inform the officer commanding the escort that you, as Agent of
the Governor-General, are responsible for the Maharajah, and
that therefore your instructions are to be attended to. This, of
course, merely refers to guards, hours of marching, &c. . . . . and
will not in any way interfere with the authority of the command-
ing officer, in the event of the troops being called on to act. Cor-
diality and free intercourse with the military will, of course, be
observed.
1
I have the honour to be, Sir,
Your most obedient servant,
H. P. BURN, Major.
P.S.-4. Since this letter was written, the President has wit-
nessed your departure at nine a.m., although the hour of seven
was fixed.
He was surprised to perceive that you were only
accompanied by twenty of the Body Guard, without an officer.
1
1
FUTTEHGHUR.
205
VIII.
1850.
5. The Board wish to impress on your mind that your chief Chapter
danger is an attempt at rescue on the road, on which account you
should be accompanied on the march by at least one hundred horse-
men, and a portion of the infantry should be ready to receive you
on the new ground, and one company or so should leave the old
encampment, so as to be fallen in with by the Maharajah's party
about midway of the march. It is not the attack of an army
that you have to guard against, but of a hundred or more despe-
radoes ready to sell their lives.
6. Lights should be kept in the Maharajah's tent, and a double
sentry at each door. The Europeans should be saved as much as
possible during the day, and employed at night.
H. P. BURN, Major.
From MAJOR H. P. BURN, &c., &c., to DR. LOGIN, &c., &c.,
SIR,
Ferozepore.
LAHORE, Dec. 23rd, 1849.
I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your letter
of the 22nd inst., No. 2, and to inform you that the Board
consider your arrangements judicious and proper. The plan of
European orderlies is very good. Your explanation regarding the
absence of the European officer when leaving Lahore, is satis-
factory as far as he is concerned, but the Board would observe
that the whole of the Body Guard, excepting those required with
their baggage, should march with the Maharajah.
2. The Board desire me to repeat the expression of their sense
of the value of your services while employed under them, and
trust implicitly to your continued attention and good manage-
ment, for the safety and comfort of the Maharajah on his march
to Futtehghur.
>
206
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter 3. Copy of a circular to the Commissioners of Ferozepore,
VIII. Loodiana, and Umballa is herewith enclosed for your information;
1850.
and also of one to the magistrates of Saharunpore, Mozuffer-
nuggur, Bolundshuhur, and Furruckabad.
4. You are requested to briefly post progress daily until you
cross the Jumna, and then weekly until arrival at Futtehghur.
I have the honour, &c.,
H. P. BURN, Major.
The circular referred to requires the above-named
Commissioners to "attend the camp of Maharajah
Duleep Singh through their jurisdiction, instruct
their police to be alert, and themselves take such
measures as will ensure the comfort and safety of the
Maharajah and party. Every respect was to be paid
the Maharajah by all holding intercourse with him, but
visits and public ceremonies are not to be permitted.
Salutes of courtesy are (also) not required." The
magistrates are informed of the approach of the camp
of the ex-King, and desired to "attend to all the
requisitions of Dr. Login, and in every way exert them-
selves for the comfort and safety of the Maharajah."
Login's own letters to his wife at home, will best
describe the last days at Lahore, the incidents of the
march, and the daily life and surroundings of the young
Prince and his nephew, in their new home at
Futtehghur.
;
FUTTEHGHUR.
207
Jan. 2nd, 1850. Chapter
It was a great relief to me to get away from Lahore.
After Macgregor (who took over charge from, me) had given me a
receipt for the bodies of Moolraj, Chuttur Singh, Shere Singh, and
Co., it occurred to me that it would be a bit of a curiosity in after
days, if I could get them all to sign their names together on a
single document as a souvenir. So I drew up a Razeenama in
Persian, which they all signed in duplicate with great readiness.
This gives me a spare copy to give away, as well as one to keep.
I shall deposit it along with the receipt for the Koh-i-noor,
which was written by Lord Dalhousie himself, in the presence of
Sir H. Elliot, Sir H. Lawrence, Mansel, and John Lawrence,
and countersigned by them all. They also affixed their seals, as
well as my own, to the State jewels, when I delivered them over.
This document will be worth keeping I think, and something
for my children to look at when I am gone.
On my birthday the Maharajah sent me as his present, a large
chesnut Arab, a fine powerful animal; it was much admired by
everybody. Of course I could not refuse his gift, and shall ride
him occasionally on the march, paying for his keep myself from
that day; but he is, and shall remain, the property of the little
man to all intents and purposes. I have written Major Scott,
to ask him to let me have his boy Tommy as companion for the
Maharajah, and to be educated with him when I can get a good
tutor sent out from England. I have asked Henry Lawrence to
consult Dr. Duff when he arrives at Lahore as to the best way to
set about getting one; he is sure to be able to help us, as he
goes to England shortly; in the meantime I must find some one to
carry on the boy a bit, to fit him for a good tutor. I must not
forget to tell you that, before leaving, I made over the "Blessières"
to Sir C. Napier, after having had him trotted up and down in one!
They are to be tried in headquarter's camp, and must sink or swim
now. Sir Charles is in great admiration of them himself, and he
is no bad judge. I assisted him at an interesting interview he
VIII.
1850.
208
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter had with Shere Singh and his father. Sir Charles questioned
VIII.
them closely on various matters, particularly the battles of
1850.
Gujerat and Chillianwallah, and the reasons for this and that
movement. Not being a military man, I proposed making over
the office of interpreter to the Commander-in-Chief's interpreter;
but he made rather a poor show at the work, so I had to go at it
again, and was complimented on my success. I am considered a
good hand at understanding "these Punjabis;" their dialect is
a little strange to men unaccustomed to it.
It is rather amusing to me, to have to receive regular military
reports from the officers with the escort, with a salute "Any
change in the guard, sir?" "Have you any fresh orders, sir?"
How you would laugh at my demure face! but all the same, we
have to be very wide awake during the march, as it is well known
that there are designs on foot to carry off the boy. I think, how-
ever, that I shall foil them; at least, if they succeed, it won't be for
want of vigilance on my part.
•
SEHARUNPOOR, Jan. 20th, 1850.
Just returned from the public gardens here, where I
took the boy: he has a great love for plants and seeds of all kinds
for his garden, and I like to encourage the taste. Mr. Kane has
promised him a good gardener, and some waggon-loads of plants
and shrubs; they are to start at once. We have also been to visit
the Government stud. I am rather thinking of getting a pair
of strong grey wheelers from here, for the Maharajah's carriage;
but people admire it so much as it is, with the four grey Arabs,
and think it perfect, that I hesitate. I think they are too light;
but there is no question of their beauty. We look very smart
when we are in our show dress at the different stations, with this
smart equipage, escorted by the Governor-General's Body Guard
and Skinner's "Canaries."
We are near Deobund to-day, where we lost my poor Hinghan.
.
¿
FUTTEHGHUR.
209
I don't find this sort of life good for my pocket, though very Chapter
pleasant. As, of course, the Maharajah's table is quite distinct VIII.
1850.
from mine, I have to entertain constantly; we have the escort
officers, of course, and many guests as we go through the stations.
I have also to provide for young Barlow, and soon I shall have
Tommy Scott, and a tutor; and this I shall continue to do till you
arrive, when we shall take up our abode (as I told Lord Dalhousie)
in a separate house from the Maharajah. I can then establish a
separate table for the others, which can be kept up at the Maha-
rajah's expense. So do come out as soon as you can.
MEERUT, Jan. 29th, 1850. (On the road to Futtehghur.)
Since we crossed the Jumna our escort has been reduced a
little by the withdrawal of the Horse Artillery guns, but we still
have—
A squadron of the Body Guard,
Wing of 6th Light Cavalry,
Squadron of Skinner's Horse,
Party of 18th European Infantry,
Wing of 50th Native Infantry.
We shall pass
So we still form rather an imposing camp.
through no other station now till we reach our destination.
Just received my English box. Am so pleased with the
likenesses. The Maharajah is so charmed with the children's, and
hopes you are to bring them out with you! He is much delighted
with all the fine things you have sent him, and has begun
his painting already. I have been purchasing some furniture
here, and sending it on under Bhugwan Doss's charge; he is very
anxious to make a good appearance at Futtehghur, as the first of
the Maharajah's servants to arrive, so I have sent him to the.
Toshkhana to be rigged out smartly.
February 13th. I met, while at Meerut, Walter Guise, a
younger brother of Dr. Guise, and he is now travelling with us.
P
210
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
tr
1850.
Chapter I want to try him as tutor for the young Maharajah for a time, to
VIII.
prepare him for a better, when I can hear of one. I have written
to England to enquire for a suitable man. I think Guise will be
able to do all that can be done for the present. Scott writes me
to say that he will send Tommy as soon as we are all settled.
The Ganges Canal is not very far from our camp; it is a noble
work, and I trust if all is well with us, to be able to accept
Thomason's invitation and go with him to see it opened. It is
the greatest of our works in India, and any one may be proud of
having had a hand in it. Tom's whole heart is in the work. He
now sees that he is better off than any lieutenant in the army as
to pay and prospects, and thanks me for making him fit himself
for the position.-
The Maharajah attracts great attention and curiosity among
the people at every station, and is much admired; he certainly
does look handsome, and rides gracefully. I took him to see the
the Artillery Review at Meerut, and he was a great attraction.
On leaving the ground, a soldierly-looking Field Officer of the
Royal Irish rode for some time near the carriage, seeming anxious
to have a good look at the boy. So I spoke to him, saying how
much the Maharajah had enjoyed the review. He asked if he
had the pleasure of speaking to Dr. Login, and then told me that
he had met you at Allahabad last year, on your way home with
the children. He asked after you all most kindly (as Col. Grattan
he introduced himself). Sir Joseph and Lady Thackwell also
asked after you.
CAMP, Feb. 15th, 1850.
I expect, if all goes well with us, to reach Futtehghur in two or
three days, and I shall be able to describe to you your future
home. Your last letters were truly delightful and cheering as to
your health.
I shall be so miserably disappointed if Ranald
Martin forbids your returning to me in October. I do so need
you to assist me. I am anxious to give this young Maharajah
FUTTEHGHUR.
211
*
1850.
(and Shahzadah) a favourable impression of us as Christians, in Chapter
our domestic state, and to make him acquire respect for the cha- VIII.
racter of an English lady. His opinion of them may after-
wards have weight amongst his countrymen, and dispose them to
think better of our ladies than they do. Unless you are with
me it will be impossible for me to give him any idea of what we
are in our families; and we have so few opportunities such as I
may now have, that I should be exceedingly sorry to lose it. There
is much in our social habits which, to say the least, must appear
equivocal to any native, and which requires a knowledge of us in
our domestic circle, to understand. Just think what their ideas
of ladies dancing the polka and drinking healths must be, if they
had no opportunity of knowing them better and acquiring re-
spect for them! So you see, dearest, you have a mission to per-
form-to establish the character of your countrywomen, and to
acquire respect for them, of which they have little yet, I am
afraid. Mrs. George Lawrence has certainly done much in this
way—it was quite pleasing to hear her spoken of by the Sikh chiefs;
but you may have much more in your power.
I suppose I must have told you all about the young Shahzadah,
Duleep's nephew, who was placed under my charge at the last
moment by the Governor-General, in addition. He would pro-
bably be looked upon as next in succession, being the only son of
Shere Singh, the last Maharajah. Sheo Deo's mother has elected
to accompany her son, and is now in our camp. She is the
youngest wife of
wife of Shere Singh, selected from among the
Rajpootnees of the hill country after he came to the throne, so
you may judge if she is not likely to be handsome. I cannot
describe her to you, as I have not yet had the pleasure of seeing
her!
FUTTEHGHUR, Feb. 21st.
I am much pleased with the situation of the house selected.
It must have been a very delectable residence in Mr. Shore's
P 2
212
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
:
Chapter time (Lord Teignmouth's son), though the grounds are not large
VIII. enough for the Maharajah; but I shall remedy that by buying up
1850. the neighbouring bungalows and their compounds, and, throwing
them all into one, make it like a small park, extending along the
banks of the Ganges. The drawing-room window is within fifty
yards of the fine broad stream, with a sloping bank down to it.
I have not seen in India more undulating grounds or more capable
of being made picturesque-walks in all directions, and some fine
shady trees, and I shall set about making a beautiful garden;
but it looks forlorn and neglected, having been so long empty.
I must do my best to get it soon to look bright and cheerful: I
am afraid, however, that we shall have to live among bricks and
mortar for a long time, until I can get it to look what I wish it to
be, and what I shall not feel is unsuited for the Maharajah, who
has lost his own splendid home through no fault of his own.
The residents here are Allen (Judge), Smith Cunninghame
(Collector), you remember him at Lucknow; Raikes (Deputy-
Collector); Col. Alexander (Gun-Carriage Agency); Tucker
(Clothing Department); Padre Carshore, Doctor Gerrard, Hal-
kett Craigie, Doran, John Bean-all of these are married except
the last two.
FUTTEHGHUR, March 6th, 1850.
I was disappointed at having to leave Lahore before Dr. Duff's
arrival, after having had so much to do these last few years in
urging him to take up the Punjab. He was much pleased at my
sending him my subscription, as it showed him I was in earnest.
A number of the Punjabi servants are to return to
their homes soon, and I am trying hard to fill their places with
respectable, steady men. I am getting over some few of our old
people from Lucknow who can be depended on, but I have
refused a great many who might not be exactly the sort to be
placed near the young boy. Bhugwan Doss I have got, also
FUTTEHGHUR,
213
Gulzar Syed (our Gharib-khana boy), Davee (Sirdar-bearer), and Chapter
his brother Nidhan, and good Khalipha Ali Bux is coming from VIII.
the Gharīb-khana, to be placed in responsible change, and then I 1850.
can feel I have a man I can trust.
Hotspur, the chestnut Arab, carries me well, and deserves to be
named after your favourite. I am out a great deal in the sun,
looking after the works, but as I have got into the frontier
fashion of wearing a large muslin puggarree round my helmet
topee, I scarcely feel its power. Do you remember Hollings's
coachman? You used to wonder how he kept his turban on, he
wore it so on the slant and looked so rakish. Well, I have
made him coachman of the two mule teams of four-in-hand.
They are splendid jet-black creatures, very large and handsome.
The fellow breaks them in splendidly, and they go like the wind!
I wish I could make a sketch of them for you, with Hassan Beg
standing up on the box, holding the reins, and laying on with his
long whip, his turban clapped on one ear-looking like a very
fiend with his long beard flying! I have told him that you will
never bear the sight of him unless he wears his turban straight,
and it amuses the two little fellows, Duleep and Sheo Deo, to
watch his efforts to get it to remain straight. I think his head
must be a queer shape, for though he starts with it quite straight,
he always comes back with it in the old position !
The two lads are very happy. together. They had scarcely
ever seen each other before, and were rather awkward at first, the
nephew standing in awe of the uncle. They are looking forward
to the arrival of Tommy Scott, who is expected with his mother
soon.
I shall be glad when you join me, for I cannot expect to have
more than two or three years in which we can influence the
young Maharajah's mind favourably towards our domestic life,
and I must not lose them on any account. He will have an
opportunity of seeing how we live in our homes, and he will be
one of us, and will look upon you as a mother, and respect and
214
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter esteem you. Is it not worth running some risk to health, by
VIII. coming back so soon, when it is to occupy a position of so much
1850. usefulness, towards one who may yet influence so many thousands
of people? You can have no idea of the interest shown in him by
the natives everywhere. Then there is the little Shahzadah, and
the Ranee, his mother, for you to interest yourself in, and occupy
your time and thoughts. So come away as soon as you feel able,
and help me, for I need you sorely. You may turn all your
excellent qualities to good account here. Thomason wrote me
the other day, saying that you would now be more than ever a
helpmeet for me. I was so pleased with the Maharajah on the
occasion of the grand day of the Hoolie Festival. He showed
such self-denial and self-restraint in not exhibiting any desire to
participate in the undignified and, indeed, objectionable frolics of
the people, that I arranged something more harmless for him in
the evening, to his great enjoyment and delight. The large
centre rooms are splendid places for hide-and-seek, blind-man's
buff, &c. All these games are new to him and the Shahzadah.
Imagine the scene! The ruler of the Sikhs, the young Shahzadah,
Sirdar Boor Singh Butaliwallah, Dewan Ajoodea Pershad,
Fakeer Zehoorudin, Mr. Guise, Mr. Barlow, and myself, all
engaged in the game. The Maharajah's shouts of glee ringing all
over the place as each was caught in turn. I was glad indeed
that you sent him that book of games, "The Boy's Own Book."
It is seldom out of his hand, and it has added to his eagerness to
learn English. I am prepared to find it the book of all others he
prefers to study!
FUTTEHGHUR, April 21st, 1850.
The Governor-General passes through the boundary end of my
postal division in a few days, and I have sent a tent out to
Kanoge to be ready for me on the 24th, as I wish particularly to
see him, to ask leave to go to Calcutta to meet you.
He
may
}
FUTTEHGHUR.
215
refuse, as he is so anxious I should always be on the spot with Chapter
the Maharajah, in case of any plot; but I hope I may be able to
persuade him that it will be safe. Allen, the Commissioner, has 1850.
promised to look after him carefully in my absence. I wish I
could give the little fellow a taste for learning-in fact, for study
of any sort; but you see he has not been trained to do anything
of that kind, and it is so difficult to get him to apply his mind for
even five minutes at a time. Poor Guise has a lively time of
it, and needs great patience-a virtue he certainly possesses in a
high degree and for this reason he is invaluable as a first tutor,
to coax the boy over the drudgery a little. No man of high
attainments could be expected to begin at the beginning; and
such a small beginning too!
May 14th.
I think I told you that I resisted the blandishments of the
young officers here, and refused to transform the party I had
issued invitations for, at the Maharajah's house, into a
ball as they wished. I told both Doran and Bean that
I would not have dancing, but that the arrangements should
be as elastic and pleasant as could be managed. D. turned
sulky, and would not come, and silly Mrs. took the same
course; but her husband had more sense, and approved of my
reasons. I did my very best to make the Maharajah's first party
a success; but I did wish you were here to help me. It went off
well, and everybody declared it far exceeded their expectations-
and they had been high-for the station was in great excitement
about it! The fireworks were splendid; one feature of them was
much admired. I called the Ganges to my aid, and had the
Maharajah's little yacht rigged out with bamboos to represent a
ship, yards, mast-heads, and ropes all illuminated. She moved
up and down the river gracefully, and had such a pretty effect
that it delighted everybody. I took some wrinkles from our old
216
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter Lucknow illuminations, which were so effective on the Goomtee.
VIII. I had all the European children of the station-ten in number
1850..
present, as well as all the grown-ups. I gave this first party to
celebrate the birthday of the Shahzadah, May 14th, he is four-
teen days younger than Edwy. The Maharajah was grievously
disappointed at not getting a letter from you; he is quite eager
to keep up a correspondence with you.
FUTTEHGHUR, May 16th, 1850.
Since last writing I have seen the Governor-General, who was
most friendly, and expressed himself highly satisfied with all I
had done. He opened his mind very freely, particularly about
the late transactions in Oude, and the difficulties in which they
had placed him. He seems much annoyed at what has occurred,
and which certainly appears to have been brought on most incon-
siderately. Both Sleeman and Bird stand very low in his books
at present, and I should not be surprised to hear of some changes
there. I am very grieved about it all myself.
All that has been done in the Punjab has delighted him
greatly during this first year. Again and again he expressed his
pleasure with it, and John Lawrence stands prime favourite.
He is not so fond of dear old Henry, as we all know; but he
could not help acknowledging his admiration of his character.
I have spoken strongly about getting a good tutor looked out for
in England, for the boy; but I see that he thinks it would not be
prudent to get Dr. Duff to recommend one, as it might be mis-
represented, and people might think it was with the intention of
making the lad a Christian, so I must do it through another
channel. I am sorry Robert Adams must go home for his health.
He has been ill, but I think that now he has shown what he is
worth, there will be no difficulty in his getting a good berth when
he comes back, though I am sorry he has to throw up the Guides.
Lawrence tells me that Lumsden thinks highly of him, and
FUTTEHGHUR.
217
regrets losing him; so we need not repent bringing him into Chapter
notice. I see that the newspapers are full of expectation of VIII.
getting the Lahore State property as prize money, and they pro-
pose the Queen's native subjects should purchase the Koh-i-noor,
and present it to Her. My idea in another form! But I don't
like it so well as mine. They do not go as far as I do, for they
do not propose to lay out the money in the improvement of the
country from whence the Koh-i-noor came. However, Lord Dal-
housie does not like the idea, and would not thank me for origi-
nating it.
He told me that Her Majesty was most anxious to
see the jewels, and that it was all stuff about Her refusal to accept
them.
He is
If you see Dr. Duff in Edinburgh, you can explain to him that
Lord Dalhousie is afraid if he were asked to recommend a tutor
that it might imply an interference with the boy's religious faith;
I trust, however, that God helping us, we shall be enabled, as
"written epistles," to manifest the spirituality and benevolence
of a Christian life, if we cannot otherwise preach to him.
a strange little fellow, and shows an intelligence at times beyond
his years. Observing that Guise, Barlow, Tommy Scott, and
I have morning and evening prayer together, he asked me
to order his porohut (priest) to come to him also at a fixed hour
daily to read in his holy book (the Grunt'h). This I think indi-
cates a devotional feeling, that may hereafter be directed aright;
indeed, he shows a strong desire to walk according to the light
which God has given him, and a wish to know His will.
1850.
FUTTEHGHUR, May 19th, 1850.
With regard to expenses, I told you it is not good for my
pocket to live as I do; but having such complete control over the
Maharajah's establishment and expenditure, my first study
appears to me, to be most scrupulous on the subject of my
personal expenses, and to set a good example to others. I there-
218
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter fore keep my own establishment quite separate from the
VIII.
Maharajah's, and intend to continue to do so. At present my
1850.
personal staff of servants cost me fifty rupees per mensem, and I
have my own separate table and bedroom furniture, bedroom
candles, &c. I bought Henry Lawrence's horse, and this I
also keep myself, as well as the chesnut Arab (cost 2,000 rupees)
which the boy sent me on my birthday, and which, for the sake of
appearances and courtesy, I could not return; yet I pay for
his keep and syce myself.
The truth is, I am in a position that I must and will show, that
I am above personal paltry considerations in my anxiety to do
justice to my charge. So long as I am most careful not to expend
money of his on my own personal comforts, or those of my family,
I feel very independent indeed, and can carry matters with ạ
high hand. I trust I shall be able to show the Maharajah and
his people, in after years, that they have been no losers by falling
into the hands of a Christian gentleman, and that I have done no
discredit to the name.
·
I have, it is true, all the pleasure which I could desire, from the
expenditure of the Maharajah's money, quite as much as if
it were my own. So much has been left to my discretion in
the way of applying it. After putting his house and grounds
in order, I intend to get up a school for the children all round
Futtehghur, in which he can take an interest, and also find other
ways to give him a taste for benefiting the poor, and making
the people round him happy.* I think it is only by acting in
this way, and avoiding all thought of self, that I can prove myself
at all worthy of the confidence placed in me.
I always forgot to tell you that I sold your Arab, Sultan (or
** Within the last three months we have started- a day-school for girls of
respectable caste, as an experiment. The Rev. Gopee Nath Nundy's zealous and
exemplary wife and daughter superintend it (vernacular and industrial). I look
for great results eventually.
FUTTEHGHUR.
219
"}
rather John Lawrence did for me), to Brigadier Wheeler for his Chapter
daughter for 800 rupees. He was a lovely creature, but was too
light for my weight.
VIII.
1850.
FUTTEHGHUR.
You will probably meet Herbert Edwardes at Clifton, and
renew your acquaintance with him. You will find that he has
turned out exactly what you would expect-viz., a clever and
intelligent man, as little elevated with the honours and attention
that have been shown him, as it is possible for a young man to be.
He has a great leaning towards that which will enable him to
bear worldly honours well, and to count them at their true value.
As he becomes more confirmed in his Christian course, he will
lose all the little natural haughtiness of manner which some
people attribute to him; I am certain it is only natural to him,
and not put on. I only wish we had many "Herbert Edwardeses'
in India!
Mrs. Scott brought her son Tom herself, and we are all greatly
pleased with the lad. I think he will be of great use as a
companion for the Maharajah.
Duleep Singh was greatly delighted to receive the
subjoined from Sir Henry Lawrence, who with his
native kindliness of heart, although immersed in work,
took the trouble himself to write it carefully in large
text-hand, on lines, in the hope that the boy would be
able to read it without assistance.
MY DEAR MAHARAJAH,
LAHORE, Feb. 28th, 1850.
I am glad to hear that you are Khoosh. I hope you like
your house and grounds, and that "Gunga Jee" is as near as I
220
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH,
Chapter told you. I very often think of you; I hope you read and
VIIL, write every day. Wishing you health and all happiness,
1850.
Believe me, your sincere friend,
HENRY LAWRENCE.
K
This was the first of several from Sir Henry; Mr.-
John Lawrence also wrote him several times, evincing
a warm interest in him.
In another letter from Futtehghur, July 16th, 1850,
Login says:
*
.... The Maharajah was so pleased to get Edwy's letter in
reply to his; he had been quite impatient for its arrival. I
forgot to tell you that I was told by the Governor-General that
the hint I had thrown out last year, when at Lahore, of the
Maharajah sending a present to the Prince of Wales, might now
be acted upon. So I shall pick out something suitable from
amongst his boyish arms and armour, though I could have had a
better choice then. (You will remember that I made the sug-
gestion about the silver summer-house at the same time!) I
have been making inquiries about a wife for my little boy. He
says I am his “
Ma-Bap," and he trusts to me to do what may be
necessary for his happiness. He will have nothing to do, he
says, with Shere Singh's sister, to whom he was betrothed, so I
am left quite at liberty to choose for him. I have heard of a
little daughter of the Rajah of Coorg, at Benares.
She is being -
educated like an English child, and her father has asked, and
obtained permission, to take her to England to have her education
completed. She is only eight years of age, described as fair. and
good-looking, and also intelligent, with decided marks of good
blood and lineage about her. The father is not yet aware of my
inquiries. My informant is Major Stewart, the Governor-General's
*
Login's eldest boy.
FUTTEHGHUR.
221
Agent at Benares, who says that altogether he does not think my Chapter
young protégé could anywhere get a more suitable wife!
When
I have heard from Macgregor and others who know her, I shall
send on my information to Lord Dalhousie privately. Possibly
matters may be so far arranged by the time you come out, that
you may see her as the Maharajah's fiancée as you pass through
Benares. There will be four years between their ages nearly. I
have an idea, however, that young Duleep would prefer some one
nearer his own age, and I may have some difficulty in the matter.
I am glad to tell you that I have been fortunate enough to engage
a good English manservant for the Maharajah, to take charge of
the stables and the camp-equipage; he is to drive the Maharajah's
four-in-hand. Thornton is a particularly nice-looking, respectable
man. He came out to India as servant to an officer in one of our
cavalry regiments, and does not wish to go back with him. His
master speaks highly of him, says he has had charge of his small
racing stud, and is an honest man. He thoroughly understands
horses, and I trust he will do credit to the Maharajah's establish-
ment. He came over from Cawnpore to see me, and I have
engaged him on 150 rupees per mensem; good wages, no doubt;
but if he is all they say he is, he is worth it. He is married, and
his wife is said to be a thoroughly respectable Englishwoman.
I have just been looking at my account at the Cawnpore Bank,
and find it rather low. I have had rather unusual expenses since
you left I mean more than I calculated on. Besides paying
my necessary, subscriptions to the Funds (Bengal Military and
Orphan), which, as you know, are specially heavy in my case, I
have had to pay, for instance,—
Dr. Duff's Mission to Punjab
Brian Hodgson's children (left destitute)...
Poor Fagan (when cashiered)
Dr. Atkinson (to save him from dismissal)
Lahore Mission-
Church at Lahore
...
:
:
:
RUPEES.
500
... 250
... 250
... 500
100
150
VIII.
1850.
222
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter
Of course, this is besides our various subscriptions as usual,
VIII. such as-
1850.
The Lawrence Asylum,
The Free Church Mission,
The C. M. Society.
I do not grudge this; nor will you, I know. I only tell you, that
you may know all we have to count on. I think it is incumbent on
us to show that we are no seekers after gain; that it is for
our national honour, as well as our Christian name, that the little
Maharajah and his numerous dependents should have rather
a high standard of honesty and uprightness placed before them,
from which to form their ideas of the character of their Christian
rulers; and that it therefore becomes the more necessary that we
should exert the utmost vigilance, to avoid the smallest imputa-
tion of avariciousness from being attached to us. For my own
part, I would rather prefer that, at the coming of age of the little
boy, I should make over all his fortune to him, with the conscious-
ness that I had fulfilled my stewardship, and was myself a poorer
man than when I received the charge, than that I should have, in
the very least degree, advanced my own fortune at his expense.
But why proceed with this digression?
I have had a letter from poor A., to whom, you may
recollect, I advanced 300 rupees some time ago. He is in sad
distress. He accepted a bill for 1,000 rupees to save his poor
brother from jail, and now is unable to meet it, and asks me,
with the fear of Sir Charles Napier and a court-martial before his
eyes, to lend him 500 rupees. I must help him, though I shall be
in difficulties by it for a time; but, for my dear friend Paton's
sake, I shall do what I can. A. is a strange fellow, rather
foolish, but I believe of good principles, and kind-hearted. I
feel sorry indeed that I cannot engage the tutor, so highly recom-
mended by Dr. Duff.. I comfort myself for the loss,
by the knowledge that my charge is not yet quite ready for a
highly-qualified tutar, and one who could only speak English
FUTTEHGHUR.
223
VIII.
1850.
to him. He manages to read a little English fairly well, and Chapter
understands it, but is afraid to begin to speak it; but I trust
he will soon get over that. He is really intelligent, and can
learn his lessons fast enough when he likes, but he has no power
of application. The wonder is that we get him to do as much as
he does, considering his former position, and the absence of any
restraint. I am really fond of him, and we get on famously; but
I need to be very firm with him. The other day he became
rather rebellious, and I had my first difficulty with him. He had
run out during heavy rain into the garden, and got thoroughly
drenched. I wished him to change his clothes, but he first, in
play, said he would do so at the regular hour for dressing; and
when I urged him to change at once, he got stubborn: so it
became in a small way a trial of will. Who is to yield?
I gave him half an hour to go to his own room and do it of him-
self without being obliged; but he still held out. So I told him
I very much regretted that he forced me to employ coercion, but
that I must be obeyed, and I advised him as a friend not to make
it necessary that I should expose him to it. Poor little fellow !
I was so sorry for him! In a few minutes he came himself to
my room and sobbed at a great rate, and appealed to the Treaty !
that he was to be allowed to do as he liked! I told him I did not
think that was one of the conditions; that I was placed over him,
and that at present I was his " Ma-Bap," and knew what was
best for him. I think that had you seen us, you would have been
satisfied that I could come the “suaviter in modo” as well as
"fortiter in re." I conquered-and from the way I did so, I
saved his pride, and prevented any annoyance being felt by him
as regards exposure before his people, and now we are even
greater friends than before. Walter Guise is a very good fellow,
rather slow perhaps, and not altogether the man who would suit
later on; but he is very amiable, patient, and attentive, of mild
manners, and gentlemanly appearance and demeanour, and has,
I think, been more useful in winning the boy round to apply him-
1
224
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter self to study than a more accomplished tutor would have been. I
VIII. should like to find him employment hereafter in charge of the
1850.
Maharajah's zemindaree, when he gets one. I am sure he is a
most trustworthy man. The English manservant, Thornton, will,
I think, prove a valuable acquisition.
I see by the papers that the Koh-i-noor has arrived in England,
and that Mackeson, not Ramsay, gets all the credit of having
brought it safely. This will not be exactly as Lord Dalhousie
I wished, as he was rather anxious on that score; but no doubt the
Court of Directors had their own ideas about it. I was one of
the very few entrusted with the secret of its disposal. Indeed,
they could not have got access to it without my knowledge, seeing
that it never left my possession from the day I received it in .
charge! I may tell you now that it is safe, that Lord Dalhousie
came to my quarters before he left Lahore, bringing with him a
small bag, made by Lady Dalhousie to hold it; and after I had
formally made it over to him, he went into my room and fastened
it round his waist, under his clothes, in my presence.
Lord
Dalhousie himself wrote out the formal receipt for the jewel, and
there my responsibility ended, and I felt it a great load taken off
me! All the members of the Board of Administration were
present, and countersigned the document. The other jewels were
also sealed up and made over.
Thus Runjeet Singh's famous Toshkhana of jewels is a thing
of the past!
CAWNPORE, July 27th, 1850.
I am here on my way back to Futtehghur, after a flying visit
to Lucknow, and hope to get back to-morrow.
July 28th.-Here I am, finishing my letter in the dák bunga-
low. I came out from Cawnpore by water, in a pretty pleasure-
boat I am going to buy for the Maharajah's use. I could not
help being reminded of our little trips in the pinnace in '48 when
T
FUTTEHGHUR.
225
you were so ill. I left the boat at the Magazine Ghât, and came Chapter
on in one of Thuntee Mull's carriages, for which horses had been VIII.
laid for two stages; there I found my own palanquin with a double 1850.
set of bearers, ready to take me on here, forty-five miles, and well
they did it I think in twelve hours! I shall start this evening,
when it is cool, for Futtehghur, and in the meantime try to
give you a full account of my visit to old Lucknow, while it is
all fresh in my memory. When I reached the Ghât, to cross the
river, I met Mr. Brandon, who accompanied me, giving me an
account of all that has been done since I left. All as bad as can
be, between the Palace and the Residency, and, by all accounts,
not much to our credit. On getting near the Char-Bagh and
passing through the city, I recognized all the old places we knew
so well, and not a few familiar faces. They all recognized me,
and by the time I reached the Residency I had quite a tail!
There the whole Post-office establishment turned out, and after
hearty greetings and salaams, I drove on towards the canton- -
ments, where I was bound, to visit Lamb, taking a good look at
our dear old home in the Residency as I passed. Your dressing-
room windows seen from the Bailey Guard gate, the portico, the
drawing-room, all that was visible from the road. Moonshee
Purshad Naraim was not at the Post-office, but hearing of my
visit, he lost sight of his dignity and tore after me a couple of
miles along the cantonment road! The tigers on each side of
Mohsumoodowlah's gates were a familiar sight, but I cared little
for anything till I caught sight of our old home (in cantonments)—
the place not so well kept as it was.
Next day I went over all the rooms-drawing-room, your little
green dressing-room and bedroom. I had your face before me
as you lay so calmly and resignedly awaiting God's will, and
there seemed so little earthly hope!
The little arbour outside, the dovecot, everything I looked upon
forbade me to forget." After visiting one or two of our old
haunts, I started with Lamb for the city; could not see much of
Q
226
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
1
Chapter our house, as Mrs. Bell is laid up. Sadoo, the old carpenter, the
VIII. blacksmith, and many others patiently waiting to see me; indeed
1850. I was soon surrounded by old servants, all asking for you and
me.
Edwy Baba. Padre Hamilton was out, but I saw Mrs. H.
The Derogah, Ahmed Ali, and Azimoollah's son were waiting for
I told you, I think, that when at Lahore, I had a letter from
Lucknow, telling me of my old friend Azimoollah's death; he had
written me only a few days before, asking my advice whether he
should accept an appointment offered him by the King. I
advised him “No," that he had plenty already of this world's goods,
and should now take rest and time to think of and prepare for
the fate that must befall all men; that I wished him to compare
what is written in his own holy books with what our Bible says
(I had given him one), and ask God to give him light to understand
and do His will. His son tells me that he declined the King's
offer on getting my letter, and that he died very suddenly soon
after, good, kind old man! To resume. In the afternoon
Nawab Mohsumoodowlah's carriage came to fetch me, as I had
promised to go to his garden house (half way to the city). Here I
found quite a posse of royalties and nobles waiting to meet me,
with my host-Monowroodowlah, Momtazoodowlah, the Prime
Minister, and others with too long names to write, all evidently
very much pleased to see me again! Next morning, Nawab
Ameenoodowlah's carriage came for me to come to his Palace.
On the way, just opposite the large tree at our gate (in canton-
ments), I found a crowd of people (native friends) all waiting for
a moolaquat; among others Nanuck Chind, the banker, and Ram
Churn. I had to halt for a while, and afterwards all followed me
in a long procession through the city, much to my discomfort!
but there was no getting out of it without hurting their feelings.
Arrived at the Minister's, he met me, and was most kind and
civil. The Begum and our daughter making all sorts of inquiries
after you and your boy; the Minister over and over repeating,
that he owed his life to me, and (what he seemed most grateful
for) the power of using his rifle arm again in shikar. He had a
FUTTEHGHUR.
227
splendid breakfast prepared for me, and we (for Lamb was with Chapter
me) did ample justice to it after our long drive. The carriage VIII.
was placed at my disposal for the day-not the famous white 1850.
horses with the red tails!-and I found, waiting beside it, Mr.
Hyde, my old assistant, and Syed Enayet Hossein, my sub-
assistant surgeon, anxious to give me their welcome.
-
I drove out to Constantia (La Martinière), and went all over it
with Mr. Crank and Mr. Archer. I recognized in the classrooms
many of our old friends among the boys, whom we used to have
for a holiday. Drove to Beebeepore Palace, where we spent our
honeymoon, Dil Khooshar Palace, and then back to the city to
call on the Begum Malika Geytée, the old King's favourite wife.
I found her tonjon and bearers ready waiting at the old spot, as
in old times, to pick me up as I passed. The good Begum said
she had not been able to sleep, nor her two boys to eat, since
they heard of my arrival at Lucknow. They were very kind
indeed, and I had to sit a long time telling them all about you
and the Sahibzadah, as they call Edwy.
Shereefoodowlah, Ahmed Ali, and Shah Beharee Lal, the
banker, came to call on me in cantonments before I left.
Ahmed Ali told me, with great satisfaction, that at last the ditch
has been allowed to be cut through the Residency kitchen-garden,
by Colonel Sleeman, as I had proposed and designed when at
Lucknow, and which Colonel Richmond and Bird had refused to
sanction. He says that, in consequence, houses are springing up all
along the new road, which is now a grand feature in the city. I
think I have now told you of all my rambles through Lucknow ;
it was very pleasant and satisfactory, though I heard a good deal,
not only from the natives, but from Sleeman, the Resident, which
saddened me, and makes me fear for the future of the little king-
dom. I fear some of our people have not upheld the honour of
our nation in the eyes of the natives. By the way, both Nawabs
Mohsumoodowlah and Monowroodowlah, have promised to pay
me a visit at Futtehghur after your return.
Q 2
228
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter
... Did I say that I had dined at the Residency, the first
VIII. evening, with the Sleemans, who were exceedingly kind?
1850,
•
1
FUTTEHGHUR, July 29th, 1850.
On reaching home last night, I found all well except poor Khalipha,
who is in a very doubtful state indeed, and I almost fear he will
not pull through. He has been suffering for some time from a
carbuncle on the back, similar to that of which the King of Oude
died. There seemed every prospect of its going on well when I
left for Lucknow, but it suddenly increased, and although the
doctor has done all that was possible, I fear his strength may not
hold out to carry him through, poor man! Need I say to you that
it will be a great grief to me to lose my faithful old friend? How-
ever, I am not going to despair, but take the case into my own
hands, and do all that can be done, seeking God's blessing.
I am so sorry that I did not receive, while at Lucknow, a letter
which the little Maharajah himself wrote me during my absence,
and which has followed me back. I should have liked to show it
to the King's sons (Malika Geytee's boys), who have not kept up
their English since I left.
Dr. Login now urged Lord Dalhousie to provide the
Maharajah with further educational advantages. He
said, that though Mr. Walter Guise had up to that
time been of more use than a more experienced teacher
ignorant of the vernacular would have been, yet that
now the Maharajah's knowledge of English was suffi-
cient for him to derive benefit from a well-qualified
tutor, who would know how to interest the boy, and
lead him on to the study of natural science. He asked
FUTTEHGHUR.
229
•VIII.
· 1850.
also for instructions about the Maharajah's betrothal, Chapter
concerning which there was some little anxiety among
the native gentlemen of his suite.
In reply he received an official letter (dated April
13th, 1850), from which an extract is here given :-
The Governor-General in Council conceives that it is the duty
of the British Government to do all that is within its power to
train up the boy in such a manner as that when the date of his
majority arrives he may take possession of the heritage which has
been secured to him*—a well-principled and accomplished gentle-
man, versed in the knowledge which usually is sought by the
higher ranks in the East, and instructed also in the English
language and literature. The same principles which are observed
in the education furnished by Government to the natives of India
generally, should, His Lordship in Council thinks, guide the
Government in the training of the young Maharajah, both as
regards the culture of his understanding and the guidance of his
moral character.
These objects, it appears to His Lordship in Council, may
be secured by the agency of gentlemen in India, without having
recourse to the expedient suggested by you; and he therefore
declines to authorize your applying to Dr. Duff, or sending to
England at all, for a tutor for the Maharajah.
Mr. Guise, who is at present affording instruction to His Highness,
is described by you, His Lordship in Council observes, to be well-
qualified in many respects, but wanting in experience as a teacher.
If, on further observation of him, you should still think that
a gentleman of higher attainments is desirable, His Lordship in
Council requests that you will address the Government again
* The italics are not in the original.
230
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter upon the subject. His Lordship in Council sanctions the salary,
VIIL 250 rupees per mensum, which you have proposed for Mr. Guise.
1850.
I have the honour to be, Sir,
Your most obedient servant,
FRED. JAS. HALLIDAY,
Officiating Secretary to the Government of India.
At the same time Lord Dalhousie writes:-
My official letter, lately despatched to you, would apprise you
that I think your plans for the Maharajah are all on too large a
scale, and that you seem to have contemplated for him a future
much more royal than is intended. Another letter will have
informed you that the Court decidedly object to his coming to
England, and, as they desire that his wish to do so may be dis-
couraged, we must hold their instructions in view. Such of His
Highness's views as have been influenced by the prospect of
visiting Europe, will therefore, in all probability, undergo a
change. His education will proceed as far as His Highness will
consent to carry it, and a tutor sufficiently qualified should be
found; but if Mr. Guise commands his respect and affection, ast
you say, it is very much to be desired that he should continue in
his present position; and I apprehend that if his acquirements
are at present insufficient, he would find no difficulty in qualifying
himself as a teacher fully capable of instructing the Maharajah,
during his boyhood. The marriage of the Maharajah is a more
difficult matter for us to arrange.
I should object decidedly,
and do not wish to countenance any relations henceforth between
the Maharajah and the Sikhs, either by alliance with a Sikh
family, or sympathy with Sikh feeling. The Maharajah having
personally desired to break off his betrothal with Chuttur Singh's
daughter, appears to have opinions of his own as to marriage.
FUTTEHGHUR.
231
VIII.
1850.
If he chooses to marry one of the Rajah of Coorg's daughters, Chapter
after having had everything about her explained to him, I can't see
why he should not. There are two. One that His Highness
wants to send to England, another about seven or eight, for
whom he does not propose English education; both are good-
looking, the second one very pretty, and, as far as birth is
concerned, both are his equals and more.
The first part of this letter refers to Col. Goodwyn's
(of the Engineers) plans for improvements necessary
to His Highness's residence at Futtehghur, which Lord
Dalhousie considered as on too regal a scale; and also to
the great anxiety expressed by the Maharajah to visit
England.
When making arrangements for the departure from
Lahore, Login, in order to secure that the personal
attendants should be men of tried fidelity, suggested to
the Maharajah that he should himself select them, and
prove their attachment by explaining that he was
leaving the Punjab for India, and that only those who
cared to accompany him should go. The little fellow
rather entered into the spirit of this sifting process,
and amused himself at the expense of some of his
people. In a memorandum on this subject Login
writes:-
The effect of this, as I had foreseen, was to detach a great
many Sikhs from attendance on him. His retinue consisted
principally of Mahomedans; and even the Sikh priests and
many of the Brahmins, whose duty it was to remain near him
*232
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH..
Chapter under all circumstances, declined to accompany him, although
VIII. facilities were offered them for doing so, and accommodation
1850.
provided for them in camp. Accordingly, His Highness left
Lahore for Hindostan without taking with him a copy of the
Grunt'h (their holy book) or a single reader of it, and with only one
Brahmin porohut, or family priest, who, before leaving, arranged
that his tour of duty should not exceed six months, when he was
to be relieved by one of his brethren. As I was particularly
careful to explain to the Sikh priests (whose allowances were all
secured to them by Jageers), that one of the copies of the Grunt’h
in use at the Palace was at their disposal, and that ample
accommodation would be provided for them in camp in the event
of their accompanying the Maharajah, but that I, being of a
different religion from them, would give them no orders on the
subject, no blame could be attached to us for their indifference
to the Maharajah's instruction in the tenets of their faith.
Soon after the Maharajah's arrival at Futtehghur, his old
servant Meah Kheema, a Mahomedan who had been with him
ever since his birth, and was much attached to him (the same who
advised him to sign the Treaty with a good grace), claimed his
promise to let him return to his family and country; it became
necessary, therefore, that I should appoint a trustworthy successor,
Bhajun Lal, a young Brahmin of Furruckabad, was recommended,
as being of excellent moral character, and having received a good
education at one of the schools of the American Mission at
Furruckabad. He could read and speak English fairly, which was
a great recommendation to the young Maharajah, who was anxious
to learn the language. He was therefore installed as confidential
personal attendant on the boy, who became much attached to
him.
When I appointed him to the duty, although he had high
recommendations as to his moral character and steadiness, I was
unaware of the depth of his convictions on religious subjects, and
as he continued to adhere to the ceremonial observances of a
FUTTEHGHUR.
233.
Brahmin, in all that related to his food and clothing, he was Chapter
received by all the other Hindoos as perfectly orthodox.
It was a strangely constituted household, or rather
series of households, which Mrs. Login, on her return
from Europe, found living within the confines of
"Futtehghur Park"-the name given to the Maha-
rajah's small estate.
The property originally consisted of several bunga-
lows and residences, belonging to various owners, each
surrounded by its own compound. The Maharajah,
the Ranee Duknoo, Dr. Login, and the native
gentlemen in attendance, all occupied separate houses,
and the mixture of European and Oriental arrange-
ments was often curious.
The drawing-room reception of an evening, was an
amusing sight to a lady fresh from England. During
the day the young Prince was supposed to be at his
studies or taking his outdoor exercise; therefore, the
gentlemen of his suite were free to follow their own
devices; but in the evening the Dewan, Fakeer, Sirdar,
&c., made their appearance in full dress to pay their
respects to their little King, and hold themselves at his
disposal for a few hours.
Duleep Singh was then to be seen, seated in State on
a couch or chair, with his attendants grouped around
him. Each of his suite, as he entered, made low
obeisance, then stood erect with folded hands, while
he gave vent to the single word " Maharaj !" with the
VIII.
1850.
234
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter suddenness of a pistol-shot.
VIII.
1850.
This was invariably the
salutation given on arrival and departure, the Maha-
rajah receiving it-according to native ideas of
proper kingly dignity-with scarcely any sign of
acknowledgment. His manner, however, soon took a
more gracious tone, after a little intercourse with
Europeans.
Of course, the arrival of an English lady upon the
scene, was an event to these worthy gentlemen, and she
became an object of great interest to them. They were
so courteous, and anxious to hear all she could tell them,
and so ready to give her information in return, that
many agreeable evenings were spent in their society.
Often a round game was got up by the Maharajah and
his young companions, and the Sikh chiefs were
dragged into it willy-nilly; but they were so good-
humoured, that if they did not actually enjoy the
Maharajah's teazing, they effectually disguised their
feelings, and entered into the fun like children.
They used often to express their admiration at the
consideration shown to the Sikh prejudices by Login,
who never allowed beef to be used in his own household.
This delicacy of feeling on his part, they fully
appreciated, and spoke of the hold it gave him on the
affections of the Sikhs in attendance. The Dewan, in
particular, often alluded to the relief they experienced,
from the confidence that, within his gates, they were
safe from any outrage to their feelings of religious
veneration for the sacred animal.
1
FUTTEHGHUR.
235
VIII.
1850.
Mrs. Login's colloquial knowledge of the language Chapter
gave her great advantage, and was a source of much
pleasure, as well as influence. She was able to explain
to the mother of the Shahzadah all the advantages
that education would give her boy, and to convince her
that a system of pampering and indulgence would be
fatal to mind and body. It was a constant cause of
amazement to the Ranee, that a mother should be able
to do as Mrs. Login had done-part from her son for
years, for his own good, and leave him among strangers
at school.
Ranee Duknoo was of an old Rajpoot family from the
Kangra Hills. She had been selected for her beauty by
Shere Singh-Runjeet's adopted son-on his coming to
the throne, and little Sheo Deo was only a few months
old when his father was murdered, and Duleep Singh,
the acknowledged son of the "Great Maharajah," was
elected by the Khâlsa in his room.
It is not therefore surprising that the Ranee looked
upon her boy as a veritable prince, "born in the
purple," and was never so happy as when encouraged
to talk about him.
Mrs. Login was a frequent visitor at the pretty
house within the park, where the Ranee resided with
her faithful uncle and brother, who had shared her
fortunes, and accompanied her into what, to them, was
exile.
The Ranee herself was indeed a lovely young woman,
tall and slender, graceful and very fair, with a pecu-
236
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
1850.
Chapter liarly gentle and winning expression of countenance.
VIII. Clothed, as befitted a widow, in subdued colours,
without ornament or jewel, the soft white muslin
doputta draped about her head, its transparent folds
shrouding the lower part of the beautiful face, while
her large beseeching eyes wore a look of appeal and
innocence, she might have passed for a living representa-
tion of the traditional conception of the Madonna, so
often to be seen depicted by the old Italian masters.
The little Shahzadah, at this time, slept at his
mother's house and took his meals there, but during
the day was with the Maharajah in study and at play.
He was a charming little fellow, with very pretty
manners and great personal beauty, inheriting the
delicate, refined features and aristocratic bearing of the
Rajpoots, rather than the coarser beauty of the Sikhs.
It was very amusing to see him making his daily
short progress from his mother's house to the Maha-
rajah's; to note, on the one hand, the dignified bearing
of the little Prince, stepping daintily along in his
beautiful and picturesque national costume, his snowy
turban fringed with gold (a becoming spot of colour
being given by the crimson under-turban, which
confines the knot of long hair peculiar to the Sikhs),
and on the other, the reverential demeanour of the
uncle and granduncle in attendance, walking respect-
fully one step in the rear, answering dutifully the
remarks which the child vouchsafed to them over his
shoulder, and always careful to address him as "Shah-
FUTTEHGHUR.
237
zadah-jee," while the little man accepted, as his due, Chapter
the admiration he excited.
He was always ready to escort Mrs. Login on her
visits to his mother, and made use of her to corroborate
the wonderful stories with which he entertained the
Ranee, regarding all the strange things he saw at the
English lady's house, and which she had brought with
her from England. Some of these latter he would
insist on carrying over for his mother's inspection.
It was a pleasure to try and cheer the lonely life of
this young widow, for she seldom or never went out,
but lived very quietly and simply with her relatives.
The Maharajah paid her stated visits, and, as the head
of her family, was received by her unveiled in the
presence of her relatives-his retinue, of course,
remaining outside. It was pretty well understood by
the members of the Maharajah's household, that hopes
were entertained by the Ranee's people that Duleep
Singh might take his brother's widow to wife—this
being permitted by Sikh custom. His behaviour
certainly gave no colour to this rumour, for, although
he acknowledged her beauty, he did not seem attracted
to her, and was chary of his visits.
One of the prettiest sights at Futtehghur of an
early morning, or in the cool of the evening, was the
perfectly-appointed sowarree* of the young Sikh Maha-
rajah out for his daily ride. So often in the case of
VIII.
1850.
* Cavalcade.
238
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
こ
​VIII.
1850.
Chapter even the best-arranged cavalcades of native Princes, the
splendour of one attendant is spoiled by the dirty and
untidy appearance of his fellow. One man is, perhaps,
mounted on a splendid Arab, while the next is on a
wretched tat; the gorgeous dresses of the leaders of the
party, give place to the squalor of a rag-tag-and-bobtail
following, so that the good taste which distinguished
young Duleep Singh's cortége was all the more remark-
able. He himself looked to great advantage on horse-
back, and though not what would be called a daring
horseman, like many of his countrymen, yet he rode
with ease and grace. When he turned out for his
customary ride, accompanied by the Shahzadah and his
English friends, with his retinue of war-like Sikh
attendants, handsomely-dressed and well-mounted,
followed by a detachment of the Governor-General's
Body Guard* in their scarlet, and Skinner's Irregu-
lars in their saffron uniforms (which gave them their
cognomen of "Canaries"), the whole effect was both
picturesque and brilliant. If, instead, the Maharajah
went out on his elephant, with its splendid trappings
and silver howdah, or in his carriage with its four grey
Arabs, driven by his English coachman, the same finish
in every detail was observable.
*
There were frequent reports from the Nepal Resi-
By an order of the Governor-General in Council, a detachment of the Body
Guard, consisting of "twenty-five good men and two trusty native officers,"
remained with His Highness at Futtehghur, "so as to lessen the duty of the
Irregular Corps."
FUTTEHGHUR.
239
dent of secret emissaries from the Ranee Jinda, but, Chapter
as the vigilance was close, her spies were generally
seized and escorted back to the frontier.
It was known that the Ranee's design was to get
possession of her son, though the latter showed not
the least inclination to fall in with her schemes, or
even to hold any communication with her, as will
appear from the following extracts from an official
letter of Login's :-
VIII. -
1850.
FUTTEHGHUR, April 4th, 1850.
As far as I can judge, not the least desire exists on the part of
the Maharajah to communicate with his mother. From all the
information I could collect at Lahore from those likely to know
his feelings, he appeared to dislike any reference being made to
the Ranee, and never mentioned her name, though he spoke
readily of his uncle Jowahir Singh, and his affection for him;
but as I was anxious to ascertain his sentiments on this point
myself, for my own guidance, I took a favourable opportunity to
ask him regarding it. He told me he had heard nothing of her
since he left Lahore, and that she had only disgraced him, “Serif
humka bud nam deah;" and on being asked if she had not been
-kind to him, he said she used to strike him daily!
. . . In explanation of her severity to him, his confidential
servant told me that he was old enough to be aware of her im-
proper conduct with Lal Singh, and had remonstrated with her,
and that this had caused her harsh treatment of him.
Having lately, in the course of reading history with him, met
with an allusion to his being the acknowledged, though not the
reputed, son of Runjeet Singh, I told him that the conduct of the
Maharanee, and the character she had acquired, exposed him to
240
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter this imputation; he said "Ah, yes; it was all too true!" And
VIII.
he had frequently made up his mind, while at Lahore, that he
1850.
should have his mother killed, that she might not disgrace him!
It not yet being considered prudent to allow the
Maharajah to reside in the hills during the hot weather,
owing to the difficulty of providing for his safety, and
as the boy seemed rather to suffer from the heat of
Futtehghur, Login secured for him a change of resi-
dence at the Rukha, about three miles off; and he used
to go out there for several days at a time, with his
tutor and companions, taking with him his gun and
hawks to have some sport.
His passion for the national sport of hawking was
great. He entered into all the details of training and
feeding the birds with absorbing interest; but as the
necessary process entailed great cruelty to animals, it
was not relished by his young companions, and was, as
far as possible, discouraged by Login, who dreaded lest
the indifference to suffering which it engendered, might
develop that tendency to barbarity which is so in-
herent in the Oriental character.
CHAPTER IX.
THE NEOPHYTE.
IX.
1850.
IN November, 1850, Login, who was anxious to be in Chapter
Calcutta to receive his wife on her landing, obtained a
month's leave of absence from the Governor-General,
with permission to appoint Captain Campbell as his
substitute pro tem. at Futtehghur. It was whilst
Login was away from his charge on this occasion, that
the Maharajah took an important step, by suddenly
announcing his intention of embracing the Christian
religion.
The first intimation of such a resolve on the part of
the young Prince, was received by Login at Calcutta
in a letter from the Maharajah himself.
The whole subject at once gave rise to an extensive
official correspondence, of which want of space permits
only a very few extracts.
On the 20th December, 1850, Captain J. Campbell
(7th Madras Cavalry) thus reports the fact to the
Government :-
•
On Sunday the 8th inst., His Highness the Maharajah
communicated to me, through Master Thomas Scott, his desire to
R
242
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter become a Christian, as he termed it. In an hour or so after this
IX. abrupt disclosure, I took His Highness aside, and carefully ques-
1850. tioned him on the subject; the substance of his answer was, that he
had for a long time been convinced of the falsehoods put forth by the
Pundits, that he could no longer restrain himself from professing
his belief in our Bible (which he had of late caused one of his
attendants to read to him), and that he was determined to
embrace the Christian faith. At His Highness's request, I next day
communicated the intelligence to Dr. Login. His reply, received
this morning, is to the effect that he wishes His Highness to make
no change in his mode of life or religious observances which is
likely to offend the prejudice of his Sikh attendants, and that any
declaration of his sentiments at present is altogether premature.
The avowed change in His Highness's religious sentiments,
I may add, is regarded by the Dewan Ajoodhea Pershad (himself a
Brahmin, but an honest old soldier) with a most impartial eye. . . .
I cannot see how, without exercising a restraint over him, which
I conceive would have been foreign to the declared intention of
Government "always to stand neuter in religious matters as
regards the natives of the country "-I could have prevented his
expressing and conducting himself as he has done. . . . . I
purposely delayed communicating His Highness's change of
sentiments, the more surely to ascertain the probability of their
permanence. . . . . I have arrived at the conclusion, that he is
more deeply impressed with the subject than his years would
seem to render likely.
On receipt of this intelligence; Sir H. Elliot, the
Secretary to the Government, desired Login, on
resuming his duties, to furnish the Government with
full and explicit information, on all points likely to
throw light on "an act so singular in a boy of such
THE NEOPHYTE.
243
tender years, and so placed as His Highness the Chapter
Maharajah still is."
The Governor-General desires to be informed, says this
despatch, whether you have had any reason to suppose, at any
time since the Maharajah has been under your charge, that His
Highness gave his attention to matters connected with the Chris-
tian faith. Whether you or Mr. Guise, or any European person
who have had charge of, or may have had access to him, have
introduced the subject of our religion to his notice; have talked
to him upon it, or engaged him in any question regarding it?
Whether the young gentlemen who have been allowed to reside
with him as his playfellows (Mr. Barlow or Mr. Scott) have
talked to him, or been talked to by him thereupon
and where the Bible was procured, which His Highness says has
been read to him by an attendant, and who that attendant is?
IX.
1850.
Letter to LORD DALHOUSIE from J. S. LOGIN.
MY LORD,
FUTTEHGHUR, Jan. 20th, 1851.
I send for your Lordship's perusal, a statement
furnished to me by Bhajun Lal, the Maharajah's Brahmin
attendant, who has been in His Highness's confidence ever since
he began to entertain any intention of renouncing his own faith,
and whose account of the circumstances, though rather quaintly
expressed, may, I believe, be fully depended on. I was at first
disposed to consider the Maharajah's desire to embrace
Christianity as a mere sentiment, arising from the feelings of
friendship and goodwill which he entertains towards us Christians;
and I endeavoured to dissuade him by letter, from making any
1851.
R 2
244
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter change in his mode of life with reference to his observance of
IX. caste, which would be likely to give offence to his Sikh attendants,
1851.
until he could explain to them fully his reasons for withdrawing
from them. But from the conversations I have held with him
since my return to Futtehghur, the shrewdness and intelligence of
his remarks on religious subjects, as well as from the whole
account of the manner in which the conviction has arisen in his
mind, I am now led to think that his impressions are much more
deeply seated, and I should be incurring a greater responsibility
than I am prepared, or willing, to undertake, in denying him the
wished-for instruction in our faith and doctrine. Although only
a boy in years, and in all the freshness with which he enjoys his
play and amusements, he is by no means so in judgment and
understanding; and it is almost impossible for any one who has not
had an opportunity of conversing with him, to give the weight to
his opinions which they deserve. Although this impression of his
character is shared by many here, I am anxious that your Lord-
ship should not incur the risk of being misled by any prejudice
which I may have been led to entertain towards him, and I would
therefore respectfully solicit your Lordship to request Mr.
Thomason, when passing through the station, to take an oppor-
tunity of conversing with His Highness, and to acquaint you with
his opinion on the subject. The official report which I am about
to submit to your Lordship will be accompanied by statements
of the Dewan Ajoodhea Pershad, the Fakeer Zehooroodeen, and
Sirdar Boor Singh, regarding the circumstances under which the
Maharajah's determination to embrace Christianity took place,
and will all, I believe, tend to prove to your Lordship's satis-
faction, that no improper influence has been made use of to induce
him to renounce the religion of his people.
ง
LORD DALHOUSIE'S Reply.
Just received your letter of 20th, enclosing statement of the
Maharajah's Brahmin attendant. It contains a very singular
THE NEOPHYTE.
245
narrative, which will no doubt be further illustrated by the official Chapter
papers you mention, but which have not yet reached me.
I have written to Mr. Thomason, requesting him to visit the
Maharajah if he should pass near Futtehghur, but I doubt
whether he goes in that direction.
IX
1851.
Yours very truly,
DALHOUSIE.
SIR,
Statement of LALA BHAJUN LAL to DR. LOGIN.
FUTTEHGHUR, Jan. 17th, 1851.
As you want to know the circumstances of His Highness
Maharaj's breaking his caste since you left, I have the honour
to explain before your honour, what all I have known from the
time when I was employed in His Highness's service.
When the Maharaj began to learn out of an English book, by
name of "English Instructor," there were some lines at the back
end of the book with few words about Christian religion. You
once said to Maharaj, “These are records about our religion; if
you want to read them, then read, and if you don't want, you can.
leave them;" but His Highness say to me, "Never mind, I will
read them, because I want to know everything;" then they were
read. As I was with him at all the times, he used to ask me
questions about our religion (Sudras): What is the benefit by
bathing in Gunga Jee? Would it take us into heaven if we still
do other wicked works and bathe in Gunga? I replied, and said,
"Maharaj, it is written in our Shastras, but I do not know
whether we would go into heaven or hell." Then he said, “Yes,
but it depends on our works." And so on he would speak.
In the month of Barsakh (May), Maharaj began to have some
of our religious books read, and in one book there was written
a paragraph about a Rajah who used to make charity of ten
thousand cows every morning before taking his breakfast! This
246
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
1851.
Chapter way the said Maharajah used his alms of ten thousand cows
IX.
during the time of his life. But it came to pass, that if any one
of these cows came again or was bought by his servants
without knowing it, and the Rajah made his alms of that cow
again, by this he was cast into hell. Now when the Katha
was over, and the Pundit gone, His Highness's servant Jewindah
said to Maharaj, "See, is it not impossible that now the
Rajah could get so much new cow every day?" Maharajah
answered and said, "Yes! it is quite nonsense
"Yes! it is quite nonsense; and that's why
I doubt many things what the Pundit do say.
Such conversations had been many times, but I always found
him very conscious, and of high opinion, and not superstitious,
and of a reasonable mind.
Now, Sahib, after some time you went to Calcutta, Maharaj
saw one copy of Holy Bible into my hand, and asked of me,
"Will you sell this over to me?" I replied, and said, "Maharaj,
I don't want to sell it to you, but I can present you, if you
can read a chapter out of it without any assistance." So he did
read, and I presented him my Bible. After some short time, he
asked me to read to him, and let him hear it, and according to
his orders I did read. First day I read 6th chapter St. Matthew,
and few others during whole week. Sometimes Bible, sometimes
a few tricks,* then sometimes out of "Boy's Own Book"; but I
am sure I never heard any Englishman, talking or reading him
any of their religious things.
After this week, then Maharaj disclosed his designs to Captain
Campbell and to Mr. Guise, that he approves the Christian religion
is true, and that of his own is not true. Then the gentlemen said,
Well, Maharaj, if you understand it with your conscience, it
is far better, and we would be only very happy if you would under-
stand it.” But I well know and can certify that whatever
66
* Legerdemain and improvising tales, were resorted to by his attendants to
amuse him.
THE NEOPHYTE.
247
Maharaj did say or do, he did it by his pleasure and opinion, but Chapter
not by any man's beguiling.
When I did ask Maharaj, "Do you really believe, or merely
joking?" he then answered, and said, "I really do believe, and I
will embrace the Christian religion, because long before mine
designation was to do this."
""
After two or three days, on Sunday, I came back from my city
house at twelve (because I often go to city on Saturday evening,
and come back on Sunday at midday). Maharaj told to me,
Bhajun Lal, I have become a Christian." I then say,
"What
did you eat?” He answered and said, "I have not eaten any-
thing, but my heart is changed. See now, I have not gone to
play, nor like to play, on this day." But when cool of evening
came, he went out hawking with his favourite hawk. When he
came back into the house I asked him, Maharaj, how is it
that you told me that you would no more play on this day, but
you went and played with your hawks?" He answered, and said,
“I forgot, and am very sorry for that." After two days more he
began to say that he would take tea with Tommy Scott and
Robbie Carshore. I said, "Very well, do whatever you like, but
do only that thing which you well know will do good for you at
the end." On Wednesday I had some work in the city, and I
took his leave at twelve and went; and when I came back at
evening, I found Maharaj, T. Scott, and R. Carshore, in Maharaj's
room, sitting at a table, and all tea plates were arranged
on the table, and he (the Maharaj) was boiling the water. As
soon as he saw me, he came out of the room, and told me,
"See
now, I am going to make tea with mine own hands, and then we
all three take together.' I answered, and said, “Very good,
Maharaj, do whatever you like; but I tell you one thing, that
you must not take tea, or do anything, until Dr. Login Sahib comes
back." He replied, "That you do not know if Dr. Login will
allow me to do it, and then I will be very sorry!" After this he
went and made the tea with his own hands, and took with T. Scott
IX.
1851.
248
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
IX.
1851.
Chapter and B. Carshore; but all whatever he did, he did with his
pleasure, and was very anxious if Dr. Login will like him to do
his wilful work. He will be very much pleased and glad, to hear
if you will allow him to break his caste, and he will be very
happy in breaking his caste.
Sir, as far as I know, I have related with justice.
Your most obedient, humble servant,
BHAJUN LAL.
Extracts from J. S. LOGIN's Official Report.
FUTTEHGHUR, Jan. 27th, 1851.
Previous to my departure from Calcutta, on the 15th
November last, I had no reason to suppose that His Highness
had given any attention to matters connected with the Christian
faith, although I had certainly observed that neither the Sikh nor
the Hindoo religion had taken any firm hold of his mind. On
several occasions he has expressed his doubts of the truth of the
stories read, or related to him, by his Pundits, from their Shastras,
and made some very shrewd remarks on the superstitious obser-
vances both of Sikhs and Hindoos, and on the selfishness and
ignorance of their priesthood. As an indication of the bent of his
mind, I may particularly mention one instance :-
About a fortnight before I left for Calcutta, he came to my room
with his attendant, early one morning, as was frequently his
custom, while I was reading by candle-light, and the conversation
happening to turn upon the subject of the position of the earth in
the solar system, . . . . he asked me to show him how an eclipse
of the moon took place. This I attempted to do in a very simple
way
and apparently succeeded so much to his satisfaction,
that he exclaimed in Hindostani, "Wait for two or three years,
until I have learnt all about it. Won't I puzzle the Pundits!'
•
THE NEOPHYTE.
249
IX.
As I carefully abstained from encouraging or objecting to any Chapter
remarks of the kind, nothing more was, I believe, said on the
subject.
During my absence at Calcutta, His Highness frequently wrote
to me, both in English and in Urdu.
In the note of the 2nd December, herewith submitted* in
original, he first made known to me, that his Brahmin attendant,
Bhajun Lal, had been reading the Holy Scriptures to him, and
he desired that I would bring him a copy of the Bible.
On the 7th December, His Highness again wrote to me,† that
MY DEAR GOOD FRIEND,
* FUTTEHGHUR, 2nd Dec., 1850.
I hope you continue quite well, and that I shall soon receive another letter
from you.
We are all well here. Captain Campbell presided at our examination, and I
got twenty-three marks; but Shahzadah only got ten, Tommy seventeen, and
Robby eighteen.
Will you kindly send me a nice Bible, for I like very much to read, because yes-
terday Bhajun Lal was reading to me; and also do send me a chest of fine tools,
for carpenter's work.
Yours very sincerely,
DULEEP SINGH,
Maharajah.
P.S. Bhajun Lal's most respectful compliments, may reach to my master's
honour.
MY DEAR GOOD FRIEND,
† FUTTEHGHUR, Dec. 7th, 1850.
I amuse
I was very glad to receive your kind letter. I am quite well, and I hope
that you found Mrs. Login quite recovered, on her arrival in Calcutta.
myself every evening by making Bhajun Lal read to me.
I have begun the Bible, and generally hear one or two chapters.
Yours very sincerely,
DULEEP SINGH,
Maharajah.
Bhajun Lal's best service to his master; prays for his master's safety and
good health. Everything is going on rightly. His attention towards the hawks
is not as you left, but it is increasing towards his lessons.
He has been so much pleased upon his servant, that he has presented a safah
of jhallers (muslin turban with gold fringe).
Excuse me if anything incorrectly written.
1851.
1
250
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter he continued to hear the Bible read by his attendant, Bhajun
IX.
Lal, and he enclosed a note from the latter on the subject.
1851.
This was followed on the 9th inst. by another note* in his own
handwriting, in which His Highness declares his determination to
embrace the Christian religion, as he had long doubted the truth
of the one he had been brought up in, and was convinced of the
truth of the religion of the Bible, which he had lately made his
attendant Bhajun Lal read to him. This note was enclosed in a
letter from Captain Campbell, acquainting me that a similar
declaration had been made by the Maharajah to him, and that the
servants were aware of the avowal.
