Cyclopedia of J^ichigan: HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL, COMPRISING A Synopsis of General History of the State, JglOGRflpHICfiL §KETC[IES Of JJ^EN WHO HAVE, IN THEIR VARIOUS SPHERES, CONTRIBUTED TOWARD ITS DEVELOPMENT. BY THE WESTERN PUBLISHING AND ENGRAVING CO., New York and Detroit. Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1900, By JOHN BERSEY, In the Office of the librarian of Congress, at Washington. Is one thing which, in our age of progress and advancement, has cer- tainly not been improved. It is the art of writing history. The best histor- ical writers of our time have not produced such delightfully-interesting narratives as those which have been handed down by old Greek and Roman authors. The cause of this lies not so much in the superior literary merits of these early masters of historical narrative as in their better understanding of what is necessary to make known in order to impart a comprehensive knowledge of history. Men make history; and a full knowledge of these men is indispensable to him who would understand it. The ancients realized this, and neglected nothing which might throw light on the personality of their heroes. Before showing them to us acting the great episodes of the world's drama, they introduce them off the scene, reveal their previous career, their education, their appearance, and by a few well-chosen anecdotes give a clear idea of their character. Thus we are enabled to judge of the motives that actuated them, and understand the events in which they participated. But if Plutarch and his contemporaries are the superiors of modern writers in this respect, they share with them the weakness of honoring none but warriors, statesmen, and philosophers, and leaving in the shade citizens who took no part in the stirring events which they delight to chronicle, but nevertheless contributed their share to the advancement of humanity. They are great, no doubt, the men who, in the ambition of obtaining fame and power, faced storms of battle, and made of their bodies a living wall for the protection of their country; greater still the sublime martyrs who have laid down their lives on the altar of liberty; but we fail to see wherein they deserve more of their country or of humanity than the peaceful and honorable men who have, by their marked industry, their skill and perseverance, laid the indispensable basis of a great Nation—wealth and commercial prosperity. The advanced condition of art, industry, and commerce is the chief cause of a nation's influence among nations; even the triumphs of its soldiers are greatly due to the genius of its inventors and manufacturers, who have furnished the means of winning victory. If these deductions are true and logical, then such a work as we present to the public must be recognized as the most complete history of a people—one in which every man, no matter what his vocation, receives his due share of credit. "Tlpe £eijitis of our ijabioijal life tecfcoij? bo usefulue?? ar,d I)or,or fcljose ir> every ?pl>ere, ai)d offers bi>e *>i£besb : pVefertpexjb bo n>ai)ly fr,opes, apd sburdy, i)Oi)e?b efforb." t SYNOPSIS OF GENERAL Page Abbott, George A., 253 Adams, John Q., ...... 173 Adams, Oscar, 3°3 Adsit, Allen C, 228 Angell, George R., 189 Angell, James B., 301 Austin, Charles, 337 Avery, John, 299 Avery, Newell, 33$ Avery, Waldo A., 117 Bagley, John J., 69 Bagley, John N., 177 Balch, Gp;orge W., 80 Ball, Dan H., 72 Belding, H. H., 250 Berry, Thomas, 95 Bingham, Kinsley S., 239 Bishop, Jerome H., 240 Blair, Austin, 91 Book, J. B., 169 Bousfield, Alfred E., 143 Bradley, Charles H., .... 175 Bradley, Henry M., 170 Brennan, John, 276 Brown, Henry B,, 73 Brush, Edmund A., 254 Buhl, Theodore D., . , . . . 120 Burt, Wellington R., .... 259 Burt, Wells, 186 Burton, CM., 323 Butterfield, R. W., 167 Campau, Damef. J., 148 Campbell, James V., 319 Carpenter, A. A., 244 Carpenter, W. L., 99 Carstens, J. H., 220 Carter, David, 164 Cass, Lewis, 318 Chapin, Henry A., 75 Chapin, Marshall, 202 Chapoton, Alexander, .... 100 Ciiapoton, Alexander, Jr., . . 173 Chipman, J. Logan, 309 Clark, F. O., 164 Coleman, S. B., 127 Collier, V. P., 282 Combs, John A., 185 Connor, Leartus 108 Cook, Francis W., 151 Cowles, Edwin D., 245 HISTORY, P c;f. Cranage, Thomas, 291 Crocker, T. M., 290 Crosby, James S., 277 Croswell, Charles M., . . . . 243 Crozer, James A., 191 Crump, R. O., 88 Custer, George A., 326 i I Dean, Thompson, 230 Delano, H, L., 236 Dey, Alexander H., 275 Dickinson, Don M., 336 Dixon, Sidney B., 142 Donovan, J. W., 283 Douglas, Isaac, 310 Duffield, Henry M., 214 Duffield, Samuel P., 237 Duffield, William W., .... 313 Dunbar, E. L., 245 Dwyer, James, 239 Elliott, William H., .... 90 Elwood, S. Dow, 196 Erwin, D. D., . * 125 Estey, D. M., 84 Farrand, D. O., 289 Ferguson, E., 282 Ferry, Edward P., 176 Ferry, Noah H., 183 Ferry, Thomas W., 152 Finney, Seymour, 263 Fitch, Ferris S., 257 Flintermann, Johann, 243 Ford, John B., 158 Fox, Charles, 94 Frothingham, G. E., 328 Fyfe, R. H., 3°2 Galbraith, F. B., 268 Giddings, E. W., 335 Goldsmith, Oliver, 178 Gorham, Charles T., 325 Gould, Walter J., 280 Grant, C. B., 89 Graves, B. F., 329 Gray, John S., 272 Gregoire, Joseph, 200 Grosvenor, E. O., 76 Grummond, S. B., 222 Hall, Charles IL, no Hall, Theodore P., 238 Page 7 Pace Hammond, George H., 78 Hannah, Perry, 80 Hanscom, Irving D., 130 Harry, William, 251 Hart, Gilbert, 265 Hayes, F. W., 297 Hazeltine, Charles S., . . . . 171 Hecker, Frank J., 86 Heineman, E. S., 264 Hinchman, Theodore If., . . . 270 Hooker, Frank A., 94 Hopkins, Mark, 212 Horr, Roswell G., 285 Howard, William G., .... 297 Howell, Andrew, 174 Howes, George E., 195 Hubbard, Bela, 190 Hubbard, Collins B., 197 Hubbard, Frank Wm 274 Humphrey, William, 334 Inglis, Richard, 246 Isbell, N. G., 322 Jacokes, James A., 206 Janes, O. A., 207 Jerome, George, 107 I Johnson, George K., 141 Kanitz, Louis, 160 Kiefer, Hermann, 208 Kirby, Fitz A,, 218 -Kirby, Frank E., 128 Knowlton, J. C, 181 Lacey, E. S., 33° Landon, R. W., 289 Lane, Victor H., 293 Lapham, Jared S., 296 Lennox, L. J., . . . . . . . 172 Lewis, Alexander, 223 Lillibridgk, W. M., 287 Linton, William S., 300 -Livingstone, William, Jr., ... 92 Longyear, Howard W., . . . .295 Long year, John W., 205 Look, William, 156 LoTHRor, George II., 261 Lowell, Dwight N., 305 Ludington, Nelson, 262 Lyster, 11. V., 280 6 INDEX. Page Page Page McDonald, John N., . . . • ■ 263 Pingree, Hazen S., . . . . . 144 Stewart, Morse, . . . 180 McGraft, Newcomb F., . . . . 202 Pittman, James E., . . . . . . 2l6 Stewart, N. H., . . . . • ■ 332 McGraw, Alexander C, . . 219 - — Poe, Orlando M., . . , , . . 132 Stiles, John W., . . 265 McGraw, Thomas, .... . . 192 Pope, Horace EE, ... . . . 312 Stone, David F., .... . . 227 McEeod, Duncan, .... 166 Preston, David, . . . . . . I85 Stone, Farnam C., . . . . . . 140 McPherson, Alexander, . . • • 255 Pridgeon, John, .... . . . 122 Striker, Daniel, .... . . 287 Pridgeon, John, Jr., . . . . . I79 Stuart, William J., . . . . . IOI McPherson, William, Jr., . . 229 Pulford, John, .... Swan, Henry H., . . . . I29 McVittie, Alexander, . . . . 176 Swift, John M., . . 278 Maclean, Donald, .... . . Il8 Quinby, William E., . . . . . 184 Macomh, Alexander, . . . . . 70 Tateum, William A., . . . . . 297 Mandell, Addison, .... ■ • 317 . . . 186 Thompson, Charles L., . . • • 331 Manning, Randolph, . . . . . 157 Reid, William, Tilden, Junius, ■ • 97 Marston, Isaac, • ■ 3QI • ■ • 273 Martin, William J., . . . . . 261 • • 321 • • 32° Marvin, F., . • 308 Robinson, George 0.. . . r . 106 Voorhees, George V., . . • • 304 Mason, Stevens T., . . . . . 120 Rogers, Ford H., . . . . • • 258 Maynard, A. B., .... . 217 Rogers, Henry W., . . . • • • 303 Wagner, George, . . . . • • 193 Maynard, Fred A., . . . . . . 249 Russel, George B., ... ■ ■ 74 Walker, H. 0., 286 Merrill, Charles, .... 248 . . 82 Ward, Joseph M., . . . , ■ • 139 Middleton, Edward, . . . . . 225 Rutan, Manning, .... • • 3l6 Warren, C. A., • ■ 299 Miller, Sidney D., ... . . in Warren, Homer, . . . . . . 201 Moffatt, S. C, . . 98 . . . 319 Weadock, George W,, . . . . 116 - 3°6 Wesson, William B., . . . . . 102 Moore, Joseph B., . . . . . 104 Shafter, William R., . . . . 218 Wetherbee, George C, . . . . 260 Moore, Stephen, .... . 226 Shakespeare, William, . . . , 324 Whitney, Abel . . 241 Moore, William V., ... . . 150 Shearer, G. Henry, . . . . . 209 Wilkinson, J. M., .... ■ • 293 Mug an, M. N., • • 295 Shelby, William R., , . . . . 188 Willard, George, . . . . • • 147 Muir, William K., . . . . • ■ 105 Shelden, Allan, .... . . . 183 Williams, R. P., .... 160 Mulheron, John |., ... . . 124 Sheley, Alanson, .... . . 288 Williams, William D., . . ■ • 273 Murphy, M. J., 298 . . . 256 Willis, Richard Storrs, . . 266 Myers, E, E., • 3i4 Shepard, T. E., . . 221 Willits, Edwin, ■ • 339 Shipman, 0. W., . . . . . . . 204 Winans, E. B., . . 269 N ester, Thomas, • • 279 Sill, John M. B., .... . • 85 Winchell, Alexander, . . . ■ • 307 Newberry, Truman H., . . ■ 138 . . . 154 Witherell, James, .... 242 . . 131 Slocum, Giles B., . . . . ■ ■ 294 W00DBRIDGE, DUDLEY B., . . ■ • 194 Nicholson, Joseph, . . . 266 • • • 323 Woodbridge, William, . . . . 162 Spaulding, 0. L., . . . . 284 W00DBRIDGE, WlLLIAM L., . . 168 O'Brien, M. W.f . . 271 Sprague, Rufus F., . . . . . . 126 Wright, A. W., . . . . . • • 252 Standish, James D., . . . . . 96 Wright, W. H., 182 Palmer, Thomas W., . . . 198 . . . 246 ■ • 315 Steere, Joseph H., . . . . • • 311 Yawkey, William C, . . . • ■ 179 Pattengill, H. R.y . . . . ■ 305 Stephens, Henry, . . . , . 210 • - 153 Stevens, William H., . . • • 339 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN HISTORICAL. have strong grounds for affirming that the descendants of Noah came over from Asia at a very early period. They have not, it is true, left after them any p written history; but the ruins which are scattered throughout the two Americas testify as eloquently as any written evidence could, to the grandeur of these vanished races, while their diversified character shows that many people of dif- ferent civilizations have succeeded each other on this continent, or inhabited it at the same time. It does not enter into the scope of this work to investigate the origin of these primitive Americans. The problem can be solved in many different manners with the aid of imagination, the information which has come down to us on the early migration of the human species being so scanty. It seems certain, however, that the territory comprised within the limits of the State of Michigan was never inhabited by these people. They have, at least, left no such traces as in other States of their permanent stay. But they have left unmistakable marks of their in- dustry and patience in the Northern Peninsula; and it is to day proved that, as early as the beginning of the Christian era, if not prior, the native copper of that region was being used in the manufacture of tfie utensils and ornaments of the Mound-builders, who were then in possession of the entire Mississippi Valley. These ancient miners worked on no small scale. In the entire copper district of Northern Michigan, from Keweenaw Point to the Porcupine Mountains, were to be found a few years ago—before they disap- peared through the action of the present generation of miners—the traces of their work. In the above- described region no less than one hundred "diggings" have been discovered. Some of these excavations were traced to a depth of fifty or sixty feet. They had become filled up during the lapse of centuries, by the slow accumulation of earth and leaves, almost to the level of the surrounding ground, and over them were growing trees in no wise different from the giants of the neighboring forests. In clearing out these pits, there were found an almost incredible amount of stone hammers of different sizes, wooden bowls, wooden shovels, props and levers, the wood being, in many instances, in a good state of preserva- tion. Masses of copper of enormous size, detached from the main veins, were also found—one of these being still on the props upon which the miners had raised it. From the exploration of these pits, which have been made since the first discovery of the excava- tions, in 1848, we may form an idea of the mode of operation of these rude workmen. The removal of the rock from around the copper was their first care. To do this, they heated it to a high degree, and 8 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. then caused it to crumble by throwing water on it. When the vein was sufficiently exposed, they pro- ceeded to select the thinnest and narrowest part; and then, by constant and patient hammering, severed the smallest portions. After placing the severed mass in a convenient position, they set to work to break it into transportable pieces by the same laborious process. Finally the ore was conveyed to the terraced villages scattered from Wisconsin to the Gulf of Mexico, there to be converted into their various tools, utensils, and ornaments. Perhaps the miners, who left at the approach of the hyperborean winter, to return with the milder seasons, themselves did the transporting. The Mound-builders were a peaceful people, addicted to the pursuits of agriculture and commerce. They probably wished nothing more than to enjoy in peace the fruits of their industry, when, about the twelfth century, hordes of barbarous warriors—kindred, perhaps, of the Tartar conquerors of Asia, and fresh from that continent—fell on them from the north, and forced them to seek refuge in more southern countries. The invaders, it seems, were the ancestors of the Indians who inhabited the country at the time of the arrival of the Europeans. Michigan does not seem to have been inhabited by any large number of Indians until they were attracted thither by the French. Those that did inhabit this region were of the Algonquin family. They had absolutely no knowledge of the mining which had been carried on at a prior epoch, and were loath to reveal the places where copper was to be found, regarding it as specially reserved to their manitous, or gods. Early in the month of June, 1603, a small vessel—the size of the fishing-crafts of the present day— entered the broad mouth of the St. Lawrence, and it held its course up the majestic river, until, above the island of Montreal, the rapids imposed an impassable barrier to its further progress. The com- mander was Samuel de Champlain, and his object was to choose a site for a French post. He tells us in the narrative of his voyage, that, having questioned the Indians as to the country lying to the west- ward, they told him, among other things, that at the western extremity of Lake Erie, there was a river which flowed into it from a sea of unknown extent, whose waters were salty. Such were the notions which the natives of Montreal Island had of Detroit River and Lake Huron. Judging from what they had told him, he concluded that the sea in question must be the Pacific; but he cautiously adds: "One must not put much faith in it." Champlain lived to see and navigate the lake, of which he was the first European to hear; but he never set his foot within the limits of the present State of Michigan. It was left for one of his young companions, on his subsequent expeditions—Jean Nicolet—to be the first to touch the shores of the Wolverine State. The explorer passed through Mackinac Strait in 1634, on his way to Green Bay, where he met a large number of Indians, assembled to smoke the calumet of peace with him. Seven years later, in 164.1, the Jesuit missionary fathers, Jogues and Raymbault, visited Sault Ste. Marie, where they preached to nearly two thousand Ojibwas. Before departing, they erected a cross on the south side of the river. But it was not until 1656 that the French turned their attention towards the West with any degree of ardor. Two years before, a couple of adventurous traders had followed a party of Indians to the Lake Superior region. After wintering there twice, they set out to return to Canada, accompanied by nearly three hundred Indians and a convoy of fifty canoes, loaded with furs. Their arrival at Quebec caused a great deal of joy. The merchant saw with pleasure that the beaver, which had well-nigh disappeared from Canada, was still to be found in abundance in this western country, while the missionary learned, with no less pleasure, the immense number of the tribes where he might find a field for his apostolic zeal. These two classes resolved to take an immediate footing in the West, and arrangements were made to establish a French post there. Thirty Frenchmen, and the Jesuit fathers Druillettes and Garreau started from Quebec with the returning convoy. Great were the hopes which commerce and religion founded on the result of their mission. But, alas for these new-born hopes! in a few days the news arrived at Quebec that the traders, discouraged by the brutality of the Indians, had given up the enterprise at Trois Rivieres; and soon after came the still more sorrowful intelligence that the flotilla had been attacked by the Iroquois, and that Father Garreau had been killed by them, and Druillettes left behind by the fleeing Algonquins. In spite of this, the West was not forgotten. In 1660 another flotilla of Algonquins came down to Quebec, the result of the enterprise of two French traders who had wintered on the shores of Lake CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 9 Superior. Again the Jesuits resolved to send one of theirs to teach the Word of God to the benighted savages of the West. The man selected for the enterprise—Father Rene Menard—was a survivor of the old Huron Missions, long years before the comrade and fellow-laborer of Jogues, Bressani, Brebceuf, Gamier, Garreau, and others, who had already won a martyr's crown amid their apostolic toil. His head was whitened with years, his face scarred with wounds received in the streets of Cayuga, for he had been one of the first to bear the faith into Central New York. Thoroughly inured to Indian life, with many a dialect of Huron and Algonquin at his command, Rene Menard sought to die as his earlier friends and comrades had long since done. He went destitute and alone, broken with age and toil, Avith a life which he saw could last but a few months; yet he had not thought of recoiling. It was the work of Providence, and, in utter want of all the necessaries of life, he exclaims: "He who feeds the young ravens, and clothes the lily of the field, will take care of his servants; and should we at last die of misery, how great our happiness would be!" His zeal was to be put to the test. Hardly had he and his companions lost sight of Quebec than they were compelled to paddle, and to bear all the weight of savage brutality. When at last he was nearing the end of his journey, the poor father was abandoned by the party, and during six days roamed on the shores of Lake Superior with no other sustenance than what he found in the forest Finally he arrived at the camping ground of the tribe towards the middle of October, This was on the southern shore, probably at Keweenaw Bay. He gave to it the name of Saint Theresa. He at once began his work of evangelization. He won over a few, for the most part victims of misfortune; but the majority, proud and brutal, refused to listen to him. The chief, to whose wigwam he had resorted, abused him, and finally compelled him to seek shelter against snow and frost under a cabin erected by himself with the boughs of the surrounding trees, and to live on the scanty supplies furnished by Indian charity. Nothing daunted, Menard Avas thinking of pushing even farther to the Dakotahs, of which he had heard, when a party of fugitive Hurons, settled on Black River, sent for him. He readily accepted their invitation, and set out for their village, accompanied by a Frenchman. After a painful journey of sev- eral weeks, he was within one day of the end of his journey, when at a portage he was separated from his companion, whose efforts to find him afterwards proved fruitless. This occurred on the ioth of August, 1661, on the shore of the Black River, a tributary of the Wisconsin. It is probable that Menard was murdered by some Indian anxious for plunder. Such was the end of the first