In reply to Captain Campbell's letter, I expressed my regret
that the avowal should have been made known so hastily, and
before sufficient time had elapsed to ascertain the depth and per-
manence of the Maharajah's impressions on the subject; as, from
the suddenness of the announcement, I couldn't at the time con-
sider them other than a mere sentiment arising from the feelings
of friendship and goodwill which he entertained towards us
Christians. I, at the same time, wrote to the Maharajah, advising
him to make no change in his mode of life, with respect to the
*
MY DEAR GOOD FRIEND,
* FUTTEHGHUR, Dec. 9th, 1850.
I hope you are quite well, and Mrs Login also. I am well and happy. You
will be surprised to learn of my determination to embrace the Christian religion.
I have long doubted the truth of the one I was brought up in, and am convinced
of the truth of the religion of the Bible, which I have of late made Bhajun Lal
read portions of to me.
I have asked Captain Campbell to write to you on this subject.
Yours very sincerely,
DULEEP SINGH,
Maharajah.
Bhajun Lal, who acted as secretary to his master, has added, it will be seen,
some quaint postscripts of his own to these letters. Their English is in somewhat
odd contrast to that of the letters themselves, which were dictated to him by the
Maharajah.
THE NEOPHYTE.
251
IX.
observances of caste, which would be likely to give offence to his Chapter
Sikh attendants, until he was able fully to explain his reasons for
withdrawing from them.
From the conversations I have held with the Maharajah he
appears from a very early age to have been led to entertain doubts
of the truth of the Sikh and Hindoo religions, and to have been led
to consider Mahomedanism or Christianity in a more favourable
light. As his age increased, and he was brought more into com-
munication with Christians, his prejudices in favour of their
religion became gradually stronger, although he was but very
imperfectly acquainted with the doctrines which they held, and
indeed had given but little consideration to the subject.
Since his arrival at Futtehghur these sentiments have continued
to gain strength, and have certainly not been discouraged by his
Brahmin attendant, Bhajun Lal, a young man of very respectable
connections in the city of Furruckabad, who has been educated at
the public school in the city under charge of the Rev. Messrs.
Macaulay and Scott of the American Presbyterian Mission, and
whom, from his intelligence, good character, and knowledge of the
English language, I was led to place near the Maharajah on the
departure of his old servant Kurreem Bux Meah Kheema, not
knowing at the time his sentiments were so favourably disposed
towards Christianity, as he continued, and still continues, to live
in the strict observance of Hindooism.
Although previous to my departure for Calcutta no indications
had been observed by myself or Mr. Guise, or the native gentle-
men who are in attendance upon His Highness, of his intention
to embrace the Christian faith, unless the casual remark made by
him to Mr. Guise, and his desire to read the portion of his book
bearing upon the doctrines of Christianity, may be so considered,
I find that the Maharajah had upwards of a month before, under
a promise of secrecy, mentioned to his playfellow, Thomas Scott,
that it was his desire "to become a Christian, as he did not believe
the Hindoo religion! and that if I, as his guardian, made any
1851.
252
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
1851.
Chapter objections just now, he would wait until he embarked for England,
IX.
when he would tell me, that as his caste had been broken, I could
not refuse him permission!" but up to that time, his mind does
not appear to have been perfectly made up, and it was only after.
he heard some portions of Scripture read to him by his Brahmin
attendant, that he was led to declare his desire to adopt the
Christian faith.
In some respects it is a fortunate circumstance that the Maha-
rajah's determination should have been expressed at a time when
his knowledge of the English language was so imperfect as to
render it impossible for any instruction on religious subjects to be
conveyed to him through that medium, without being at the same
time explained in Hindostani, and that the native gentlemen
who have been in attendance on His Highness, as well as all his
native servants, have thus been enabled to judge whether any
attempts have been made to interfere with his belief in an improper -
way. I therefore enclose statements * written in the vernacular
by the three native gentlemen in attendance, and by His High-
ness's own family priest, or porohut, testifying that in their
opinion no undue influence has been exerted, and His Highness's
resolution is entirely spontaneous.
The Brahmin, Bhajun Lal, though still professing Hindooism,
* In the above report were also enclosed statements from—
The Dewan Ajoodhea Pershad;
The Fakeer Zehooroodeen (Urdu and Persian tutor to His Highness);
The Sirdar Boor Singh ;
The Porohut Golâb Rai, family priest of the Maharajahs of Lahore ;
Bhajun Lal, Brahmin attendant of His Highness.
Mr. Walter Guise, the Maharajah's English tutor, in his statement, remarks
(after saying that neither he nor any European having access to him had ever
held conversations with him on the subject of the Christian religion): “That His
Highness was actuated by any such motive as the desire of pleasing those placed
over him, is highly improbable, when it is considered that he studiously sought to
conceal from them his determination . . . . long after he had communicated it
to Master Scott, whom he bound not to reveal it."
:
THE NEOPHYTE.
253
is evidently well disposed towards the Christian faith, and, I Chapter
believe, anxious to speak the truth without reserve.
The Fakeer Zehooroodeen is equally honest and straight-
forward in his statement, and, being a Mahomedan, by no
means disposed to view the change in an unfavourable light. I
had made arrangements to allow him to return to his family at
Lahore, on my return from Calcutta, and he was naturally very
anxious to rejoin his friends there, one of his children having died
in his absence; but in consequence of what has occurred, he has
voluntarily, and without the least hint from me, requested
permission to remain for some time longer with the Maharajah,
in order that he may show the opinion which he entertains on
the subject.
The Dewan Ajoodhea Pershad, though also a man of as much
moral courage and honesty as I have ever met with among
Brahmins, and certainly by no means bigoted in his creed, still
continues to profess the Hindoo religion, and it is but natural
that he should be less disposed to notice the maturity of the
Maharajah's judgment on such matters, than the Fakeer has been,
and should be more guarded in his statements.
·
The Sirdar Boor Singh's statement is as explicit on the subject
as could be desired. I understand that, when the Maharajah's
Punjabi servants asked him to join in a petition to Captain
Campbell, he told them that had any compulsion been used
towards the Maharajah, in regard to his change of creed, or any
undue influence been exerted, he would have considered it his
duty to have remonstrated, but as the declaration had been made
of the Maharajah's own free will, and his whole heart was set
upon carrying out his determination, he could not in any way
interfere.
It must not, however, be overlooked that the Sirdar, on account
of his more intimate connection with the Shahzadah Sheo Deo
Singh, may not be disposed to regret the step taken by the Maha-
rajah; but at the same time, in proof of his confidence that no
IX.
1851.
254
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter undue advantage is taken by us, as Christians, in the instruction
IX.
of either the Maharajah or Shahzadah, he continues to be in every
1851.
respect satisfied with the manner in which the latter is instructed.
In expressing his satisfaction at the manner in which facilities
have been afforded to him and to the Ranee, the mother of the
Shahzadah Sheo Deo Singh, in the exercise of their religious
rites, he has, I need scarcely remark, somewhat overstated the
case.
The Pundit Golâb Rai, the family porohut of the Maharajahs
of Lahore, though naturally disappointed at the Maharajah's
renunciation of Hindooism, bears testimony to the absence of any
attempt to influence His Highness on the subject.
From a perusal of the whole evidence, I trust it will appear to
the satisfaction of his Lordship that no improper influence has
been used by myself, or any one who has had access to His High-
ness, to induce him to adopt the Christian faith.
While I have been fully sensible of the responsibility of my
position with respect to His Highness, and earnestly desirous that
he should be educated in such a manner as to reflect no discredit
upon me as a Christian, I have not been forgetful of the delicate
nature of the duties entrusted to me by the Government, but have
constantly borne in mind that in his case the principles of
Christian morality, which it was my desire he should acquire
during his tender years, could only be set before him by a
consistent example. This I have endeavoured to do so far as my
infirmities of temper and judgment have permitted, trusting that
God would do the rest.
I have often felt the constraint imposed on me in being unable
to point out the true and only source of every good, and in being
obliged to content myself with instructing him, so far as I could, in
the principles of true morality, without reference to the source from
whence they came.
I have, I believe, answered briefly and incidentally any questions
he, or his attendants in his hearing, have casually asked me on
THE NEOPHYTE.
255
IX.
points connected with the Christian faith, but I cannot recall to Chapter
mind any particular instance; and the only occasions on which I
remember to have touched on the subject of our Scriptures in the 1851.
Maharajah's presence were shortly after I received charge of His
Highness at Lahore, and again about three months since.
On the former occasion, the Maharajah had come to my room
with his attendant, Meah Kheema, and other Mahomedan and
Hindoo servants, one Sunday morning, and the conversation
happening to turn, on the subject of the extent and greatness of
the British power and dominions, I took occasion to say that "it
was not from any superiority in ourselves, as men, that this took
place, but solely from the goodness of God towards us, as a nation,
and that so long as we acknowledged this with all our hearts, and
acted as men who felt the responsibility of our position, as
stewards of God's bounty, we should continue to prosper;" and
with reference to the increase of population in England, as com-
pared with the Eastern nations, and to our own particular position
in India, I pointed out to Meah Kheema and the other Maho-
medans that the Prophet Noah had said, "God shall enlarge
Japhet, he shall dwell in the tents of Shem, and Canaan shall be
his servant;" and I told them, that I believed it to be in fulfilment
of that prophecy that we were now among them. I remember
that those who were present seemed much pleased with the
conversation, and that Meah Kheema asked to be allowed to
take the Persian Bible, in which I had pointed out the passage, to
have it read to him; but whether he explained any portion of it to
the Maharajah, who did not understand Persian, I do not
know.
With respect to the book, the "English Instructor" men-
tioned by Bhajun Lal, in which some pages at the end refer to
the tenets of Christianity, the book in question was one used in
the school here by Bhajun Lal and his brother. I have also
allowed the Maharajah, and Shahzadah, to use the books of the
Scottish School Book Association, along with their schoolfellows,
256
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter Masters Scott and Carshore, as being extremely well suited to
IX. beginners; and in these also, some portions, having reference to
1851. Christianity, occur, which the Maharajah has voluntarily read,
but from all I can learn, up to the time at which he commenced
having the Bible read to him, he had not paid any attention to
their purport, and they have not in any way influenced his mind.
towards the step he has taken.
I must confess, however, that had the Maharajah asked my
permission to read the Bible, I should have offered no objection,
and that I would have given him equal permission to read
the Koran, the Grunt'h, the Shastras, or any other book of the
kind, which is not considered immoral, in the same way as he had
read the Mahomedan Kureema with his Urdu teacher, before I
took charge of him.
Considering the relative character and disposition of His High-
ness, as compared with Master Scott, to whom he first made
known his intention of becoming a Christian, I cannot but con-
sider the latter to have been altogether passive in the matter; or
if he did exert any influence over the Maharajah's mind, in leading
him to adopt the same faith, it could only have arisen from His
Highness's friendly regard for the boy, and the admiration of the
honesty and truthfulness of his character, which he has frequently
expressed. .
In all that relates to the religious ceremonies of His High-
ness, I have uniformly observed the strictest neutrality, and have
left him and his people to the free exercise of their own wishes on
the subject.
When on one occasion, in May last, His Highness expressed a
wish to have his Pundit to read prayers to him daily, as he ob-
served was customary with us, this was at once arranged; and it
was during the attendance of the Pundit for that purpose that
the circumstances occurred, which are related by Bhajun Lal.
I had been equally careful to avoid giving offence to the prejudices.
of the Maharajah and his Sikh attendants, in so far as lay in my
THE NEOPHYTE.
257
IX.
power, in other matters, forbidding the use of beef at my table, Chapter
or the practice of smoking tobacco near the house; and from all
I can learn, the care which I had taken in this respect has been
fully appreciated by them.
I have, on several occasions, proposed to the Maharajah to in-
quire for a native boy of respectable rank, to be educated along
with him, but he has uniformly declined any offer of the kind,
preferring to have only English boys with him.
Ever since the assassination, in his presence, of his uncle, the
Sirdar Jowahir Singh, at Meean Meer, by the Sikh soldiery, the
Maharajah has entertained a dread of his own countrymen, and a
dislike to their religion and all connected with them. This feeling
towards them he was, of course, obliged to conceal, until circum-
stances enabled him to declare his sentiments; but ever since I
have taken charge of him, he has spoken out freely on the subject,
and on every opportunity has shown his prejudice against them.
For several years past, little care appears to have been taken to
instruct him in the principles of the Sikh religion; for, excepting
what he might pick up when the Grunt'h was read to him occa-
sionally (to which he gave but little attention), he has been left
very much to chance for information on the subject. He, how-
ever, continued to be regular in the observance of such Hindoo
ceremonies as are customary among the Sikhs, and to hear
portions of their sacred books read to him by his Pundits.
After these occasions, it not infrequently happened that
the subject of the stories read to him were discussed in private
with his favourite attendant, Meah Kheema, and his son, who
as Mussulmaun, could not always conceal their disbelief in them,
or avoid giving encouragement to the doubts which arose in
His Highness's mind on the subject.
While his prejudices against his own people and their faith
were thus gaining strength, circumstances had occurred in his
outward position to lead him to consider the English his most
sincere friends, and the kindness and consideration which he
1851.
S
258
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter experienced from Lord Hardinge, Sir Henry Lawrence, Lord
IX. Gough, and Sir Frederick Currie, disposed him most favourably
1851. towards them, and to other Englishmen who had access to him;
and he fully appreciated their cordiality and friendly feelings,
although sometimes expressed with less ceremony than he had
been accustomed to.
These sentiments of friendly confidence have been confirmed,
and, I am happy to think, rendered permanent, by the cordial and
kindly reception which His Highness met with from the Most
Noble the Governor-General at Lahore, and by the kind interest
which his Lordship has always taken in his welfare; and I do
not think that there is a single person within Her Majesty's
dominions who is at present more convinced that the annexation
of the Punjab was forced on us by circumstances than the
Maharajah, or more satisfied as to the friendly sincerity of the
English Government towards him.
By far the greater number of the old servants who accompanied
him to Futtehghur were Mussulmaun, only a very few Sikhs,
who were necessary on the establishment, being apparently
disposed to come.
Among those who had the option of accompanying the
Maharajah were the four or five Sikhs priests, Grunt'hees, in
regular attendance upon His Highness.
Before leaving Lahore, I sent for them, and explained, that
they were at liberty to join His Highness if they wished, and
to take a copy of the Grunt'h with them, which was left in their
charge for the purpose, and I stated that I would make arrange-
ments for their comfortable accommodation in the event of their
doing so. They did not, however, avail themselves of the
opportunity afforded them, and His Highness left the Punjab
without any religious attendant of his own sect, or any copy of
their sacred book, nor had he expressed the least desire, since he
left Lahore, to have the want supplied.
One of the four Brahmin porohuts, or family priests, did,
THE NEOPHYTE,
259
IX.
1851.
however, remain in attendance on His Highness, after making Chapter
arrangements with the other three-who conjointly hold jagheers
for the performance of the duty-that they should relieve each
other every six months. On the expiry of that time, the priest in
attendance, Golâb Rai, wrote to the others to relieve him as had
been arranged among them, but they very decidedly refused to do
so, and he has, in consequence, had to remain in Hindostan, much
longer than he at first intended.
Ever since the Maharajah's determination has been
openly avowed, he has been most anxious to obtain Christian in-
struction, and he has even requested to join us at family prayers,
which I have not considered myself justified in preventing.
That his desire to embrace Christianity is ardent and sincere, no
one who has had an opportunity of conversing with him on the
subject can have any doubt; while the manner in which he has
refused any longer to conform to Hindoo, ceremonies, and the
reasons which he has given for the step he has taken, evince a
maturity of judgment far beyond his age.
Though anxious to lay aside all observances of caste, and to
adopt European customs, he has not done so, in consequence of
the advice which I gave him in the first instance-not to give
unnecessary offence to his Hindoo attendants. But he only
requires to know that no objection will be offered on the part of
Government, to do this at once.
Letter from J. S. LOGIN to LORD DALHOUSIE, accompanying the
Official Report.
MY LORD,
FUTTEHGHUR, Jan., 1851.
I regret to find that your Lordship supposes, from
the circumstance that I forwarded Colonel Goodwyn's estimate
and plans, that I contemplate for the Maharajah a future much
more royal than is intended. So far as it has been in my power,
S 2
260
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter I have endeavoured gradually to wean his mind from any desire
IX.
for royal state, and to render him happy and contented under his
1851.. altered circumstances. Under the impression that it was
desirable to lead His Highness to consider Futtehghur as his per-
manent residence, and knowing, from my experience at Lucknow,
that the amount was far below the sum frequently expended by
private native gentlemen on their residences (the property
adjoining that of His Highness at Futtehghur, formerly oc-
cupied by the late Hakim Mhendi, having cost nearly double
the amount), I certainly so far approved of Colonel Goodwyn's
designs as to submit them to your Lordship; but now that your
Lordship's wishes are made known to me, I have at once pointed
out to His Highness the kind consideration shown by your
Lordship, in desiring that no expensive improvements be made on
his residence at present, in order that he may, when he comes of
age, have it in his power, without much loss, to change his
residence, should he choose to do so.
Regarding the wish of His Highness to visit England, I have,
in accordance with your instructions, endeavoured to wean him
from the idea at present, by pointing out to him that during his
state of pupilage a visit would scarcely be considered voluntary
by the people of India, and that even among ourselves it would be
viewed in a much more complimentary light, if postponed until he
came of age, and able to exercise his own free will in the matter.
Although he quite agreed in the reasonableness of the objection,
he is still as eager as ever to carry out his intention, and
frequently speaks of his visit; and no later than yesterday he told
me of a dream he had on the subject, and described all that had
occurred to him on landing in England! With regard to the very
important subject of his marriage, I think that it is likely, owing
to his altered position, from what has lately occurred, that he may
be more desirous to consult his own wishes and inclination, on the
subject of the selection of a wife, than he was before, so it may be
dropped for the present.
}
THE NEOPHYTE.
261
IX.
1851.
I had the pleasure of seeing the Rajah of Coorg and his Chapter
daughter, at Benares, on my way up, and although I did not make
the least allusion to the connection, I could perceive that it was
not likely to be displeasing to him. The Rajah had just had an
offer of marriage for her, from Jung Bahadoor, and was rather
curious to ascertain how he stood in the estimation of the people
of England; and from what he said, I did not gather that he was
favourably disposed to him.
The Lieut.-Governor N.W.P. (Mr. Thomason) has just arrived
at this station, and I have asked him to take an opportunity
of conversing freely with His Highness on the subject of the wish
he has expressed, to become a Christian.
I remain,
Yours, etc.,
J. S. LOGIN.
LORD DALHOUSIE to DR. LOGIN.
CAMP, JUBBEE, Feb. 10th, 1851.
I have not been able to reply before. Under all the circum-
stances, communication must be made to the Court of Directors,
and until I get their reply, no final instructions can be given you.
I shall be happy to attend to any proposals that may come for
building at Futtehghur. Whatever may be done, must be
regulated by what will be the future amount of the Maharajah's
income, and not by any reference to what may have been done
by wealthy gentlemen from Lucknow. With respect to marriage,
I agree with you, that there is no necessity for haste in concluding
a betrothal with an unmarriageable child, in the singular circum-
stances in which the Maharajah now stands. I am glad you
have asked Mr. Thomason to see the boy.
262
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter Extract from despatch of SECRETARY to GOVERNMENT acknowledging
J. S. LOGIN'S Official Report.
IX.
1851.
CAMP, MURUM, Feb. 17th, 1851.
The Governor-General is entirely satisfied by this statement,
and by the documents transmitted in support of it, that no
improper influence had, either directly or indirectly, been used
by you, or by any of the English gentlemen who have been
connected with His Highness's establishment, to induce His
Highness to abjure his original faith and to profess Christianity.
His Lordship requests that his conviction on this head may be
made known to you, and may by you be communicated to the
others.
-
In a matter of so much moment, and one so singular, as the
adoption of the Christian faith by a native Prince under our
immediate guardianship, the final instructions to which the
Governor-General has alluded, cannot be issued without a
reference to the Home authorities. A communication will
be addressed to them by the next mail, and an immediate reply
will be solicited.
-
In the meantime, you will be so good as to acquaint the
Maharajah, that His Highness's desire to embrace the Christian
faith has been communicated to the Governor-General. You
will represent to His Highness, that to relinquish the faith of his
own people, and to adopt another creed, is a step of so great
importance, that at his early age it is the duty of the Government
of India, which is charged with the care and nurture of his
youth, to see that whatever His Highness may do, shall be done
deliberately, and with a full knowledge of the nature and effect
of his acts. You are to add that, under these circumstances, his
Lordship desires to acquaint the highest authorities in England
of the intention which His Highness has expressed, and to obtain
their instructions for his guidance.
1
THE NEOPHYTE.
263
Until these instructions shall be received, and until they shall Chapter
be made known to the Maharajah, his Lordship trusts that His
IX.
Highness will not make any public declaration of his wishes, that
he will not throw aside the restrictions of caste, or needlessly
disregard the religious observances he has hitherto respected.
•
Should the Maharajah continue to express an earnest
desire to read the Bible, as a portion of his daily instruction, the
Governor-General does not consider himself justified in directing
that his wish shall be opposed, if it be manifestly sincere and
earnest. But instruction in the tenets of the Christian faith
should not at present be thrust upon him, if he should appear
indifferent on the subject. For the same reason you will advise
the Maharajah to discontinue his attendance at worship in your
family, of which His Highness forms no part.
You will understand that, in communicating these instructions,
the Governor-General does not convey any intimation of an
intention to oppose the adoption of the Christian faith by the
Maharajah, if his Lordship should be left free to proceed on his
own judgment. The Governor-General's object is to prevent the
risk of His Highness acting in this matter precipitately, and on the
mere impulse intelligible in a boy of good capacity and strong will,
who has been placed in the peculiar circumstances which you have
well described in your statement, now before his. Lordship.
At the same time, the Governor-General feels it his duty not to
act finally on his own judgment, in a case so important and so
novel, without submitting it for the consideration of the Honour-
able Court of Directors in the first instance.
1851.
Extract from a letter to LORD DALHOUSIE.
The Maharajah quite agrees that it is wise and proper that he
should, at present, make no changes that could possibly offend his
people, until he has proved the strength and reality of his con-
264
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
1851.
Chapter victions, but he is anxious to show that he can do this, without
IX. affecting his desire to become a Christian. He had, of his own
accord, before the receipt of your Lordship's letter, discontinued
his attendance at our family prayers, as he said he thought it
hypocritical to appear to join in a service which, from his
imperfect knowledge of English, he did not sufficiently under-
stand; but he continues to read the Bible regularly, and have it
explained to him. In his determination to discontinue the
observances of the Hindoo religion, with the exception of such
conformity to the restrictions of caste as do no violence to his
feelings, no change whatever has taken place.
On the last occasion of the Sinkrat, he distinctly and
emphatically, in my presence, and that of the Dewan, refused to
give the usual order to the Brahmin treasurer, to pay his
customary offering, and desired that the amount (500 rupees)
should be set aside, on the first of every month, for charitable
purposes.
No
Since he declared his intention to be a Christian, a marked
change has taken place in his habits; he tries to apply his mind
to his studies, and shows a wish to acquire knowledge.
desire has been shown by him to attract notoriety by the step he
has taken; on the contrary, every circumstance connected with
his determination to embrace Christianity tends to show the
absence of any unworthy motive in doing so; and he is equally
free from any display of his sentiments, as from a desire to
conceal them, although he does not hesitate to express them with
sufficient boldness when occasions arise.
J. S. L.
On the 11th June an official letter from Sir Henry
Elliot conveyed to Dr. Login the acquiescence of the
Court of Directors in the desire of the Maharajah,
which was couched in the following terms :-
THE NEOPHYTE.
265
IX.
1851.
We concur entirely in the views expressed by Lord Dalhousie Chapter
on this occasion, and we authorize him at his discretion, appre-
ciating most fully the wisdom of his Lordship's resolution, that in
following out these views no undue publicity, no ostentatious
announcement would be permitted.
Commenting on this letter of the Court, Sir H.
Elliot says:-
It is the Governor-General's wish, that if the Maharajah's
declared desire shall not have been a transient fancy, he should
henceforth receive every aid and guidance which can be given to
him in following out the happy choice to which he has been led
by the light his heart has received.
But it is his Lordship's positive command, that this object shall
be carried into effect without any parade or publicity, without
any circumstances of excitement or notoriety, which may either
lead the boy to fancy himself an object of extraordinary interest,
or may admit of his being made so by others among us.
The introduction of any such circumstances as these, in connec-
tion with the step which the Maharajah has taken, could only be
injurious to himself, and tend to qualify our assurance of his
singleness of purpose, and of the reality of his convictions.
His Lordship relies on your prudence and judgment for giving
effect to these views of the Government of India, respecting the
future religious education of Maharajah Duleep Singh, by con-
ducting it in a manner marked only by its earnestness and
simplicity. There is nothing which requires to be concealed. At
the same time the Governor-General trusts that all newspaper
paragraphs, all communications to religious periodicals, which are
likely to be put forth, announcing the conversion of a native
Prince, may, so far as in you lies, be discouraged and prevented.
266
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter It is his Lordship's earnest hope that the boy's spontaneous
IX.
wish may prove to be rooted and stable, and that he may imbibe
1851.
with eagerness and perseverance that knowledge of Christian
truth which he has thus early and unexpectedly sought. To that
end our best and faithful exertions should now be steadily directed.
We should content ourselves with the consciousness that we are
labouring for good, and with the hope that it will in the end be
fully and permanently secured. But in the meantime, his Lord-
ship enjoins upon all concerned that they abstain from trumpeting
I abroad either the nature of their labours or anticipations of their
issue.
་
-
LORD DALHOUSIE to MAHARAJAH DULEEP SINGH.
SIMLA, Aug. 2nd, 1851.
I had the honour of receiving the letter which your Highness
addressed to me lately, and learnt, with sincere pleasure, the
satisfaction your Highness had experienced, on receiving the reply
of the Court of Directors to your wish for full instruction in the
truths of the Christian religion.
Your Highness will readily understand that my wish to refer
the subject to the Court of Directors did not proceed from any
reluctance on my part to meet your views, still less from any
doubt of the wisdom of the step you wished to take. I was
desirous only that it should be clearly seen that the act was your
own, springing from your own heart, and that you had not been
led into it hastily, and while you were yet too young to have
deeply considered the importance of your act. I rejoice to learn
that your Highness remains firm in your desire to be instructed in
the doctrines of the Bible, and that you have resolved to embrace
a faith, whose teaching, if duly practised by the help of God, will
tend to increase your happiness in this life, and will secure it in
another that is to come.
1
THE NEOPHYTE.
267
IX..
1851.
During the next cold weather I propose to return to Calcutta. Chapter
On my way I hope to have the pleasure of meeting your High-
ness again, and I will not fail to make known to Dr. Login,
Login, when
I am likely to be in the neighbourhood of Futtehghur. Your
desire to visit Agra and Delhi is very proper; they are both of them
noble cities, containing some works unsurpassed in beauty in any
country in the world. The sight of them will afford your High-
ness great pleasure. Your Highness has much to see in your own
country before the visit to England, which your Highness so
earnestly desires to accomplish, can be undertaken with full
advantage to yourself.
With every good wish for your health and happiness,
I have the honour to be, very respectfully,
Your Highness's faithful friend,
Letter to LORD DALHOUSIE.
DALHOUSIE.
MY LORD,
At the request of His Highness the Maharajah Duleep Singh, I
have the honour to enclose an autograph letter to your Lordship's
address, which the Maharajah has drawn up with the assistance
of his Brahmin attendant. I have been anxious that the letter
should be as much as possible his own production, and have left
him to express his own sentiments as far as he could. I have
every reason to believe that the satisfaction he has expressed at
the permission being granted to him to be educated in the
Christian faith is most cordial and sincere, and that he is fully
determined, under the blessing of God, to avail himself of
every opportunity afforded him of acquiring knowledge on the
subject.
Although, as I have already reported, the Maharajah has
268
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter naturally shown a preference for the ministerial visits of the Rev.
IX.
Gopee Nauth Nundy, he has, since I explained to him your
1851.
Lordship's desire that every ostentatious publicity on the subject
of his religious instruction should be avoided, requested that the
chaplain at this station (Dr. Carshore) should be invited to visit
him, and he has accordingly done so.
His principal reason for selecting Dr. Carshore, in preference to
the other clergy here, has been that the latter are supported by
an American missionary society, and could not well have avoided
reference to his progress in their periodical reports. There
is also another advantage in this arrangement, inasmuch as it will
enable the Lord Bishop, at any time, to select a judicious and
well-qualified successor to Dr. Carshore, when he leaves Futteh-
. ghur. With reference to the future training of His Highness in
our Christian faith, your Lordship will excuse me for stating how
cordially I shall endeavour to act in the spirit of the instructions
which I have received on the subject, as they are in every respect
such as I have wished them to be. Your Lordship may rest
assured that it is my anxious desire to avoid all ostentatious
publicity in everything relating to the Christian education of His
Highness, and to conduct it in a manner "marked only by its
earnestness and simplicity," as your Lordship requires that
it should be done. To enable me, however, to carry out these
views effectually, it may be desirable that I should in the first
instance make known to the Lord Bishop the whole circum-
stances of the case, by sending, for his private perusal, a copy
of my report and of the commands I have received on the
subject, and thus ensure his advice and assistance. As I have
for many years been personally known to the Bishop, and
have frequently corresponded with him, I can do this now the
more easily and without attracting any notice. I shall be glad to
receive instructions on this point, as I hear from Dr. Carshore
that inquiries have already been made by the Archdeacon on the
subject.
THE NEOPHYTE.
269
IX.
1851.
Having requested the Maharajah to state fully all his wishes to Chapter
your Lordship, he has not omitted the opportunity of making
known his anxiety to go to the hills next hot season, or his wish
to visit England a short time hence.
I have tried to restrain his wishes in both these cases; in the
former, by telling him that no such comfortable accommodation
can be available for him at any of the hill stations as he now has
at Futtehghur, and that if permitted to go, he could only take
with him a very small establishment. But he readily enough
makes up his mind to this, as he rather takes pleasure in dispensing
with a large retinue, and in adopting European habits. The reasons
he assigns for his wish to go to the hills are, that he can apply
more steadily to his studies in a cooler climate, and can have
more English boys for playfellows. Although, in deference to the
prejudices of his Hindoo attendants, he continues to eat only such
food as he has hitherto been accustomed to, cooked by his Brahmin
servants, he is anxious to have it served up in the European
manner, and has asked me to allow a Mahomedan table-attendant
to instruct his people, and be present to point out what is required
at his meals. The Punjabi servants who remain in his kitchen,
show no objections to these innovations, and readily adopt them,
being much less prejudiced than the Hindostani bearers.
The Maharajah himself is quite aware that particular rules in
respect to meats and drinks are not essential to Christianity; but,
seeing how much importance is attached to these matters by the
Hindoos, he does not wish to give them offence unnecessarily, and
refrains from the use of beef.
The Maharajah is very anxious to have the opportunity of
meeting your Lordship; when passing down the country next cold
season, and hopes you will give him the pleasure of receiving you
at Futtehghur.
J. S. L.
270
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter
IX.
1851
LORD DALHOUSIE to DR. LOGIN.
SIMLA, July 31st, 1851.
The Bishop's advice is all very well, but I pray you to
observe, that I will not allow any authoritative interference in the
direction of the Maharajah's religious education, either by the
Chaplain or by the Bishop, whether directly over the boy or over
you. Whatever is done, must be done through you, as the
responsible superintendent of His Highness in all respects, and
must be reported to Government.
If His Highness strongly urges going to the hills next hot
weather, I do not know that it need be refused, but he can't have
such guards and escort there as at Futtehghur, and I should
certainly object to this station, with its large community.
I do not know whether my march downwards will bring me
actually to Futtehghur, but it will give me great pleasure to
arrange so that I may meet His Highness somewhere. There
can be no objection to his visiting Agra and Delhi, or travelling
somewhere next cold season.
Many letters, at this time, passed between the
Governor-General and Dr. Login, regarding the Maha-
rajah's progress, and on Lord Dalhousie notifying his
intention of visiting Futtehghur, in order to meet His
Highness, preparations were made to receive the
Governor-General and Lady Dalhousie with due
honour.
Up to that time, Duleep Singh had made no change
in his custom of having his meals served to him separ-
ately, but he now expressed a wish to sit at table with
THE NEOPHYTE.
271
IX.
1851.
Lord and Lady Dalhousie, on the occasion of the ladies Chapter
and gentlemen of the station being invited to dine at his
house, in order to meet the Viceregal party. He was
also very anxious to be excused from attendance at
the public durbar, or levée, held by the Governor-General
for the reception of natives of rank, as he wished to
attract as little notice as possible. Special arrange-
ments were therefore made for him to be received
privately and without ceremony.
LORD DALHOUSIE to J. S. LOGIN.
MY DEAR LOGIN,
CAMP, ALLAHGUNGA, Dec. 20th, 1851.
I shall be happy to see you in camp on the 24th. On the
25th (Christmas Day) we shall reach Futtehghur. I shall be
very happy to receive the Maharajah privately, if he prefers it,
and we shall be equally happy to dine with you as you propose.
The question of his presence at table I leave entirely to his own.
wishes and feelings; whatever conclusion he may form, I shall be
equally content.
Yours very truly,
DALHOUSIE.
P.S. I expect to meet at Futtehghur, M. Rochussen, late
Governor-General of Java. Lord Stanley may probably be there
also. If either of them should arrive before me, you would very
greatly oblige me by rendering them any attention you can.
Yours, &c.,
D.
272
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter
IX.
1851.
LORD DALHOUSIE to the MAHARAJAH DULEEP SINGH.
CAMP, ALLAHGUNGA, Dec. 24th, 1851.
It has given me sincere pleasure to hear from Dr. Login of
your Highness's good health, and to receive from him the very
kind and friendly letter which you have done me the favour of
addressing to me. It will afford great pleasure both to Lady
Dalhousie and myself to dine with your Highness on Saturday
next; and during the time we remain at Futtehghur I shall hope
to have the honour of seeing you at the time and in the manner
most agreeable to your Highness, and of visiting the improve-
ments you have been making around your residence. In the
hope of soon having the pleasure of meeting your Highness
again,
I have the honour to be, with much respect,
Your Highness's very faithful friend,
DALHOUSIE.
It could not fail to have been touching to the
Governor-General to observe the almost filial confidence
reposed in him, by the boy whom he now saw dethroned
and exiled by his decree, and Lord Dalhousie's thought-
ful care for the comfort and happiness of the Maha-
rajah, was very perceptible. He inspected, personally,
the various arrangements of the establishment, and
the laying out of the grounds, &c., expressing
his cordial approval of all he saw. He showed himself
throughout so thoroughly kind-hearted and genial in
THE NEOPHYTE.
273
-
manner, that it was hard to realize this was the man Chapter
whom his detractors regard as uncompromisingly frigid 1851.
and autocratic.
The Dewan and Fakeer, having received permission
to return to the Punjab, took their departure, followed
by the good wishes of all. The Maharajah presented
the Dewan with a handsome Arab horse, as a mark
of his favour and regard, and the Fakeer with a set
of tents and 500 rupees. The Brahmin porohut
(priest) had already left, by the Maharajah's wish.
Before leaving, he placed in Login's hands the horo-
scope, or nativity, which had been cast at Duleep
Singh's birth, and which had been in his charge.
The Lieutenant-Governor of the North-West Pro-
vinces (Mr. James Thomason) had visited the
Maharajah some time previously, and, after several
conversations with His Highness, had been most
favourably impressed with the earnestness of his
convictions and his steady purpose to be educated in
the Christian faith.
During all this time of probation, he continued
inflexible in his resolve, and never tired of the restraints
of study, when the subject was religion; but his natural
disposition to shirk. anything in the shape of steady
application was often most amusingly displayed when
other branches of education were in question. Every
sort of expedient had to be resorted to in order to keep
alive his interest; he would struggle manfully for a
time, gradually grow hopelessly confused and stupified,
Τ
IX.
274
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter and end by suddenly falling sound asleep amongst his
books!
IX.
1851.
He had great natural acuteness, and it was wonderful
how he imbibed information, when he could obtain it
in a pleasant form, without the trouble of applying his
mind. To effect this, it became usual to have games
on general knowledge, history, geography, &c. .
in the evenings, when the Maharajah was present.
The questions and answers were on cards; whoever
answered correctly being the winner of a prize. Mrs.
Login was provided with constant occupation in the
preparation of fresh series of these, as the Maharajah
progressed in knowledge, and the prizes and forfeits
were a source of much amusement to her visitors and
guests, some of whom may remember the excitement
and eagerness of the boy to show his proficiency.
Before his shyness in speaking English could be got
over, a system of fines was established for every word
of Hindostani spoken in his presence by any person,
the amount to go to some particular charity. The
Maharajah's boyish delight at this scheme was
great. To be revenged for the constant fines levied
on himself at first, he set himself cunningly to entrap
the unwary, by feigning not to comprehend some par-
ticular word in a sentence addressed to him; the
Hindostani word was then politely supplied, and the
victim was only made aware of his slip by the shout
of laughter and demand for the fine which instantly
followed from the delighted boy. The amount of
:
THE NEOPHYTE.
275
X
IX.
pocket-money allowed to him, and his companions Chapter
in study, was regulated by the number of marks 1851.
gained, and this naturally aroused emulation amongst
them.
When Lord and Lady Dalhousie came to Futtehghur
during Christmastide, 1851, it was a great surprise to
the Governor-General to observe the change that a
year had wrought on the boy he had seen for the first
time at Lahore. From constant association with
English ladies and gentlemen, he had rapidly acquired
the usages of society, and his chivalrous courtesy to ladies
became remarkable. The following occurrence is one
instance in point
There was a subdued excitement among the Ranee's
people when it became noised about that Duleep Singh
was forsaking the Sikh religion, and seeking to learn
the new faith; of course, if it were so, then the Shah-
zadah would naturally become of more importance,
and would be looked upon by all Sikhs as the true
representative of the Khâlsa Raj! It was reported
that the Ranee encouraged these ideas, and it was
observed that the little boy had begun to take upon
himself consequential airs, and to make remarks
derogatory to his uncle.* There was an avoidance
* On its coming to the knowledge of the Governor-General that the Shahzadah
had been assuming airs of importance and announcing, unchecked by his relatives
and attendants, "that he would be placed on the guddee by the Khâlsa, as soon
T 2
276
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter of his society also perceptible of late, which was very
unusual.
IX.
1851.
The Sikhs attach little importance to the strict preser-
vation of caste, but the Rajpoots are very punctilious;
and no doubt the Ranee wished to ascertain for certain
if the rumours she heard were true, for she had asked
Mrs. Login more than once why the Maharajah had
discontinued his visits to her?
One day, when on her way to visit the Ranee, Mrs.
Login met the Maharajah and his party hawking in
the park. On learning whither she was bent, he asked
with some eagerness if he might accompany her, as
he did not care to go alone. She agreed, and sent a
chobedar to announce the coming visit.
They were received, and announced, by the little
Shahzadah and the Ranee's handsome young brother,
Meah Ootum. There was unusual constraint observ-
able during the visit; even the little Shahzadah
seemed not at ease, as if expectant of something
about to happen. The Ranee offered refreshments,
as Duleep Singh went to England as a Christian," Sir H. Elliot was directed to
inform Dr. Login that the Ranee must be warned of the consequences of per-
mitting the child to hold such language.
“ You will inform the Ranee that the Raj of the Punjab is at an end for ever, and
that any contemplation of the restoration of her son, or of anybody else, to
sovereignty there is a crime against the State. `It is her duty to instruct her son
accordingly. If on any future occasion, either she or her son is detected in ex-
pressing or entertaining expectations of restoration to power, or to any other
position than that which he now occupies, the consequences will be immediate
and disastrous to his interests. . . . ."-Official letter, dated Simla, July, 23rd,
1851.
1
THE NEOPHYTE.
277
IX.
1851.
and called for fruit-sherbet, for which she was famous. Chapter
The tray appeared with only one glass upon it; this
the Ranee filled and offered with deep reverence to her
Sovereign; but the Maharajah, who, amongst other
lessons, had lately learnt courtesy to women, handed
the glass to Mrs. Login instead. Expecting that a
second glass would be brought for the Maharajah
presently, Mrs Login accepted it, drank part of the
contents, and replaced it on the tray. Immediately it
was refilled, and once more presented by the Ranee to
the Maharajah, while significant glances passed be-
tween the brother and sister. Perceiving at once that
a premeditated insult was intended, Mrs. Login said
quietly, in English, "Don't drink it, Maharaj! To
her surprise he rose, and turning to her with a
courteous salutation, he took the glass in his hand and
drank off the contents, then, turning on his heel, he
abruptly left the house, with the slightest possible
gesture of farewell to his sister-in-law, who gazed after
him alarmed at the result of her experiment!
-
""
On taking her leave directly afterwards, Mrs. Login
found the young Maharajah waiting outside to escort
her home. She then asked him why he took the glass,
when he saw that. an insult was intended by forcing
him to drink after her?
"What?" he replied, his eyes
flashing with indignation, "you would have me let
them insult you too! Now they will see that I honour
you, and am not ashamed to show that I have broken
caste!"
278
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND ´DULEEP SINGH.
IX.
Chapter. It was truly a great proof, in one of his up-bringing,
of the strength of his convictions, as well as of the
chivalry of his nature.
1851,
About this time the Maharajah brought to Mrs.
Login a very queer-looking brass idol, asking her to
take it out of his sight, as he did not want to see it,
now that he had given up praying to it. He added,
with a smile, "If it had been of gold or silver it would
not have been left so long; but it is the only one left
now, all the valuable ones have disappeared one after
another as they saw I despised them; but they are
welcome to them. This same misshapen object
of worship is still treasured as a relic of past
days.
""
Duleep Singh was anxious to prove that he was no
longer a Sikh, by cutting off the long tress of hair
which he, in common with all Sikhs, wore twisted up
into a ball above the brow, and covered with the bright
coloured under-turban. This he thought would make
him more like his English boy companions; and it was
much against his will that he was persuaded by Login
to defer the shearing of his locks until he had been, for
at least a year, under probation. When at length his
hair was allowed to be cut off, and he brought it to Mrs.
Login as a memento, it was long and abundant as a
woman's.
By his own request, he, with several of his people,
was present at the baptism of Login's little son;
though he was much disappointed at not being allowed
THE NEOPHYTE.
279
IX.
to stand proxy for Sir Henry Lawrence, who was god- Chapter
father. He did not think it need matter that he was
not yet baptized himself!
He was greatly delighted at the prospect of spending
the hot weather at Mussoorie, and the preceding cold
weather in visiting Agra and Delhi.
1851.
•
}
3
CHAPTER X.
THE BAPTISM.
Chapter THE camp of the young Sikh Maharajah was an object
X. of great interest, both to Europeans and natives, at the
1852-54.
various stations it passed through. It formed, in
effect, a very pretty picture, with its red-and-white
striped tents pitched in the form of a quadrangle, and
its tent-poles, encased in silver, glittering in the sun.
The two largest tents, intended for the use of His
Highness and his Governor, stood opposite to one
another, and were connected by wide semianas, or
awnings, forming a favourite lounging-place for the
occupants during the hot hours of the day. There
was a double set of these tents, which made
'marching" an altogether luxurious mode of pro-
ceeding. The party were enabled, by this means, to
start in the morning, leaving the one set in which they
had passed the night still standing on the ground,
while after a pleasant ride of nine or ten miles they
found a duplicate encampment all ready for them, with
breakfast prepared, and awaiting their arrival.
""
The favourite occupation in the afternoon, in camp,
THE BAPTISM.
281
X
1852-54.
was to inspect the horses, and see them groomed and Chapter
fed; to walk down the lines where they all stood in
perfect order, picketed with head-and-heel ropes, and
to feed them with pieces of sugar-cane provided for
the purpose, which they looked for with the greatest
eagerness.
The elephants, too, had to receive a visit, and be
offered biscuits and lumps of sugar. One of these
animals was particularly docile, and constantly to be
found acting nurse to its mahout's baby, which lay
asleep between its huge fore-feet. It was curious to
watch the great beast gently fanning the child, and
brushing away the flies from its face with a branch it
had broken off the nearest tree, and which it held with
its trunk; while with its funny little eyes it meantime
kept a sharp look-out on the fast accumulating pile of
enormous chupatties, which the child's parents were
engaged in baking, and which it knew well were
destined for its own supper. Sometimes, if wakeful
and lively, the baby would crawl away a little distance
from its guardian, but the latter-aware that its
allowance of chupatties depended on its attention to its
duties as nursery-maid-would never allow the little
one to get beyond reach, but lifted it back to its
former position with its trunk in the gentlest manner
possible.
A fine flock of goats which accompanied the camp,
and were brought up to the tents night and morning
to be milked, were a great attraction to the boys, and
282
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
1852-54.
Chapter were especial pets of Tommy Scott, who liked nothing
X. better than to get his companions to go with him
exploring the villages adjacent to the encampment, in
search of handsome specimens to add to the number.
By the time the march was over, this flock had conse-
quently attained considerable proportions.
The villagers showed great eagerness to see the
Sikh Maharajah, but were always perfectly civil and
respectful. Beggars were kept at a distance, but as it
was only right that the poor of the districts through
which he passed should benefit, a sum of money was
sent, in the Maharajah's name, to the civil magistrate,
or other authority, for distribution among deserving
cases.
The number of followers with even a small camp is
astonishing, as each hanger-on is accompanied by his
whole family. The encampment, therefore, presented
a lively, bustling aspect in the evenings, when all were
assembled round the various camp-fires, chattering and
cooking the last meal, before rolling themselves up for
the night.
One evening, after dark, a tremendous uproar was-
heard in camp, and every one rushed out to see what
was the matter. The word was passed from mouth to
mouth that a grass-cutter's child had just been carried
off by a wolf out of its mother's arms! Parties were
sent in all directions, and a strict search made all night,
with no result; but at day-dawn, in a neighbouring
gully, the skull of the child was found-picked clean!
THE BAPTISM.
283
✔
X
The mother had been sitting at the fire baking Chapter
chupatties, with the infant in her lap, when the 1852-54,
wolf, taking advantage of the darkness, came up
behind her, put his head over her shoulder, and
seized the infant. It was only the shriek of her
opposite neighbour, who saw the deed, that told her
what had happened.
Next day it was pitiful to see the poor mother
trudging along, as before, among her companions, with
all her household goods on her head, but without the
child, whom she had been wont to carry also, seated
astride on her hip.
For some time after this incident there were
perpetual wolf-scares in the encampment; on one
occasion the whole camp was upset in the middle of
the night by Mrs. Login's English nurse, who declared
positively that the Maharajah and Shahzadah had
been eaten up in their beds by a pack of wolves, for she
had seen several looking out of the door of their tent,
and licking their lips! It was some little time before
the wolves in question were identified as a pack of
greyhounds belonging to His Highness, which he, in
his eagerness to go out coursing early the next
morning, had privately ordered to be brought before
dawn into the outer division of his tent. Seen in the
faint light, under the circumstances, the woman's
mistake might be excused.
The Maharajah made a great many purchases from
the Delhi jewellers, who brought their tempting wares
284
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
1852-54.
Chapter to the camp, and not caring to part with his treasures
X. to the care of the Toshkhana that evening, he begged
Mrs. Login to keep them for him till morning. She
felt rather nervous at the charge, as some of the rings,
&c., were of considerable value; but, knowing that the
sentries were very alert, she agreed, and placed the
articles in her dressing-case, which she put under her
charpoy. Before getting into bed, she unfastened the
long chain of her little black-and-tan terrier from the
leg of the charpoy, and passed it through the strap of
her dressing-case. She was awakened by a succession
of noises—violent barking, shouts, musket shots, and a
sudden yell, followed by a great commotion! Her first
thought was for the dressing-case-it was gone! but
there stood the dog, frantic with rage, tugging
furiously at one end of his chain, the other being in
some mysterious manner passed out under the tent,
outside which the box lay safe on the ground. She
soon knew that a robbery had been attempted, but the
thief had been foiled, and had made his escape, after
dropping his prize on discovering its unexpected
pendant! He had effected his noiseless entrance by
crawling under the tightly pegged tent; the faint
light burning showed him the dressing-case, but not
the small dog coiled at a distance from it. He had a
very narrow escape, for, on rising to his feet, outside the
tent, he fell over a servant sleeping there, who made a
grasp at him; but the miscreant had so plentifully
anointed his naked body with oil, that he slipped through
THE BAPTISM.
285
X.
the hands of the other like a fish. He did not, however, Chapter
escape unscathed, for drops of blood for some distance
on the ground showed that the sentry's shot had
wounded him.
At Agra, the Maharajah was the guest of Mr.
Thomason, Lieutenant-Governor of the North-West
Provinces. As His Highness was travelling privately,
by his own request, no salutes were fired, but every
attention was paid him by the chief military and
civil authorities. Here he paid a visit to the Taj and the
Fort, but took most interest in the electric telegraph,
and the printing and type foundry at Secundra, five
miles from Agra, which he visited twice. A breakfast
was given in his honour by the English community in
the Taj itself!
The rich jewellers' shops in Delhi were a great
attraction to Duleep Singh, far more so even than the
Jumna Musjid, or the Palace of the Moguls. He was
but a boy after all, and took more delight in the divers
at the great tank than in any historical building,
however magnificent.
Meerut and Roorkee, the head-quarters of the Ganges
Canal Works, under Proby Cautley, were reached in
due time; here Tom Login took him, for the first time,
on a railroad down to the works.
Being anxious to have a peep at the famed Hurdwar,
sacred to all Hindoos, arrangements were made for his
doing so incognito, the number of devotees from the
Punjab, and of pilgrims from all parts, being so great that
1852-54,
286
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
1852-54.
Chapter the authorities feared a demonstration. The carriages
X. and escort were, therefore, sent in one direction, as a-
decoy to the multitude, while the Maharajah made a
hurried visit to the Ghâts on an elephant.
He was
only recognized, when leaving, by a crowd of his
former subjects, who surrounded his elephant, hailing
him with enthusiasm.
Heavy rains having now set in, a rapid march was
made to Deyra Dhoon, where he encamped for some
time before proceeding up to Mussoorie, his escort
remaining below at Deyra, the
"lines of the
Governor-General's bodyguard there being made
over to them.
""
As the object of Duleep Singh's temporary residence
in the hills was to enable him to pursue his studies
more effectually, Login did not, consider it advisable
that he should have his mind distracted by the gaieties
usually going on there. He therefore turned a deaf
ear to the numerous applications for aid in getting up
races, theatricals, balls, &c. . . . . But feeling it right
to do all he could for the social enjoyment and pleasure
of the community, he endeavoured to promote pleasant
out-door meetings, such as picnics, cricket matches, and
archery meetings, by giving handsome prizes
latter occasions, providing a good band to play on the
Mall, giving frequent musical parties, prizes to the
boys' school, getting up a museum of natural history,
&c.; during the second visit of His Highness to
Mussoorie, he also arranged a series of twenty lectures
THE BAPTISM.
287
X.
on various subjects,* to be given by qualified lecturers Chapter
(many of them officers in the service). The small fee 1852-54.
for each (fifty rupees), given by His Highness, was
almost invariably applied by the lecturer to some
useful object, such as enlargement of the church, library,
or dispensary, thus benefiting the station generally.
These lectures were much enjoyed by Duleep Singh.
At one of the picnics given at a favourite spring
near Mussoorie the cloth was spread on the only piece
of level ground on the face of the khud, but it did
not lie very smooth, as the grass beneath was rough
and tussocky. When the guests were seating them-
selves, and joking over the inequalities of their board,
sudden consternation was excited by a wriggling
motion under the cloth,-" Samph! Samph!"† shouted
the natives, and a stampede took place. Then ensued
a furious attack on the table-cloth and dishes, with
walking-sticks and latties borrowed from the jampanees;
when a full-grown cobra made its appearance from
under the cloth, hissing furiously in a last effort to
raise its head to strike. At this moment, a well-directed
Astronomy (3).
Fine Arts.
Meteorology.
* LIST OF LECTURES:-
Natural Philosophy.
Natural History.
Natural Theology.
Habits of Bees.
Comets.
+ Snake.
Chemistry.
Electricity.
Ancient History of India.
Zoology of Himalayas.
Peculiarities of English Language.
Literature of the Present Day.
Botany.
288
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
1852-54.
Chapter blow from Bhajun Lal broke its neck. Suspended
X. in triumph from the branch of a tree, it was found to
measure many feet in length, and was an object of great
curiosity and awe to the children of the party!
The snake had been fast asleep in one of the hollows
of the ground, and was only awakened to a sense
of his novel position by the sound of voices, and by a
large salad-bowl being suddenly deposited on his head!
It said a good deal for the nerves of the ladies that
they were persuaded to sit down again, and lunch on
what could be collected of the feast from the débris;
but the meal did not lack gaiety, for all reserve and
formality had been put to flight. Duleep Singh and
his companions, proud of their own prowess, made a
great parade of their latties, which they kept in their
hands ready for future emergencies.
Correspondence between the GOVERNOR-GENERAL and J. S. LOGIN.
MY LORD,
2.
MUSSOORIE, May 10th, 1852.
At the request of His Highness, I beg to forward the
enclosed note. I am happy to say that the Maharajah's portrait
has at last been finished by Mr. Beechey, and that it has been
despatched to Calcutta; your Lordship will, I hope, be able to
gratify His Highness's wish to possess your portrait, when a
favourable opportunity occurs.
I am glad to say that the Maharajah continues to enjoy his
residence in the hills greatly. I have availed myself of the
opportunity of getting a drawing-master and music-master to give
1
THE BAPTISM.
289
X.
1852-54.
him lessons, and he really makes good progress. He now speaks Chapter
English with fluency, and much more correctly, and with better
pronunciation, than natives of Central India generally. He takes
great pleasure in the society of English boys, of whom a few
come every Saturday from Mr. Maddock's school to join him
at play, and I have also been able to secure him constant
companions in the two sons of Major Boileau, of the Artillery,
who come to study Urdu with him. They have just arrived from
England; and as they are very intelligent lads of fifteen and six-
teen, who appear to have been carefully educated, and are very
diligent and attentive to their Urdu studies, I have little doubt
that their example will be in every way beneficial to His
Highness.
From all that I have seen of the Maharajah's disposition, I am
the more satisfied as to the great advantage and stimulus of
example in his case. His disposition is naturally indolent, and
nothing but his strong good sense, and his desire to be on an
equality in knowledge and accomplishments with lads of his own
age, enables him to overcome the natural slothfulness of his
character. It is on this account that I am so anxious that he
should be permitted to visit England, as he so earnestly desires
it, while he is young, and while he can have an opportunity of
mixing with lads of his own age, and incur less risk of being
spoiled by too great attention.
As His Highness's residence is at some distance from Mussoorie,
he lives as quiet and retired a life as he did at Futtehghur,
enjoying, however, all the advantages of the delightful climate,
and the active out-door exercise which it enables him to take. I
have been able to clear a sufficient level space for a playground
on the Manor House estate, so as to admit of his playing cricket,
in which he takes great delight. Having overcome the difficulty
of reading English, he now takes much more pleasure in his
lessons, and makes greater progress. On the subject of his desire
to be educated as a Christian, his determination continues
U
- 290
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter unchanged, and his progress in religious knowledge is fully as
X. great as that of most Christian boys of his age.
1852-54.
As the distance at which His Highness resides from Mussoorie
prevents the regular attendance of a clergyman, his religious
instruction is almost entirely conducted by Mr. Guise; but I am
in hopes that the Rev. Mr. Dawson, of Landour, may also be
able to visit him during his stay here. After we left Futteh-
ghur, the Maharajah regularly joined us at table, and now
takes his meals with Mr. Guise and Master Scott, occasionally
inviting Major Boileau's sons and some of Mr. Maddock's pupils,
and sometimes coming over to our bungalow, at a short distance,
to dine with us. He generally eats the Punjabi dishes to which
he has been accustomed, but he is evidently acquiring the taste
of an English boy with great rapidity.* With respect to the
Shahzadah, I am glad to give a good report. Ever since he came
under my charge I have observed a certain degree of distrust in
his manner, and high ideas of his rank and importance. These
had been rather increased than diminished since the Maharajah
expressed his determination to be educated as a Christian; and
it was pretty evident that these ideas were encouraged, if not by
his mother (who is really, I believe, very well-meaning and
thoroughly respectable), at least by her attendants. I hailed,
therefore, the opportunity of the Maharajah's temporary resi-
dence on the hills to separate the boy for a time from such
influences. The manner in which the poor little fellow had from
his infancy been brought up, separated from all companions of his
own age, and taught to consider all around him at Lahore as his
enemies, was of itself sufficient to account for much of the dis-
trust and selfishness apparent in his character; and as these
feelings, if permitted to gain strength, would, under his peculiar
* The Maharajah has never tasted wine in any form, and from his recollection
of the effects of intoxication on his uncle, Jowahir Singh, he appears to entertain
a dread of being habituated to its use.-J. S. L.
THE BAPTISM.
291
X.
To 1852-54.
circumstances and position, cause him much unhappiness as a Chapter
man, and perhaps be productive of other inconveniences, I con-
sidered it of great importance to eradicate them if I could.
effect this, I have taken a step which I trust your Lordship will
approve, and which, so far as I can judge from a short trial, is
likely to be successful.
As it seemed desirable that young Tommy Scott should have
the benefit of regular school work and emulation, while at Mus-
soorie, I determined to allow the Shahzadah also to go for a few
hours daily, not only to enjoy the benefit of Mr. Maddock's
excellent tuition, and to allow Mr. Guise more time to devote to
the Maharajah, but also to become acquainted with boys of his
own age, and to join in their sports and amusements.
As the boys are all sons of gentlemen in the service, and are
carefully looked after by Mr. Maddock, the Shahzadah's ideas of
his dignity have not received too rude a shock on being sent
to school, while the natural feeling of equality on which boys of
that age meet on the playground are likely, I think, to have a
wholesome effect upon him. Mr. Maddock has kindly entered
into my views with respect to the boy, and is careful to prevent
any undue deference being shown to him on account of his rank
and as the hours at which he attends are not those when religious
instruction is given, any objections on that point are obviated.
The little fellow appears to like the arrangement very much; he
makes good progress with his work, enjoys the society of his
schoolfellows, and joins in their amusements with great delight.
I may add, that I am more than ever careful to avoid any
appearance of restraint in his religious observances, and that he
and his people are not in any way interfered with in this respect,
but, on the contrary, every care is taken to avoid offence to their
prejudices in any way. It is curious that the priests have never
taken any trouble to make the boy a Sikh, by administering the
Pahul to him, by which alone he could become a Sikh. The
Ranee has lost caste by marrying a Sikh, and her people do not
U 2
292
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter eat with her in consequence; nor do they eat with the Shahzadah
-the son of a Sikh.
X.
·1852-54.
I feel sure this absence from his mother will do the boy good;
he is getting older, and will gain self-reliance. By the time he
sees her again they will probably have been separated ten months.
I have, &c.,
J. S. L.
The Most Noble the MARQUIS OF DALHOUSIE.
MY DEAR LOGIN,
GOVERNMENT HOUSE, June 7th, 1852.
All that you are doing in regard to the Maharajah seems
to be very judicious, and considering birth and early habits,
I think you have very good reason to be satisfied with his pro-
gress, and with the results of your care of him in all respects. If
you could only keep down his fat! But there you don't set the
best of examples!
I see no objection to the line you have taken with the Shah-
zadah; quite the contrary. It is calculated to do him great
good, if directed with tact. So far your trip to the hills has been
very successful. Your friend Fraser has not only turned up a
trump, but the ace of trumps. He has gained great distinction in
Burmah, and will, I have no doubt, achieve more if he has the
chance.
Yours very truly,
DALHOUSIE.
* Colonel Hugh Fraser, Bengal Engineers; afterwards in military command of
the fort at Agra, when besieged by the mutineers in 1857.
THE BAPTISM.
293
LORD DALHOUSIE to the MAHARAJAH.
(On the receipt of the portrait of His Highness.)
GOVERNMENT HOUSE, July 17th, 1852.
At last, after a long delay upon the river, your Highness's Chapter
portrait has arrived. It is in excellent condition, not at all X.
injured by the weather. It is very like you, and does great credit 1852-54.
to Mr. Beechey as an artist. Your Highness has done me really
a great favour in offering to me this likeness of yourself. If it
please God that I should live till I am old, I shall look upon it
with strong feelings long after my connection with this country
shall have been dissolved, and always with a renewal of the
interest which I feel in yourself, and in everything belonging to
your fate and fortunes. You have gratified me, too, by asking
for my portrait in return. I shall have great pleasure in sending
one to you as soon as I can get one worthy of your acceptance.
But Mr. Beechey, I fear, won't come to Calcutta, and there is no
good artist here.
war.
On Monday I start for Rangoon, to make arrangements for the
As I hate the sea and everything belonging to it, and as
the weather will be very bad, I do not look forward with pleasure
to the voyage.
Your Highness will have heard that many of your countrymen
have volunteered to go to Burmah, and I greatly hope they will
have an opportunity of meeting the Burmese, and of giving them
a lesson, which they are very well able to do.
I beg you to believe me, my dear Maharajah,
Your Highness's sincere and faithful friend,
To His Highness the MAHARAJAH DULEEP SINGH.
DALHOUSIE.
܃
294
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter
X.
1852-54.
Finding the companionship of Major Boileau's sons
most beneficial to the Maharajah, Login proposed that
they should accompany him to Futtehghur, and pursue
their studies under Mr. Guise, undertaking to defray
all their expenses until they were old enough to enter
Roorkee College. He had found the experiment of
allowing the Shahzadah to mix with English boys most
successful, the only difficulty now experienced being to
get him
away from the playground!
LORD DALHOUSIE to the MAHARAJAH,
(On the receipt of a pencil sketch forwarded by Dr. Login.)
GOVERNMENT HOUSE, Sept. 24th, 1852.
The drawing which your Highness was so good as to send to
Lady Dalhousie shall be given to her as soon as she returns from
Ceylon, where she has been obliged to pass the hot season from
ill-health. She will, I am sure, be much pleased by your
Highness's attention to her.
The drawing itself shows a progress most creditable to you. I
cannot advise you too strongly to cultivate the art; it will be a
resource to you in many various forms, both in the house and out
of doors.
When I was a boy, like yourself, I foolishly neglected the
opportunities I had of acquiring it, and a thousand times since
have I regretted it when I desired to possess a sketch of some
scene which I admired among the many beautiful and the many
famous places I have visited, and which, if I could have used my
pencil, I might have preserved by the labour of half an hour.
THE BAPTISM.
295
X.
1852-54.
I am so rejoiced to hear from Dr. Login that you have enjoyed Chapter
your stay at Mussoorie, and that you are really getting on with
-English, though not quite so well with other studies. Pray
persevere—you have a great deal to learn yet before you can be
considered a well-instructed gentleman, and nothing but persever-
ance will do it.
Your interest in the conduct of your countryman is very
pleasing to me. Their volunteering for Burmah gave me great
satisfaction, and I have been glad to reward them for it by
allowing two regiments, the 4th Sikh Local Regiment and the
Loodiana Regiment, to go to Burmah. The first goes im-
mediately. I have perfect confidence in them. The British
never had braver enemies than your countrymen, and I am
confident that they will show the same bravery now that they
fight upon our side.
Shere Singh Attareewallah, who is now confined in Fort
William, was very anxious to go also. I would not permit him
to do so.
He was an unfaithful and bad servant to your
Highness, as well as a faithless friend to the British Government,
and I would, therefore, not allow him to have the honour of
taking part in a war on our behalf.
In the hope of hearing again from your Highness by-and-bye,
I beg to assure you that I am always
Your Highness's sincere and faithful friend,
DALHOUSIE.
To His Highness the MAHARAJAH DULEEP SINGH.
LORD DALHOUSIE to DR. LOGIN.
MY DEAR LOGIN,
GOVERNMENT HOUSE, Sept. 24th, 1852.
I had the pleasure of receiving your letter of the ninth, en-
closing one from the Maharajah, to which I now send a reply.
296
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter The sketch is really nicely done, and if it was, as you say, not
X.
doctored by the master, it does him great credit. All you say
1852-54. of his progress, and of the Shahzadah, is more favourable than
could be looked for. If you cannot make the Maharajah
industrious or learned, you will, at all events, have given him the
means of finding interests and occupations for himself, if he chooses
to have recourse to them.
I am an advocate for his going to England, and shall do my
best to persuade the Court to it; and if it should help to a marriage
between him and little Coorg, I shall be very glad, for it will
reconcile much which would otherwise be a considerable per-
plexity both in her case and his. I would not renew the overtures
for marriage just at present, because it might look as if he had
been moved to it by the notice taken of her in England. The
Rajah will return in a few months, and you can then propose it
to the Government, if the Maharajah wishes to re-open nego-
ciations.
I have been greatly disgusted with the notoriety they have
given to this man in England, though I had carefully provided
against it here, and had warned them on the subject. It has
been calculated only to turn the girl's head, and his too, for he
will now be more convinced than ever of his accomplishing his
object of marrying her to an English nobleman. Whether he
would prefer a Maharajah pucka to a nobleman in prospect, I
don't know! nor do I feel sure that the Maharajah would do
well to arrange any marriage until he has seen the young
lady; for, as he is a Christian, and can't get Ranees in dupli-
cate, he may as well see how he likes her first! The little
heathen sister, whom Jung Bahadoor took away with him to
Nepal, was really very pretty. The orthodox one was not
nearly so good-looking!
Consider these points, and let me know what you think.
You are aware that I have been most anxious that there should
be no fuss or display connected with Duleep's profession of
THE BAPTISM.
297
1852-54.
Christianity, in order that I might feel satisfied in my conscience Chapter
X.
that the boy had not been, unintentionally by us, or unconsciously
to himself, led into the act by any other motives than that of
conviction of the truth. To that end your management of the
I
matter has been most judicious and highly satisfactory to me.
should wish that course steadily pursued. I consider that the
Coorg christening in St. James's Chapel, with royal godfather
and godmothers, and the name of Victoria given her, has been a
great mistake, calculated to make the child regard a sacrament
as a Court pageant, and to lead all the world to believe (as I
verily believe myself) that the father's motive was not so much
that his child should be an "heir of salvation," as that she should
be a god-daughter of Queen Victoria! I do not think I am un-
charitable in concluding that the man could have no higher
motive who, while he was leading with one hand his elder child
to Christianity, gave over the younger with the other to Hinduism
and Jung Bahadoor! Let us avoid all such reproach. If Duleep
is to go to England, let him be quietly baptized before he goes,
and by his own name of Duleep Singh. Indeed, I am prepared
to advise his being baptized now, as soon as his minister can
declare that he is sufficiently instructed, and is willing to receive
the rite. If he is sufficiently instructed, and is willing to be
baptized at all, he is quite old enough to take the obligations
directly upon himself, and to be baptized without the intervention
of godfathers and godmother.
Dr. Carshore goes to Jhelum. He is to be succeeded by Mr.
Jay, whom I have never seen, but whom I understand to be a
learned, gentle, and pious man.
I shall be glad to hear from you on this subject after your
return to Futtehghur. There will be no objections to the Maha-
rajah being accompanied by his young companions.
I am in a difficulty about my portrait for Duleep. There is
nobody here who can paint a good one. Mr. Beechey can't be
got, and I should not like to send a bad one.
Do you think the
298
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter Maharajah would be disappointed by my delaying, in order to
X. get a good artist, either here or in England?
1852-54.
!
I am, very truly yours,
DALHOUSIE.
Login wrote Lord Dalhousie, telling him that the
Maharajah had begun regularly to attend church, very
quietly, and without any attendance beyond Bhajun
Lal, who at his own desire accompanied him.
I am fully satisfied that the Maharajah's knowledge of Christian
truth, and the sincerity of his convictions are such as to qualify
him for baptism, whenever it is thought expedient; and I intend,
during the visit of Archdeacon Pratt to us next week, to ask his
opinion, after he has had some opportunities of conversing freely
with the boy.
If the Court give permission for the Maharajah to visit England,
it would be a great advantage to him that it should be after your
Lordship had gone home, so as to have the benefit of your advice
as to the manner in which he should be received, and to prevent
him from being brought forward prominently until his education
is further advanced, and he is enabled to take his place in society
in a manner which will be creditable to himself and all connected
with him.
DEAR LOGIN,
LORD DALHOUSIE to DR. LOGIN.´
GOVERNMENT HOUSE, Oct. 15th, 1852.
Just a line to say that I know no reason why the Maharajah
should not go to church when he wishes it, and every reason why
he should, his mind being made up.
I quite approve of all you are doing.
DR. LOGIN.
In haste, yours very truly,
DALHOUSIE.
THE BAPTISM.
299
X₁
The cold weather was pleasantly passed on the march Chapter
back to Futtehghur. By this time Duleep Singh had 1852-54.
acquired a taste for shooting and coursing, and spent
almost every morning riding and walking after game,
with his two friends Frank and Charles Boileau, attended
by Thornton, his English servant; of course, an escort
of troopers were within easy hail. Seven or eight
miles on foot was thought little of by the young
sportsmen.
At Meerut, His Highness was received by Sir Joseph
Thackwell, who was in command; at Seharunpore, by
Mr. Philip Trench, C.S., who invited the ladies and
gentlemen of the station to meet His Highness at
dinner. The same attention was paid by Mr. Blunt at
Allyghur. Everyone remarked the great improvement
in Duleep Singh's manner and bearing since he passed
up the
year before.