minister of God who settled in Michigan. Seven of the French companions of Menard returned to Quebec in 1663. With them went the usual flotilla of canoes, loaded with the skins of Michigan beaver. The next missionary to follow on the tracks of Menard was Claude Allouez, who reached the shores of Lake Superior in 1665, and who for the next thirty years devoted himself with unflinching ardor to the moral and mental elevation of the Indians of the West. On the first of September, 1665, he was at Sault Ste. Marie, and spent that month coasting the northern shore of the Upper Peninsula. He finally settled at Chegoimegon Bay, where he became acquainted with many of the Western tribes, and began to obtain from them the information which afterward led to the discovery of the Mississippi, He occa- sionally visited Sault Ste. Marie and other localities. In 1667 he went down to Quebec to lay before his superior the result of his work. This was approved, and he was given an assistant, whose stay on the mission was, however, only temporary. But assistance was now coming. In 1668, Father James Marquette, the discoverer of the Mississippi, and Brother Le Boesme reached the West, and the next year Father Claude Dablon was sent to assume the superiorship of the Upper Missions. Dablon established his head-quarters at Sault Ste. Marie among the Chippeways, where he had a small fort erected, inclosing a chapel and a residence for the priests. Marquette was at Sault Ste. Marie in 1669. At this time it seemed as if the Jesuits were soon to have rivals in their good work among the Western tribes. The Order of St. Sulpice, which was solidly established on Montreal Island, sent out, in 1669, the Abbes Dollier de Casson and Gallinee on a tour of exploration. Starting from Montreal, they took the route of the Lakes, and at the head of Lake Ontario met Louis Joliet, who had been sent by Talon, the intendant of New France, to investigate the copper-mines of Lake Superior. Joliet showed them a map of the country he had visited, telling them at the same time of the Pottawatamis, who were sadly in want of missionaries. Their apostolic zeal was aroused, and they pushed their way with renewed vigor over land and river to Lake Erie. When they reached it, the season was neverthe- 2 IO CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. less too far advanced, and they wintered on its shores at the mouth of Grand River. Resuming their journey in the spring of 1670, they soon entered Detroit River, whose beautiful shores they greatly admired. Landing on Belle Isle, opposite the eastern end of the present metropolis of Michigan, they took possession of the country "in the name of the Most Christian King of France," and then con- tinued up St. Clair Lake and River to Lake Huron, and on to Sault Ste. Marie, After a stay of three days at this post, they started to return to Montreal by way of the Ottawa River. After this the Sul- piceans seem to have completely forgotten the West. But the Jesuits persevered. The Ottawas and Hurons, established at Chegoimegon, having provoked the Sioux, had to fly to escape ruin. The latter remembered their old rendezvous, Michilimackinac, and went thither. Father Marquette followed them, and, during the winter of 1670-71, laid the foundation of the mission of St. Ignace. This mission was soon increased by the arrival of the Ottawas, who re- quired that another missionary be appointed to administer to their wants. Father Nouvel took charge of them, and when Marquette started on his expedition to the Mississippi, Father Pierson succeeded him in the Huron Mission. For many years henceforth Michilimackinac remains the center around which clusters the history of Michigan—nay, of the West. This history, too, assumes a new character. Heretofore religious enter- prises have occupied the foreground of the tableau; but now the efforts to develop the resources and the commerce of the territory take a more prominent place. From now on we see traders, intendant, gov- ernor, minister, and king striving together to turn the natural advantages of the country to the profit and glory of France. In 1665 there arrived at Quebec a man who was to do much to make known the great West, and to extend the power of France in America. This was the new intendant, Talon. A firm believer in the importance and future of the country he had to rule, his first care was to throw more light on the wealth and natural resources of the colony. Under his protection Joliet, Dollier de Casson, and La Salle had made their preliminary voyages to the West. He now directed Simon Francois Daumont, sieur de Saint-Lusson, to proceed to the Lake Superior Region to explore the copper-mines, after which he was to give his attention to the discovery of some passage to the South Sea. Having spent the winter of 1670 on the shores of Lake Huron, Saint-Lusson repaired in May, 1671, to Sault Ste. Marie, where a large number of Indians had, by his care, gathered from every side. The representatives of fourteen different tribes were there assembled to witness, with awe and admiration, the ceremony of the taking of possession of the West in the name of the king of France. On the 14th of June, a great council having been called, a large cross was erected, while a score of French voyagenrs sang the Vexilla and the Exaudiat, under the direction of the Jesuits. The moment after, Saint-Lusson proclaimed Louis XIV king of all the surrounding countries, giving notice to the assembled Indians that henceforth they were "dependent upon His Majesty, subject to submit to his laws and to follow his customs, promising them, on his part, all the protection and succor against the incursions and in- vasions of their enemies,—all under penalty of incurring his wrath and the efforts of his arms." Then Allouez, upon whom devolved the task of making known to the Indians their new master, made what was, to the listening savages, a most eloquent eulogy of the "Most Christian King." Says the author of the Relation of 1672: "He knew so well how to come down to their level, that he gave them an idea of the greatness of our incomparable monarch, such that they admit they have not words to express what they think of it." Rejoicing at the idea that henceforth they were to live under the protection of this powerful potentate, the Indians heartily joined with the French in singing the Te Denm laudamus, and the crowd dispersed. Talon, too, rejoiced. In a few hours thousands of miles of territory, the importance of which he clearly foresaw, had been added to the kingdom of France. On the morrow of the return of Saint- Lusson, he wrote to the king: "I am not a courtier, and I do not say, for the simple pleasure of pleas- ing the king and without a just cause, that this part of the French monarchy will become something great. What I discover from near makes me foresee it, and those parties of foreign nations who line the sea-coast, so well established, already tremble with fear at the sight of what His Majesty has done in the interior since seven years." CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. With the traditional narrow-mindedness of the rulers of France, the king replied that he approved of the steps already taken, but that 4'it would be better to be confined to a space of land which the colony itself could guard, than to embrace too large a quantity, of which it might one day become necessary to relinquish a part, with some diminution of the reputation of His Majesty and this crown." He finally recommended that the main attention should be given to the discovery of mines. Talon knew better than the king the actual value of the mines. The superstitions of the Indians made their discovery difficult, while the labor of extracting and transporting the ore at that early day, rendered it impossible to draw any benefit from this source. For a long time yet, the only attractions which the territory, which is now the State of Michigan, held out, were, to the missionary, its native tribes groping in the darkness of heathendom; and to the trader, the beaver which resorted to its forests. At Mackinaw the Jesuits, Pierson and Nouvel, were still striving to convert the Indians over to the faith. They had erected new chapels and gathered a number of Huron and Algonquins around them. In 1675, Father Nouvel, leaving his post to Father Bailloquet, who had come from Quebec, went in search of distant tribes. He passed the winter somewhere at the head of the Chippewa River. He was the first white man to winter in the Southern Peninsula of Michigan. In the spring he returned to the Sault with a new worker, Father Bonneault, making their journey a continuous mission. In the spring of 1680, La Salle also crossed the Southern Peninsula of Michigan from a point near the mouth of the St. Joseph to the Detroit River, on his way back to Canada. These are explorers who have left a written record of their voyages. Rut besides them there were hundreds of young, adventurous men, who, defying the* edicts and ordinances of the king and the fury of the savages, rushed to the woods to engage in the fur-trade. These were the first inhabitants of Michi- gan, against the wish of the French Government, who forbade all settlements above Montreal, in its desire to bring the trade to the home of the colonists. "The bush-rangers, or coureurs-de-bois" says Parkman, "were to the king an object of horror. They defeated his plans for the increase of the pop- ulation, and shocked his native instinct of discipline and order. Edict after edict was directed against them, and more than once the colony presented the extraordinary spectacle of the greater part of the young men turned into forest outlaws. But severity was dangerous. The offenders might be driven over to the English, or converted into a lawless banditti, renegades of civilization and the faith. Therefore clemency alternated with rigor, and declarations of amnesty with edicts of proscription. Neither threats nor blandishments were of much avail." In fact, what could a government do to restrain a few hundred men dispersed over a boundless wilderness? Occasionally parties of them gathered at Michilimackinac to trade or spend the winter. At the burial of Marquette in 1677, some of them were present; and Henne- pin enrolled forty-two traders, who were wintering there in 1680-81, into a religious confraternity. Finding it impossible to restrain the exodus of these adventurers, the king sought to restrain them by establishing a representative of his authority in their midst. About 1681, De Villeraye was appointed commandant at Michilimackinac. Among the leaders of the coureurs~de-bois> the name of Grezsolon Du Luth stands foremost. At an early age he had made two voyages to New France. Then, in 1674, he served the king in Franche Comte and at the battle of Senef, after which he returned to Quebec, and resumed his project of pene- trating to the land of the Sioux. In this he succeeded, and he was soon recognized as the leader of his freedom-loving, independent companions. La Salle says that he was the first to cause the traders to lift the mask, and to defy openly the authority of the king. This is the assertion of an enemy. Du Luth denies that he ever traded for his benefit. However that may be, it is certain that he did much to foil the rival English traders, and to keep the Northwestern tribes in the French interest. Du Luth usually wintered in the neighborhood of Michilimackinac. There he learned, in the spring of 1681, that serious charges had been made against him. He immediately set out for Quebec to plead his cause. The intendant refused to listen to him, and he might have been brought to grief in spite of the protection of his friend the governor, had not a royal amnesty, pardoning all the coureurs-de-bois, been received at that moment. Du Luth took advantage of it to return to the woods. There he was the roving chief of a half-savage crew, trading, exploring and fighting, and attracting everybody by his persistent hardihood, when Frontenac was recalled, and La Barre sent to succeed him as governor of New France. Du Luth immediately made arrangements to work in harmony with the faction of the 12 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. new governor. France had need of men of his stamp in the West. Her unrelenting enemies, the Iro- quois, had spread the report that they meant to seize the Kaskaskia Indians at Michilimackinac, and occupy that post, thus depriving the French of half their trade. While the frightened Indians sent deputations to beg the protection of Onontio, the latter hastily dispatched an officer, with men and munitions, to strengthen the defenses of the post of Michilimackinac, where he already had large quanti- ties of goods. The following year, 1683, a temporary peace having been patched up with the Iroquois, the traders of Quebec resolved to make the best of it, and sent up large quantities of goods. They soon had reason to trernble for the safety of these, for the Indians immediately after gave signs of general discon- tent, killing several voyagenrs, and pillaging their canoes. Du Luth resolved to put an end to these depredations, by inspiring them with some terror of the French. Having laid his hands on the murderers of two Frenchmen who had been killed some time before, he brought them from the Sault Ste. Marie to Michilimackinac. Here he tried them, and, finding them guilty, sentenced them to be shot. This sentence was executed in the presence of over four hun- dred of the sympathizers and relatives of the victims, who looked on awe-stricken and paralyzed by the hardihood of the small party of Frenchmen. This occurred in November, 1683. Some time after, Du Luth and La Durantaye, who was now commandant at Michilimackinac, received orders to muster the Western tribes to join in a grand expedition against the Senecas. They met few ready listeners. The Hurons alone had promised their aid, when Nicholas Perrot, a man who had dealt with the Indians for over a quarter of a century, arrived at Michilimackinac on a trading errand. Through his influence some five hundred warriors of all tribes were persuaded to rendezvous at Niagara, together with about a hundred French traders. The disgust of this savage crew, who had only been gathered together by dint of promises and taunts, may well be imagined, when the}' discovered that the French from Canada had retreated without striking a blow at the hated Iroquois. They returned to their country, filled with wrath and scorn against the governor and all the French. There was danger that these tribes would repudiate the French alliance, welcome the English traders, make peace with the Iroquois, and carry their beaver-skins to Albany instead of Montreal. The English of New York saw their opportunity, and began to press the claims of England to the territory which now constitutes the State of Michigan. Dongan, the governor of that colony, suggested to the Iroquois that they might draw great benefits from an alliance with the Ottawas against the French, and in the meanwhile he sent English traders to Michilimackinac to invite the latter to trade with the English. When the French governor remonstrated, he replied: * * I believe it as lawful for the English as French Nation to trade there, we being nearer, by many leagues, than you are. ... I am alto- gether as ignorant of any enterprise made by the Indians and this government as I am by what you mean by Mihillmiquan!" And again, some time later: "As for those further nations, I suppose that to trade with them is free and common to us all, until the meres and bounds be adjusted, though truly the situation of those parts bespeaks the king of England to have a greater right to them than the French king." The English had heretofore not dared to make such audacious claims, and the fact that they now did, showed to what a pass the French had come. Happily for the latter, the imbecile La Barre had been recalled, and his successor, Denonville, was taking energetic steps to ruin the rising influence of the English with the Indians. He not only directed Du Luth to shoot as many as possible of the French deserters who had been serving as guides to the English, but, moreover, ordered him, in June, 1686, to proceed to the Strait of Lake Erie to establish a fort, which was intended to guard the entrance $ of the Lakes. This order was speedily carried out, Fort St. Joseph being erected near where Fort Gratiot now stands, at the outlet of Lake Huron. This was garrisoned by couretirs-de-bois. Fortifications were also erected at Lake Erie, the French beirig determined to prevent the English from gaining access again to Lake Huron. In the fall of 1686 the commandants of Western posts had been instructed to induce as many Indians as possible to join in another expedition against the Iroquois the following summer. During the entire winter, Perrot, on Lake Michigan, and La Durantaye, at Michilimackinac, put forth their most strenuous efforts to persuade the fickle-minded warriors. As a result, a motley band of several hundred warriors were assembled at Michilimackinac. Suddenly the news spread that English traders were approaching. CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. *3 In fact, encouraged by the kindly reception of the preceding year, Dongan and the merchants of Albany had decided to send a more important expedition. It consisted of two parties, the first under the orders of one Rooseboom, and the other commanded by Colonel McGregory. It was the first that was now approaching. The moment was critical. The Indians might, at any instant, revolt and fall upon the French. La Durantaye saw that his safety depended on prompt action, and immediately set out to meet the English, with something over a hundred Frenchmen. The Indians closely followed, but arrived only in time to share the spoils of the English, who had surrendered without attempting to resist. This exploit rallied the Indians to the support of La Durantaye, who lost no time in leading them to Detroit, where he was to join Du Luth. Leaving behind them Fort Joseph, the allied forces paddled down through Lake St. Clair and Detroit River, and encamped at the entrance of Lake Erie, on the north shore. Here La Durantaye took formal possession of the country, and erected some houses for the con- venience of the French and Indians. In a few days the forces of La Durantaye were increased by the arrival of Tonty, who came across the country from Illinois, with more French and Indians. These all paddled off for Niagara. On the way they met Colonel McGregory, who was coming up with the other party of the English. He was quickly overpowered, and, together with his companions, led a prisoner to Niagara. For many years afterward, England made no further attempts to penetrate the Northern Lakes. The coureurs-de-bois and Indians of the West, having done good service during the campaign against the Iroquois, started to return. With them came the Baron de La Hontan, a man rioted for his imagi- nary discovery of the Long River, who was commissioned as commandant of Fort St. Joseph. The party reached that post on the 14th of September, 1687. Du Luth's men had sown Indian corn around the fort, which afforded a plentiful crop. The garrison surrendered the fort to La Hontan's detachment, and went off on their errand of trade. Although the soldiers took occasion to engage in hunting and trad- ing, the provisions ran short before the end of the winter. As soon as the ice allowed, La Hon- tan set out for Michilimackinac, where he expected to get corn. As he approached, on the 18th of April, he first perceived the fort of the Jesuits, around which were clustered the habitations of the Hu- rons and of the few French traders; the Ottawas' village on a hill at some distance. Such was the metropolis of Michigan—nay, of the West. M. Juchereau, the temporary commandant, had fled these hyperborean regions at the approach of winter, which he had spent on the site of Chicago. No corn was to be obtained at Michilimackinac, and La Hontan resolved to proceed to Sault Ste. Marie, where the Jesuits still had a mission. Here he succeeded in obtaining a little provision, and started to return, accompanied by a war-party of Saulteurs and Ottawas, who were going to hunt for Iroquois scalps. At Fort St. Joseph, La Hontan decided to go with them. Several weeks after, the party entered Fort St. Joseph, having recaptured some Miami prisoners. The fort was just being visited by some Indians of the same tribe, and to whom the delivered prisoners were friends or relatives. "The joyful meeting," says La Hontan, "filled the air with acclamations, and panegyrics rung all about to an extravagant de- gree." This scene of joy was one of the last to take place in Fort St. Joseph. Hearing that Niagara had been abandoned, and the scarcity of food growing greater every day, it was decided to abandon the post. On the 27th of November fire was set to it, and the garrison paddled toward Michilimackinac. Here La Hontan found orders from Denonville, directing him to return to Canada. Again the French were to be disturbed by the fickleness of their Indian allies. Before the end of 1689, nine tribes, settled around Michilimackinac, had concluded a treaty with the Senecas and the En- glish. If this treaty subsisted, it would ruin Canada. As soon as Frontenac heard of it, he resolved to do all in his power to have it broken, or at least to maintain the Western posts. To this end, nearly a hundred and fifty Canadians were placed under the orders of Louvigny, who went to relieve La Durant- aye of the command of Michilimackinac. With him also went Perrot, the veteran voyageur, who had many times already won back the Indians to the alliance of the French. The party started from Mon- treal the 22d day of May, 1690. On their way the French had the good luck to kill a number of Iro- quois, and capture one of them. These frequently-won laurels could not but influence the minds of the glory-loving Indians. At the sight of the imposing display of scalps taken by the French, they ran down to the beach, leaping, yelping, and firing in unison with those whom they would have murdered the mo- ment before. The fate of the prisoner taken by the French, now had to be decided. Finally the i4 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. Huronswere induced to put him to death, and thus to break their treaty with the Iroquois. A council of all the tribes was next called, and, thanks to the ability of Perrot, they were dissuaded from sending an embassy to ratify the treaty, as it had been their design. For a moment the French were safe; but woe to them if any reverse came to tarnish the glory of, their arms! Happily for them, the contrary happened, and the reports of their successful raids in New England, which soon reached Michilimackinac, confirmed the Indians in their loyalty. On the 18th of August, Montreal was startled by a report that the Lake St. Louis was covered with canoes; but the consternation which the news at first provoked, was changed to joy as it was ascertained that it was the Upper Nations who had come to trade. On the 22d a grand council was held. The Ottawas, who spoke first, asked for nothing else than cheap goods; but the Hurons protested their unfaltering fidelity to the French, and urged that war should be carried on with vigor against both the Iroquois and the English. Frontenac promised that they would have war, and as a proof of his sincerity led them in a war-dance. The Indians were next invited to a solemn war-feast, and then sent away well pleased. During the entire following winter the Iroquois were greatly incommoded by the inroads of the Indians of Michilimackinac, to the great satisfaction of the French. In order to better direct the efforts of his allies, Frontenac, in 1691, ordered Courtemanche to repair, as commandant, to the post of the Miamis, on Lake Michigan, at the mouth of the St. Joseph. Prior to that date, it seems, the Jesuits had a mission there; for as early as 1686 they had obtained the concession of a piece of land of "twenty acres front along the River St. Joseph, heretofore called Miamis." This concession was con- firmed in 1689. The years that followed, till 1693, present nothing remarkable. The road to Montreal was blockaded, and the furs accumulated at Michilimackinac. But in the latter year the coiireurs-de-bois were mustered by order of Frontenac, and under their escort upwards of two hundred canoes came down the Ottawa with the coveted beaver-skins. In the following year there came to Michilimackinac a man who, for his faults as for his qualities, deserves to be ranked as the most remarkable that France ever sent to Michigan. He was Antoine de Lamothe Cadillac. Louvigny having given up his command, he had been appointed to succeed him as commandant of the Western posts. His commission is dated September 16, 1694. Cadillac soon found occasion to vent his bad humor. The Jesuits, who were a power in these regions, looked upon him, not without reason, as an enemy, and treated him as such. On the other hand, the dissatisfaction of the Indians gave him much trouble. The Iroquois continually exchanged communications with the tribes under his care, and even sent delegates to Michilimackinac. One of them fell into the hands of the French, who resolved to make an example of him. He was bound to a stake, and furiously tortured by both white and red men. It was clear that the more Iroquois the French Indians could be induced to torture, the harder it would be for them to make peace. So such scenes were fre- quently renewed. But it was all to no purpose. The Hurons and Ottawas had got to believe that the French neither could nor would fight the common enemy, and that consequently they had no safety but in peace with the Iroquois. To the French, only one course was open. They must strike the Five Nations a quick and crush- ing blow. This Frontenac attempted to do in the summer of 1696. He but half succeeded. We next hear that everything is in a state of confusion among the Upper Nations. The Sioux have attacked the Miamis, who have also been assailed by the Saulteurs. The Ottawas show some inclination to side with the latter. Others are intriguing to introduce the English. Not one single tribe is at peace. Meanwhile the Jesuits and the party of the Intendant Champigny had obtained the royal ear, and rep- resented that the Western posts were centers of debauchery and lawlessness, and that the licenses for trad- ing expeditions in the interior were used largely for the benefit of a few friends of the governor. These arguments found ready support in the native instincts of order and subordination which the king fondly cherished. Therefore he commanded that no more conges should be issued, and that the Western posts should be destroyed. The Jesuits alone might reside in the woods, subject to the restrictions designed effectually to prevent them from carrying on illicit trade. CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 15 The decree of the king called forth strong protests from Frontenac and his friends, and even from some of the Indians friendly to the French. They represented that the result of such a measure would be to leave the commerce of the West, and the country itself, open to the English. There existed also the danger that the coureurs-de-bois might go over to the English, as, in fact, a part of them did shortly after. The mistake of the king was so evident that the decree practically remained a dead-letter. In the fall troops were sent to Michilimackinac, where Tonty, the younger, had already succeeded Cadillac as commandant, and Vincennes went to take command of the post at the Miamis. As to Cadillac, he had come down to Quebec in August, full of wrath against those who had endeavored to deprive him of the favor of the court. His ever-fertile mind had already begun to conceive a plan by which the inter- ests of the king and his own might be equally fostered. That was the establishment of a post at Detroit, The French had, at different times, had posts on the streams uniting Lake Huron and Lake Erie. We have seen that Du Luth had erected Fort St. Joseph, and that La Durantaye had estab- lished lodgings at the mouth of the Detroit River, in 1687. In 1700, we find M. de Longueuil, com- mandant for the king at Detroit, holding a council there with the Indians of his post. Of the loca- tion of this last fort we have no indications. Lamothe Cadillac aimed to establish something more than these temporary posts. It is in justice, also, to the man to say that there was nothing small about his ambitions. He was ever ready to give kindly advice to the rulers of the earth as to how they should do to fulfill their duty, and in each of his plans there was always a place reserved for Cadillac. He now hastened to France, and proposed to the king to replace all the Western posts, which had just been abolished, by a permanent and more extensive establishment, on the shores of the Detroit River. He confidently asserted that if His Majesty would intrust him with the management of this affair, he would soon revolutionize matters in the West, and put a stop to ail the evils of which New France complained. The king lent him a credulous ear, and referred him, with a letter of recommendation, to the governor-general of Canada. The latter discussed the plan, modified it some, and finally adopted it. In October, 1700, he wrote to France: "I shall send the Sieur de la Mothe and the Sieur Tonty, in the spring, to construct a fort at the strait." At the same time the English were also discussing the possibility of establishing a fort at Detroit; but, as usual, they allowed themselves to be forestalled by the French. Cadillac prepared his expedition at Montreal. In June, 1701, he left that place, having under his orders fifty regular soldiers, and fifty Canadians, with M. de Tonty as captain, and MM. Dugue and Chacornacle as lieutenants. Father Vaillant, a Jesuit destined for the Indians, and Father del Halle, a Recollect Friar, who was to be chaplain of the fort, accompanied the expedition. The party arrived on the site of Detroit the 24th of July, and the very next day the work of erecting lodgings and fortifications began. A storehouse, a chapel, and a score of dwelling-houses were soon completed, and inclosed in a palisade of "good oak pickets, fifteen feet long, sunk three feet in the ground." Detroit was born! The name of Ponchartrain was given the stockade, in honor of the minister of that name. The ground inclosed in the palisade forms to-day the eastern portion of the block surrounded by Woodbridge Street, Griswold Street, Jefferson Avenue, and Shelby Street. The first years of Detroit's existence were marked by the same contentions and petty intrigues that arrested the growth of almost every French settlement. From the first the merchants of Montreal had been opposed to the establishment of Detroit, proclaiming it injurious to the interests of New France, meaning thereby, in a great measure, their own interests; for, naturally, it would rob them of most of the trade of the Western tribes. To quiet them, they were told that they might form a company and have the monopoly of the traffic. They promptly accepted the offer, and, shortly after, the newly formed 4'Company of the Colony of Canada" was put in possession of Fort Ponchartrain, under the following principal conditions: The Company was to have the exclusive control of the fur-trade at Detroit, to finish the fort and buildings belonging thereto, and keep them in good repair, and to sup- port the commandant and one other officer. The necessary garrison was to be maintained at the king's expense. i6 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. Cadillac received the first notice of these arrangements on the 18th of July, 1702. Three days after, he was on his way to Quebec. The news had been a heavy blow to him, for he had hoped that the trade would be left to him; nevertheless, after much discussion, he had to accept the established order of things, and became, as it were, an employee of the Company, intrusted with the guard of its interests at Detroit. He returned in November, accompanied by MM. Arnaud and Nolan, commis- sioners of the Company. Cadillac now took up his favorite project of gathering all the Indians at Detroit, and Frenchifying them. The main rendezvous of the tribes was at Michilimackinac, where the Jesuits were now alone with them, all the other French having withdrawn. The good fathers were not friends of Cadillac. One of their company, Father Vaillant, who had been appointed to stay at Detroit, had quarreled with him and left his post shortly after his arrival. Then they had good reasons to fear that contact with the whites, whose conduct was not always exemplary, would prove fatal to the piety and religious zeal of their converts. Therefore, they opposed the removal of their flock to Detroit, advising them, rather, to join the Miamis on the St. Joseph. The struggle between them and Cadillac was long and bitter. Finally, Hurons, Ottawas, and Miamis, all removed, preferring trading to religious facilities; and the Jesuits, in despair, burned their chapel in the year 1706, and abandoned Michilimackinac. Cadillac exulted in his triumph; but those were not his only troubles. The English had found means to communicate the reduced prices of their goods to the Indians, and to invite them to Albany. A few had been there, and had been so well treated, that on their return they spread the general dissat- isfaction among their brethren at the manner of dealing of the French. But the French were busy quarreling among themselves. Cadillac had charged, in 1703, Tonty and the commissioners of the Company with embezzlement to the detriment of the Company. The accused retorted by making similar charges against their accusers. When Cadillac went down to Quebec in 1704, he was put under arrest, and it was not till June, 1706, that his conduct was completely vindi- cated. While the French were engaged in these inglorious quarrels, the Indians had given repeated marks of dissatisfaction. In the fall of 1703 they had attempted to burn the fort, causing serious dam- ages to it. These were repaired; but the Indians continued to grow more and more distrustful of the French, whom they soon suspected of desiring to destroy them through the agency of some favorite tribes—especially the Miamis. De Bourgmont, who had been sent in the fall of 1705 to replace Cadillac temporarily, was not the man to humor them. Shortly after his arrival, he went so far as to beat an Ottawa Indian to death for very slight reasons. The natural result ensued. The enraged Ottawas resolved to wage war on the Miamis and French alike. In the ensuing conflict, Father del Halle, a French soldier, and several Miamis were killed, while the Ottawas suffered heavy losses. The latter then left Detroit. When Cadillac arrived in August, he found none but the enraged Miamis, and the Hurons, who had sided with them, eager for vengeance. He succeeded in persuading them to remain quiet until the following spring, and finally succeeded in arranging a peace satisfactory to all except the Miamis. These, thinking that the French had displayed too much indulgence and kindness for the Ottawas, resolved to be revenged on them, and killed three Frenchmen. After trying to have them make amends, without success, Cadillac marched against them with all the forces he could gather, and compelled them to come to terms. In this affray seven Frenchmen were wounded. Extraordinary powers had been vested in Cadillac upon his reinstatement in 1706. He was given sole control of the settlement, with all the privileges of the "Company of Canada," which he succeeded at Detroit. He was free to attract as many Indians as he could to that post, but he was not to encroach on the rights of the Company outside of it. He was also empowered to grant land to settlers upon his own conditions. In fact, if not in name, he was Seigneur of Detroit, and something more. In virtue of this power, Cadillac granted several farms, and the work of farming and agricultural settlement, already well begun, was pursued with vigor. In 1708 there were three hundred and fifty-three acres of improved lands, teii heads of cattle, and one horse in the settlement. The population must have exceeded two hundred white inhabitants. The following year the garrison was withdrawn; but most of the soldiers obtained their discharge and settled at the post. In, fact Detroit was progressing rapidly, if we consider CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 17 the time and the place. But the profits to Cadillac were small, and the expenses heavy. He soon got disgusted, and in 1710 he threw up the enterprise to accept the position of governor of Louisiana. While Detroit had thus been thriving under the care of Cadillac, her rival, Michilimackinac, aban- doned by the king and by the Jesuits, was being resorted to only by isolated bands of Indians, and a few conreurs-de-bois—outlaws who had refused to re-enter the colony at the call of the royal authorities. In 1708 the king sent a delegate in the person of the Sieur d'Aigremont to inquire into these Western affairs. The delegate, struck by the advantages of Michilimackinac, had recommended its re-establishment. Accordingly, after much correspondence between Versailles and Quebec, the northern post was restored to its former rank of metropolis and capital of France's Western Empire, and in the fall of 1712 the Sieur de Ligny was sent thither with the title of commandant. The Jesuit Morest had already preceded him. Vincennes was sent to the Miamis on the St. Joseph, and Sieur Laforest had already been appointed to take command at Detroit. The latter place was to be retained, but only as an outpost and base of supply to Michilimackinac. Those were hard times for Detroit. In the spring of 1711 it had been attacked by a large party of Fox Indians in the interest of the English, For many days the doom of Fort Ponchartrain seemed sealed. But at the critical moment the Indian allies of the French arrived. The Foxes, compelled to flee, were pursued and killed nearly to a man. The French rejoiced, and a high mass was sung as a token of thanks to the Almighty. This was the signal of long and bloody strifes between nearly all the tribes of the North-west. The French looked on indifferently enough. One even makes the remark that it is perhaps best for them that these intestinal feuds should continue, as they deterred the English from attempting anything. How- ever, some attempts were made to restore peace. In 1714, Louvigny was sent with a garrison to Mich- ilimackinac, to inspire respect on the part of the turbulent savages. In 1715 the Miamis removed from the St. Joseph River to the river which bears, their name, sixty leagues from Lake Erie, near what is now Fort Wayne, Indiana. They were considered to have dan- gerous facilities for communicating with the English. So Vincennes was dispatched to accompany them, and keep a paternal eye on all their movements, until they could be induced to remove to Detroit. That place was still traversing a period of stagnancy and depression. For many years, under differ- ent commandants it continued to languish. But, in 1728, Boishebert was appointed commandant, and he earnestly devoted himself to the welfare of the colony. Through his efforts grants of land were made or confirmed to several settlers, and they were allowed to trade under fair conditions. Under these cir- cumstances, the place again began to grow and progress. But it was not until the year 1749 that an at- tempt was made to 14 boom" Detroit. In that year extraordinary advantages were offered to those who would go and settle there. As a consequence, forty-six persons emigrated to that post in 1749; and in 1750, fifty-seven persons. In the last-named year there were made seventeen grants of land. A census, taken in 1750, shows Detroit to have had a resident population of four hundred and eighty- three. This, with the floating population, no doubt, made up a total of nearly six hundred souls. Every subsequent year saw the population increased by immigration and by the natural channel of births. In 1760 it must have reached a total of thirteen hundred or fourteen hundred. The wealth of the colony increased in proportion, and the prospects were the brightest. At Michilimackinac, a small settlement of French-Canadians and their half-breed posterity had also grown up. We know that they were engaged in the fur-trade, had Indian slaves, and relatively large numbers were under the care of Jesuit missionaries for all that related to spiritual matters, and under the orders of a commandant in temporal affairs; but particulars we have not. The records of the last years of French domination in Michigan are taken up with the story of their efforts to maintain the Indians in the alliance. This had become no easy task. The Indians entertained no more superstitions as to the power of the white man, and knew the full value of the commercial ad- vantages offered them by the English; but they did not yet know the scorn which a triumphant English- man bears for an Indian, So, from 1746 to 1760, we read in every dispatch that is sent from Detroit or Mackinaw that this or that tribe is treating with the English; that a party of Frenchmen had been set upon, pillaged, or mur- dered; or that a general revolt is feared. 