-
His love for music had developed greatly and as he
brought his music master, Mr. Hunter, with him for
the cold season, while he was not needed by his pupils
in the hills, he worked very hard with him for some
part of the day, amusing himself with his band of an
evening.
Having undergone a probation of two years, the
Maharajah himself now expressed his strong desire to
be received into the Christian Church by baptism.
300 -
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
1
Chapter
X.
1852-54.
1
MY LORD,
FUTTEHGHUR, Feb. 10th, 1853.
(Anniversary of Sobraon).
The communications which I have from time to time made
to your Lordship regarding the Maharajah's progress in religious
knowledge will have prepared you to receive the expression of his
desire to be baptized. The enclosed letter, which he has
requested me to forward to your Lordship, conveys the sentiments
of his mind on the occasion.
From the marked consistency of his conduct and character
during the last two years, and the earnestness with which he
applies himself to the study of the Holy Scriptures, in contrast to
his general application to his other studies, I have every reason
to think that his heart is deeply interested, and that he desires
to make an open profession of his faith in a right spirit.
The importance of the step he is about to take has been most
carefully impressed upon his mind, and he is fully aware of the
duties to which his baptismal vows will bind him:
In the event of your Lordship's sanction being obtained to
his public profession of his belief, the Maharajah is anxious that
he should be baptized by the Rev. Mr. Jay before he returns to
Mussoorie. As the church here is still under repair, and not
likely to be finished for six months, the ceremony may perhaps
with every propriety take place in his own house, in the presence
of such witnesses as your Lordship may approve. I am sure that
Messrs. Buller and Cuninghame, the judge and the magistrate of
the district, Colonel Alexander, Major Tucker, or other of the
gentleman residents at the station, will very readily be present on
the occasion; or, if it be considered desirable, I could ask the
Commissioner, Mr. Tyler, or Mr. William Muir, the Secretary to
the Lieutenant-Governor, who are not very far distant from us.
While taking every care that the ceremony should lose nothing
of its impressiveness and solemnity, I need not say how much I
coincide in the wish expressed by your Lordship that, when it
THE BAPTISM.
301
does take place, every ostentatious display should be avoided. Chapter
This has hitherto been carefully observed in all that has related X.
1852-54.
to the Maharajah's instruction in religious truth, and I do
sincerely hope that the substance, rather than the form, has been
impressed upon his mind.
Although His Highness had, about three weeks since, expressed
his desire to be baptized, and Mr. Jay had written to me proposing
that he should obtain the requisite sanction of the Bishop for the
performance of the ceremony, I thought it better not to take any
steps in the matter until the Maharajah should himself express
his wish to me on the subject, on receipt of which I immediately
wrote to Mr. Jay. . . . . As, in the event of your Lordship's
sanction to the Maharajah's baptism, it will be necessary that Mr.
Jay obtain the sanction of the Bishop, it may save some delay in
reference, if the Lord Bishop could be requested by your Lordship
to communicate with Mr. Jay for that purpose.
The Maharajah has taken very great interest in reading the
Holy Scriptures with Mr. Jay, and that gentleman has been
equally gratified with the attention and earnestness with which
His Highness has received his instruction.
I remain, &c.
J. S. LOGIN.
Enclosed with the above, were the following notes:-
MY DEAR GOOD FRIEND,
Feb. 8th, 1853.
I think I now sufficiently understand the Christian religion,
and the duties to which it binds me, and have a strong desire to
be baptized, which I trust, therefore, I may be considered fit for.
I remain,
L
Yours very sincerely,
DULEEP SINGH.
1
302
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter
X.
MY DEAR MR. JAY,
The Maharajah having addressed a note to me to-day
expressing his strong desire for baptism, I am anxious to ascertain
1852-54. from you whether, from the opportunities which you have had of
conversing with him on religious subjects, you consider him to be
sufficiently advanced in the knowledge of Divine truth, and
sufficiently impressed with the importance of the vows he wishes
to take upon himself, to justify you in admitting him to that Holy
Sacrament.
I am, my dear Mr. Jay,
Yours very truly,
J. S. L.
MY DEAR DR. LOGIN,
I think the Maharajah has quite sufficient head knowledge of
the truths of our holy religion to justify his receiving the sacra-
ment of baptism. How far his heart is touched, you have better
opportunities than I, a comparative stranger, have had of judging.
I have gone through the Gospel of St. Matthew with him carefully,
and I never spent any time with greater pleasure and satisfaction.
The young Maharajah was uniformly careful; attentive, and
earnest.
Yours very truly,
W. J. JAY,
Chaplain of Futtehghur.
From ARCHDEACON PRATT's Memorandum to the BISHOP.
I have been much pleased with my interviews with the Maha-
rajah. He seems fully aware of the responsibility of the step he
wishes to take, and that his conduct will be scrutinized when he
becomes a Christian. I asked him many questions, which he
THE BAPTISM.
303
answered very clearly and fully. He made correct statements on Chapter
the doctrine of the Trinity, the Person of Our Lord, His Two
X.
Natures, His offices of Prophet, Priest, and King, which 1852-54.
he explained. Altogether, I was much pleased, and feel persuaded
that a gracious work is going on in his heart.
I do not see why
he should not be baptized, if he wishes to be. He shows consider-
able thought and seriousness and good sense, far beyond his years,
and with it all (what one is not sorry to see) his boyhood and
simplicity are not lost.
Login adds:-
I am sure that Mr. Guise, and all who have been intimately
associated with him, will join me in willing testimony to his
truthfulness and rectitude of conduct, and to the great improve-
ment that has been apparent in many ways during this trial of
probation, now more than two years.
To this communication Lord Dalhousie replied as
follows:-
MY DEAR LOGIN,
GOVERNMENT HOUSE, Feb. 15th, 1853.
I have communicated with my colleagues, who concur
with me in readily acceding to the Maharajah's wish, that he
may receive the rite of baptism at once.* I have written to
the Bishop to address Mr. Jay. The station church being under
repair, His Highness's own house would be the best place for the
performance of the rite. I desire no secrecy, but at the same
time deprecate notoriety and all approach to a tumasha.
* The official permission of the Governor-General in Council followed this.
304
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter
X.
Don't bring people from a distance.. Invitè, if you please to do
so, the principal persons of the station; but only those who will
1852-54. regard the occasion as a solemn administration of a Holy
Sacrament, and not a common festivity.
Probably it will not be necessary to give a name at all, but if
requisite, let it be his own name, "Duleep Singh."
I pray God to bless this act to his eternal good.
DR. LOGIN.
Believe me,
Yours very truly,
DALHOUSIE.
MY DEAR MAHARAJAH,
GOVERNMENT HOUSE, Feb. 15th, 1853.
I have received with the most lively satisfaction the
letter in which you express your desire to be at once baptized,
and to be admitted a member of the Church of Christ. When
you first showed an inclination to believe in the truths which you
found declared in the Word of God, I advised you not to act
hastily, to continue your study of the Bible, and to test by time
the strength and sincerity of your belief.
You have followed my advice, and I have learnt with real
pleasure from the statements of the Archdeacon and Mr. Jay
that they have found you quite fit to receive the baptism you
desire to obtain. I, on my part, most readily assent to your
wish, and I thank the God and Saviour of us all, who has put
into your heart a knowledge of, and belief in, the truth of our
holy religion.
I earnestly hope that your future life may be in conformity
with the precepts of that religion, and that you may show to
your countrymen in India an example of a pure and blameless
life, such as is befitting a Christian prince.
THE BAPTISM.
305
I beg your Highness to believe in the strength and sincerity of Chapter
the regard which I shall ever feel towards you, and to remain, X.
now and always,
Your Highness's sincere and affectionate friend,
His Highness MAHARAJAH DULEEP SINGH.
DALHOUSIE.
1852-54.
GOVERNMENT HOUSE, March 16th, 1853.
MY DEAR MAHARAJAH,
I have received, with the liveliest satisfaction, the letter
which you wrote to me on the 8th inst., announcing to me
that the rite of baptism had been administered to you, and that
you had been admitted into the Church of Christ.
I rejoice in the opportunity it affords me of again offering you
the assurance of my affectionate interest in your welfare, and of
my most earnest wishes for your happiness, both in this world
and in that which is to come.
I beg your Highness to believe me,
Your sincere and faithful friend,
His Highness MAHARAJAH DULEEP SINGH.
DALHOUSIE.
MY LORD,
FUTTEHGHUR, March 8th, 1853.
It now gives me sincere pleasure to acquaint your Lordship
that the Maharajah was this day admitted into the Christian
Church by baptism, and took the vows upon him in a most
solemn and impressive manner.
The ceremony took place in His Highness's private dwelling-
house, in presence of about twenty of the European residents of
X
306
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter the station, and nearly an equal number of the Maharajah's
principal native servants whom I had invited to attend.
X.
1852-54
The truly simple and earnest manner in which the service was
conducted by the Rev. Mr. Jay, and joined in by all the Christians
present, commanded the reverent attention of all who witnessed
it, and, I hope, left a deep impression of its solemnity on many
minds. . .
I forward a copy of the entry made in the baptismal
register at Futtehghur.
Mr. Jay considered it necessary that the names of three persons
(of whom one should be a lady) should be entered as witnesses to
the baptism, and Colonel Alexander and Mrs. Login were proposed
in addition to myself; but with Mr. Jay's consent, I also asked
Mr. Guise to sign the register.
The native names on the register have been spelt as the Maha-
rajah pointed out.
•
I may add that everything approaching to display, or unbefitting
the solemnity of the occasion, has been most carefully avoided in
every respect.
I remain, &c.,
J. S. LOGIN.
The ceremony was felt, by those privileged to be
present, to be touching as well as impressive; the
earnest expression on the young boy's face, the look,
half sad, half curious, on the countenances of his
people, who were all witnesses of the rite by their own
wish, combined to make it so.
It occurred to Mrs. Login, at the last moment, that,
bearing in mind the veneration in which all Hindoos
hold the River Ganges, there would be peculiar appro-
priate ness in using its water for the sacred rite,
THE BAPTISM.
307
X.
1852-54.
thereby sanctifying it in the Maharajah's mind, from Chapter
henceforth, with a new and holier association. Jewin-
dah, the favourite Sikh attendant of Duleep Singh,
begged to be allowed to fetch the water himself for
this purpose from the river, and ran off with his brass.
lotah, evidently regarding the proposition with favour,
as a concession to Hindoo prejudices.
MY DEAR LOGIN,
GOVERNMENT HOUSE, March 16th, 1853.
I have had the pleasure to receive yours of 8th, enclosing
one from the Maharajah.
I rejoice deeply and sincerely in this good issue to the great
change the boy has passed through, with so much satisfactory
evidence of the reality and genuineness of his convictions.
I regard it as a very remarkable event in history, and in every
way gratifying.
Let me add that, under circumstances of peculiarity, of great
delicacy, and of great difficulty, I have been most highly satisfied
with the judgment and discretion, the prudence and kindly tact,
which have been exhibited by yourself through them all.
Believe me to be, my dear Login,
DR. LOGIN.
Yours very truly,
DALHOUSIE.
MY LORD,
MUSSOORIE, June 2nd, 1853.
It gives me particular pleasure to acquaint your Lordship
that, ever since his baptism, the Maharajah has continued, by his
conduct and character, to afford very satisfactory evidence of the
X 2
308
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
་་
Chapter influence of Christian principles on his heart, and I trust, as his
X. years increase, they may continue to gain strength, and preserve
1852-54,
him from the many dangers and temptations to which he must
necessarily be exposed in the position he has to occupy. He is
fully aware of the responsibilities which his profession of Chris-
tianity imposes on him, and of the effect which his example may
have upon others of his countrymen, either for good or evil, and I
believe he is honestly anxious to use this influence aright.* He
is going on with his education with more energy than heretofore.
His progress in music is rapid, and he takes great delight in it.
He performs really creditably on the flute and cornopean, and,
with his music-master's assistance, has got up a very good band
of eight or nine men. It is a great amusement to him, and it is
an incentive to study, as he pays the expenses out of his pocket-
money. This band is a great pleasure to the community at
Mussoorie, as they play on the Mall on stated evenings, where
their appearance is hailed with delight.
I have been successful in getting up a course of lectures during
the season, which have already been well attended. Many gentle-
men have been induced to offer their services as lecturers, and I
have got a course of them on various subjects, arranged to fill up
six months; the three first, by Mr. Mackinnon, on "Astronomy,"
were excellent—pronounced so by some of the best astronomers
in India, who were among the audience.
I have already expressed to your Lordship my anxiety that the
Maharajah should not become a mere State pensioner, but that he
* Numerous letters were received by the Maharajah, congratulating him on his
baptism, and giving him cordial welcome from many eminent Christians, both
European and native. Some of them were very touching. Amongst others who
wrote to him were-
Rev. Krishna Banerjee.
Rev. Gopy Nanth Nundy.
Ganendro Mohun Tagore.
Mr. Thomason.
Sir Henry Lawrence.
Sir Frederick Currie.
Bishop Wilson.
!
THE BAPTISM.
X.
1852-54.
309
should be led to take an interest in all that concerns the welfare Chapter
of the natives around him, and the progress in improvement of his
´neighbourhood; and if such was my wish before he became a
Christian, I need not say how much my anxiety has been
increased by that event. This is not likely to be fully developed
unless he has some estate in the country to which his attention
could be applied. I would, therefore, respectfully beg your Lord-
ship's consideration to the propriety of giving him a grant of land
on the occasion of his coming of age, of such extent, and on such
conditions, as may appear suitable to his position and circum-
stances. Should His Highness's home be fixed in India, a part
of the Eastern Dhoon would appear most suitable, as he is sure
to pass the hot season here. The Dhoon is not looked upon as
profitable, but I think it might be made so.
The two young Boileaus have passed with great credit in Urdu
and Hindu, and are qualified for the army. Their father has, I
fear, little chance of getting appointments for them; and as I feel
that the Maharajah has gained much by their companionship, I
am anxious to help them, and if your Lordship sees no impropriety
in the Maharajah asking Lord Hardinge for a commission for the
eldest, he will gladly do so.-
I have the honour, &c.,
J. S. L.
Sir Frederick Currie, before leaving India, wrote the
Maharajah as follows:-
MAHARAJAH,
CALCUTTA, April 11th, 1853.
I wish to write to your Highness before leaving India
to offer you my warm congratulations on the important
event which has just been communicated to the Government by
310.
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter your friend, Dr. Login, viz., your Highness's admission into the
Christian Church by the rite of baptism.
X.
1852-54.
I have long regarded you with very sincere esteem (ever since
we first met on that memorable occasion in February, 1846); and
those feelings are much enhanced by the contemplation that I can
now regard you as a fellow-Christian, animated by the same hopes,
cheered by the same promises, and seeking the same consumma-
tion of all our objects and desires in life—the love and glory of our
common Saviour in time, and His presence in eternity.
I have in no degree lost the interest which I had in your
Highness during the eventful year 1848; but I have thought it
better, considering our respective positions, and hearing of the
feelings which were at work in your heart, and which have led to
such a happy result, that I should not write to you.
Any communication between us might have been misrepre-
sented, to your Highness's detriment, both in the Punjab and in
Hindostan. But now there is no longer any cause for such
reserve; your Highness has taken the irrevocable step, and I am
about to leave India by the steamer of the 8th prox., when my
connection with the Government will be at an end. I therefore
now write these few lines to assure your Highness that I have
taken the most lively interest in all that has happened in regard
to you since I saw you; that I have read the reports of your pro-
gress in knowledge and of the development of your character,
sent from time to time by Dr. Login, with high gratification; and
that the last reported event above referred to has given me
unfeigned joy.
I do not know if there is any possibility of your Highness
visiting England, but should you do so during my lifetime, it will
give me very great pleasure to renew our acquaintance.
I remain, Maharajah,
Your sincere friend,
F. CURRIE.
His Highness MAHARAJAH DULEEP SINGH.
THE BAPTISM.
311
The following is the first letter Login received from Chapter
Lord Dalhousie after the death of Lady Dalhousie :—
DEAR LOGIN,
GOVERNMENT HOUSE, Aug. 4th, 1852.
I have to ask your pardon for the long delay which has
occurred in replying to the letter I had from you about middle
of June. Since that period, though I have not allowed public
business to be retarded, I fear I have left many letters unan-
swered, among them yours. Your account of the Maharajah
continues to be as satisfactory as we have any right to expect.
Your plans for at once instructing, diverting, and training him as
a member of European society are excellent, and can leave on
your mind no doubt of your meeting with full co-operation, as far
as it depends on me.
With regard to the future, I cannot go quite so entirely with
you. We are at one in thinking that he should go to England.
It is my opinion, as it is yours, that he should go while he is yet
what we should consider a boy. I shall therefore be prepared to
ask permission from the Court to let him go next spring, if you
consider him ready and desirous, as before, to go. I will not
disguise from you that the Court may not give a very gracious
assent; the visit of Jung Bahadoor, whom they spoiled, and still
more, the present visit of the ex-Rajah of Coorg, whom, in spite
of all my precautions and warnings, they have lifted wholly out
of his place, making a fool both of him and of themselves thereby,
has disgusted the Court and Board of Control with native, and
especially with princely, visitors. Still I hope they will agree, and
still more, I hope that the Maharajah will not expect pompous
receptions, and will rather seek quiet and privacy while he shall
remain in England. With respect to the question of a residence
at Mussoorie, and also to a grant of land, I conceive that these
matters should be postponed until the Maharajah shall have
X.
1852-54.
312
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
1852-54.
Chapter returned from England, and until he shall be, at least, of age,
X.
which in his case I presume would be eighteen. The grant of the
Eastern Dhoon, to which you allude, seems the carving out of a
large slice. But, without committing myself to details, I have no
difficulty in expressing entire concurrence in your views of making
the Maharajah something different from a Delhi or a Lucknow
pensioner. It is natural you should wish these points settled by
myself, who must needs take a more peculiar interest in the boy
than any of my successors can do; but you may be quite sure
that he will always be an object of interest to the Governor-
General of the time, and I think it would be open to objection if
I should attempt to decide upon, and to provide for his future,
prematurely.
DR. LOGIN.
MY LORD,
Believe me to be,
Yours very truly,
DALHOUSIE.
August, 1853.
I have told the Maharajah of your intention to ask per-
mission for him to visit England next spring.
In the event of his obtaining the permission, I shall see
that he has not a large retinue with him, and will only take to
Calcutta those who are to proceed with him. The Maharajah is
very anxious not to be separated from Sheo Deo Singh, and, if the
little fellow's own feelings were consulted, I think he would not
be unwilling. If your Lordship thinks it desirable, I shall
endeavour to get his mother's consent.
The Maharajah, and all of us, would regret any circumstance
which would lead to any separation between them, for they are
i.
THE BAPTISM.
313
X.
much more attached to each other than they were, and a very Chapter
kindly feeling now exists between them. Mr. Guise has lately
received a very good offer from Mr. Maclean, a large indigo 1852-54.
planter near Futtehghur, to take charge of his work during his
absence in England, and a share as partner. Up to the present
time, I am satisfied that no one could have filled his place with
His Highness more perfectly than Mr. Guise has done.
The irregular, self-indulgent manner in which the boy had been
brought up, his natural indolence and want of application, and the
difficulty of exercising any restraint over him, required an amount
of patient endurance and perseverance on the part of a tutor, in
bringing him through the rudimentary stages of education, and
establishing a desire for instruction, which is very rarely to be met
with, and I feel that His Highness owes more to Mr. Guise than
he can ever repay. The Maharajah has now, however, reached a
stage in his education at which he is more likely to derive benefit
from the instruction of professional masters.
In the event of Mr. Guise accepting the offer made him, I think
that it would be only proper on His Highness's part to make a hand-
some acknowledgment of his services in any way your Lordship
might think fit. Although this offer is most eligible, Mr. Guise is
quite willing to remain with His Highness if it is desired; but in this
case, he would naturally look for some permanent employment on
his return to India in place of that which he had declined.
In the event of Mr. Guise not accompanying the Maharajah, it
would be advisable to retain one or both of the Boileaus as
companions for a time, and it might be more possible for me to
obtain commissions for them while in England.
It was only in the event of His Highness not going to England
that I was anxious to find some interesting and useful employment
for him, to occupy his mind and engage his attention.
I have, &c.,
J. S. L.
314
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter The following note from Duleep Singh to Login was
X.
enclosed in the above-
1852-54.
MY DEAR GOOD FRIEND,
As I do not like to attempt a letter to the Governor-
General, I hope it will do as well to write to you what I wish to
say.
:
-
You told me that the Governor-General wishes to know if I am
as anxious as before to go to England. I wish to say that I am very
anxious to go, and quite ready to start whenever his Lordship
gives me permission. I do not want to go to make a show of
myself, but to study and complete my education, and I wish to
live in England as quietly as possible.
Yours very sincerely,
=
DULEEP SINGH.
MY DEAR LOGIN,
GOVERNMENT HOUSE, Aug. 31st, 1853.
Tell the Maharajah that it is wholly impossible for me to say
when he may be allowed to go. It does not rest with me. I have
not authority in this case to let him go without reference to the
Court in the first instance.
This reference I will make by the very next mail, and I will
make known to you the answer as soon as possible.
If he goes, he should go without a "following." In England, as
you say, his education will be easily carried on, either by masters
or a private tutor. The offer, therefore, which you speak of as
made to Mr. Guise, should on no account be set aside by the
Maharajah or by the Government, because it would be impossible
for either to undertake to compensate Mr. Guise for the advantages
THE BAPTISM.
315
X,
1852-54.
he will have consented to forego at their request. Mr. Guise Chapter
certainly deserves well of the Maharajah; and if he quits him
now, a handsome acknowledgment of his services would, as you
suggest, be very fitting, but it should not be in the shape of a
pension. If it is desirable that the Maharajah should have
a young companion, as you seem to think, one of the lads may
accompany him, not both-you will find a "tail" in England
very troublesome and very costly.
The going of the Shahzadah must depend entirely on whether
the Maharajah wishes it, so far as the wishes of his family are
concerned at all; but I think the wisdom of his going doubtful,
for he is as yet too young to derive any profit for himself; and
with respect to the pleasure of the thing, I think the Maharajah
would find him a great "taigle "-in England. Many people, who
would be glad to be civil to His Highness, would not choose to be
bothered with a second prince, who has no interest or importance.
-My present impression is that the little boy should not go, and
that some arrangement should be made for him here, by which he
would not lose what he has gained, during your absence.
1
DR. LOGIN-
Believe me to be,
Yours very truly,
DALHOUSIE. -
Extracts from some of LOGIN's letters to LORD DALHOUSIE from
Mussoorie.
.. Mr. Guise has accepted the appointment offered him,
and has left to join. At parting, His Highness presented him
with a Government promissory note for 5,000 rupees, as a kindly
acknowledgment of his services.
I have thought it right to avail myself of the opportunity
afforded me by the return of Mrs. Scott (now a widow) with her
316
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
1852-54,
Chapter family to England to allow the young boy, Tom Scott, who has
X.
for the last four years been brought up with His Highness and the
Shahzadah, to accompany her for the purpose of going to school;
but in consideration of the advantages which have resulted to His
Highness from the companionship of his young friend at so
interesting a period of his life, and the very straitened circum-
stances of Mrs. Scott, with a family of seven children unprovided
for, I trust no objection will be made to an allowance of fifty
rupees per mensem being granted for the education of the boy,
during the minority of His Highness. Charles Boileau returns to
his father at Ferozepore. Thus Frank Boileau will be the only
European companion who will accompany His Highness to
England.
•
Your Lordship's principal objection to the Shahzadah's
accompanying his uncle seems to be the possible inconvenience of
the arrangement. I think that might be obviated, and the
Maharajah suggests many ways of doing so, which shows how
much he desires to have him with him. But apart from His
Highness's wishes on the subject, I would respectfully point out
other considerations. As the Maharajah, by adopting our faith,
has deprived himself of almost all political influence among his
countrymen, they are now inclined to consider the Shahzadah as
the rightful representative of their old rulers, and judging from the
boy's natural disposition, it would be advisable to keep him as
much with the Maharajah as possible, and accustom him to con-
sider their interests identical. By allowing him to remain in
India while His Highness is in England, I fear he will be more
encouraged in the idea of his separate importance, and it will be
difficult for his pretensions to be kept under control, as easily as
while with his uncle and natural head. The ignorant will hold
him in estimation for not having crossed the ocean. There will
be no difficulty about the retention of his caste, though it will entail
additional trouble and arrangements upon me, which I would
otherwise escape.
THE BAPTISM.
317
I can make arrangements to take two or three Punjabi Chapter
Brahmins to attend the Maharajah, relatives (and servants) of
X.
the Misr Makraj at Lahore, of whose family two or three
members still remain attached to His Highness. The old Misr
has written to them to say that it is their duty to go, if the Maha-
rajah wishes it, only that they should be careful to keep their
caste. If they go with us, there will be no difficulty about the
Shahzadah, as regards caste. I am willing to submit to
all this trouble, rather than miss the opportunity of opening
a way, and showing high-caste Hindoos that it is possible to
break through prejudice, and set an example to their countrymen
to visit Europe.
The Shahzadah's mother has returned from her home, and will
remain here till we leave, when she will go to reside at Hurdwar,
where she has a house. She does not like the idea of her son
going with the Maharajah, and has sent me a petition to send to
your Lordship on the subject, I have told her that as soon as
we know that the permission is granted, I will send in her
petition against it.
The little boy himself is really not unwilling to go, and has
great faith in Mrs. Login being able to persuade his mother to let
him go. He has been explaining to her the geography of Europe,
showing her the map, and the pictures in the Illustrated News;
and though, since her arrival, he does not say so much about it
as before, his own inclinations are very evident, He has now for
the last two years been absent from his mother's influence, for
periods of ten and a half and ten months at a time, and seemed
to enjoy life thoroughly.
LORD DALHOUSIE to J. S. LOGIN.
MY DEAR LOGIN,
GOVERNMENT HOUSE, Nov. 29th, 1853.
You give so many good reasons why the Shahzadah should go
with His Highness, if he goes to England, that no objection will
318
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
-
Chapter be made by Government. In that case all your arrangements
X. will be approved.
1852-54.
L
A gift of 5,000 rupees to Mr. Guise is both liberal and proper ;
and your allowance to Tommy Scott will not be questioned. The
order of the Court shall be sent as soon as received. If I go to
Burmah I'll tell Mr. Courtney to let you know. I approve of all
you propose to do.
Yours very truly,
DALHOUSIE.
Jan. 31st, 1854.
MY DEAR LOGIN,-
I have just received the Court's leave for the Maharajah to go
to England, and I beg you to deliver the enclosed to him.
I hope he will do me credit, for they have had a sickener of
native grändees at home lately.
Yours most sincerely,
DALHOUSIE.
MY DEAR MAHARAJAH,
GOVERNMENT HOUSE, Jan. 31st, 1854.
I am very happy to be able to tell you that I have this
moment received the permission of the Court of Directors that
you should visit England.
In the belief that this intelligence will give you pleasure, I
hasten to convey it to you with my own hand.
I have not time to write another word beyond the assurance of
the pleasure it will give me to see your Highness again.
I remain, with much respect,
Your sincere and faithful friend,
- DALHOUSIE.
His Highness MAHARAJAH DULEEP SINGH.
THE BAPTISM.
319
Letter from SIR HENRY LAWRENCE after the death of his WIFE. Chapter
MY DEAR LOGIN,
CAMP, NEAR NEEMUCH, Feb. 10th, 1854.
Best thanks to you both for your kind letters and sympathy.
Yes! my heart is a sore one, and hard to bear-God's will be
done.
Yes I will try and go to Roorkee. Napier will probably be
there, and I long to meet him; also I want to see Cautley and
Mr. Colvin, and also your brother and sister.
-
I am moving towards Bhurtpore, by way of Kohat and
Kerowly. My very kindest regards to Mrs. Login.
Remember me kindly to the Maharajah.
Always, my dear Login,
X.
1852-54.
Yours very sincerely,

H. M. LAWRENCE.
Bhajun Lal up to this time had fully determined
go to England with his master; but his people
ew well that if he did so he would take the
portunity of declaring himself a Christian; they
ere therefore bent on preventing his going. His
onvictions were very strong; but in his own case
ne had not the courage to throw off the bondage of
Hindooism, though he had certainly helped the
Maharajah in his decision with all the energy of
which his nature was capable.
When he got back to Futtehghur, to his young
320
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
1852-54.
Chapter wife and children, and his father, who was a shrewd
X. bunniah in the city of Furruckabad, he became
unable to struggle against the influences brought to
bear on him, and matters reached a climax when, on
the occasion of his youngest brother's marriage (which
was about to be celebrated with all the display and
lavish expenditure that rich Hindoos consider incumbent
on them on these occasions), he was induced by his
father to prefer a request that in the public procession
through the city the sowaree of His Highness, ie.,
the horses, carriages, and elephants, should form a
prominent feature, and that the Maharajah's tents, &c.,
should also be lent in which to celebrate the wedding
festivities.
Under ordinary circumstances, Login would have
been very pleased to show some such token of the
estimation in which both he and the Maharajah held
Bhajun Lal's services, and of the respect they woul
wish to show to a member of his family, was arsu
according to native ideas, very customary mark
favour from a prince or noble to a favourite attenda
or companion, such as Bhajun Lal. But as in tl
case the bridegroom was a mere child, and the brid
of equally tender age, Login felt a conscientious objectic
to appear to give his, or the Maharajah's, public
sanction to one of those monstrous child-marriages
which bring such misery into the homes of India


* Native merchant.
(
THE BAPTISM.
321
J
है
X.
Especially he felt that this would be unbecoming on Chapter
the Maharajah's part, since he had so lately made 1852-54.
profession of the Christian faith.
He therefore told Bhajun Lal that he could only
grant his request on one of two conditions, viz.,
either the marriage was deferred, until the bride and
bridegroom were of an age to understand the importance
of the contract they were about to enter into (in which
case, besides the loan of the things asked for, the
Maharajah would bestow a sum of money to set the
young people up in the world), or else, a bond or
agreement should be given to the young girl, to the
effect that, in the event of her boy-husband dying
while she was still marriageable, she should be
permitted to select another partner for herself, from
among the widowers or unmarried youths of her
husband's family. This alternative arrangement was
gested, because it is a frequent custom among the
ths to marry their brothers' widows, thus saving
ne girl from the awful slavery for life, which is the
fate of Hindoo child-widows.

+
Poor Bhajun Lal, in whom family affection and
love of money, were equally ruling passions, was
persuaded by his relatives to send in his resignation,
and thus cut himself adrift from his chance of becom-
11
a Christian. It was a great sorrow to all who
id been brought to know, and like him, during the
three years he had been with the Maharajah, for he
was, indeed, "almost a Christian" at heart, and
Y
322
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
1852-54.
Chapter certainly had been, under God, the instrument of
X. confirming the desire of the Maharajah to come out
from among his people. A handsome present of
money and a horse were given him on leaving.
The Maharajah did not evince much sorrow at
parting from him, though he had counted on his
going to England with him; but he fully agreed in
the propriety of lending no countenance to the
iniquity of infant marriages.

-
It may be as well to mention here all that is known
of the later history of Bhajun Lal. He wrote
occasionally to Dr. Login, but his letters were full of
money-getting; he became a bunniah in the city of
Furruckabad, and at the time of the Mutiny proved
himself faithful, and was of great use, though he was
unable to save the property of the Maharajah from
loot and destruction. He is now the head of the
great firm of tentmakers at Futtehghur (Bhajun L
& Co.), but all idea of becoming a Christian seems to
have passed away.
He
Early in February, the camp of the Commander-in-
Chief (Sir William Gomm), came to Futtehghur, and
with it Colonel Mountain, one of the staff, who was
brought in from the district dangerously ill.
was conveyed to Dr. Login's house, and attended
by him; but medical skill was of no avail, and in
a few days he died there. As Colonel Mountain
was a very great friend of the Governor-General,
Login at once wrote a full account of his last
-
THE BAPTISM.
323
moments to Lord Dalhousie; to which letter the Chapter
following is a reply:-
X.
1852-54.
MY DEAR LOGIN,
I received your sad letter yesterday, and am grateful
for what you tell me of the last moments of my poor
friend. He has died the death of the righteous! I never doubted
that, soldier and Christian as he was, he would die when his time
came as hero or saint should die. I mourn for him with a deep
and sincere sorrow.
I wish I could ask the Maharajah to come here to Government
House on his arrival, but there are only really two or three rooms
in the whole house. Would it be any convenience to you to put
up at Government House, Barrackpore? there is plenty of room
there, and you would not be far off. I will have it all got ready
for him if I hear from you that he would like it. His horses, &c.,
will have plenty of accommodation at the stables there.
No objection will be raised to the Shahzadah going to England,
if the Maharajah still desires it, so you can bring him with you.
Yours truly,
DALHOUSIE.
In reply, Login said that the Maharajah would
much like to go to Barrackpore, and was full of
eager anticipation of his coming visit to England,
that he talked of entering one of the public schools
and taking his place among boys of his own age,
only hoping he won't get many thrashings."
This suggestion apparently did not meet with the
Y 2
324
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter Governor-General's approval, as we may judge from
X.
1852-54.
the answer it elicited :
MY DEAR LOGIN,
GOVERNMENT HOUSE, Feb. 25th, 1854. -
The proposal to go to public school won't do at all. He
is much too old, and would be thrashed beyond a doubt
periodically. Even a university would not do.
Yours sincerely,
DALHOUSIE.
A short stay was made at Lucknow, en route to
Calcutta, owing to a kind invitation from the Resident,
Colonel Sleeman, to the Maharajah, asking him to pay
him a visit, and see the sights of that city before
leaving India. As there was no intention of exchanging
courtesies with the native Court there, the visit was
made a private one, though, as the Maharajah was now
on his way to Europe, the usual ceremonials were
observed as to guards of honour, salutes, &c.;
* Letter from Major W. A. G. Mayhew (4sst. A.G. to Brigadier-General
T. Palmer, Commanding Cawnpore Division) dated A. G. Office, Calcutta
11th March, 1854. No. 193:—
Under instructions from the Most Noble the Governor-General in Council, I
have the honour to request that, should His Highness Maharajah Duleep Singh
halt at Cawnpore, he is to be received at that station with a salute of twenty-one
guns.
I am further directed to inform you, that His Highness is to be provided with
a Jemadar's Guard during his visit.
THE BAPTISM.
325
X.
an escort of irregular cavalry accompanied his carriage Chapter
to and from Lucknow, and a military guard remained 1852-54.
in attendance with him. Whilst at Lucknow, Dr. and
Mrs. Login were treated with great distinction by the
King of Oude and the Prime Minister; they were
expressly invited to the Palace, where a khillut was
presented to Dr. Login, with the addition of a valuable
sword as a souvenir, and a pair of diamond bracelets
and a ring to Mrs. Login.
As Dr. Login was not then in the service of the
King, these presents could not be accepted; but the
King made a request to Colonel Sleeman, that the cir-
cumstances of the presentation might be made known
to the Governor-General, so that an exception to the
ordinary rule might be allowed in this case. The
amount of correspondence which this unimportant.
matter entailed between high officials in India and the
Court of Directors at home before the official permis-
sion of the latter body was given, would cause no little
amusement and surprise to those unacquainted with the
idiosyncrasies of red-tape routine.
<<
Colonel-afterwards Sir William-Sleeman, cele-
brated for his successful efforts for the suppression of
Thuggee," was an ardent ethnologist, and a great
authority on the origin of races. The following letter,
which he wrote to Login after the Maharajah's visit to
Lucknow, may prove interesting, as containing the
fruits of some of his researches on the subject of the
great westward migration from the Pamir plateau of
326
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.-
4
Chapter the Hindoo Koosh, and the connection between the
Indo-Teutonic races:-
X.
1852-54.
COLONEL SLEEMAN to DR. LOGIN.
LUCKNOW RESIDENCY, March 17th, 1854.
MY DEAR LOGIN,
I have been reading up the book I spoke to the Maharajah
about ("Pictorial History of England"), since he left. You must
get it for him, and let him see for himself that he is of the same
race as the men of Kent. They were from Jutland, and came
into England with the Saxons from Friesland and Angles from
Holstein, who dispossessed the old Britons in the fifth century.
They were the Juts or old Getæ of the Greeks and Romans, who
came from the countries about Kashgar. Some came down and
settled on the banks of the Indus, whence they spread to the
Jumna and Chunbal; whilst others went and settled in western
Europe (Sweden and Denmark); from them Jutland received its
name. Tell His Highness that their chiefs, Hengist and Horsa,
were Juts, like himself; their family came from Kashgar and the
Caspian, and settled in Jutland; while his part of the family
settled on the Indus, spreading to the Punjab. The Juts took
possession of Kent, and some of the first kings were Juts, like the
Maharajah's ancestors, and both might, with equal justice, boast
descent from Odin, the god of war; they also took possession of
the Isle of Wight and the Isle of Thanet. All the old Kentish
families are descendants of Juts, and of the same race as Duleep
Singh. You can show him some of the beauties of Kent, as you
go up the Thames, and he will have an opportunity of seeing it if
he visits Lord Hardinge. Tell him, with our kind regards, that
we would be very pleased if he would present the beautiful ring
which he did Mrs. Sleeman the honour of offering her to the first
1
THE BAPTISM.
327
X.
1852-54.
pretty Kentish girl he sees, and claim brotherhood with her, on Chapter
the authority of an old Indian officer, his friend, Colonel Sleeman.
If she is of pure Kentish descent, he may feel assured that they
are members of the same great family! I trust His Highness
will cultivate his great talent for music: it will be a great resource
to him hereafter.
Believe me, my dear Login,
Yours very truly,
W A. SLEEMAN,
At Benares, an addition was made to the party in
the person of the Pundit Nehemiah Goreh, a young
and learned Brahmin convert, who had joined the
missionaries there to work among his country people,
but who was induced by the Rev. W. Smith (senior
missionary) to accept Login's proposal, and accompany
Duleep Singh to England for three years, as his tutor
in Oriental languages. Nehemiah Goreh was of the
greatest benefit to Duleep Singh; he was so truly
earnest, so pure-minded and simple, and his faith so
strong, that his example was a living lesson. He
returned to India at the expiry of his term to resume
his work, unspoiled by all the attention and admira-
tion he had excited.
The hot weather was beginning when the party
reached Government House, Barrackpore, where every
arrangement had been made for His Highness's com-
fort, his own carriage and horses having been sent on
328
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter a-head. A note from the Governor-General was
X.
1852-54. awaiting Login :-
MY DEAR LOGIN,
Come to breakfast if you can on Monday. There shall
be a room ready for you. Of course, this is only if convenient
to you. I have sent you a huge memorial from the mother of
the brat you have brought, accusing you of many enormities,
of which child-stealing is the least!!
Yours very truly,
DALHOUSIE.
Of course, since the mother of the Shahzadah had
lodged a petition against her son's going to England,
the idea was abandoned. Her uncle, Meah Mullick,
who came to Calcutta as her vakeel to present it, was
seized with cholera. He refused the advice or
assistance of any other doctor than Login himself,
to whom he despatched a messenger in the middle of
the night imploring him to come to him! No time
was lost by the "Doctor Sahib" in obeying this
urgent summons, and he remained with the poor man
till he was out of danger.*
* Extract from official letter dated Fortwilliam, 18th April, 1854 :-
"His Lordship thinks it only just to you to state, with reference to the
memorial of the Ranee Duknoo, that the Government entirely acquits you of
the charge of attempting to influence the Shahzadah's religion, and to add, that
you have not sought to conceal from the Government the reluctance of the
Ranee to allow her son to accompany the Maharajah."
די
THE BAPTISM.
329.
A few days after his arrival at Barrackpore, the Chapter
Maharajah was received by Lord Dalhousie.
X.
1852-54.
MY DEAR LOGIN,
GOVERNMENT HOUSE, April 3rd, 1854.
I have ordered the " Sooramooky" to be at Barrackpore
to-morrow by ten a.m. The best plan for the Maharajah to
follow will be to come down in the steamer, taking tiffin on
board, so as to be here by five p.m. I can then have the guard out
for him at half-past five, and he can return to Barrackpore by road,
in the cool of the evening. For this purpose he can take my
carriage to the half-way stables, if you will have his own waiting
him there. If he were to come during the day, I can't well have
the guard out. He will receive his salute (twenty-one guns)
when he lands, and will have the Body Guard troopers if he goes
through the town.
Pray impress upon His Highness that while in India he
receives all the honours of his rank-in England he will be
entitled only to courtesy.*
Yours very truly,
DALHOUSIE.
On the 19th April the Maharajah and his party
* Extract from a Letter of LORD DALHOUSIE to JOHN LAWRENCE :—
CALCUTTA, April 11th, 1854.
'The Maharajah Duleep Singh is here, and sails on the 19th. He has grown
a great deal, speaks English well, has a good manner, and altogether will, I think,
do us credit in England, if they do not spoil him there." Life of Lord
Lawrence,” vol. i., p. 452.
330
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter sailed for England. The following is Lord Dalhousie's
X. letter of farewell to his ward on his leaving India :-
1852-54.
GOVERNMENT HOUSE, April 18th, 1854.
MY DEAR MAHARAJAH,
Before you quit India, I have been desirous of offering
you à parting gift, which in future years might sometimes remind
you of me.
Since that day, when the course of public events placed you a
little boy in my hands, I have regarded you in some sort as my
-son. I therefore ask you, before we part, to accept from me the
volume which I should offer to my own child, as the best of all
gifts, since in it alone is to be found the secret of real happiness
either in this world or in that which is to come.
I bid you farewell, my dear Maharajah, and beg you to believe
me always
With sincere regard,
Your Highness's faithful friend,
His Highness MAHARAJAH DULEEP SINGH.
DALHOUSIE.
1
CHAPTER XI.
ENGLAND.
XI.
THE Voyage to England was uneventful. On the Chapter
deck of the steamer, the young Maharajah bade farewell 1854-56.
with great equanimity to all his Punjabi retainers,
his mind being full of pleasurable anticipation of all
the wonders he was about to see on the other side of
the "Kalee Panee."
In Egypt he met with a cordial reception. Through
the instrumentality of Mr. Bruce, whose kind offices
Lord Dalhousie had bespoken, the carriages of the
Viceroy were placed at his disposal. In order that he
might have time to see something of the sights in the
neighbourhood of Cairo and Alexandria, it was
arranged that he should remain in Egypt, until the de-
parture of the following steamer.
In this way, he was enabled to pay a visit to the
Pyramids, an expedition which he much enjoyed, and
where he, like the boy he was, insisted on organizing a
race to the top with his companions, much to the
disgust of the Arab guides, who, on these occasions, are
accustomed to take forcible possession of the unlucky
332
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
1854-56.
Chapter tourist, and haul him by main force, from block to
XI. block, up the side of the pyramid, demanding black-
mail from him, at every particularly perilous point in
the ascent, and who regarded the Indian Prince as their
especial prey, and as furnishing an opportunity, not to
be missed, of unlimited backsheesh. They took their
revenge, however these gallant "sons of the desert"
-when the party prepared to inspect the interior of
the pyramid. Not a second time were they to be
baulked of their lawful dues; and, once engulphed in
the literally Egyptian darkness within, their hapless
victim was seized on, dragged, pushed, and hustled, where
and how they would, till,-what with the confusion,
pressure, and especially the stifling heat, caused by bad
air, burning torches, and swarms of ill-odorous, half-
naked followers of the Prophet,-their " distinguished
visitor" was only too glad to re-emerge into the open
air, with a very hazy idea indeed as to where he had
been (save that it was as near proving his own tomb as
that of any old Egyptian monarch!) but not a little
surprised to find himself still intact, and that his
dusky conductors had considerately refrained from
relieving him of even one of his pearl necklaces, but
contented themselves with demanding a heavy toll
in coin for the privilege of their attendance !
Whilst at Cairo, he was taken to visit the American
Mission Schools, and was greatly interested to see so
many orphan girls being educated in the Christian
religion.
ENGLAND. ·
333
1854-56.
While still in Indian waters, at Aden and elsewhere, Chapter
the regular salute ordered by the Governor-General XI.
was given the Maharajah, on the vessel which conveyed
him dropping anchor; but there was some uncertainty
in Duleep Singh's mind as to the exact amount of
recognition to be awarded him by the Home Govern-
ment. When on board the homeward-bound steamer
from Alexandria, therefore, there was a certain degree
of anxiety in noting the exact number of
guns
T
fired to greet his arrival at Malta and Gibraltar;
especially was this evident at the latter fortress,
where-spite of his well-maintained sang-froid before
his fellow-passengers, who were deeply interested in
the proceedings-a close observer could discover that
the Maharajah was in reality quietly counting the
number, as each report was heard, and when the total
reached twenty, and there could be no doubt that a
full "royal salute" of twenty-one guns was intended,
he could no longer repress the look of satisfaction
which appeared on his countenance.
On Login's application to the Treasury, Sir Charles
Trevelyan arranged that His Highness's baggage
should be passed through the Customs, as is usual
with royal visitors, and he also obtained, as a mark of
consideration from the Court of Directors, the compli-
ment of having a residence provided for him at their
expense during his stay in England. Until this
could be arranged, apartments were taken for him at
"Mivart's (Claridge's) Hotel."
334
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
XI.
1854-56.
Chapter A close correspondence was still kept up with Lord
Dalhousie, whose interest in the reception of the
young Prince will be shown by the following letters,
written in reply to Login's, announcing his arrival:-
GOVERNMENT HOUSE, CALCUTTA,
August 10th, 1854.
MY DEAR LOGIN,
Your letter of 24th June gave me very great pleasure.
You have made a most favourable start in your London life, and
I have no doubt all will go on agreeably, and upon the excellent
plan you have laid down for the Maharajah. He has made a very
pleasing impression on those to whom he has been introduced,
several of them having already written to me to that effect. My
friend, Sir George Couper,* will, I am sure, do all that his own
many duties will allow him to do to help you.
Sirdar Lena Singh Majeetia has died at Benares. The Shah-
zadah's mother has arrived there, and wrote to me lately. It was
a very civil letter, and, among other things, protested that she had
never said a word against you in her life!!
The king of Ava is send-
We are all very quiet here in India.
ing up an envoy to Calcutta, and Dost Mahomed is "ettling
to be well with us at the other side of the land. I enclose a
letter for the Maharajah.
*
Yours very truly,
DALHOUSIE.
Comptroller of the Household to H.R. H. the Duchess of Kent.
:
ENGLAND.
<
-335
September, 1854.
Chapter
MY DEAR LOGIN,
I have had the pleasure to receive yours of July 24th.
The reception that the Maharajah has had, and the pleasing
impression his unassuming manners and well-bred bearing have
made, are very agreeable to me.
You have done a tidy little bit of business in getting a house
out of the Court, and I advise you to rest content with that, and
not seek for more "marks of consideration," or they may be
anxious for his return to Futtehghur!
Sir G. Couper writes in warm terms of His Highness, he is
very happy to be of use to you.
XI.
1854-56.
Yours, &c.,
DALHOUSIE.
Duleep Singh had found it convenient, while in
India, to adopt a semi-European style of dress for
sporting, riding, and boating, as it gave him more
freedom of motion. It soon became his ordinary
costume, save for formal occasions, and a very hand-
some, becoming, and picturesque one it was. It
consisted of the Sikh, embroidered coortah, or Cashmere
tunic, and over that a single-breasted velvet coat,
richly embroidered in gold; English trousers, with a
stripe of gold embroidery down the seams. In his
Sikh turban was a jewelled aigrette, and three rows
of large pearls were round his neck; frequently he had
on other jewels besides these, but he was never without
the pearl necklace, and a pair of large emerald-and-
N
336
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
1854-56.
Chapter pearl earrings. After he came to England, he only
XI. wore his complete national (Sikh) costume, with all its
splendid jewels, when he went to Court, or at any
great entertainment, but it was not for some years after
this that he fully adopted English dress for all occasions.
The Court of Directors were agreeably impressed with
the unassuming manners and quiet dignity of the
deposed young ruler of a warlike nation, and accorded
him a friendly welcome. The Queen and the Prince
Consort, very soon after the Maharajah's arrival, gave
him a special audience, and he returned charmed with
the kindness of the Queen's manner to him, and every
successive interview added to the warmth of the
feelings with which he regarded the Queen and the
Prince. Her Majesty gave orders for a full-length
portrait of him to be painted by Winterhalter, and for
this he gave sittings at Buckingham Palace twice a
week. This brought him much in contact with the
Queen and Prince Albert ; for they were always present,
and greatly amused by his naïve remarks on all he saw
and heard in this, to him, strange country.
The candour and straightforwardness of his comments
seemed especially amusing to the Prince, who de-
lighted in drawing him out, and getting him to talk
freely to him.
Duleep Singh contrasted favourably with the gener-
ality of natives of India in the truthfulness of his
character, and this was encouraged in every way by
his guardian, who was most desirous that his love of
ENGLAND.
337
XI.
truth, hatred of deception, and habit of calling "a Chapter
spade a spade," in which he had been trained, should
not be rubbed off by intercourse with the world.
His zeal for truth, and disapproval of "polite lies," were
sometimes unsparingly displayed at this time. On the
way back from a large party, on one occasion, he said,
"I am afraid you believe the Duke of to be a
good man. Now, I can tell you that he does not speak
truth, for I heard him tell Lord A that he had
quite enjoyed his son's visit, and hoped to invite him
again, for he was a delightful companion, and he had
just before told me, that he was nothing but an ass, and
not worth my making his acquaintance!" and another
time, "Did you hear Lady-praising that lovely
Lady -'s dress, telling her she thought it the most
beautiful at the Drawing-room? when I had heard her
say to Mr. D.
that she looked a perfect fright!"
At a large dinner given in his honour, by a General
just returned from high command in India, where he
had already met Duleep Singh, the hostess pressed the
Maharajah to take some curry she had had specially
made for him. She went on to say that no doubt it
was very inferior to what he was accustomed to, but
she trusted, in that case, that he would honestly tell
her if it was not good. The poor boy had been politely
endeavouring to swallow a little of the mixture, which
was certainly very unlike an Indian curry; but when
his hostess said this, he believed she meant it, and,
putting down his fork and spoon with a sigh of relief,
>
Z
1854-56.
338
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter he ejaculated, "Oh! you are quite right, it is horrible
XI.
1854-56,
-take it away!" The dismay of the hostess be
may
conceived! She thought herself an authority on Indian
dishes, and this was the plat of the occasion!
During a visit to Windsor with the Maharajah, the
Queen was graciously pleased to confer the honour of
knighthood on Login-a mark of royal approbation
which gave sincere pleasure to Duleep Singh. The
latter's own rank was already determined to be the
same as that of an European prince, and as chief of the
native princes of India, he was authorized to take
precedence next after the Royal Family. Just before
this
announcement was publicly made, a large
dinner party had been arranged, in honour of
Duleep Singh, at the house of Sir Robert Inglis,
the Primate (Archbishop Longley), Lord Shaftesbury,
and other notables being invited to meet him. Poor
Sir Robert, who was too good a Churchman to
like the idea of any Indian prince (although a
converted one) taking precedence of the Primate
of the English Church, came in great distress of
mind to consult Login as to what could be arranged,
to prevent such a scandal taking place in his
house! He was assured, that the young Prince would
make no difficulty in giving way to the Archbishop, and
he went away much relieved. On the way to the
house, Sir Robert's dilemma was explained to the
Maharajah, and the suggestion made, that he should
signify to his host his willingness to come after
-
ENGLAND.
339
""
XI.
the Archbishop. Lady Login remembers how eagerly Chapter
he assented, saying, "I am very glad; now the Arch- 1854-56.
bishop will have to take the oldest lady present, and
this time surely I may please myself. I always get
such old ladies!' When he was told of Sir Robert's
suggestion, that he and the Primate should walk in
together, his shout of laughter startled the solemn
servants, who were marshalled to usher him in, but his
face of dismay, when a second old lady was brought up
to him, was truly comical!
Sir John Login steadily resisted all the proposals of
different religious bodies to bring forward the distin-
guished convert to Christianity on public platforms,
and strenuous efforts were made by the Exeter Hall
party to induce him to allow his name to appear in
religious and missionary reports.
He explained his reasons fully to Lord Shaftesbury,
who acknowledged their force and propriety; and this
correspondence was the commencement of a warm and
sincere friendship between them. Login's Indian
experience being frequently called upon, for the benefit
of missionary and philanthropic work, during their
many conferences in London, and at Lord Shaftesbury's
country house, St. Giles, he was also brought into
close correspondence, with the Secretary of the Church
Missionary Society, the Rev. Henry Venn.
Hitherto, since the arrival of the Maharajah in
England, the subject of the Koh-i-noor had not been
touched on in conversation in his presence;
his
t
"
z 2
340
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
1854-56.
Chapter Governor and Lady Login were, however, well aware
XI. of his sentiments on the matter, as, indeed, he had
made no secret of them. They knew that, to him,
"the Koh-i-noor" meant something beyond a mere
jewel of fabulous value,-in his eyes, and in the eyes
of Oriental nations, it was an object of superstitious
veneration, as the symbol of imperial sovereignty over
Hindostan, and the countries adjacent, marking its
possessor as chief among the rulers of Southern Asia ;
it was on this account that Runjeet Singh had made
such strenuous efforts to get it into his hands, as
setting the seal to his ambitious designs, and for this
reason, too, that he never trusted it far from his own
person, but had it always conveyed with him, under a
strong guard, wherever he went.
Lady Login was present, by special desire, at all the
sittings for the Maharajah's portrait, given by him at
Buckingham Palace. At one of these, the Queen, in
the course of conversation, asked her, "If the
Maharajah ever spoke of the Koh-i-noor, and, if so,
did he seem to regret it?" observing, at the same time,
that she had never mentioned the jewel to him, and
would feel a certain delicacy about wearing it in his
presence. Lady Login replied, that he had never
spoken of it since he came to England, though he
had often done so in India, and had been greatly
interested in the descriptions of the operation of
re-cutting it. Her Majesty then said, that she hoped
Lady Login would be able, before the next sitting,
ENGLAND.
341
1
XI.
to ascertain what the Maharajah's feelings were on Chapter
the subject, and whether he would care to see it, 1854-56.
now that it was re-cut, adding, "Remember to tell
me all he says."
The task was by no means an easy one to Lady
Login, for she dreaded what the Maharajah might
say, and did not wish to bring the matter formally
into discussion. No good opportunity presented itself,
as the days went on, until just the day before the
next sitting, when, as she was riding with him in
Richmond Park, she managed to lead the conversation
up to the subject. Then trying to put the question in
a casual manner, "Would you like to see the Koh-i-
noor again?" she waited in some anxiety for his
reply. "Yes," was his answer, "I would give a great
deal to hold it again in my own hand?" "Why? For
what reason?" "I should like to have it in my
power myself to place it in Her hand, now that I am a
man. I was only a child then, when I surrendered it
to Her by the Treaty; but now I am old enough to
understand."
The feeling of relief caused by this answer was
great, and it was with a light heart she repeated it to
the Queen on the following day.
Unknown to the Maharajah, who was engaged
with the painter at the further end of the room,
Her Majesty at once gave orders for the Koh-i-
noor to be sent for from the Tower. After some
interval, there was a slight bustle near the door;
}
342
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
an-
Chapter the arrival of the jewel and its escort was
XI. nounced; and it was brought in, and presented to the
Queen.
1854-56.
Taking the diamond in Her hand, Her Majesty then
advanced to the daïs, on which the Maharajah was
posed for his portrait, and, before the astonished young
man realized what was passing, he found himself once
more with the Koh-i-noor in his hand, while the
Queen was asking him if "he thought it improved?
and whether he would have recognized it again?"
At first sight, indeed, he would hardly have done so,
the cutting and European setting had so altered its
character; yet, in spite of these, it remained still the
"Mountain of Light," and it was with some emotion.
and eagerness that he walked to the window and
minutely examined it, making remarks on its
diminished size and greater brilliancy, whilst the
spectators could not help watching his movements
with some anxiety. It was a nervous quarter of an
hour for Lady Login!
But, when at length he had finished his inspection,
Duleep Singh walked across the room, and, with a low
obeisance, presented the Koh-i-noor to his Sovereign,
expressing in a few graceful words the pleasure
it afforded him to have this opportunity of himself
placing it in Her hands. Whereupon he quietly
resumed his place on the daïs, and the artist continued
his work.
The Queen and Prince Consort held many conver-
ENGLAND. .
343
XI.
sations with Login, on the subject of the Maharajah,* Chapter
and took particular interest in all the details given 1854-56.
them, with regard to his education. The Pundit,
Nehemiah Goreh, having been mentioned in high terms
on one of these occasions, Her Majesty expressed
wish to have him presented to Her; it was arranged
that Sir John should bring him to the Palace, where he
was received in private audience, as the Prince was
desirous of an opportunity of personally questioning
this learned and interesting Brahmin convert.
The Maharajah witnessed, for the first time, the
ceremony of the Prorogation of Parliament, and, by her
Majesty's special direction, was accommodated with a
seat on the "woolsack."
-
MY LORD,
Letter from LOGIN to LORD DALHOUSIE.
ROEHAMPTON, Nov. 22nd, 1854.
I had the pleasure of seeing Sir G. Couper a few days ago,
and he mentioned that he had acquainted your Lordship, by last
mail, that it was Her Majesty's intention to confer the honour of
knighthood upon me, so that your Lordship will have been
prepared for the announcement of it in the Gazette. It has been
as much a spontaneous act of Her Majesty's favour, as it is
possible to be, and can only be considered in the light of a com-
* Her Majesty was very anxious thoroughly to understand the Maharajah's
history and position, and by her request, Login drew up a memorandum on the
subject for her private perusal, from which document much information in the
earlier portion of this work has been culled.
:
344
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter pliment to the Maharajah, and a token of Her Majesty's high
XI. approval and encouragement. For my own part, I must confess
1854-56. that I should feel more easy under my new dignity, if a good
many others, who have far higher claims, were equally honoured.
Sir James Melvill, while expressing his own satisfaction at this
mark of Her Majesty's approval, assures me that it has been
highly gratifying to the Court of Directors.
The Maharajah expresses himself much pleased that Her
Majesty has thus honoured me, but he is shrewd enough to see
that the compliment will be fully more useful to himself than
to me.
It was Sir James Melvill himself who suggested that I should look
out for a larger and better residence for His Highness than that
at Wimbledon, which was the only one available at the time, and
this was backed by Sir Frederick Currie and Sir George Pollock.
I mention this, in case you may think that I have been asking for
"marks of consideration" from the Court of Directors !
more
At the Treasury, I have found Sir Charles Trevelyan most
anxious to help me, and, through his kind representations, the
Maharajah has been exempted from income-tax, and all other
assessed taxes. This has been done without any official repre-
sentation, or question as to its légality, merely as a matter of
expediency, and by private reference to the Inland Revenue
Board, which Sir Charles has had the kindness to arrange for me.
I am anxious, however, that the Maharajah should be fully aware
of the value and extent of these exemptions and "marks of con-
sideration" which have been shown to him; and I have given
him to understand that I have not been exerting myself merely to
give him a greater amount of money to hoard up, but to enable
him to be generous and liberal. His natural disposition is, I am
afraid, very much the reverse of this; indeed, at times, I am
ashamed of his stinginess; but so long as I find him willing to
agree to any act of liberality I may recommend, I ought not
to complain that he never originates any!
+
345
ENGLAND.
As it is now time that he should begin to take an interest in his Chapter
own accounts, I propose to make over to him the management and
XI.
direction of all charitable disbursements as a commencement, and 1854-56.
to show him how much he has it in his power to be bountiful, in
consequence of the liberality which has been shown to him.
I intend, in addition to his ordinary allowance for charitable
purposes, to place. to the credit of this fund for benevolent
purposes--
1st.-The amount saved to him by the liberality of the Court
of Directors in furnishing him with a residence during his
stay in England.
2nd. Amount saved by exemption from income and assessed
taxes.
3rd. By remission of import duties on his baggage.
4th.-Discount on tradesmen's bills, and, perhaps, the table
allowance paid by me, on account of myself and family.
In his position, and with the disposition he evinces, I think it
will be very desirable to set off all these items, in order that he
may see how much the liberality of others has placed in his
power.
Whether he may apply it all to benevolent purposes will
depend on himself. He has already, out of this fund, agreed to
give 1,000 rupees for yearly prizes at the schools at Amritsur, near
Lahore; £100 to the Patriotic Fund; a donation of £500 to an
Institution for Destitute Natives of Distant Lands, of whom there
are now so many in London, and is to subscribe £250 annually
for its support during his stay in England.
ROEHAMPTON, Dec. 23rd, 1854.
I have to thank your Lordship for your kind letters of Sept. and
Oct. 21st. I am very much gratified to hear that Her Majesty
should have Herself informed you of the good impression which
;
346
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter the Maharajah had made, and of the genuine interest which she
XI. takes in him.
1854-56.
I have already acquainted your Lordship that the Maharajah
has had an opportunity of meeting the Coorg Princess, and that
he was favourably impressed with what he had seen of her. She
is, indeed, an amiable and engaging little girl, and, so far as one
can judge, is likely to turn out well. Mrs. Drummond has brought
her several times to visit my wife and children, and the Maha-
rajah has also twice called on the Princess and Mrs. Drummond,
with me. I am, however, very anxious, that any advances
towards intimacy should come from himself, and I know that,
although he is inclined to be pleased with her, he is rather appre-
hensive of leading her to expect too much from his attentions!
I have little doubt, if it were not for her father's character, and the
dread he has of coming into contact with him, he would be more
disposed to cultivate acquaintance with her. As I have, however,
been lately engaged in reading the History of the Sikhs with him,
and especially Carmichael Smyth's 'Reigning Family of
Lahore," he perceives that, in respect to their parents, they are
similarly situated, and that the same feeling which may prevent
him from wishing to be connected with the Rajah of Coorg's family,
is likely to be an obstacle to his forming an alliance elsewhere.
I have thought it right that he should be aware that everything
regarding his early history is known in England, and that the
attention and kindness which have been shown to him have been
caused by a desire to encourage him to raise himself out of the
mire of treachery, murder, and debauchery, in which, but for
God's grace, he would have been overwhelmed. As he is now
able to appreciate the difference between the standard of Christian
morality, which he ought to aim at, and the miserable debauchery
from which he has escaped, I think that the perusal of the history
of the Sikhs, and of his family (which he acknowledges to be on
the whole correct), is likely to be useful to him, especially if
accompanied with remarks, introduced with sufficient delicacy, by
ENGLAND.
347
XI.
one who has his welfare much at heart, and that it is calculated Chapter
not only to render him contented, but most thankful to have
escaped from the dangerous position in which he had been placed. 1854-56.
Your Lordship is doubtless aware that Her Majesty has been
pleased, after due consideration, to give the Maharajah the rank
and precedence of an European Prince. When the Queen did me
the honour to ask me what were the Maharajah's own wishes on
the subject, I said that His Highness was so confident of Her
Majesty's goodwill towards him, that he was satisfied that she
would graciously order what might appear best for him. In con-
versation with Colonel Phipps, regarding the manner in which
His Highness was to be received at Osborne, I agreed with his
suggestion, that the Maharajah should go down to the Isle of
Wight to reside for a short time, and be invited to dine frequently
at Osborne, being received and treated as a subject of high rank;
and I was therefore taken by surprise when Colonel Phipps
informed me, some time afterwards, that it had been, on consider-
tion, determined that he should have the rank and precedence of
an European Prince. I mention this, in case you may think that I
have been taking any part in this `elevation.*
-
The Maharajah was made very happy during his
visit to Osborne. The Queen and the Prince Consort
treated him with the most gracious kindliness, and
*It is the intention of the Queen to invite the Maharajah to come down here
for a couple of days early in next week. . . .. I will take care that one of Her
Majesty's yachts shall be in attendance in the docks . . . . to bring His High-
ness over. You are probably aware that, after deliberation, Her Majesty has been
advised that the Maharajah is entitled, in this country, to the same rank and pre-
cedence as an European Prince.—Quotation from a letter to Login from Sir Charles
Phipps, dated Osborne, Aug. 14th, 1854. -
ין
}
348
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
}
21
1854-56.
with
Chapter all the royal children made much of him, treating him
XI. as if he were one of themselves. The Princesses
introduced him to their special domain-the Swiss
châlet in the park, which was fitted up for them with
all conveniences for cooking and housewifery; here
they entertained him and their brothers, and
exhibited their skill in cookery. The Maharajah
thoroughly appreciated the joke, when the Princes,
affecting greater proficiency in the art of boiling
potatoes, basely took forcible possession of the cottage,
locked out the rightful owners, and, with Duleep
Singh's valuable (!) assistance, proceeded themselves
to prepare the repast.
From this time forward, a correspondence was
established, between the Maharajah and the young
Princes, and many letters (now extant) bear witness
to their cordiality and friendliness towards him.
Birthday-presents were exchanged, and sketches
executed by the Prince of Wales and Prince Alfred
are still to be seen, treasured in the same book with
photographs of the Royal Family, taken by the
Maharajah on one of these visits, with the friendly
assistance of the Prince Consort. In some of these
photographs, the young Princes are seen dressed in
the Maharajah's Indian costumes.
The Queen never forgot the Maharajah's birthday ;
as regularly as it came round arrived the royal
birthday-gift. A valuable thorough-bred hunter was
the first of these; he also received, at different times,
1
ENGLAND.
349
:
a dog, a beautiful time-piece, and other gracious Chapter
tokens of her kindly interest in him.
At Lord Hardinge's invitation, the Maharajah, Sir
John and Lady Login paid a visit to South Park,
near Penshurst. They spent here a delightful week
among the pretty Kentish scenery, and the Maharajah
did his best to carry out Sir William Sleeman's
injunctions!* As the Maharajah's horses had been sent
down beforehand, the party were able to take many
rides, and thoroughly explore the neighbourhood
around. The late Governor-General (then Commander-
in-Chief in England, in succession to the Duke of
Wellington) was a fine, hale-looking, old man, with
the remarkable bright-blue eyes peculiar to his race,
and it was with a grand, old-world courtesy that he
received as his guest the ex-Sovereign, whose armies
he had defeated in three bloody fights, yet whose crown
and kingdom he had magnanimously spared.
This was Duleep Singh's first experience of English
country life; later on, with Sir John and Lady Login,
he went down to Scotland for a short time, and from
Edinburgh, paid a visit to Lord Morton at Dalmahoy.
On the return journey, they stopped for a week
at Hickleton Hall, in Yorkshire, belonging to Sir
Charles Wood (afterwards Lord Halifax); at Went-
worth, the seat of Earl Fitzwilliam; and at Teddesley,
Lord Hatherton's place in Staffordshire; and thus
•
* See ante, p. 326.
XI.
1854-56.
350
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter extended his acquaintance with the homes of English
XI.
1854-56.
noblemen.
in all its phases,
As he was very
He thoroughly enjoyed English life
and acquired a keen taste for sport.
anxious to get some shooting in the Highlands, Castle
Menzies, in Perthshire, was hired for a period, from
Sir Robert Menzies, and the two or three succeeding
years of his English life were mostly passed there, the
house at Roehampton being occupied merely during
the winter and spring months.
It had been decided by Lord Dalhousie that Duleep
Singh should attain his majority at the age of
eighteen, although, according to Sikh custom and
the Treaty of Bhyrowal,* his minority would end when
he became sixteen, when, had he not been deposed in
1849, he would have been left to himself to manage
his kingdom. As time was now passing, the Maha-
rajah was naturally anxious to know what arrange-
ment (if any) was contemplated for his future; and the
following letter to Lord Dalhousie will show that at
this early period the question was already being
pressed, by Login, on the attention of Government :-
WIMBLEDON, Oct., 1854.
Sir Charles Wood has no doubt told your Lordship the opinion
he had formed of the Maharajah, on closer acquaintance, during
his visit at Hickleton, and he told me, that he had also communi-
* See Appendix.
ENGLAND.
351
cated with you on the subject of his settlement on coming of age. Chapter
Since the visit to Hickleton, His Highness has spoken to me on XI.
the matter, and I think it right that your Lordship should be
informed of the views he entertains, in order that I may be able,
efore the question is settled, to prepare His Highness for such
an arrangement as may be decided upon. On mentioning to the
Maharajah that it was very desirable that the arrangements for
his settlement on coming of age should be made while your
Lordship remained in India, he quite agreed with me. And I
then asked him what his own wishes were on the subject? He
said that his own wishes at present were, not to receive an
assignment of land or any estate from Government, as in that
case he would feel under obligations to reside there, and could
not, perhaps, have the power to dispose of it, if he wished to do
so, but that he was anxious that such accumulations as may
have taken place during his minority, by lapses of pensions from
the allowance of “not less than four lakhs, and not more than five
lakhs, per annum," to which he and his family and servants were
entitled by the Treaty, should then be made over to him, and
that from that sum he could appropriate a part to purchase an
estate, and allow the balance to be deposited for him in
Government securities. His Highness is evidently under the
impression that the "not less than four lakhs " mentioned in the
Treaty were to be allowed to him and his family and servants in
perpetuity, and that he is entitled to such accumulations as may
take place by lapses of pensions from this fund; and, as your Lord-
ship may view the matter in a different light, it is very necessary
that you should be apprised of it, to prevent any future mis-
understanding.
I told him that I should mention his wishes to your Lordship,
and also to Sir Charles Wood, but said, at the same time, that he
might rest satisfied that whatever justice and goodwill towards
him might dictate would be done.
As His Highness had never before so decidedly expressed his own
1854-56.
T
352
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
.
•
Chapter wishes, I am anxious that your Lordship should know them, and
XI. that you will favour me with your instructions.
I shall, of
course, say nothing on the subject to him, until I hear from your
Lordship.
1854-56.