3 i8 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. At Michilimackinac, and especially at Detroit, those Indians that could be induced to fight for the French were provided with ammunition, and here they came to get the reward of their bravery or their cunning. In 1758 the English sent a detachment to attack Detroit. When Bellestre, the last French command- ant at Detroit, learned of their march, he put himself, with a few French companions, at the head of the Hurons and other Indians, and immediately set out to oppose their advance. He soon fell in with a party of the enemy, which he defeated after a short engagement. This first failure dissuaded the English from making any further attempt to capture Detroit. But the doom of all these Western posts was sealed by the fall of Quebec the following year. By the capitulation of Montreal, signed September 8, 1760, they were surrendered, together with the whole of Canada. On the 19th of November of the same year, Major Roberts arrived at Detroit to take possession of the place in the name of the English crown. Michilimackinac was not occupied by English troops until September of the following year. The French settlers, to all appearances, seemed resigned to accept the change of domination without any attempt at insurrection. Those among them who were most devoted to France were satisfied to avail themselves of the permission of emigrating, and went to Louisiana. It was not so with the Indians. They had, indeed, wished for the triumph of the English, and even helped to bring it about in the hope of obtaining from them greater commercial advantages than were given them by the French; but now the scales fell from their eyes. The traders of Albany did, indeed, sell their goods a trifle cheaper than their predecessors, but they treated the proud chieftains with scorn and arrogance. Urbanity, and the love of savage life, which had rendered the French popular, seemed to be qualities un- known to the English. In the fort and the storehouses, where before they were allowed to roam in com- plete freedom, they now met with rebuffs and blows. In a few months the number of those who had always been faithful to the French was swelled by nearly all the tribes who had come in contact with the English. It then became evident that, to unite all the discontented in a common cause, and to fan into flame the smoldering embers of old enmities, there was needed but a man capable of making himself recognized by all parties as the leader. That man existed, and had already begun the work. His name, Pontiac, which is now known by every school- boy, was then equally known among the red men of the West. He was eloquent, and known to be crafty and brave. This Avas enough to inspire confidence in his fellow-tribesmen, and the Ottawas, Mi- amis, Chippeways, Shawnees, Delawares, and other tribes, joined at his bidding in a league against the English. With infernal ability, the plot was kept a profound secret until every thing was ready for ac- tion. Prowling savages gathered around the forts and settlements, apparently on errands of peace, and at a given signal, they fell upon the unsuspecting English. There were at this time three posts in Michigan—St. Joseph, Mackinaw, and Detroit. The first was held by an ensign and fourteen men, who were suddenly attacked, on the 25th of May, 1763, by the Pottawatamis. All but the commandant, Ensign Schlosser, and three of his men, were put to death. These four were afterward taken to Detroit and exchanged. At Mackinaw a number of warriors united in an exciting game of ball, or la crosse, while the garri- son lounged about witnessing the sport. Suddenly the commander, Captain Etherington, was seized, a rush was made for the fort, where hatchets and other weapons had been concealed by treacherous squaws, and in an instant seventeen persons were cut down. The rest, among whom was the commandant, were made prisoners, and taken to l'Arbre Croche. Through the timely assistance of Lieutenant Gorrell, who came to their aid from Green Bay with a force of friendly Indians, these prisoners succeeded in getting to Montreal in safety. The capture of Detroit was the most important object of the war, and this task Pontiac had re- solved to undertake in person. To obtain entrance into the fort for himself and warriors, the Ottawa chief suggested a council for "brightening the chain of friendship." Unsuspicious of treason, Major Gladwin, who was in command, agreed to his proposal. The Indians had cut their gun-barrels short, so that they might be concealed under their blankets when they went into the fort. At a given signal the chiefs were to fall on him and his attendants, while a general attack was to be made by their con- federates on such of the towns-people as might resist. Fortunately, the night before the day designed CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 19 for the massacre, an Indian woman brought Gladwin a pair of elk-skin moccasins, which she had made for him. Pleased with their appearance, the major ordered another pair; but the woman was unwilling to deceive him by promising what she supposed could not be performed. Her hesitation attracted at- tention, and, on being questioned, she disclosed the plot. Accordingly, at the council, Gladwin and his men were on their guard. Pontiac saw that his intended treachery was known, and dared not give the signal He was allowed to depart with an indignant rebuke from the commander, and the next day but one, May 9, 1763, he returned the favor by laying siege to the fort For months the garrison suffered; sentinels were in constant danger of being cut off by Indian cun- ning. A first attempt to relieve the post failed; but in July Captain Dazell arrived, with a detachment of two hundred and eighty men and a good supply of provisions. A night attack upon the Indian camp at Bloody Run, two miles from the fort, was unwisely decided upon. Pontiac learned of the plan, and made his arrangements in consequence. When, in the early morning of July 31st, the two hundred and eighty men of Dazell approached, they were suddenly startled by a thousand war-whoops, closely followed by a murderous discharge. Unable to see the enemy in the darkness, their only alternative was to beat a hasty retreat. The dismal march began in disorder and confusion. Every thing along the road now seemed alive, and from every side the ambuscaded savages poured in their deathly vol- leys. Dazell himself was among those killed. This success roused for a time the zeal of the Indians. But they were unused to the labors involved in a siege, and before the close of summer, Pontiac found his forces diminishing. News came of the final peace between England and France, thus depriving Pon- tiac of any hope of succor from his ancient allies. Then jealousies broke out among the different na- tions; and finally the desertion of all but his own tribe compelled the great emperor of the West to give up his undertaking. He had shown extraordinary ability in the management of the war. No chief before him had possessed such influence with the Western tribes, or succeeded so well in securing their united action. The Indians were now, for the most part, tired of war, and willingly listened to the proposals of General Bradstreet, who had been sent to the West with eleven hundred men, to attack, or treat with them, as might be required. In June, 1764, he made a treaty with twenty-two tribes at Niagara. The following August he reached Detroit, and concluded a peace with all the hostile nations except the Dela- wares and Shawnees. Pontiac did not sign, but retired to Illinois, Avhere he attempted to raise another confederacy for the same purpose as before. He was stabbed at last at a council, amid a crowd of chief- tains, whom he was trying to excite to war, by a Peoria Indian in the interest of the English. The treaty of Paris, by which Michigan was finally ceded to England, was not signed till 1763. Until that time no regulations for the government of the country were made by the latter power, and military rule prevailed. Even then Detroit was recognized as the principal place in the West After 1763 a certain form of civil government was established for Canada, but the territory of the present State of Michigan continued to have no other ruler than the military commandant of Detroit. This arbitrary rule, however, was made tolerable by the good sense and uprightness of those who were called to exer- cise it. Meanwhile, Mackinaw, which for a time remained abandoned, had been placed under the command of Robert Rogers, whose extravagant dealings and strange intrigues with the Indians excited the sus- picions of the British authorities. It was thought that he and the noted interpreter, Chabert de Joncaire, were working at some plot to introduce the Spaniards into Michigan, or, perhaps, to erect a separate government. We can not believe that Chabert cherished such projects. As to Rogers, he was taken down to Montreal in 1767, and soon after released. At this time, the first attempt to work the mines of copper of the Lake Superior region was made. A mining company, which included among its members such men as Sir William Johnson and Alex- ander Henry, began excavations on the Ontonagon River; but the same obstacles that had deterred the French—difficulty of access and transportation, etc.—caused the enterprise to be abandoned. During the period of peace which followed the war with Pontiac, Detroit grew with relative rapidity. Many British settlers, especially Scotch traders from Albany, came to swell the population. The French inhabitants had been left in possession of their lands, and paid to the receiver of the king of England the same dues for rents and homage which they had, in former times, paid to "His Most 20 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. Christian Majesty." Yet no steps were taken to give the people a form of government which would afford them some guarantees of liberty. The British '' Board of Trade" would not tolerate the idea, thinking that such -a government, in contributing to the prosperity of the people, would create com- petition for English manufactures. The murmurs provoked by this bigoted and narrow-minded policy, which ultimately caused the American Revolution, at last roused the lords to an instinctive consciousness of the situation. They saw the danger of rebellion in the English colonies, and, by an act of justice, sought to attach the new Canadian subjects to the crown. This deed of justice was the enactment of the "Quebec Act," in 1774. By this the entire British possessions west of New York, north of the Ohio, and east of the Mississippi River, were incorporated into the Province of Quebec. In this province all the king's sub- jects—French or English, Protestant or Catholic—were equal before the law. The old French laws were to prevail in civil matters, and the English criminal law was introduced. The whole legislative power was put in the hands of the governor and a Council of not less than seventeen, nor more than twenty-three, all appointed by the crown. This was still an absolute government, but it was better than what had been heretofore enjoyed; and it is evident that it would not have excited the anger of the American Congress half as much as it did, had it not been considered as a concession to the hated, despised Canadians, who refused to join with the Revolutionary partisans. Whatever may be the view which is taken of the "Quebec Act," it is certain that it did not affect, in any great degree, the western portion of the Province. Henry Hamilton, who was the first lieuten- ant-governor appointed under the new regime for Detroit, exercised nearly every one of the prerog- atives assumed by his predecessors. Under him, justice continued to be administered by Philip Dejean, who had been justice of the peace for several years before, and the only change of conduct on the part of that official seems to have been for the worse. Meanwhile the great struggle for American independence had begun. The French settlers had no sympathies for the hated "Bostonnais" who had been their hereditary foes in that partisan warfare, so bitter, and often so cruel, which was carried on before the British conquest. Then England took par- ticular care to conciliate the Canadians, and at Detroit commissions in the militia were given to several of them. The result was that they were, almost to a man, in favor of England. Detroit, as in the days of French domination, became the center of that border warfare which was carried on without much regard for the laws of nations. The Indians were mostly in favor of the British, and Hamilton accepted, without any apparent reluctance, the task of setting these savage hordes to devastate the American border settlements. The country was ravaged for miles, and the defenseless pioneers were made to suffer all the cruelties which Indian cunning could invent. At last, in 1778, an effort was made to stem the tide of savage invasion. George Rogers Clark started from Virginia at the head of a small force, and, by his ability, succeeded in taking Kaskaskia and Vin- cennes, and winning the inhabitants over to the American cause. Hamilton heard the news of his success some time after. He immediately sent orders to Major De Peyster, at Michilimackinac, to send messengers to rouse the Indians around Lake Michigan. He himself took the field shortly after, and appeared before Vincennes in the month of December. He demanded the surrender of the place. Captain Helm, who commanded the station, holding a smoking match over his single cannon, demanded that the garrison should have the honors of war. The British commander assented, but was somewhat mortified to find, on entering the fort, that the garrison consisted of only two men, who were its only occupants. In February of the following year, Clark was back at Vincennes, and demanded an unconditional surrender. This, after some parleying, was agreed to by Hamilton, who, together with Judge Dejean and two others, were sent in irons to Virginia. Major De Peyster came down from Mackinaw to succeed Hamilton at Detroit, although he was not made lieutenant-governor. In 1780, Captain Bird's famous expedition was organized at great expense. It was accompanied by Detroit militia under Chabert de Joncaire, Isidore Chene, and others. The ravages wreaked by this party excited so much horror, that talk of an expedition to capture Detroit became current. The critical state of affairs in Virginia alone prevented Clark from setting out for that purpose. As is well known, the preliminary treaty of peace between England and the United States was CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN, adopted at the beginning of 1783, and ratified in September, 1783; but England held on to the West- ern posts for many years thereafter, giving instructions to the commandants to incite the Indians to prevent the Americans from taking possession. In 1784 the governor-general of Canada sent a lieutenant-governor to Detroit By a proclamation of Lord Dorchester, dated the 24th of July, that place was included for judicial purposes in the District of Hesse, which embraced all British territory west of Long Point, on Lake Erie. This proclamation established a Court of Common Pleas, the first to have jurisdiction in Michigan. Then, in 1792, Canada was divided into two provinces, and Upper Canada was given a Legislature, trial by jury was established, and English law was to guide the decision of all matters. Once more Michigan was treated as being part of the British Province. The Legislature of Upper Canada estab- lished permanent courts at Detroit and Mackinaw, and all its acts were considered as having force in this region. It required nothing less than a new treaty to compel England to fulfill her obligations. This treaty was concluded in November, 1794, and, according to its provisions, General Wayne and Win- throp Sargent, the secretary and acting governor of the Northwest Territory, took possession of Detroit. July i, 1796, a garrison was sent to Mackinaw, and Captain Porter was appointed first commandant of the fort at Detroit. Before this time an attempt had been made to purchase the territory of Michigan, which, had it proved successful, would have blighted forever the destiny of this commonwealth. A large company, with a stock divided into forty-one shares, was organized, which, by persuasion or sys- tematic bribery upon Congress, hoped to obtain a grant of the whole Lower Peninsula. But some of the Congressmen approached divulged the fraud, and this gigantic scheme fell through. After its cession to the United States, Michigan was subject to the provisions of the Ordinance of 1787 establishing the North-west Territory, of which it was a part. This document is familiar to every reader of American history. Among other things, it prescribed that as soon as the Territory contained five thousand male inhabitants an Assembly was to be elected, with one member for each five hundred free male inhabitants, until the Assembly should contain twenty-five members, when the number was to be fixed by them. In 1798 it became necessary to choose that Assembly. Wayne County was entitled to three mem- bers. Those chosen were Solomon Sibley, Jacob Visger, and Charles Chabert de Joncaire. The settlements in Michigan were the more prosperous in the Northwest; but the fact that very little of the land had yet been freed of the Indian title, seriously interfered with their further extension. In 1800, Congress passed an Act organizing the Territory of Indiana, the dividing line between which and the rest of the Northwest Territory wras to run due north from Fort Recovery to the National boundary in Lake Superior. This line passed only a few miles west of Mackinaw, In 1802, on the 30th of April, Congress authorized the people of the Territory east of Indiana, and south of a line east from the southerly point of Lake Michigan, to adopt a constitution. Wayne County had been excluded from taking part in the formation of the new State for political reasons. All the lands north of the new State were annexed to Indiana—Congress, however, reserving the right to make them into a separate State, or attach them to Ohio. The people of Wayne County were raised to a great pitch of indignation by seeing that Congress disposed of their future without consulting them. The union with Indiana, however, did not last long. January 11, 1805, Congress enacted, "that from and after the 30th day of June next, all that part of Indiana Territory which lies north of a line drawn east from the southerly bend or extreme of Lake Michigan until it shall intersect Lake Erie, and east of a line drawn from the said southerly bend through the middle of said lake to its northern extremity, and thence due north to the northern boundary of the United States, shall, for the purpose of temporary government, constitute a separate Territory, and be called Michigan." Of this newly constituted Territory, Detroit was to be the capital. Besides it, French- town (to-day Monroe) and Mackinaw were the only two settlements of white people in the Territory. The total population, excluding Indians, did not exceed four thousand. The first officers of the Territory were, William Hull, governor; Stanley Griswold, secretary; and Augustus Brevoort Woodward, John Griffin, and Frederick Bates, judges. This administration fulfilled its duties tolerably well; but Mr, Griswold failed to agree with the governor, and was superseded at the 22 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN, end of three years by Reuben Atvvater, of Vermont. For similar reasons, Judge Bates resigned his commission in November, 1806. In fact, there were so many petty quarrels between these officers that they drew general discontent upon themselves. Yet it does not seem that, in the beginning at least, their personal animosity interfered with their duty. In three months they gave to Michigan judicious and carefully prepared statutes, and established regulations and courts for the administration of justice. The governor established a militia, and he and Chief-Justice Woodward obtained from Congress favor- able legislation concerning the title of property and the granting of land. In 1807, Governor Hull obtained of the Ottawas, Chippeways, Wyandots, and Pottawatamis, that they should cede a vast tract of land in the south-eastern part of the State. The opening of these lands was postponed, however, for fear of Indian hostilities. This was the time, indeed, when Tecumseh and his brother, "the Prophet," were engaged in organizing the great confederacy, which was shattered by General Harrison at Tippecanoe, in the fall of 1811. Under such circumstances, it can not be wondered that Michigan did not prosper nor progress very rapidly. Events were now preparing which were to prove highly injurious to the commercial and industrial interests of the Territory. The causes of the War of 1812 are well known. It was not until the 19th of June, 1812, when it had become evident that further submission to British arrogance would be incompatible with the honor of America, that war was formally proclaimed by the President of the United States. Michigan was designated, by its geographical position, to be the seat of hostilities from the beginning. General Hull, who had been governor of the Territory since its organization, had acquired a reputation during the Revolutionary War, and great reliance was generally placed, at this time, in his military abilities. While war was still under discussion he had been to Washington, and, by his representations, as well as the hope of stopping the machinations of British agents, and the Indian out- rages which they had caused, led the United States Government to project an invasion of Canada, as the first step in the possibly approaching campaign. With this end in view, he was authorized, before hostilities had been finally decided upon, to raise twelve hundred volunteers in Ohio. At the head of these and three hundred regulars, he started from Dayton, Ohio, for Detroit. The march through the wilderness was slow and laborious. Hull soon realized that this small force was totally inadequate to the object proposed, and the men, on their side, became equally convinced of the inefficiency of their commander. General Hull, of course, must have continually expected that war would be declared; but, by some mismanagement, the official information did not reach him until the 2d of July, as he lay near the River Raisin. The British had been informed earlier, so that, on the very day he received the intelli- gence, a boat containing his baggage, stores, official papers, etc., which he had sent forward, was captured by them. On the 5th of July, Hull arrived in sight of Detroit. The troops wished to be led against Maiden without delay, but Hull would not move without positive orders from Washington. On the 9th the orders arrived, instructing him to proceed with the invasion of Canada; but three more days elapsed before he was ready to comply with them. He then proceeded leisurely to cross over to Sandwich. Such delays meant ruin. With an insignificant force, containing but three hundred men that had seen service, his only chance of success lay in marching on the enemy's posts before the Canadian militia could be armed for their defense. Hull's course, however, was just the opposite. Every movement was characterized by indecision and delay. The British at first thought of abandoning the forts, not feeling capable of holding them; but they soon got over their fear. By the time Hull was ready to attack Maiden, the first post that lay before him, it was strongly garrisoned with regulars and militia. New difficulties now arose. Tecumseh called his warriors to the field, and joined the British army. Supplies were cut off, and the invaders suffered for food. An intercepted letter stated that all the Indians of the North were preparing for a descent on the United States. General Dearborn had agreed with the governor of Canada to suspend hostilities, except on that part of the frontier occupied by Hull; and General Brock, thus released from the necessity of defending Niagara, was hastening with re-enforcements to the relief of Maiden. Hull was not the man to hazard an attack with all these dangers before him. Hastily retreating, he abandoned the Canada shore and returned to Detroit. CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 23 At this time Mackinaw had regained its old position as the greatest emporium for the fur-trade. It was a most exposed place, well known to the British, and it seems that Hull would have notified the commander, at the earliest day possible, of the declaration of war; but, indeed, he seems to have never thought of it. On the 17th of July, the feeble garrison of that fort was surprised by finding itself besieged by an overwhelming force. After obtaining honorable terms, the commandant, Lieu- tenant Porter Hanks, surrendered. He and his men were paroled, and started for Detroit, where they arrived on the 29th of July. No sooner had General Brock reached Maiden, and assumed command of the whole British army, than he led his forces to Sandwich and prepared to attack Detroit. Tecumseh was the only person acquainted with the surrounding country, and the British commander called on him for information. Spreading a piece of elm-bark on the ground, he drew his knife, and, without hesitation, sketched an accurate plan of the whole region, with its hills, rivers, roads, and marshes. Brock was so pleased with this ready display of talent that he took a sash from his person and bound it round the waist of his ally. About this time Tecumseh was made a general in the British army. On the 16th of August three hundred British regulars, four hundred and fifty Canadians, and six hundred Indians, crossed the river a short distance below Detroit, under cover of several armed vessels. No attempt was made to prevent them from landing, nor to appease them on their march towards the fort. Yet the American batteries were favorably planted, in such a way as to sweep with grape-shot the approaching columns of the enemy. In fact, there had always been, and there was until the last moment, every advantage for a successful resistance. But at the critical instant, when the order to fire was expected in breathless suspense, Hull, unable to repress his fears, seemed to lose all presence of mind. Shots had not yet been exchanged, and no demands had been made by the British, when, to the chagrin of all his men—some of whom are said to have wept when they beheld the disgraceful signal—he raised a white flag over the fort. No stipulations were made for the honors of war. Not only Detroit, with its garrison, stores, and public property of every kind, but the whole of Mich- igan, was surrendered to the British. By supplementary articles, however, the Ohio volunteers and Major Witherell's Michigan troops were allowed to go home on parole. Hull was afterward paroled by the British, and tried before a court-martial at Albany, in January, 1814. Colonel Cass (afterwards governor) and other officers, who had served under him, condemned him in unmeasured terms. But it was proved, on the other hand, that the Government had ordered the in- vasion of Canada with a somewhat inadequate force, and that it had not given proper attention and sup- port to the army of the Northwest. Hull was acquitted of treasonable intentions, but found guilty of cowardice, and sentenced to be shot. The President, however, pardoned him in consideration of his Revolutionary services. By his proclamation, issued soon after the surrender, Brock announced that the existing laws of the Territory would be left in force until the pleasure of the king should be known, and so long as the safety of the country allowed it. General Proctor wras left in command at Detroit. This officer has left every- where a most unenviable reputation for brutality and cruelty. On the 21st of August he, in turn, issued a proclamation constituting the civil government Courts and civil officers were retained. In the Legislative Board, should offices be vacant, a majority was not to be required. He appointed himself governor, with Judge Woodward as secretary. The United States taxes and duties went to the military treasurer, while local revenues were to be expended as of old. This seemed to give the people a certain guarantee of protection; but the imperfect manner in which it was carried out excited general complaint. The public records and titles to lands were removed or de- stroyed, Indians were allowed to pillage property, and general mischief was permitted until the settlers were led to pray for the return of American rule. The only force in the field for the protection of the Western frontier, after the fall of Detroit, was a body of Kentucky volunteers, who had promptly responded to the call of the Executive, before the news of Hull's surrender was received. In accordance with the universal wish, the governor of Ken- tucky had appointed General Harrison to the command of this force. Hardly had he, however, inspired his men with confidence and enthusiasm when he was obliged to give way to General Winchester, whom the National Administration had appointed to the command of the Northwestern army. General dissat- 24 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. isfaction was the result; and it was found expedient to yield to the demands of public opinion and re- store the old veteran to his command. With his commission Harrison received extraordinary powers, which no officer before him had enjoyed, except Washington and Greene in the Revolution. He was required to defend the whole frontier, from Pennsylvania to Missouri, and immediately began to reor- ganize the army, October, 1812, found Harrison and his men on the march for Detroit, which post it was resolved to recover. Their route lay through a swamp that seemed interminable, and the soldiers suffered much. Their officers, however, bore every hardship in company with them, and they continued to advance. Their progress was necessarily slow, and before Harrison was read)' to attempt anything against Detroit, winter set in. He fixed his head-quarters at Franklinton, Ohio, and stationed a division of his army, under General Winchester, at Fort Defiance, on the Maumee. Early in January, 1813, General Winchester received information that the inhabitants of French- town were in danger of being attacked, and though he thereby ran the risk of disconcerting the plans of his commander, he marched forth to their help. The enemy was found and dispersed. Shortly after- ward, Winchester's camp was attacked by an army of fifteen hundred British and Indians, from Maiden, under Proctor. After a struggle which cost each party not far from three hundred men, the surviving Americans surrendered on the recommendation of their general, who had been taken, and the pledge that their lives and property should be safe. Proctor immediately returned to Maiden with such of his pris- oners as were able to walk, leaving the rest behind^ without any guard to protect them from his blood- thirsty allies. Hardly had the British departed when the savages gave free vent to their passions, rob- bing, torturing, and scalping their defenseless victims. The British officer left in command made no attempt to save the sufferers. To revenge the losses they had sustained in battle, the Indians finally set fire to two houses in which most of the wounded were crowded, driving back into the flames those who attempted to escape. Such of the Americans as survived these atrocities were taken to Detroit, where they were dragged through the streets and offered for sale. The people of the place sacrificed every thing they could spare to ransom them, and remonstrated with Proctor for allowing such barbarities, but without effect. The loss of this important division deranged General Harrison's plans. He was too weak to attack Detroit, and could only hope to hold the ground already occupied. He was soon besieged in the newly erected Fort Meigs, at the rapids of the Maumee; but as in a few days he received succor from Kentucky, the British had to abandon the siege, and return to Maiden. Here Proctor remained several months, inactive. In July he made another fruitless attempt against' Fort Meigs and Fort Stephenson. Meanwhile the naval hero, Oliver H. Perry, had completed the construction of nine vessels, with which he hoped to ruin the British fleet on Lake Erie. With his little fleet, Perry stood boldly out into the lake early in August, and the British slowly retired before him. Their force, consisting of six vessels, mounting sixty-three guns, was commanded by Commodore Barclay, a veteran who had fought with Nelson at the Nile and Trafalgar, and had already lost an arm in the service of his country. Perry had never seen a naval battle; his nine vessels only carried fifty-four guns in all. After proceeding to Sandusky Bay, where he was furnished with men by General Harrison, Com- mander Perry made for Maiden, and displayed the American flag before the stronghold of the enemy. The British seemed in no hurry to meet him. Finally, on the 10th of September, Commodore Barclay bore down towards the American fleet, with his vessels arrayed in order of battle. Perry had longed for that hour. His flag-ship, the Lawrence, engaged the two largest vessels of the enemy, and promptly re- turned their fire for more than two hours, till every man on board was killed or wounded, except eight, who could manage but one gun, and fired it the last time only with the aid of Perry himself. Finding he could do nothing more in the Lawrence, the American commander leaped into a boat, and transferred to the Niagara his flag, which bore the immortal words of the dying Lawrence: "Don't give up the ship!" The few survivors on the Lawrence gave three cheers as they saw him mount the deck of the Niagara, and the battle was renewed, more fiercely than ever. Taking advantage of a fresh breeze, Perry now plunged through the enemy's line, giving a raking fire right and left; a masterly manoeuvre, which turned the fortunes of the day. Within fifteen minutes CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 25 after Perry reached the Niagara, the issue of the battle was decided. Commodore Barclay, wounded and fainting from loss of blood, felt that there was no alternative but surrender. His colors were hauled down, and six hundred men, more than the whole number of surviving Americans, fell into the hands of the victors. They were, treated with a kindness which was in marked contrast to the barbarity of Proctor. Barclay always characterized his conqueror as "a gallant and generous enemy." About four hours after the action commenced, Perry sent out the following expressive dispatch to General Harrison: "We have met the enemy, and they are ours—two ships, two brigs, one schooner, and a sloop." General Harrison immediately followed up Perry to glorious victory with an invasion of Canada. He landed near Maiden, and started 'in pursuit of Proctor and Tecumseh, who had dismantled the fort, and were in full retreat. On the 28th of September, the American army reached Sandwich, and Gen- eral Duncan McArthur crossed the river to take possession of Detroit. The British, before retiring, had set fire to the fort, but it was extinguished, and a band of prowling savages were driven off. McArthur, with his division, was left to hold Detroit, and Cass's brigade was stationed at Sandwich. On the 2d of October, Harrison resumed his pursuit of Proctor at the head of some three thousand five hundred men. On the 5th, the British were overtaken on the banks of the Thames. Proctor had chosen a favorable position on a narrow strip of land between the river and an extensive swamp, which was held by a strong body of Indians, under Tecumseh. Hardly had Harrison viewed the field when his experi- enced eye discovered that Proctor, in order to extend his line to the river, had so weakened it that it could be readily broken; and he ordered Colonel Richard M. Johnson, with his Kentucky horsemen, to charge the enemy in front. Johnson's troop broke the line with irresistible force, and, forming on the rear of the enemy, prepared to pour in a deadly fire from their muskets. The British at once sur- rendered, General Proctor escaping only by the swiftness of his horse. Colonel Johnson now led his men, supported by a Kentucky regiment, to the swamp, where Tecumseh and the warriors he had so often led to victory, silently awaited their appearance. Early in the engagement, Colonel Johnson was wounded; but he ordered his men not to return till they brought him tidings of victory. At the same moment, Tecumseh fell at the foot of an oak, mortally wounded. A sudden terror seized the red men. The voice of their beloved leader was silent. Ferocity gave way to despair, and the defeated warriors were soon flying through the wilderness. By this victory, Michigan was finally restored to American rule, and the honor of American arms was vindicated. On the 7th of October, Harrison put Governor Shelby in command of the army, and proceeded to Detroit. He appointed General Cass provisional governor of the Territory, and then de- scended the Lakes on his way to Washington. Peace was practically restored in Michigan, the Indians soon having given guarantees of their sub- mission. However, several minor expeditions were sent into Canada before the close of the war. Fort Gratiot was erected in 1814, and in the same year an unsuccessful attempt was made to recover Mackinaw. In the spring of 1815 it was learned that peace had been concluded between England and the United States. The people who had been scattered by the war returned to their homes, and devoted themselves to the tranquil and productive pursuits of peace. With the chain of British intrigues forever broken, and the Indians well subdued, the Territory had reason to hope for a period of prosperity and progress unprecedented in its history. General Cass was made permanent governor of the Territory, and William Woodbridge was appointed secretary. Some lime after, the boundaries of the Territory underwent several modifications. In 1816, Indiana was admitted into the Union, and a strip ten miles wide was taken off from Michigan, all along its south- ern line, and given to the new State. Then the people of Illinois were authorized to form a State, whose boundary at the north was laid at latitude 420 30'. Illinois was admitted on the 3d day of De- cember, 1818. All that remained of the old Northwest Territory was now included into Michigan Territory. One of the first cares of General Cass was to divide the Territory into counties. Wayne County, up to that time, had included nearly the whole of the Territory. On the 21st of November, 1815, the limits of this county were fixed to include that part of the Territory to which the Indian title had been extinguished, and Detroit was designated the county-seat. At the same time the whole district was divided into road districts, which coincided with the militia company districts already defined. 