Since his return to Wimbledon, he has been applying himsel
assiduously to his studies. My letter from Edinburgh would give
all particulars of His Highness's visit to Dalhousie Castle. He
certainly enjoyed his stay at Hickleton Hall, where he made
many new acquaintances, and, I think, made a very favourable
impression on all.
Yours,
J. S. L.
MY DEAR LOGIN,
GOVERNMENT HOUSE, Nov. 11th, 1854.
It gave me great pleasure to receive letters from you and the
Maharajah when at Edinburgh, and to learn that you had paid a
visit to my children, at the Castle.
You may well believe that I anticipate my daughter Susan's
coming with great delight, not free, however, from anxiety
regarding this pestilent climate. I have resolved to go next
summer to the Neilgherries, as practically the nearest point to
Calcutta at which I could take refuge. We are all very quiet here
in India. Instead of a Russian army from Cabul, we have
received a friendly mission from the Ameer, and I am in daily
expectation of a similar mission from the King of Ava. Your
former potentate, the King of Oude, is very ill. He has "wined,
womened, and wasted" himself to death's door, and I fear we shall
have that wretched Government prolonged, throughout another
minority. Old Sleeman is quite done. Colonel Outram is to act,
and will, no doubt, remain permanently.
I remain, my dear Login,
Yours very truly,
DALHOUSIE.
*
ENGLAND.
353
MY LORD,
ROEHAMPTON, April 9th, 1855. Chapter
The Maharajah continues to apply himself to his studies,
and has made much more progress than formerly, because he
now puts some heart in his work. At present he devotes his
bw.
attention to the German language, which, from its affinity to
the Sanscrit and Hindu is, he thinks, more likely to be useful to
him than French.
XI.
1854-56.
Perhaps his intercourse with the Prince Consort has been
a spur to application in this particular branch. He has great
facility in acquiring languages, however, and this is likely
to be very useful to him, if he travels. Among his other
accomplishments, he is learning photography, with much
success. This also has been greatly encouraged by the Prince
Consort, who has taken great interest in his progress. He
has had the honour of dining with Her Majesty several times
since I last wrote, and continues to receive most kind
attention. The Queen has caused a likeness of him to be
published, from Winterhalter's picture, and I think the artist
has been most successful. I am happy to say that he does
not appear to be in any way spoiled by these attentions; he
seems to appreciate them in a very proper way. On receiving
your Lordship's last letter, I explained to him (as you requested
me) his mistake in supposing that lapses from the four
lakhs were to fall in to him to increase his allowances. He
listened in silence, making no remark, but appeared satisfied
to trust his future settlement, on coming of age, to the justice
and liberality of your Lordship and the British Government.
I mentioned in a former letter that His Highness intended
to subscribe liberally to get up a Home for Strangers-Asiatics,
Africans, &c., visiting London. He was present at a meeting
held for the purpose a fortnight since, and there is every.
prospect of the institution being successful. I am quite aware of
the danger to be apprehended, in allowing him to occupy too
AA
354
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter conspicuous a position in such matters; but I trust, with
XI. prudence, to avoid all risk, and, at the same time, enable him
1854-56. to effect much good; this seemed especially an object which
he ought to help.
I think I told your Lordship that I was engaged in making
up a conveyance for the wounded in the field. I think I have
been successful, and that I have been able to turn my Indian
experience in such matters to good account..
With earnest wishes for your restoration to health,

I remain, &c.,
J. S. L.
Jan., 1855. -
་
MY DEAR LOGIN,
·
Your description of Duleep's life in England is really very
gratifying. If this lad does not grow up with right notions and
principles, and well-directed sentiments, it certainly will not
be your fault. I agree with you, that if he will only follow when
rightly led, we need not be disappointed that he does not
lead the way.
I have no right to consider you under my
authority at present; but you may be assured that the
unrestrained correspondence between us is a real pleasure
to me. The Queen has again mentioned to me the Maharajah's
second visit, and she also alluded to the Coorg affair. I am glad
to find that it promises well, and I hope may come to some-
thing, although, like other cases of "true love," it may not
always run smooth!
I am very shaky, and nearly done.
I beg to offer my most sincere congratulations to Lady Login,
which I omitted to do before, when I wrote to congratulate
you.
Believe me, my dear Login,
Yours very truly,
DALHOUSIE.
ENGLAND.
355
XI.
1854-56. ·
Duleep Singh's education continued all this time to Chapter
be regularly carried on by masters for the various
subjects, and, on the whole, he made very fair progress,
though there was always a difficulty in keeping his
attention alive. He had a great admiration for
Shakespeare, even if he could not quite reach the
same pitch of enthusiasm as his English master, who,
to the amusement of his pupil, always spoke of " the
divine William" as an emanation! In the study of
German he made some advance, but Italian was his
favourite European language; and as he contemplated
a lengthened residence in Italy during the following
year, his Italian tutor, Signor Montanari, accompanied
him to Scotland, to continue his instruction. The Rev.
Henry Estridge, an Oxford coach, was at the same
time engaged as resident English tutor, and re-
mained in that capacity, and as companion to the
Maharajah.
Soon after coming to England, Sir John Login
obtained from Lord Hardinge a commission in a
Queen's regiment in India for Charles Boileau, and
received from a member of the Court of Directors the
promise of a cadetship for the other brother, Frank.
He had thus the satisfaction of seeing both lads launched
in the world under favourable auspices. Entering the
Company's army, Frank Boileau* landed in India
* Now Lieut.-Colonel commanding the Mhairwarra Battalion.
AA 2
356
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter just before the Mutiny broke out, served at the siege
XI. of Delhi, where he was severely wounded, and was
1854-56. obliged to invalid home in 1859.
The Boileaus having left, Duleep Singh now
found congenial companions in the young Leslie-
Melvilles, sons of the Earl of Leven, who lived near
him at Roehampton. With them he had constant
intercourse, and greatly enjoyed their society, and
that of other lads of his own age. Granard Lodge,
the house at Roehampton, then occupied by the
Maharajah, could only be got for six months, but
Ashburton Court was afterwards secured for as long as
he cared to live near London.
Young Tom Scott had come to England with his
mother for his education some time before this, and
was, later on, sent by Login to a tutor at Wimbledon,
to prepare for the army. Mrs. Scott, after remaining
two or three years in Europe, returned to India in 1856.
Just before sailing, in December, she came down to Ash-
burton Court on a visit to her friends, and then Login
undertook to see after her son, whom she was leaving
behind her. He was enabled, through the kindness of
Sir Henry Rawlinson, to procure him a commission in
the Indian army.
Poor Mrs. Scott! Little did those who then bade.
her farewell dream of the awful death she was going
forth to meet, and that her son, on following her to
India, would be met on landing by the terrible
announcement that his mother, brother, and sister,
ENGLAND.
357
were among the first victims of the outbreak of the Chapter
mutiny in the vicinity of Lucknow !
Sir John was beset by requests from photographers
and illustrated papers for permission to take Duleep
Singh's likeness for publication; but this he always
steadily refused, on the plea, that the Maharajah was
in England for the purpose of study, and had no
desire to court notoriety.
Besides the portrait by Winterhalter, the Queen
ordered a bust of the Maharajah to be executed by
Baron Marochetti, which, by Her Majesty's directions,
was afterwards "tinted" by Mr. Millais, somewhat in
the style which Gibson's "Venus" rendered so much
in vogue at this period.*
Addiscombe was at this time the Military College of
the East India Company, and the Maharajah having,
at Login's suggestion, given a yearly prize to be com-
peted for by the cadets, he was present, as the guest of
the Governor (Sir Frederick Abbott), at the annual
inspection and prize-giving, and was an interested
spectator of the "sports," although neither then nor
afterwards did he evince any special military tastes.
The close of the Crimean War brought to the notice
of the public the hard case of many discharged soldiers,
who had faithfully served their Queen and country,
XI.
1854-56.
* A bust of the Princess Victoria Gouramma of Coorg was treated in the
same manner; they are both to be seen now in the gallery at Windsor.
358
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
}
1854-56.
Chapter yet whose pension was insufficient to form their sole
XI. support, and whose wounds disabled them from earning
their livelihood in any save the lightest forms of
employment. Sir John Login was one of the first to
urge their cause, and before the
and-before the Corps of Com
missionaires was formed, of which he was one of the
original promoters-he was the very first to set the
example of employing these men in positions of trust,
by taking into the Maharajah's service, in the year
1855, six of these wounded heroes as stablemen, house-
porters, and gardeners.
One of them, Harry Naylor, a handsome young
dragoon, had been in the famous "Balaclava Charge,"
and his appearance as a groom in the Maharajah's
livery, his breast covered with medals, attracted much
attention on the part of strangers.
At Castle Menzies the Maharajah received at
different times many distinguished visitors,* and met
with much kindness and attention from the neighbour-
ing landowners, particularly the Marquis of Breadal-
bane and the Duke of Athole, whose acquaintance he
had already made in town.
The friendly intercourse with Taymouth was a
*
Among these were most of the chief officials at the India House, viz., Sir
James Hogg and his son Colonel Hogg (now Lord Magheramorne), Mr. Vernon
Smith (Lord Lyveden), Sir James Melvill, Sir George Pollock (afterwards Field-
also Mr. Dudley
Marshal), Sir Frederick Currie, Colonel Sykes, &c. . . .
Marjoribanks (Lord Tweedmouth), the Earl of Leven, Lord Hatherton, Mr. John
Bright, Mr. Ellice, M.P, and many others.
ENGLAND.
359
+
XI.
pleasant feature of the sojourn at Castle Menzies. Chapter
Lord Breadalbane (at that time Lord Chamberlain), 1854-56.
entertained as his guests a constant succession of
eminent personages, to many of whom the Indian
Prince was an object of great interest; in this way, he
met Archbishop Tait (then Bishop of London), the
Bishop of Oxford (Samuel Wilberforce), Lord
Clarendon, the Duke of Leeds, Mr. Delane, editor of
the Times, Lord Bathurst, Lady Ailesbury, Lord
and Lady Kintore, and Lord Stratford de Redcliffe.
Great amusement was created at Castle Menzies on
more than one occasion when the Duke of Athole's
party arrived to luncheon, having driven all the way
from Blair Athole, a distance of about fifteen miles, in
the so-called "boat-carriage." It really consisted of a
boat on wheels; and however convenient it might have
been-as the Duke was fond of pointing out-for
crossing rivers or lochs, it could scarcely be called an
elegant equipage, or comfortable for a long journey.
The Duke of Athole persuaded the Maharajah to
adopt the "kilt" for shooting on the moors, and
undertook the ordering of one for him from his own
tailor!
Seeing their master wearing the Highland dress,
the ambition of several of the Maharajah's English
servants was fired to exhibit themselves also in that
becoming costume. Thornton, who had accompanied
His Highness from India as his valet, often attended
him on the moors wearing the kilt; but this fell far
}
360
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter short of the ambition of Russell, the butler, who went
XI. in for a full-dress costume of the royal tartan, with
1854-56. sporran, silver ornaments, and all complete! Being a
fine-looking man, no doubt he thought the result
repaid him.
asked Sir John
One evening at dinner, Lady
what distinguished visitor had called at the Castle that
afternoon? as she had been absent at Taymouth. He
named several ladies, but Lady enquired if no
gentleman had been there; because, she said, as
she drove over the Weem Bridge, she met an
aristocratic-looking stranger, in full Highland dress,
evidently on his way to the Castle, and she was
afraid that her admiration must have been expressed
in her countenance, for he actually blushed as he
gracefully doffed his cap! Both Sir John and the
Maharajah had seen the person in question, and knew
it to be Russell, who was at that moment filling the
lady's glass with wine, which, in his trepidation, he
managed to spill all over her and the table, and so
created a diversion, under cover of which he effected
his escape from the room!
Picnics were a great delight at this time; the
house-party used to go out on the moor and meet the
sportsmen at an appointed spot, where luncheon was
spread. Ponies were allotted to the ladies, each led
by a gillie, or groom, and it was very amusing to see
the competition that went on to get the "Balaclava
hero," Harry Naylor, as escort.
1
A
ENGLAND.
361
1854-56.
At one of these picnics, a renowned professor, who Chapter
had come from London to teach the Maharajah botany, XI.
fell a victim to his ignorance of entomology; for,
selecting a nice green grassy hummock as his seat
at lunch, in the middle of the repast he suddenly
precipitated himself with a yell into the centre of
the table-cloth, knife and fork in hand, having
discovered that he was sitting on an ant's nest all
the while! Later in the afternoon the Professor
was found testing the depth of the various pools in
the neighbouring burn on his way home!
"
The Maharajah was able once more to indulge his
passion for hawking, and his hawking-parties attracted
much attention and curiosity, as the revival of an old
sport now almost obsolete in Britain. John Barr, the
well-known falconer, was in his service, and no expense
was spared in securing first-rate falcons.
""
>>
The small group of houses known as the "toun
of Weem lay just outside the gates of the park at
Castle Menzies, and here was the parish kirk which
the family and household attended every "Sabbath.
The long sermons then usual in the Scottish kirk were
rather a tax on Duleep Singh's patience, though his
behaviour was most exemplary, even when the
metrical Psalms were led off by the precentor, with
the aid of a tuning-fork,-ostentatiously exhibited as if
it were a species of musical instrument—and though
the situation was rather trying for him, when, after
praying for the Queen and Royal Family, the old
362
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter minister invariably added a petition, enumerating the
- XI. particular graces he desired for "the Prince now
sojourning amongst us.'
1854-56.
>>
An amusing incident occurred one Sunday at the
Free Kirk, Aberfeldy, which some of the household
were in the habit of attending in the afternoon.
The day was very sultry, and the congregation
consequently rather somnolently inclined; especially
was this the case with the Castle Menzies' servants,
who were tired with their long, dusty walk. The
text was from Acts xvi. 14—“Lydia, a seller of
purple," and the voice of the minister, a noted
preacher, acted on all as a soothing charm; when,
perhaps, becoming aware of this fact, he suddenly
thumped the pulpit cushion, and raising his voice,
declaimed in stentorian tones, And-Lydia-."
Instantly, to the amazement of the preacher and
congregation, a voice from the gallery replied, "Yes,
Sir John!" while an unfortunate stillroom-maid,
whose name happened to be Lydia, being observed
at the same time standing erect in her pew and gazing
•
round with bewilderment and consternation, revealed
at once the fact that here was the author of this
unseemly interruption, self-convicted of sleeping
during the sermon!
The adulation paid to the young Prince at this
time, especially by ladies, was not calculated to
produce a beneficial effect upon him, though, to
his credit be it said, he seemed to prefer the plain-
Γ
!
}
ENGLAND.
363
XI.
speaking, or honest censure, by which his friends Chapter
sought to counteract such lavish and unwise flattery. 1854-56.
There is no intention to portray Duleep Singh as a
perfect character, or saint. He was surrounded by
temptations of an unusual sort, yet had hitherto
led a blameless life as regards morality. Some
infirmities of temper, indolence, or selfishness, showed
themselves with, perhaps, the Oriental tendency to
be indifferent to suffering. Of the latter, an instance
may be given :-
During the first shooting season at Castle Menzies,
when the house was full of guests, there arose one
evening at dinner much chaffing talk amongst the
young men concerning a cat which had been shot,
when discharging their guns near the village, on their
way home.
Sir John "hoped it was not a poor
woman's pet." Duleep Singh "did not care if it
were! It had no business there!"
Lady
,
devoted admirer of the Maharajah,
when enlarging afterwards in the drawing-room to the
other ladies on his gentleness and amiability, under-
took to prove her words, by dressing up in character
as the poor woman who had lost her cat, in order to
excite his compassion.*
""
On the entry of the gentlemen, therefore, a poor,
weeping woman was found in the billiard-room,
"waiting to see His Highness.' So pathetically
did she relate the story of the loss of her favourite
and only companion, her "puir cattie," that young
364
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter Alick Lawrence, Sir Henry's son, was moved almost to
.XI. tears, and, stepping forward, entreated her to "
1854-56.
cry no
more it distressed him to think of the accident-
would she accept ten shillings from him as a small
compensation?" &c. This was not what Lady
wanted, so she redoubled her efforts to gain some sign
from the Maharajah.
He stood unmoved the while, save that his eyes.
blazed with anger. At last, losing patience, he burst
out, shaking his billiard cue in her face, "Yes! cry,
cry till you are tired! Don't let your brutes cross my
path. Not a penny shall you get from me!" Then,
laying no gentle hand on her arm, Begone, I
say!"
66
At this moment Lord -, recognizing his wife,
and thinking the joke had gone quite far enough,
addressed her by name, and she, to the Maharajah's.
consternation, dropped her disguise, which had been
so perfect that none had suspected it.
One of the few ladies present lately gave this
account to Lady Login, who was herself an invalid
at the time.
Possibly the contrast between his own conduct and
that of young Lawrence might have been more apparent
to Duleep Singh, had he not been assured by Lady
when he tried to apologize for his discourtesy, that
she "had only admired his princely air of command,"
and felt he was every inch a king when pointing
her to the door," &c.
ENGLAND.
36.5
Letter from SIR HENRY LAWRENCE, K.C.B.
MY DEAR LOGIN,
MOUNT ABOO, June 10th, 1856.
Many thanks for the Maharajah, Lady Login's, and your
kindness to my son Alick. I will be glad of your taking every
opportunity to urge on Alick the necessity of exertion, at this
period of his life. You have been accustomed to deal with
youths, and might influence him much. He is very amiable, but
unenergetic. I fancy, too, that in spite of all I have said, he does
not realize the need for steady application. I am very anxious.
about him, soul and body! This is his time of trial, for he is
surrounded by temptations, that nothing but the grace of God
can protect him from. I shall be most grateful for any help you
can give.
-
We have good accounts of Duleep Singh from different quarters ;
our friend Mr. Jay writes me, that he has received a very
gratifying letter from him. I am sorry, on many accounts, that Mr.
Jay refused the Chaplaincy of Kussowlee, even though a good man
has got it. Mr. Jay now wishes to get a hill-station, on account
of his child's health. I hope he may get Dugshaie. I am
anxious to get good men of moderate temper near Mr. Parker, as
fly-wheels on his energies. The asylum, now that the lower
orphan school is added to it, will be an engine of great good. I.
have often been surprised that the Maharajah has never himself
given me a rupee for it, especially as he must know you do.
You have made him give liberally to other Indian charities,
but doubtless you have a delicacy as regards mine, from our
personal friendship.
I should have thought that his kindly feelings towards me
would have induced him. While he was in India, I did not feel
justified in mentioning the subject to him, and even now I don't
wish you to do more than show him the last report, and say that
the Asylum is in debt.
Chapter
XI.
1854-56,
366
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH,
Chapter I have built a school here for fifty, and have twenty-three
XI. children always. I hope soon to have another at Neilgherries.
1854-56.
With kindest love to Lady Login.
Ever yours affectionately,
HENRY M. LAWRENCE.
P.S.-I enclose a letter to the Maharajah.
The following year, Duleep Singh, having gone to
the Highlands early in the season for salmon fishing,
wrote from thence to his guardian
MY DEAR GOOD FRIEND,
CASTLE MENZIES, June 30th, 1856.
I enclose in this a note for the Prince of Wales; will you
kindly send it on?
I intended to write to you before, but there is little to write
about. We are getting on pretty well with our housekeeping,
and are all well. I did not catch a salmon, as I hoped, the day
you left; but as soon as I catch one myself, it shall be sent straight
to Lady Login, at Roehampton.
I commenced lessons seriously this morning with Mr. House,
and hope to get on very well with him. I trust to hear that
Lady Login, and all of you, continue to be quite well. When
will Lady Login and the children come to Castle Menzies, for I
begin to feel very lonely without them? I miss them dreadfully.
I hope Hancock sent the things I ordered for the little one. With
my love to the children.
I remain, yours affectionately,
DULEEP SINGH.
P.S.-Please bring the "Treasury of Histories" when you
come. It was packed for India.
1
CHAPTER XII.
ITALY.
[Readers already satiated with descriptions of
Italian travel are recommended to skip this chapter.]
1856-57.
As a tour on the Continent formed part of the scheme Chapter
for the Maharajah's education, it was arranged that, XII.
previous to his return to India, he should spend some
months in France and Italy. Accordingly, in Decem-
ber, 1856, he left England, accompanied by Sir John
and Lady Login, and by his friend, Mr. Ronald Leslie-
Melville (then an undergraduate of Christ Church,
Oxon.), whom he had persuaded to join the party. To
avoid publicity, and ceremonious receptions at the
various foreign Courts, it was thought advisable that
the Prince should travel as a private individual, under
the name of "Mr. Login."
As the party travelled in the old-fashioned style,
taking their own carriages with them from England,
the following quotations, from a diary kept at this
:
}
气
​
368-
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter period, may prove amusing to those unfamiliar with
XII. the Italy of thirty years ago :-
1856-57.
CANNES, Jan. 2nd, 1857.
Made our first essay, at Marseilles, in travelling by post, in our
own carriages, for there is no more rail after that place. You
would have been amused to see the carriages starting a long
string of horses to each, and each postillion dressed diff herently;
one only had any pretension to being smart, and he had jack-
boots, a sheepskin át, a conical hat with a flower in it, and a
pipe Tn his mouth! We pitied him very much, for it was a hot
day, and he must have been nearly boiled in that warm coat,
after bumping up and down so long (for he did not rise in his
stirrups like an English postillion). The horses are great, heavy,
strong animals, all decorated with bells. The harness is
wretched, and always breaking, being mostly of rope; the
traces are always rope, and very insecure. One postillion manages
four horses, sitting on one of the wheelers, and guiding those
before with reins. We enjoyed the posting very much, and all
got out and walked on through the villages, when we stopped to
change horses. In the evening we reached Brignolles, our halting
place; the cracking of the postillions' whips, as they come near
their destination, is something astonishing; it is like a succession
of pistol shots let off close to your ear.
•
Next day we ascended the Esterelles pleasantly, but our descent
was not so comfortable. The view from the mountain, on going
up, is beautiful, and, as the sun was setting, it looked to perfection.
The waters of the Mediterranean were so bright and blue, the
hill-sides covered with cork trees, pines, and olives, varied with
jutting crags; deep ravines and frightful precipices (without any
parapet) below us, with the bold outline of the mountain tops
beyond, made a glorious panorama. At the post-house on the
top we remained so long, owing to some delay about the horses
ITALY.
369
1856-57.
(on going down we had four horses only, though coming up we Chapter
XII.
had ten), that the gentlemen walked on, and I was to follow in
the carriage. It was nearly dark when at last we set out, and, to
make up for lost time, the postillion set off at a hand-gallop, and
I was very nearly upset over the precipice before he could pull up.
When we overtook the gentlemen it was quite dark, and, as they
got in, the postillion was warned to go carefully; but nevertheless.
before long, the same thing happened again; and we were brought
up bump against a post! In a minute we were all out, and the
first thing we saw was Presanzini, the courier, and Thornton,
thrashing the postillion, whom they had discovered to be drunk!
Here was a nice dilemma! still five miles to the bottom, and no
help near. We decided on leaving the drunken postillion behind,
with Presanzini and Mr. Cawood (the Maharajah's secretary) in
the fourgon, to wait till we sent a sober driver, and we took the
lady's-maid in the rumble, with Thornton. Taking the sober
postillion from the fourgon, we reached Cannes very late, for we
had a further adventure with a jibbing horse, that seemed very
anxious always to look in at the carriage windows, instead of
going along quietly. . . . .
"
A most amusing dinner party at the
The Maharajah
would not go, but made some excuse of having a cold. Sir D.
Brewster and the Anstruther-Thompsons were there.
A little girl, a niece of the hostess, was introduced at dessert.
She had evidently heard of the Maharajah, and was very anxious
to see him. She was talking to me in the evening, after dinner,
whilst I was sitting beside her aunt, and when her aunt happened
to express great regret that the Maharajah had not come, the
little girl suddenly said, "Is he really a blackamoor? What is a
blackamoor?” Her aunt looked perfectly horrified, and ex-
claimed, “What a vulgar expression! I am ashamed of you!"
evidently thinking I must be greatly offended; and the child was
seized on by the uncle and asked, "Whom she could have heard
speak of the Prince in that manner?". With the utmost naïveté
BB
1
370
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter she at once replied, "Now, aunt, you know you said so this
XII. morning, to Miss Crow!"
1856-57. Poor Mrs.
*
looked so relieved when she heard me invite the
little girl to pay me a visit in the morning to see the black
Prince! The Maharajah was much amused when he heard the
story, and made himself very agreeable to the little girl, who
went home delighted.
We enjoyed our stay at Nice very much, as we had lovely
summer weather. A picnic was arranged to Villafranca and St.
Hospice, by Major Reynolds, in the Maharajah's honour, to which
all the élite of Nice were invited; but the Maharajah had one
of his obstinate fits, and it was with much difficulty we prevailed
on him to go. He consented at last, with the stipulation that I
would keep near him, and not leave him alone among all those
strangers. He does so hate to be lionized, and be looked upon as
a sort of natural curiosity! The excursion to Villafranca is
usually made on donkeys, but as the Maharajah could never be
persuaded to mount one of these animals, very good horses were
provided for us. The ride there and back was beautiful ;
the first part of the way across the mountains, and the rest
all along the shores of the Mediterranean, by a rocky
footpath, overhanging the sea, just fit for donkeys, though
we found our horses more sure-footed than the less noble
animals ridden by the rest of the party. We were all very
merry, particularly when entering Nice, on our way home, for a
wicked little donkey-boy (who seemed to think I approved of the
measure) would, every now and then, give a sort of scream, as a
signal to the donkeys; on hearing which, the animals set off,
helter-skelter, at a tearing pace. No matter who was riding
them, lady or gentleman, there was no holding them! The ladies
screamed, and several of the party, I believe, had tumbles from
their "Jerusalem ponies" before we got up to them, owing to
their falling on their knees scampering down hill; indeed, I saw one
gentleman roll over his donkey's head-for the creatures would
halt as suddenly as they started, with an abruptness calculated
-
ITALY.
371
ར་
1856-57.
to launch their riders into space! Being mounted on nobler Chapter
steeds, who were deaf to the cries of the donkey-boy, we could XII.
survey the scene in safety ourselves, and the absurdity of it was
altogether too much for the Maharajah's politeness, for, I regret
to say, he went into such fits of laughter that he nearly tumbled
off his horse himself!
We were engaged to a large party at Lady Ely's in the evening.
It was a great crowd. Several of the Empress of Russia's suite
were there, for the Elys seem great friends with the Empress,
though the rest of the English society here are very indignant at
the airs the Russians give themselves. It is a great pity, there
seems to be such a bad feeling between them, and it is difficult to
say on whose side the fault lies. When the Empress came first,
she used to go out in great state, with outriders preceding her,
armed with long whips, which they cracked loudly, ordering
every carriage to draw up to the side till Her Majesty passed.
This several English refused to do, and complained of such over-
bearing conduct to the authorities; so, as it was feared that the
place would suffer by the withdrawal of the English visitors (they
having threatened to do so), Her Majesty was induced to adopt a
quieter style, and now she drives about in a more unassuming
manner. We met her returning from some church ceremony,
attended by her Court ladies, all in full evening dress! She
looked very ill and delicate. The Grand-Duchess Helen was
expected this evening, but could not leave the Empress, who was
unwell.
I met several old acquaintances here, amongst others, Lady
William Harvey, who was our neighbour on Putney Heath.
Lady Ely introduced me to Lady Dufferin, and young Lord
Dufferin, who is one of Her Majesty's Lords-in-Waiting. He was
very amusing, and I cannot quite make out whether his pretty
lisp is real or affected! X
*Little did the Maharajah dream, on this occasion, that a day would come
when he should stand arrested as a disaffected subject, by order of this same Lord
Dufferin, then Viceroy of India !
BB 2
372
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter
... Expected to have found John Bright at Mentone, as Mr.
XII. E. Ellice, M.P., had told us Mr. Bright was looking out for us, at
1856-57. his desire, but he had not arrived,
GENOA, Jan. 19th. Sir John slipped down some steps at the
Hôtel de la Ville, from the slipperiness of the marble, so, to guard
against evil effects, is to keep quiet for a day.. We have, therefore,
given up the idea of going to see Turin from here; thinking it will
be better to do so on the return journey.
Jan. 20th. Put off our departure, as Sir John did not feel quite
recovered. John Bright having come in to spend an hour or two
with him and talk politics, the Maharajah, Ronald Melville, and
I set off to visit the Fieschi Convent, on the hill above Genoa. It
was very interesting, and amusing also, as we were escorted by
two nuns (neither of them young nor pretty), and shown all over
the place; they seemed charmed to have a chat with our laquais
de place, and entered into any joke that was made by us with
great glee. We saw their dinner laid out, and a small decanter
of wine for each nun; they laughed heartily when we said we
hoped they did not drink all their allowance! Their dormitories
looked very clean and airy, but no washhand-stands were visible,
only a little pump of water outside the door in the corridor!
Their pillows were like pin-cushions, and I wish you had heard
them laugh when the Maharajah asked how they managed
bolstering-matches with them, he and Ronald illustrating what
he meant, to the nuns' intense delight!
We also went to see the famous Catina, or emerald dish, kept
at the Duomo, and said to have been presented to King Solomon by
the Queen of Sheba. The Maharajah was very anxious to examine
it, having been told it was the largest emerald in the world; and
being exceedingly proud of the size and lustre of his own (the
emeralds of Runjeet Singh were celebrated), he was, therefore,
immensely relieved to find that it was only a piece of green glass
after all...
ITALY.
373
1856-57.
FLORENCE. Florence is famed for its flowers and flower-girls; Chapter
the latter mostly large, coarse, good-natured-looking contadine, XII.
who all wear enormous Leghorn hats flapping about their faces.
They are most persevering in their attentions, and will decorate
you with a bouquet per force, though, as they always wait to be
paid, their attentions are not quite so disinterested as strangers
at first imagine! I used to laugh heartily at the way they
victimized both the Maharajah and Sir John.
We drove to the Cascine, or dairy of the Grand-Duke; on the
way we met the Grand-Duke himself, and his suite; also the
young Grand-Duke, and his bride. We had the use of Lord
Normanby's (the English Ambassador) box at the Pergola, and
went three times; the music was good, but the singing and
acting very poor. That, however, does not matter to the
Florentines, as they merely go to the opera to pay visits to their
friends, as we do at their houses, during the day, in England. The
first time we went to hear a new opera, called Violetta, which
the Maharajah had never heard; by the time it was half over, we
discovered it to be the Traviata, under a different name! and
we had always refused on principle to hear the Traviata in
England! The other two were La Sonnambula and Linda
di Chamouni. On Saturday we had a pleasant dinner-party at
Lord Normanby's, and heard a good deal of singing afterwards.
We met all the diplomatic "swells" there-Prince de la Tour
d'Auvergne, the French Ambassador, the Piedmontese, Duc de
L-, also the Tuscan Prime Minister, and Baron Hügel.
Maria Phipps and her son were there also.
One evening, when we were dining at the Embassy, the great
bell of the Duomo began to toll. Immediately a Florentine
nobleman, who was of the company, rose from the table, and
with a word of apology to the hostess, quietly left the room.
The rest of the assemblage seemed to regard his action as the
most natural in the world, but the Maharajah was very curious
to know the reason for it. "He is one of the Misericordia
:
374
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter Brothers," was the reply to his question; "and he is on duty to-
II. night." After that we heard more about the Misericordia, and
1856-57.
several times met their procession in the streets, carrying litters
with sick people, going to the hospital. They look ghastly in the
extreme, with their long black dresses, which cover them from head
to foot, having round holes for the eyes. The people hold them
in great respect; and when they pass, all uncover their heads.
The Society is composed of noblemen and gentlemen of
Florence, and the Grand Duke himself is one, though, since the
Revolution, he has not ventured to take any part in the duties.
They dress in black monastic attire, with a black silk visor to
conceal their face; a certain number are told off daily for duty,
and on the tolling of the city bell-whatever is their employment
or engagement-they must hasten to their guard-room, and
assume the dress, and go out to perform their duty, whatever
it may be whether to carry sick to the hospital, or to rescue
sufferers from any danger or accident. So many are appointed
to go forth collecting for their charity fund, and the first person
I.saw on arriving, was one of them holding a box for charity. I
was quite startled-he looked like a demon in his dark dress,
with his eyes flashing through the holes in his visor.
་
•
ROME. I was delighted with the Coliseum, and I think I should
like to spend hours there. Nothing in Rome, I think, recalls the
idea of former grandeur and present decay more than that
magnificent pile, so full of historical interest. Inside, all around
the amphitheatre, they have erected "stations" for pilgrims
to walk or crawl round, for penance and indulgences, and there is
a great cross put up, and a pulpit, where a friar preaches
frequently. All this is incongruous-looking, and I wish it were
altered. . . . . Just as we left the Coliseum, the Pope (Pio Nono)
drove past in a carriage and four, with an escort of the Guarda
Nobile, formed of Roman nobles. He is a very benevolent-
looking old gentleman, and gave a special benediction to our
party as he passed, though the Maharajah did not receive it at all
ITALY.
375
XII.
1856-57.
in a proper spirit, and declared the Pope had only made Chapter
“snooks” at him! We were told that we were very lucky, as he
is not often to be seen out. The guard of French soldiers all
knelt as he passed, and so did everybody but ourselves; of course,
the gentlemen took off their hats to him, as they would to our
Queen.
•
The moon being full, Ronald returned to the Coliseum, to see it
by moonlight; as I have still a cough, I did not venture. We
advised him not tó fall into the same mistake as is attributed to
Mr. Macaulay, the historian,* who also went to see the Coliseum
by moonlight, and when in the shadow of the arches, was
suddenly jostled by a man, who passed with great rapidity.
Immediately afterwards Mr. Macaulay missed his watch! The
"thief
was still in view; with great presence of mind, Mr.
Macaulay at once gave chase, overtook, knocked him down, and
repossessed himself of the stolen article. Fearing the arrival of
accomplices on the scene, Mr. Macaulay now made the best of his
way home, where the first object that met his view was his own
watch, safe in the spot where he had left it before going out!
Overwhelmed with the idea of the robbery which he had committed,
he rushed off to the police-office, to find an unfortunate stranger
describing with much excitement the shameful outrage of which
he had been the victim!
Feb. 12th. Went to St. John Lateran. The "Santa
Scala," or Holy Staircase, was crowded with penitents, going up
on their knees, repeating a prayer at every step. Nothing would
serve the Maharajah, but he must also try the sensation of this
form of penance, which he declared was not at all difficult, and
he would undertake to do it much faster than any of them! The
steps are covered with planks, to preserve them from the wear of
the pilgrims' knees, and these planks have already been renewed
The late Lord Macaulay.
!
་
}
376
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter three times; the steps themselves, are said to have been those of
XII. Pilate's judgment seat, down which Christ walked after being
1856-57. condemned. We visited Macdonald's studio, and saw a number
of busts (mostly of English nobility), and a fine copy of "Young
Augustus"; we ended by going to Saolini, the great cameo-
cutter, and arranged to have our profiles taken by him, next
day.
""
Feb. 13th. Mr. Gibson showed us his studio to-day, and
we were delighted with all we saw. His "Venus is beautiful;
the hair is tinted in imitation of ancient Greek statues, and the
skin has a faint life-like glow. The "Cupid" also is very lovely.
I admired his bust of the Queen, but, though the large statue for
the Houses of Parliament is greatly admired, I did not think the
likeness was so good. There was a beautiful thing there, “The
Sleeping Cenci in Prison," just finished by his pupil, Miss
Hosmer, a young American lady. Arranged with Mr. Gibson
about sittings for the Maharajah's bust.
Feb. 14th. To-day, shortly after noon, the great bell of
St. Peter's tolled to announce the beginning of the Carnival, and
at two p.m. we went to the Corso, and sat in our hired balcony to see
the procession pass. It is a very gay scene, and full of animation.
The whole street is choked with people in gay and fancy costumes,
shouting and laughing, leaving barely space for the brightly
decorated carriages, filled with people, all attired in fancy dresses,
and having on wire masks, who pass up and down slowly. The
balconies and windows are full of ladies and gentlemen, and gay
with flags and draperies of all colours; each person has a store of
chalk bon-bons or confetti, bouquets of flowers, and real bon-bons,
which they fling at every passer-by; the balconies throwing at
the carriages, and vice versa. Every one wears a wire mask, or
runs the risk of being blinded by the chalk dust; even with a
mask one does not escape scatheless. Every now and then,
gay processions of the military, civic authorities, or cardinal-
·ITALY. ·
377
XII.
1856-57.
magistrates varied the scene, and the whole was wound up by a Chapter
race of six or more horses (without riders), goaded on by steel
plates hanging loose all over their bodies, and stuck full of sharp
spikes, which flapped about as they gallopped, and urged them
almost to madness. This race is repeated each day of the
Carnival, and formerly used to be run by poor unhappy Jews, for
the amusement of the people! but of late years they have.
purchased exemption from this degradation, by paying for hand-
some prizes, for the owners of the fortunate horses.
The Maharajah and Ronald joined the procession of carriages,
and went up and down, pelting and being pelted by gentlemen,
and exchanging bouquets with ladies; but I contented myself with
looking on.
Sunday, Feb. 15th. .. On our return from the English
service, we went with John Bright into San Carlo, to hear Dr.
Manning preach* on the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin,
and were glad to find that his arguments and reasoning were so
miserable. I expected to hear much more specious reasoning.
He gave several very far-fetched interpretations to several texts, to
give colour to his own side of the question. Poor man! he
certainly seems very earnest in his belief himself; he looks worn-
out with penance and fasting, and his voice is quite weak. It
was quite lost in that great church. He is evidently a trap set
for the English and American visitors, who are all attracted by
his eloquence and good style of delivery.
Feb. 17th. Rather sleepy after last night's ball at the Princess
Dr. Manning is to preach to-morrow afternoon in the church of San
Carlo, perhaps Lady Login and yourself, may wish to hear him-he will not, I
suspect, overthrow your Presbyterianism, any more than the faith I hold with the
Society of Friends!
Feb. 14th, 1856.
Yours very sincerely,
JOHN BRIGHT.
378
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
*4-
Chapter Doria's. It was a grand sight, and a rare one, for the magnificent
XII.
picture-gallery was lighted up, and many splendid rooms. There
1856-57.
were a great many royalties there-the reigning King of Bavaria,
Queen Christina of Spain and her daughters, and, I believe,
"Henri Cinq," Comte de Chambord-though I did not see
him. We were introduced to the Princess Doria, she is one
of our Shrewsbury family..
The Caldwells, and John Bright, with his pretty daughter
Helen, have just dined with us, and gone home early, as
is the good custom in Rome. We were a merry party, Mr.
Bright very eloquent about the wrongs of India, to the
Maharajah's infinite amusement! and Colonel Caldwell giving
us histories of what was done in Lord Wellesley's, and Lord
W. Bentinck's time! I have promised John Bright to go
out with him in the carriage to-morrow, and run the gauntlet
up and down the Corso. His daughter is very anxious to do so.
Feb. 18th. Went for an hour in the carriage with Mr. Bright,
as agreed upon. We were deluged with bouquets and bon-bons,
and all sorts of harmless missiles, and thumped with distended
bladders. Poor Helen Bright had to mourn the loss of a lovely
bouquet of sweet violets, just presented to her by a gentleman,
which was snatched out of her hand, by a laughing imp of an
Italian boy. Her father scolded her for not having kept a
tighter hold; but next minute the laugh was turned against him,
for his own bouquet was snapped away out of his hand as he
was in the very act of presenting it to a lady!
Feb. 10th. Went out on the Campagna, near Cecilia Metella's
tomb, to see the hounds throw off. We managed to keep up
with them in the carriage, by going at a hand-gallop along the
Appian Way, as the fox doubled back and forward across the
road. We were just in front of the King of Bavaria's carriage,
and his people were calling to ours, to make way for His
Majesty. But this did not at all fall in with the ideas of our
༔
1
ITALY.
379
coachman, whose sense of his own importance would not suffer Chapter
him to give place to anybody; so whipping up his horses he XII.
kept the "lead" throughout the chase!
Feb. 20th. The masque ball was a very curious sight. We
engaged a box at the theatre, so as to look down upon it
without being crushed, and were constantly invaded there by
parties of ladies and gentlemen of our acquaintance, all in masks
and dominoes. It is ridiculous what a complete disguise a
domino is, for Fred Kane and Ronald, who were of our own
party, left us, and came in again, and we never knew them,
and Sir Norton Knatchbull never recognized his own wife!
•
Mr. Bright was in our balcony that morning, looking on at the
Carnival, and got into a combat with Lady Knatchbull, on the
opposite side of the street. She got the worst of it, for "the
Quaker" made a capital shot with a sugar-almond, which
effectually silenced the enemy's guns! As she was an utter
stranger to him, we had to introduce him at the masque ball, in
order that he might make his apologies for the result of his com-
bativeness!
25th, Ash Wednesday. At half-past eight, Ronald, Sir John, and
I, started for the Sixtine Chapel, to see the Pope put ashes on the
cardinals' heads. We could not persuade the Maharajah to go
with us, as he declared, when he went to bed the night before,
that now the Carnival was over, he did not know when he would
get up again! As ladies must dress in mourning to gain admit-
tance to this ceremony, I wore a long black veil instead of a
bonnet; Sir John his political uniform, and Ronald full evening
dress!
We got there a few minutes before the door was opened, and
were greatly amused to see the anxiety of those assembled to get
in first, though there was plenty of room for all. One very fat
lady was sitting on the doorstep, in such a way that the door
1856-57.
380
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
-
Chapter could not be opened till she rose. She looked as if she had sat
XII. there all night-her hair and veil were so untidy!
1856-57. I was separated from the gentlemen, as men and women are
not allowed to sit together, and Sir John, from his uniform,
being supposed to be at least an ambassador-I was handed inte
the large pew, specially set apart for the ambassaders' wives. It
was empty, and remained so all the time. (I suppose the ambassa-
dors are all bachelors.) During the service I observed the
ambassadors all highly amused at seeing the solitary lady who
represented their womankind, and each seemed to ask the other
who on earth I was? Sir John was asked to go in among the
ambassadors, but declined, and went with Ronald to a less con-
spicuous place. It was lucky he did so, for every one of the
ambassadors present had to go and kiss the Pope's toe after-
wards! . ..
•
At last the procession of cardinals came in, with their attendants;
and after their robes (or rather the skirts of them) had been
unrolled and smoothed down, they were assisted up into their
perches, and displayed to our admiring gaze a collection of as
heavy, sensual, worldly-looking countenances (with only one or
two exceptions) as could anywhere be found.
Soon after, in came the Pope-a fine-looking old man—with a
great crowd of officials, the most important being a bishop in
golden boots-of which portion of his attire he appeared very
proud-and whose privilege it seemed to be to take the Pope's
mitre off and put it on again at intervals of about five minutes.
Six or eight people were kept constantly occupied, in assisting the
Pope to get up, sit down, kneel, turn to the altar, and bow, at
different parts of the service. The Pope chanted the service
beautifully; he has a splendid, clear voice. The cardinals
changed their robes frequently, and when the time came for them
to go up to be sprinkled with ashes, they put white napkins
on their backs, and over that grand gold vestments, and went up,
one after another, holding their little scarlet skull-caps in their
;
}
"
i
ITALY.
381
hands. The Pope put the ashes on the crown of each head, just Chapter
on the tonsure, and then they kissed his hand, still kneeling. XII.
After the last cardinal had retired to his place, the King of 1856-57.
Bavaria advanced and went through the same ceremony-save
that he, and all those who followed, had to kiss the Pope's toe
instead of his hand; then came Queen Christina's husband, and
all the big-wigs and ambassadors. It was rather a shock to
one's feelings, remembering the original meaning of this solemn
ceremonial, to see how, as soon as the Duke returned to her side,
the Queen of Spain, assisted by the Princesses, at once set to
work-amid much smothered laughter-to blow at his hair, and
dust off his clothes all traces of the ashes, using for the purpose
their own handkerchiefs, and also a clothes-brush, with which
they had come ready provided! This occupation, and the merri-
ment it caused, lasted them throughout the remainder of the
service. Meanwhile, the stream of people continued to pass
up and back, till nearly everybody in the church, including
the soldiers, had been sprinkled by the "Holy Father," and it
was not till one o'clock that all was over, and we returned to the
Hôtel de Londres thoroughly tired:
Feb. 26th. Mr. Gibson took us round to see all the principal
studios, and pointed out the beauties of each work of art. We
visited, amongst others, the ateliers of Mr. Spence, Mr. Penry
Williams, Signor Tenerani, the great Italian sculptor, Wolff, the
German one, and Miss Chawner.
Sir
Feb. 28th. We had an amusing party last evening.
Charles Nicholson, Mr. Gibson, and Mr. and Miss Bright dined
with us. There was a great deal of table-rapping, and Sir
Charles gave a most interesting account of Egypt, where he has
lately been travelling. This evening we dined at Colonel
Caldwell's, and met a large party, amongst whom were the
Baron von Orlich and his wife. The Baron recognized Sir John
1
382
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter as an old acquaintance, having met him in India, some years ago,
when on his travels there.
XII.
1856-57.
March 2nd. Baron von Orlich kindly got us permission to see
the Etruscan Museum of the Marchese Campana, and escorted
us to see it. This evening was fixed for a treat to which we
have long been looking forward.
As a special compliment to the Maharajah, the Pope gave
orders, to have the sculpture galleries of the Vatican lighted up
with flambeaux for his inspection, and we were permitted to
invite a select company of our friends to enjoy, at the same time,
this unique opportunity of viewing the statuary, under such
favourable conditions. A man with a torch was stationed
behind each statue, while Mr. Gibson and Mr. Macdonald gave
us a sort of art-lecture, showing the special points in each
figure and their relative degrees of beauty. We enjoyed it all
very much, and it has added greatly to the interest and usefulness
to the Maharajah, of this visit to Rome. For this special favour
from "His Holiness we are, of course, indebted to the good
offices of Mr. Odo Russell, the representative here of the British
Government.
March 7th. Visited the Quirinal Palace, which is the Pope's
summer residence; saw his private apartments, and a few good
pictures.
March 9th. Went to a party in the evening at Mr. Forbes',
the clergyman's, house, and met Mrs. Beecher Stowe. Had a
long conversation with her, and found her agreeable and amusing;
altogether a younger and more pleasing person than I had
imagined.
March 11th. Took the Brights to Tivoli with us for a picnic,
and spent a delightful day. Spread our luncheon on the grass, in
the gardens of the Villa d'Este, and in the basin of a dried-up
fountain, in the centre of which was a stone galley, the
Maharajah seated himself to personate Neptune, as he informed
ITALY.
383
•
*
the company, though he was too much engaged with a game-pie Chapter
to spare much time for flourishing his fork as "trident! After XII,
luncheon we started to see the waterfalls, Miss Bright and I 1856-57.
mounted on respectable ponies, the gentlemen walking.. We
enjoyed our five-mile ride exceedingly, though I think the
gentlemen found it very hot, for I observed the Maharajah toiling
along with his coat off, in his shirt-sleeves! On our way home
we nearly met with an accident.. The two "politicians " (Mr.
Bright and Sir John) were too deep in discussion on the present
condition of India, its needs, and its future government, for any
one to dream of separating them; so we left them to follow by
themselves in one carriage, whilst Miss Bright, the Maharajah,
Ronald, and I, went on in the other. The two young men were
in high spirits, and were making a great noise in the carriage;
something went wrong with the harness, and the coachman got
down to put it right, when either the voices, or something else,
startled the horses, and off they dashed, leaving the coachman
behind on the road! We were only saved from imminent peril
by Ronald's agility, in clambering on to the box and getting hold,
somehow, of the reins.
March 12th. Left Rome on a lovely morning, and travelled
along the Appian Way, on our road to Naples; our route having
been carefully and minutely made out for us, by kind Baron von
Orlich, so that we might not miss any of the points of interest.
We had no adventures with brigands, the line of road is so well.
patrolled, by both horse and foot soldiers, and there are military
stations at short intervals, all along to Molo de Gaeta.
•
March 14th.. It was dark when we reached the gates
of Naples, and as the hotel was a long way off, we were very
weary of dragging through the streets at a foot's-pace, for
travelling carriages are forbidden by law to go any faster in the
streets. At last we reached the Hôtel Vittoria, and, after a late
dinner, got to bed.
i
384
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter
XII.
1856-57.
From Naples the party visited Pompeii and Hercu-
laneum, and ascended to the crater of Vesuvius.
March 20th. Dined at the Stranges', and met some nice
Italian families. We were much taken with the young Marchesa
Bugnano, and her husband and mother-in-law. The Dowager
Marchesa is´ an Irish Roman Catholic-a sensible old lady,
who treated Sir John to all the politics of Naples. Her son, the
Marchese, is quite a Neapolitan, having been educated on the
Continent; yet he is a great admirer of England and English
liberty, and speaks English very well. His pretty wife is a
fascinating creature, the daughter of one of the Neapolitan
princes. She is very lively and amusing.
I was
also introduced to Captain Farquhar, R.N. He
commands the frigate lying off this port, to protect the English
inhabitants in case of any outbreak. He told me he knows
several of my sailor cousins, and had been Flag-Lieutenant to
my uncle, Admiral Patrick Campbell, at the Cape of Good Hope.
Naples was left on the 24th March, and the party
proceeded by steamer to Leghorn, calling at Civita
Vecchia on the way. Stopping for one day in Florence,
they went to Bologna, having had some difficulty in
crossing the Appenines, for an avalanche of snow had
carried away great part of the road, thus rendering it
impassable for horses. The travellers were obliged to
get out and walk, and bullocks were procured to drag
the carriages over this part; during this operation the
pole of the fourgon snapped, which caused a further
delay. At Padua they joined the railway again, and
so reached Venice by the first of April.
་
ITALY.
385
April 4th....
XII.
1856-57.
We saw two live horses, belonging to the Chapter
Austrian General, being exercised on the Campo Marto, followed
about by a crowd of admiring boys. It seems that, a few years
ago, some of the Venetian gentlemen, anxious to teach their
daughters to ride, united together, built a riding-school, and
made a ride round a small island in the town. When, however,
the horses arrived, they were looked upon by the inhabitants
as a show-very few of the people ever having seen one;
and at last the whole project had to be abandoned, owing
to the noise and excitement of the children, hurrahing and
shouting after the riders, so as to render the horses quite.
unmanageable from fright.
-
-
Monday, April 13th. Since last Monday we have been very
anxious about Ronald, who has been very ill of gastric fever.
To-day, however, I am thankful to say, we have been able to
send a message, by telegraph, to his mother, to tell her that
the fever has left him, and that he is now doing well. In conse-
quence of this, I have been only able to go on the water now and
then, as I could not leave Ronald, except for a short time daily.
There was a grand military funeral the other day—such a
display of troops, and firing of cannon, under our windows,
when they were all drawn up! I was glad, for poor Ronald's
sake, when it was all over! The hearse was a gondola, and the
procession on the water was very curious and interesting. Our
laquais told us we were very lucky to have been here to see such
a gay funeral! There will be some more of this gaiety soon, for the
bells have been ringing to announce the death of the Bishop, or
Cardinal, who has been long ill.
On Easter-day I went into St. Mark's, to see the Arch-Duke go
in procession to high mass. It was a curious ceremony. The
Arch-Duke Maximilian (afterwards Emperor of Mexico), brother
of the Emperor, is Viceroy of Italy; he is a fair-haired, simple-
looking youth, and appeared rather nervous during the ceremony,
and very glad when all was over, without any open mani-
CC
386
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter festation of hatred on the part of the Venetians to their Austrian
XII. masters.
1856-57.
The Maharajah has kindly fed the pigeons of St. Mark's daily,
and now they know him, and follow him all over the town!
-
The Brights arrived on Easter-day, having been detained in
Rome by Miss Bright getting measles; they came and dined with
us last evening, also Major and Mrs. Young, from the Punjab.
The Mararajah felt unwell just before dinner, and Sir John made
him take a hot bath, and go to bed. I hope he is not going to
take fever. This morning he is better, though not well, and we
have resolved, as he seems nervous about remaining in Venice,
that, if he is well enough, he shall go on to Padua, or Milan, on
Thursday, in my charge, leaving Sir John to follow with Ronald.
I am in hopes, however, that Ronald will be strong enough to go
also, on Thursday.
PADUA, April 15th.
The Maharajah not being at all well, and Ronald better, we
thought it wiser to get away from Venice at all risks: so here
they are—and they both seem, so far, none the worse for the
short trip of one hour by train. We had Ronald carried in a
chair; but the Maharajah was able to walk, though far from well.
We hope they may be able to go on to Verona to-morrow.
We left Venice so suddenly, that all our clothes were at the
wash, and as Thornton and Mrs. Sandison were needed to attend
on the invalids, we could only spare Mr. Cawood to remain behind,
and bring on the remainder of our luggage. It appears it is a rule
of the Austrian railway authorities never to allow a man to take
any clothes belonging to a woman out of the town, unless there
is a woman in his company, and vice versâ, a woman is not per-
mitted to travel with any man's-clothes among her baggage. We
were all, of course, quite ignorant of this regulation, and so, when
poor Mr. Cawood innocently showed our boxes at the Custom-
house, he was horrified to find himself at once treated as a
suspicious character by the police, for having so large a quantity
1
ITALY.
387
C
of clothes in his possession, more than they thought could possibly Chapter
belong to one man alone! Their suspicions were confirmed, on XII.
1856-57.
the further discovery, that a great portion of his luggage consisted
of ladies' habiliments, and as, when questioned as to whether
there was any lady with him, he told them, quite innocently, that
there was not, the affair began to wear a serious aspect for him!
He tried his best to explain the position to them, and how it
happened that he was found in possession of other people's clothes
-but all to no purpose. They could not make out half he said,
and thought he was declaring the clothes to be his own; to his
consternation and wrath, they then proceeded to pull about my
things-flourishing a smart lace cap in his face and asking, "if he
wore that?"--and, shaking out one of my nicely starched and
frilled petticoats, sarcastically inquired whether "this were a
usual article of his attire?" After this they formally arrested
him as a thief escaping with stolen property! and would have
put him then and there in "durance vile," only that he begged
that the landlord of our hotel should first be sent for. On this
man vouching for his respectability, poor Mr. Cawood was
suffered to return with him to Venice (the landlord being made
answerable for his safe keeping), and the clothes were detained
until next day, when Presanzini was sent to claim them, and
satisfied the Austrian police as to the truth of Mr. Cawood's
story.
T
April 16th. Still at Padua, and likely to be for some time, as the
Maharajah had regular intermittent fever last night, and now we
must let him and Ronald rest here. It is a good thing we have
got them out of Venice; this is a tidy, clean town, and we have
good medical advice, and excellent rooms at the Hotel de l'Etoile
d'Or.
BRESCIA, April 20th. We came here by train from Padua, to-day.
The patients are both very weak, particularly Ronald. I only
hope they may not be stopped here for more than this night, for
CC 2
·
388
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter it is a very uncomfortable sort of place; the stables being directly
XII. under our sleeping and eating rooms, causes a most unpleasant
1856-57. odour to pervade the whole, which cannot be very wholesome for
sick people.
MILAN, April 22nd. Dr. Cappelli says that Ronald may be
laid up for six weeks, as he has got miliary fever on the top of
gastric (a common sequel to Venice fever in this unpleasant
country). The Maharajah has also felt ill-to-day, and is laid up
so matters are not very bright! We have thought it advisable
to telegraph to Roehampton, and tell them how things stand with
Ronald. He would like his mother to join him, I think.
April 28th. Mr. and Mrs. Melville, with their old nurse,
arrived last night, having travelled night and day; they reached
us on the fourth day after leaving Roehampton.
TURIN, May 2nd. Reached Turin last evening. Baron Solaroli
found us out, and came and spent the evening with us. Sir John
knew him in India; he married a sister of Dyce Sombre's, and, of
course, has got lots of money with her. He is a very intelligent,
gentlemanly man.
3rd May, Sunday. Went to English service, held in a private
house by a converted Jew; it was very strange to hear the
prayers and sermon given in English by a foreigner, with a strong
accent.
Sir James Hudson, the Ambassador, called to offer his services,
and also Mr. Erskine, Lady Wiltshire's brother. Baron Solaroli
came, with his daughter, a pretty young woman, newly married
to Count
The Baron will bring his wife to meet us at the
train to-morrow, as she is not well, and could not come to call.
Next day the party crossed Mont Cenis, into Savoy.
*The late Earl and Countess of Leven and Melville.
ITALY.
389
.
XII.
At St. Michel, where they slept, the inn could only Chapter
furnish eight trout and six eggs, for the party of seven 1856-57.
famishing folk! Luckily they had with them some
hermetically-sealed soup for the Maharajah and a
cold chicken; and, as they always travelled with a
supply of English tea, they did not do so badly.
Geneva was reached on the 6th of May. Here
they made a halt of five days, before starting on their
homeward route. They made several excursions on
the lake, and revelled in that glorious Alpine scenery.
They had also the pleasure of making the acquaintance
of many members of that cultured society, which has
rendered Geneva šo famous in the religious world, and
among men of letters; this privilege they owed, in
great measure, to Sir John's previous acquaintance
with M. Merle d'Aubigné, who was on the look-out for
him, and to the kindness of Lord Shaftesbury and the
Rev. Henry Venn, who had written of Login to their
friends in that city.
ร
:
1857.
CHAPTER XIII.
THE MUTINY.
Chapter THE annexation of the kingdom of Oude, which took
XIII. place in the previous year, was an event in which the
Maharajah naturally took the deepest interest, as it
was the first case of the deposition of an Indian
sovereign which could in any way be compared with
his own:* and the handsome terms offered to this
"discrowned debauchee,"+ by Lord Dalhousie, were a
hopeful augury of the liberal interpretation which the
Indian Government was prepared to place upon the
treaty forced upon himself in 1849.
Captain Trotter thus describes the causes which led
to this annexation :—
"Ever since Lord Hardinge's visit to Lucknow, in 1847, the
affairs of Wajid Ali's kingdom had been steadily declining from
* Though, even in this instance, Wajid Ali had never been an independent.
king, like the Maharajah of Lahore, and he was deprived of his crown for his own
malpractices as a ruler.
† Trotter.
‡ Trotter, "India under Victoria," p. 317, ch. x., vol. i.
7
}
391.
THE MUTINY.
bad to worse. In that green garden and teeming granary of India, Chapter
every man did that which was right in his own eyes, from the XIII.
1857.
King himself, amidst his fiddlers, buffoons, and dancing girls,
down to the humblest followers of his Court. The two years of
grace allowed to the royal debauchee passed by, and, in 1849,
the Resident, Colonel Sleeman, reported no change for the
better, nor any hope of such change, whether in the King's own
conduct, or in the general state of things in Oude. .. . . The King's
favourite fiddler was made Chief Justice, and a singer acted as
Vazir for a King who never troubled himself about public affairs.
In short, there was no such thing as government, law, or justice
throughout the land. Such was the state of things reported by
Sleeman, in 1851, and such, or even worse, did his successor,
Colonel James Outram, find in 1855.”
Small marvel was it, therefore, that the two men should unite
in petitioning the Governor-General to put an end to this con-
dition of affairs by "enforcing his treaty rights against a dynasty
which in fifty years had broken all its pledges again and again,"
and besought him to "assume the government of a country whose
native rulers had long proved their unfitness."
In response, Lord Dalhousie laid before his Council a minute,
unfolding his plans for the future government of Oude.
"His
chief design therein was to show the utter disregard evinced by
the Oude princes to the treaty of 1801, which bound them to
govern well and justly, and always to advise with, and act in con-
formity to, the counsels of the officers of the Honourable East India
Company." On referring the question to the Court of Directors,
a reply was sent out in November, 1855, which reached India in
January, and was construed by Dalhousie into a direct order to
annex; in accordance with which instructions, Outram, on the
4th February, appeared before Wajid Ali, the bearer of a letter
from the Governor-General, and with the draft of a treaty for
signature.
The new treaty declared that "the sole and exclusive adminis-
392
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DÜLEEP SINGH.
:
Chapter tration of the civil and military government of the territories of
XIII. Oude shall henceforth be vested-for ever in the Honourable East
India Company, together with full and exclusive rights to the
revenues thereof. For Wajid Ali himself, and his heirs, was
reserved the title of King, with full sovereign rights over the
palace at Lucknow, and park at Dilkusha, a yearly pension of
twelve lakhs (£120,000), with three more lakhs for his body-
guard,* and dué provision for all the members of his family."
But these, or any terms, Wajid Ali refused to sign; he
submitted to his fate, but preferred to retain a right of protest..
Delaying the execution of his orders till the 7th of February,
on which day a short note from the King confirmed his previous
resolution of refusal to ratify any treaty, Outram issued a
proclamation of Lord Dalhousie's, declaring the annexation of
Oude an accomplished fact. As Chief Commissioner, he took
over formal charge, despatched civil commissioners to their
stations, and marched in British troops; no resistance was offered
from any quarter. "Over the whole face of things there stole a
change as complete as any produced by the shifting slides of
a magic-lantern. . . . . Neither in India nor in England were
many voices raised, at the time, against a measure which
the great Proconsul had carried through, less in accordance with
his own ideas, than with the virtual commands of Leadenhall
Street and Cannon Row. By refusing to sign the new treaty,
Wajid Ali had pronounced the doom of a dynasty which had
reigned only by British sufferance ever since Sir John Shore had
-
* This body-guard, composed of Seedees (pure black Africans, or Soudanese),
was the King's pet hobby. Their uniform was most gorgeous, and immense
sums were lavished on their equipment. Wajid Ali was continually devising
new uniforms for them; and, at every grand review, they would appear, attired
from head to foot, in an entirely fresh colour; so that one day they might be seen all
in blue, even to their boots, and on another occasion transformed into green grass-
hoppers, or yellow butterflies!
† Trotter. vol. i. p. 321.
THE MUTINY.
393
•
displaced the son of Asaf-ud-daula by a ruler of his own Chapter
choice.
Few people questioned the right of the Paramount XIII.
Power to enforce against a refractory vassal the treaties which 1857.
he and his forefathers had steadily broken for so many years
past."
Even the outside amount offered to the Maharajah
Duleep Singh, of five lakhs of rupees yearly, "for the
support of himself, his relatives, and servants of the
State" (with which, however, he was quite satisfied),
looks rather meagre beside this fifteen lakhs (£150,000)
per annum, destined for the King of Oude and his
amusements alone!-other due provision being made
for the members of his family.
Before proceeding to Italy, in 1856, the Maharajah
wrote the following letter:-
To the CHAIRMAN and DEPUTY CHAIRMAN of the HON. COURT
OF DIRECTORS of the EAST INDIA COMPANY.
GENTLEMEN,
CLARIDGE'S HOTEL, Dec. 9th, 1856.
Having now attained an age at which, according to the laws
of India, I am entitled to assume the management of my own
affairs, and being anxious, before my intended departure for
India, in October next, to have everything relating to my future
position clearly defined and settled, I have to request the favour
of you, at your earliest convenience, to bring the subject to the
notice of the Hon. Court of Directors, in order that sufficient
394
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter time may be afforded for such reference to the Governor-General
-XIII. in Council as may be required.
1857.
In taking the subject of my future settlement into considera-
tion, I hope that the circumstances in which I have been placed
under the protection of the British Government, may receive due
attention.
Having at the early age of ten years been required to resign
the throne of the Punjab, and, with the advice and approval of
my then ministers and guardians, to accept the terms offered to
me by the Government of India, I readily consented, believing the
conditions to be as fair and liberal as under the circumstances
could be obtained.
Although I still consider them to be such as my ministers and
guardians were justified in recommending me to accept, and very
gratefully acknowledging that the kind and liberal consideration
which I have experienced from the Government has left me
no cause to regret that I placed myself, with so much confidence,
under their care, there are, nevertheless, certain restrictions as
to residence imposed upon me by Treaty which, however prudent
at the time, are now, in my altered circumstances, felt to be
irksome, and certain conditions as to the amount of income to be
assigned to me, which, if carried out in accordance with the
literal interpretation of the Treaty, may place me and my family
in a less favourable position than the ministers and their
families by whom the Treaty, on my behalf, was made. I trust,
therefore, that in considering the subject of my future settlement,
the whole circumstances of my position may be carefully
reviewed, and that such provision may be assigned to me as may
appear liberal, considering my former rank, my present recog-
nized position, and the expenses necessary for its proper and
dignified maintenance.
I have, &c.,
(Signed) DULEEP SINGH
THE MUTINY.
395
To the above letter, the following reply was received Chapter
by His Highness at Rome, in March, 1857-
XIII.
1857.
SIR,
EAST INDIA HOUSE, Feb. 19th, 1857.
I am commanded to state, in reply, that the Court
have observed with great satisfaction the excellent disposition
manifested by your Highness during your stay in England, and
are prepared to relieve you from the restriction as to residence.
The Court will make a reference to the Government of India,
to ascertain the present and prospective appropriation of the sum
set apart by Treaty for your support and that of your family
and dependants, and on the receipt of the answer from that
Government, they will again address you on the subject of your
pecuniary circumstances.
I have &c.,
(Signed) JAMES C. MELVILL.
On the Maharajah's return to England in May, 1857,
finding that no reply had been received to the reference
to India, he was much disappointed, and was again
about to address the Chairman of the Honourable East
India Company, regarding the delay which had taken
place, when, late in June, 1857, the intelligence reached
this country of the mutiny of the native troops at
Meerut, and the occupation of Delhi by the mutineers.
Under these circumstances, he at once felt him-
self precluded, for a time, from requesting the attention
of the Honourable Court to the subject, and refrained
1
396
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
XIII.
1857.
Chapter even from asking to be released from guardianship,
and entrusted with the management of his own affairs,
until intelligence was received of the recapture
of Delhi, the relief of Lucknow, and the succèss
of operations, in which his countrymen and former
subjects had most loyally assisted, which released the
British Government from all present anxiety as to the
re-establishment of their rule.
In the year 1857, the Queen-Mother of Oude
arrived in England, to plead her son's cause in person
at the feet of his Suzerain.
Remembering the old friendship of former years, she
was most anxious to obtain the assistance of Sir John
and Lady Login-who were at that time down in
Scotland in laying her petition before Queen Victoria.
As the rigorous seclusion in which, according to
Mahomedan custom, the old Queen lived, made it
seem necessary to obtain the services of some lady
who could act as interpreter in the forthcoming
audience with her Majesty, she earnestly requested
that Lady Login, the only English lady of her
acquaintance, might perform this office, and the idea
was very warmly taken up by Mr. Vernon Smith
(Lord Lyveden), then President of the Board of
Control. The suggestion rather alarmed Lady Login,
who dreaded the responsibility of acting as go-between
in important matters of State; but she was not, after
all, called on to perform this office, as Sir George Clerk,
}
THE MUTINY.
397-
XIII.
one of the Directors, himself undertook the duty. Chapter
The interview, one would think, could hardly have 1857.
fulfilled the expectations of the poor Queen of Oude;
for, though the principal personages could see each
other, they were unable to converse; while the
presence of an interpreter behind a screen, could
scarcely have been a convenient arrangement.
The Queen of Oude remained in England, doing her
utmost in her son's cause, until seized with fatal illness.
In January, 1858, Sir John Login was summoned
to consult on her case, by the following note from her
son, the late Commander-in-Chief of the Oude army,
who had accompanied his mother to England :-
14, WARWICK ROAD, MAIDA VALE, W.,
Jan. 18th, 1858.
H.R.H. General Sikunder Hushmut Bahadoor presents
his best compliments to Sir John Login, and has the deepest
regret in informing him that his royal mother, the Queen-
Dowager, is dangerously ill. Under this distressing circum-
stance, H.R.H., considering how well-acquainted Sir John Login
is with Indian manners, customs, and physical constitutions,
would feel particularly obliged by Sir John's informing him when
and where he could send his native physicians, for the purpose of
consulting with Sir John, and having the advantage of his
invaluable advice and suggestions.
Not long after this the Queen of Oude died at
Paris, on her way back to India.
398
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
1
Chapter
XIII.
1857.
Duleep Singh continued to receive frequent invita-
tions to Windsor and Osborne, and on two or three
occasions the Prince of Wales and Prince Alfred came
down to Ashburton Court, accompanied either by Mr.
Gibbs or Dr. Becker, to spend the afternoon with him;
when the chief amusements consisted in cricket and
photography.
On the Prince of Wales's first visit, Login's eldest
boy was unwell, and obliged to keep his room.
Hearing this, the young Prince-even thus early
giving tokens of that kindliness of disposition which
has rendered him so deservedly popular-insisted
on leaving his game to go. and cheer the invalid, by
talking to him from below his window-an act of
gracious thoughtfulness with which the boy* was
infinitely delighted.
Readers of the Queen's "Journal" will remember the
accident to the Princess Royal, which occurred about
this time, caused by the sleeve of her muslin dress
catching fire from the candle which she was using
when sealing a letter; and many were the rumours
spread abroad of serious injury to her Royal Highness.
The following note from the Prince of Wales was
written in answer to the Maharajah's inquiries on
hearing of the accident :-
}
* Then an Eton schoolboy.
!
THE MUTINY.
399
MY DEAR MAHARAJAH,
BUCKINGHAM PALACE, July 16th, 1856.
I am very sorry to have neglected writing to you till to-day,
but I have been so busy that I have not had a moment's time.
Princess Royal's arm is a great deal better now, and she thanks
you very much for having inquired after it. She really has borne
it very well. A minute more and it must have proved fatal.
I saw Sir John Login the other day, who gave me very good
accounts of you. Will you remember me to him? We are going
to spend two nights at the camp of Aldershot, and are then going
on to the Isle of Wight.
Chapter
XIII.
1857.
I remain,
Yours affectionately,
ALBERT EDWARD.