4 26 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN, Then, on the 14th of July, 1817, the County of Monroe was established, and in the following year those of Mackinac, Brown, and Crawford were organized. On the 30th of May, 1818, the management of county affairs was transferred to county commissioners, three of whom were to be appointed by the governor for each county. The establishment of educational institutions also received early attention. The "University of Michigan" was incorporated August 26, 1817, and at the same time primary schools were estab- lished in Detroit, Monroe, and Mackinaw. The people were so well satisfied with the acts-of the Administration, that when, in 1818, the ques- tion was submitted to them whether they would, or not, organize the representative government to which their number now entitled them, under the Ordinance of 1787, they decided in the negative by a heavy majority. In spite of this decision, Congress, in the spring of 1819, authorized the people of Michigan to send a delegate to that body. The first chosen was William Woodbridge, who soon resigned, and was succeeded, in 1820, by Solomon Sibley. During these years a large number of immigrants had arrived in the Territory. They were mostly natives of New York and other Eastern States, well acquainted with the necessities and inured to the hardships which awaited the pioneer. In every respect they were fully fitted to go into the wilderness and make it "bloom like the rose." Much had been done to facilitate their work and attract other immigrants. The Indian title to several vast tracts of land had been extinguished by treaties and purchase; the surveying of the land had made considerable progress, and, in 1820, an expedition had been organized by Governor Cass, to make a scientific exploration of the country, through the upper lakes to the head-waters of the Mississippi. The first steamboat on the Lakes, the Walk-in-the- Water, now plied the waters regularly, affording greater facilities for transportation. To aid commercial transactions, the Bank of Michigan had been organized in 1819, and the following year the first post-road in the State was established, from Dqtroit to Pontiac and Mount Clemens. In 1822 six new counties were established—Lapeer, Sanilac, Saginaw, Shiawassee, Washtenaw, and Lenawee. Almost every year thereafter changes in, or additions to, the number of counties were made, to accommodate the ever-increasing population. By an act of Congress, passed March 3, 1823, a radical change was wrought in the Territorial government of Michigan. The legislative power was vested in the governor and a Council of nine per- sons, appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate, out of eighteen elected by the people of the Territory. The laws enacted by this body were subject to the veto of Congress. The judges' term of office was limited to four years, and they were given equity as well as common law power. This change was operated on the first of February, 1824. By another Act of Congress, adopted the 25th of February, 1825, the governor and Council were authorized to divide the Territory into townships, and to provide for the election of township officers. These were to be elected—with the exception of judges, sheriffs, clerks, judges of probate, and justices of the peace, who were to be appointed by the governor. The number of the members of the Council was increased by the same act to thirteen. The choice of these members was—in 1827—left entirely to the people. This year the Council abolished the county commissioner system, and replaced it by a Board of Supervisors. For some years Michigan had exported large quantities of white-fish and cider. In 1827 she began to export flour, and the following year, tobacco. In 1830 the first railroad, the 4< Pontiac and Detroit Railway Company," was incorporated. It proved a failure. Two years later the "Detroit and St. Joseph" was chartered, and subsequently became the "Michigan Central." The population of the Territory at this time amounted to more than thirty thousand. In 1831, General Cass, who had served the Territory so long and so well as governor, resigned that office to enter the Cabinet of President Jackson. In August he was succeeded by George B. Porter, of Pennsylvania. Stevens Thomson Mason, a youth of twenty, the son of General John T. Mason, was sent from Kentucky to fill the office of secretary. The settlers were not a little dissatisfied to see two strangers occupying the two most important offices in the Territory; but the unpleasantness was soon bridged over by the honest and gentlemanly conduct of the two incumbents. CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 27 In 1832 a little excitement was occasioned by the Black Hawk War. Volunteers were raised in Michigan, and put under the command of Colonel Henry Dodge. They rendered important services in breaking the power of the rebellious chief. At this time that terrible scourge, the cholera, visited the Territory, and among those that fell victim to it was Governor Porter. His successor was never appointed. On the 1st of October, 1832, the people of the Territory decided, by popular vote, to take measures to be admitted into the Union. The census, taken in 1834, having demonstrated that the Territory had the population of sixty thousand free inhabitants required by the Ordinance of 1787, it was decided to frame a constitution. The election to choose delegates for that purpose was held Saturday, April 4, 1835, and the convention met at Detroit on the second Monday in Ma)', 1S35> *md in due course of time drew up a constitution. This was submitted to the people at an election held on the first Monday in October, 1835. The people were not only to vote upon the constitution, but also to elect a governor, lieutenant-governor, members of the State Legislature, and a representative to Congress, all of whom were to be entitled to their office only if the constitution was adopted. This constitution has been held by eminent jurists and statesmen as a very simple and good one. It was ratified, and Steven T. Mason was elected governor, and Edward Mundy lieutenant-governor. Isaac E. Crary was the first representative to Congress. The first Legislature of the State of Michigan met on the first Monday of November, 1835. On the 10th of November a rule was adopted providing that a separate election for senators would be held in the two Houses, and, in case of disagreement, for an election in joint conven- tion. Lucius Lyon and John Norvell were the first two United States senators chosen from Michigan, After a short session, the Legislature adjourned until January, 1836, in the expectancy that by that time Michigan would be admitted to the Union. The admission was obstinately opposed by many for diverse reasons. The irrepressible conflict between slavery and the free States had something to do with it, while Indiana and Ohio opposed it until Michigan should abandon all claims to the ten-miles strip of land which had been given to Indiana as far east as that State extended, and the rest of which Ohio now desired to add to her territory. As a compensation for this, Michigan was offered the Northern Peninsula. A convention, regularly elected for that purpose, refused to accept the compromise, whereupon a popu- lar convention of delegates, in favor of accepting admission on the terms proposed, was assembled. Finally, the bill admitting Michigan was passed by Congress, January 26, 1837. The State was recog- nized to have had a legal existence, however, since November, 1835. The State Government pursued a no less liberal course than had the Territorial Administration in regard to educational institutions, the development of natural resources, and internal improvements generally. But the instability of banking institutions, and a deplorable lack of judgment in the ad- ministration of the finances of the State, proved powerful drawbacks. In 1847 the seat of the State Government was transfered to Lansing, it being very near the center of the State geographically. During the many years in which it had already been in force, many defects had been discovered in the constitution of 1835, one °f tne most important being the impossibility of passing general incorporation laws under it. Consequently a second Constitutional Convention was called to meet at Lansing in 1850, and drew up a constitution, which was approved by the popular vote, and came in force January 1, 1851. Although several attempts have been made to revise this constitution, it still remains in force. It is unnecessary to dwell further upon the history of the State in this form. The history of the growth and upbuilding of Michigan is well told in the following sketches of the men who have made the State what it is. But before we close we must pay a tribute to the patriotism and the zeal of the people of the State during the years of trial that threatened the existence of the Union. On the subject of loyalty there were no diverging opinions nor hesitation in Michigan. For years before the war, Michigan, like other States, had paid no attention to her military organ- ization. When came the startling news of open resistance to the Federal Government, and when rebellion reared its high and hideous head, the finances of the State were in bad condition, and every- thing had to be done to comply with the demands of the President, But the people rose as one man to meet the emergency, and rallied around the flag of the Nation with a zeal unsurpassed in any section 28 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. of the Union. No better idea of the feeling of the people on the subject at the time could be given than by quoting the following words which the retiring governor, Moses Wisner, addressed to the Legis- lature in 1861: "This is no time for timid and vacillating councils, when the cry of treason and rebellion is ringing in our ears. . . . The Constitution as our fathers made it is good enough for us, and must be enforced upon every foot of American soil. . . . Michigan can not recognize the right of a State to secede from this Union. We believe that the founders of our Government designed it to be perpetual, and we can not consent to have one star obliterated from our flag. For upwards of thirty years this question of the right of a State to secede has been agitated. It is time it was settled. We ought not to leave it for our children to look after. ... I would calmly but firmly declare it to be the fixed determina- tion of Michigan that the Federal Constitution, the rights of the States, must and shall be preserved." His successor in the executive chair, Governor Blair, spoke in the same strain. When the time of action came, when the sincerity of these men was put to the test, it was not found wanting. Moses Wisner was one of the first to enroll, and fall, in defense of the "old flag." Governor Blair continued to direct the State in a manner consistent with and worthy of his utterances. The first call for troops was promptly answered by the equipment of the First Regiment, and its early departure for the seat of war. A vigorous recruitment was pursued thereafter, and by December, 1861, Michigan had sent to the front thirteen regiments of infantry, three of cavalry, and five batteries of light artillery, with a total strength of 16,475, officers and men. After this the people did not rest upon their laurels. Regiment after regiment was organized, and sent to the field, until victory was assured. The following figures will show, more eloquently than anything that could be said, the enormous sacrifice of men made by Michigan. The table shows the total number of troops furnished by the sev- eral counties of the State, from the beginning to the close of the war: Allegan, 2,175 Antrim, 28 Alpena, 58 Barry, 1,625 Benzie, 70 Bay, 511 Branch 2,776 Berrien, 3,179 Cass, i,S82 Calhoun, ...... 3,878 Cheboygan, ..... 31 Clinton, 1,606 Chippewa, 21 Delta 24 Bmmett, 39 Baton, 1,741 Genesee, 2,518 Gratiot, 606 Grand Traverse, ... 171 Hillsdale, 2,928 Houghton, 460 Huron, 342 Ingham, 2,097 Ionia, 2,464 Isabella, 137 Iosco, 27 Jackson, 3,232 Keweenaw, 119 Kent, 4,214 Kalamazoo 3,221 Livingston, 1,887 Lenawee, 4,437 Leelenaw, 98 Lapeer, 1,776 Monroe, 2,270 Montcalm, 640 Macomb, 2,360 Menominee 19 Marquette, 1 ~ * * "t, f '' Schoolcraft, f ■ ■ ■ ■ 265 Muskegon, 736 Mecosta, 159 Mason, 59 Manitou, 10 Manistee, 88 Mackinac, 47 Midland, 129 Newaygo, 412 Ontonagon, 254 Oakland, 3,718 Oceana, 223 Ottawa, L547 Shiawassee, L753 St. Joseph, 2,836 Sanilac, 7Sl St. Clair, 2,581 Saginaw, 2,039 Tuscola, 664 Van Buren, 1,884 Washtenaw, 4>°S4 Wayne, 9,213 To this number must be added several thousand citizens from Michigan, who joined regiments in other States. The part which these men took in the battles of the war is a matter of general history. Suffice it to say, that they were ever among the bravest and truest, and that they bared their bosoms to the storms of battle, and laid down their money, their blood, and even their lives, on the altar of their country, with unsurpassed devotion. CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 29 MATERIAL DEVELOPMENT. THE United States Census of 1890 showed wonderful advancement and progress in all avenues of production, enterprise, and commercial activity, for Michigan had reached the zenith of her prosperity." The State Census of 1894 gave evidence of a great shrinkage, for the blight of the panic of 1893 had stagnated business throughout the entire Nation, and worked its full effect in the State of Mich- igan, almost every business and commercial enterprise being paralyzed. Then later, and when the State might have had some opportunity of recuperating, came a Presidential campaign, with its uncertainty in the matter of the currency, when again commerce and enterprise were once more paralyzed under the dread of the possibility of the free coinage of silver. This matter being settled by the election of a Republican President, and the Republican party, with its opposition to the free and unlimited coinage of silver, coming into power, capital again began to seek investments, and renewed business activity began to take the place of an almost utter stagnation. The President had only shortly been inaugurated, when Congress brought on the war with Spain. Once more business throughout the State was crippled, by the time, thoughts, and energies of men being given to the subject of the war rather than to their business enterprises; for with the stirring events and constant reports from the scenes of action, where many of their sous were taking part, a large majority of the men of Michigan had but small thought or care for business, but rather gave their time to devouring the constant reports of the progress of the war. In the war with Spain, Michigan nobly did her part, sending the best of her sons into the field and into the navy; having raised five regiments of infantry, and from her naval reserves, a full com- plement for manning a cruiser. Peace with Spain having been declared, there began to set in an activity of enterprise not known since 1890, and the United States Census of 1900 gives Michigan well to the front among the States of the Union. Michigan was in her youth pre-eminently a lumber State, and her vast forests made fortunes for many of her sons, mostly men who had migrated from the older States, attracted thither by her im- mense forests of valuable timber. This, however, has largely passed away, for the lumber regions of Michigan have been practically exhausted, and, so far as the Lower Peninsula of the State is con- cerned, Michigan is going through the transition of passing from that of a lumber State to that of an agricultural and an industrial State, her smaller towns as well as her larger cities entering largely into manufactures of a considerable variety. The Upper Peninsula of Michigan, neither manu- facturing nor agricultural to any great extent, is one of the most prolific mineral beds of the world, consisting chiefly and almost entirely of copper and of iron, her copper-producing mines being the greatest in the world, and her iron-producing mines being among the greatest, of both of which minerals there seems to be an inexhaustible supply, for new veins are constantly being discovered? and new mines being worked. The Lower Peninsula of Michigan, when discovered by the white man, was practically one dense forest, with rivers, lakes, and swamps. The rivers and the lakes remain, but the forest and the swamps have almost disappeared, and in their place have arisen teeming cities, beautiful towns and villages, and fertile farms and orchards. The Upper Peninsula, largely barren but for some of her forests, has not only been found to be Stored with mineral wealth of untold value, but also to be capable of agricultural development, 5 3° CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN, The following remarks by President Angell, of the University of Michigan, in his speech at the dedication of the Michigan building at the World's Fair, are aptly illustrative: "Regal, indeed, have been the gifts of nature to our State. She has a rich, warm, and mellow soil, which bountifully rewards the toil of the husbandman, and yearly fills to overflowing his gran- aries and barns. She has a climate so propitious that a large part of her territory is a veritable paradise of fruits, when Heaven kindly draws the sting of frost from the keen west wind, so that breezes soft as those of Eden woo the peach and the grape and the plum and the pear and the apple, and coax them to rejoice as with the autumnal splendor of their fruitage, which rivals that in the fabled Garden of the Hesperides. "Her Upper Peninsula is packed and crammed, no one knows how deep, with mines richer than those of Golconda. She has forests, still magnificent in primeval grandeur, scarcely second to her mines in value. She has salt-wells, yielding the wealth of subterranean seas in inexhaustible and unceasing streams. The broad lakes are bound around her like a zone of beauty. Their waters bear upon their bosom a commerce rivaling that of the Atlantic. The earth, the heavens above, the waters below—nay, the very waters under the earth—are all perpetually pouring their contribu- tions into the lap of this favored commonwealth. u Yet, with all these rich gifts of nature, poor would she have been had not a brave, manly, and intelligent people chosen her soil as their home. Earth and sky and mines and lakes had all been there for ages; but with all these, savages could not make a prosperous commonwealth. It is intelligence and character which make a great State. God sifted the population of New England and New York and Virginia and Ohio, and brought some of their noblest men and women to plant Michigan. They were men and women who illustrated all civic and domestic virtues. They also loved education. In laying the foundations of the State they took care, as the ordinances of 1787 had directed, that 'schools, and the means of education, should forever be encouraged.' They have built up a system of education so complete that the poorest child in the northern woods can see his way open and clear, almost without money and without price, from the modest log school- house up through the secondary schools to the Normal School, the Agricultural College, or the School of Mines, with its collegiate, and technical, and professional departments. What wonder that such a State is rapidly increasing in resources and in population? What wonder that its edu- cational system is known far and wide? What wonder that its University, founded within the memory of some of us, and generously supported by the State, has nearly 2,800 students, drawn from forty-five States and Territories of this country, and from seventeen foreign lands?" STATISTICS OF POPULATION. The following statistics, from the United States Census, are of great interest to students ot Michigan history, showing, as they do, the population and the different phases of population of the State: AGGREGATE POPULATION, WITH INCREASE: 1870 To 1890. (U. S. CENSUS.) POPULATION. INCREASE FROM 1880 TO 189O. INCREASE FROM 1870 TO 1880. 189O I880 1870 Number. Per cent. Number. Per i cent. The United States, .... 