When the Emperor Napoleon III. brought his lovely
young Empress to England in 1857, the Maharajah
was amongst those presented to their Majesties by
Queen Victoria, and like all who came in contact with
her, fell under the sway of the Empress Eugénie's
beauty and charm of manner.
Lord Canning had several interviews with Duleep
Singh and Sir John Login before he left for India to
take up the Viceroyalty, and took great interest in
the young Indian Prince, though, of course, he was
not so fully acquainted with his character as the
Marquis of Dalhousie. After Lord Canning's arrival
in India, some suspicions arose that Duleep Singh was
400
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter in clandestine correspondence with his mother, the,
XIII. Maharanee Chunda (Jinda), in Nepal, as will appear
by the following letter from Sir John Kaye, then a
high official at the India House.
1857.
/
MY DEAR LOGIN,
INDIA HOUSE, Nov. 25th, 1856.
I think it very probable that you have not heard that the
Government of India have sent us home copy of a letter addressed
by the Maharajah to his mother, suggesting that she should come
to England. The letter, written in English, was dated from
Grindlay's Agency, to which it was suggested that reply should be
sent. It fell into Jung Bahadoor's hands. Jung Bahadoor
gave it to our Resident at Khatmandoo, who sent it to the
Government of India, whence it has come home, with a minute
of the Governor-General.
I need scarcely ask you whether you know anything about the
matter for the very fact of the Maharajah's writing through
Grindlay's Agency shows that he wished to keep the matter from
you.
I write this confidentially (with the knowledge of the
Chairman), so do not at present say anything to Duleep about
the matter. When I have heard from you, I will let you know
what it is thought should be done.
The letter was a somewhat harmless one, but the Nepal
Government think that all letters to Chund Kowr should go
through their hands.
I write in haste, but you shall hear from me again.
SIR J. S. LOGIN.
Ever yours, very sincerely,
J. WM. KAYE.
Sir John Login, however, was able to convince the
THE MUTINY.
1
401
XIII.
Government that the letter in question was an im- Chapter
pudent forgery, and an attempt to extort money from
the Ranee, on the part of some person in England.
Up to a period a little anterior to this, Duleep
Singh had manifested not the faintest desire to
communicate with his mother, or even to hear of her
in any way, but a few months before the incident
above alluded to, he showed signs of stirrings of
conscience with regard to her, and an anxiety to put
in practice the duty inculcated on him as a Christian,
to honour his mother," according to the Scriptural
precept, and to manifest some care for her well-being
in this world and the next.
As the Pundit Nehemiah Goreh was then about to
return to India, to resume his missionary labours, the
Maharajah entrusted him with a personal mission to
the Maharanee at Khatmandoo, which forms the
subject of the ensuing letters.
The Pundit not being aware of the affair of the
forged letters, and being unable himself to proceed to
Nepal before the unhealthy season, wrote to the
Maharanee, through one, Manee Ram, a Udassee.
1857.
MY DEAR PUNDIT,
FLORENCE, Jan. 30th, 1857.
I am very sorry to find, from your letter to the Maharajah,
that you have been unable to go up to Nepal to communicate
personally with the Ranee; and that you have, in consequence,
sent messages to her through some of her people.
DD
402
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
·
Chapter I had thought it the best way, to avoid any correspondence
XIII. through doubtful channels, to ask you to speak to her personally,
185.7.
to tell her all you knew of the Maharajah, and to give us an
account of her, and the people about her. I wished, also, to
know if she was living in a respectable way, and to ascertain the
best way in which the Maharajah could be of service to her. You.
may not have gathered my meaning clearly, and have naturally
thought it sufficient to let her know, through the Udassee, of her
son's goodwill towards her. The Maharajah does not know
anything of this Udassee, or of the other people you mention, and
does not wish to communicate through them. As he is unable to
correspond with her in Goormookhee, it is useless to send on her
letters. My last letter from London will have informed you of
the letter which has been sent by some scoundrel, in the Maha-
rajah's name, to induce the Ranee to apply for permission to
visit England; and other letters, I have since ascertained, have
been written, in the name of the Ranee (with or without her
sanction), to Mr. John Bright, and perhaps to others in Parlia-
ment, to induce them to take up her case. I am, therefore,
afraid that she will find difficulty in distinguishing between the
Maharajah's genuine communications and the forgeries, unless
you can speak to her personally, and explain. I have no doubt
whatever that her desire to communicate with the Maharajah,
through you, has been awakened of late, by the other letters sent
her in the Maharajah's name, as, for several years, she has made
no attempt to correspond with him, or even enquire about him.
I am very anxious that you should impress upon her mind that
the Maharajah is entirely opposed to her proposal to visit
England, and that the safest course she can adopt is to remain
quietly at Nepal for the present, living respectably, so as to afford
her son good grounds for asking the Governor-General in Council
to permit her to return to Hindostan, where she could be with
relatives and friends.
But if she makes the least attempt to give trouble to the
THE MUTINY.
403
Government, it will be quite impossible for the Maharajah to assist Chapter
her in any way, however his natural feelings, as well as his XIII.
Christian duty, may incline him to do so. I shall not be at all
1857.
surprised if, on his return to India, he should himself ask the
permission of Government to go up to Nepal to see her, and
ascertain for himself in what way he can be most useful to her;
and, from what I know of the sentiments of the authorities, I do
not apprehend that they would make any objections to this.
Always, dear Nehemiah,
Yours very sincerely,
}
J. S. LOGIN.
From PUNDIT NEHEMIAH GOREH to SIR JOHN.
DEAR SIR JOHN,
BENARES, Feb. 26th, 1857.
I thank you much for your letter. The money also came
safe which you sent for my expenses to Nepal, but my going there
has been put a stop to by Lord Canning, who writes Mr. Tucker,
in answer to his request for permission to let me go, thus: “I beg
you to tell the Pundit Nehemiah that he can write all he wishes
to the Ranee, with the certainty that it will reach her safely,
through the Resident, but that he cannot proceed to Nepal at
present."
I am, therefore, writing her a letter. She has been anxiously
looking for me, I believe. I shall tell her about the forged letters,
and tell her to be very careful in trusting any person in such
matters. I had heard that she was cheated of some thousands
of rupees by some man in this very matter.
It seems she has a set of dishonest people about her, from whom
she should be separated.
I remain, dear Sir John,
Your affectionate,
NEHEMIAH GOREH,
DD 2
404
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
XIII.
1857.
""
Chapter The Maharajah's craze for photography continued
unabated; and in this way, all visitors to Castle
Menzies were induced to leave their "shadows
behind them; for the art of photography, being still
a novelty, many felt a gratification in having their
lineaments perpetuated by a Prince. He was more
often successful with his gentleman sitters, and many
were the likenesses he took of Harry Panmure Gordon,
his neighbour at Killiechassie, whose fine figure in the
Highland dress made a capital subject. Colonel ——,
a gentleman with a number of good-looking daughters,
was very anxious to have them photographed by the
Prince. The dismay of the proud father may be
conceived, when, owing to some error of focus, the
young ladies came out all with hands as big as their
heads, and looking remarkably as if they had donned
boxing-gloves for the occasion! He was not satisfied,
until further attempts produced something rather
more complimentary.
The news of the Mutiny came like a thunderbolt in
the summer of 1857.
Great as was the turmoil aroused throughout the
whole nation-of horror at the atrocities committed,
and desperation at the consciousness of our impotence
at that distance this was as nothing compared
to the emotions excited in the breasts of those to
whom both the scenes and the victims of this great
tragedy were perfectly familiar, who had themselves
THE MUTINY.
405
XIII.
but lately returned from those regions, and who, but Chapter
for a merciful Providence, might themselves have been
numbered among the slain!
It was not long before the intelligence reached
Castle Menzies, that the Maharajah's residence at
Futtehghur had been sacked and burnt by the
mutineers, and his faithful servants murdered! As
the Maharajah's visit to England was only expected to
be for two years, he had left valuable property behind
him, under guard, in his Toshkhana, in charge of his
English steward, Sergeant A. Elliott (Bengal Sappers).
This man had been selected for work in the Lahore
Toshkhana, by Login, who, discovering his value, after-
wards applied for him for the Maharajah's establish-
ment. His letters at the outbreak of the Mutiny,
gave such graphic descriptions of all that occurred,
that Login, having forwarded one of them to Colonel
Phipps* for perusal, was requested to continue to do so
as they arrived. This he did, until their sudden
cessation raised fears for the writer's own fate, which,
alas! were to be
be only too speedily confirmed.
Sergeant Elliott, his wife and children, and Mr.
Walter Guise (the Maharajah's former tutor, whose
house was hard by), were all murdered, along with
other European residents at Futtehghur, shortly
before the massacre of Cawnpore.
1857.
* Colonel the Hon. Charles Phipps - afterwards Sir C. Phipps - private
secretary to the Prince Consort.
406
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
XIII.
1857.
Chapter It may well be imagined with what breathless
interest Login watched the struggle of that devoted
band who defended the Residency at Lucknow,
familiar as he was with every foot of ground rendered
memorable by that conflict, and intimately acquainted
with both European and native inhabitants of the
city; while the chief and central figure, on whom the
hopes and safety of that little garrison, humanly
speaking, chiefly depended, was his own best and
dearest friend! We need not speak here of the grief
with which he received the sad intelligence that that
brave and gentle spirit had been struck down at the
post of duty, and carried in to die in the very house
where, years before, the two friends had conjointly
elaborated so many schemes for the welfare of the
native races of India.
Letter from COLONEL PHIPPS.
MY DEAR SIR JOHN,
BALMORAL, Sept. 27th, 1857:
I was very sorry to find, from a letter which I saw to-day,
that Lord Clarendon had formed the opinion that the Maharajah -
was of an unfeeling and cruel disposition; upon what grounds his
opinion has been formed I am at a loss to know, but my
observation, certainly limited, would have led me to form, as far
as cruelty is concerned, an exactly opposite judgment. I do not
think that any Eastern ever shows much feeling, and perhaps
they do not possess much, but I cannot believe that the Maharajah
has any cruelty in his disposition. I can believe it perfectly
THE MUTINY.
407
-XIII.
1857.
possible that, being still an Indian at heart, he may not like the Chapter
terms of execration, too well justified, in which he hears Indians
spoken of, and that he cannot join in the hopes of bloody retribu-
tion so generally entertained; but surely we must make allowance
for this not unnatural feeling on his part.
Lord Clarendon, in a former letter, said, that in conversation
with you at Taymouth Castle, he elicited from you that the
Maharajah did not evince particular interest in the subject of the
scenes that had occurred in Bengal during the outbreak, and was
more taken up at present with his sport. May I venture to
suggest a little caution in the expression of any opinion as to the
feelings. of the Maharajah on this subject, because a very slight
expression from you may give rise to a very comprehensive, and
probably exaggerated, opinion. Pray, my dear Sir John, forgive
this hint, which is suggested by the most friendly motives.
Sincerely yours,
C. B. PHIPPS.
CASTLE MENZIES, Sept. 30th, 1857.
MY DEAR COLONEL PHIPPS,
It is indeed kind of you to put me on my guard as to the
impression I may give of the Maharajah's character, in my
conversation regarding him at this time. As you may have
perceived from my note, conveying the Maharajah's reply to Her
Majesty's most gracious and considerate message, I have been
a little disappointed that he has shown so much indifference on
the subject of the treacheries and cruelties perpetrated in India
by the mutineers, and that he has scarcely admitted the propriety
of abstaining from a few of the usual gaieties at this season, in
consequence of the sad intelligence we have received of the fate
of his own faithful servants, and of his tutor, Mr. Guise, and poor
408
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
1857.
Chapter Tom Scott's mother, sister, and brother, who had been hist
XIII. guests at Roehampton only a few months before. I have
endeavoured to find excuses for this want of sympathy, in the
natural tendency of young men, at his age and in his position,
to allow nothing to interfere with their sports and amusements.
When Lord Clarendon asked me what the Maharajah's thoughts
and views were, on the Mutiny, I could only say truthfully that
he did not show any great interest in it, his thoughts being at
present wholly occupied with shooting and field-sports. I am
sure nothing I said led him to form the opinion you mention, of
the Maharajah's disposition I think it probable it has arisen
from the Maharajah's own conversation with Lord Clarendon,
and the remarks he overheard him make to the ladies who were
guests at Taymouth Castle at the same time, and who have been
more than usually observant of any traits in his character which
they consider to be peculiarly Oriental.
He is, I am very thankful to say, extremely truthful and candid,
and I am certain that there is nothing in the character of
English Christians which he admires so much, and wishes so
much to copy, as straightforward honesty, and openness. He
certainly sometimes, when he see that any of the sentiments he
expresses cause surprise or wonder, exaggerates them a little for
amusement; but always with a tendency more to depreciate
than exalt himself in the estimation of those he converses with;
and although I have repeatedly pointed out this effect to him,
he has found people hitherto so ready to think well of him, and
has such a horror of hypocrisy, that he considers it better to err
on the safe side. Of all his amusements, hawking is his favourite
whenever he can enjoy it, and as the falcons have to be trained
by means, which to us appear cruel, he has often, in course
of conversation, to explain the process; and observing the effect
the description has upon most people, he no doubt amuses
himself a little dilating on the subject. Knowing the feeling
with which falcon training would be viewed among us, I induced
THE MUTINY.
409
XIII.
him to lay it aside for some time in India, and hoped the Chapter
passionate love for the sport might moderate; but having now
attained an age, at which restraint on his field-sports is not
expedient, he has resumed it with all his former ardour.
This style of talk, combined with a certain expression about
his mouth, which I heard a lady at Taymouth point out as very
indicative of Oriental character, has doubtless led them to
attach an idea of cruelty to his disposition; but were I to
attempt to say anything on the subject to him, I am afraid that
his anxiety to avoid anything approaching to dissimulation
would only increase the difficulty.
Even his indifference to what is occurring in India, his apparent
want of sympathy with the sufferings of our countrymen and
women, arise in a great measure from a wish not to deceive, or to
be better thought of than he is in reality. Of all the Christian
virtues, truthfulness is the one to which he attaches most import-
ance, though I am happy to think there are others besides which
exert no little influence over his natural disposition.
The Maharajah has certainly no sympathy with the mutinous.
Sepoys, nor any other wish than that we should effectually put
them down. He does not look on them as his countrymen, nor
refrain from expressing abhorrence of their conduct whenever it is
mentioned; but although he even goes so far as to suggest and
invent modes of punishment for them, perhaps as effectual as
ridiculous, his feelings in our favour are not so strong as to over-
come his natural indolence, or to tempt him to read or make
many inquiries on the subject of the revolt. With the conduct of
the Sikhs and Punjabis in assisting us, he is very much gratified,
while, at the same time, he is not without misgivings as to their
continuing faithful throughout, and expresses doubts of the pro-
priety of bringing them to Delhi, where they will see a handful of
English, opposed to a multitude who speak nearly the same
language, and differ little in religion from themselves.
In spite of all Duleep Singh's faults and deficencies, I have still
1857.
410
-
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter, much to be thankful for in his character, although I have
XIII. reluctantly been obliged to forego the hope, I at one time indulged,
1857. that he would take an active and foremost part in enlightening the
people of India.
Yours very truly,
J. S. LOGIN. •
Shortly after the tidings of the Indian Mutiny
reached this country, and while all trembled with
anxiety as to what news next mail might bring, Lady
Login was one morning told that two men on horse-
back had arrived at the Castle, from Kinloch, and one
of them craved a private interview on matters of im-
portance. Coming, as they did, from the home of her
childhood, she sent for the man at once, and, on his
entrance, recognized one of her brother, General Charles
Campbell's, tenants, Donald MacCulloch, an old
acquaintance, who, shutting the door cautiously, and
speaking in a whisper, said, “We just thocht we wad
come o'er the hill, to see if ye were a' richt, for there's
no trustin' thae black men noo!"
Seeing she looked puzzled, he asked in a hoarse
whisper, pointing with his thumb over his shoulder,
"Is HE keeping quate? If there's ony fear o' his
breakin' oot, there's a wheen o' us ready to come o'er
the hill and sattle him for ye, gin ye gie the word!
To his great relief he was told that the "black Prince"
had only two native servants, and that both he and
""
THE MUTINY.
411
-they were very peaceably disposed-would he like to Chapter
see the Prince? he had been in that room only a few
minutes ago.
The poor man absolutely jumped! "What! is he
loose? I never saw but ae black man in my life, and
that was yer uncle, Sir Patrick's, naygro, carrying his
bag on the moors. I was but a laddie then, but I still
shake when I mind o' the Admiral cryin' on me,
'Donald, here's auld Clootie wi' his bag come for
ye!'"
The brave Donald was reassured when he saw that
the Prince was not black, like his negro acquaintance,
and he went off home quite happy, on foot, having
made a capital bargain, and got a good price for his
sturdy little black mare, to which the Maharajah had
taken a fancy as a shooting-pony.
The idea of the Strathbraan men being on the watch
for symptoms of a "rising" on his part, was greatly
enjoyed by Duleep Singh !
This
year of the Mutiny brought an immense
amount of work and correspondence on Sir John Login.
Having so lately returned from the scene of operations,
and being in constant communication with many of
the leading actors in the suppression of the revolt, he
was appealed to on all sides for information on the
matters then absorbing public attention.
Here is a letter received at this time from Mr.
Bright, who had been staying at Castle Menzies a few
days previously :
XIII.
1857.
412
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter DEAR SIR JOHN,
XIII.
1857.
ROCHDALE, Sept. 1st, 1857.
I ought to have written you sooner, to tell you what took
place after I left you so suddenly at Castle Menzies, but you will
have seen it in the newspapers. The Birmingham people have
treated me most handsomely, and I only hope I may be able to
repay them. I am keeping quiet till February, but I am not
very sanguine that I shall even then be able to venture into the
House of Commons, for the "strength" of my head recovers but
slowly, and, after such a shock as I have suffered from, restoration
is always slow, without being always sure. . . . .
The India chaos is a truly melancholy business; and the death
of Lawrence will have come upon you as a calamity. The more
I consider the whole question, the more its magnitude and its
difficulty oppresses me. The cruelties perpetrated by the Sepoys,
and the scarcely less horrid cruelties inflicted by our countrymen,
under the name of punishment and vengeance, will leave a
desperate wound, which time can never heal. The restoration of
order, therefore, will be not a small part of the difficulty-the
future government of India is the great problem, and I know
not how this is to be solved. The loss of India would not ruin
England, but the effort, and the cost of keeping it, may do so;
and the crimes we have committed there must be atoned for, in
some shape, by ourselves or our children.
Pray remember me most kindly to Lady Login, and say to the
Maharajah that I was very sorry not to see his hawks fly, and to
leave him so abruptly, if not, indeed, so rudely.
Believe me always,
Very sincerely yours,
SIR JOHN LOGIN,
Castle Menzies.
JOHN BRIGHT.
THE MUTINY.
413
XIII.
1857.
In answering this letter, Login took occasion to Chapter
disabuse Mr. Bright of some misconceptions of the
native character he appeared to have formed, and of the
effect produced upon it by the high-handed proceedings
of some of the first representatives of English rule
among them.
He was very anxious to secure, as an
advocate for the future interests of India, a man of
such sterling integrity, and extraordinary power of
influencing the masses of his countrymen; and of
whose character, as personifying honesty and upright-
ness, he was a sincere admirer.
Lord Canning's anxiety to prevent bloody retribution,
and to discourage the indiscriminate thirst for vengeance,
found an echo in the minds of a large body of noble-
minded statesmen and philanthropists at home, who
dreaded lest this un-English lust for blood might grow
to such a pitch as would baffle the restraints of dis-
cipline and humanity, and lead to excesses, such as the
nation would have cause to deplore in its cooler
moments. The fearful descriptions of the mutilations
and outrage to which English ladies and children had
been subjected were repeated and exaggerated to such
an extent, that men's minds were strung up to an
intensity of hatred to the native races of India, which
forbade their listening to reason !
A committee of gentlemen was therefore formed,
of which Login was one, to institute an inquiry into
* * Login's reply to John Bright's letter will be found in the Appendix.
414
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
XIII.
1857.
Chapter those cases of mutilation brought forward by the
newspapers, to which special features of atrocity were
attached, and Login offered himself to go down to the
ports of arrival, and board all steamers and sailing
vessels with passengers from India,-especially those
named in these journals as conveying victims of the
ferocity of the Sepoys. Though at first himself a
believer in the possible truth of these assertions, he
had the satisfaction of establishing the fact, after
interviewing both officers and passengers on board
these vessels, that at least among those who had
returned to their native country, no single case of such
mutilation was to be found. His own impression
of the matter was, that in cases of mutilation it was
most improbable that the victims would be suffered to
survive.
This evidence was of great assistance in strengthen-
ing the hands of Lord Canning, whose " clemency" to
the rebels had raised a storm against him, both in
India and in this country.
It must be remembered that, at this time, excepting
Login, very few (if any) officers of the East India
Company had been brought much in contact with the
Court. Login's personal intimacy, therefore, with the
Hon. Charles Phipps, then private secretary to Her
Majesty the Queen, as well as to H.R.H. the Prince
Consort, made him the medium of communicating the
views and counsels of Indian officers on the crisis.
Having forwarded to Colonel Phipps, soon after the
THE MUTINY.
415
W
XIII.
earliest accounts of the Mutiny reached England, some Chapter
private letters received by the last mail from India,
Colonel Phipps wrote to him as follows :—
1857.
OSBORNE, July 24th, 1857.
MY DEAR SIR JOHN,
I was exceedingly obliged to you for your letter and its
enelosures.
In the present awful crisis of the affairs of India, any opinion
or views, propounded by one so well acquainted with the country
as yourself, must be most valuable, and you could not do me a
greater favour than to continue your communications.
I think that we had no right to be much surprised at what has
occurred. Everybody who has had boldness or sincerity enough
to face the question, has long since known, and many have de-
clared, the utterly rotten and unreliable state of the Bengal
native army, nor have frequent occasions been wanting, on which
the Sepoys of this Presidency have sufficiently shown their
mutinous and exacting spirit. Upon such emergencies as the
present, however, the least profitable and least satisfactory process
is a retrospect of the past. It will require all the wisdom and all
the energy of the Government (I hope they may have enough), to
provide for the future. I should think that no Government,
either national or under charter, would be so inad as to entrust
again the safety of an important part of the Indian Empire to
high-caste native troops, and yet I can conceive that much
difficulty may arise from the sole employment of white soldiers,
entirely unacquainted with the language and customs of the
people. From the amount of the force heretofore maintained, I
should suppose that the Company's troops must be employed
upon many duties other than the mere military repression of
disturbance.
416
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter With regard to the other question of gradual conversion, I have
XIII. always understood, though I profess to be very ignorant upon
1857. Indian subjects, that it is one of very great difficulty.
The difficult epoch appears to me to be that in which you
have not made progress enough to reap any of the fruits that
may be hoped to result from the knowledge of the doctrineş
of Christianity, and yet have done enough to alarm the preju-
dices and fanaticism of those whose existence almost depends
upon the adherence to their rules of caste. I have very little
faith in any number of adult converts -a few isolated cases there
must be; but in general, a sincere believer in any religion will
not be a sincere proselyte, and it is the weak and the worthless
who, in general, first embrace a new faith-worthless in them-
selves, and by their characters throwing discredit upon con-
version. But this must always be a stage to pass through. In
the present case, you have so long preached up non-interference
with religious prejudices as the doctrine of your Indian rule, that
you give a plausible excuse for discontent when you depart from
the principles proclaimed by yourselves.
I look with the most painful anxiety for the next mail. How
much may depend upon the news which that brings! but I fear,
from what I hear, that our army was very deficient in all the
materials for striking a decisive blow, and its efficiency very
much cramped by the limited power and authority which has
been accorded to the generals commanding.
Sincerely yours,
C. B. PHIPPS.
In response to this, Login, on the 28th July, 1857,
addressed a long letter, or rather memorandum, to
Colonel Phipps, which led ultimately to a voluminous
correspondence on Indian affairs in general, too long to
THE MUTINY.
417
XIII.
receive here more than a passing allusion. That these Chapter
papers-written thus early, before it was known out- 1857.
side the Cabinet, that the Queen's Government had
determined on taking into their own hands the future
destinies of India—were not without their influence on
the measures then under consideration, for the re-
organization of the Indian Government, and of its
army, will perhaps appear on a perusal of a short
summary of their contents, which will be found at the
end of this volume.*
While engaged in this correspondence with Sir
Charles Phipps, Login wrote to Sir James C. Melvill,
Secretary to the Court of Directors, explaining to him
(for the information of the Board) the circumstances
under which the correspondence had arisen, and for-
warding copies of all his letters as they were despatched,
ending by saying:-
"As I think it not unlikely that these opinions are made known
in a high quarter, although I cannot presume to think they are
likely to have much weight, I consider it my duty, situated as I
am, to let you know what I have done. I hope that you will,
whether you approve of my opinions or not, be assured of my
desire to do nothing which I cannot freely communicate to you.
I have also had frequent conversations with Mr. Bright on
the subject of India, whilst he was here on a visit, and have done
my best to modify his views.
From all the opportunities
•
•
* See Appendix. Correspondence between Sir C. Phipps and Sir J. Login.
EE
!་
«
418
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter of observation which I have lately enjoyed, I am satisfied that
XIII. the transfer of the Indian Government to the Crown has been
1857. determined upon, and that the how and the when have only to be
considered. I have, therefore, thought it my duty to meet Colonel
Phipps's wishes, by giving such information as I am able to do, on
various points connected with the transfer.
I have no
doubt that I may be considered very presumptuous in all this; but
the opportunities afforded me, of expressing my opinion, have not
been of my seeking, and I think I do right to avail myself of
them."
It is gratifying to note, from the following quotation
from the "Life of Prince Consort," that the Queen.
herself attached value to Sir John Login's opinions on
Indian affairs. Writing to Lord Derby (then Prime
Minister) in reference to Lord Ellenborough's secret
despatch to Lord Canning, April, 1858, and of his
second despatch, May 5th, Her Majesty says:-
“The despatch now before me, for the first time, is
very good and just in principle, but the Queen would
be much surprised if it did not entirely coincide with
the views of Lord Canning, at least, as far as he has
hitherto expressed any in his letters. So are also the
sentiments written by Sir John Lawrence (in a private
letter which Lord Derby had 'sent for her Majesty's
perusal), in almost the very expressions frequently used
by Lord Canning. Sir John Login, who holds the •
same opinion, and has great experience, does not find
fault with the Proclamation, however seemingly it
any
THE MUTINY.
419
may sound at variance with those opinions; and he Chapter
rests this opinion on the peculiar position of affairs in XIII.
Oude."
The following is the last letter Login received from
•Lord Dalhousie, who was on the point of going abroad
in search of health :-
1857.
EDINBURGH, Oct. 3rd, 1857.
MY DEAR LOGIN,
We are just on the wing for London, on our way to Malta,
for which we sail on the 20th inst. I have never had any com-
munication from the Court regarding the Maharajah, and hope
that the sentiments which were placed on record will lead to
a satisfactory settlement of his affairs.
The tidings from India are too distressing to write about,
though they occupy my thoughts by day and by night.
Believe me, my dear Login,
SIR J. S. LOGIN,
Castle Menzies.
Ever yours very truly,
DALHOUSIE.
Letter from SIR JOHN LOGIN to the EDITOR of the
MY DEAR DElane,
"TIMES."
CASTLE MENZIES, Nov. 25th, 1857.
I have been lately asked by the Rev. H. Venn, secretary to
the Church Missionary Society, to give him my views with
* "Life of Prince Consort," vol. iv., p. 225.
EE 2
420
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter respect to Christian education in India, and the extension of our
XIII. missions. I sent him a paper, of which I enclose you a copy,
1857. and I have also written to Lord Shaftesbury, at his request, on
missions.
the same subject.
་
The article on the use of the Roman character in Oriental
languages, has attracted much attention. I lately saw the
editor of the Mirzapoor paper (Rev. Cotton Mather), who is now
engaged in an edition of the whole Scriptures in Urdu for the
Bible Society, and will, I hope, soon be able to assist Sir
Charles Trevelyan and others in bringing out an edition of the
New Testament, English and Romanized Urdu in parallel
columns, for the use of persons going out to India. It is also
proposed to get up a Romanized edition of Shakespeare's or other
standard dictionary.
I have been much gratified by your articles on Indian finances,
and the means of getting the mercantile classes to contribute in
fair proportion to the revenues of the State. If we keep to our
law of inheritance, as now established, permitting, of course,
Hindoos to adopt by will as they please, provided they pay a
succession duty, we shall get a pretty good sum out of them.
The proposal to sell freehold rights in the land (which I have
also often thought of), although excellent in principle, should
not, I think, be brought into operation at present-not until con-
fidence in our Government has been most effectually restored, and
the possibility of raising taxes from other sources than the land
satisfactorily ascertained.
I have had a letter from Charles Havelock, the General's
brother. Since I told him of your kindness, he has found that
the regulations of the Horse Guards, in respect to officers who
had left the service by sale of commission, precluded his return
to it at his age; but he had applied for an appointment under the
East India Company. I have sent on his letter to Sir George
Pollock, who is also interested in him, and have written to Sir
James Melvill, suggesting that he might be most useful in
THE MUTINY.
421
A
drilling the Light Cavalry recruits, and mentioning that you had, Chapter
through Mr. Ellice, interested Lord Panmure in his case, and XIII.
that they would carry the goodwill of all with them, for his 1857.
brother's sake. I am glad to hear that Wilson and Havelock are
both to be made baronets, but they must have pensions also, for
neither of them are able to keep up the dignity without such
assistance. I know Havelock well, and Wilson also. I served
under him throughout the Punjab campaign. I do not know
what is to be given to John Lawrence: he deserves a peerage, but
his sister told me lately that he had only saved £20,000, so that
he could not afford to take one without a pension attached.
When I go up to London next week, I will show you the replies I
have sent to some influential friends, who asked me to state my
opinions on various Indian matters.
I fear I have written you a very long letter.
Yours very sincerely,
-
J. S. LOGIN.
About this time (August, 1857) Sir John wrote to
Sir James Melvill to ask if any reply had yet been
received from India relative to the Maharajah's affairs.
He suggested that as, owing to the Mutiny, the
Maharajah's return to. India had been put a stop to,
and he remained in England more from necessity than
choice, if the Court of Directors desired to induce him
to settle contentedly in this country, it would be
advisable to provide him with an estate. If left to
himself to decide, whether to purchase property or not,
422
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
J
1857.
Chapter his mind was so unsettled, that it would be long before
XIII.
he could make it up; but if the matter were decided
for him, he would readily acquiesce in the arrangement,
and very contentedly make this country his home, for
several years to come.
เ
1
CHAPTER XIV.
GUARDIANSHIP ENDED.
1858-63.
THE marriage of the Princess Royal, in January, 1858, Chapter
was the last Court ceremonial in which Sir John Login XIV.
took part as governor and guardian of Duleep Singh,
who was henceforth to be permitted to manage his own
affairs.
The Maharajah celebrated his emancipation from
guardianship by organizing a shooting expedition to
Sardinia, with Dr. Parsons and a friend. Before start-
ing for the land of banditti he made due preparations
for the worst! making his will, and leaving a power of
attorney with Sir John Login, to act for him in the
settlement of his affairs.
When the lease of Castle Menzies expired, the
shootings of Auchlyne, on Loch Tay, were rented from
Lord Breadalbane, which place became Duleep Singh's
headquarters on his return from Sardinia, pending the
conclusion of the arrangement for a lease of Mulgrave
Castle, which Sir John was making with Lord
Normanby.
The following letter was written by Lord Hatherton,
424
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter whilst the Maharajah was
XIV. Teddesley :
1858-63.
on a visit to
to him at
MY DEAR LOGIN,
TEDDESLEY, Dec. 11th, 1857.
.... I have been talking with the Maharajah about the
expediency of his having some house in or near London, but he
seems unwilling, until he has made up his mind whether he shall
revisit India in the cold season of next year. He talks of "being
entitled to consider his own pleasure and comfort," and was so
decided that I thought it best to say no more. He showed me a
draft of the will he intends to execute before-going abroad. He
evidently wishes to do what is kind, liberal, and right in the
disposal of his property, and I was pleased to hear his expressions
of gratitude to you. His words to me, on my proposing to him to
alter the plan of his will, and leave £10,000 at once to the Church
Missionary Society, and make you his residuary legatee, were
"You do not know him as well as I do, if you think this would
please him. Oh, no! He wished me to leave it to the Church
Missionary Society, and I have fully resolved to do so.
All my
interests and duties are in India, but Sir John and Lady Login
have the strongest claim upon me. He has abandoned a career
that might have been most profitable, for my sake. I shall leave
him not less than £10,000, . . . . and, if I live to come of age, I
shall settle £1,000 per annum on him, to be followed by the
legacy. I feel the importance of not delaying the execution of my
will, and intend to do it at once.”
I thought it might please you to know how he feels to you both.
He says he is to consult his friend, Mr. Cuninghame, about being
executor to his will, when he passes through Edinburgh.
.
1
SIR JOHN S. LOGIN.
1
Very truly yours,
HATHERTON.
,
GUARDIANSHIP ENDED.
425
I
Login wrote to congratulate Sir Charles Phipps on Chapter
the honours just conferred on him, to which Sir Charles XIV.
replied :-
1858-63.
MY DEAR LOGIN,
BUCKINGHAM PALACE, Jan. 26th, 1858.
Many, many thanks for your kind letter of congratulation.
I claim no merit but that of doing what is given me to do, with a
wish to do it honestly, and to the best of my ability. I need
hardly say that the honour given me was one that I should never
have sought or expected, and that I felt doubly the insignificance
of my services from the company I found myself in in the Gazette.*
But this is not my fault. The Queen cannot be exclusively served
on the Ganges!
I assure you, my dear Login, that I consider one of the
privileges of my position to have been, to have formed first
the acquaintance, and then, I hope, gained the friendship, of one
for whom I have a very sincere respect, and true regard.
Ever sincerely yours,
C. B. PHIPPS.
The Maharajah was, at this time, bent on enjoying
life as a private gentleman, free from all the trammels
of princely rank, and for this reason appointed no
equerry or aide-de-camp.
*Havelock and Wilson.
426
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
!
Chapter MY DEAR SIR JOHN,
XIV.
1858-63.
BUCKINGHAM PALACE, Feb. 9th, 1858.
The Queen and Prince would hope to see the Maharajah
before he goes abroad. Would Sunday next be too late a day to
name for that purpose? The Queen desires me to say, that she
hopes that the Maharajah will not think of going abroad without
somebody as a sort of A.D.C. and companion. Her Majesty
thinks that to go quite alone would hardly be compatible with his
rank and station. Your name will be restored to the ceremonial
list (those present at the royal marriage), from which it had been
accidentally omitted.
Yours very sincerely,
C. B. PHIPPS.
A few letters from Duleep Singh, written while try-
ing his wings on his first flight, show his boyish
character yet unspoilt.
DOVER, March 3rd, 1858.
MY DEAR LADY LOGIN,
Here we are stuck at Dover, and can't cross, as the sea is
very rough; but if it is calmer to-morrow we shall cross,
otherwise, we must delay till Thursday.
We had a very
pleasant journey; my companions. made themselves very
agreeable. Dr. Parsons, I think, is a very nice man; he seems
to know something about everything, and enters into all my
amusements. I fear I shall not enjoy this trip as I had hoped,
as they try to please me too much, and I fear very much that if
I do not take care I shall be spoilt for ever afterwards. They
act towards me as I daresay Sir John remembers, a Dr.
GUARDIANSHIP ENDED.
427
1
1858-63.
Drummond used to do to the Duke of Athole. He used to Chapter
call him “ His Grace" at every word, and if the Duke happened XIV.
to drop anything, he used to rush forward to pick it up, and also
flattered him a great deal. It is not good to have people near
me in this position, for I am very much afraid that I shall get
quite vain; but perhaps when we get to know each other better,
it will not be the case. My kind regards to Sir John and the
children.
Believe me always, my dear Lady Login,
Affectionately yours,
DULEEP SINGH.
CAGLIARI, SARDINIA, March 29th, 1858.
MY DEAR GOOD FRIEND,
I received your letter this morning, which gave me great
pleasure, for besides telling me that you are all well, you gave
me all that news about Mulgrave Castle. I think it would be
a very good bargain, if the shootings are what you describe
them. If the moors are of the size of one-fourth of the whole
property, I should like you to secure it, but if not, never mind.
This is a very nice place for shooting, but I wish I had come
in December, as now there is hardly any game to be found. Thank
Lady Login for her kind letter; tell her I did her commissions
at Genoa, and Presanzini is to send the parcel by a courier
friend of his. I am very glad to hear that Alick Lawrence has
got a Baronetcy and £1,000 a-year. Many thanks for the trouble
you are taking about my settlement with the East India
Company. It must delight Sir George Pollock to be made a
Director; give him my congratulations, please. It is such a bother
to have lost two of my best hawks, first time they were flown!
We get Indian mail sooner here than in London; the last news
seems better, I hope for peace soon. This way of travelling is
"
428
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
リ
​Chapter very much more expensive than I expected. My love to the
XIV. children.
1858-63.
1
་
· Your affectionately,
DULEEP SINGH.
DOMO D'OSSOLA, SIMPLON, May 3rd, 1858.
MY DEAR LADY LOGIN,
I was so glad to get your letter. We returned to Genoa
on the 30th ult., having had little shooting in Sardinia. I have
come to the conclusion that there is no place in the world after all
for sport, like England, however, I have enjoyed my trip very
much. I think if you were to visit Sardinia you would think it
very like India, I almost fancied myself back there when looking
at the scenery.
·
When I was at Muro, I was persuaded to give a ball “to
the nobility and gentry"; they came in their national costumes.
One young lady was very beautiful, all our party were smitten,
even Dr. Parsons; I did not, however, fall in love with her as I
did with at Rome! Have you no commission for me to do?
We hope to be home on 17th, when I trust to see you. I am
going to send for Signor Brochi from Rome, to continue my study
of Italian. I have found out my deficiencies, and am determined
to learn it well before I go abroad again. Do you remember what
fun we used to have with him? I have just written a long letter
to the Prince of Walés, so will now stop. With love to all,
Yours affectionately,
DULEEP SINGH.
MY DEAR LADY LOGIN,
AUCHLYNE, July 6th, 1858.
I am so very glad to hear that the Queen has asked you,
and you have agreed, to take charge of the young Coorg Princess.
GUARDIANSHIP ENDED.
429
:
I am quite sure you will make her very happy, and treat her with Chapter
that motherly kindness which I myself have had the good luck XIV.
to experience. Yes, I left the brougham to be sold, and I hear 1858-63.
you have inquired the price; it has none if it is for your own personal
use, but if it is for the use of the Princess, I think she can afford
to pay me £40, which is one-third of its cost! Tell me when to
expect Edward; he will enjoy fishing. Love to all.
Your affectionate
DULEEP SINGH.
Mrs. Drummond, having resigned the charge of the
young Princess of Coorg, god-daughter of the Queen,
Her Majesty made it a special request that Lady Login
should take charge of her, and, after taking her abroad
for the winter, bring her out in society next season.
Feeling that whatever inconvenience this arrangement
might cause to herself, the Queen's wishes must be com-
plied with, she agreed, trusting that another suitable
chaperon might be found later on. In consequence,
the house in Portman Square was given up, and the
family removed to Kew, where one of the Queen's houses
was prepared and furnished for them.
After Christmas, Sir John and Lady Login took the
Princess and their two elder children to Rome.
This same winter, the Prince of Wales was there,
with his Governor, General Bruce, and honoured Sir
John and Lady Login with a visit at their apartments,
No. 56, Capo le Casa. During the Carnival, he also
came to their balcony in the Corso, with a bouquet for
430
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
1858-63.
Chapter the Princess Gouramma, and, after watching the
XIV. procession for some time, passed on to the balcony
of the neighbouring house, which was occupied by the
Prussian royal family.
Though Login had regularly forwarded to the India
House copies of all his letters and memoranda to Sir C.
Phipps, during the correspondence already alluded to,
the Board never so much as acknowledged the receipt
of any of these communications. It would seem as if
they resented the fact of an officer in their service
being consulted on Indian affairs, or giving any opinion
as to the direction reform should take; although they
were perfectly aware that Login had only given
expression to his views by particular request,
after positive assurance that "the rule of the Company
was doomed," and that it only remained to be decided
by what form of government it should be succeeded.
The treatment which they meted out to a hitherto
trusted servant would almost justify the idea that the
moribund Company of Directors were not above
showing their displeasure in a somewhat undignified
and ungenerous manner.
It was not until the 29th December, 1857, that the
Court of Directors acceded to the request of the
Maharajah, that he might be permitted to assume the
management of his own affairs; at that date he had
exceeded by three years, the age at which Hindoo
princes attain their legal majority, and by more than a
GUARDIANSHIP ENDED.
431
1858-63.
year that at which European sovereigns are considered Chapter
competent to assume the reins of government. The XIV.
Court nevertheless informed him that though they
granted his request, "purposing, so far as their
authority extended, to show the esteem they enter-
*tained for the sense and good conduct which had
marked all his proceedings in this country," yet,
according to the laws of England, he was still a minor,
and legally incompetent to undertake certain responsi-
bilities; * while, as a minor, he was incompetent to
execute a legal instrument appointing another person
to act for him.†
Having decided that the guardianship was at an
end, the Court immediately informed Sir John Login
that his official salary must now cease; and it was
only on his pointing out that his original appointment
had been that of Superintendent and Agent to the
Governor-General (personally attached to His High-
ness), and that the latter function did not necessarily
cease on the Maharajah's attaining his majority,‡ that
* A side of the question with which they were not concerned, as they were
bound to deal with him only by the laws of India.
+ This palpably refers to the power of attorney, which the Maharajah had
executed in favour of Sir John Login.
‡ As agent to the Government with His Highness, it may still be my duty to
draw his monthly stipend and sign the bill for it, and it may be in his power to
communicate through me, if he should so wish it, instead of through the Honour-
able Court, with the local authorities in India, for the recovery of his property,
plundered by the mutineers at Futtehghur, and in other ways to assist him
officially, if he requires it, as I think he may.-Letter from Sir J. Login to
Secretary of the H.E.I.C., Feb. 15th, 1858.
1
+
432
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter the Court allowed him a further period of three
XIV. months for the audit of his accounts, on an allowance
1858-63.
of 600 rupees per mensem, that being the moiety of his
salary hitherto paid by the Company; but when Lord
Stanley, the present Earl of Derby, who was the first
Secretary of State for India, came into office, he,
"fully appreciating the very conscientious and efficient
manner in which he had discharged his duties,"
directed in a letter dated December 1st, 1858,
that Sir John's full salary should be paid to him, up
to the date on which his functions ceased.
In announcing that the Maharajah was henceforth
to be considered of age, Sir James Melvill then wrote
to Sir John Login
The Court, however, cannot allow the connection which has
existed for so many years between you and the Maharajah to
cease, without expressing their entire approbation of the manner
in which you have performed the duties of your important office,
as evinced by the good results of the careful training for which
the young Prince is indebted to you.
On the 27th February, Sir John wrote to inform the
Court, that he had transferred all balances at the
bankers, and other securities, to the personal credit of
His Highness, and made over all valuables to the
charge of Mr. Cawood, the steward appointed by the
Maharajah and empowered to give receipts. In this
letter he also informs the Court that, "Knowing it
ン
​433
GUARDIANSHIP ENDED.
had been out of his power to save much from his Chapter
*
XIV.
allowances, or make sufficient provision for his family, 1858-63.
during the nine years of his guardianship, the
Maharajah had spontaneously proposed to settle an
annuity on him, and make further provision for him
in his will, in the event of his surviving him." In
requesting that this desire of His Highness might be
favourably considered, Login reminded the Directors,
that owing to his having undertaken the charge of the
young Prince, he had forfeited his chances of rising,
either in the medical service, in which he had as fair
a prospect as any medical officer in India, or in the
civil and political service, where a career was well
known to lie open to him; while, on the other hand,
from the peculiarity of his position he had been unavoid-
ably led, not only personally, but in his family, into
greater expenses than he would have been in any
ordinary appointments of the service. He also
mentioned that the Maharajah, before embarking, had
left with him a power of attorney to arrange the
settlement of his pension, the recovery of his property
in India, and other matters requiring reference to the
Court of Directors, and concluded by remarking, "it
has been a source of much gratification and thankful-
ness to me, that I have been able, under God's blessing,
to establish and confirm a feeling of goodwill, loyalty,
and respect towards the British Government, on the
part of one from whom such sentiments could scarcely
have been expected."
*
FF
434
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter
The following letter was also written at this time
XIV. to the Secretary of the East India Company :-
1858-63.
SIR,
On the severance of the connection which has for so many
years existed between Sir John Login and myself, I am anxious
to testify my appreciation of his character, and my sense of his
constant and kind attention to my interests and comfort. I have,
therefore, to request the Honourable Court of Directors that, on
the termination of Sir John's official engagement in the manage-
ment of my affairs, the sum of Rs.833. 5. 4. per mensem, may be
paid in India to his order, or as he shall direct, and be deducted
from the total allowance I receive from the East India Company.
May I, therefore, beg of your doing what is necessary, for carrying
out these my wishes into effect.
LONDON, Feb. 26th, 1858.
I have, &c.,
DULEEP SINGH.
The answer of the Court was conveyed to Sir J.
Login in the following terms:-
March 10th, 1858.
•
In reply to this communication, I am commanded
by the Court to state that the letter of the Maharajah makes no
mention of any testamentary bequest, and, with reference to the
proposed annuity, that the receipt of any present or gratuity from
a native of India by any officer of the Company, is prohibited, not
only, as you must be aware, by the rules of the service, but by an
GUARDIANSHIP ENDED.
435
Act of Parliament. The arrangement, therefore, cannot receive Chapter
either the approval, or the sanction of the Court of Directors.
I have, &c.
J. D. DICKENSON,
XIV.
1858-63.
Secretary.
To this, Sir J. Login replied, that he regretted he
had not before informed the Court that, in the
event of their acceding to the above request, he
intended to retire from the service, but had thought
it best to defer the announcement until all his accounts
had been audited. And having, for the last eight
years and upwards, been directed to draw one-half of
his salary from His Highness, and, for the previous
seven years, an equal amount from His Majesty the
King of Oude, besides receiving special permission, on
several occasions, to accept presents from the latter,
it had not occurred to him that it was not within the
power of the Court, in like manner, to sanction the
acceptance of the Maharajah's offer, under the very
peculiar circumstances of the case.
With respect to the absence of any mention, in His
Highness's letter, of any testamentary bequest, as His
Highness merely intended to ask the favour of the
Honourable Court to carry out his wishes for the
payment of an annuity, by deduction from his pay, it
was not considered necessary by His Highness to
make any allusion to it; and he (Login) only mentioned
FF 2
436
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
}
Chapter it, from a wish that everything should be known re-
XIV. garding his relations to His Highness.
1858-63,
From SECRETARY TO BOARD OF DIRECTORS.
-April 3rd, 1858.
You state that it had been your intention to apply for
permission to retire from the service, upon accepting the annuity
offered to you by the Maharajah Duleep Singh.
In
reply, the Court desire me to state that the remarks, in their
letter of 10th March, applied to the supposed case of an officer
of the Company's service receiving sums of money from one of
the princes of India; the rules of the service, and the Act of Par-
liament, referred to in that letter, being applicable to such case.
Sir John then placed his resignation in the hands
of the East India Company, after a service of
twenty-six years; and having again requested, on the
Maharajah's part, that the proposed arrangement
might now be carried out, was answered in these words
(under date, April 21st, 1858):-
I am in-
structed by the Court to inform you that, in their
opinion, the matter is not one in which they can, with
propriety, interfere."
66.
On resigning the service, Login addressed a short
memorandum to the Court of Directors, in which he
says:
The favour I solicited from Government, and which the
Maharajah requested on my behalf, was merely that they would
GUARDIANSHIP ENDED.
437
2
permit the annuity which His Highness wished to settle upon me, Chapter
to be deducted from his pay in the same manner as other deductions had XIV,
been previously made, at his request, in order that the circumstances 1858-63.
under which it had been granted to me should be known officially,
and that I should stand in a somewhat more satisfactory relation
to the Court, than those officers who, having resigned the Honour-
able Company's service, had entered into engagements with native
princes of India, not of the most creditable kind. I had hoped
that the manner in which I had performed my duty, while guardian
to His Highness, would have been sufficient to justify the
Honourable Court in departing, under very peculiar circumstances,
from their ordinary practice in this slight degree. . . . . It may
cause some surprise that, during the time I have held my present
appointment, I have been able to add only £1,500 to my small
savings, partly owing to the fact, that, with a view to give me a
more independent position in the management of His Highness's
affairs, I credited to his account an allowance of £200 per annum,
while alone with him in India, and £500 when in England,
as my share of table-expenses.*. The Honourable Court,
however, have seen fit to refuse the application with the
private explanation, through one of their members, that I should
"consider myself fortunate in having passed through the service so
pleasantly as I have done!"
It is not likely, so far as the
Honourable Court's treatment in my case is concerned, that my
experience can afford encouragement to any other medical officer,
to regard so little his private interests in the exercise of his public
duty, as I have done.
In March, 1858, Login was appealed to by Sir
Charles Trevelyan, then at the Treasury, to assist him
* Besides this, Login paid the wages, &c., of all his own servants, and all
educational and travelling expenses for his family.
438
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter in carrying out John Lawrence's wishes, with regard
XIV. to procuring a permanent endowment for the Lawrence
Asylums.
1858-63.
རྩྭ
“The matter is somewhat complicated," says Sir Charles, "by
the relation which the Special Lawrence Fund and the General
Relief Fund, bear to each other. The proper course, I think, will be
to throw all the strength we can at first into the Lawrence Fund,
and to supplement whatever may be deficient, out of the balance
of Relief Fund.
Don't consult any one else until we can
have a conference together to decide our plans. Perhaps you will
go with me, to introduce me to Lady Lawrence to-morrow, or
next day.”
•
A few months later, August 13th, came a private
intimation from Sir John W. Kaye, to the following
effect :-
A move is to be made in the Court of Proprietors against the
grant to Sir John Lawrence. His offence being that he made
a public manifestation of his respect for Christianity, and his desire
to do justice to native Christians.
•
•
We ought to muster not
only the friends of the Lawrences, but the friends of Christianity.
Let me hear from or see you as soon as possible, that we
may arrange to meet this properly.*
Mrs. Bernard, a sister of the Lawrences, wrote
*Their exertions were successful. See Trotter, vol. ii., p. 105.
GUARDIANSHIP ENDED.
439
XIV.
Login, February 10th, 1858, of the disappointment felt Chapter
by the family, that nothing had been done, or even 1858-63.
spoken of, up to this date, to honour the memory of their
dear brother Henry, by Queen or country. She observed,
that the orphan children of one who gave his life
for his country, besides having lived for her benefit,
and who were but poorly provided for, were surely
entitled to the same distinction as had been already
conferred on the family of Sir Henry Havelock.
Could you, without pain to yourself, dear Sir John, bring
this subject before any of the high personages in the realm? I
daresay you will have remarked how John has been passed over,
but he is still alive to take care of his own good name. I do not
know Lord Stanley personally, or anybody who has any
communication with the Court but yourself, or I would write to
them; but I would much rather leave it in your hands, knowing
how dear his memory is to you, and how much he loved you
while alive.
Five days later, Dr. and Mrs. Bernard wrote:—
Your letter has given us great pleasure. We all feel most
grateful to you for your most kind and successful exertions in
expediting Alick's baronetcy, &c. We enclose a letter to Mr.
Vernon Smith, to be given if you approve. The recognition of our
dear Henry's merits will be most gratifying to his family, and
the annuity to his children most acceptable. We are quite sure
it will be an additional pleasure to dear Alick to hear how to the
last, as at the first, you have been concerned in this matter.
440
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
. .
Chapter We know how grateful Richard* also will be to you. Did you
XIV. know that this is the eldest of five boys? and Richard is only a
1858-63.
regimental Captain, so you may imagine the service you have
done him. John never says a word about any honour or reward
for himself; but you must have seen how often the nation has
said, during the last few months, that the "Saviour of India"
should get a peerage and five thousand! . . . . We rejoice that
you and Lady Login are again to be employed on work for which
you are both so well suited. The present loss of quiet family
habits with your own children is a serious one, in bringing this
young Princess into your home; but remember, this second
important charge is from the Sovereign, not the East India
Company, and your children's present loss will be compensated
afterwards. Our lads, Alick and Charlie, give an amusing account
of how John stopped three days at Rawul Pindee, where Herbert
Edwardes and Becher came to meet him; and the three talked
over public affairs and arrangements from ten a.m. to six p.m.,
each of the three days; sometimes one, sometimes another, taking
a short nap, and waking up to join in the conversation! On the
third evening the two departed, and John went on with his
camp. They don't work like this in England!
John Lawrence, writing to his brother-in-law, speaks
of the interest his nephew Alick excited among all the
Sikh chiefs, who welcomed him most warmly, as the son
of Henry Lawrence.
With regard to public affairs, he says:—
I have strongly advocated a discriminative amnesty. I would,
* Henry Lawrence's youngest brother, for whose eldest son Login had obtained
an Addiscombe appointment.
GUARDIANSHIP ENDED.
441
3
on certain terms, forgive all lesser criminals: all those who have Chapter
not murdered our people; and so economize our powers to hunt XIV.
down desperate characters. People in England seem to think 1858-63.
that we can hold India without a native army. However essential
English troops are, native troops are still more so. We can do
nothing without the latter.
We seem drifting into the
old system. Now, of all other opportunities, is the time for
change and improvement.
•
Give my kindest regards to Login, and thank him for so kindly
looking after my interests.
The rule of the East India Company ceased August
2nd, 1858; although it was not till November 1st,
that the Queen's Proclamation, announcing that fact,
was issued in India, by Lord Canning. Sir C. Phipps,
writing to Sir John Login, on September 3rd, alludes
to the forthcoming Proclamation :-
―
+
I have to thank you very much for your last letter, full of
good sense and moderation.
I do not think that you will find in the Queen's Proclamation
much, if anything, that you will object to; the great desideratum
appears to me to be to convince the inhabitants of India that our
rule of their country will be an impartial one. Your proposal
seems so just that I cannot see how it can be objected to that
the Government should give support to all schools for secular
education, allowing the children the free exercise of the religion
of their parents, but not preventing them from hearing the
truths of the Christian faith, if they wish to do so.
442
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter When the terms of the Proclamation were known in
IV. England, Lord Shaftesbury thus writes:-
1858-63.
}
Dec. 9th, 1858.
MY DEAR SIR JOHN,
Can you spare time to come to pay me a visit at
St. Giles, that I may have some Indián talk with you? I want
it much.
The Proclamation will do our work. The framers did not
intend it. Their minds were one way, but God made their pens
go another! You may safely deduce from it everything we want.
Call on Venn, and talk with him. He takes a bright view, as
you do. He is a wise man; the wisest, I think, in the ministry
of our Church.
Awaiting reply, I remain,
Yours very truly,
SHAFTESBURY.
Again, on January 20th, 1859, Lord Shaftesbury
makes arrangements for a more lengthened conference
at St. Giles, on the subject of Indian missions.
Login was applied to for information by many
statesmen interested in Indian questions; among
others, the Duke of Marlborough.
MY DEAR SIR JOHN LOGIN,
July 10th, 1858.
I beg to return the papers you were kind enough to give me
a sight of, together with Sir John Lawrence's letter, which was
GUARDIANSHIP ENDED.
443
most interesting. Need I say what pleasure you would give me, Chapter
if you could spare time to talk with me on matters relating XIV.
to these subjects, with which I am very anxious to become better 1858-63.
acquainted?
I remain, dear Sir John,
Yours very truly,
MARLBOROUGH.
Early in September, Duleep Singh writes Lady
Login from Mulgrave Castle :
I wish you would arrange to pay me a visit soon, before you
get tied down with the Princess; for I do not think it would
do for you to bring her here. Any time will suit me, and please
invite any of your friends you would like to meet you. What do
you say to the Cunninghames, Alexanders, Pollocks, and any
others you like? only do arrange it all, and tell me what you
decide. I have settled to start for Constantinople on November
1st. I take Thornton and Presanzini, and join Mr. Baker, who
is a great shikar. I fear there seems little chance of our meeting
at Rome. From what Mr. Baker says, I expect good sport on the
Danube.
Your affectionate
DULEEP SINGH.
The Maharajah, it will be seen from this, had
intended to have some sport on the Danube before
going to Constantinople, and started with Mr.-now
Sir Samuel-Baker as "guide, philosopher, and friend."
444
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter The expedition, however, did not realize his expecta-
XIV. tions, and he left Constantinople for Rome, where,
much to their surprise, the Logins found him awaiting
their arrival.
1858-63.
As he was constantly with them during their stay.
Lady Login was in hopes that the young Princess was
the attraction; but the Maharajah took an oppor-
tunity of telling her that he had considered the matter
deeply, and had come to the conclusion that an
Englishwoman alone would fulfil his ideal of a wife.
As she knew that he had received every encourage-
ment from some of the first nobility in England to
seek a wife among their daughters, she foresaw little
difficulty in his forming a suitable alliance.
When at Kew, after their return to England in the
summer, they had many letters from Duleep Singh
from Mulgrave and Auchlyne, full of enjoyment of his
bachelor life and fishing; and he steadily declined to
appoint any one as equerry, saying he did not want to
be tied to any one young man as a companion.
Sir John was anxious he should have some reliable
person about him, and knowing that he had liked and
respected Colonel Oliphant, formerly a member of
the Court of Directors, who had lately met with
heavy losses, he suggested his asking him on a visit to
Auchlyne, to keep him company and enjoy fishing,
trusting to his making his own way with him. In
a letter from Auchlyne to Lady Login, dated July
9th, 1859, the Maharajah says:-
GUARDIANSHIP ENDED.
445
CL
!
I am very glad I have followed Sir John's advice, and asked Chapter
Colonel Oliphant here. He seems quite happy fishing, though XIV.
1858-63.
he meets with indifferent sport, the water being so low. I have
been away, at Susie, in order to get a shot at the deer, and have
been sitting up at night watching for them, when they come to
eat the corn. Colonel Oliphant does not give any trouble, and I
am really thinking of doing as Sir John advised, and asking him
to come to me when I require an equerry, but it must only be
now and then, not to live with me always. I think this would
meet the Queen's wishes too. I think he would just do, for he
would not be a stranger to me, and I would feel free. What a
good boy you will call me, when you will know that I actually
did what you suggested in your letter, before I got it! and I
intend to take him with me, on my return, as far as York, where
our roads separate.
Later on, in August, he writes, giving an account
of his grouse shooting, &c. :—
I hope, from what you say, that you seriously think of agree-
ing to my proposal, that you bring all the children to Mulgrave
next month; they can easily go to Whitby daily for sea-bathing.
Can you arrange to come on the 1st September, to meet Lord
and Lady Normanby? Otherwise I will be in a great fix, for all
my time will be taken up with the shooting arrangements for the
first fortnight, and there will be no lady to entertain my guests,
unless you come; besides I want to arrange, with Colonel Oli-
phant, to come there for a beginning. There is a nice nursery at
Mulgrave, and I will make arrangements for the whole party, and,.
if you like, get some of the young Oliphants to come, as com-
panions for them.
Mind you get a photograph taken for me of my baby god-
1
·
ぐ
​446
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter daughter. Hoping sincerely to hear, by return of post, that you
XIV. see no objections to complying with my request.
1858-63.
"
I remain, &c.
DULEEP SINGH.
In November of the same year, when paying a visit
to Lord Grosvenor, he writes :—
MY DEAR SIR JOHN,
EATON, CHESTER, 1859.
My patience is quite exhausted! do, for goodness sake,
get the Government to settle with me, and pay my arrears as
soon as possible! I do believe they will take another year to
settle my affairs!* I trust to you to stir them up, for I dread
getting into debt. I am glad the poor Shahzadah has at last got
a jagheer, however small,
I am going to a ball this evening, and expect (tell Lady Login)
to meet the lovely Lady F———— !
Will you write me to Teddesley, where I shall be for a few
days, and say if you will have me on a visit at Kew, if I run up
on December 5th? If you cannot take me, ask the Melvilles if
they will.
Affectionately yours,
DULEEP SINGH.
The Shahzadah had written Sir John, imploring him
to get the Maharajah, as head of his family, to make
* Little did he think that thirty years later they would still be unsettled!
GUARDIANSHIP ENDED.
447
him an allowance to enable him to marry; he being, Chapter
at present, dependent on his mother's pension.
After a long correspondence, a small jagheer was
given the Shahzadah, 8,000 rupees per annum (less
than £800 per annum), which the Government, in
spite of Duleep Singh's remonstrance, considered ample
provision for the only son of Maharajah Shere Singh.
The visit to Mulgrave was paid, but Lady Login only
took the two small children with her (one being the
little god-daughter of the Maharajah). The Marquis
of Normanby (owner of Mulgrave Castle) was there,
with the Marchioness, and a succession of visitors;
Colonel Oliphant was duly installed as equerry.
Duleep Singh made a charming host, and did all he
could to make the visit pleasant to his guests. He was
very eager after sport, and one day nearly bagged
an archbishop, when after partridges! A covey rose on
the other side of the public road, close to which he was
standing, just as the Archbishop of York (Dr. Thomson)
drove past, on his way to the Castle. In his excite-
ment and eagerness not to lose his birds, the Maha-
rajah lost his head, and gave his guest rather a warmer
reception than he expected, for he fired right across the
carriage, the shot passing in dangerous proximity to
the Archbishop's shovel hat!
The Rajah of Coorg (father of the Princess Victoria
Gouramma) died about this time, after a lingering
illness. He had only been able to visit his daughter twice
XIV.
1858-63.
448
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
1858-63.
Chapter at Kew before he was taken ill. It was very sad to see
XIV. them together, neither of them able to understand the
other; the Rajah could not speak English, and the
child had forgotten her native tongue, so that Lady
Login had to be interpreter. After the Rajah was
seized with his fatal illness, Lady Login took the
Princess to visit him at his house, and, on one of these
occasions, he took the opportunity of making over to
his daughter the jewels he had set aside as her portion,
so that there might be no trouble afterwards, and that
he could leave the rest to his family, at Benares.
After the death of the Rajah, it was discovered that in
his will he had appointed Sir John Login bis executor,
to carry on to its conclusion his suit against the
Honourable Company, for some Government paper
they had seized, after his country was annexed.
Login was able to get some pension arranged for his
large family, at Benares, who were left, for a time, in
great destitution, by the sudden cessation of the
Rajah's pension; but, of course, the case against the
Company failed!
-
Hearing that Lady Login had been ill, Duleep
wrote thus to urge her to pay him a visit in Scotland,
in August
MY DEAR LADY LOGIN,
I am delighted to hear from Sir John, to-day, that you are
really better. He, at last, consents to your paying me a visit, in
Scotland. I'll ask Frank Boileau to come at same time. Do fix
1
GUARDIANSHIP. ENDED.
449
a day, and I'll have everything ready for you. There will be Chapter
rooms in the house for all, except Frank and Edwy, and they XIV.
must sleep at the inn across the water.
1858-63.
Your affectionate
DULEEP SINGH,
The Maharajah arranged to go out to India in
December, 1860, intending to stay for some tiger
shooting, to see his mother, and arrange with Govern-
ment for her future residence in British territories.
He had taken an active part in promoting, with the
sanction of the Queen, a marriage between the Princess
Gouramma of Coorg, then under the care of her god-
father, Sir James Hogg, and Lady Login's brother,
Colonel John Campbell (Madras Army), whose ac-
quaintance the Princess had made after leaving* Lady
Login's charge.
The Maharajah's chief reason for wishing to pay a
visit to India was his anxiety about his mother.
Hearing that she was thinking of employing a stranger.
to make an application to Government, he was anxious
to prevent her taking such a step; but, after the ex-
perience of the forged letters, he was careful that
there should be no doubt about the authenticity of any
* On making over the Princess to Lady Catherine Harcourt, Lady Login had
been much gratified to receive an autograph letter from the Queen, expressing Her
thanks to Lady Login for having undertaken the charge at her request, and for
the manner in which she had fulfilled it. This was followed by the gift of a
bracelet, “as a more durable mark of the Queen's appreciation."
GG
450
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
1858-63.
Chapter communication from himself. So, as Sir John Login
XIV. happened to be writing privately to Mr. Bowring,
private secretary to Earl Canning, the Maharajah took
advantage of the opportunity to enclose a letter for his
mother, with the request that it might be forwarded
to the Resident at Khatmandoo, who would be able to
see that it was safely delivered into the Maharanee's
own hands.
Mr. Bowring replied:-
MY DEAR LOGIN,
-
GOVERNOR-GENERAL'S CAMP, PANIPUT,
Jan. 8th, 1860.
. I received a short time ago your letter, forwarding a
note from Maharajah Duleep Singh to his mother, Ranee Jinda,
which has been sent to Colonel Ramsay with a request that he
will deliver it to her. The Governor-General, to whom I showed
your letter, has written a despatch upon the points referred to in
your letter, viz., the Maharajah's desire to visit India, and the
advisability of allowing the Ranee to reside in British territory.
On this latter point, I believe his Excellency is of opinion that
she may be permitted to do so. . . . Colonel Ramsay speaks of
her as much changed. She is blind, and has lost much of the
•
energy which formerly characterized her, taking apparently but
little interest in what is going on.
•
•
The Governor-General does not object to the Maharajah's visit-
ing India, though he does not deem it advisable that he should
proceed to the Punjab. His Excellency's despatch, which I have
mentioned, should you see it, will place you quite au courant of
his views on the subject.
I much regret that little Sheo Deo Singh was prevented from
GUARDIANSHIP ENDED.
451
visiting England with the Maharajah. He is a promising youth, Chapter
and some day may have influence, which it would be well to direct XIV.
1858-63.
beneficially. I fear that his proposed marriage with the daughter
of the Shamgurh Sirdar, a small chief in the Thanesur District,
will not prove advantageous to him.
As far as we can see at present the temper of the Sikhs is
good.
•
Yours very sincerely,
L. BOWRING.
This correspondence with the Viceroy's private
secretary was apparently not viewed with favour at
the India Office, where there existed some desire to
sever all connection between Sir John and his former
ward, for on the 31st March, 1860, Sir C. Wood
informed the Maharajah that :-
Sir John Login having ceased to be officially connected with
your Highness, any application made by him, on your part,
cannot be officially recognized; and it would, in all cases, be
advisable, that you should communicate your wishes, . . . . in
the first instance, to Her Majesty's Government.
To this the Maharajah replied:
!
I regret that the Viceroy having written a despatch to
you on the subject of my return to India, founded on a
private note written by Sir John Login to Mr. Bowring, his
Excellency's private secretary, you should have been led to
GG 2
452
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter suppose that I had wished to communicate officially with the
XIV. Government of India, on any subject, without, in the first
1858-63. instance, submitting my wishes to Her Majesty's Government.
Being quite aware that Sir John had ceased to be
officially connected with me, it never occurred to me, nor, I
believe, to him, that his private note would be officially recognized.
The Maharajah having left for India to see his mother,
and to have a season's tiger shooting, Sir John Login
wrote him at Calcutta as follows:-
MY DEAR MAHARAJAH,
LONDON, Jan. 18th, 1861.
As objections are likely to be made at the India Office, to the
recognition of my authority to act as your attorney and agent-
without a formal and legal document-on the ground, I believe, of
your having—since the former power was given to me-been in
direct communication with the Secretary of State on the subject*
(which by law invalidates the power), I have asked Messrs.
Graham and Lyde to prepare another power of attorney, which I
now send to you, and also a copy of the former one, in order
that you may see in what they differ.
The new power is made out, as you will see, to enable me
merely to settle your affairs with the Government, which leaves
it open for you, if you like, to grant another to Oliphant for
other matters; but if you wish to continue to me the
same power as you gave before, it can be written out accordingly
* At a private interview with Sir C. Wood, at India House, Duleep Singh
signed a paper prepared in his presence, Jan. 20th, 1860.
F
!
GUARDIANSHIP ENDED.
453
by Messrs. Judge, or any other respectable solicitor in Calcutta, Chapter
whom you may employ.
XIV.
There is another difference-the power is not limited to your 1858-63.
absence from the United Kingdom-but as it is rendered null (if
the Government position be correct) by your entering into
personal correspondence with them on the subject, this is of no
consequence, as you can at any time set it aside. Just settle it
in your own mind whether to limit it to Government matters, or
extend it to others, as you may think best; but do kindly let me
have the document one way or other, with the least possible
delay.
Sir Charles Phipps told me that now was the time to push the
Government, as I should come in for all their blame in having
the matter agitated, and that you could suffer no damage by
my proceedings; and as he knew that I did not much care
for their annoyance, so long as I had a good cause, he thought it
by far the best opportunity for you to get the question advanced!
So you see how coolly I am recommended to fight your battles.
Well, be it so! It will be a great happiness to me if I can get
our people to do what is liberal and right, to enable me to hold
up my head before you, and to say that I am not ashamed of
them. My dear Maharajah, it requires some knowledge of our
national character to understand us! Because the Council
of India do not benefit a single pie themselves, and think they
stand up for the interests of 200 millions of subjects, they'll fight
until they have not a leg to stand on, while all the time they have
the most perfect goodwill to you, and would like to see you happy!
However, it will all come right yet; I have every confidence.
[Here follows a description of Applecross Estate.]
*
Edwy is at Roehampton with the Melvilles. Frank (Boileau)
and his brothers are as busy as possible skating on the Serpen-
454
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter tine. What a contrast to your grilling at this moment near Aden;
XIV. I suppose! My wife and all here join in kindest regards to you.
1858-63.
Believe me ever, my dear Maharajah,
Your most sincere and faithful friend,
J. S. LOGIN.
P.S. Get Bowring to hasten on the accounts; you can
explain to the Shahzadah that it is out of your power to do much
for him, until they have been settled in England, by the Secre-
tary of State.
The Maharajah writes from Calcutta :—
MY DEAR SIR JOHN,
SPENCE'S HOTEL, Feb., 1861.
I received your second letter, and reply at once, as the mail
is going. I think I would prefer "Applecross" of the two pro-
perties, if the grouse and the salmon fishing are both good. Oh,
it is too cruel of you to write me, so soon after coming out here,
about an estate in Scotland, for now I cannot make up my mind
to stay a day longer than is necessary to see my mother! Your
letter has almost driven me wild; so you may expect to see
me back sooner than I thought of when I left. I have got the
Shahzadah here on a visit. He is a very quick, intelligent lad,
but a thorough native in his manners, I regret to say. He
wishes to marry another wife already! You will be surprised to
hear that he has no objection to read the Bible now, and often
reads a chapter to me, and listened attentively when the Rev.
Gopee Nauth Nundy read the Scriptures and explained them to
him, though he would not stay for prayers. I have no doubt he
will one day be a Christian. He has no objection to be touched
by low-caste people, as long as none of his people are present !
GUARDIANSHIP ENDED.
455
He tells me he has no belief in his own religion, and would Chapter
like to go with me to England if he could, without his mother XIV.
knowing!
Now, I must tell you that India is a beastly place! I heartily
repent having come out, for I cannot get a moment's peace with
people following me, and all my old servants bother the life out of
me with questions. The heat is something dreadful, and what
will it be in another month? I hate the natives, they are such
liars, flatterers, and extremely deceitful! I would give anything
to be back in dear England, among my friends! I cannot think
or write about anything else but this property. Oh! buy it for
me, if possible. My mother is to be at Rani Gunj in ten or twelve
days. I wish her to await me there, as it is quieter than
Calcutta. I have heard (not officially) that she is to have from
two to three thousand a year, but will know for certain when the
Governor-General returns here. They gave me a salute of
twenty-one guns, and, you will be amused to hear, an escort of
two sowars! and a guard of one paharah of four Sepoys, and a
Naick!
Sheo Ram is here. I am sending him to my mother, as she is
surrounded with very low fellows. Sowdagar, Kashee, and
Bolund Khan all send their most respectful salaams to you, Lady
Login and Harry; they are so glad to hear about you.
3
1858-63.
Yours affectionately,
DULEEP SINGH.
A little later he writes again
MY DEAR SIR JOHN,
I have signed, and send herewith, the full power of attorney.
Mr. Bowring told me yesterday he thought the accumulation
would not be much over £70,000 (without interest), but was not
456
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
=
Chapter sure, but that all the papers would be sent off to England without
XIV. delay. I hope you are arranging about "Applecross." I am trying
1858-63. to get a house outside Calcutta, for my mother. I have not yet
settled whether I remain over the hot weather here, going up to the
hills, and then returning to England. I am to have elephants
from Government for tiger shooting. It is already very hot..
Shahzadah is very anxious to come with me to England, but does
not expect to manage it.
Yours affectionately and sincerely,
DULEEP SINGH..
P.S.—Since I wrote this, my mother has declared she will not
separate from me any more, and as she is refused permission to go
to the hills, I must give up that intention; and, I suppose, we
shall return to England as soon as I can get passage.
Letter from COLONEL RAMSAY, Resident at Khatmandoo.
MY DEAR LOGIN,
•
NEPAL RESIDENCY, Nov. 28th, 1860.
I quite agree with your estimate of Jung Bahadoor; a more
unprincipled scoundrel does not tread the earth. He would have
taken part against us at the time of the Mutiny, if it had not been
for that providential visit of his to England, and the experience he
gained there; and for this we have to thank your poor brother,
who exerted such a wise influence over him, and persuaded him
to the step.
-
Jung has often told me so himself, and one of his brothers told
me the same thing, as early as the month of June, in that eventful
year, adding that every attempt was being made by influential
men, to induce him to join in driving us out of the country,
but that no persuasion would cause him to commit such an act of
GUARDIANSHIP ENDED.
457
XIV.
1858-63.
suicidal folly. The Government will be in a dilemma respecting Chapter
the ex-Maharanee of Lahore, unless they or Duleep Singh are
prepared to allow her a permanent substinence in our provinces.
Jung Bahadoor longs to get rid of her, for various reasons personal
to himself, and declares that if ever she sets foot in the British
. provinces, she shall never be allowed to re-enter Nepal, or receive
a stiver from his Government. He declares she now gets 20,000
rupees per annum, which he grudges exceedingly. He also wants
her mansion, which is on his own premises. They are always
quarrelling, and she contrives to wound him on a tender point-
his vanity. Pray offer my best regards to Lady Login. That is
surely not a brother of hers who married the Princess Gouramma
of Coorg the other day! Her sister, who married Jung Bahadoor
some years ago, is now a very fine-looking young woman, and
seems happy enough. The other sister, whom he also brought
with him from Benares in 1858, was sadly duped, and wanted to
go back to her brothers. She is said to be very unhappy—at
least, she was some months ago, but I have not heard of her
lately.
Believe me, my dear Login,
Yours very truly,
G. RAMSAY.
About the time of Duleep Singh's visit to India,
several Sikh regiments, who had arrived from China,
besieged his hotel, and were very demonstrative in
their welcome to their former ruler. Though per-
fectly amenable to discipline, their excitement was
great, and in consequence, Lord Canning thought
it desirable to urge the Maharajah, to give up his
intention of going up country, and to return to
England at once. Although the Maharajah had gone
458
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
XIV.
1858-63.
Chapter to great expense in preparing for a season's sport,
having brought out with him an india-rubber boat and
a swivel duck-gun, besides all the latest inventions
in rifles, &c., for tiger shooting, he yielded his own
wishes gracefully, and took passage for himself and his
mother in the first available steamer for England.
On the voyage home, Duleep Singh wrote Sir John
Login to beg him to secure a house in his neighbourhood
(Lancaster Gate), where he might bring his mother on
arrival, until her jewels and property could be landed
safely, and passed through the custom-house. He
said he had been very sea-sick, but that she had borne
the voyage well! He was anxious, at the same time,
to have good medical advice for her in London, as he
feared her.health was seriously impaired.
A large
empty house in Lancaster Gate was taken, and Sir
John sent in some furniture, and arranged cooking-
places for the natives out in the area.
Jinda Koür was truly an object of commiseration
when one contrasted her present with her former state.
To see her now, with health broken, eye-sight dimmed,
and her once-famed beauty vanished-it was hard to
understand the power she had wielded through her
charms. It was only when she grew interested and
excited in conversation, that one caught glimpses,
beneath that air of indifference and the torpor of ad-
vancing age, of that shrewd and plotting brain which
had distinguished the famous
Punjab."
"Messalina of the
GUARDIANSHIP ENDED.
459
XIV.
She had brought with her several native servants, Chapter
both male and female, but Soortoo, a slave, who had 1858-63.
been born in her house, and had followed her mistress'
fortunes, was her favourite and confidential attendant;
she had also been Duleep's playmate as a child, being
about his own age.
The Maharanee was full of curiosity about the
customs and manners of the English. She was much
shocked to find, on Lady Login's presenting to her her
little boy (aged eight years), that as yet his marriage
had not been arranged, nor a suitable partie selected!
She paid Lady Login the great compliment of a
return visit, when she was assisted up the stairs to the
drawing-room floor by several servants (a piece of
Oriental etiquette which her infirmities rendered
perhaps not unnecessary). The exertion, indeed, to
her, must have been most fatiguing, and a great mark
of condescension on her part, for she appeared dressed
in full English costume-bonnet with feather, mantle,
dress, and large crinoline complete!—which she had put
on over her native dress! It was no wonder, therefore,
that with the added weight she found it difficult to
walk. The crinoline with which she was encumbered
would not permit the poor Ranee to seat herself, until
two of her servants lifted her bodily on to a chair, on
which she was then able to sit comfortably, Indian
fashion, with her feet under her, while her crinoline
spread all around! She had only just received her
jewels from the custom-house, and was naturally
460
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
1858-63.
Chapter delighted to have them again in her possession; for
XIV. since her flight from Chunar Fort to Nepal, the
Indian Government had retained them, and only
delivered them to her at Calcutta when she embarked
for England. On this occasion she was decorated with
a large assortment, the most remarkable being some
beautiful pearls and emeralds, which, as a graceful
concession to English fashion, she had arranged in a
sort of fringe beneath her bonnet, in place of the
cap " usually worn at that period, inside the brim!
66
She was evidently quite surprised to find Sir John
Login so different from what she had imagined him to
be, and took occasion to inform him, with great naïveté,
that, if she had only known before what kind of man
he was, she would never have plotted to have him
poisoned! A hint of the Maharanee's kind intentions
had reached him at Futtehghur!
As soon as the Maharajah had departed for India, in
the preceding December, Login forwarded to the India
Office (December 22nd) the power of attorney made
out in his favour, in 1857; and also an autograph
letter, from Duleep Singh, dated Southampton, Decem-
ber 20th, 1860, empowering him to act as his attorney
in settling his affairs with the Government.
These credentials the Indian Office refused to
recognize, and a smart interchange of letters took
place, no less than six passing, before the Indian Office
would give any reason for this refusal to recognize a
document, which had already been recognized, and
GUARDIANSHIP ENDED.
461
acted upon, by the Court of Directors.
At length Chapter
XIV.
(February 22nd, 1861), Lord de Grey and Ripon (then 1858-63.
Under Secretary of State) declared that the power of
attorney was illegal, having been drawn out when the
Maharajah was a minor, and ignored altogether the
autograph letter.
On this, Login obtained a legal opinion from Mr. J.
F. Leith, Q.C., Member of Parliament for Aberdeen,
one of the highest authorities on Indian law, and well-
known, for many years, at the Calcutta Bar.
This gentleman gave, as his opinion, that the Maha-
rajah could not be compelled to adopt European forms
in his dealings with the Government; and that, as an
Indian prince, he was entitled to appoint an agent.
Login, therefore (while to prevent delay he applied to
the Maharajah for a fresh power of attorney), pro-
tested (March 2nd, 1861) against the indignity offered
the Maharajah, by the exclusion of his agent from the
position assigned him by His Highness, remarking
that the Maharajah's relations to the Government
were secured by treaty; and that, in transacting
business with them, he was only bound to produce
evidence of his appointing a person to act for him as
his agent; this evidence was sufficiently shown by the
power of attorney, and the autograph letter. This, he
reminded the Government, is all that is required in
the case of any Indian prince.
On the 6th of April, Login presented, under protest,
the fresh power of attorney; but when, on April 20th,
462
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter he asked to see the statement of account of the
XIV.
pension fund (applied for a year before from thẹ
1858-63.
Government of India), he was told that it had not yet
arrived, but that when it did, "Sir C. Wood would
communicate about it with the Maharajah on his
arrival”; thus plainly revealing that their object, all
through, had been to gain time and deal with the
Maharajah himself, and thus endeavour to ignore the
legal instrument which they themselves had stipulated
for. With the same view, in the month of July
following, when Login renewed his application, he was
answered by Sir C. Wood (July 27th), that the state-
ment had at length been received, but that the
Secretary of State would "communicate with the
Maharajah on the subject!"
MULGRAVE CASTLE, July, 1861.
MY DEAR SIR JOHN,
As I have not yet heard from Sir C. Wood, although I have
been in England now three weeks, I begin to think that he
is waiting to receive a letter from me personally, and thus throw
your power of attorney to act for me aside. However, I will
disappoint him in this, for I wish you to act for me entirely
in settling my affairs with the Government. Will you, therefore,
kindly address him about this delay, and also tell him that all
letters connected with the settlement of my affairs should be
addressed to you, and not to me, and this will show him how
I desire the thing to be done. My mother is delighted with
1
GUARDIANSHIP ENDED.
463
Mulgrave, but I cannot get her to agree to live separate from me Chapter
at Lythe Hall, as you advise.
We hope to start for Scotland on Thursday.
XIV.
1858-63.
Ever your sincere and affectionate
DULEEP SINGH.
P.S.-Kindly let me have a copy of any letter you write to Sir
C. Wood.
Two days later he writes :—
MY DEAR SIR JOHN,
Colonel Oliphant has just received a private letter from Sir
Charles Wood, to say that my papers are now before the com-
mittee, and will be shortly ready to send! So you see I was right!
Will you at once write to Sir Charles that I wish to have my
papers sent to me through you. As soon as you receive them,
I should like very much if you would come yourself to Auchlyne
and bring them with you. I wish very much to have a conversa-
tion with you about my private property in the Punjab and
the Koh-i-noor diamond, and, perhaps-if you really can come-
you will kindly procure and bring with you the Punjab Blue
Book.
We are just starting for the north. My kindest love to all.
Ever yours,
DULEEP SINGH.
{
Here we have the first mention of private estates,
and no doubt it was the information given him by
464
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
1858-63.
Chapter Jinda Koür (who, as Queen Regent, must have drawn
XIV. their revenues,) that prompted the Maharajah years
afterwards to study the Blue Book at the British
Museum, and bring forward his claim to the old family
estates of Runjeet Singh, before he became ruler of the
Sikh nation.
Login, having submitted Mr. Leith's legal opinion.
on the Maharajah's rights under the Treaty of Lahore
to Colonel Phipps for perusal, received the following
reply:
MY DEAR SIR JOHN,
OSBORNE, Aug. 4th, 1861.
Many thanks for your letter. I have read it and the
enclosed legal opinion with great attention. I feel convinced
that the best course which the Maharajah can pursue is, as you
suggest, to submit his claims to some impartial persons, in whose
judgment he might have confidence.
The constant advancement of fresh argument, and the establish-
ment of a chronic state of contest with the Government authorities,
cannot be advantageous to him.
The legal opinion may be a perfectly correct one, but these
matters must be settled by the rules of common sense, and legal
splitting of hairs only provokes equal ingenuity on the other side.
I feel sure that any equitable arrangement arrived at by honour-
able and impartial men, would be both better and more satisfactory
than a constant state of contest and uncertainty. The arrival of
the Maharanee in England is a misfortune, though it is impossible
to oppose his filial wish. I hope he will see the inconvenience of
having her and her attendants in the same house with him. I am
GUARDIANSHIP ENDED.
465
glad to hear such good accounts of the Princess Gouramma. Pray Chapter
remember me very kindly to Lady Login,
XIV.
1858-63.
Ever sincerely yours,
C. B. PHIPPS.
SIR JOHN SPENCER LOGIN.
Duleep Singh writes from Auchlyne to Sir John,
August 1st, 1861, announcing that Sir C. Wood has
sent the papers to him direct, in spite of all orders to
the contrary; that he can do nothing unless he comes
up to him to examine them, and begs he will start as soon
as he can; that he is very busy training his hawks and
dogs, &c., and cannot settle to business, ending, "My
mother begs to send her best salaam to the kind
Doctor Sahib."
Sir John had gone with his family to North Wales,
and after settling them for the summer, went to
Vichy to take the waters, and while there another
letter came for him to Llandulas, from Duleep Singh,
announcing the sudden death of his secretary, John
Cawood, and the shock it had caused him. This
letter announced his determination to throw up all
his worldly prospects, and to return to India with
his mother, to devote the rest of his life to God's
service, in trying to evangelize the heathen, and
begging that application be at once made for leave
for his going back. Lady Login sent the letter on to
Sir John, and wrote the Maharajah begging of him
to take time to think before taking any serious step,
HH
466
-
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
1858-63.
Chapter or even before publicly announcing his intentions,
XIV. and that some proof would be required of the stability
of his convictions. He replied, thanking her much for
her letter, and regretting that it was out of his power
·
to follow Sir John to Vichy, which he would have
done had he not to go to Mulgrave to receive visitors
there. He wrote from Mulgrave, September 22nd:
1
I wish it were only possible for you and Lady Login to come
by the middle of next week, for I do long to see you, and to be
once more able to read with you in the mornings, as we used to do
long ago, when we lived together. I feel it very difficult to lead a
Christian life; I am constantly erring before God, and really some
of my sins I cannot give up.
Login' had been trying to persuade the Maharajah
to have a separate establishment from his mother, the
influence was very bad for him, and he was sadly
tempted to lapse into native habits. His mother
seemed to have no objection to his being a Christian,
and he had great hopes of her becoming a convert
herself. At this time his religious feelings were in a
very excited and unsettled state, he was ready to
enquire into every different opinion and try every
sect in turn.
When in London, he used to go with Sir John and
Lady Login to
Login to church on Sunday, and on one
occasion he did not turn up as expected; but on their
GUARDIANSHIP ENDED.
467
>
XIV.
1858-63.
return from church, they found Mrs. Claridge, the Chapter
landlady of his hotel, waiting to see them. She
informed Sir John that she was so interested in His
-Highness, that she could not see him led astray by
other young men, without speaking; besides, she did
not like such doings in her house! It appeared, that
a young friend of His Highness had lately become a
Plymouth brother, and was trying to induce His
Highness to follow his example; that he had persuaded
him not to go to church that morning, saying he could
administer the Holy Communion to him at home;
that the waiters had been scandalized by the pro-
ceedings in consequence, and she did not like it!
All this will show the unsettled state of his mind at
this time on religious points, and how eagerly he was
blindly groping after light.
He was able to resume his usual sport before
September had quite passed, and writes :-
I have been having capital sport these last few days, averaging
forty brace daily. I address this to Lancaster Gate, as Sir John
said you would be back by this time. I want you and he very
much to come for ten days, or as long as you can stay, and you
must bring my little godchild with you; indeed, you really must
not come without her! I want your advice also about getting a
good likeness of my mother (in oils). The Normanbys are here,
and beg to send their kind regards.
It was in this year (1861) that the Order of the
:
HH 2
468
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
XIV.
1858-63.
Chapter Star of India was founded, in the establishment of
which Order the Prince Consort took a lively interest,
himself drawing up its charter and regulations. It
was thus a token of the esteem in which H.R.H., as
well as Her Majesty, held the young Indian Prince,
that the name of Duleep Singh appeared in the very
first list of recipients, as Knight Grand Cross of the
Order. The Prince Consort had previously, on the
Maharajah's first arrival in England, with gracious
kindliness and interest, himself designed for him an
appropriate coat-of-arms, and selected the motto:
Prodesse quam conspici (to do good rather than be
conspicuous), which, with the crest, appears on the
cover of this volume.
The sorrow which fell upon the nation at this time.
was felt by none more acutely than by Login, who
brought from Windsor the sad tidings of the death
of the noble-hearted Prince Consort.
5, LANCASTER GATE, Dec. 30th, 1861.
MY DEAR SIR CHARLES,
It was very kind indeed of you to write me to explain your
inability to see me when I went up to Windsor on the 14th. I
did not, under the circumstances, expect that you would, and
felt it necessary to have a note prepared to excuse myself for
having attempted it. I had, on two or three occasions, made
inquiries at Buckingham Palace, before the bulletins were issued,
and ventured, in my anxiety, to do so at Windsor.
·
:
If the universal sympathy of the civilized world, and the heart-
་
3
GUARDIANSHIP ENDED.
469
felt sorrow of the millions who delight to acknowledge her Chapter
sovereignty, and to take a deep and affectionate interest in all that XIV.
1858-63.
concerns the welfare of our most beloved and gracious Queen, can
in any way tend to alleviate grief, under so sad a bereavement,
Her Majesty must have enjoyed that consolation to an extent
to which the history of the human race affords no parallel; nor
can I doubt that the manner in which the virtues of one whom
she loved so well have now been honoured and appreciated, as
an example to humanity, can be otherwise than most gratifying.
I sincerely trust, however, that these have afforded only a small
portion of that consolation with which Her Majesty has, through
Divine grace, been sustained in her deep affliction, and that its
sanctifying influences may be abundantly experienced by all who
are dear to our beloved Queen!
Again he writes:-
I have for the last few days been anxious to write to
you on the Maharajah's affairs, but have been prevented by the
fear of being intrusive, while your attention must be occupied so
incessantly. But in the hope that you will excuse my wish to
avail myself of any leisure which you may happen to have, I shall
send this, although you may not be able to acknowledge it for
some time.
-
I am afraid that the Maharajah is getting thoroughly under his
mother's influence, and that our only hope of saving him from
discredit is to get him to live apart from her, as had been arranged,
and to find some suitable companion of his own age to reside with
him. He authorized me to look out for a young man to attend
lectures with him, but changed his mind. When he was last in
town, he was again full of arrangements for an estate in India,
and to return there, after a short time, and most anxious to accept
•
J
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
470
Chapter the Government offer, for anything they might be disposed to give
XIV. · without trustees, so that he should have entire control over the
1858-63.
amount, but I told him, that I considered such an arrangement
to be very inexpedient, and that, if such were his determination,
I had better withdraw. I accordingly have written the enclosed
letter, which I shall send to him on your returning it to me.
Sir John Lawrence has been quite prepared to go into the case,
if submitted to his decision; but, on the 19th instant he wrote
me, "Sir Charles Wood has never said a word to me since
I was at Windsor, and I, of course, have not referred to it
myself."
To this Sir Charles replied
J. S. L.
•
OSBORNE, Jan. 4th, 1862.
I am very sorry to hear what you say about the Maha-
rajah-nothing could be so destructive to him as that he should
succumb to his mother's, or any other native influence. He is too
good to be so lost; and, if I were in your place, I should certainly
not, at such a moment, forsake any position which gave me any
influence over him, or could possibly tend to prevent his doing
anything foolish. I do not think, if it were pointed out to him,
he would do anything wrong.
I should have answered you some days since, but you may
conceive what this house is at present! for the very air we breathe
is an atmosphere of sorrow, and that is a bad medium in which to
transact business.
Always very sincerely yours,
C. B. PHIPPS.
GUARDIANSHIP ENDED.
471
5, LANCASTER GATE, Jan. 8th, 1862.´ Chapter
MY DEAR SIR CHARLES;
. If I could, for a moment, suppose that, by retaining
the papers connected with his case, and by continuing to act for
him at the India Office-while we differed so much in respect
to the arrangements which appeared advantageous to his
interests, I would be more likely to maintain any influence I
possess with him, I would, of course, regret very much,
especially at the present time, to be under the necessity of doing
so. But, as I think I know the Maharajah very well, and that, so
far from weakening my influence with him by doing so, I am
more likely to strengthen it, I have still thought it better to
send the letter and papers, trusting that I shall yet be able to
make it clear to you that I have done right.
•
While I have
returned him all the official documents and memoranda connected
with his claims, I have expressed my readiness to give him every
assistance in my power in explaining any points required,
and satisfied him that I have only his best interests åt
heart,
and do not give up the charge of his case under any
feeling of temporary annoyance at his vacillation-but certainly
more in sorrow than in anger. I feel very certain that, after
having done this, and giving him, I hope, another proof that I am
not actuated by selfish motives--of which, like all Orientals with
whom I have come in contact, he is very suspicious-he will give
more weight to the remonstrances which I think it necessary to
make, against the self-indulgence to which he gives way so much.
I think, also, that when it becomes known that (rather than have
anything to do with an arrangement which I cannot but consider
most improper and injudicious on the part of Government, and
which I certainly believe would never have been thought of, had
they not been most anxious to make it appear that their first pro-
posal of settlement was very liberal), I have determined to give up
my position near him, they may look a little more carefully into the
XIV.
1858-63.
472
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
-
Chapter matter; at least (although I may flatter myself a little too much
in supposing it to have this effect), I shall, at all events, have
done my duty in thus . .. protesting against it.
XIV.
1858-63.
•
Most earnestly do we all hope and pray that our
beloved Queen may be enabled, through Divine strength, to con-
tinue to set before Her people that bright example of Christian
resignation and Christian duty, for which they have hitherto had
so much cause to be grateful.
Believe me, very sincerely yours,
J. S. LOGIN.
OSBORNE, April 13th, 1862.
MY DEAR SIR JOHN,
I shall be very glad, for the Maharajah's sake, and
yours also, when his affairs are finally settled, for all this constant
uncertainty and negotiation must be very annoying. He ought
to be very grateful to you for all the trouble which you have taken,
for never did anybody work harder for another's interests!
Pray remember me very kindly to Lady Login.
•
•
•
WINDSOR CASTLE, June 16th, 1862.
I quite agree with you that it is most important for the
welfare of the Maharajah that his mother should not be prevented
from returning to India. I fear very much that, as long as he
remains under this influence, he will retrogade in his moral and
social character, instead of advancing to become an English
gentleman, as I thought he was doing. ...
C. B. PHIPPS.
Login's method of dealing with Duleep Singh, at this
crisis of his life, proved its wisdom by the result; it
GUARDIANSHIP ENDED.
473
roused the better instincts of his nature, and impelled Chapter
him to make an effort to save himself from the life of
self-indulgence into which he was drifting.
He wrote to Sir John in June :-
I have decided to arrange for my mother's return to India,
and will see Sir Charles Wood on the subject at once, to have a
place of residence fixed for her. I must see you soon, and will go
up before I have to attend the marriage of the Princess Alice at
Osborne, to which I am invited on July 1st.
Some difficulties were made about the Maharanee's
place of residence in India,* so the Maharajah took a
separate house for her in London, with an English lady
as companion, where she lived till her death, in the
following year.
The India Office having made it evident that they
wished to deal with the Maharajah alone (without any
advisers) regarding his future settlement, Login wrote
as follows, to his former ward:-
MY DEAR MAHARAJAH,
а
When you expressed your desire to be educated as
Christian, I explained to you the sacrifices that a profession of
*Sir John Lawrence, now a member of the Indian Council, writes Login,
June 8th, 1862 :- There can be no doubt whatever that the Maharanee is better
out of India than living in that country. There she is sure to do mischief; here,
I admit, she will be equally the evil genius of the Maharajah. It is for the
Secretary of State for India to decide which interest is of paramount importance !
As to the Maharajah's claim for compensation for losses during the Mutiny, he
should lodge his complaint again, if he wishes the matter attended to by Sir C.
Wood.
XIV.
1858-63.
די
474
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter Christianity would entail upon you, with regard to your position
XIV. among your countrymen and former subjects; and now that the
1858-63. settlement of your affairs is under discussion, I wish to draw your
I
attention to several points, which in your anxiety to secure the
provision offered you personally, you may be apt to overlook.
have already shown you the responsibilities which devolve upon
you as a Christian, and the influence your example may reasonably
be expected to exercise on other natives of India. I wish now
to point out, that the principles involved in the question between
you and the Government are of wide application, and upon their
decision much depends.
It rests with you to determine whether a native of India, whọ
has embraced Christianity, can be legally required to give up his
birthright, and to divest himself of privileges to which, by the
laws of his country, he is entitled. I hope, for the sake of the
millions who are, I trust, likely to be interested in the question,
that you will not hesitate to have it settled. But besides the
principles of general application, there are other points worthy
of your consideration which may be affected by it. By the
Treaty of Lahore, you very wisely gave up your political position,
and all pretensions to sovereignty for yourself and your
descendants, under former rights. But your position and
privileges as head of your family, are in no way affected thereby.
As it seems to be in every way expedient that you and your
immediate descendants (if you have a family) should avoid, for
several years to come, the risk of placing yourselves in the way
of any temptation to encourage, or keep up, political aspirations
in the Punjab, it is strongly to be recommended that you should
make up your mind to remain in England, and, if possible, to
marry into a family of high character and befitting rank. The
arrangements proposed by Government ensure a sufficient pro-
vision for them, and with prudent management, you have the
power to make them wealthy.
In the event of your securing your position under the Treaty, to
GUARDIANSHIP ENDED.
475
1858-63.
the control of the balances of State pensions, through trustees, Chapter
and your right to devise by will, at your death, any unappropriated XIV.
balances, I would recommend, if you have no personal descendants,
that you claim your right, by the laws of India, to adopt an heir
(say, your nephew, Sheo Deo Singh, or one of his sons, whose
character may give confidence that he is worthy), leave him by
will, say, one-third of the unappropriated balances, as your heir,
and two-thirds for Christian education among the Sikhs.
Hatherop Castle was purchased at this time by the
Maharajah, with money advanced for the purpose
by the Government. In his eagerness to possess an
English estate, and accept the large sum of money
offered him, he was a little inclined to overlook the
interests of others, and forget the duties of his
position as head of his family, though reminded by
constant appeals from his nephew, the Shahzadah, who
was anxiously expecting the settlement of the Maha-
rajah's affairs, in the hopes of obtaining some addition
to his paltry allowance.
DEAR SIR JOHN,
LOCH KENNARD LODGE, August 1st, 1862.
I received yesterday the letter from Sir C. Wood, which
I enclose. . . . . The terms offered seem liberal, and I think
I ought to accept them; but pray let me know what you think
and advise.
Oct. 28th, 1862.
The letter to Sir Charles Wood has been sent, after altering
it in the way you wished.* I daresay you have by this
* See p. 512.
476
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter time heard that I have bought the place in Gloucestershire
XIV. (Hatherop) for £183,000, and I think it is a good investment.
1858-63.
The "investment," however, did not turn out so
profitable as the Maharajah had anticipated; and in
1863, by the advice and sanction of the Government,
it was sold, and the estate of Elveden, in Suffolk, pur-
chased in its place.
Amongst other schemes for the development of
India, in which Sir John Login took much interest,
was that of the promotion of railroads and tramways.
In December, 1862, he was asked by the Board of the
Indian Tramways Company-now South Indian Rail-
way Company, of which he was one of the original
members to go out to Bombay as their represen-
tative, to confer with the Governor, Sir Bartle Frere,
on matters connected with their interests.
This was Sir John's last visit to India. He returned
to England in April, 1863, after having thoroughly
examined all the various lines proposed, throughout the
Bombay Presidency.*
The transition, from the Indian climate to the bitter
easterly winds of an English spring, was too sudden,
and soon after his return he had his first severe illness,
and was advised to go to the seaside, for change.
He went accordingly, with his family, to Felixstowe, on
* He had intended to go into Bengal also, but the hot weather was too
far advanced.
GUARDIANSHIP ENDED.
477
XIV.
the Suffolk coast, and had been there but a short time, Chapter
when he received a telegram from the Maharajah, 1858-63.
begging him to come to him at once in London, as the
Maharanee had died that morning. The Maharajah
himself, had been hastily summoned from Loch
Kennard Lodge, Scotland, only a day or two before,
and had written to Sir John that very morning to say
that his mother seemed better since his arrival.
On arrival aț Abingdon House, Kensington, where
the Maharanee had lived, Sir John and Lady Login
found her household in great distress and consterna-
tion. The arrangements for the disposal of her
remains were left in Sir John's hands, and it was
settled that they should be placed temporarily, in an
unconsecrated vault in Kensal Green Cemetery, until
they could be conveyed to India, to receive the funeral
rites of her religion. A large number of Indian
notabilities attended this interment, as a mark of
respect to the mother of the Maharajah, and to the
surprise of every one present, especially of those who
knew the effort it cost him to overcome his nervousness
in speaking in public, the Maharajah, in a few well-
chosen words, addressed the native attendants in their
own language, comparing the Christian religion with
that of the Hindoo, and assuring them, that in the
blood of Christ alone, was their safety from condemna-
tion in a future state. It was an impressive incident
in a strange scene!
The Maharajah did not get possession of Elveden,
478
SÍR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
XIV.
1858-63.
ཟ
Chapter until the 29th September, and, owing to necessary
repairs and alterations, was not able to take up his
residence there, until the following November. He
was very anxious, however, that Sir John should
inspect his new purchase, and wrote on the 20th
September asking him to do so. But this was not to
be-his best friend was never destined to see the
place, which for the next nineteen or twenty years
was the Maharajah's home in England!
A greater loss, a more poignant grief, than had yet
come into his life, was this year in store for Duleep
Singh. Two months after his mother's death, he had
to mourn the loss of him, who, from his early boyhood,
now fourteen years before, had been his truest ~and
most faithful friend, on whose wise and disinterested
counsel he had been accustomed to lean all his life,
whose mind and energies had been throughout devoted
to his best interests, and whose bright example of
uprightness and integrity had led him to desire for
himself a part in a religion which made it possible
for a man to lead such "a God-like life on earth!"
On the 18th October, 1863, John Spencer Login
passed peacefully into his rest-bearing with him the
love and veneration of all who had ever known him,
for none could fail to see in him one who "walked
with God."
66
He was not, for God took him." So sudden
was the summons-to him not dread, but welcome
GUARDIANSHIP. ENDED.
479
-that it fell as a shock on those who looked for Chapter
-
XIV.
many more years of service to God and man from 1858-63.
that untiring brain and energy; yet, though not quite
fifty-four years of age, his heart had been weakened by
the hard and constant work of his early life in India,
and doubtless had suffered a severe strain from the
anxiety and worry, arising from the settlement of the
Maharajah's affairs.
The little churchyard of Felixstowe, was the scene of
a simple but striking ceremony, when, on the 24th-
October, all that was mortal of John Login was laid in
the grave. By their own special desire, the coast-
guardsmen of that station, whose hearts he had won
during his daily rides along the beach, attended in
uniform, under the command of their officer, Lieutenant
Hart, R.N., and carried the coffin to the grave. By
this kindly act of sympathy and respect, it thus came
about that Login received these last earthly honours
from that service to which, in his youth, it had been
his great ambition to belong.
Very many old and valued friends followed him to
the grave, besides his own and his wife's immediate
relatives, well-known names in India,-Sir John
Lawrence, soon after to be made Viceroy of India, and
to receive his peerage; Sir Frederick Currie, Bart. ;
Sir James Alexander, K.C.B., and many others.*
* One of these, John Marshman, C.S.I., formerly editor of the "Friend of India,"
then taking holiday at the seaside, was an old friend whose society Login had much
enjoyed, both being deeply interested in India. Marshman was then busy with
his "History of India," the first volume only being complete.
480
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter The Rev. William Jay, formerly Chaplain of Futteh-
XIV. ghur, read the burial service, assisted by the clergy of
the parish.
1858-63.
The grief of Duleep Singh was most intense
and unaffected. At once, on receiving the sad in-
telligence, he hurried to the family at Felixstowe,
and, at the funeral, took his place as chief mourner with
Login's two sons. One of those present has described
the touching spectacle of the Maharajah's impassioned
grief beside the grave, as he gave utterance to the words,
'Oh, I have lost my father!-for he was, indeed, my
father, and more than my father!" When speaking of
his loss to Lady Login, he said, "If that man is not in
Heaven, then there is not one word of truth in the
Bible!"
66
The great desire of the Maharajah was that
his guardian should be buried at Elveden, in a new
mausoleum which he designed to build there as a family
burial-place, and he intended the interment at Felix-
stowe to be only temporary, until such time as this
edifice could be completed; but, by Lady Login's
wish, the arrangements at Felixstowe were made for a
permanent tomb, and, later on, the Maharajah erected
to his guardian's memory, in the churchyard there, a
beautiful monument of
monument of grey-and-red granite and
white marble, the design of which was approved by Her
Majesty, who herself selected the text to be cut on it
—thus marking the estimate of his character formed
甲
​1
GUARDIANSHIP ENDED.
481
by the Sovereign he had so loyally served,* and which Chapter
she had already expressed, in a letter written by her 1858-63.
command to his widow.
This monument is
an object of much
interest to the visi-
tors at this little
seaside watering-
stand-
place;
and
C
1
XIV.

* The following inscription is placed on the tomb :
In Loving Memory
of
SIR JOHN SPENCER LOGIN,
Who died at Felixstowe, October 18th, 1863,
In the 54th year of his age.
This Monument is erected,
By his Affectionate Friend and Ward,
THE MAHARAJAH DULEEP SINGH,
In Grateful Remembrance of the
Tender Care and Solicitude with which
Sir John Login
Watched over his early years,
Training him up in the pure
And simple faith of Our Lord and Saviour
JESUS CHRIST.
The memory of the just is blessed.”—Proverbs x. 7.
II
482
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
1858-63.
Chapter ing, as it does, on the highest piece of ground at that
XIV. point on the coast, the white marble cross on its
summit has served for years as a "leading-mark" for
pilots. Thus, in his death, as in his life, he serves his
fellow-men--the cross above his resting-place reminding
the seaman, as he steers his homeward course, how he
also "may so pass through the waves of this trouble-
some world," as in like manner to attain a safe anchor-
age in the haven of eternal rest!
Of the many letters written at this time-besides
the one from Her Majesty just referred to-only two
or three are subjoined; containing, as they do, a
tribute to his memory, in the words of those whose
good opinion he himself most highly valued.
MY DEAR MISS LOGIN,*
ST. JAMES'S PALACE,
Oct. 24th (5 p.m.), 1863.
I can hardly attempt to express to you how shocked I was to
see yesterday, when arriving at Edinburgh, the account of the
sudden death of my dear friend, your father. I had hoped that
he had entirely recovered from his illness, and that we might
hope for a long-continued life of usefulness. Lady Login knows
how strong was my regard and friendship for him. I find it quite
* This letter was addressed to Login's eldest daughter, who died at Pau
two years after her father.
GUARDIANSHIP ENDED.
483
1858-63.
impossible to say how much I regret the loss of so excellent and Chapter
valued a friend. There were, however, dear Miss Login, few XIV.
people so well prepared for a sudden call to his Maker, for few people
had such strong feelings upon religion, or acted so uniformly
upon Christian rules. If I dared to intrude on your dear mother's
sacred grief, I would beg to be allowed to assure her of my
sympathy in her loss, founded on the deep regard and respect I
feel for the truly good man whose loss we mourn.
For you,
also, I feel deeply. What must have been your love for such
a father! .... I have only just arrived in London (5 p.m.), or I
should have asked to be permitted to join to-day in the last sad
tokens of respect. It would be very kind if you would write
again soon, to tell me of Lady Login.
•
Believe me, very sincerely yours,
C. B. PHIPPS.
MY DEAR LADY LOGIN,
WINDSOR CASTLE, Oct. 27th, 1863.
The Queen has this morning commanded me to write to you
in her name, to express to you the deep and very sincere sympathy
with which she has heard of the overwhelming affliction which
has fallen upon you! Few, indeed, can so well enter into the
grief under which you must now be suffering! You are well
aware of the high opinion which the Queen entertained of your
excellent husband, my valued friend. Her Majesty had
frequently shown this, not only in the honour bestowed upon
him, but in the confidence so often reposed in him, and never
disappointed. He was a thoroughly good, conscientious man.
What higher praise can be earned on earth ? What better
passport can there be to Heaven ?
I hardly know anybody who could be better prepared for a calm,
though sudden and entirely painless, end. I did not intend,
II 2
484
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter when I began this letter by the Queen's command, to enter
XIV. into my own feelings; but I had a very great and real friendship
1858-63. for your most excellent husband, and to me these thoughts
are very soothing. I only carry out the Queen's repeated instruc-
tions, in assuring you, that sympathy for you is most sincerely
combined with true regard and respect for him that is gone.
Believe me always, dear Lady Login,
Sincerely yours,
C. B. PHIPPS.
MY DEAR LADY LOGIN,
WINDSOR CASTLE, Oct. 28th, 1863.
I had written, but not sent, the accompanying letter by the
Queen's command, when I received yours this morning. I feel
very strongly the kind exertion you made in writing to me, and I
pray God may strengthen and support you! You cannot overrate
the regard I had for my dear friend, your husband, and my
admiration of his character. I am very glad to hear that the
Maharajah has shown so much feeling of the debt of gratitude
which he owed to his kind and gentle, but always honest, mentor;
it will, indeed, be a terrible loss to him, for Sir John always told
him the truth, and gave him the sincerest advice.
The Queen read your letter with the greatest interest. If there
is anything kind from Her Majesty that I could say, and have
not said, I have so far gone within her commands!
The Queen has been very sorry to read the account you gave of
Princess Gouramma's health; she wishes to know whether you
think that it would be injurious to her health to come down here
to see Her Majesty ?
The Queen does not forget the kind manner, in which you and
Sir John undertook the care of this poor child, at great personal
GUARDIANSHIP ENDED.
485
=
inconvenience.
If it is too much for you to write and answer Chapter
this yourself, pray ask your daughter to do so.
XIV.
1858-63.
Always sincerely yours,
C. B. PHIPPS.
MY DEAR LADY LOGIN,
OSBORNE, Feb. 17th, 1864.
The Queen was very much grieved at the account you gave
of the poor little Princess in your letter, and directed me to tele-
graph at once to enquire for her, in her name.
It is very sad to see one so young cut off, but I think you have
long thought that her lungs were in a very unsatisfactory state.
I shall be greatly interested to see the sketch of the monument
which you and the Maharajah have approved, and when I go to
London shall certainly go to see the model. There has rarely
lived a man with a more extended and pure benevolence; and I
have certainly learned more of India, and Indian affairs, from him,
than from any other man.
I fear, from what you say, that Princess Gouramma is in a very
dangerous state. . . . . The dear Maharajah is not always very
wise in his decisions,* and I fear there is nobody now who has
much influence over him. He must miss his faithful Thornton,
too. I suppose there is no doubt about his going to India, as you
say he intends doing.
Very sincerely yours,
Again--February, 20th, 1864-
C. B. PHIPPS.
The design for the monument is very much liked; it is both
quiet, handsome, and in good taste. What do you think of the
*This refers to the Maharajah's expressed intention of visiting the Mission
School at Cairo, of which Lady Login had informed Sir Charles.
486
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
}
Chapter enclosed inscription? It is simple and short, which I think you
XIV. wished, but it can easily be added to if wished.* The Queen will
1858-63. herself select a text.
Ever sincerely yours,
-
C. B. PHIPPS.
-
LLANDUDNO, N. WALES, Oct. 26th, 1863,
DEAR LADY LOGIN,
-
I have just learnt from the newspaper, the great affliction
that has befallen you. I cannot forbear to write, to tell you how
much I grieve for you and your children. I know no particulars,
but this I know, that you and they have suffered a loss which-
can never be repaired. There was so much true goodness, honour,
and kindness in Sir John Login, that he did much to make
happy all around him; and these qualities, so apparent to his
friends, were even more conspicuous in the bosom of his family.
I remember his many kindnesses to me when I met him abroad
seven years ago, when I was out of health. I shall always think
of him as one whom it was a privilege and an honour to know.
I can say nothing that will lessen the blow which has been
permitted to fall upon you; he whom you mourn knew well the
Source of highest consolation, from that Source alone can you
derive help to sustain you in this time of your fearful trial. My
daughter Helen is in Edinburgh, so I can send no message from
her, but I know she will be full of deep sympathy with you.
Excuse this note, which does but poorly express what I wish to
*This inscription was afterwards somewhat enlarged by the Maharajah, who
thought it did not express fully enough all that he wished.
+ Lord Lawrence's remark to a friend at Sir John Login's funeral was, “I
never met another man who so perfectly combined the most straightforward
truthfulness with perfect courtesy of manner."
GUARDIANSHIP ENDED.
487
say, for you know that my regard and esteem for your husband Chapter
was deep and sincere.
XIV.
1858-63.
Believe me always, dear Lady Login,
Your sincere friend,
JOHN BRIGHT.
'
-
Before the Maharajah embarked to convey his
mother's remains to India, he spent a week or more -
with Lady Login, at Felixstowe. He was anxious
to help her in every way, and wished to fill the place
of the father they had lost, to the children of his
guardian.* If anything happened to him during his
absence in India, his will was made, he informed
her, and he had provided handsomely for his god-
daughter. He spoke of his own future with great
anxiety, and seemed earnestly desirous to lead a life
worthy of his Christian profession. He dreaded a
marriage with a worldly woman, such as he might
meet with in society, and said that he would like
to meet with some young girl whom he might train to
be a helpmeet for him. With this view, he said he
had made up his mind to visit the Missionary School
at Cairo on his way out, and ask the missionaries
if they could help him; he had never forgotten
the interest these orphan girls had excited in him.
--
* Edward, the eldest, was appointed to the Indian Finance Department by
Sir John Lawrence, Governor-General of India. He died in India, December
16th, 1876.
488
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter Lady Login told him to weigh well beforehand the
XIV. consequences of such an irrevocable step, as it would
1858-63.
influence his whole after-life.
To show her that he was serious, he left with her a
paper in which he had sketched out his intentions.
During this visit, the Maharajah read with much
interest a report of the American missionaries, on the
results of their mission at Futtehghur up to the time
of the Mutiny, when the mission was destroyed by the
mutineers. The report had been sent from America
to Sir John Login. An account was given of the
successful working of the ten schools for boys, estab-
lished and paid for by Duleep Singh, and superin-
tended by the American Presbyterian Mission,
whereby 400 youths were thoroughly educated in
the Christian faith, and some were being fitted to
evangelize their own people.
The Maharanee Jinda Koür's remains were landed
at Bombay, where arrangements were made for her
funeral rites, and the ashes were scattered on the
sacred waters of the Nerbuddah.
The Maharajah wrote from Bombay to announce his
engagement, and soon after the following notice of
his marriage in Egypt was published in the Times of
India:-
THE MARRIAGE OF DULEEP SINGH.-A correspondent of the
Times of India writes as follows:-"The marriage of the Maha-
rajah Duleep Singh took place at the British consulate, Alexandria,
GUARDIANSHIP ENDED.
489
*
The Chapter
on the 7th June, in the presence of a very few witnesses.
young lady who has now become the Maharanee is the daughter XIV.
1858-63.
of an European merchant here. Her mother is an Abyssinian.
She is between fifteen and sixteen years of age, of a slight but
graceful figure, interesting rather than handsome, not tall, and in
complexion lighter than her husband. She is a Christian, and
was educated in the American Presbyterian Mission School at
Cairo; and it was during a chance visit there, while on his way
out to India, that the Prince first saw his future bride, who was
engaged as instructress in the school. Duleep Singh wore at the
wedding European costume, excepting a red tarboosh. The
bride's dress was also European, of white moiré antique, à fichu
pointe d'Alençon-short lace sleeves, orange blossoms in her dark
hair, with, of course, the usual gauze veil. She wore but few
jewels; a necklace of fine pearls, and a bracelet set with diamonds,
were her only ornaments. The formula of civil marriage at Her
Britannic Majesty's consulates in the Levant is very brief. Both
parties declare that they know no lawful impediment to their
union; then they declare that they mutually accept each other as
husband and wife, and the civil ceremony is over. This formula
was pronounced by the Prince in English; the bride, in a low
but musical voice, read it in Arabi (that being the only language
with which she is acquainted), and thus 'Bamba Muller' became
the Maharanee.' She showed much self-possession through it
all. A religious ceremony was performed by one of the American
ministers at the house of the bride's father; and the newly-
married pair retired to the Prince's house at Ramleh, a few miles.
from Alexandria.”
The young couple, on their arrival in England, lived
in retirement for the first few years at Elveden; a
governess being engaged in teaching the young
Maharanee English before introducing her to society,
1
ཏི
490
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
XIV.
1858-63.
Chapter for which she never cared much, being of a retiring,
serious nature. Though very young, she was deeply
imbued with religious feeling, and of a sweet and
gentle disposition.
-
-
The Maharajah used to describe, in an amusing way,
his difficulties when attempting to converse with his
fiancée, on first acquaintance; she only spoke and
understood Arabic, so that he had to employ. his.
dragoman as interpreter. He told Lady Login that
he had made over Soortoo (his mother's attendant) to
the care of Dr. and Mrs. Wilson, Bombay Mission,
that she was now baptized and leading a most exem-
plary life as a Christian. Lady Login heard afterwards
that she died at Bombay during an epidemic.
*
During the spring of 1864, after a long illness, the
Princess Victoria Gouramma, of Coorg, died, leaving an
infant daughter, for whom, when she felt herself dying,
she earnestly bespoke Lady Login's maternal care.
She had deeply felt the death of Sir John Login. The
first visit Lady Login paid her after that event, she
found her and her little one dressed in deep mourning.
Observing how ill and weak she was, Lady Login told
her she ought to be in bed; on.which she replied, “I
only got up and dressed to show you that I mourn, out-
* At Lady Login's entreaty, the Queen arranged that a pension should be
allowed by the India Office for the education and support of this child.
The Queen, however, made it a condition that she should be entirely under
Lady Login's care.
GUARDIANSHIP ENDED.
491
wardly as well as inwardly, for that good man who was Chapter
such a true friend to me."
-
Her Majesty's kindness and solicitude never failed
during the Princess's illness; constant enquiries and
telegrams were sent by command, and after her death,
the following inscription was sent, to be placed on her
monument in Brompton Cemetery.*
Of the life of Duleep Singh, after this period, Lady
Login can say very little from her own personal know-
ledge. She did not often visit Elveden, and, save for
the occasional visits paid her by the Maharajah, at
Felixstowe and in London, she saw little of him and
his family.
The Queen showed great kindness to the Maharanee,
receiving her at Court and in private most graciously;
her unassuming manners and gentle disposition making
a very favourable impression.
For many years Duleep Singh's strict religious life
was common report, indeed, during the visits Lady
Login paid to Elveden, he was much occupied with
* Sacred to the memory of
PRINCESS VICTORIA GOURAMMA,
Daughter of the EX-RAJAH OF Coorg,
The beloved wife of LIEUT.-COLONEL JOHN CAMPBELL,
Born in India, July 4th, 1841.
She was brought early in life to England; baptized into the Christian
faith, under the immediate care and protection of
QUEEN VICTORIA,
Who stood sponsor to her,
And took a deep interest in her through life.
She died 30th March, 1864.
"Other sheep I have, which are not of this fold.”—John x. 16.
XIV.
492
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter religious meetings, in which he took a prominent
XIV.
part.
Some years later, she was aware that he was engaged
in composing an opera, and that, in consequence, he
was much in London; but she knew nothing of his
money difficulties until July, 1883, when the Maha-
rajah came unexpectedly to pay her a "farewell visit,"
as he said. He had taken passage to India for himself
and his whole family in December, intending to
resume native life, and be "done with England and her
hypocrisies for ever!" He told her that he found he
had no longer the means to support the rank given to
him in England; that the Government had arranged
that, at his death, his property was to be sold, so that
there was no future to look to for his eldest son, for
whom they would only make a provision of £3,000,
which he (the Maharajah) considered insulting! He
was evidently very angry with the India Office, but
when alluding to the Queen, and her great and un-
failing kindness to him, he fairly broke down. In
consequence of this interview, Lady Login, through
Sir Henry Ponsonby, made an appeal to the Queen,
telling the substance of her conversation with the
Maharajah ; and the whole matter was, by Her Majesty,
referred to the Secretary of State for India for recon-
sideration.
.
It was only natural that the chief opposition to a
liberal settlement should come from the Indian Go-
vernment, whose whole anxiety was to be able to report
1
GUARDIANSHIP ENDED.
493
favourably of Indian finance. Each successive Governor- Chapter
General had had the command of the accumulations XIV.
from the Lahore Treaty Fund, and each was unwilling
to have them deducted; and, as time went on, and the
sum increased, so did the difficulty of parting with it!
The Maharajah brought his legal adviser to look over
some of Sir John Login's letters and papers, and, before
leaving, this gentleman advised His Highness to implore
the Queen to use her influence to have all transactions
between the Maharajah and the India Office, since
Sir John had ceased to act for him, wiped out, and a
fresh departure made; because it was evident that he
had eagerly accepted, in his difficulties, all baits of
money offered, instead of insisting on the real terms of
the Treaty being carried out, and a final settlement
made. To this the Maharajah cordially agreed.
That Duleep Singh was willing and ready to come to
some equitable agreement is evident, for he offered to
abide by the arbitration of any three English statesmen
to be named by the Queen-if they were unconnected
with the India Office!
His departure for India was deferred, pending the
decision of his claims, and the following letter, written
to Lady Login, will show that, up to that date, he had
no thought of disloyalty:
MY DEAR LADY LOGIN,
CARLTON CLUB, July 25th, 1884.
I am sending you my book, stating my case fully. I think
it will interest you. Whatever decision is arrived at, I think I
494
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
1
Chapter have resolved to go to India. There is a storm gathering out
XIV.
there, which will burst ere long, and I trust to be able to render
such services as will compel the British nation to take up my
cause, and recognize my claims as just. The Sikhs saved India
for England during the Mutiny, and the chiefs who gave assistance
were afterwards rewarded by Government. Why should I not be
equally successful? The advance of Russia is watched for with
intense joy by many princes of India, whom you believe to be
loyal; it is only a matter of a few years; but you will hear what
I, the loyal subject of my Sovereign, though unjustly treated, will
do, when the time comes! but I must not sound my own
trumpet!.
Х
Ever, dear Lady Login,
Yours sincerely and gratefully,
DULEEP SINGH.
After a couple of years' suspense and delay, finding
there was little prospect of any satisfactory solution of
the question, Duleep Singh, worried and indignant at
the treatment he had experienced, carried out his
intention, and embarked with his whole family for
India, leaving his estates at Elveden at the disposal of
the Government.
It would appear that the India Office had never
seriously believed in his threat of doing so, for Duleep
Singh declares-and the assertion has never been
contradicted that before he left Southampton a
member of the Indian Council, whom he named, waited
on him from the Secretary of State for India, with an
offer of £50,000 if he would remain in England!
What followed is well known.
.*
i-
GUARDIANSHIP ENDED.
495
XIV.
As soon
as he entered Indian waters, he was Chapter
arrested at Aden, by order of Lord Dufferin, in the
presence of his fellow-passengers on board the mail-
steamer, and told he must not proceed to India.
The Maharanee at once returned to England with
the family. The Maharajah, furious at what he
regarded as an insult, refused to accept for himself
any longer the pension from the British Government,
and withdrew to the Continent of Europe.
The Maharanee did not live very long after this,
dying in the following year, and leaving six children,
three sons and three daughters, to be provided for by
the British Government. The four younger children
have been placed under the care of Mr. and Mrs.
Arthur Oliphant, at Brighton, while the eldest son,
Prince Victor, godson of the Queen, has entered Her
Majesty's service, and holds a commission in the Royal
Dragoons, being allowed, we understand, £2,000 a year
by the India Office. Prince Frederick, godson of the
late Emperor of Germany, is an undergraduate at
Cambridge, and is now of age.
The future of both these young men involves a
serious responsibility on the British nation. Prince
Victor, the eldest, has been deprived of his birthright
and inheritance by the action of the India Office, in
compelling the sale of Elveden at the Maharajah's
death, thus destroying his dearest ambition of founding
a family in England. To those acquainted with
Oriental feeling on this matter, it will be unnecessary
រ
496
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH,
Chapter to enlarge on the intensity of this desire with
XIV.
them.
And now that we have brought to a close this
account of the early life and training of the Maharajah
Duleep Singh, and of the man to whose care that
training was entrusted, may we, at least, hope, that
however imperfectly and tediously the story has been
told, those of our readers who have followed us so far,
will acknowledge the worth and character of the
Governor selected for that position, the high motives
from which he acted, and which he endeavoured to
instil into his ward, and the earnestness and persist-
ence with which he pressed on the Government the
consideration of that ward's just rights, even when
such pertinacity was damaging his own interests.
An impression seems to prevail among the mass
of the British public that Duleep Singh is some
pretender, with a grievance more or less imaginary
against the Government, and that the “guardian” he
so objurgates and denounces for unjust dealings, is
none other than Sir John Login himself! It is right
that we should at once rectify this latter error.
Duleep Singh has never, even in his most unguarded
statements, said a word against the memory or char-
acter of his most faithful friend, and personal guardian,
whose justice and uprightness he has always professed
to admire, and whose loving care and solicitude for
him he has ever acknowledged. The "guardian"
GUARDIANSHIP ENDED.
497
}
against whom he constantly inveighs is the British Chapter
Government, who took upon itself that office by the XIV.
Treaty of Bhyrowal, and who is so described by Lord
Hardinge, the author of that Treaty.*
Another point we have endeavoured to bring out in
these pages is the fact, that up to the time when, on
Duleep Singh attaining his majority, Sir John Login
relinquished his charge, there was not a more contented,
loyal subject of the Queen to be found within the
breadth of Her Majesty's dominions. Had Sir John
Login's advice, at this time, been followed, the Govern-
ment would not have got into their present difficulties,
and their trusting ward would not have developed into
an angry and discontented rebel !
Sir John Login brought up the boy to accept with
entire satisfaction, when of age, the provisions of the
Treaty of Lahore, as understood by those who signed it
for him, and by Sir Henry Lawrence, Sir Frederick
Currie, and John Lawrence, in whom the Sikhs had
full confidence. Login advised that a liberal interpre-
tation be given to the Treaty, instead of naming the
very lowest sum allowed by the letter of that document,
* See Appendix.
†The Fakeer Zehooroodeen, one of the gentlemen in attendance on the Maha-
rajah at Futtehghur, who was the son of Fakeer Nooroodeen, one of the Ministers
who signed the Treaty, was well aware of the meaning attached to the terms by
his father and others.
It was often a remark when the death of any pensioner on the Fund was
announced, that “ so much more was now the Maharajah's.”
Login knew the names of all those who were originally put on the Pension
Fund, as all pensions were made through him at Lahore.
KK
t
498
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter and instead of interpreting it in a sense in which
XIV. neither the Maharajah, nor his Ministers who signed it
for him, understood it at the time. He agreed that
the £25,000 a year, should be considered a fair income
for the Prince, but that the lapses under the Four-to-
Five Lakh Fund should be vested under trustees, as a
provision for his family and descendants (the income, of
course, to be enjoyed by the Maharajah for his life).
With this arrangement the Maharajah would then
have been perfectly satisfied, and the matter closed
once for all. At that time the private estates inherited
by him from Runjeet Singh, as a Sikh Sirdar, had
never been thought of, nor was any claim to the
personal property and jewels, as distinct from State
property, put forward.* The long delay, and niggling
spirit of the treatment he met with, has given time
for all this to crop up, with what sad results we all
know.
*With reference to a claim lately advanced by the Maharajah, it may be
observed that, in answer to a question put by Sir John Login in 1861, the
following reply was given, by a very high authority :—“I do not know what the
law in the native kingdoms of India may be, or what may have been established
as the basis of international law in that country, but in this country there is no
doubt that all property, either real or personal, inherited by the Sovereign, from
his or her predecessor, becomes the property of the Crown, and not of the indi-
vidual. If the same law ruled in the Treaty with the Maharajah, all the private
property would be absorbed in that of the State, except what Duleep Singh may
have purchased himself, which could be but little.
“In the particular instance of the Koh-i-noor, although it is now the personal
property of the Queen, having been acquired during her lifetime,
•
as soon
as it came into the hands of her successor, it would become the property of the
Crown, and could not be alienated.
"I do not think that it would be of any advantage to the Maharajah to advance
:
GUARDIANSHIP ENDED.
499
7.
XIV.
Sir John, on finding that the Government were Chapter
determined to deal with the Maharajah alone, without
any aid or counsel from a friend, and were tempting him
to give a discharge in full, by offering him large sums
of ready money to deal with as he liked (while they
allowed no inquiry into the use to which they applied
the Pension Fund, though debarred by treaty from
employing it for any other purpose), would take no
further prominent part in the matter, but contented
himself with merely giving advice to the Maharajah
from time to time on specified points.
It was a great risk to which to expose a young lad,
ignorant of English life, to place a large income at his
disposal, and large sums of ready money as well, and,
while discouraging him from consulting the counsellor
he had chosen, allowing him none other in his place!
Hitherto no Indian prince had ever been left so entirely
to himself; there was always an officer appointed as
agent to the Governor-General, to help and advise
him, and why should they be so resolved on the
dangerous experiment of throwing a youth, for whose
moral welfare they were doubly responsible (in that he
was the first Indian prince to embrace the religion
of the Paramount Power), alone and unaided into
claims that could be refuted, because it would necessarily lessen the prestige of
the rest.
""
From this it is evident that, as the Koh-i-noor descended from Runjeet Singh,
through Khurruck Singh, and Shere Singh, to the Maharajah, it must have been
considered State property, and dealt with as such by the Treaty of Lahore.
KK 2
500
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter the temptations of a London life, at an age when
XIV. no English lad would be considered fit to stand alone?
Furthermore, it would almost seem as if they had
presumed on his profession of Christianity, by imposing
upon him a continued system of petty slights and
injustice, which they would not have dreamt of offering
to a Hindoo or Mahomedan prince, in the same
position.
Far be it from us, to palliate or excuse Duleep
Singh's later utterances! We can but deplore that a
dawn of such promise, has been clouded by the
darkness of bitter and revengeful passions. His
present conduct and language is at such variance
with his chivalrous character, that his friends can only
hope that the aberration which betrays him into
such licence is only temporary, and that, ere long,
his veneration for the Queen, at present overshadowed
by his resentment against her Ministers, will yet
manifest itself with all its former intensity!
{
1
CHAPTER XV.
DULEEP SINGH AND THE GOVERNMENT.
1856-1886.
1856-86.
WITH the death of Sir John Login all business com- Chapter
munications with the Maharajah ceased, and, although XV.
a lively interest was taken in his proceedings, by the
family which he had hitherto held in such close friend-
ship, it will easily be understood, now that the head
and guiding hand had gone from among them, that a
gradual drifting apart set in, and much went on in the
life of the Maharajah that was unknown to his former
friends.
Under these circumstances, before proceeding further,
it is thought advisable to ask those whose interest may
have been aroused by what has been placed before
them, to refer to the introductory chapter of this
volume, in which the primary objects of the under-
taking have been set forth.
It will then be sufficient to give a short summary of
the situation of the Maharajah with regard to the
Government, and such facts as can be produced from
502
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
1856-86.
Chapter official and other sources will be brought to show how
XV. brooding over fancied wrongs, and constant beating
against the rocks of cold officialdom, has gone far
towards turning a loyal and loving subject of Her
Majesty, the first convert to Christianity among the
princes of India, into a bitter and discontented foe!
His early training led him to trust his guardian (the
British Government) implicity. How has that guardian
treated him?
To answer this query, let us turn to the evidence of
Sir John Login, in his private letter to Sir Charles
Wood, and the memorandum subsequently drawn up
by him on the Maharajah's position with the Govern-
ment :-
DEAR SIR CHARLES WOOD,
July, 1859.
I hope that you will kindly excuse the liberty I take, in
intruding upon your attention while it must be so fully occupied
with matters of perhaps more importance; but as I am very
apprehensive that if I delay to do so an opportunity may be lost
of doing an act of justice in a graceful way, and in a manner
which may tend to advance the public interests in India very
materially, I venture to bring it to your notice.
I have already mentioned to you that the subject of the
Maharajah Duleep Singh's settlements on coming of age has
been under the consideration of Government since December,
1856, when he became entitled (at eighteen), by the laws of India,
to the management of his own affairs, but that various circum-
stances have prevented a final decision upon the subject up to the
present time. He has, during the last three years, been unsettled
DULEEP SINGH AND THE GOVERNMENT.
503
and anxious regarding it, and to provide against some of the Chapter
inconveniences likely to arise from the delay, he has been induced
to insure his life at an annual premium of £1,000.
With every desire, however, to make allowances for the delay,
it is very difficult for a young man at his age to be patient under
it, especially when he has already had to pay £3,000 as insurance
premium, which would not have been necessary had his settle-
ment been determined at the proper time; and I am therefore
apprehensive that if all arrangements are not satisfactorily com-
pleted before he attains his majority (on the 4th September, little
more than a month hence), he may naturally be very greatly
disappointed, and be much less disposed to be satisfied with
any settlement which may be made by Government than he now
is.
When all the circumstances of the Maharajah's removal from
the throne of the Punjab and the annexation of his country
are duly considered, I think that it must be admitted to be at
least very satisfactory to us, that the person who, in the opinion
of other civilized nations, has suffered most from the change
should himself, on attaining an age at which he can correctly
judge of the rectitude of our proceedings towards him, be ready to
express his approbation; and I may be excused, therefore, if I am
a little anxious, for the sake of our own high character among
other nations, and among the people of India, that nothing should
occur to deprive us of this satisfaction.
XV.
1856-86.
It has been said, and, perhaps, truly, that the Maharajah has
been fortunate in having been removed from his high position
into private life at his early age, and also that he could never
have continued to hold it, even with the assistance to which
he was entitled from us, among so turbulent a people. But even
admitting the latter to be the case-although I greatly doubt it—
have we not, as a Government, been equally fortunate in having
to act with a young man who, during the last ten years, has given
us the most convincing proofs of his loyalty, fidelity, and good-
504
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter will, rather than with one who might have been otherwise
XV. disposed towards us, and have set a different example to his
1856-86. former subjects?
I have no doubt that you will take these circumstances into
consideration in determining the provision to be made for himself
and his family, and that notwithstanding the temporary difficulties
in which the general finances of India are now involved, you will
kindly bear in mind that, in so far as respects the Punjab, the
result of our Government has been eminently successful, and has
far exceeded the anticipations which were formed when, in 1849,
the Maharajah was deprived of his throne, and required, through
the ministers that we had placed around him, to accept such
terms as we imposed upon him.
I confess that I am less anxious for the Maharajah's personal
interest in the decision of the question, than for the honour and
credit of the British Government, and for the character which
impartial history may yet attach to the transaction.
While admitting the necessity of the measure, it was con-
sidered at the time by almost all who took part in it to be a very
hard proceeding towards the Maharajah, and one which can
in no way be so satisfactorily justified, as by his own approval of
it, after his judgment has been matured by ten years' experience,
and he has been able to appreciate the motives from which we
acted.
Trusting you will excuse the freedom with which I have
addressed you.
I remain, &c.,
J. S. LOGIN.
MEMORANDUM BY SIR JOHN LOGIN.
Written in 1862.
Dec. 9th, 1856. The Maharajah wrote to the Court of
Directors requesting that his settlement, on coming of age, might
be taken into consideration.
:
DULEEP SINGH AND THE GOVERNMENT.
505
XV.
1856-86.
Feb. 19th, 1857. He was informed, in reply, that a reference Chapter
would be made to India on the subject. They also released him
from the restrictions imposed on him by treaty as to residence.
In consequence of the mutiny of the Bengal Army, and other
causes, no further communication was made in this matter
until-
May 20th, 1859,-When His Highness was informed by
Lord Stanley that Her Majesty's Government proposed to fix his
allowance at an annual rate of £25,000, to commence on the
attainment of his majority, according to the laws of England.
June 3rd, 1859. The Maharajah acknowledged the liberality
of this allowance, but requested to be informed whether it was
to be considered a mere annuity for his life, or to be continued
in whole or in part to his heirs and descendants.
Oct. 24th, 1859. He was informed by Sir Charles Wood
that, of the yearly allowance of £25,000, the sum of £15,000 was
to be considered as a personal allowance, terminable with His
Highness's life, and the remaining £10,000 to be derived from
investment (in the name of trustees) of such an amount of India
stock as will yield that amount of yearly interest-such Capital
Stock (subject to provisions for his widow, not exceeding £3,000
per annum), to be at His Highness's disposal to bequeath to the
legitimate heirs of his body according to the laws of England.
In the event of his leaving no such heirs, the stock to revert to
the Government, subject to such settlement as His Highness
may have made upon his wife. This arrangement to be in
satisfaction of all claims for himself, or his heirs, on the British
Government..
Nov. 1st, 1859. The Maharajah expressed his satisfaction
at the manner in which it is proposed to make provision for
his family-but believing that no inconsiderable portion of the
sum which Her Majesty's Government proposed to place in trust
506
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter for himself and family had already accumulated by lapses and
XV. short payments, during his minority, from the State pension
1856-86. assigned under treaty, he requested that the condition requiring
the reversion of the trust fund to Government on failure of direct
heirs should be so far modified as to admit of his appropriating
such portion of it as can be shown to have accrued up to the
period of his decease by accumulations, by lapses, and otherwise,
from the State pensions above alluded to, for the promotion of
Christian education in the Punjab, or other territories over which
he had held sovereignty, placing the same under such additional
trustees as may be approved by Her Majesty's Government. He
also pointed out that no allusion had been made to his claim for
compensation for loss of property during the Mutiny.
No reply having been received to this communication for
upwards of two months, the question having, it is believed,
been
referred to a Special Committee of the Indian Council, and
objections, it is said, having been raised to the Maharajah's
request, on the grounds of interference with religious neutrality,
the Maharajah called upon Sir Charles Wood at the India Office,
and at a private interview stated his claims more fully.
Having been requested by Sir Charles Wood to give in a written
document, to be laid before the Council, the following was at
once prepared in his presence, and signed by the Maharajah :-
The Maharajah asks for £25,000 a year for life, and also the sum of £200,000
to be settled on him for life; and on his heirs after him; and in the event of no
heirs, he is at liberty to devise it for any public purpose in India.
This to be in full of all demands.
Jan. 20th, 1860.
DULEEP SINGH.
The question having been thus modified by the document
which the Maharajah had, without sufficient consideration of his
position under the Treaty, given in, and which Sir Charles Wood
had also unfortunately overlooked, the Committee of Council
DULEEP SINGH AND THE GOVERNMENT. 507
XV.
1856-86.
had little difficulty in pointing out that the Maharajah had Chapter
personally no right to any further portion of the State pension
than that which had been, or might be, assigned to him by the
British Government; and a communication was made to His
Highness to this effect.
It was admitted, however, in Sir Charles Wood's letter-that
the whole of the State pension fixed by the Government for the
Maharajah, his relatives, and servants of the State, had not been
expended in each year for the above purpose that he had no
means of ascertaining the whole amount of accumulations arising
from this source, but that it may probably be between £150,000
and £200,000-" that Her Majesty's Government have no
intention of allowing any part of this amount to be applied to any
purposes other than that for which it was assigned."
Sir Charles Wood further stated, that it will rest with the
Government of India to determine, how the accumulations ought
to be disposed of for the benefit of all parties interested that
he was very decidedly of opinion that the advantage accorded to
His Highness, by the capitalizing of a sum yielding £10,000 a
year, was greatly in excess of what he could derive from any
apportionment of the present accumulation.