62,622,250 50,155,783 33,558,371 12,466,467 24.86 11,597,412 30.08 2,093,889 1*636,937 1,184,059 456,952 27.92 452,878 38.25 The above shows that the population of Michigan increased in a greater ratio than that of the United States in its entirety during these periods. CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 31 The growth of the State has been entirely natural and unstimulated. The result has been to make its people peculiarly homogeneous in character. New elements have been assimilated with marked success. The natural resources and attractions of the State have continued to draw people from other States, and from Europe. The Territory which entered the Union in 1837, with 174,- 467 inhabitants, sent to its defense, less than thirty years later, more than 90,000 soldiers. The State, which stood twenty-third in rank in 1840, had advanced to the ninth in 1890. TABLE SHOWING THE POPULATION OF MICHIGAN AT EACH FEDERAL ENUMERATION SINCE THE ADMISSION OF THE STATE IN 1837. POPULATION. INCREASE. 18^7, 174,467 212,267 397,654 749,^3 1,184,059 1,636,937 2,093,889 37,800 185,387 351,459 434,946 452,878 456,952 POPULATION BY COUNTIES. (U. S. CENSUS.) COUNTIES. Alcona, .... Alger, Allegan, .... Alpena, . . . . Antrim, .... Arenac, . . . * Baraga, .... Barry, Bay, Benzie, . . . . Berrien, .... Branch, . . . . Calhoun, . . . Cass, Charlevoix, . . Cheboygan, . . Chippewa, . . . Clare, Clinton, . . . . Crawford, . . . Delta, Eaton, Emmet, .... Genesee, .... Gladwin, . . . Gogebic,.... Grand Traverse, Gratiot, .... Hillsdale, . . . Houghton, . . . Huron, . . . . Ingham, . . . , Ionia, Iosco, Iron, 1890 1880 5,409 1,238 38,961 15,581 3,107 10413 37,8i5 8,789 5,237 5,683 3,036 23,783 56,412 5,237 1,804 25,317 38,081 3,433 41,285 26,791 43,501 20,953 9,686 36,785 27,94^ 38,452 22,009 5,H5 11,986 12,019 6,524 5,248 4,187 28,100 i,i59 7,558 26,509 2,962 T5,33o 32,094 6,812 31,225 8,756 39,43o 6,639 39,220 1,127 4,208 13,166 13,355 28,668 30,660 35,389 8,422 21,936 32,723 22473 28,545 37,666 32,801 15,224 4,432 20,089 33,676 33,872 6,873 Isabella, . . . Isle Royal, . . Jackson, . . . Kalamazoo, . Kalkaska, . . Kent, .... Keweenaw, . Lake, .... Lapeer, . , . Leelanau, . . Lenawee, . . Livingston, . Luce, .... Mackinac, . . Macomb, . . Manistee, . . Manitou, . . Marquette,. . Mason, . . . Mecosta, . . Menominee, . Midland, . . Missaukee, . Monroe, . . . Montcalm, . . Montmorency, Muskegon, . . Newaygo, . . Oakland, . . Oceana, . . . Ogemaw, . . Ontonagon, . Osceola, . . . Oscoda, . . . Otsego, . . . 1890 1880 18,784 12,159 135 55 • 45,031 42,031 39,273 34,342 5,160 2,937 109,922 73,253 2,894 4,270 6,505 3,233 29,213 30,138 7,944 6,253 48,448 48,343 20,858 22,251 2455 7,830 2,902 31,813 31,627 24,230 12,532 860 i,334 39,521 25,394 16,385 10,065 i9»697 13.973 33,639 11,987 10,657 6,893- 5,048 1.553 32,337 33,624 32,637 33,148 1,487 40,013 26,586 20476 14,688 41,245 •4i,537 15,698 11,699 5,583 i,9i4 3,756 2,565 14,630 10,777 1,904 467 4,272 i,974 32 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. POPULATION BY COUNTIES.—Continued. COUNTIES. 1890 1880 COUNTIES. 1890 1880 35,358 33,126 30,541 30,807 4,687 3,113 42,210 41,848 2,033 i,45o 257,114 166,444 82,273 59,095 11,278 6,815 St. Clair 52,105 46,197 Total, 2,093,889 1,636,937 25,356 26,626 Sanilac, . 32,589 26,341 5,818 i,575 30,952 27,059 32i5o8 25,738 MALE AND FEMALE POPULATION: 1870 To 1890. (U. S. CENSUS.) MALES. FEMALES. I89O I880 187O 189O l880 I870 The United States, 32,067,880 25,518,820 19493,565 30,554,370 24,636,963 19,064,806 1,091,780 862,355 617,745 1,002,109 774,582 566,314 NATIVE AND FOREIGN BORN POPULATION: 1870 To 1890. (U. S. CENSUS.) NATIVE BORN. FOREIGN BORN. I89O l880 187O I89O l880 187O 53,372,703 43,475,840 32,991,142 9,249,547 6,679,943 5,567,229 i 1,550,009 1,248,429 916,049 543,880 388,508 268,OIO i 1 WHITE AND .NEGRO POPULATION: 1870 to 1890. (U. S. CENSUS.) WHITE. NEGRO, I89O l880 I87O 189O I880 I870 The United States,. 54,983,890 43,402,970 33,589,377 7,470,040 6,580,793 4,880,009 2,072,884 1,614,560 1,167,282 15,223 I5,IOO 11,849 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 33 NATIVE AND FOREIGN WHITE POPULATION: 1880 and 1890. (U. S. CENSUS.) NATIVE WHITE. 1890 1880 Total. Native parents. Foreign parents. Foreign white. Native white. Foreign white. The United States, . 45,862,023 34,353,348 11,503,675 9,121,867 36,843,291 6,559,679 1,531,283 917,693 6l3,590 541,601 1,228,127 386,433 CHINESE, JAPANESE, AND CIVILIZED INDIAN POPULATION: 1870 To 1890. (u. S. CENSUS.) CHINESE. JAPANESE. CIVILIZED INDIANS. I89O I880 I87O 189O l880 187O I89O I880 1870 The United States, 107,475 105,465 63,199 2,039 I48 55 58,806 66,407 25,731 I20 27 I 33 I 1 5,624 7,249 4,926 FOREIGN BORN POPULATION, DISTRIBUTED ACCORDING TO COUNTRY OF BIRTH: 1890. (U. S. CENSUS.) Total Foreign Born, . . . Canada and Newfoundland, . Mexico, Central and South America, Cuba and West Indies, . . . England, Scotland, Wales, Ireland, Germany, Austria, Holland, Belgium and Luxemburg,. . Switzerland, THE UNITED STATES. , 9,249,547 980,938 77,853 6,198 23,256 909,092 242,231 100,079 1,871,509 2,784,894 123,271 81,828 25,521 104,069 MICHIGAN. 543,880 l8l,4l6 138 55,388 12,068 769 39,065 135,509 3,639 29,4TO 2,286 2,562 Norway, . Sweden, . Denmark, Russia, • Hungary, Bohemia, Poland, . France, . Italy, . . , Spain, . . Portugal, Greece, . China, . . Japan, . . India, . . All others, THE UNITED STATES. 322,665 7,795 478,041 27,366 132,543 6,335 182,644. - 11,889 62,435 - 637 118,106 2,311 147,440 r5;669 H3,i74 182,580 3,088 6,185 61 15,996 26 1,887 10 106,688 • 140 2,292 39 4,403 143 41,729 761 MICHIGAN. PERSONS OF FOREIGN PARENTAGE, WITH PER CENT OF TOTAL POPULATION: 1870 to 1890. (U. S. CENSUS.) . 1890 1880 1870 TOTAL POPULATION, PERSONS OF FOREIGN PARENTAGE. TOTAL POPULATION. PERSONS OF FOREIGN PARENTAGE. TOTAL POPULATION. PERSONS OF FOREIGN PARENTAGE. Number. Per cent. i Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. The United States, 62,622,250 2,093,889 20,676,046 33-02 50,155,783 I 014,922,744 29-75 38,558,371 10,892,015 28.25 1 1 1 Michigan, .... 1,145,827 54-72 1,636,937 % % 1,184,059 ! 488,159 4'-23 a Estimated. Foreign parentage in 1880 was tabulated for only 36 States and Territories. b Not compiled in 1880. 34 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. PERSONS OF SCHOOL, MILITIA, AND VOTING AGES, BY SEX, GENERAL NATIVITY, AND COLOR: 1890. (U. S. CENSUS.) THE UNITED STATES. MICHIGAN. 5 to 20 Years, Inclusive: 8,989,914 8,928,106 665,458 667,087 1,587,328 I,609,499 300,998 299,050 49,009 47,621 3493 3,513 Males: 18 to 44 Years, Inclusive: 9,086,066 2,717,898 1,426,204 29I,l6l 166,831 Males: 21 Years and Over: ^Colored, 4,773 IO,957496 4,242,360 363,535 247473 6,437 1,740,455 "Persons of Negro descent, Chinese, Japanese, and civilized Indians. CONJUGAL CONDITION OF THE AGGREGATE POPULATION, CLASSIFIED BY SEX: 1890. (U. S. CENSUS.) THE UNITED STATES. THE UNITED STATES. MICHIGAN. MICHIGAN. 62,622,250. 2,093,889 Widowed: Total: 815437 2,154,615 28,482 59,080 32,067,880 30,554,370 I,09T,780 1,002,109 Divorced: Males 49,IOI 7L395 2,805 Single: 3,493 19,945,567 17,183,988 638,209 522,867 Unknown: Males .... .... 52,538 17,676 1,584 Married: 365 11,205,228 11,126,196 420,700 416,304 ILLITERATE POPULATION, 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY SEX: 1890. (U. S. CENSUS.) MALE POPULATION, IO YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. Illiterates. FEMALE POPULATION, 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. Illiterates. Total. Per cent. Total. Per cent. Number. Number. The United States, 24,352,659 3,008,222 124 23,060,900 3,3l6,48o 14.4 851,163 51,522 6.1 767,872 44,392 5-8 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 35 ILLITERATE POPULATION, 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY GENERAL NATIVITY AND COLOR: 1890. (U. S. CENSUS.) POPULATION, 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. Illiterates. WHITE POPULATION, 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. Illiterates. NATIVE WHITE POPULATION, 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. Illiterates. Total. Total. Total. Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. 47,413,559 6,324702 41,931,074 3,212,574 7-7 33,144,187 2,065,003 6.2 * 1,619,035 95,914 5-9 1,602,474 91,076 5-7 1,086,481 27,016 2.5 FOREIGN WHITE POPULATION, IO YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. Total. Illiterates Number. Per cent. COLORED POPULATION (a), 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. Total. Illiterates. Number. Per cent. The United States, 8,786,887 i,i47,57i 13-1 5,482,485 3,112,128 56.8 Michigan, 515,993 64,060 12.4 16,561 4,838 29.2 (a) Persons of Negro descent, Chinese, Japanese, and civilized Indians. CITIZENSHIP OF FOREIGN-BORN MALES, 21 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER: 1890. (U. S. CENSUS.) Foreign- born ALIENS. males, 21 years Natural- ized. First papers Unknown. and over. Total. Speak English. Other language. The United States, 4,348,459 1,189,452 801,260 388,192 2,545,753 236,061 377,193 248,317 58,895 42412 16,483 145 901 22,134 21,387 TOTAL DWELLINGS AND PERSONS TO A DWELLING: 1870 to 1890. {U. S. CENSUS.) [In 1870 the total number of dwellings includes both occupied and unoccupied dwellings, while in 1880 and 1890 the total number of occupied .dwellings only is reported.] NUMBER OF DWELLINGS. PERSONS TO A DWELLING. 1890 I880 I870 189O I880 187O The United States, . . 11,483,318 8,955,812 7P42,833 545 5.60 547 434,370 32I,5H 237,036 4.82 5-09 5-oo 36 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. TOTAL FAMILIES AND PERSONS TO A FAMILY: 1870 To 1890. (U. S. CENSUS.) NUMBER OF FAMILIES. PERSONS TO A FAMILY. I89O I880 1870 189O 1880 1870 The United States, ... 12,690,152 9,945,9^6 7,579>363 4-93: 5.04 5-09 455,004 336,973 241,006 4.60; 4.86 4.91 INDIAN POPULATION, CLASSIFIED BY SEX: 1890.. (U. S. CENSUS.) AGGREGATE. INDIANS LIVING IN INDIAN TERRITORY AND ON INDIAN RESERVATIONS, ETC. CIVILIZED INDIANS INCLUDED IN THE GENERAL ENUMERATION. Total. Males. Females. Total. Males. Females. Total. Males. Females. The United States, .... Michigan 248,253 125,719 122,534 £l89,447 £95,U9 £94,328 58,806 30,600 28,206 5,624 2,925 2,699 5,624 2,925 2,699 POPULATION OF CITIES AND INCORPORATED VILLAGES OF MICHIGAN. {AS GIVEN IN THE STATE CENSUS OF 1894.) Addison, 470 Adrian, 9,511 Albion, 4,844 Algonac, 1,025 Allegan, 2,673 Alma, . 1,497 Almont, 803 Alpena, 12,139 Ann Arbor, 11,069 Armada, 715 Ashley, 617 Athens, 551 Atlanta, 113 Attica, 342 Augusta, 479 Au Sable, 2,661 Bad Axe, 1,071 Baldwin, 375 Bancroft, 640 Bangor, 914 Baraga, 1,084 Battle Creek, 15,522 Bay City, 3^,039 Bear Lake, 397 B elding, 3,006 Bellaire, 716 Bellevue, 845 Benton Harbor, . . . 5,314 Benzonia, 369 Berrien Springs, . . . 726 Bessemer, ...... 2,528 Big Rapids, 5,202 Birmingham, . Blanchard, . . . Blissfield, . . Bloomingdale, Boyne City, . . Boyne Falls-, . BreedsviUe, , , 975 226 1,236 377 559 30S 237 Brighton, 812 Bronson, 864 Brooklyn, 589 Brown City, ..... 538 Buchanan, 1,895 Burlington, 304 Burr Oak, 658 Byron, 428 Cadillac 5,io5 Caledonia, 443 Calumet, ........ 2,192 Capac, 53° Caro, 1,780 Carrol ton, 892 Carson City, L°43 Carsonville, 367 Casnovia, 300 Cass City, 930 Cassopolis, 1,324 Cedar Springs, . . . 1,038 Centerville, 706 Charlevoix, 1,796 Charlotte, 4,35° Chase, 298 Cheboygan, 6,956 Chelsea, 2,006 Chesaning, 1,091 Clare, 1,392 Clarkston, 395 Clayton, 400 Clifford, 417 Clinton, 1,041 Clio, 689 Coldwater, 5,285 Coleman, 1,168 Colonia, 444 Columbiaville, . • ■ . 550 Concord, 522 Constantine, 1,193 Cooperville, 812 Copemish, 404 Corunna, 1,551 Croswell, 613 Croton, 91 Crystal Falls, .... 1,296 Dansville, 362 Davison, 630 Dearborn, 787 Decatur, 1,336 Deckerville, 274 Deerfield, 438 Detroit, 237,837 Dexter, 871 Douglass, 535 Dowagiac, 3,532 Dryden, 340 Dundee, 1,232 Durand 901 Eagle, 137 E. Grand Rapids, . . 327 East Jordan, 1,896 East Tawas, 2,348 Eaton Rapids, .... 2,157 Eau Claire, 246 Edmore, 895 Elsie, 568 Emmet, 219 Escanaba, 8,124 Essexville, 1,737 Evart, 1,317 Farmington, 348 Farwell, 568 Fennville, 390 Fenton, 2,387 Fife Lake, 475 Flint, 10,420 Flushing, 1,020 Fowler, , T t , . , , 389 Fowlerville, 970 Frankfort, 1,257 Fremont L274 Fruitport, 223 Gagetown, 320 Gaines, 317 Galesburg, 637 Galien, 478 Garden, 433 Gaylord, 912 Gladstone,. ..... 2,130 Gladwin, 882 Gobleville, 595 Grand Haven, .... 5,267 Grand Ledge, .... 2,218 Grand Rapids,.... 79,424 Grandville, 448 Grant,. 177 Grass Lake, 647 Greenville, 3,113 Grosse Pointe, .... 191 Grosse Pointe Farms, 528 Hadley, 277 Hancock, 1,662 Hanover, 413 Harbor Springs, . . . 923 Harriette, 465 Harrison, • 746 Harrisville, 466 Hart, 992 Hartford, 1,005 Hastings, 3,oI4 Hersey, 331 Hesperia, 512 Highland Park, ... 257 Hillman, 233 Hillsdale, ...... 4,121 Holland, 6,307 Holly, L2JI CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 37 POPULATION OF CITIES AND INCORPORATED VILLAGES OF MICHIGAN.—Continued. Homer, *>157 Houghton, 2,178 Howard City, .... 1,391 Howell, 2,5°° Hubbardston, .... 404 Hudson, 2,346 Imlay City, 1,191 Ionia, 5,021 Iron Mountain, . . . 7,638 Iron River, 882 Ironwood, 9,324 Ishpeming, 11,087 Ithaca, 1,968 Jackson, 22,6*4 Jonesville, i,3I4 Kalamazoo, 21,053 Kalkaska, 1,247 Kingsley, 348 Kingston, 286 Lainsgburg, 79o Lake Ann, 5°° Lake City, ...... 1,073 Lake Linden, .... 2,425 Lake Odessa, .... 807 Lakeview, 1 ni L'Anse, 957 Lansing, 15,^47 Lapeer, 2,952 Lawrence, Lawton, . . Leonard, . Le Roy, . . Leslie, . . Lexington, Linden, . . Lisbon, . . Litchfield, . Lowell, 557 819 3^ 445 980 75o 539 208 642 1,^3 Ludington, S,244 Luther, S23 Lyons, 691 McBain, 629 McBride, 325 Mackinac, 7°5 Mackinaw City, . . . 448 Mancelona, i,23° Manchester, 1^62 Manistee, 13,449 Manistique, 2,083 Man ton, 809 Maple Rapids, . . - 548 Marcellus, i,°45 Marine City, 3,4y5 Marion, ....... Marlelte Marquette, .... Marshall, Mason, Mayvillej Mecosta, Memphis, Meiidon, Menominee, .... Merrill, Metamora, .... Middle ville, .... Midland City, . . . Milan, Mil ford, Millingtou, .... Minden, Monroe, Montague, Morenci, Morley, Morrice, Mount Clemens, . . Mt. Morris, .... Mount Pleasant, . . Muir, ....... Muskegon, .... Muskegon Heights, Nashville, ..... Naubinway, .... Negaunee, .... Newaygo, New Baltimore, . . Newberry, New Boston, . . . New Buffalo, . - . New Haven, .... Niles North Adams, . . . North Branch, . . . North Muskegon, . Northville, .... Norway, Oakley, Olivet, Onekama, Ontonagon, .... Orion, Oscoda, Otisville, Otsego, Otter Lake, .... 574 853 9,724 4.599 1,761 769 562 614 754 12,532 441 333 75o 2,484 964 1,226 499 396 5,613 1,410 L3IG 391 421 5,647 386 • 3>i7S 5ii 20,222 748 1,232 529 5,94o 1,231 892 M36 232 656 458 461 651 911 1,825 3,587 308 763 777 2,070 612 2,078 306 1,851 246 Ovid, 1,312 Owosso, 8,272 Oxford, 1,035 Palmer, 630 Parma, 483 Paw Paw, 1,406 Peutwater, 1,382 Perrinton, 32S Perry, 525 Petersburg, 441 Petoskey, 3,649 Pewamo, 4QI Pierson, 224 Pinckney, 5°4 Pinconning, 1,008 Plain well, L447 Plymouth, 1,204 Pontiac, 7,276 Port Austin, 557 Port Hope, 353 Port Huron, 18,140 Portland, 1,734 Port Sanilac, 361 Pottersville, 486 Quincy, 1,165 Reading, 1,041 Red Jacket, 4*664 Reed City, 2,247 Reese, 4X$ Richland 321 Richmond, 1,049 Rochester, 1,039 Rockford, . . Rogers, . . . Romeo, . Roscommon, Royal Oak, ■ . 753 . . 586 . . 1,621 . . 780 • . 37o Saginaw, 44,642 St. Charles, 572 St. Clair, 2,575 St. Ignace, 2,068 St. John, 3,440 St. Joseph, 4,519 St. Louis, 2,204 Saline, 748 Sand Beach, 1,273 Sand Lake, Sanilac Center, . Saranac, . . . . Saugatuck, . . . Sault Ste. Marie, Schoolfraft, . . . Scottville, . . . . 366 414 891 754 7,244 821 519 Sebewaiug, Shelby, . . Shepherd, . Sheridan, . Sherman, . Sherwood, , South Frankfort South Haven, . South Lyon, , Sparta, . . . Spring Lake, Springport, . Standish, . . Stanton, . . Stevensville, Stockbridge, Sturgis, . . Tawas City, . Tecumseh, . Tekonsha, . . Thompsonville Three Oaks, . Three Rivers, Traverse City, Trenton, . . Tustin, . . . Union City, . Unionville, . Utica, .... Vandalia, . . Vassar, . . . Vermontville, Vernon, ... Vicksburg, . Wakefield, . Warren, . . , Watervliet, . Wayland, . . Wayne, ... Webberville, West Bay City, West Branch, Westphalia, . White Cloud, Whitehall, - White Pigeon, Williamston, Woodland, Wvaudotte, Yale, . . . Ypsilauti, . Zeeland, . . 1,301 966 558 427 328 435 580 2,449 771 987 807 535 848 L303 283 573 2,834 1,230 2,210 549 667 856 3.140 6,05 r 980 286 1,293 387 559 446 L635 648 456 L573 809 294 453 54o i,555 335 ]2,337 1,223 396 647 i,74i 939 1,120 355 4,209 1,021 6, in 801 "The total population of the State, June 1, 1894, was 2,241,454, an increase of 147,565, or 7.04 per cent since June 1, 1890; and of 387,796, or 20.92 per cent compared with June i, 1884. The increase from 1880 to 1884 was 216,721, or 13 per cent. The increase from-1880 to 1884 was greater than from 1890 to 1894 by 69,156. Since 1800 the increase of population has been as follows: From 1800 to 1810, . From 1810 to 1820, . From 1820 to 1830, . From 1830 to 1840, . From 1840 to 1850, . From 1850 to i860, . From 1S60 to 1870, . 4,211, or 764 per cent. 4,134, or S7 per cent. • 22,743, or 256 per cent . 180,62s, or 571 per cent. . 185,387, or 87 per cent. • 35I,459, or 88 per cent. • 435'x69, or 58 per cent. From 1870 to 1S80, From 1850 to 1854, From 1S60 to 1864, From 1870 to 1S74, From 1S80 to 1S84, From 1S84 to 1S90, From 1S90 to 1894, 452,655, or 109,867, or 54,548, or 149,749, or 216,721, or 240,231, or 147,565, or 38 per 28 per 7 per 13 per 13 per 13 per 7 per cent, cent, cent, cent, cent, cent, cent. u There were seventy incorporated cities in Michigan, with a total population of 821,032, or 37 per cent of the total population of the State. In 1864 there were nineteen incorporated cities; in 1870, twenty-nine; in 1874, thirty-eight; in 1880, forty-three; in 1884, forty-nine; and in 1890, sixty-one. The per cent of population of the cities to the total population of the State has increased from 16 in 1864, to 37 in x894- 6 38 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. "The sixty-one cities in the State in 1890 show an increase of 84,862, or 11.93 Per cent, in the four years. The increase outside of these cities was 62,703, or 4.54 per cent. The forty-nine cities in the State in 1884 show an increase of 232,257, or 45.61 per cent in the ten years. The increase outside of these cities is 155,539, or 11-57 Per cenr-. Since 1884 the rate of increase of population in the forty-nine cities has been about four times the rate of increase in the balance of the State. "The number of native inhabitants in the State, June 1, 1894, was 1,670,797, or 74.54 per cent; and of foreign-born inhabitants, 570,657, or 25.46 per cent of the total population. In 1870 the foreign-born inhabitants were 22.63 per cent; in 1880, 23.73 Per cent; in 1884, 26.40 per cent; and in 1890, 25.97 per cent of the total population. "To each 100,000 native inhabitants there were 29,257 foreign-born inhabitants in 1870; 31,120 in 1880; 35,869 in 1884; 35,089 in 1890; and 34,156 in 1894. In each 100,000 population there were 77,370 native and 22,630 foreign-born in 1870; 76,266 native and 2^734. foreign-born in 1880; 73,600 native and 26,400 foreign-born in 1884; 74,025 native and 25,975 foreign-born in 1890; and 74,540 native and 25,460 foreign-born in 1894. "Of the total population of the incorporated cities in the State (821,032), 551,365, or 67.16 per cent, are native, and 269,667, or 32.84 per cent, foreign-born. The proportion of native and foreign- bom inhabitants in the incorporated cities of the State at the several censuses has been as follows: 1880, native, 65.86 per cent, foreign-born, 34.14 per cent; 1884, native, 64.42 per cent, foreign-born, 35.58 per cent; 1890, native, 65,69 per cent, foreign-born, 34.31 per cent; 1894, native, 67,16 per cent, foreign-born, 32.84 per cent. The native inhabitants of the sixty-one cities in the State in 1890 have increased 64,906, or 13.89 per cent, and the foreign-born 19,955, or 8.17 per cent. The increase outside of these cities has been, of native inhabitants 55,863, or 5.16 per cent, and of foreign-born 6,841, or 2.28 per cent. The native inhabitants of the forty-nine cities in the State in 1884 have increased 174,735, or 53.76 per cent, and the foreign-born 62,116, or 34.59 per cent. The increase outside of these cities has been, of native inhabitants, 138,404, or 13.40 per cent, and of foreign-born 21,592, or 7.02 per cent. "The number of inhabitants in the southern four tiers of counties is 1,342,496, or 59.89 per cent of the total population of the State. Of the total population of this section, 1,062,487, or 79.14 per cent, are native, and 280,009, or 20.86 per cent, foreign-born. The number of inhabitants in the central counties (fifth and sixth tiers) is 435,091, or 19.41 per cent of the total population of the State. Of the total population of this section, 317,275, or 72.92 per cent are native, and 117,823, or 27.08 per cent, foreign-born. The number of inhabitants in the northern counties (remaining coun- ties in the Lower Peninsula) is 256,371, or 11.44 per cent of the total population of the State. Of the total population of this section, 179,979, or 70.20 per cent, are native, and 76,392, or 29.80 per cent, foreign-born. The number of inhabitants in the Upper Peninsula was 207,480, or 9.26 per cent of the total population of the State, Of the total population of this section, 111,056, or 53.52 per cent, are native, and 96,433, or 46.48 per cent, foreign-born. "The incorporated villages of the State have an aggregate population of 260,145, of which 211,506 are native and 48,639 foreign-born."