If, however, His Highness should be of a different opinion, Sir
Charles Wood was ready to call on the Government of India to
report the exact amount of the accumulation, and the proportion
which could be assigned to His Highness with due regard to the
claims and circumstances of the other parties interested; such
amount, in that case, to be at His Highness's absolute disposal,
leaving him to make his own arrangements for a provision for
his wife and children.
April 3rd, 1860. The Maharajah, in reply to the above
letter, explained the circumstances under which he had asked
permission to appropriate the trust fund to Christian education
in the event of the failure of heirs; expressed his regret at
the inadvertence of which he had been guilty in respect to the
508
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter document which he had given in, at his private interview with
XV. Sir Charles Wood, and with reference to Sir Charles Wood's
1856-86. admission as to the state of the account, and that he had no
means of ascertaining the actual amount of accumulations from
the State pension, repeated a request that he had made in his
letter of June 3rd, 1859, to be furnished with a full statement of
accounts before he could enter upon any compromise of his
claims.
April 20th, 1860. Sir Charles Wood explained a portion of
his letter of 23rd March, which His Highness had apparently
misunderstood, and stated, that he gathered from His Highness's
letter of the 3rd April that His Highness wished to defer his
decision between the two alternatives there referred to, until he
shall have learned what the sum to be placed at his disposal may
be.
April 30th, 1860. His Highness in reply, repeated his wish
to decline any compromise or decision, until he had been favoured
with the required statement, when he would be prepared to enter into
such arrangements as, under the circumstances of his position, may
appear expedient.
A further delay of nearly fifteen months having occurred in
procuring the required information from India, on-
July 27th, 1861,-His Highness was at length furnished
with a copy of the statement, accompanied by a letter from
Sir Charles Wood, in which he pointed out that the unappro-
priated balance of the Lahore State Pension Fund amounted
to about £76,500 on the 4th of September, 1859.
MAHARAJAH,
INDIA OFFICE, July 27th, 1861.
It appears from the statement, which is made up to the 4th September,
1859 (a copy of which is appended to this letter), when your Highness attained
DULEEP SINGH AND THE GOVERNMENT.
509
your majority, that the total amount appropriated, in accordance with the terms Chapter
of 1849, falls short of the aggregate sum payable to the Lahore family-viz., XV.
four lakhs of rupees per annum-by 764,263 rupees, or about £76,500.
The amount now annually paid to the family is about four and a half lakhs of
rupees.
I trust that your Highness will now be able to return without further delay a
definite answer to the proposal contained in my letters of 24th October, 1859, and
23rd March, 1860. With reference to these letters, I have only to add that
if your Highness should elect to receive the unappropriated balance-say
£76,500-I am willing, in accordance with the recommendation of the Govern-
ment of India, to place the entire amount at the disposal of your Highness,
instead of capitalizing a part of your present allowances (that is, £10,000
per annum), for the purposes and in the manner stated in the above-cited letters.
I have the honour to be, &c.,
CHARLES WOOD.
1856-86.
Some of the documents having been omitted to be sent on from
the India Office, they were furnished on application.
On referring to the statements forwarded to His Highness, so
manifest a discrepancy was at once apparent in the amount to be
credited, and in other parts of the account, that, without going
into details, it was necessary to ask for explanations, which His
Highness accordingly did, in a letter addressed to Sir Charles
Wood on the subject.
To SIR CHARLES WOOD.
August, 1861.
SIR,
I have had the honour to receive your letter of the 10th instant, with it
enclosures, showing the manner in which the balance of £76,500, referred to in
your letter of the 27th ult., has been obtained.
Before entering into the question of the amount to be credited by the Govern-
ment of India, under Art. 4 of the Treaty of Lahore, of date March 29th, 1849, or
into details of disbursements on account of myself, my relatives, and dependants,
which had been furnished to me, it is necessary that I should point out that even
at the rate assumed by the Government in the abstract which I have now received
510
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter (viz., four lakhs of rupees per annum), the amount to be credited to the Lahore
XV. Pension Fund between 29th March, 1849, and the 4th September, 1859, i..., for
1856-86. 10 years 5 months and 6 days, would be Company's Rs. 4,173,333. 7. 5., exclu-
sive of interest, and not Company's Rs. 4,071,111. 1. 9, as exhibited in the
statement.
I would also bring to your notice, that I have not yet been furnished with any
statement in detail of the payments made from the General Treasury, amounting,
as shown in the abstract, to Company's Rs. 186,000, nor of advances on account
of my personal stipend from March, 1855, to the 4th September, 1859, stated to
amount to Company's Rs. 475,333, which are necessary to elucidate the account.
With respect to the remarks in the second paragraph of your letter of the 27th
ult., that the amount now annually paid is about four lakhs of rupees, I can find
nothing in the statements or letters to exhibit this, and I shall therefore be
obliged by further information on the subject.
I have &c., &c.,
DULEEP SINGH,
It had always been the wish and intention of the Maharajah
and those who advised him, after being furnished with a state-
ment of the accounts, to place the matter in the hands of
impartial persons best qualified to judge of the circumstances of the
case, and to abide by their decision, and accordingly, when several
months elapsed without any reply to the inquiry for explanation,
it was urged upon Sir Charles Wood to refer the question to Sir
John Lawrence for settlement, as the person, above all others,
best qualified to judge of all the circumstances attending the
negotiation of the Treaty, and, in fact, the officer through whose
influence and exertions the Treaty had been obtained. After
some delay Sir John Lawrence undertook to act, if assisted by
Sir Frederick Currie; and Sir Charles Wood, having made this
arrangement, requested the Maharajah to send in a "statement
of his wishes and objections" to those two gentlemen, to be sub-
mitted by some person duly authorized by him to place the case
before them.
His Highness declined sending in any statement, but requested
DULEEP SINGH AND THE GOVERNMENT.
511
Sir John Login to wait upon Sir John Lawrence and Sir Frederick Chapter
Currie at the time appointed, to offer any explanations which
XV.
these gentlemen might require, and expressed his readiness to be 1856-86.
perfectly satisfied with any decision which Sir John Lawrence
and Sir Frederick Currie might arrive at on the question, placing
his case entirely and unreservedly in their hands.
These gentlemen having accordingly considered the whole ques-
tion, prepared a report (as a Sub-Committee of Council) for
submission to the Secretary of State, but in consequence, it is
believed, of some difference of opinion in the Council on the
subject, no steps appear to have been taken by Sir Charles Wood
to consider their report for nearly three months-when His
Highness, becoming impatient at the delay, and being anxious
that his mother (then residing with him) should return to India,
and that he should accompany her for a short time, applied for,
and obtained, permission from Sir Charles Wood for the purpose.
Within a short time, however, after His Highness's wish was
intimated to Sir Charles Wood, and his consent obtained, the
following letter was sent to His Highness from the India Office,
under date July 26th, 1862 :-
MAHARAJAH,
With reference to our first correspondence, I have now, the honour to
inform your Highness that since the date of my last letter, I have taken into my
deliberate consideration in Council, the several accounts which have been laid
before me, representing the sums which have been hitherto appropriated to the
benefit of your Highness, your relatives, and the servants of the Lahore State, in
accordance with the terms of 1849, and I have the satisfaction of adding, that
Her Majesty's Government are now prepared to make an arrangement for the
future maintenance of yourself and your immediate family, which, it is confi-
dently hoped, will be acceptable to your Highness.
It is proposed that, without reference to your present life pension of £25,000
per annum, which will be maintained on its present footing, the sum of £105,000
(one hundred and five thousand pounds) shall be invested in the purchase of an
estate in this country, to be held by trustees for your Highness's benefit, the
rent thereof to be enjoyed by you in addition to your present stipend.
7
512
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter
Should your Highness marry, any provision for your widow will be settled
XV. upon this estate.
1856-86.
In the event of your leaving lawful issue, you will be empowered to devise the
estate to such issue in any proportion that you may think fit, or should you die
intestate, the estate will, in such case, pass by inheritance to your children.
Should you have no issue, you would be empowered to devise the estate to
such person or persons as you might desire to bestow it upon.
甯
​Her Majesty's Government do not, however, mean to limit to the proceeds of
the estate, the amount of provision to be made after your death for such
legitimate offspring as you may leave behind. They are willing to enable you to
devise to such offspring, in such proportions as you may think fit, an amount of
four per cent. India Capital Stock as will yield an income of £7,000 per annum ;
and should your Highness die intestate, the Capital Stock above mentioned will
pass by inheritance to your legitimate children, according to the law of this
country.
Your Highness will understand, that in making this arrangement for the
future provision of yourself and your family-which is irrespective of any
arrangement that has been and may hereafter be made, for other objects
embraced in the terms of the Treaty of Lahore Her Majesty's Government
intend it to be final, and in satisfaction of all personal claims which you may
have upon the British Government, and an acknowledgment to this effect will be
required from your Highness, on your acceptance of the present proposal.
Hoping that your Highness will consider this as a satisfactory solution of the
question so long pending between you and the British Government, and that you-
will accept it with the kindly feeling and in the liberal spirit in which it is
offered.
I have the honour, &c.,
CHARLES WOOD.
SIR,
Reply from the MAHARAJAH, Oct. 11th, 1862.
I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of 26th July,
informing me of the arrangements which Her Majesty's Government are now
prepared to make for my future maintenance, and that of my immediate family,
and which you confidently hope will be acceptable to me.
In reply, I desire to express my sincere thanks for the careful and deliberate
consideration which you have given in council to my personal right as a
pensioner under the Treaty of Lahore, and for the kindly feeling which is
DULEEP. SINGH AND THE GOVERNMENT.
513
ค
manifested in the arrangements which are proposed for my benefit and that of my Chapter
immediate family.
XV.
While I regret that the whole question of my claims has not been settled, as I 1856-86.
had hoped would have been done when it was referred to Sir John Lawrence and
Sir Frederick Currie, I readily accept these arrangements under the conditions
which you specify, and I am prepared to sign any legal document which may be
necessary to release the Government from any further pecuniary claims on my
own part, or that of my immediate family, arising out of the Treaty.
But I hope you will agree with me, that in my position under the Treaty, and
as head of my family, it is still incumbent upon me to see that fit and proper
arrangements should be made for placing the control of the remainder of the
State pension under trust, in such manner as may appear most advisable; and I.
shall be happy to enter into any further arrangements for that purpose that may
be requisite.
Your letter does not allude to my claims for compensation for loss of property
at Futtehghur during the Mutiny, nor to the appropriation of intestate estates of
deceased relatives and members of my family; but these matters I leave con-
fidently in your hands, believing that they will be settled in the same friendly
spirit in which the arrangements now proposed have been made.
I have, &c.,
DULEEP SINGH.
To the above letter no reply has yet (December 6th, 1862) been
received; but it is believed that the Government intend to act
upon it by making over the money to be assigned under trust for
the Maharajah's own family as proposed.
Now, from the letter to Sir Charles Wood, and from
the contentions brought forward in the above memo-
randum, it will be seen that Sir John Login himself
did not consider that the terms of the Treaty of Lahore
were being carried out in the spirit which the ward of
the British Government was warranted to expect.
How easily might the Government at this period
LL
514
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter have finally settled matters with the Maharajah in a
XV. manner satisfactory to him and creditable to them-
1856-86.
selves!
Between 1862 and 1882 many transactions took
place between the Maharajah and Government, relative
to the purchase of estates and advances of money for
various purposes, a detailed statement of which is
given further on, in quotations from the book published
by the Maharajah in 1884.
No public attention was drawn to the condition of
affairs until August, 1882, when Duleep Singh, no
doubt observing the action of the Government in
South Africa with regard to Cetewayo, commenced
the following correspondence in the Times :-
SIR,
THE CLAIMS OF AN INDIAN PRINCE.
TO THE EDITOR OF The Times.
Aug. 31st, 1882.
As the era of doing justice and restoration appears to have
dawned, judging from the recent truly liberal and noble act of the
present Liberal Government, headed now by the great Gladstone
the Just, I am encouraged to lay before the British nation, through
the medium of The Times, the injustice which I have suffered, in
the hope that, although generosity may not be lavished upon me
to the same extent as has been bestowed upon King Cetewayo,
yet that some magnanimity might be shown towards me by this
great Christian Empire.
!
DULEEP SINGH AND THE GOVERNMENT.
515
XV.
1856-86.
When I succeeded to the throne of the Punjab I was only an Chapter
infant, and the Khâlsa soldiery, becoming more and more
mutinous and overbearing during both my uncle's and my
mother's Regencies, at last, unprovoked, crossed the Sutlej and
attacked the friendly British Power, and was completely defeated
and entirely routed by the English army.
Had, at that time, my dominions been annexed to the British
territories, I would have now not a word to say, for I was, at
that time, an independent chief at the head of an independent
people, and any penalty which might have been then inflicted
would have been perfectly just; but that kind, true English
gentleman, the late Lord Hardinge, in consideration of the
friendship which had existed between the British Empire and the
"Lion of the Punjab," replaced me on my throne, and the
diamond Koh-i-noor on my arm, at one of the Durbars. The
Council of Regency, which was then created to govern the country
during my minority, finding that it was not in their power to rule
the Punjab unaided, applied for assistance to the representative
of the British Government, who, after stipulating for absolute
power to control every Government department, entered into the
Bhyrowal Treaty with me, by which it was guaranteed that I
should be protected on my throne until I attained the age of
sixteen years, the British also furnishing troops both for the
above object and preservation of peace in the country, in con-
sideration of a certain sum to be paid to them annually by my
Durbar for the maintenance of that force.
Thus the British nation, with open eyes, assumed my guardian-
ship, the nature of which is clearly defined in a proclamation
subsequently issued by Lord Hardinge's orders, on the 20th
August, 1847, which declares that the tender age of the Maha-
rajah Duleep Singh causes him to feel the interest of a father in
the education and guardianship of the young Prince.-(Vide
Punjab Papers” at the British Museum).
"C
Two English officers, carrying letters bearing my signature,
LL 2
516
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter were despatched by the British Resident, in conjunction with my
XV. Durbar, to take possession of the fortress of Mooltan and the sur-
1856-86. rounding district in my name; but my servant Moolraj, refusing
to acknowledge my authority, caused them to be put to death;
whereupon, both the late Sir F. Currie and the brave Sir Herbert
Edwardes most urgently requested the Commander-in-Chief of the
British forces at Simla, as there were not sufficient English
soldiers at Lahore at the time, to send some European troops
without delay, in order to crush this rebellion in the bud, as they
affirmed that the consequences could not be calculated which
might follow, if it were allowed to spread; but the late Lord
Gough, with the concurrence of the late Marquis of Dalhousie,
refused to comply with their wishes, alleging the unhealthiness of
the season as his reason for doing so..
My case at that time was exactly similar to what the Khedive's
is at this moment; Arabi being, in his present position to his
master, what Moolraj was to me-viz., a rebel. .
At last, very tardily, the British Government sent troops (as has
been done in Egypt) to quell the rebellion, which had by that
time vastly increased in the Punjab, and who entered my terri-
tories, headed by a proclamation, issued by Lord Dalhousie's
orders, to the following effect :-
•
Inclosure in No. 42.—To the subjects, servants, and dependants of the
Lahore State, and residents of all classes and castes, whither Sikhs, Mussulmans,
or others, within the territories of Maharajah Duleep Singh. ... Whereas
certain evil-disposed persons and traitors have excited rebellion and insurrection,
and have seduced portions of the population of the Punjab from their allegiance,
and have raised an armed opposition to the British authority; and whereas the
condign punishment of the insurgents is necessary
... therefore the British
army, under the command of the Right Hon. the Commander-in-Chief, has
entered the Punjab districts. The army will not return to its cantonments until
full punishment of all insurgents has been effected, all opposition to the consti-
tuted authority put down, and obedience and order have been re-established.
Thus it is clear from the above that the British Commander-in-
DULEEP SINGH AND THE GOVERNMENT.
517
XV.
Chief did not enter my dominions as a conqueror, nor the army Chapter
to stay there, and, therefore, it is not correct to assert, as some
do, that the Punjab was a military conquest.
And whereas it is not, the desire of the British Government that those who
are innocent of the above offences, who have taken no part, secretly or openly,
in the disturbances, and who have remained faithful in their obedience to the
Government of Maharajah Duleep Singh . . . . should suffer with the guilty.
But after order was restored, and finding only a helpless child
to deal with, the temptation being too strong, Lord Dalhousie an-
nexed the Punjab, and instead of carrying out the solemn compact
entered into by the British Government at Bhyrowal, sold almost
all my personal as well as all my private property, consisting of
jewels, gold and silver plate, even some of my wearing apparel
and household furniture, and distributed the proceeds, amounting
(I was told) to £250,000, as prize money among those very troops
who had come to put down rebellion against my authority.
Thus I, the innocent, who never lifted up even my little finger
against the British Government, was made to suffer in the same
manner with my own subjects who would not acknowledge my
authority, in spite of the declaration of the above-quoted procla-
mation, that it is not the desire of the British Government that
the innocent should suffer with the guilty.
Lord Dalhousie, in writing to the Secret Committee of the late
Court of Directors, in order to justify his unjust act, among
other arguments employs the following. He says:-
It has been objected that the present dynasty in the Punjab cannot with
justice be subverted, since the Maharajah Duleep Singh, being yet a minor, can
hardly be held responsible for the acts of the nation. With deference to those
by whom these views have been entertained, I must dissent entirely from the
soundness of this doctrine. It is, I venture to think, altogether untenable as a
principle; it has been disregarded heretofore in practice, and disregarded in the
case of the Maharajah Duleep Singh. When in 1845 the Khâlsa army invaded
1856-86.
518
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter our territories, the Maharajah was not held to be free from responsibility, nor
XV. was he exempted from the consequences of the acts of the people. On the con-
1856-86. trary, the Government of India confiscated to itself the richest provinces of the
Maharajah's kingdom, and was applauded for the moderation which had exacted
no more. If the Maharajah was not exempted from responsibility on the plea of
his tender years at the age of eight, he cannot on that plea be entitled to exemp-
tion from a like responsibility now that he is three years older.
But in thus arguing, his Lordship became blind to the fact that
in 1845, when the Khâlsa army invaded the British territories,
I was an independent chief, but after the ratification of the
Bhyrowal Treaty I was made the ward of the British nation; and
how could I, under these circumstances, be held responsible for
the neglect of my guardians in not crushing Moolraj's rebellion
at once, the necessity of doing which was clearly and repeatedly
pointed out by the British Resident at Lahore ?
Again, his Lordship says, "The British Government has rigidly
observed the obligations which the Treaty imposed on them,
and fully acted up to the spirit and letter of its contract." No
doubt all this was or may have been true, except so far that
neither peace was preserved in the country nor I protected on my
throne till I attained the age of sixteen years-two very important
stipulations of that Treaty.
He further alleges, "In return for the aid of the British
troops they (my Durbar) bound themselves to pay to us a subsidy
of twenty-two lakhs (£220,000) per annum
from the day
when that Treaty was signed to the present hour, not one rupee
has ever been paid."
•
Now, the above statement is not correct, because of the follow-
ing despatch which exists:-" Enclosure No. 5, in No. 23," the
Acting Resident at Lahore affirms, "The Durbar has paid into
this treasury gold to the value of Rs. 13,56,637 0. 6." (£135,837
14s. 1d., taking the value of a rupee at 2s.).
Likewise Lord Dalhousie alludes to Sirdar Chutter Singh's
conduct. Enclosure 19 in No. 36 will show those who care to
DULEEP SINGH AND THE GOVERNMENT.
519
}
look for it, the reprimand which Captain Abbott then received Chapter
from the Resident for his treatment of that chief, who, after that, XV.
1856-86.
with his sons, without doubt believed that the Bhyrowal Treaty
was not going to be carried out; and, judging from the events
which followed, were they right in their views, or were they
not?
(1) Thus I have been most unjustly deprived of my kingdom,
yielding, as shown by Lord Dalhousie's own computation in (I
think) 1850, a surplus revenue of some £500,000, and no doubt
now vastly exceeds that sum.
(2) I have also been prevented, unjustly, from receiving the
rentals of my private estates (vide Prinsep's "History of the
Sikhs," compiled for the Government of India) in the Punjab,
amounting to some £130,000 per annum, since 1849, although my
private property is not confiscated by the terms of the annexation
which I was compelled to sign by my guardians when I was a
minor, and therefore, I presume, it is an illegal document, and I
am still the lawful Sovereign of the Punjab; but this is of no
moment, for I am quite content to be the subject of my most
gracious Sovereign, no matter how it was brought about, for her
graciousness towards me has been boundless.
(3) All my personal property has also been taken from me,
excepting £20,000 worth, which I was informed by the late Sir
John Login was permitted to be taken with me to Futtehghur
when I was exiled; and the rest, amounting to some £250,000,
disposed of as stated before. What is still more unjust in my
case is, that most of my servants who remained faithful to me,
were permitted to retain all their personal and private property,
and to enjoy the rentals of their landed estates (or jagheers),
given to them by me and my predecessors, whereas I, their
master, who did not even lift up my little finger against the
British nation, was not considered worthy to be treated on the
same footing of equality with them, because, I suppose, my sin
being that I happened to be the ward of a Christian Power.
520
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter
XV.
1856-86.
The enormous British liberality permits a life stipend of £25,000
per annum, which is reduced by certain charges (known to the
proper authorities) to some £13,000, to be paid to me from the
revenues of India.
Lately, an Act of Parliament has been passed, by which, some
months hence, the munificent sum of £2,000 will be added to my
above stated available income, but on the absolute condition that
my estates must be sold at my death, thus causing my dearly-
loved English home to be broken up, and compelling my descen-
dants to seek some other asylum.
A very meagre provision, considering of what, and how, I have
been deprived, has also been made for my successors.
If one righteous man was found in the two most wicked cities
of the world, I pray God that at least one honourable, just, and
noble Englishman may be forthcoming out of this Christian land
of liberty and justice to advocate my cause in Parliament; other-
wise, what chance have I of obtaining justice, considering that
my despoiler, guardian, judge, advocate, and jury, is the British
nation itself?
Generous and Christian Englishmen, accord me a just and
liberal treatment, for the sake of the fair name of your nation, of
which I have now the honour to be a naturalized member, for it
is more blessed to give than to take.
-
I have the honour to remain, Sir,
Your most obliged servant,
Elveden Hall, Thetford, Suffolk,
Aug. 28th, 1882.
DULEEP SINGH.
It will be acknowledged that there is nothing in the
tone or spirit of the above letter to justify the con-
temptuous reply which it received, contained in the
DULEEP SINGH AND THE GOVERNMENT.
521
1856-86.
following leading article printed in The Times of Chapter
August 31st, 1882, and which bears conclusive evi- XV.
dence of official inspiration. Considering the rank
then held by the Maharajah in England, the considera-
tion due to him on account of the position from which
we had deposed him, and his own known loyalty and
attachment to the person of the Sovereign, surely a
more dignified and less irritating response might have
been afforded him! To try and turn a man into
ridicule is no answer to a specific charge, and the real
point at issue is, in this article, merely fenced with.
THE “TIMES"—Aug. 31st, 1882.
We print elsewhere a somewhat singular letter from the
Maharajah Duleep Singh. Encouraged, as it would seem, by
the restoration of Cetewayo, he puts forward an impassioned
plea for the consideration of his own claims. On a first glance,
his letter reads as if he demanded nothing less than to be
replaced on the throne of the Punjab. He professes to establish
his right to that position and then to waive it, magnanimously
avowing that he is quite content to be the subject of his most
gracious Sovereign, whose graciousness towards him had been
boundless. His real object, however, is far less ambitious. It is
to prefer a claim for a more generous treatment of his private
affairs at the hands of the Indian Government. In lieu of the
sovereignty of the Punjab, with its unbounded power and
unlimited resources, "the enormous British liberality," he
complains, permits him only a life stipend of £25,000 per
annum, which is reduced by certain charges to some £13,000.
All that he has hitherto succeeded in obtaining from the Indian
522
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH,
Chapter Government is an arrangement, lately sanctioned by Act of
XV. Parliament, whereby he will receive an addition of £2,000 to his
1856-86. annual income on condition that his estates are sold at his
death in order to liquidate his liabilities, and provide for his
widow and children. It is really against this arrangement that
the Maharajah appeals. His argument concerning his de jure
sovereignty of the Punjab is manifestly only intended to support
his pecuniary claims. If these were settled to his satisfaction,
he would doubtless be content, and more than content, to die,
as he has lived, an English country gentleman, with estates
swarming with game, and with an income sufficient for his
needs. This is a sort of appeal to its justice and generosity
with which the English public is not unfamiliar. Duleep Singh
is not the first dispossessed Eastern Prince who has felt himself
aggrieved by the dispositions of the Indian Government, nor is
this the first occasion on which his own claims have been heard
of. For a long time he preferred a claim for the Koh-i-noor, of
which he alleged that he had been wrongfully despoiled. Now it
is his private estates in India which he declares have been
confiscated without adequate compensation. No one, of course,
would wish that a prince in the Maharajah's position should be
ungenerously treated. He is, as it were, a ward of the English
nation, and even his extravagances might be leniently regarded.
But as the claim, now publicly preferred by the Maharajah, has
been disallowed after full consideration by successive Govern-
ments both in India and this country, it may not be amiss to
show that his case is by no means so strong as he still affects to
consider it.
The events of two Sikh wars, and their sequel, have probably
faded out of the memory of most of our readers. They are,
however, accurately stated, so far as the main facts are concerned,
in the Maharajah's letter. It is not so much with those facts
themselves that we are now concerned as with the Maharajah's
inferences from them, and with certain other facts which he has
DULEEP SINGH AND THE GOVERNMENT.
523
not found it convenient to state. It is perfectly true that after Chapter
the overthrow of the "Khâlsa" power in the sanguinary battle of
XV.
Sobraon, Lord Hardinge declined to annex the Punjab and 1856-86.
replaced the Maharajah on the throne under the Regency of
his mother, the Ranee, assisted by a Council of Sirdars. This
settlement, however, proved a failure, and was replaced by the
arrangement made under the Bhyrowal Treaty, whereby the
entire control and guidance of affairs was vested in the British
Resident, and the presence of British troops was guaranteed
until the Maharajah should attain his majority.
The second Sikh war, which began with the revolt of Moolraj
in 1848, soon proved the futility of this arrangement also, and
after the surrender of Mooltan and the battle of Gujerat, which
finally broke the reviving power of the Khâlsa, Lord Dalhousie,
who had succeeded Lord Hardinge as Governor-General, decided
that the time had come for the incorporation of the Punjab with
the British Dominions in India. Duleep Singh was at this
time only eleven years of age; but he had been recognized for
more than three years as the Sovereign of the Punjab, and by the
advice of his Durbar at Lahore he signed the terms of settlement
proposed by the British Commissioner, whereby he renounced
"for himself, his heirs, and his successors, all right, title, and
claim to the sovereignty of the Punjab, or to any sovereign power
whatever." By subsequent clauses of the same instrument "all
the property of the State, of whatever description and where-
soever found,” was confiscated to the East India Company; the
Koh-i-noor was surrendered to the Queen of England; a pension
of not less than four, and not exceeding five, lakhs of rupees was
secured to the Maharajah, "for the support of himself, his relatives,
and the servants of the State;" and the Company undertook
to treat the Maharajah with respect and honour, and to allow him
to retain the title of "Maharajah Duleep Singh, Bahadoor." Of
this instrument, the Maharajah now says that he was compelled
to sign it by his guardians when he was a minor, and he argues
524
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter that the political necessity which dictated it was due to the
XV. lâches of the Indian Government, which had failed to fulfil the
1856-86. pledges of the Bhyrowal Treaty, and had allowed the revolt
=
·
of Moolraj to develop into a Sikh rebellion. In answer to these
allegations, it is sufficient to quote the report of the British
Commissioner, who presented the terms for signature. "The
paper," he says, "was then handed to the Maharajah, who
immediately affixed his signature. The alacrity with which he
took the papers when offered, was a matter of remark to all, and
suggested the idea that possibly he had been instructed by his
advisers that any show of hesitation might lead to the substitu-
tion of terms less favourable than those which he had been
offered." Moreover, the plea that the Maharajah was a minor,
and therefore not a free agent, is fatal to his own case; he was
two years younger when the Bhyrowal Treaty was signed, and
younger still when the settlement of Lord Hardinge replaced him
on the throne, and restored to him the sovereignty, which he
even now acknowledges might at that time have been rightly for-
feited.
We need not dwell on this point, however. The Maha-
rajah himself would hardly press it. His claim of sovereignty is
merely intended to cover his claim for money. He never was much
more than nominal Sovereign of the Punjab, and he probably
desires nothing so little at this moment as the restitution of
his sovereign rights. The political question has long been closed;
it only remains to consider whether the personal and financial
question still remains open. The Maharajah complains that he
was deprived of his personal and private property with insignifi-
cant exceptions-and of the rentals of his landed estates. There
is, however, no mention of private property in the terms of settle-
ment accepted by the Maharajah; and a minute of Lord Dalhousie,
recorded in 1855, states explicitly that at the time the Punjab
was annexed, the youth had no territories, no lands, no property,
to which he could succeed. The pension accorded by the East
India Company was plainly intended to support the Maharajah in
{
DULEEP SINGH AND THE GOVERNMENT.
525
becoming state, and to provide for his personal dependants; and Chapter
the British Government expressly reserved to itself the right. XV:
of allotting only such portion as it thought fit of the "Four Lakh 1856-86.
Fund," as the pension was called, to the Maharajah's personal
use. So long ago as 1853, Lord Dalhousie wrote a despatch,
intended to remove from the Maharajah's mind all idea that the
Four Lakh Fund would ultimately revert to himself, and charac-
terizing such an idea as "entirely erroneous."
The Indian Government, however, has certainly not dealt
ungenerously with the Maharajah. It is true that it has not
recognized his claim to certain private estates no record of which
exists, still less has it listened to any of his attempts to assail the
validity of the instrument whereby his sovereignty was extin-
guished. For some years after the annexation his personal
allowance out of the Four Lakh Fund was fixed at £12,500 a
year-a sum which was considered entirely satisfactory by the
leading Ministers of the Durbar, which assented and advised the
Maharajah to assent to the terms of 1849. But in 1859 this
allowance was doubled, and the Maharajah himself more than
once acknowledged in subsequent years the liberality of the
arrangements made. The allowance of £25,000 a year has been
reduced to the £13,000 mentioned by the Maharajah in his
letter, not by any act of the Indian Government, but by what, if
he were only an English country gentleman, we should be
compelled to call extravagance, though, as he is an Eastern
prince, it is more generous, perhaps, to describe it as magnificence.
He first bought a property in Gloucestershire, but this was sold
some years ago, and his present estate at Elveden, in Suffolk, was
purchased for £138,000, the money being advanced by the
Government, and interest for the loan to the amount of £5,664
per annum being paid by the Maharajah. Some two or three
years ago the Home Government of India proposed to release the
Maharajah from payment of this annual sum provided that he
would consent to the sale of the estate, either at once or at his
"
526-
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter death, for the repayment of the principal of the loans advanced.
XV. This proposal, however, was rejected by the Indian Government,
1856-86. which maintained, in very strong and plain language, that the
Maharajah had already been treated with exceptional liberality,
and that if he wanted more money he should sell his estate. The
Indian Government remained inexorable, but the liberality of the
Home Government was not yet exhausted. The Maharajah had
built a house at Elveden, at a cost of £60,000, and had borrowed
£40,000 from a London banking firm for the purpose. For this
loan £2,000 interest had to be paid, and the India Office has
lately sanctioned the repayment of the capital sum without
making any further charge on the Maharajah. It is to this
arrangement, and to the Act of Parliament which sanctions it,
that the Maharajah refers with some bitterness at the close of his
letter. In order to settle his affairs, and to provide for his wife
and family, the Act of Parliament requires that his estate at
Elveden should be sold after his death. Hinc illæ lacrymæ. An
argument which starts from the sovereign claims of the son of the
"Lion of the Punjab," ends, somewhat ridiculously, though not
without a touch of pathos, with the sorrows of the Squire of Elveden.
Duleep Singh began life as a Maharajah of the Punjab, with
absolute power and boundless wealth if he had only been old
enough to enjoy them, and if the Khâlsa would only have
allowed him to do so. He is not even allowed to end it as
an English country gentleman leaving an encumbered estate and
an embarrassed heir. There is really a certain tragedy about the
whole matter. Fate and the British Power have deprived the
He has
Maharajah of the sovereignty to which he was born.
done his best to become an English squire, and if he has lived
beyond his income, he may plead abundance of examples in the
class to which he has attached himself; yet he is forced to bear
the consequences himself, and not to inflict them on his children
and descendants, as an English squire would be able to do. The
whole case is one which it is very difficult to judge upon any
1
=
DULEEP SINGH AND THE GOVERNMENT.
527
abstract principles. It is, no doubt, the duty of every man to live Chapter
within his income, and yet if the Maharajah has failed to acquire XV.
1856-86.
a virtue rare indeed among Eastern princes and not too common
in the class to which he belongs by adoption, there is no English-
man but would feel ashamed if he or his descendants were
thereby to come to want. At the same time it is impossible for
the Indian Government, which has claims on its slender resources
far more urgent than those of the magnificent squire of Elveden,
to guarantee him indefinitely against the consequences of his own
improvidence. At any rate, it is safe to warn him against
encumbering his personal claims by political pleas which are
wholly inadmissible. He is very little likely to excite sympathy
for his pecuniary troubles by his bold, but scarcely successful,
attempt to show that if he could only come by his own, he is still
the lawful Sovereign of the Punjab.
"The Times," Friday, Sept. 8th, 1882.
THE CLAIMS OF THE MAHARAJAH DULEEP SINGH.
SIR,
TO THE EDITOR OF "The Times.”
As your leading article of Thursday, the 31st ult., comment-
ing on my letter of the 28th, which you were so good as to
publish, contains many inaccuracies as to matters of fact, which
no one, perhaps, can correct so precisely as myself, I trust you
will allow me to do so, and to make a few observations.
(1) You say: "All that he has hitherto succeeded in obtaining
from the Indian Government, is an arrangement, lately sanctioned
by Act of Parliament, whereby he will receive an addition of
£2,000 to his annual income, on condition that his estates are
sold at his death, in order to liquidate his liabilities, and provide
-528
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter for his widow and children. It is really against this arrangement
XV. that the Maharajah appeals."
1856-86. I do not "really appeal" against the above arrangement, but
what I do certainly think unjust in it is, that I am not permitted
to repay, during my life, the loan which is to be made under it—
£16,000 having already been advanced to me-and that I am thus
forbidden to preserve, by a personal sacrifice, their English home
to my descendants. In April last I sent a cheque for £3,542 14s.,
representing capital and compound interest at the rate of five per
cent. to the India Office, but it was returned to me.
My widow and children, should I leave any, were already
provided for, under arrangements which existed before this Act
was passed.
(2) With reference to your quotation from the British Com-
missioner, as to my "alacrity" in signing the terms, I have
simply to say that, being then a child, I did not understand what
I was signing.
(3) “Moreover" you say, "the plea that the Maharajah was a
minor, and, therefore, not a free agent, is fatal to his own case;
he was two years younger when the Bhyrowal Treaty was signed,
and younger still when the settlement of Lord Hardinge replaced
him on the throne, and restored to him the sovereignty which he
even now acknowledges, might at that time have been rightly
forfeited. We do not dwell on this point, however. The Maha-
rajah himself would hardly press it."
But, whether it is fatal to my case or not, I do press it, and
maintain that after the ratification of the Bhyrowal Treaty, I was
a ward of the British nation, and that it was unjust on the part of
the guardian to deprive me of my kingdom, in consequence of a
failure in the guardianship.
Here are Lord Hardinge's own words: “ But, in addition to
these considerations of a political nature, the Governor-General is
bound to be guided by the obligations which the British Govern-
ment has contracted when it consented to be the guardian of the
7
529
DULEEP SINGH AND THE GOVERNMENT.
young Prince during his minority" (vide p. 49, "Punjab Papers," Chapter
1847-49).
(4) " The Maharajah complains," you would say, "that he was
deprived of his personal and private property-with insignificant
exceptions—and of the rentals of his landed estates. There
is, however, no mention of private property in the terms of the
settlement accepted by the Maharajah; and a minute of Lord
Dalhousie, recorded in 1855, explicitly states that at the time the
Punjab was annexed, the youth had no territories, no lands, no
property to which he could succeed." My reply is, that at the
time of the annexation I had succeeded to territories, lands, and
personal property, and was in possession, and these possessions
were held in trust, and managed for me, under treaty, by the
British Government.
That I had succeeded and was possessed of private estates
in land, is an historical fact, and a matter of public records.
Moreover, these estates had belonged to my family, one of them
having being acquired by marriage, before my father attained
to sovereignty. The statement in Lord Dalhousie's minute only
amounts to denial of the existence of the sun by a blind man ;
and there are none so blind as those who will not see.
XV.
1856-86.
And now with regard to my alleged extravagance, these are the
facts. The life stipend of £25,000 allotted to me, has to bear the
following deductions:—(1) £5,664 interest, payable to the
Government of India; (2) about £3,000 as premium on policies
of insurance on my life, executed in order to add to the meagre
provision made for my descendants by the British Government,
and as security for the loan from my bankers; (3) £1,000 per
annum for two pensions of £500 per annum each to the widows
of the superintendent appointed by Lord Dalhousie to take
charge of me after the annexation, and of my kind friend, the late
controller of my establishment; besides which there is some £300
per annum payable in pensions to old servants in India.
In order to be able to receive his Royal Highness the Prince of
MM
530
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH,
Chapter Wales, and to return the hospitality of men in my own position
XV. of life, and because I was advised and considered-not, I think,
1856-86, unreasonably-that the rank granted to me by Her Majesty
required it to be done, I expended some £22,000 (not £60,000, as
you were informed) in alterations and repairs to the old house on
this estate; suitable furniture cost £8,000 more.
At a cost of some £3,000, I have purchased life annuities, to be
paid to the before-mentioned widow ladies, in case they should
survive me.
About £8,000 more had to be borrowed from my bankers on
mortgage, to complete the purchase of this estate, as the money
lent me by the Government of India was insufficient by that
amount. Thus, my debts amount to something like £44,000, of
which £30,000 is covered by policies of insurance, £8,000 by
mortgage, and the remainder amply secured by personal assets.
Therefore, instead of my estates being heavily encumbered, my
heirs, were I to die at this moment, would succeed to a house and
furniture which are worth much more than £30,000, without any
liability, besides some £70,000, secured by insurance on my
life.
I think you are bound to acquit the Squire of Elveden of
extravagance.
When the agricultural depression set in, I requested the Home
Government to make an allowance that would enable me to
maintain my position, and they kindly, after causing all the
accounts to be examined, helped me with £10,000, but did not
accuse me of extravagance. Subsequently, pending the considera-
tion of my affairs, some £6,000 or £7,000 more was advanced to
pay off pressing bills, as during that time I had not completed
the arrangements for reducing my establishment. Out of the
above loan about £10,000 was invested in live and dead stock on
farms in hand, and would be forthcoming, if demanded, at a
very short notice.
Thus the extravagance during my residence at Elveden is
•
DULEEP SINGH AND THE GOVERNMENT.
531
XV.
reduced to the fabulous sum of some £12,000, and I possess Chapter
enough personalty, beyond any question, to discharge debts to
that amount, and some £6,000 more, should they exist at my
death.
In common justice, therefore, Mr. Editor, I ask you to enable
me to contradict, in as prominent a manner as they were
brought forward in your most influential journal, the rumours
as to my extravagance.
In the first paragraph of your leading article of Thursday, the
31st ult., you say, "that the claim now publicly preferred by the
Maharajah has been disallowed after full consideration by
successive Governments, both in India and this country." Yes,
it is very easy to disallow a claim without hearing the real
claimant.
The English law grants the accused the chance of proving
himself not guilty; but I am condemned unheard: is this
just?
I remain, Sir, your most obliged,
Elveden Hall, Thetford, Suffolk,
Sept. 6th, 1882.
DULEEP SINGH,
1856-86.
The Maharajah then, finding no notice taken of
his appeal, devoted himself to compiling, with the
assistance of his solicitor, a book which was published
in June, 1884, "for the information of his friends, and
to disabuse their minds of any prejudice which may
have arisen from what appeared in print about a year
ago."
The following extracts from the above-mentioned
MM 2
532
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH,
Chapter book will give the situation from the Maharajah's
XV. point of view:-
1856-86.
By the Treaty of Bhyrowal, in December, 1846, the British
Government became the guardian of the infant Prince, and
caused his mother to be removed from his vicinity, on account
of the influence she was likely to exert over him, and her well-
known character for intrigue.
In 1849 the Treaty of Lahore put an end to the Protectorate,
but by it the British Government entered into an engagement
with the Maharajah to pay him a pension, and took entire
charge of his person, exercising a full control over his move-
ments, expenditure, education, and associates, appointing Dr.
Login as superintendent under the direction of the Governor-
General.
They also undertook the administration of his pension, fixing
the amount to be paid to him, to his relatives and dependants,
as it was certainly necessary for some one to act for him in this
matter until he came of age.
There was a further complication in the matter.
The Government, as is known, in 1849, took possession of all
the property of the Maharajah, both in lands and money. The
Treaty gave them all the State property, therefore, they became
trustees for the Maharajah as to his private property. Disputes
have since arisen how much, and which portions of the property
are of one kind, and how much, and which portions, are of the
other kind-and- there is also a difference of opinion about the
duration of the entire pension under the words of the Treaty-so
that there are several points of conflict between the Government
and its ward.
DULEEP SINGH AND THE GOVERNMENT.
533
The Government claims to be the sole arbiter on these conflict- Chapter
XV.
ing questions, and hitherto has uniformly decided them in its own
favour, never rendering any account of its stewardship. Between 1856-86.
private individuals, a Chancery judge would interfere, and would
appoint trustees, &c., and investigate the case before deciding it;
in the meantime, the funds would be secured, and set aside at
interest, for the benefit of the successful party in the litigation.
In this case, however, the Government has remained master of
the situation. The Maharajah has been advised that the courts
of law are, in all probability, powerless to decide between him
and the Government, and the latter keeps possession.
It will be interesting here to insert the views of the
Government, as embodied in minutes by Lord
Dalhousie in 1856, and by Sir Charles Wood in 1860.
LORD DALHOUSIE'S Minute.
When the Maharajah quitted India, the object which the
Superintendent had in view, was to obtain for His Highness a
grant of land in the Eastern Dhoon, near Deyrali, with the
expectation, I presume, that the Maharajah would live at
Mussoorie during the hot season, as he had been in the habit of
doing; and would occupy himself, and interest himself, in the
cultivation and improvement of the estate which was to be granted
to him.
The Superintendent appeared to be under the impression that
the Maharajah himself very strongly desired the settlement of his
future position. It seemed to me very unlikely that a boy of his
years would have a strong feeling of any kind on such a subject,
and quite certain that he could not as yet know his own mind.
534
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter In correspondence with Dr. Login since the Maharajah has
XV. resided in England, I have learned that upon being further ques-
1856-86. tioned upon the subject, His Highness did not seem to desire an
estate at all, but preferred a money stipend, and spoke as if he
were under the impression that the four lakhs which were men-
tioned in the paper of terms, and which were granted on the
annexation of the Punjab, would all ultimately lapse to him.
The view which was taken by His Highness of this subject
was entirely erroneous.
The terms granted did not secure to the Maharajah four lakhs,
out of which His Highness was to grant pensions to relatives and
followers, which, on the death of the recipients, were to revert to
the Maharajah. The terms simply set apart four lakhs of rupees
at the time of the annexation, as provision for the Maharajah, for
the members of his family, and the servants of the State.
MINUTE OF THE COUNCIL OF INDIA.
By SIR CHARLES WOOD, K.C.B. March 21st, 1860.
At the close of the second Sikh war, it was determined to
annex the Punjab to British territory, and to put an end to the
separate Khâlsa Government of the Sikhs. The form in which
the arrangement for this purpose was recorded, was a paper
of terms granted and accepted at Lahore in 1849, and notified by
the Governor-General.
The provisions in favour of the Maharajah are contained in the
4th and 5th Articles of those terms (the first three all being
declaratory of the surrender) as follows:-
"4th. His Highness Duleep Singh shall receive from the
Honourable East India Company, for the support of himself, his
relatives, and the servants of the state, a pension not less than
DULEEP SINGH AND THE GOVERNMENT.
535
four, and not exceeding five, lakhs of Company's rupees per Chapter
annum.
"5th. His Highness shall be treated with respect and honour.
He shall retain the title of Maharajah Duleep Singh Bahadoor;
and he shall continue to receive, during his life, such portion
of the above-named pension as may be allowed to himself person-
ally, provided he shall remain obedient to the British Government,
and reside at such place as the Governor-General of India may
select."
The terms were signed by the young Maharajah, and by six of
the principal Sirdars and people of his court.
The first question is, what are the Maharajah's rights under the
two articles, and what are the obligations which the Government
of India came under towards him personally?
It is clear that, being a minor, required to live where the
Governor-General might determine, he was not intended to be
the recipient of the "pension not less than four, and not exceeding
five, lakhs of Company's rupees per annum," which was to form
the provision for himself, his relatives," and "the servants of
the State."
“
This Article, though using his name as the head of the State at
the time the announcement was made, must be construed with
the following Article, which provides that "he shall continue to
receive, during his life, such portion of the above-named pension
as may be allotted to himself personally," under the condition
of good behaviour.
The personal claim of the Maharajah is here limited to the
receipt, for his life, of his personal stipend; and the amount to be
allotted to him was left entirely to the Government of India.
During the first years of the Maharajah's minority the annual
sum allotted for his personal allowance was 120,000 rupees per
annum. It was afterwards increased to 150,000 per annum; the
increase taking effect from the date of his attaining the age of
eighteen.
XV.
1856-86.
536
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter
The Indian Government recommended that, on his attaining
XV. the age of twenty-one, £25,000 should be allotted as his personal
1856-86. allowance. This sum, together with the present sums allotted to
the other recipients of allowances, under the 4th Article, will
exceed the the amount of four lakhs.
Some of these allowances will necessarily fall in sooner or later ;
and the amount of allowances will again be reduced below four
lakhs.
A question may arise as to the obligations under the terms of
1849, as to the disposal of any such annual sums falling in,
The Maharajah seems to expect that he may be considered
entitled to benefit from such lapses. But this claim has been
distinctly negatived by Lord Dalhousie, who cannot be mistaken
as to the meaning of the terms which he granted; and thẹ
provision that the Maharajah shall only receive what may be
specially allotted to him, is so clear in the 5th Article, that hẹ
can evidently have no right to any increase of his stipend conse-
quently.
It is evident that the portion of the pension allotted to others
can only be for their respective lives.
The provision in the Maharajah's favour is only for life. This
is expressly provided for.
It cannot be supposed that the allowances to be assigned to the
other persons were for any other term than that assigned for the
Maharajah's, namely, for their respective lives. The only other
possible construction of the terms would be, that the allowances
of the other parties were to be for the period of the Maharajah's
life.
But it would be an absurdity to suppose because the 4th Article
uses the Maharajah's name as the recipient of the entire pro-
vision, that the pensions assigned to other members of the family
and State servants would at once have ceased if the Maharajah
had happened to die during his minority. All of them, like the
personal stipend of the Maharajah, must be regarded as assured
life stipends, but not extending beyond life.
$
DULEEP SINGH AND THE GOVERNMENT.
537
XV.
The amount, therefore, of any stipends so falling in hereafter, Chapter.
must, according to the terms of 1849, fall in to the British
Government.
There is no doubt, however, but that, up to the present
time, the difference between the sums allotted to the Maha-
rajah, his relatives, and the servants of the State, and the
amount of four lakhs, which was the smallest sum which it was
provided that the British Government should apply to the
purposes mentioned, has not been so expended. What the
amount of such accumulation is we have no means of ascertaining
in England; but it is understood that there may be a balance of
between £150,000 and £200,000.
The Maharajah supposes he is entitled to claim this as payable
to himself personally; first, because the 4th Article of the terms
of 1849 uses his name as recipient of the whole four lakhs; and
secondly, because he alleges that the balance is composed mainly,
if not entirely, of short payments to himself, of what he con-
siders to have been due to him during his minority.
The simple answer to this claim is afforded by the 5th Article,
which specifically provides that he is only to receive the "portion
of the above-named pension" that might be allotted to "himself
personally," and the Government of India might allot to him
whatever sum it thought proper, as it might in a like manner
to the other persons referred to in the 4th Article. Any part of
the £40,000 per annum which has not been allotted, and has
accumulated in the Treasury of the British Government, is at
their disposal; but they are bound to apply it for the purposes
stated in the terms of 1849.
It is a fair question, however, what is the best method of
disposing of any balance that the British Government has now in
its hands, and which it is under obligation to spend for the benefit
of these parties; and it would certainly seem that the most
appropriate disposition will be to make a provision for the families
of the life stipendiaries.
1856-86.
538
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter It is to be observed that it is the practice in India, in dealing
XV. with political stipendiaries, to leave the provision for the family
1856-86. to be settled after the stipendiary's decease, and not to place it in
the hands of the annuitant.
The Maharajah has felt the precarious position in which any
family which he might leave would be placed in this respect, and
has asked us to give him security on this point.
The Committee of the Council proposed a scheme on this
especial point, namely, that a sum should be capitalized, sufficient
to produce an annual sum of £10,000 per annum, as a permanent
income after his death for his widow and any children he might
leave.
The Maharajah has asked for permission to bequeath this
amount to some public purpose for the Punjab, in case he should
die childless; but to this the Committee have refused to
accede.
By the terms of 1849, as already shown, the Maharajah is only
entitled to receive for life such sum as may be allotted to him.
The Committee, however, were most willing to remove his
natural anxiety, by enabling him to make a liberal provision for his
wife and children after his death.
But they could not consistently with their sense of duty place
at his disposal, by will, any funds for any other purpose. If funds
should be available for public purposes, their application must
rest with the Government.
The Committee further said that, if the Maharajah should pre-
fer to receive at once such a proportion of the present accumulation
as the Government of India may consider it proper to grant to
him, with reference to the claims of all others interested, there
can be no objection to that amount being paid to him down,
leaving him to make his own arrangements for his family, which,
in that case, would have no claim to look to the Government for
any further provision after his decease. If the Maharajah prefers
this to the offer of capitalizing a sum producing £10,000 per
DULEEP SINGH AND THE GOVERNMENT.
539
XV.
1856-86.
annum as a trust-fund, for the benefit of his family, the case will Chapter
be referred to the Governor-General of India, desiring him to
ascertain what the real balance of unappropriated "pension
payable under the 4th Article of the Terms of 1849 now is-
and also to determine the proportion of that balance which may
fairly be assigned to the Maharajah. This is strictly conformable
with those terms.
The Council of India are of opinion that the proposal to capital-
ize the proportion of the stipend of £25,000 per annum, i.e.,
£10,000 per annum, as a trust provision for his family, is the
most beneficial arrangement for the Maharajah. They will,
however, willingly accede to whichever of these arrangements he
may prefer.
On the foregoing the Maharajah's remarks :-
The reader will see that the Government is of opinion that it
is under no obligation to give, during the Maharajah's life, any
larger pension than it may choose to allow, nor to give any
pension to his family after his death.
The Maharajah does not agree to this as a true interpretation
of the Treaty, nor, we think, would ordinary minds come to that
conclusion.
It is admitted that the pension is not entirely to cease
with the life of the Maharajah, but as to certain portions, it is to
be continued after his death for, certain purposes. It is also stated
that the name of the Maharajah is used in the 4th Article of the
Treaty, not in his individual capacity, but as "head of the
State."
This reading favours the construction for which the Maharajah
contends, viz., that the pension was to be hereditary, and
that any forfeiture that he might incur would not prejudice the
rights of his children.
540
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH,
:
Chapter The Maharajah does not believe that it could have been
XV. intended to confine his compensation to a mere life pension in
1856-86. exchange for an hereditary estate of not less than two millions
sterling per annum, which increases constantly with the pro-
sperity of the country.
At all events, the interpretation put upon the Treaty by the
Government is so unfavourable to the Maharajah, and to his
posterity, and so different from what, we venture to say, an
ordinary reader would gather from its perusal—so different from
what must have been understood by the assembled chiefs in
1849, when they heard it read by Sir Henry Elliot-that, if
correct, it requires some more impartial sanction and confirmation
than that of a Government department to render it acceptable or
satisfactory to the Maharajah.
If it were really intended after the Treaty to leave the Maha
rajah and his descendants entirely at the mercy of the British
Government; if the Government also intended to absorb all his
personal and private property, as well as to deprive him of his
personal freedom, why ask him to sign any treaty at all? He
and his were in the power of the British Government and army,
who might have disposed of both at pleasure.
We cannot think that the India Office have rightly interpreted
either the language or the spirit of the Treaty; but we unhesi-
tatingly say that, if the Treaty does mean what Sir Charles Wood
stated in his memorandum, it is a document which must excite
feelings of just indignation in every honest mind.
As a consequence of its interpretations, as explained above, the
Maharajah has never had what he considers to be the full
benefit of the Treaty of 1849; and, moreover, he has, under cover
of the Treaty, been deprived of private property and lands which
it did not profess to confiscate.
Taking a lakh of rupees to be equal to £10,000, the pension
would be between £40,000 and £50,000 (say £45,000).
The payments actually made to the Maharajah are as follows:—-
DULEEP SINGH AND THE GOVERNMENT.
541
From 1849 to 1856
£12,000 per annum.
;;
1856 to 1858
1858 onwards
""
...
:
£15,000
Chapter
XV.
""
£25,000
1856-86.
""
Besides these payments, allowances to relatives and dependants
to the extent of £18,000 per annum at the commencement (1849)
which were reduced to £15,000 in 1859 have been made. These
allowances have rapidly dwindled into a very small sum, if
indeed they have not vanished altogether.
In 1859 about £100,000 was the aggregate saving of the
Government on the four lakhs.
In 1862 the Government provided a sum of £105,000 (which
probably was the exact amount saved, but they endeavoured to
make it appear as a voluntary provision made by them), for the
purchase of an estate, to be settled on the Maharajah and his
issue, also empowering him to bequeath to his legitimate off-
spring a sum of four per cent. India Capital Stock, to be provided -
by Government, this amount to be sufficient to yield an income
of £7,000 per annum, subsequently increased to £10,800 per
annum.
Between 1862 and 1882 the Government advanced the sum
of £198,000, charged on the India Capital Stock, and (in the
event of his leaving no issue) on the Suffolk estates.
Of this, £60,000 was lent free of interest, the remainder,
£138,000, was part at four per cent., and part at five per cent.,
the terms being precisely what could have been obtained from
any insurance office in the City of London.
The Government, however, agreed to pay half the premiums
on policies of insurance for £100,000 on the Maharajah's life
(the Maharajah bearing the other half, in respect of which the
Government now deduct £1,575 annually from his allowance).
But the additional price exacted for these advances was, that
the mansion and all the Suffolk estates, whether bought with
the £105,000 (specially provided for the purchase of a family
!
542
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter estate), or with the loans raised from Government, or with the
XV. Maharajah's own money, shall be sold at the Maharajah's
1856-86. death.
Thus the Government have rendered futile the prospect
of landed proprietorship for the Maharajah's heirs.
The money result in the year 1884 to the Maharajah of these
operations is roughly as follows:-
Annual pension from Government
Deductions by Government :-
For interest per annum
For premiums of insurance
£25,000
...
£5,664
1,575
7,239
£17,761
Net sum received by the Maharajah from
Government per annum.
The Maharajah complains that the payments made to him are
not in fulfilment of the stipulations of the Treaty. He considers
that under the Treaty he ought, after he was of age, to have
received the full pension, himself paying out the allowances to
his relatives and dependants.
If this be correct, the Government have withheld from him sums
which, it is calculated, must amount to more than the whole of
their advances to him, although the figures of the account have
not been furnished by Government.
As to the £105,000 paid him in 1862, if it does, in fact, re-
present, as he believes, the aggregate amount of sums withheld
up to 1859 (calculating his pension at the minimum of four lakhs
only), it does not include interest on those accumulations.
It seems hard to the Maharajah, under these circumstances, to
be paying large sums of interest every year to the Government,
whom he believes to be his debtors; and he hopes, that if ever
they should pay him his accumulations, they will pay him
back interest on the sums which they have, from time to time,
retained, and withheld from his use.
DULEEP SINGH AND THE GOVERNMENT,
543
The following is the provision for the widow and children of Chapter
the Maharajah:-
XV.
1856-86.
Value of Suffolk estates (say)
...
Insurance moneys
£72,000 East India Stock
Total provision
:
...
:
:
:
£200,000
100,000
72,000
£372,000
This realized at 3 per cent. would give an income of £13,000,
to be divided amongst his widow and children.
We have already stated that the Maharajah contends that the
original pension of £45,000 per annum is in its nature hereditary,
and ought to be continued undiminished after his death to his
descendants.
The revenues of the Punjab are not dependent on the tenure of
a life, nor do they diminish year by year; and the pension
awarded by the Treaty of 1849 should most certainly be regarded
as a first charge on those revenues.
From another part of the same book other extracts
are supplied, which show how anxious the Maharajah
was to have his affairs settled by arbitration.
Extract from work published by the MAHARAJAH, entitled,
“The Maharajah Duleep Singh and the Government.
How stands the case between the British Government and the
Maharajah?
It was thought expedient (it could not be just or right) to annex
his kingdom.
To take care of his private estates and property, and to restore
544
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter them undiminished to him when of age, was the bounden duty of
XV. the new Governors of the country, under the circumstances, even
1856-86. had they not been the personal guardians of the boy.
Nevertheless, these estates and property have been appropri-
ated, without apparently a question, or the slightest hesitation on
the part of the distinguished and accomplished persons who, from
time to time, have constituted the Government of the Punjab,
under the new régime.
The whole has been treated as if it had been spoil of war.
These estates, as we know, were untouched by the Treaty; but
how have we acted towards the Maharajah in our fulfilment of
the terms stipulated for by that Treaty?
The Government has explained away all the provision apparently
intended to be secured to the Maharajah, and assured him that,
although one clause in it tells him that he is to receive between
£40,000 and £50,000 per annum, the next clause, if properly
understood, according to official interpretation, entirely takes
away such right, and leaves him at the absolute mercy of the
Government, to give as much or as little as they please.
Lord Lawrence, in reference to another Indian prince (who
was not a British ward), says:
The question "whether in dealing with an Asiatic ruler, like Shere Ali, the
common rules of European international law have any application whatever," is
again passed over.
I affirm that it should not so be treated. If international law has no appli-
cation in this case, then what is the law or principle on which the cause between
Shere Ali and ourselves is to be tried. Are we to be the judges in our own cause?
Are we to decide in accordance with our own interests? Is this an answer
which Englishmen will give in so grave a matter
In another place Lord Lawrence justly observes:-
Statesmen should never forget that the real foundations of our power in
India do not rest on the interested approval of a noisy few. They rest on justice,
•
DULEEP SINGH AND THE GOVERNMENT.
545
*
on the contentment of the millions, who may not always be silent and quiescent, Chapter
and on their feeling that in spite of the selfish clamour of those who profess to be XV.
their guardians and representatives, they may place implicit trust in the equal 1856-86.
justice of our Government, and in its watchful care of the interests of the masses
of the people.
Here we have to do with a treaty and a series of transactions,
one party to which is the British Government in its own right,
and the other party is the ward of the same British Govern-
ment.
In the one capacity the British Government want to escape
from paying more, or giving up more, than they can help; in the
other capacity it has always been their duty, as guardians and
trustees, to uphold the interests of the Maharajah, and claim and
recover for him all he could fairly demand, from whomsoever it
might be.
The Maharajah accuses the Government of having allowed its
attention to the interests of the department to interfere with its
duty to his interests, and refuses to be satisfied with the correct-
ness of its decision between those interests.
Is it impossible in such a case to provide some impartial
tribunal, such as might carry conviction to a reasonable mind
that injustice had not been done by irresponsible power? Are
there no eminent lawyers of judicial rank whose services might
be engaged to hear and decide the conflicting claims?
Or must the nation bear the reproach of its Government, insist-
ing on being judges in its own cause, to the neglect of those sacred
principles which Lord Lawrence terms the "foundation of our
power in India?”
While the Maharajah was engaged in compiling the
book from which the foregoing has been quoted, he
had also sent out to India an agent from the firm
of Messrs. Farrer & Co., his solicitors, with instruc-
NN
546
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter tions to examine the records of the Punjab, with a
XV. view to establishing the Maharajah's claims on certain
private estates.
1856-86.
Shortly after his agent's return, the Maharajah
addressed a letter to Lord Kimberley, then Secretary
of State for India (March, 1885), forwarding a state-
ment of private estates, claimed by him as inherited
from Runjeet Singh, a Sirdar of the Punjab, and his
predecessors, concluding the letter as follows:-
Your Lordship by this time is fully aware that unless the
British Government is prepared to accord me speedily some
measure of justice, I shall be compelled to abandon permanently
my landed estates and position in England, as I am unable
adequately to maintain either with the means now accorded to
me; in which case, the moderate and legitimate expectations with
which I was induced to settle in this country must be utterly
disappointed, and I myself and my family be reduced to a state
inferior to that of many of the subjects of the State of which
I was the Sovereign when my country was annexed by the
British Goverement.
The subjoined statement is the result of a careful
inquiry made by the Maharajah's agent in several
districts of the Punjab. No estates have been claimed
as private property that came into the possession of
Runjeet Singh subsequent to the year 1800, that being
the year in which he attained to the sovereignty of the
Punjab.
DULEEP SINGH AND THE GOVERNMENT.
547
Estates claimed by Duleep Singh as private property (of which Chapter
some part have been in the possession of his family from the time of
Nodh Singh, his great-great-grandfather) :-
In the districts of-
Goojranwala ..61 villages; of which 33 were left by Churrut Singh.
Goojrat ...10
Jhelum
6
""
""
""
""
""
...55
all
""
""
""
""
"",
""
(Including the salt-mines
of Pind Dadur Khan.)
Sealkote …..18 villages ;
Goordaspore... 6
Amritsar
""
2
""
""
9
all
""
""
left by Nodh Singh.
کو
Maha Singh.
The remainder of the above were left by Maha Singh, others
being acquired by Runjeet Singh.
XV.
1856-86.
The annual value of the above villages is Rs.2,04,99,
£20,499.
The revenue of the salt mines is now about forty
lakhs. (1869.-Rs.44,91,458 £449,145.) In Sikh
times said to be under six lakhs.*
The inquiry does not extend all over the Punjab.
There are known to be other villages belonging to
Churrut Singh, especially about Rawul Pindee.
No reference is here made to the claims of the
Maharajah to the intestate estates of deceased rela-
tives, many of whom are known to have died since the
date of annexation.
* See ante, p. 99.
NN 2
548
SIR JOHN LOGIN AND DULEEP SINGH.
Chapter
XV.
While the question of the Maharajah's claims to
1856-86. private property is under consideration; it may be
well to enter here a valuation of the personal property
pillaged at Futtehghur during the Mutiny. This
return was made out by Sir John Login, and sent in
to the Indian Office at the time that compensation
claims were called for.
Value of property pillaged at Futtehghur
RUPEES.
... 93,014
74,403
Land and houses purchased by His Highness…..
Furniture and fittings of all descriptions, including
table-furniture, plate, glass, and crockery
Tent equipage made at Futtehghur
...
10,765
Farrash Khana property, consisting of Cashmere tents,
carpets, Muslunda quilts, chogas, elephant jhools, &c. 20,000
...
198,182
In compensation for this claim, the British Govern-
ment offered £3,000, which the Maharajah refused to
accept, considering the proposition an insult.
The Government has never accounted to the
Maharajah for the money received for the sale of
the house, nor has he received anything in respect of
the value of the land, though the papers show, that
the whole was purchased out of his money, nor any
compensation in respect of the contents of the house,
which were destroyed at the Mutiny.
DULEEP SINGH AND THE GOVERNMENT.
549
Such then is the position of the Maharajah Duleep Chapter
Singh with the British Government.
For upwards of thirty years has he been at issue
with them on various points, small questions no doubt
at first, which would have instantly disappeared had
the recommendations of Sir John Lawrence and Sir
Frederick Currie been adopted; but which, as time
went on, became more and more of vital importance
to the Maharajah, and, in a corresponding ratio, less
and less interesting to the officials who had to deal
with the case, as they had no hand in the original
Treaty.
Is he, therefore, entirely to blame for his present
attitude towards the British nation?
If no excuse can be found for him, are the children
to suffer for the sins of the father?
XV.
1856-86.
L
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..
-
Kanj
Khirbo
Lamu huu
Phaty La
Hamikar Pass
Z
Doky
S
Takut
Brihmah M
Wahala
Hamari
Balgudde
MANANA UNGAAN.
*
Oorghoon
Khe
0
Bulameen
Bingee
•
Teera
BN N
Karuk
Dour
Chusmas
Jhanda Khail
Goreewala
Maghool Shuhra
Kala B
Varday
Kashmere
Khu
R.
33 Brijky
odevobushit
T
Bermul
N
Vizegree
VANTNAGA U MOHAN HBUJATI
TURMIL
BANNER
32
Kotky
31
30
Kanzur
Gardow
73S
Kohee Merwitty
Wauneh
Barak
Ghare
I
Shyd
Nilyh
E
N
Chichundee
Takhti
Suliman
U
L
M
A
N
M
Durazer
Kar
Partur
Tomb
Deyrah
29
p
S
Kir
AL.
Ootpalana
Mijawal
Siree
Hurrunde
Moonee
Akrarians
Kuldee
Kote
Chombeela
MUR WUT
Pass
Kangorum
Mahavee
Fort
-
Sakhee Su
-
Kerdae
Choonshahgunce Phudal
Kumaike
Kettas
Jooltanpo Assenath
Fort Dulloor An
Surdhee Fort Mullaut
Dowd Kh
Lawah
Rakree
Murrudwals
Kotela
Meea Wallah
tuyên
Sookeysir Koree Nosherah
Nulleenarree
Oochallee
Khubkee
Jallar
wheys Ghat
Koondeean
Wahn i Buchur
Jumboee
Wahni Kheyreh
Mittan
Towana!
Churdina ka Hote
Khood Eye
Munda Khoud
aw Wallia
Trun
tta Walle
Tunolo
Goorbenos
Esab Phai
Shailch Jab Sham
Kooroom R
Indul
Koffer Kote ruins
Punneala
Suddy Mart
ruins
Omer Khail
Koory
Beloat
Tergur
Rangimpog to
Paharpoor
Dullah
Mittapporo
Rungpoor
Duhbas
Dobre
Motch
Peepul
Kulloor
Panch-genui
Kurnolee
P
Golanna
Kessore
Fazelwalas
Bhurrung
Kote Belochwafa
Mundrah
Dera Ismael Khan
Noon-da-Koos
Kolatchee
Droubund
Loundah
Ashie Khan o
Nãă Bălă°
Purwan
Luskanee
Maree
Kaheree
Meeranc
Remmuk
Adjmul Shaw
Te Kote
Chooee
Gurang
Jole
Futty Khan
PJho
Tibbee
Doonah o
Dera Deen Punah
Mukwul
Umdanee
Alem Khan
Kalloo •
Fapree
Pear Adal Kamistee
Mritich
Coomany
Kooly Wallee
Wader
Dera
Ghazee Khan
Charatta
Ersun de Wuster
Kote Chootd
Sangad
Janboka Kote
Dajel
Kotla Hakeem Shawd
·
Jampoor
Kotlar Lunjaro
Mana
Deedled
Sheroo
Kechal
Shinkee
સ
Duria Khan
Sahaure
ure
Bukkur
Lurkul
Doodashaw
Peersaib
Tinnah
Now tuk
Jo Bhahall
Jurruk
Tibby (large)
Tibby(small)
Kurvor
Kerareeda Kot
Jukkur
Maunkaira
or Munkere
R
Nowakote
Quandatla
Beiss
Suckrore
Noorpoor
Suckroreallas
Kila Dowla
Bho
Pulla
Kautio
Serrabah
Neeloo
Ahmedabad
Mulhaur
Bescenraul
Deywało
Hoondalee
Seeaut
Babwah
Ravigurs
Suddraw
Kooshaud
Jooyah
Sickoowaul
Jullah
Gurrota
Khandauree
Key lice
Jourty
Taullah
Meykan
Bumboole
Booloo
Jelum.
River
es.
Hydasp
Pind Dad
Barai
Goruk Teelibe
Taitany
Dhela
bol
Мина
Tung
Khewas
alpoor
Hurreah
Chennee
Chekathaiake
Badshapoor
Noon Miance
Chuckram Doss
Chek Hazeeloe
Chakur
Saheewal
Sullan
Abdal
Owjur
Koonjun
Rummaneek
E
Keranna ka
Pahar
Kotelas
H
ki i Sikunder
Korian
"Bary ald
Koree
Noor Jumala
Chuckrealee
Bhekee
Mekował
Meeawut
Bhabbra
Kaderabad
Bharowal
Juddrang
•Moosa
Cralianwala
Dinges
Asnowia
Phaliah
dhe
Gharp
Goliana Dogar
Khowasp
Jooreh
Sickecalee
Chai
Karmely Kogur
Ghennigh
Heelaho
Debhola
Rannegur
ahyah
Pindee Futha
Jullah Khumb
Meyd
Thumb
sine
or As
As
Kaulbowatil
Echurwaul
Bhoochreh Domurrs
Seedut Jussuck
Check fulleel
Falled
Gaunnee
Haveylee Futte
Chaupio
Koudurpoor
Choinkaur
Moe Chun
Kotilla
Sudwor
Hurpe
Krance
Tuan
Kalatha Kot
Tha
Kihor Gasol
Moghul
Buttall
Havel
Punigh
Tehrana
Uquaho Dowlutnugur
Maloarea Eeroo Shah Fullaulpoor
Bhuggowal
Murlowar
Kotillee
of Poni
or
Biowar
Bethyan Killa
Bhagala
Dank
"Pone R
Hindolao
Ingkal
May
Booring
Dendrah
Kaleet
Rehur
Dhara
Bubjey
Ranjago
Wegrant
Killah Harrawag
Shongul Dand
Tunda Pany
Patioal
Rutot
Valloy
Pásyringar
indu Ke Sir
Tip of Pass
Chine ane
Bhulm
Koteli Killah
Jaghan Killah
Talafru
hyhsalo
Keshenpoor
foor Muntul
Hutial
Ramna
•Kam
Mankole
Panjean
"Killah"
Meerp
Bortolepoor Churave
Dhara amop
Deved
Munnadee
Drg
Bajw
Manasa
RChen
aub
Chunnee
Wapra SeaMowa
Kotelee
fotgurh
Joye
Wheichpoor fu
for Reich
Urneeah
Joo
Bora Luckunwayl Kunjangka
Gugerat Julakpoor Kussakee
Kithulich
Boojld
Suddoplapoor
Chatur
Gazeekechake
Goolt unnawail Noseyra
Luddur
Koluval
Sembreal Oogoo ka Chuck Katleh
Saodra
Vazeerabad Kung
Pheloka
Bugghoo Chel
Kot Felltown Nuth
Rottas
Rookawal motriggia
Rasoolpoor
Sillanuh Fachpoor
Kaille awala Furtun
Marjan Sullaumatta.
* Kunda
Op Saamlee
Haunsee
Shelch Meer
Amboanna Putrake
Chaundoo
Feerooke
Noseyra Lallee
Kaloowal
Ahmednuggur Maukta
Sultain ka kote
Goryalla
Kurlaire
Nussrut Kurryala
Tauler
Rusheed
Loddah
Rujwah
Futter Ally
Durala
Meah Machumdee
Bokharee
Bowannee
Boongeh Cherrgurun Kea
Gowrralla
Maree
Seer
Boona
Shakar
Kauh
Shah Jeongh
Nowa Kooah
Laurtovalta Laah Sirr
Toa Icote
Cheetah
Rum Khore
kca kote
Sallymaun
Wara
Hyderabad
au koo
Sunny assee
Luckmunkerar
Noor Gaun alla
Futtchpoor Cheetagn
Sirkany
Mahomed Rajun
Nowshand
Secanalla
Goolagolan Mcorraкрай
Hadje ka Kotla
LELA
Pauncheewaul Sookeh loa Haveyla
Bussa ka Buster
Guery.
Futter &
Fushro
Sidg
Bausso
Suth
Choitra
Opch
Rodhood
Meansoos
"Checkarh Rullcun alla
Esaw Junmait
Tooah
Jesoor
Khurul
Sooltan ka
Kote
Nowakote
• Kayemwalla
Khurraunwalka
Gauzeepoor
Buseed foor
Bauttes
Kokur
Ishampoo
Milpalkoted
Shah Mahomede
Deynamalla Khokres
Secaulka Gur
Peer Junghee Darah
Paharpoor
Hosanpoor
Moodha
Dera Deen Punah
Udoo ka Kote
Rado
Dachokca
Sunneweh
carat
Godzarat
Parar
Afew huts & wett
Mahomed
Tea Kote
afery
Gur
Chavarra Bau Sooltans
Fullar
Abdooruhmand
aub
cote
Allypoor
Byram ka looke
Sodhaunee
Beech go
Boochen
Kowaun
Kaunnoowaunna
Bheewa
Bulloo
Korahee
uno
Mingceana
E
E
Duretto
Noewala
Hafezabad
Coottan
Goojrah
Sealio
Purmuller
Mulwar
Kunall
Tureenah
Porah Turcest
Beenee
Zufferwa
Beyhunwalla Mus
Shah Zaddy
Famuke Mandheenaw
Buddhaunna
Duskaw Bundo
Gt Bellowala
Tulwandee
Lesserlee Lit. Kooph
Bowanidass. Laleeanwala / Seesoully
Deysor
Googeranwala
Chisherwalas Fuggskee
Kila or for
Kenghnewala
Toonghawala
Dhaham
Boodoo lakot
Pureener
Jokilla o
Chuk Do
Nonuro
Samba
Budrawar
Busine
Pyldu Davi
Mohu
Leertul falik
Bhagyteckaller or Aliabad
Chuck
Swathia Hote
Hurmunder Justpta
Fumotmunť
slamabad)
Hurrey
bethal (o Chuck
Chun
ulburra
Burk
Dar
itta
CHAMBA
grona
Deona
Vinji
Himis
Zanskar
10.
Lingti
Charasa
Fap chan
Tote Ailak
Sassar
1
Karabul dawan
R. Yatak
Yartobe
Lak
Chunghung
Mandalik
N
O
B
Taksha
R
Hot
Spr:
Churin
Taghar
Hindur
Tirit
or
Undar
Chang Viang
Roid
Bango
ME
doh
Akham
Lamekul
Spr. off
Skio
Knarung
Marka
Naren Varsa
Phuing
Phi
I Chusus
Marsilla
T Bagar
Sakti
Chipchak
Zangla
Akshu
Chakarpa
Benware
Saj Joth Pas
Sulraor
Gundealo
R. Sawa
Nagrores
Bisso
Kulle
Pokhri
Summit of Pass
120.600
OMuggrat
00
Soonarea
Bhoyna
Bungure
Srenugger
Shahpoor
Suddoo Sajere
Bamrah
Lobnée Chuda
Fufflour Mushoor
dur gur
Bhoyren
Tyh
Shefodwar
• Boodawaja Merote
Soor Sulloutta yord
Maunkee
Burroteer
Bluntedwallaho
Suttrah
Tytwundee
My
Nuggress
Nourungabad
Bheyne
Ramdass toa chuck
Detional cham
Kooralla
Emenabad
Kendpoor Vandoo Mehel
Cheetalla Multip
Kerloo kee
Kochlee
Gunnoor Nungul
Yo
Dussoguralla
Mussinda Bynecka Muttbo
Jullun
Barbun
Jhubbher
Ujnawala Kurryfall
Manooke
Russooto
C
H
Raja Tumbooly
Jindala
Ussoor.
Chookannap
N
Booltu
R
Naroowal of
Meynglin Hot
Ewarra
Hallowal Doodle Hummal Ad
Key too how
Deyp
Bhoo
ahote thy
Bergewal Budded Raghdas
Burry auke
asairah Moong
Mungooka Topegatah Pusmanwala
Ruthtala
Dheradas
Maleea
Cheikhoopoora
Purroje
Kully ampoor
Suntpoor Mecan) Gi
Lito
Sura Khojake
Sakam
Koosu
Hadore
Bagh
Deeg
Khalloo
Dinahão Bargderee
R
Malumpoor
Surrall poor
Deo Tea Gringa
Mindeaunneed
Deeg
A
Burloorednaur
Buckoo
Julieak
Mianee
Kala Khutifi
Shadra
AHORE
Bax
Thundeah Nappal
Kykkur
Awan
Taihar
Shalimar
Baboo Saboo
Majengh
Shaday
Chekke U
Hailempoon
Sarengra
Chummy free
Frettehgarh
Teyhra Routle
Shaummee Soy
Rajah Sawes
Ramterethe
чаббия
Majheetha
Chawinda
Mukundee
Govindgurh AMRITSIR
Busseer
The With
Manihala
Koormulla
Luckput Rackcote
vara. Juleepoor
Baka Flacedillungate
Choung
• Khootpoor
Raeb
Chandnee Rungelpoor Rajajung
Jug dee Khace
Kurma Singkila
Mududa
Sirbursteebas
Maroo Jutto
Chain's
hard day overgrown with Tamarisk shrubs and destitute of water
I
مجھو
Daunabad
Fureed wood
Chotur Doula
Ker
Sire
Bhat
• Manga
Nutyaru
Mudu
Kanah Gulpur
Butchwa
Astoo
Ꭱ
Ludhoo R
Rookanwalla Lilleeana
Roseh
Moduckchar
Bye Deru
B
Hatum Bharwal
Hala Bye Dera
Goroo Dearoo
Big Boong
Dooloo
Fouree
Lye
Jundoo Tusharee
Dola Bamee Kutair
Buna Junnuck
Chonchuck Sehalors
Mumattre
Hursauna
Mhole
Wyawala.Boo
Sha
Trumoo
Kote Beeranah
Phairwaunee Mukar
Ahmudabad
B
Juma of
of
Nundawadagar
· Moosa Koreshee
Marce
0
0
Killawalla,
Busra
Suraja
Shorkot
D
Kot Kumalia
Turuhny
JEyemusshah
Jee
Shorecete Kuloce
Jolaho
er
Nihung
Sterile
tract
Ling
Shukr
Sira
Fullaree
Sirgae
Bund
Ruins
Muckyan Maila
Kulalpoor
Burbiegee
Dadwanon
Horajon
Samut Thord
Jainila
Redrawullee
Josa
Panjwana
• Pangwana
Моуить
Choutra
•Muckroilee
Ahmedpoor
Mugdoompoor
Shearghur
Juttoomohun
Ke kooa
appys
Карья
Beeboo Tiggy
Kotegge Mutma
• Theretwala
of Satur
Rand
Juttoo Ahmedabad. Slunjunby
Tulay on
Muhotai
Fureeda Bagh Beelun.
Doogee Ghoto
Leengaira
Busseerah
majh
Khyrp
SesalkeeTutte
kanpoor
Bhetlee
Mozuffergurk
~Deetoote
Goorganig
Bulbut
Ghat
Khanaiwala
Russellawala
Moongwud
Jungeerabad
Kichkooa
Kaota
Toolumba
Rugdad
Khang Shah Mullee
Bodai Shah
MOOLTAN Mokulmusseed
Bullawala
Shah Kot
Shah Shiloh
Muckdoorp
Adhee Bohr Meer Surree Coun
Bochai
Duddo
•Mirzap
Jogharala
Khangir
Mitpoor
Marreh
Meer Fayee
Kica Shair Meerbur
Musto ee
Kondra
Hyrow
Fitmutee
Mahomedpeor onjurato
Mecance
Jadehwallah Mundo
Peer Buksho Matchie
Rat da Kotla
Have oor o
Oonerka Kotla o
Fuzuilphornpoor'; }
Kastempoor
Aasnee Shawpoor. o.
Kateychee ke Ghurree
ties
Honshaira
of
Shikarpoor d
Hoojogiee ke Kotta
Jan Veehake Wusty
Noorpoor
Khirpoor
Seetpoor
Karpoor
Fond
Kadulpoor
Ganga
of Tib
Beysurps
¤ IM
Shoojuabád
Tria
Noorghe
Dooncahpo
Chaffy away
Former Bed
Moogipo
Rey
Mugdoom
Konjah
Grange
Pay Hajeepdor
is River
Lauzet daf Kot
Feendar
Thauloce
Bhauda
Sib
Mulke ka Kote &
Moonieah
choran
Shattaf grah
Thufllada Site
Mamoodshah
Textree
Kurramnoor
Mutsed Amedhi
IP Meer Hum
ka kooa
Taleka kooa
Shahka Burgan
Jowan
Tatteer
Khimpoor
Moralipoor Nelmadipor
Fatehppor
Afterpoo
Kootebpook
Sundeewata
Temel Khan's Kooa Kauno Kadurpo
Bakot Fuss,
Sahoo
Bussunshah
Sumnotirano
Kuttia
Syudgote
Kolar
Korgaum
Tubvanus
Mukomed
Fidian
Karaila
Sawe Sira
• Bukshoo
Peeled
Gogdyra
Rashun
Futuhpo
Sutgurra.or
Futto owouna
Connapoor
Sheerghur
0.
Durveishpoor
Belooch Bustee
Wutee Buhnee Ka Kote •
Mumoree
Boonga
Harapa
0
Powrah
Behiobealla Dhowler
Noorpoor
Ringsha
Manisa
bustee
Lubbeer
Kanooggood loa
Malka
Chuckwindee
Kote
Cheechawutnee Thethee
Pank Petten
Pakha Sidhara
Bawunish Bursa
Massoor urnagh
Maimoke Ghat&
Kot
Kuboola Hopita
Sadoolapoor
Oomeepoor Tebbhee
Úrgen
Shaho
"Fumlaira Matoke
Jundel
Salkooke Jodhake
Suldai
Thanga
Leadrain
Takeah
Soormatane
Lall dé Jokh
Wingana
Balai
Khyrpoor
Bheed
Horn Muhidpour Aucklah Shahd Haugamulleengheedara
Bind Ke
Walle
Niepoo
The Panjand
Changiar
wah
Fel lal poor
Goole Hooseingle
God!
Bukr
Ootch
Atri
Bailee
Thek
Aldawaor
Gh
R
Joosub
Meerdee
Bilama
rice Goad
Gradpoor
Meerkhan
Joongeodee
BHAWLPOO
Supmesuitee
{Shaddoo}
Muldoor butpour
That
Loodra
Khorumpoor
Goofion de bustie &
Meerzake Ghuree Rainpoor & Bagoo ke Mustee Chaneekban。
Nusper ha Kotta
Kazee ke Mullumbier.
Tarim Traum
Wring
Bra
ARGENTONA DETRAMWAYU
IMMIRKSEKSIKONIDRETTIALÄLLETÍ
70
Puti
Madah Pubberwalee
Ryneewala
Canal
Gatus
Sungur
Ahmedpoor
Sundal
Shaw
Fiowan Shah s
Teebee
H
tie Mud Nacechy nee Moonallee
We
Donna Uberee
Chynoe
Moor
B
poor Bunnee
71
Khan Noh
wells!
•Bhooramala
•Ladiansir
Rowarwald
Dry Tank
Bhoolgarwala
W
• Kala Puha
72
well
Mojgurh
•Bomada
Former
Boorga
Booghauning
OF
Choonnee
Syaul!
Bedapoo of
A
Khara
Keenan
• Owluck
R. Beas
Goureke
&
Tarragur
Adingyi
Sudhatalo
Susanpoor!
Pathank
Chuarhe
Engit
Rajalog
Taith Goofdwar
Hutteli
Baldua
orchait
Thekke Roman Noorpoor
Surnão
Ruddalwah
Canal
Balzampo
Gurhota
Pondgree
boord aspoor Noshe
Bhud boala
Begara
Fienaghur
Butteropoor e
Hoteli
lagrota
Tali hoteli
Joali
Pimbare la
Boput Bahria
Badpoor Haripoo
hitrala
RReas
• Undares Hutte
desbara
loe Roy la kote Makerian
Suunto le Roy ka hote
Hassale
Dhurumicote
Thendiara
Khyroodden Surace
Kharaho
Noorooddeen Surace
Bheranah
Soorsingh
Bheekeerino Bunka
Wuttowa
Vmudpoor
Mundealuh
Bhynee
Teren Taren
Nourungabad
Sheeron
Pettee
Ghoorka
Pringungree Townele
Buduta
Teawala
Syjerah.
Kaisurgučk
Shei poor nee
Kurpao
Doboorjee
The Ṛ úhul!
Pathal Reth
Rethrow
Sham Kot Ghat Bots
Godher Bodooke
Simoneids
...Khengunpoor
Degara.
Depaulpoor Hajeedum
Rocken Stibabuke
Wesseerpoor
Teher
Bodia
Mugger Havalee
Peerte
Sav
Budamiee
Mureah
Suddurake
Attauree
Suhakee
Rorewala
Muralum
Auke
Site of Abbiake
Bhoodhuh
Namookee
Boonga
& Chechoke
Jeelaike
Sikunka
Kasimka
Sunnabake Boonga
Machooda
Kain Bazeed poor
Chundrance
Buddah Jadoo
Kimmara, Go
Golepoor
Dumdumma
Moobarekpoor
Got-kaim Raees
P
R
Meergurgh
Maroot
Phoolera
73
Sirdarcote
Bodlah
Peerfon
Krish
Khye
Rubeemka
Mendot
• Sydala
Maseeah:
Madeah Gt
Matunke
Kasin
Bageke
Roctagah
Lakeska
Mean. Mustake
Bahack Bodlah Mokumke
uttegurh
Dreetwo
Jalinke Chistee
Nath
Jugbarah
Husta SaroO
Avefwatuh
Goujeanuh
or Walour
Fulwar
Anopghur
Kamaulsir
Oodipoor*
Hureeke
Fort
Kanoovan
Bettala
•Dheekyala
Nengul
Mutteewal
Bhyro
fit. Sobraon
Bolawah
•Boobria
Mustake
Tullee
Kool
Xozpoor
Goondoowal
Mulowala
Umburhae
Ahmudpoor
-wal
Soltankhanwals
Ferozeshah
Bazeedpoor
Hureeah
Moodkee
Fureedkote
Chamda Phida
Soonceawal
Mookut Sur
Khreper
Seri-Gobindpoor o
soah
Kurdumbalaho
Mane Dormoot
Beas Monohu
Sebah
Killa
Tongue
Phaldam
Chiler Gurl
Dongle hungur
vas
Sajha
Chenaub
Margola
Burgagng
Khun
Barona
Tootahi
Ί
Chil
Burdam
galapoo
Debe
Milaknath
Gheto
R
Tung lung
Giah
Red
Shara
RUP
R. Sum-giel
.
Luchalung Pass
Shun Shudi.
Lingti
07
Sar
Soomdo R
hasha
Labrang
Sitinger
Surajbha Telu
Teling
Darchá
desar
Boodla1
R
Hars
Gogalle
Nagelle
Se
Doonch
Minne Mithes
Baitools
Eloranee
Deepo
Kha Kotoo
Riloo
Gunzara Killa
Taevul ka
Huttee
Candi Devi
Chum
Poorthe
North Kangra
Tarapoor
Nuggrota Kinney tal
Dowlutpoor
eriali
Tohru
Xwi
kalutte
Didhaly Butwar
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R
MAANTALYAN UNUI ALALI MULTAIR, TYBVULT__
35
ALANGAI LASTETTAJALAU SLU
SEMENTARA KÉTELMO PASSIONN
FAKE PALLARENA BILTEIN
INELITIA
AMIR AMANATION FORMEN QUOTES TUR
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++
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Kosge
Jelalabad
Rajecan
Boutake
Charatroo
A N&D O O A B
Dadoowala
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Bedath
Khundan
Bulgoopoor
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Mugroo
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Freegu
•Kangoo
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Tukeea
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Chorinta.
Singh Sakak
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Rajgarh
betawala
Chour
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Korallee
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Koosa
Sohowra
Sokhur
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Kasha
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Syahum
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Nuthoree
Altoon
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Gunachour Curl Sho
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Phagwara
Rooloa
Tigrowun
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Manico
Kanapoors Dowe
Pootgh Stora
Tiskhur
Boosecanah
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Goongranuk
Jindalee
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Lukundee
Ն
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Thorce
Daod
Solodee
Miteree
Imloh
Neretuth
Gowanah
Ameergurh
Seholce
Tingree
Soongror
Narah
MAP OF
THE PUNJAB AND CASHMERE.
SHEWING THE EXTENT OF
MAHARAJAH
DULEEP SINGH'S TERRITORIES.
74
Boundary of the State of Lahore
under Runjeet Singh & his successors.
Boundary of the portion annexed
by the British after the War of 1846.
Boundary of the provinces made over
to Golab Singh as a separate Kingdom
by the British in 1846.
Scale of English Miles.
10
20
30
40.
60
70
80
90
100 MILES
W. H. Allen & Co, 13 Waterloo Place, London.
-นม----
75
50
76
Howaruh
Nundpoo
Bussee
Ductheree
Sirhinds
shanna
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Mano flee
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hüt
Jugla
Berik
Kiwick
Losar R
Phalung
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R. Para
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becoš
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300
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spla
tro
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32
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or Tonge R
Peaks
ол
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här
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taree
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Kunku-
#noce
H
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fount
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bokla
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Busser
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Putarsee Bunnybor
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Moreepore Rajpoora
Gurgurkee
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Chowa
Phookecanah
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Dhontoree
Ведра
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*Nurheena
Dinharge Sozadpoo
Imbatta
Bubreas
Buktooak
Skhooda
Durara
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Sumutherce
Mulanuh
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imiferah
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bad
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ra
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Kizcan
Poondree
cabun Howbuty
Sud
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bon poora
Luknoutee
Koonduh
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Raepoor
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A
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glpee
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dkerie
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alleewally
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Скандарова
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Ghogrypoor
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arda
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townd Ichidersbad
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pore Chillcand
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ofingira
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Achera Take
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Chindanna.
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Kudjourwala
Chuckwaro Scivona Munglon
Sungury Noseerpore
Khodama Chote Saken Furucknugfr
Numoutah Deckun Mazekapp Badsha
Dooab
Safapore Gurhee
Bidouly Kahil
l'hanna
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Kotduan
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-pogr Nujeebabad
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hunna Doodia
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Seekery Moladeepoor
"Poor Mural Bohun Chitowah Jesound
Chaoisipoor Sitawala
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Totannah Pal
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88 Dhampore
Shericst
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porr
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Rampore Nilotha Husicnapoihrpore Padlee Sochara
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77
78
29
APPENDIX.
***
.I.
EXTRACT FROM A LETTER TO MR. JOHN BRIGHT, M.P., ON THE
POLICY OF OUR RULE IN INDIA.
(In reply to one of his dated September 1st, 1857.)
Sept. 1857.
MY DEAR MR. BRIGHT,
.-. The intelligence from India continues to be indeed
most painful, and full of atrocities and treachery, although
certainly not causing more apprehension or anxiety, as to the
final result, than it did at first. That we should have been able
to maintain our ground so well against such odds, could never
have been anticipated by the mutineers; and when they hear of
the successive arrivals of ships from England with reinforcements,
before they have succeeded in establishing civil power in a single
district, we may have reason to hope their treacherous, cowardly
hearts will quail within them through fear.
No one who has had opportunity of seeing Mahomedans (and
Hindoos) in countries to which our influence had not extended,
is much surprised at atrocities which are not very uncommon
among them, and although the dread of consequences under our
• rule hàs prevented the exercise of such revolting cruelties, there
is scarcely a man, woman, or child among them, to whose
imagination they are not perfectly familiar, and, except by those
552
APPENDIX.
whom education has enlightened, who does not consider them to
be perfectly justifiable, if not praiseworthy, against "Kafirs," such
as we are! This revolt has torn the veil from Hindooism and
Mahomedanism, and shown them in their true colours.
I am quite as anxious as you can be, that we should bring no
discredit on the Christian name by the manner in which we
make these miserable wretches atone for their appalling atrocities.
Of all that can be proved to have been ringleaders in the revolt, we
have no alternative than to make a most fearful example. But
those who have taken a lead in these atrocities are, I believe, few
in comparison with the multitudes who have been led astray by
them, and for whose ignorance we are, to a certain extent,
responsible.
Whenever we are again in a position to enforce order, and to
bring the guilty to punishment, we need be under no difficulties,
however numerous they may be. With so many railroads to
make in India, on which convict labour can be made useful, so
many settlements and colonies within the tropics, such as Pegu,
Mauritius and the West India Islands, where a labouring
population is required, so many ships available to convey them,
and with a sincere desire to remove the ignorance and superstition
which have caused such atrocities, we may confidently hope that,
with God's help, we shall yet be able to "overcome evil with
good."
The manner in which our countrymen have been led to carry
out the sentence of death upon these mutineers, with a view to
make their executions more impressive upon the natives that
witness them, is certainly most distressing, and I deeply deplore
it; but if it has the effect of deterring others from such crimes,
and depriving the criminals of that bravado which leads them to
rush to the halter prepared for them and die as martyrs, I can-
not find fault with it; for, however revolting, it is not more cruel
or less instantaneous than any other mode, nor am I apprehensive
that it will have the effect you suppose of "rousing revengeful
feelings which time can never heal." The people of India consider
us to be perfectly justified in thus punishing men guilty of such
atrocities against us, knowing from the general leniency of our
punishments hitherto that we have only been driven to them by
their treachery; and if we can only succeed in putting down the
APPENDIX.
553
mutiny, and re-establishing our power firmly, I should have no
more apprehension of going unarmed among the very sons of
these men in their villages than I ever had.
In truth, with this, as in other things, we are obliged often to
act in opposition to our right feelings, and in a manner which
would be most unjustifiable among a people less barbarous in
heart, in order to give that impression of our power and energy
which is necessary to enable us to do any good among them,
and to raise them out of that debasing superstition and igno-
rance which is the fruitful source of all these atrocities.
In the same way, I am quite prepared to make more allowances
for such men as Clive, Warren Hastings, and others of our
countrymen in India than you do, for being carried away by
their successes (among a people who held their possessions by the
sword) to acts and results which, to our settled notions of rights
of property for so many centuries, appear most extravagant and
oppressive; and I am very certain that even at this present
moment—after we have, by the strength of our Government for
the last fifty years, given a security to individual rights unknown
before—there is not a single native of India who has read or heard
of Clive or Warren Hastings, who attaches that discredit to their
proceedings which Englishmen do. It is very true that you may
have been in the way of hearing natives of India profess very
high-flown sentiments on these points, as it suited their indivi-
dual interests to do so; but I am very much mistaken, after
twenty-five years' experience of them, and among such men as
Lord Metcalfe, Mr. Thomason, and many others (who knew them
better than I can pretend to do), if there is a single one who, in
circumstances like Clive, Warren Hastings, and other English-
men, would have shown half their moderation.
We must never forget that public opinion among natives of
India generally is in many respects not further advanced than it
was in England during the Heptarchy (certainly not so far in its
religious basis), and that our ideas of individual rights and
abstract justice are comparatively new to them, and can with
difficulty, be adapted to their minds. They are making progress,
no doubt, and that very rapidly; and another fifty years of our
rule, and the security enjoyed under it, will bring them well up to
us, if we do our duty.
554
APPENDIX.
"
But, dear Mr. Bright, instead of giving much thought to the
misdeeds of our predecessors in India-the cruelties of which I
am sure you exaggerate greatly, and which I am very confident
are not considered so bad by Asiatics as by ourselves, and cause
but little ill-will towards us-I am anxious that you should turn
your attention to existing evils, with a view to remove them. If
the present state of India is a just judgment upon us, it is not so
much for the misdeeds of the past century, as for the present
neglect of duty and want of confidence in the right policy we
should pursue.
Through the blessing of God, we have been placed in India in a
position of the highest influence and responsibility.
We had an army of nearly 300,000 men, composed of Hindoos
and Mahomedans, the most ignorant, most bigoted, and most
superstitious of any class in India. We have had opportunities,
no one can deny, of removing much of that ignorance, bigotry,
and superstition by introducing education among them, without
causing the least alarm for their religion (caste); and there are
many who think that they were open to religious instruction
without endangering our influence over them in the smallest
degree. Instead, however, of our doing anything to enlighten
them, as it was our duty to do, we have pampered them in all
their ignorant superstitions; flattered them into a belief that
as soldiers they were quite equal to ourselves, and instructed
them only through the drill-sergeant. Is it to be wondered at
that they should think we held India only by their sufferance,
and that they should attempt to wrest it from us?
Our successes in India have placed many of the princes and
chief sin our power, with all their families and dependants; many
of them receiving pensions greater than the revenues of some
independent states in Europe. We have had influence sufficient
to induce them to educate their children, at least, in secular
knowledge, and to show them the world as it now exists; but we
have not done so; we have been satisfied to let them live in that
state of sensuality natural to them, to indulge in dreams of their
former greatness, surrounded by sycophants and slaves, and to be
instructed only by the most bigoted of their creed, until, like the
old Mogul and his family, and the atrocious Nana Sahib, we have
prepared them fitly for the position they have assumed.
APPENDIX.
555
As the Paramount State in India for the last fifty years, we
had the "right of presentation" (according to established practice
under the Delhi emperors, and which the present puppet of the
mutineers will, no doubt, affect to assume) to almost all the
minor principalities in India, and, as such, the right of placing
whom we pleased to rule over them, if we thought fit to
do so.
During the reigns of the great emperors of Delhi to the time of
Arungzebe (Alumgheer) this right was almost uniformly acted
upon, and these petty musnuds were given away by them as
readily as a kardarship, or jagheer, in the Punjab, by old
Runjeet Singh, a few years since. The right of a son to succeed
his father was never dreamed of, although it most frequently
happened that a son was considered by the Emperor and his
courtiers to be the fittest man for it, and could afford to pay the
handsomest nuzzur on accession; in which case, he was, of
course, preferred, and the grant and dress of honour sent to
him, when he was considered by his subjects to be duly
installed.
↓
Of course, when the Emperor thought he could more con-
veniently and profitably hold the province under his own officials,
he did so, receiving the revenues into his own treasury, and
paying the functionaries himself, instead of giving out the province
and the people on lease!
When the power of the Delhi emperors declined, princes and
chiefs who had these soubahs and minor states naturally
endeavoured to transmit them to their sons, and, in most cases,
succeeded; but they never felt themselves secure in their position
until they received a sumnud from the Delhi Emperor, even when
a captive in the Mahratta camp.
When the success of our arms in the upper provinces of India
placed the representative of the Mogul emperors in our hands,
he transferred all his regal rights to our Government, on certain
conditions, which have by us been faithfully fulfilled; and, although
the East India Company (in deference, I believe, to public opinion
in England, which considered such rights to be nothing more
valuable than the claim of our Sovereign to the Crown of France)
have not exercised those rights to their full extent, they had, in
case of failure of direct heirs to such states, as they have them-
556
APPENDIX.
selves re-established, very properly acted upon this principle,
leaving, however, personal property to the families of deceased
princes, with pensions suitable to their wants.
Having, however, adopted so much of these rights as was
convenient, they ought not to have neglected other responsibilities
attached to their position, as they undoubtedly have done, viz.,
the duty of ascertaining and ensuring the proper qualifications of
rulers succeeding, under their auspices, to the government of
the subordinate states, and thus affording proper protection to the
interests of their subjects.
Had the Government of India done their duty in this respect,
and taken measures for the proper education and instruction of
every young prince in India, over whom they had such right of
influence, I doubt not that, ere this, we should have seen many
native states much more advanced than they are in order and
good government.
There is yet another point over which, I think, the East India
Company have been greatly led astray, and of which the present
position of India shows the extreme danger.
The policy of the Indian Government has, I believe, not
intentionally, but not the less certainly, given encouragement to
military employment far beyond its proper bounds; and I am
convinced that, under a better system, there need not have been
more than one-third the present number of native soldiers in
India withdrawn from peaceful occupations.
So long as we had large native states, with their numerous
armies, to oppose us, it was necessary for us not only to employ
as many Sepoys as we could afford for our own defence, but to
prevent them enlisting, under native princes, against us; but
when the success of our arms had reduced the power of the native
chiefs, and forced them to accept our terms-instead of attempt-
ing to reduce the military population of each state, as might
often have been done, by disarming them, and in cases where we
undertook their external defence, permitting no greater number
of troops to be entertained by the chief than was necessary as
personal guard, and for civil duties-our Government has been
led by influences of various kinds to insist rather upon the
organization of large contingents, to be officered by our army and
paid by the subject state, leaving the chief very often to use his
APPENDIX.
557
·
own discretion as to the number of troops he should retain in his
service, or at least taking little account of them.
As these contingents are perfect thorns in the sides of native
potentates, and a constant source of ill-will and apprehension,
obliging them often to keep up more troops than they would
otherwise have done, it cannot be doubted that had the necessity
or expediency of reducing military employment been sufficiently
impressed upon our Government, this end might have been easily
attained by insisting on disarming when we had the power,
taking notice of the smallest infraction of the Treaty as to the
number of troops to be employed, and requiring the payment of a
small amount as tribute, in money, or produce, or the assignment
of a district, to defray the expense of any addition which might
be required to our own army for the external defence of the
country.
It may perhaps serve to illustrate the extent to which native
princes are sometimes permitted to increase the number of troops
in their pay for the civil duties of the country, if I remark that
the ruler of Oude in 1801 was limited by Lord Wellesley to the
employment of seven or eight thousand men, but had up to 1848
been allowed to increase that number gradually to 55,000! We
need not therefore wonder that Oude has been considered so
long our nursery for Sepoys!
I could also say something on our "temporizing policy," in
endowing their temples and mosques instead of boldly telling
them that, as Christians, we can have nothing to do with
them, but I have said enough, and must go on to another
subject.
Had I not been aware of your sentiments, so well expressed in
your letter to the electors of Birmingham, that to "restore order
to India is mercy to India," I should have felt alarmed at the
thought being entertained that "the loss of India would not ruin
England, although the cost of keeping and the effort may;" but
when I know that your remark does not refer to the present, but
to some future time, when our rule can only be maintained there
against the wishes of the people, by military power, and at a cost
of English blood and treasure exceeding its benefits to the
country and to India, I can readily acknowledge its propriety.
If I could not look forward to the time when we shall rule
558
APPENDIX.
India by other influences than mere military force, I should be
disposed at once, after the revolt has been sufficiently suppressed
and order restored, to select native rulers apparently best able to
hold the ground in each of our provinces, endeavour to strengthen
their position, enter into commercial relations with them, and
leave them to govern their people in the way best adapted to their
circumstances.
But however much in the opinion of many who judge of the
Government of India only from an English point of view, a
national insurrection was at any time to be expected against it,
the present revolt has nothing of the dignity of that character.
On the contrary, all our information tends to show that the
people are by no means disaffected towards us, and would con-
sider the loss of our government to be a great calamity.
The rebellion has not then the least spark of that patriotism in
it which the natural feelings of free Englishmen are ready to
admire, even when opposed to us, but as a mere impotent
attempt of ignorant fanaticism, unfortunately fostered by our-
selves, to stem the tide of advancing civilization.
Even amidst all the horrors of present anarchy, I can discern
the dawnings of a brighter intelligence, and of an influence likely
to be more lasting than military rule, requiring only the fostering
care of a powerful Government, and the security to individual
rights (which recent events will teach our Indian subjects to
appreciate) to be developed to its full extent, and to bind India to
England in bonds of mutual interest and good-will.
With a better knowledge of the power and enterprise of
England diffused among our fellow-subjects there, will arise the
feeling that our national character and commercial energy are
necessary to develop and promote their industrial wealth, and
that the most productive country in the world, with a population
so little able to find markets for themselves, must necessarily
be dependent on the strongest and most enterprising of the mari-
time powers, and united to it in the bonds of self-interest.
But may we not entertain hopes of even a higher influence
than these, and that with the extension of the Gospel message-
which, as Christians, it is our duty to make known-stronger
sympathies will be awakened between us, to bind us in a new
relation, under the influence of which we may safely leave them
APPENDIX.
559
to govern themselves, without any misgivings as to the conse-
quences?
With such a prospect before us, let us throw all doubts aside as
to our policy towards India, and at once boldly undertake the
responsibilities which Providence has entrusted to us, assured
that if we do so in a right spirit, strength will be given to us to
carry it out!
Although you have at least given as much consideration to the
subject as I have, and applied the great abilities and judgment
with which God has blessed you to devise a plan of government
for India suited to its present wants, you may, nevertheless, accept
a few suggestions I have to offer as to its organization, in the
hope they may be useful.*
As the interests of the English nation in the government of
India have now attained too great a magnitude to be entrusted to
any other power than the Imperial Legislature, and as the East
India Company's government has existed long enough to show
that it has established an influence in India likely to be more
lasting than military power, I think that it may retire from
its responsibilities as soon as order has been restored, and with
very much greater credit than you are perhaps prepared to con-
cede to it.
•
Believe me, dear Mr. Bright,
}
II.
Yours sincerely,
J. S. LOGIN.
EXTRACTS FROM THE CORRESPONDENCE ON THE FUTURE GOVERN-
MENT OF INDIA BETWEEN SIR CHARLES PHIPPS AND
SIR JOHN LOGIN, July, 1857.
The first of these papers opens with a defence of the
civil administration of the country under
under the
* This is in reference to a scheme for the government of India, to which
allusion will be made later.
560
APPENDIX.
Company's government, pointing to the fact that
the people are more contented under it, and have
enjoyed more peace and security, than under any
other Government which ever existed there.
“I believe it to be equally true," says Sir John Login, “that
with so much corruption and want of integrity on the part of the
native officials, whom they are obliged to employ, and so much
apathy (as to public measures), selfish avarice, and ignorance,
on the part of the people, it would have been impossible for any
Government to have done more for the civil administration of
the country than has been done by them. I admit that they
may have been urged on to activity in their civil administration
by the frequent attacks made upon it in Parliament; but these
attacks have been so often made by men who only see
everything from an English point of view, and who are so
manifestly ill-qualified to judge of the true state of matters, and
so full of prejudice against the Company's government, that all
the sympathies of old Indian officers are enlisted in favour of
their old masters; and they are averse to expose the real defects
of their rule, or to add in any way to their embarrassment. To
those who have given consideration to the subject, it has been
for some time sufficiently evident that the weak point in the
Company's government has not been so much the civil as the
military administration; but, strange to say, this has seldom
been made the subject of attack in Parliament, and I am not
aware that the reduction of strength of the native army in India
has ever been proposed even by my friend Mr. Bright."
After alluding to the necessity which formerly existed for
maintaining a much larger native army than was now required,*
he continues: "It was politic to conciliate these men to our
discipline as far as possible, and to avoid every offence to caste
prejudices. I fear that these attempts to conciliate were, in the
early days of our rule, carried much beyond conscientious limits,
*See ante, letter to Mr. Bright, p. 556.
APPENDIX.
561
•
and to an extent which would not now be sanctioned by the
lowest code of Christian morality. . . .
When the reduction of
the Punjab . . removed the last independent native army
from which any danger was to be apprehended ... . . the
proper time would appear to have arrived for commencing to
reduce the strength of our native army, and for increasing our
European force." He then speaks of the fatal policy of making
European troops dependent on native commissariat contractors,
and of placing an arsenal like Delhi in sole charge of native
troops. He gives his reasons for believing that "although
several Bengal regiments have frequently shown an exacting
spirit, and one or two have actually mutinied and been disbanded,"
yet no "real disaffection to the Government has existed among
them until within a very recent period;" and then mentions the
causes which, in his opinion, led to the Mutiny, and says, that
providentially for us, the revolt broke out sooner than was
intended by the ringleaders, and before the mutineers had
concerted all their arrangements. As a medical officer he then
remarks, that though the heat would be injurious to the
European troops at that season, yet that during the excitement
of active service they suffer less, or, at least, quite as little, as
native troops (an opinion fully borne out by subsequent events).
When order should be at length restored, and any hostile
population disarmed, he suggests that a police corps, mounted
and on foot, should be organized in every district, under English
officers as magistrates; that European camps, fully equipped
and able to take the field on the shortest notice, should be
formed (say at Dehra, the Murree Hills, and Darjeeling for
Northern India) with detachments to every magazine and depôt;
that good roads, with caravanserais at marching distances, should
be made wherever railroads cannot be constructed; that men of
high caste should not be excluded from enlisting, but should not
be allowed to preponderate in the ranks, which should consist of
a due proportion of men of every caste, and that there should
be an admixture of Sikhs, Goorkhas, and Mahomedans in every
company. Though this might cause more trouble to their
officers in cantonments, there would be less risk of conspiracy,
and their loyalty would be better ensured. All troops should be
enlisted on the understanding that they were to be employed
-
00
562
APPENDIX.
beyond seas if required, or on fatigue duties as sappers and
miners. He concludes with the suggestion that it might be
advisable to attach one, or perhaps two, companies of Punjabi
Mahomedans and hill-men to each European corps, to be
commanded by the regimental officers; they would be useful, he
says, in relieving Europeans from unnecessary exposure, and in
training young officers for service with the native army.
This memorandum, and its accompanying letter,
called forth the following response :-
MY DEAR SIR JOHN,
OSBORNE, Aug. 7th, 1857.
Although overwhelmed with business, as you may
suppose, during the visit of the Emperor and Empress, I must
write one line to thank you again for your most interesting letters,
and to beg you will continue to enlighten me upon Indian affairs,
which, I know, that you understand better than most people. I
am happy to hear that Burnand is supposed to have shown great
energy and skill before Delhi, and I hope that he may have shown
equal military skill in his attack upon the town itself, which seems,
from the plan, to have a large, straggling, outside fortification,
with a pretty strong citadel or palace.
What a blessing that the Maharajah was not in India at the
time of this fearful outbreak. I cannot conceive a more distress-
ing position than his would have been.
Have you ever turned in your mind what will be the best plan
for the future formation of an efficient army in India?
Sincerely yours,
C. B. PHIPPs.
In response to the concluding sentence in theʻabove
letter, Login prepared and presented to Sir Charles a
APPENDIX.
563
memorandum on the reorganization of the Indian
army, of which we can only afford space to give the
leading points.
This scheme provides for a large European force, an
auxiliary native army, and a native military police;
also for the formation of a staff corps, and the regula-
tion of pay, promotion, and pensions, of both European
and native officers in all branches of the service.
It commences with these words:
"To place our military establishment in Bengal on a secure
and efficient basis, after the suppression of the present revolt, it
appears necessary—
(1) That we should possess a large European force, perfectly
equipped, and ready for field service ;
(2) An auxiliary native army of infantry and cavalry under
English officers, sufficiently equipped to oppose successfully any
Asiatic troops which can be brought against us, and—
(3) A native military police, mounted and on foot, under the
command of English military officers, with magisterial powers, to
be stationed in every district for support of civil authority."
The European force in Bengal, North-West Provinces, and
Punjab, were to be formed into three or more large camps in the
neighbourhood of the hills, where the men could be employed in
various ways throughout the day, even in the hot weather. The
native troops were to be cantoned in detached regiments, and
only brigaded in the cold weather for exercise. Each native
regiment was to be complete in camp-equipage, but carriage was
to be indented for, as was then the rule. The native military
police were to form local stationary corps, distributed over the
several thannas; large parties occupying the serais along the
roads, and furnishing guards at the chowkies.
European officers who have not passed the examination in Urdu,
or who are under twenty-one years of age, to be posted to European
00 2
564
APPENDIX.
portion of force; those who have passed such examinations, are
above the age of twenty-one, and are acquainted with their military
duties, may be posted to the native army.
A staff corps to be formed, from which the military staff,
diplomatic, military police and civil departments were to be
supplied.
Further, it appeared necessary:-
(1) To form an active and retired list of general and field
officers as in the royal service. The retired list to include all
general and field officers above the age of or those of
younger age who may be unfit for active service in the field.
(2) To offer increase of pension to induce all officers above
thirty-five years' service to retire at once with additional rank.
Promotion in the staff corps was to be somewhat less rapid
than in the more military branch.
...
Young officers, on first joining, to be attached to European
regiments for two years, then to be examined in native languages,
regimental drills and exercises, &c., . . . . and then posted to
European or native corps or staff corps, according to qualifica-
tions. Those posted to native army to remain attached to Euro-
pean corps, till passed in Urdu, and otherwise fit to command in
native regiments as lieutenants on the general list. -
Officers of engineers, artillery, and staff corps to be classified
in a general list.
Officers of European cavalry and infantry-regimentally, until
field officers, then on a general list.
Officers of native cavalry and infantry-on a general list for
army rank, but for duty in regiments, regimentally.
Officers of European cavalry and infantry to be allowed to take
special appointments for a specified time, but afterwards to return
to regimental duty, or else to enter staff corps, where promotion
is less rapid.
Permission should be given soldiers of Madras and Bombay
armies to enter Bengal service if desired.
The new native army to be organized on the following prin-
ciples-
APPENDIX.
565
(1) Men of all respectable castes admitted in fair propor-
tion, but neither Brahmins nor Syuds in too large numbers.
(2) To proceed wherever ordered, by sea or otherwise.
(3) To be formed into messes of ten men each, one man of good
caste selected as cook or caterer.
(4) Armed with muskets and fusils, not requiring greased
cartridges.
(5) When not employed on military duty, to serve as sappers
and pioneers, extra batta being given.
(6) Each native infantry regiment to consist of not more
than 600 men, under one commandant, four officers of companies,
one adjutant and quartermaster, one serjeant-major, and one
quartermaster-sergeant; with one native commissioned officer for
each company, and the usual proportion of non-commissioned
rank.
(7) Promotion to rank of native officer not to be by seniority,
as formerly, but deserving havildars to be occasionally promoted
from other regiments.
(8) When necessary to supersede an old havildar, that he
be permitted to retire on half-pay, with the rank of Jemadar, to
recruit for the regiment in his native village.
(9) That no European officer be appointed to a company
who has not passed the Urdu examination, nor any be eligible
who has not passed as interpreter (after a specified date), for the
position of commandant or adjutant.
(10) That no officer be appointed to a native corps who has not
attained the age of twenty-one, or has not been thoroughly
instructed in drill and discipline with an European regiment.
(11) Pay of European commandant to be not less than £1,000;
adjutant and quartermaster £600; officers of companies (exclusive
of allowance for repairs of arms) £400, increasing according
to rank and service to £600 or more.
In regular cavalry, if still kept up, each regiment to consist
of three squadrons, each troop to be commanded by an European
officer (the senior holding squadrons), and one supernumerary
officer attached to each squadron in the field. In the irregular
די
566
APPENDIX.
cavalry, one commandant, one second in command, and one
adjutant, appear sufficient.
The pay of officers of regular cavalry to be one-fourth more
than the infantry, and that of irregular cavalry one-third above
infantry scale; but no officer to be appointed to the latter who -
has not passed as interpreter, or is not noted as a good horseman,
or skilled in military exercises.
The dress of the whole native army to be made more suitable
to the climate and habits of the men.
The concluding portion treats of the medical staff to be attached
to each regiment, and of the improvement of the schools already
established in many regiments for the children of Christian bands-
men; these latter were to be extended and the Sepoys encouraged
to attend them.
In reference to the above memorandum Sir Charles
writes:
MY DEAR SIR JOHN,
OSBORNE, Aug. 18th, 1887.
I have read your letters and the papers which accompanied
them, with all the interest which they excite and deserve.
They are very valuable to me, as instructing me upon a subject
of which I am very ignorant, but which is certainly the paramount
subject of the day, and which must before long engross the chief
attention of statesmen.
Your military plan has much that is good in it, and the chief
points to which I should have objected would be the appearance
of promotion, as it were, from the European regiments to the
native—the reason for this is evidently the acquirement of a
proficiency in the native languages, but unless you gave some
material advantage in pay, or advantages to these corps, you
would not, I think, induce young men to undergo this extra
trouble for the purpose of commanding Indians instead of
Englishmen—and if you do make the commissions in the native
९
APPENDIX.
567
•
service more valuable, I think you would create great jealousy.
The selection for civil and political employment from the staff
corps, would, I fear, not only open the door to much jobbery, but
would take all your best men from the department in which it is
most necessary to retain them.
But my opinion is, and I
believe it is one that is very generally spreading, that, now that
it is necessary that the army in India should be, in a very large
proportion, composed of Europeans—that is, of Englishmen—it is
impossible that the lives, the reputation, and the prestige of
British armies should any longer be left under the control and
government of the East India Company. The anomaly, even
whilst the Indian army consisted of natives, and the white regi-
ments were the exception, was a very startling one, and the
system certainly has not, in point of experience, worked well—
indeed, the constant jealousies between the Royal and Company's
officers was in itself a sufficient practical difficulty; but it appears
to me impossible, speaking solely and entirely for myself, to
justify, in any way, the raising of a large British army, to serve
anybody but the Queen.
There appears to me to be objections to such a system-
constitutional, economical, political, and moral-that render it
quite impossible to be continued. It does not require much
argument, I think, to prove that it is not likely that the directors
of the East India Company should be very able military adminis-
trators, and it is well known how little power is entrusted to the
Commander-in-Chief in India. The system has been an enormous
command of patronage, exercised at a distance, and the local
administration of the army has never been entrusted to the
Commander-in-Chief in India, whilst by staff and civil appoint-
ments, those who remain in the ranks of the army are divided
into two classes-the expectants of employment, and consequent
seekers of patrons; and the disappointed and discontented.
I feel confident, from what I hear and see around, that the rule
of the Company is doomed; and though I am aware that the
subject is a most delicate and most difficult one, with which I
am wholly incompetent to grapple, I am equally convinced that
the only problems now to be solved are the how and the when.
The other question upon which you touch-the missionary
efforts to convert the native population-is one of at least equal
568
APPENDIX.
difficulty.... No one, I think, can object to the voluntary
efforts of missionaries and their parent societies, .but, in the
first place, great care must be taken that these attempts are not,
in any degree, combined or mixed up with your acts of govern-
ment, or any display of your power. You, as a Government, are
not entitled to deal with them, as a people, upon this subject.
Private, devout and earnest individuals may at their own cost and
hazard endeavour to win individuals . to Christianity; but
they must do this with a proper regard for the feelings, however
erroneous, of those whom they attack, or take the consequences.
The burthen of this lecture* is, throughout, the direct inter-
ference of the Almighty in the work of His mission. This is a
most dangerous doctrine, but a very common one amongst very
earnest religious men. It is evident that what God personally
does, or marks His approval of, cannot be wrong; and if, therefore,
they can only attain assent to their assertion, it necessarily follows
that whatever they do is right. To carry on the greatest work
of life, reason, as well as zeal, is requisite. . . In short, when -
we attempt to eradicate the frightful superstitions of the Hindoos,
we must take care that the pure religion which we give them in
return is not blurred with the slightest shade of superstition.
•
If this mutiny has not originated in a religious feeling,
excited by the Brahmins, have you any idea upon what it is
founded? The Sepoys did not appear to have brought forward
any complaint as to their treatment as soldiers; there does not
appear to have been any political element in it, at least, no
political object has been declared; but if a general idea has been
given the natives that there was an extended intention to break
down their differences of caste, and to press upon them a change
of religion, I cannot but think that the work of conversion, holy
and commendable in itself, necessary, and ultimately certain in
its success, has not at present been carried on with the necessary
delicacy and discretion.
1
Sincerely yours,
C. B. PHIPPs.
An Address given by Mr. Clark, missionary at Peshawur, which Login had
forwarded to Sir C. Phipps.
APPENDIX.
569
=
To the first objection to his military scheme con-
tained in this letter-viz., The appearance of promo-
tion from the European to the native army-Login
replies:
That it was necessary that officers in native regiments should
be conversant with the language, and have had training in a
European corps; because they were good linguists, it did not
follow that they were better military men than their fellows.
To the second objection, viz.,-That without some
material advantage, in pay or otherwise, young men
would not be induced to undergo the extra trouble, &c.,
he says:-
"According to the scheme, they receive one-fourth more pay,
are able to live more economically, but rise by seniority.”. In the
European corps they would rise more rapidly by purchase.
There would not be the rush for the staff corps that Sir Charles
anticipated, owing to the early age at which the choice must be
made, the slower promotion, and the extra examinations. After
the period of probation, there would be a second examination
for staff duties. Officers belonging to the military branch of the
staff corps were to be eligible for adjutant-general, quartermaster-
general, and surveyor's departments, guide corps, judge-advocate's
department, commissariat, pay, audit, clothing departments, and
military police; those of the civil branch for public works,
political, revenue, and judicial departments; their pay to be
one-fourth more than regimental officers of the native army.
With regard to the causes of the Mutiny, Login
says:-
善
​"From the confidence reposed in the fidelity of the Sepoys, the
Government had allowed them to outnumber the European troops
in undue proportion, had entrusted them with the protection of its
arsenals and magazines, and instructed them carefully in all
military duties. To attach them to our service, pensions had
been granted to them on retirement from age or incapacity, and
570
APPENDIX.
to their widows and orphans, in the event of their death in the
field. They were encouraged, more than any other class, to
attach high importance to caste observances, pampered in all
their prejudices by concessions of every kind, and enabled to
make these prejudices profitable to them in many ways. They
were carefully excluded from any instruction except through the
drill-sergeant, and the slightest interference with their habits, or
attempt to remove their ignorance and superstition, were viewed
by the military authorities with the greatest distrust." The
"greased cartridges" was only a rallying cry, which served for
Hindoos and Mahomedans alike; the real causes of the Mutiny
were the sense that the introduction of education, railways, and
telegraphs into India, and the suppression of immoral practices,
would interfere with their caste prejudices in time, so that they
ought to make a stand now; while, on the other hand, "they
considered their loyalty to be of the last importance to us,
attributed most of the attentions on the part of Government to a
consciousness of their power, and believed that we held dominion
in India on their sufferance alone!" They also resented the
enlistment of new recruits for general service, and of Sikhs and
Punjabis; while the finishing stroke was the annexation of
Oude, since, as long as Oude was under a native ruler, their
families and homes (by special agreement with the British
Government) were exempt from taxation, but this privilege ceased
on the annexation of the country. These grievances were felt
by the older Hindostani Sepoys, who were chiefly recruited in
Oude, and, as they could not be taken up generally, nothing was
said of them, and the cry of the "greased cartridges" served the
purpose of the ringleaders most admirably, and enabled them,
through the bigoted ignorance and superstition which, with so
much infatuation, the Government had fostered in the native
army, to get up an alarm for their religion and caste.
Login was of opinion that the elevation of the Great Mogul to his
ancestral throne was due to the impetuosity of the Mahomedan
mutineers of the 3rd Cavalry at Meerut, and that it introduced an
element into the future proceedings of the mutineers, which saved
us from more extended defection, and gave us allies who might
otherwise have been opposed to us. As to the ignorance of the
English officers of the disaffection of their troops, it seems probable
APPENDIX.
571
that those who were best affected to their officers would be afraid
to be seen by their more violent comrades communicating with
them, and even the havildars, or native officers, whose duty it
was to give in the usual reports, would be afraid to give more
than a distant hint that "the men were greatly alarmed that the
Government were going to make them Christians by obliging
them to bite greased cartridges." This report would probably be
received by the officer with a good-humoured laugh, and perhaps
a quizzical joke on the occasion, which the havildar would appear
to enjoy as much as any one, and then go away, quite satisfied in
his own conscience that he had given as much warning as he
could do without risk to himself, in this life or the next, leaving
the Englishman to tell his brother officer, "What spoons these
Sepoys were!" "I earnestly trust," says Login, "that as our
present contest in India is for a higher purpose than merely the
protection of our commerce and our territorial rule-for truth
against error, Christian civilization against barbarism-the
manner in which we conduct it, and the use we make of our vic-
tories, may rise with the occasion.”
Sir Charles Phipps, in a long letter from Balmoral,
dated September 2nd, 1857, discusses fully the subject-
matter of the last memorandum, but want of space pre-
vents more than a few quotations.
I have to thank you for your most interesting letter and en-
closure of August 28th. It would be the height of foolish presump-
tion, were I to attempt to argue upon Indian subjects with you;
indeed my objections are more calculated to draw out from you
rejoinders by which I may profit and obtain information than to
be of themselves of any value. Writing from myself, and without
consulting any better locally informed authority, I can found my
opinions only upon general principles, and their local application
must of course depend much upon Indian peculiarities. .
•
I
see many practical difficulties in the details of your plan. I will
put a case. Two officers enter the European Indian army at the
same time; one is detached upon active duty, which leaves him
no time for study of languages for several months; the other, re-
572
APPENDIX.
maining at a stationary quarter, has little to do and applies him-
self diligently to study the native languages. If they both intend
to compete for the superior service, which alone leads to better
emoluments and greater distinction, it is evident that the one who
has been in his early service the most employed, and conse-
quently the most useful, will, cæteris paribus, be always toiling
in vain after him who was left in ease and inactivity.
With regard to the staff corps, I quite think that the formation
of such a corps is very desirable, and that you will find in it many
materials, which, particularly in India, will be very useful.
•
I await with anxiety your opinion on the last intelligence from
India. I do not see what reason we have to expect any more
favourable, nor do I understand any disappointment at Delhi not
having fallen into the hands of that little army, which had long
been waiting for reinforcements, which had not yet arrived.
.. The real direction in which, as it appears to me, we
must point our most anxious looks, is to the firmness and fidelity
of the other two Presidencies, and one cannot but fear, as time
passes on, that the temptations offered may be undermining their
fidelity.
I fear that you will have cause to regret the wet day
that has given me time to inflict such a letter upon you.
I have by the Queen's direction ordered a clock to be sent
down, which Her Majesty would wish to be presented, from her,
to the Maharajah, but I will write upon a different sheet.
Ever sincerely yours,
C. B. PHIPPS.
In reply to Colonel Phipps' argument, stated as a
hypothetical case of two young officers, one on active
service, the other in cantonments, Sir John Login
says:-
"I would by no means make proficiency in a critical knowledge
of the languages a criterion of qualifications either for the native
army or for the staff. A knowledge of the language required in
a good officer of the native army is colloquial rather than literal,
and the chances are that a young officer actively employed in
APPENDIX.
573
India on duty, even with European troops, will pick up the collo-
quial of the country quite as readily as another left in quarters;
no one who is unable to do so, and to converse freely with the
natives after two years' service in India, should, I think, be eligible-
either for the native army or staff corps. Higher qualifications
in the language than this are not required in the first instance;
but before an officer can be eligible for an adjutancy, certainly if
not for the command of a native corps, he ought to be able, at
least, to read easily, if not to write, the ordinary characters used
in native correspondence among his men.
"No literary examination proves a good criterion of a cavalry
officer, the hunting field affords the best training for him; but for
officers of the quartermaster and surveyor-general and judge-
advocate departments, the guide corps, commissariat, police,
and civil branches, examination in the native language is essential.
The adjutant-general's department should not be exclusively
recruited from the staff corps, as good regimental officers are
essential."
In explaining the position and powers of the Commander-in-
Chief in India towards the civil government, with regard to the
peculiar functions of the Adjutant-General, Login pointed out
that it was incorrect to assume (as Colonel Phipps did) that the
late troubles arose from insufficient powers being granted to the
Commander-in-Chief, who was appointed by the Horse Guards;
that that officer's remonstrances, and desire for reforms in the
army, were entirely disregarded by the Governor-General and
Council, so that they would not even allow him to inspect Sepoy
regiments! This Login showed to be a misconception of the
actual state of things, and to support his assertion, referred the
question to Sir George Pollock, than whom no higher authority
could be found on Indian military matters, and whose friendship
and confidence he had enjoyed throughout his career.
George's reply is as follows:-
MY DEAR LOGIN,
CLAPHAM COMMON, Oct. 10th, 1857.
Sir
Sir William Gomm applied to the Supreme Government for
postheens and additional winter trousers for the European troops
574
APPENDIX.
serving at Peshawur; the Governor-General in Council did not
see the necessity for this additional clothing for the Europeans,
as they had already as much as is allowed in England, and
declined to provide it. Under ordinary circumstances, such an
application would not again have been urged, but Sir W. Gomm
passed by the Governor-General, and wrote direct to the Horse
Guards or the War Department, urging the necessity of the
measure. The Horse Guards ought, at that time, to have known
better; they might have consulted several persons who had been
at Peshawur, who could have told them that snow never fell
there; but no! red tape would not brook such a course. Whether
the War Department was referred to, I cannot say, but I think it
was; however, the Board of Control was written to, and from
that quarter an authoritative letter was sent, requiring the con-
sent of the Court of Directors, who—although they were aware of
the absurdity of the request-complied.
Sir George also told the following anecdote to show
that Commander-in-Chiefs were in the habit of
inspecting native troops :-
The commanding officer of a Sikh regiment was exceed-
ingly proud of the manner in which his men went through
the bayonet exercise and other evolutions; and their perfect
steadiness on parade attracted the admiration of every soldier
who saw them. General Anson having visited the station on his
tour of inspection, this regiment was paraded before him, but
observing that, as is the custom among Sikhs and Punjabis,
they wore long beards and moustaches, and tight, unshapely
pantaloons, he turned away with the remark, "You call these
soldiers-how very unmilitary! Look at their pantaloons and their
buttons!" and went on to examine some other regiment.
Having been requested to state his views on the best •
form of Imperial Government for India, Sir John Login
APPENDIX.
*575
drew up an elaborate scheme which contained, amongst
others, the following suggestions
(1) That the Government of India at home be entrusted to a
Cabinet Minister (preferably a Peer of the Realm with some
personal knowledge of India), assisted by a Council, of which he
should be President, and as such be responsible to Parliament for
their proceedings. (2) That there should be a Vice-President of
the Council (under-Secretary of State), a member of the House of
Commons, to be removed from office on change of Ministry.
(3) That the Indian Council consist of twelve persons, of whom
two-thirds be carefully selected by the Ministry for the time being,
for their knowledge of Indian affairs, and the remaining one-third
represent the commerce and manufactures of the country.
(4) That those appointed by the Minister should be permanent,
and placed in a position as independent as the judges; not
allowed to hold seats in Parliament, or be directors of any
commercial company; that the commercial members be appointed
for five years by the Ministry, from lists submitted to them by the
Chambers of Commerce of the United Kingdom and by the Board
of Trade; no restrictions as to seats in Parliament to apply to
these latter members. (5) That fixed salaries be allotted to the
members of Council; that they be retired at a certain age with
pension and honorary rank as members of Council; that the com-
mercial members receive no pension. (6) That the rank of
Honorary Member of Council may be conferred on all present
directors of Honourable East India Company, on Governors-
General, Commander-in-Chiefs and high officials, also on natives
of rank and character who may visit England. (7) That two or
more members be appointed direct from England to the Legislative
Council at Calcutta. (8) That on the restoration of tranquillity
in India, a proclamation should be made of the intention of Her
Majesty to assume the administrative directly through Her Min-
isters, after a given date. (9) That members of the Legislative
Council be selected from Madras and Bombay as well as Bengal.
The remainder of this scheme dealt chiefly with details of the
constitution and powers of the proposed Council for India at home,
576
APPENDIX.
}
and the Legislative Council in India, and of the authority of the
first over the second, also with the extent to which the Minister
had power to act if opposed to the majority of his Council. It
also suggested that an annual statement of Indian affairs be made
in both Houses of Parliaments by the responsible Ministers at an
early period of the Session, and an annual report be issued in the Blue
Book and laid before Parliament, of the "moral and material
progress of India; furthermore, that the utmost latitude be
allowed to the Viceroy and his Council, and that the duties of the
Minister and Council in England be limited to foreign policy,
military arrangements, assimilation of laws and institutions to
the spirit of English civilization, as far as local circumstances
render expedient, control of the judicial, financial and revenue
systems, encouragement of commerce and extension of free trade.
"You will not be surprised," remarks Colonel Phipps in his
voluminous reply dated Balmoral, Sept. 14th, 1857, "that I hesi-
tated and took time to consider before I attempted to enter upon
a subject which you have evidently considered so deeply and
understand so well as that of the transfer of the supreme power
in India from the Directors of the East India Company to the
Crown. It is a subject upon which I still feel myself utterly un-
equal to give an opinion of any value."
Further on he
says: "It appears to me that your opinion as to the time most
fitted for any change to take place is well grounded. For some
time to come, until the fermentation caused by this revolt has
subsided, the Government of India must be in an exceptional
state, and the new system of rule will grow better out of such a
system of transition than from any other more normal state.”
*
On September 28th he writes:
•
In answering your letter and accompanying paper of the 24th
inst., I must begin by thanking you for the free and unrestrained
manner in which you have entered upon the different subjects.
Without such sincerity, a correspondence such as ours would be a
APPENDIX.
577
mere waste of time, for wherever there was a different opinion
between us, we should not know whether we were combating
with the substance, or only a veiled shadow.
•
•
Havelock
has done very well; his promotion to the rank of major-general
has gone out to him.
I have confined this letter to the
military portion of your papers, and you will think that I have
given you a pretty sufficient budget for one post! I have never
kept copies of my letters, and I should be very much obliged to
you if you would either let me have the originals to take copies or
have copies taken for me-not for their own value, but because
your letters lose some of their value without those to which they
are an answer.
-
Sept. 29th. Since writing the enclosed I have read the tele-
gram from India.
How unsatisfactory !-the same story-
creeping progress of the revolt-not a step in advance! Have-
lock's retreat is most unfortunate, and creates the worst fears for
Lucknow, when one considers the daily consumption of men that
must be going on, and that no reinforcements of importance can
be expected for a month from this time,-it makes one tremble!
III.
BHYROWAL TREATY, 1846.
Articles of Agreement concluded between the BRITISH GOVERNMENT
and the LAHORE DURBAR, on Dec. 16th, 1846.
Whereas the Lahore Durbar and the principal Chiefs and
Sirdars of the State have in express terms communicated to the
British Government their anxious desire that the Governor-
General should give his aid and assistance to maintain the ad-
ministration of the Lahore State, during the minority of Maha-
rajah Duleep Singh, and have declared this measure to be indis-
● pensable for the maintenance of the Government: And, whereas
the Governor-General has, under certain conditions, consented to
give the aid and assistance solicited; the following Articles of Agree-
PP
578
APPENDIX.
n
ment, in modification of the Articles of Agreement executed at
Lahore on the 11th of March last, have been concluded on the part
of the British Government by Frederick Currie, Esq., Secretary to
the Government of India, and Lieutenant-Colonel Henry Montgom-
ery Lawrence, C.B., Agent to the Governor-General, North-West
Frontier, by virtue of full powers to that effect vested in them by
the Right Honourable Viscount Hardinge, G.C.B., Governor-Gen-
eral; and, on the part of His Highness Maharajah Duleep Singh,
by Sirdar Taj Singh, Sirdar Shere Singh, Dewan Deena Nath,
Fakeer Nooroodeen, Rae Kishen Chund, Sirdar Runjore Singh
Mujeetheea, Sirdar Shumshere Singh, Sirdar Lal Singh Morareea,
Sirdar Kher Singh Sindhanwala, Sirdar Urjun Singh Rungnun-
galeea, acting with the unanimous consent and concurrence of
the Chiefs and Sirdars of the State assembled at Lahore.
Article I.—All and every part of the Treaty of Peace between
the British Government and the State of Lahore, bearing date the
9th day of March, 1846, except in so far as it may be temporarily
modified in respect to Clause 15 of the said Treaty by this engage-
ment, shall remain binding upon the two Governments.
Article II.—A British officer, with an efficient establishment of
assistants, shall be appointed by the Governor-General to remain
at Lahore, which officer shall have full authority to direct and
control all matters in every department of the State.
Article III.-Every attention shall be paid, in conducting the
administration, to the feelings of the people, to preserving the
national institutions and customs, and to maintain the just rights
of all classes.
Article IV. Changes in the mode and details of administration
shall not be made, except when found necessary for effecting the
objects set forth in the foregoing clause, and for securing the just
dues of the Lahore Government. These details shall be con-
ducted by native officers, as at present, who shall be appointed
and superintended by a Council of Regency, composed of leading
Chiefs and Sirdars, acting under the control and guidance of the
British Resident.
Article V. The following persons shall, in the first instance,
APPENDIX.
579
會
​constitute the Council of Regency-viz., Sirdar Tej Singh, Sirdar
Shere Singh Attarewala, Dewan Deena Nath, Fakeer Nooroodeen,
Sirdar Runjore Singh Majeetheea, Bhaee Nidham Singh, Sirdar
Utter Singh Kaleewala, Sirdar Shumshere Singh Sindhanwala;
and no change shall be made in the persons thus nominated
without the consent of the British Resident, acting under the
orders of the Governor-General.
Article VI. The administration of the country shall be con-
ducted by this Council of Regency in such manner as may be de-
termined on by themselves, in consultation with the British Resi-
dent, who shall have full authority to direct and control the
duties of every department.
Article VII.-A British force of such strength and numbers,
and in such positions as the Governor-General may think fit,
shall remain at Lahore for the protection of the Maharajah and
the preservation of the peace of the country.
Article VIII.—The Governor-General shall be at liberty to
occupy with British soldiers any fort or military post in the
Lahore territories, the occupation of which may be deemed neces-
sary by the British Government for the security of the capital, or
for maintaining the peace of the country.
Article IX.-The Lahore State shall pay to the British Govern-
ment twenty-two lakhs of new Nanuk Shahee rupees, of full tale
and weight per annum, for the maintenance of this force, and to
meet the expenses incurred by the British Government; such sum
to be paid by two instalments, or thirteen lakhs and 20,000 in
May or June, and eight lakhs and 80,000 in November or Decem-
ber of each year.
Article X.-Inasmuch as it is fitting that Her Highness, the
Maharanee, the mother of Maharajah Duleep Singh, should
have a proper provision made for the maintenance of herself and
dependents, the sum of one lakh and 50,000 rupees shall be set
apart annually for that purpose, and shall be at Her Highness's
disposal.
Article XI. The provisions of this engagement shall have effect
PP 2
580
APPENDIX.
during the minority of His Highness Maharajah Duleep Singh,,
and shall cease and terminate on His Highness attaining the full
age of sixteen years, or on the 4th of September of the year 1854,
but it shall be competent to the Governor-General to cause the
arrangement to cease at any period prior to the coming of age of
His Highness, at which the Governor-General and the Lahore
Durbar may be satisfied that the interposition of the British
Government is no longer necessary for maintaining the Govern-
ment of His Highness the Maharajah.
This Agreement, consisting of eleven Articles, was settled and
executed at Lahore by the Officers and Chiefs and Sirdars above-
named, on the 16th day of December, 1846.-
TEJ SINGH.
SHERE SINGH.
DEWAN DEENA NATH.
FAKEER NOOROODEEN:
RAE KISHEN Chund.
RUNJORE SINGH.-
UTTER SINGH.
F. CURRIE.
H. M. LAWRENCE.
BHAEE NIDHAM SINGH.
SIRDAR KHAN SINGH.
SHUMSHERE SINGH.
-LAL SINGH MORAREEA.
KHER SINGH.
URJUN SINGH.
Henderson and Spalding, General Printers, 3 and 5, Marylebone Lane, Oxford Street, W.
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