—Detroit Evening Nezvs. CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 39 STATISTICS OF AGRICULTURE. "In collecting these statistics, no farm of less than three acres was enumerated unless at least $500 worth of products had been actually sold from the same during the year preceding the census year. The improved acreage includes all land once cultivated, unless afterward abandoned, and all permanent meadows and pastures. "The tables showT the number, area, and valuation of farms in each census year from 1850 to 1890, the live stock on hand June 1 of such year, and the agricultural products for the calendar year preceding the census year." (U. S. Census.) NUMBER AND ACREAGE OF FARMS, INCLUDING AVERAGE NUMBER OF ACRES IN FARMS, AND PERCENTAGE OF UNIMPROVED LAND: 1850 TO 1S90. (U. S. CENSUS.) ACREAGE. \ Per- Year. Number. Average t size. centage of acre- Acres. age Total. i Improved. Unimproved. unim- proved. The United States, 1890 623,218,619 | 1 357,6i6,755 265,601,864 137 42.6 1880 4,008,907 536,081,835 284,771,042 251,310,793 134 46.9 1870 2,659.985 407.735,041 188,921,099 218,813,942 >53 53-7 i860 2,044,077: 407,212,538 163,110,720 244,101,818 199 59-9 1850 1,449,073 293,560,614 ■ 1 113,032,614 180,528,000 203 61.5 T890 172,344 14,785,636 9,865,350 4,920,286 86 33 3 1880 154,008 13,807,240 8,296^62 5.510,378 90 39-9 1870 98,786 ! 10,019,142 5.096,939 4,922,203 101 49 1 i860 62,422 j 7,030,834 3,476,296 3,544,538 "3 50.5 1850 34,089 4,383,890 1,929,110 2,454i78o 129 56.0 i CLASSIFICATION OF FARMS BY ACREAGE AND TENURE: 1SS0 and 1890. [U. S. CENSUS.) NUMBER OF FARMS CLASSIFIED ACCORDING t TO ACREAGE, i Number of farms cultivated Number of farms Number of farms rented for share of products. Year. Under 50 acres. 50 and under 100. 100 and under 500 and under 1,000. 1,000 and 1 over. i hy rented for 500 ! owner. money. ! The United States, 1890 1880 1,318,521 1,175,564 1,121,485 1,032,810 2,008,694 1,695,983 84.395 75,972 3^546! 3,269,728 2,984,306 454,659 322,357 840,254 702,244 28,578; 1890 1880 62,275 52,348 61,298 55,777 48,237 45,391 447 408 87 i 84 1 148,208 138,597 8,212 5,OI5 15,924 IO.396 FARM VALUATIONS: 1S50 To 1890. (U. S. CENSUS.) Land, fences, and buildings. Implements Ljve stock on hand, June 1. Farm products. (Estimated.) Fertilizers Purchased. (Cost./ Year. and machinery. The United States, 1S90 1880 1870 i860 1850 $13,279,252,649 10,197,096,776 ^9,262,803,861 6,645,045,007 3.27L575,426 $494,247,467 406,520,055 336,878,420 246,118,141 151,587,638 $2,208,767,573 $2,460,107,454 2,212,540,927 2,447,538,658 $38,469,598 28,586,397 1,500,384,707 1,525,276,457 1,089,329,915 544 180,516 Michigan, 1890 1880 1870 i860 1850 556,190,670 499,103,181 398,240,578 160,836,495 51,872,446 22,182,600 19,419,360 69,564.985 55,720,113 49,809,869 83.651,390 9M59.858 81,508,623 173,017 W-979 5.819,832 2,891,371 23>7M,77I 8,008,734 40 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. LIVE STOCK: 1850 TO 1890. (C. S. CKKSUS.) Mules NEAT CATTLE. Sheep, not Year. Horses. and asses. Swine. including spri tig lambs. Working oxen. Milch cows. Other cattle. | The United States, . . 1890 1880 1870 i860 1850 14,969,467 10,357488 7,H5.370 6,249,174 2,295,532 I,8l2,8o8 1,125,415 1,151,148 559,331 1,117494 993,841 1,319,271 2,254,911 1,700,744 16,511,950 12,443,120 8,935,332 8,585,735 33,734,128 22,488,550 | 13 566,005 i 57409,583 47,681,700 35,935,364 35,192,074 4,336,719 6,385,094 14,779,373 j 9,693,069 \ 25,134,569 33,512,867 30,354,213 28,477,951 22,471,275 21,723,220 Michigan, 1890 1880 1870 i860 1850 5l6,lI7 378,778 228,302 3,822 5,083 29,795 40,393 36,499 61,686 497,611 384,578 250,859 519,365 i 466,660 1,126,141 964,071 417,811 372,386 205,847 2,400,318 2,189,389 1,985,906 1,271,743 746435 136,917 58,506 2,353 330 7o 179,543 99,676 260,171! 238,615 j 55,350 1*9471; LIVE STOCK -PRODUCTS: 1850 To 1890. (U. S. CENSUS.) WOOL. DAIRY PRODUCTS. . Year. Number of fleeces shorn Pounds of wool, product of clipping shown in preceding column. fall and spring pre- ceding June 1 Gallons of milk. Pounds of butter. Pounds of cheese. of each census year. 1890 1880 1870 i860 1850 32,126,868 35,192,074 165,449,239 5,209,125,567 530,129,755 235,500,599 1,024,223,468 777,250,287 514,092,683 459.681,372 313,345,306 18,726,818 27,272,489 I55>68l,75I 100,102,387 60,264,913 52,516,959 53,492,153 103,663,927 105,535,893 1890 1880 1870 i860 1850 1,971,315 2,189,389 12,378,318 224,537488 7,898,273 2,277,122 50,197,481 38,821,890 24,400,185 15,503,482 7,065,878 328,682 440,540 670,804 1,641,897 I,OH492 11,858,497 8,726,145 3,960,888 2,043,283 POULTRY AND EGGS: 1880 and 1890. (U. S. CENSUS.) Domestic All other fowl. Eggs. Year. fowl. (Chickens.) (Dozens.) The United States, 1890 1880 258,871,125 102,272,135 26,828,315 23,235,187 818,249,201 456,9IO,9l6 1890 1880 5,852,690 3,859,581 357,534 227433 34,309,633 20,762,171 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 41 ACREAGE AND PRODUCTION OF CEREALS: 1850 to 1890. (U. S. CENSUS.) Year. BARLEY. BUCKWHEAT. INDIAN CORN. Acres. Bushels. Acres. Bushels. Acres. Bushels. The United States, 1890 1880 1870 i860 1850 . 3,220,834 1.997.727 78,332,976 837,164 848,389 12,110,349 11,817,327 72,087.752 62,368,504 2,122,327.547 1,754,591,676 760,944,549 838,792,742 592,071,104 43,997,495 29,761,305 15,825,898 5,167,015 9,821,721 I7,57I,8l8 8,956,912 1 Michigan, 1890 1880 1870 i860 1850 99,305 54,506 2,522,376 1,204,316 834,558 307,868 70,046 811,977 413,062 9*4,597 28,785,579 32,461,452 14,086,238 12,444,676 5,641,420 75,249 33,948 436,755 529,916 472,917 919,656 Year, OATS, RYE, WHEAT. Acres. Bushels. Acres. Bushels. Acres. Bushels. The United States, 1890 1880 1870 i860 1850 28,320,677 16,144,593 809,250,666 407,858,999 1 282,107,157 172,643,185 146,584,179 2,171,604 1,842,233 28,421,39s 33,579,514 35,430,333 468,373.968 19,83^595 16,918,795 21,101,380 14,188,813 459,483,137 287,745,626 173,104,924 100485,944 Michigan, 1890 18S0 1870 i860 1S50 1,085,759 536,T37 36,961,193 HO,754 22,815 2,101,713 294,918 144,508 5H,I29 105,871 1,501,225 1,822,749 24,771,171 18,190,793 8,954,406 4,036,980 2,866,056 35,532,543 16,265,773 8,336,368 4,925,889 FIBERS: 1850 to 1890. (U. S. CENSUS.) Year. COTTON. FLAX. HEMP. Acres. Bales, Acres. Bushels of seed. Pounds of fiber. Acres. Tons. The United States, .... Michigan, 1890 1880 1870 i860 1850 20,175,270 14,480,019 7472,511 1,318,698 10,250,410 24T,389 1,565,546 27,133,034 4,720,145 7,709,676 25P54 11,51! 5,755,359 3,on,996 5,387,052 7,170,951 1,730,444 566,867 562,312 5,025 12,746 1890 1880 1870 i860 1850 2469,093 . 417 3,719 2,764 5,528 341 519 3l,6lO 10 74493 34,87i 240,110 4,128 7,152 78 776 42 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. SUGAR AND MOLASSES: 1850 To 1S90. (U. S. CENSUS.) I CANE. SORGHUM. j MArLp. Year. j Hogsheads of sugar. Pounds of sugar. Gallons of molasses. Gallons of molasses. Pounds of , sugar. Gallons of molasses. Acres. ■ Acres. The United States 1890 1880 1870 i860 1850 274>975 227,776 301,284,395 214,646,400 104,457,600 277,178,400 297,092,400 25,409,228 16.573,273 6,593*323 14,963,996 415,691 24,235,219 28,444,202 16,050,089 6,749,123 j 32,952,927 j 36,576,o6l 1 28,443,645 j 40,120,205 34,253,436 2,258,376 1,796,048 921,057 1,597,589 178,872 87,043 230,982 247,577 1 Michigan, 1890 1880 1870 i£6o 1850 897 45,524 102,500 94,686 86,953 1,641,402 197,775 131,990 3,423,149 1,781,855 4,051,822 2,439,794 23>637 78,998 HAY, RICE, AND TOBACCO: 1850 To 1890. (U. S. CENSUS.) Year. HAY. RICE. TOBACCO. Acres mown. Tons harvested. Acres. Pounds, Acres. Pounds, The United States, 1890 1880 1870 i860 1850 52,948,797 30,631,054 66,831,480 35,150,711 27,316,048 19,083,896 13,838,642 161,312 174,173 128,590,934 110,131,373 73.635,021 187,167,032 215,313,497 695.301 638,841 488,256,646 472,661,157 262,735,341 434,209.461 199,752,655 1890 1880 1870 i860 1850 2,024,736 1,245,441 2,385,155 1,393,845 1,290,923 768,256 404,934 22 11,984 83,969 716 I70 5,385 121,099 1,245 POTATOES: 1850 TO 1890. (U. S. CENSUS.) Year. Irish. (Bushels.) Sweet. (Bushels.) 1890 217,546,362 43,950,261 1880 169,458,539 33.378,693 1870 143,337,473 21,709,824 1S60 111,148,867 42,095,026 1850 65,797,896 38,268,148 Michigan, 1890 1880 1870 i860 1850 15,651,833 10,924,111 10,318,799 5,261,245 2,359,897 9-579 4,904 3^5t 38,492 1,177 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 43 ORCHARD PRODUCTS: 1889. (U. S. CENSUS.) Plums Apples. (Bushels.) Apricots. (Bushels.) Cherries. (Bushels.) Peaches. (Bushels.) Pears. (Bushels.) and Prunes. (Bushels.) The United States, 143,105.689 1,001,482 1476,719 36.367,747 3,064,375 2,554,392 Michigan, 13,154,626 299 150,526 216,311 194,099 37,068 The nature of the soil and the climatic conditions of Michigan are admirably fitted for all the agricultural products of the temperate zone. Wheat, corn, oats, and barley are productive crops. Apples, peaches, and potatoes are abundant, and of fine quality. The same may be said of all the various small berry fruits; and Michigan's celery practically supplies the whole country. One of the most recent productions of Michigan, on a large scale, is that of beets for the manufacture of sugar, her soil and climate having been found to be peculiarly adapted to the raising of the sugar-beet. STATISTICS OF MANUFACTURES. "The tables relating to the Statistics of Manufactures are comparative, and present the data as reported at the censuses of 1880 and 1890. "The first table presents the totals for all classes of mechanical and manufacturing industries in the United States and in Michigan. uThe second table presents for Michigan the totals for a number of selected industries, together with the total for 'All other industries,' and for 'All industries.' The statements include only establishments which reported a product of $500 or more in value during the respective census years ending May 31, 1880, and May 31, 1890, and show the totals for the two censuses under the following heads: First, number of establishments reporting; second, average number of employes and total wages; third, cost of materials used; fourth, value of products. The items * Capital' and 'Miscellaneous expenses' are not shown in this report. "In comparing the statistics for the two censuses, it must be remembered that there have been numerous changes in both the form and the scope of the inquiry used at the Eleventh Census, as compared with that adopted at the census of 1880. The most important of these differences are as follows: "First. The great increase shown in the reports for those industries coming under the head of "Hand trades," is largely due to the fact that no previous census has so fully reported such industries as carpentering, blacksmithing, painting and paper-hanging, and plumbing and gas- fitting. The following industries were omitted at the census of 1880, but are included in the totals presented for 1890—namely, bottling; cars and general shop construction and repairs by steam rail- road companies; china, decorating; clothing, women's, dressmaking; coffins and burial cases, trim- ming and finishing; cotton, cleaning and rehandling; cotton, ginning; cotton waste; drug grinding; druggists' preparations, not including prescriptions; gas, illuminating and heating; hay and straw, baling; and millinery, custom w7ork. Petroleum, refining, formed part of a separate report at the census of 1880, and the statistics were not included in the report on manufactures. At the census of 1880, 'Mixed textiles' appeared as a distinct classification, but the data were largely duplicated under other heads of textile manufacture. "Second. The questions respecting employes and wages used at the Eleventh Census required the average number and total wages of males, females, and children, respectively, to be reported by 44 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN, classes of officers or firm members, clerks, operatives, and skilled, unskilled, and piece-workers. The questions used in the schedules on which the majority of the industries were reported at the Tenth Census called only for the 'greatest number of hands employed at any one time during the year;' also, 'the average number of hands employed—males, females, and children—and the total wages/ without designating the different classes of employes. It is believed the questions used at the Eleventh Census have more fully developed the true average number of employes and total wages. The tendency of the questions used at 1880 was to obtain a number in excess of the average number of employes, while.it is believed the questions used at 1890 obtained the average number. The questions at 1890 also tended to increase the amount of wages as compared with 1880. There- fore, the average annual wages per employe, as obtained from the reports for the two censuses, are not comparable, nor should the amounts be used to ascertain the percentage of increase. u Third. With the exception of a number of selected industries, the questions respecting the cost of materials and value of products used at the Tenth Census were as follows: 4 Value of materials (including mill supplies and fuel)', 'Value of products (including jobbing and repairing)'. The corresponding questions used at the Eleventh Census required separate statements as to the cost of the 'Principal materials/ 'Fuel,' 'Mill supplies,' and 'All other materials;' also, the value of the 'Principal product' and 'All other products, including amounts received from custom work and repairing.' The cost of materials used is the reported cost at the place of consumption. The value of products is the reported value at the factory of the total product for the year, not including any allowance for commissions or expenses of selling. "The difference between the sum of the wages and cost of materials and the value of manufac- tured product can not be taken as indicating profit, because miscellaneous expenses are not included in these tables, and many items of expense enter into the mercantile portion of the business, which branch is not within the scope of the census inquiry. The data furnished in the reports of the Eleventh Census relating to depreciation of manufacturing plants are not sufficient to form a basis for correct computations, and therefore are omitted from these tables." (U. S. Census.) MANUFACTURES: 1880 and 1890. (U. S. CKNSUS.) Year. Number of es- tablish- ments report- ing. i AVERAGE NUMBER OF i EMPLOYES AND TOTAL I WAGES. 1 Cost of materials used. Value of prod- ucts, includ- ing receipts from custom work and repairing. Kmployes. Wages. 1890 1880 355A*5 253,852 4,712,622 2,732,595 $2,283,216,529 15,162,044,076 3,396,823,549 19,372,437,283 5,369,5:9,191 947,953,795 1890 1880 12,127 8,873 163,941 77,591 66,347,798 25,313,682 154,521,918 92,900,269 277,896,706 150,715,025 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 45 MICHIGAN MANUFACTURES, BY SELECTED INDUSTRIES. (U. S. CENSUS.) Number of estab- lishments report- ing. AVERAGE NUMBER Value of products, in- cluding re- ceipts from MECHANICAL AND MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES. Year. OF EMPLOYES AND TOTAL WAGB6. Cost of materials used. custom work and repairing. Employes. Wages. 1890 1880 12,127 8,873 163,941 77,591 $66,347,798 25,313,682 $154,521,918 92,900,269 $277,896,706 150,715,025 1890 1880 65 143 1,847 992,708 650,192 1,647,579 1,337,945 3,955,306 3,102,638 2,004 1890 1880 12 10 1,371 783 582,132 340,172 1,209,387 736,184 2,065,531 1,216,255 1890 1880 24 23 746 586 302,387 I4L259 760,198 301,592 i,243,79T 544,045 1890 1880 16 770 61 408,194 22,150 442,104 19,271 1,051,908 50,101 3 1890 1880 185 179 2,616 1,933 538,750 346,845 2i8,353 236,878 1,179,605 822,475 1890 1880 64 38 1,531 720,841 66,609 1,219,045 115,761 3,380,388 447,6 n 229 1890 1880 445 136. 3,424 1,726 1,700,813 63M63 2,618,664 i,85iP37 5,566,652 3,029,478 Coffins, burial cases, and undertakers' goods, . . . 1890 1880 11 411 220,202 50,698 346,342 72,279 794,527 184,308 J3 126 1890 1880 60 750 - 289,185 103,361 886,725 624,750 1,640,248 802,273 21 291 1890 1880 l8l 265 1,250 1-336 493,665 409,186 766,651 827,671 1,496,154 1,584469 1890 1880 II 1,200 374 313.540 8o,6lO 450,285 204,700 1,130,818 391 >3°o 7 1890 1880 544 706 2,425 2,255 1,093,861 726,289 19,462,779 20,668,615 22,778,829 23,546,875 Foundry and machine shop products, 1890 1880 260 220 8,560 3,741 4,8l3,OI2 1,558,560! 549L366 2,469,754 I3,363-03o 5,271,142 Furniture, including cabinet-making, repairing 1890 1880 223 210 8,487 3,363 3,987,333 I,l8l,747 4,119,872 1,682,403 10,390,619 3,740,943 1890 1880 19 22 1,509 3,089 896,117 922,597 4,132,991 3,279,420 5,829,843 4,59L6i3 1890 1880 20 a no 378 577 198,594! 274,178 | 1,273,315 2,262,624 1,743,760 3,026,585 1890 1880 78 "3 839 643 588,109 285,726 998,128 1,225,886 2,979,258 2,184,392 Lumber and other mill products from logs or 1890 1880 1,918 1,649 46,592 24,235 14,677,436 6,967,905 45,605,543 32,251,372 73,484,306 52,449,928 Lumber, planing mill products, including sash, 1890 1880 230 180 5,i99 2,119 2,345,560 768,015 6,i5L535 1,908,626 10,007,603 3,5i645i 1890 8 235 136,825 572,798 100 1,064,718 500 18S0 1! ! 1 1890 1880 21 \ 21 938 589 451,483; 1,451,698 730,614 2,292,984 1,204,664 2I4,8l2: Salt, 1890 1880 81 1,629 1,468 578,614; 541,852 784,012 1,009,733 2,046,975 2,271,913 86 | i ■ 7 46 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. MICHIGAN MANUFACTURES, BY SELECTED INDUSTRIES—Continued. (U. S. CENSUS.) Number of estab- lishments report- ing. AVERAGE NUMBER Value of products, in eluding re- ceipts from custom work and repairing. MECHANICAL AND MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES. Year. OF EMPLOYES AND TOTAL WAGES. Cost of materials used. Employes. Wages. 1890 12,127 163,941 $66,347,793 $154,521,918 $277,896,706 1880 S,873 77,591 25,313,682 92,900,269 150,715,025 1890 62 2,284 1,267,102 2,300,299 4,710,108 1880 72 1,537 745,933 1,089,985 2,034,636 1890 13 142 66,644 221,891 393,405 1880 15 56 20,610 74,060 124,738 1890 10 489 291,905 486,953 1,054,707 1880 1 2 634 4,586 6,039 Timber products, not manufactured at mill, {b) 1890 206 10,292 2,722,172 3,812,831 9,637,633 1S80 Tobacco, chewing, smoking, and snuff, 1890 5 1,352 408425 2,383,032 4,742412 1880 6 543 126,725 964,554 1,5^,146 1890 373 2,830 1,300,359 1,340,477 3,512,603 1880 162 i,6io 541,727 968,410 2,146,089 1890 3 III 85,480 743-969 975,000 1880 3 68 43,100 304,500 452,000 1890 32 156,128 529,515 844,652 1880 39 347 76,240 356,614 481,517 1890 6,947 53,2I6 23,720,222 42,088,582 82,539,303 1880 4419 21,900 7,474,787 15,320,345 29,970,901 a In 1880 an establishment engaged in both tanning and currying made a separate report for each branch of the industry and was counted twice. In 1890 but one report was received for each establishment. b Included largely in other classifications in 1880. It will thus be seen that the manufactures of Michigan are not only extensive, but also have a great diversity of character. The following table gives the lumber and shingle product of Michigan for the years indicated: Year Feet Number of lumber. of shingles. 1874, 573,632,771 130,631,500 1875, 581,558,273 124,030,250 1876, 573,950,771 132,179,750 1877, 640,166,231 167,806,750 1878, 574,f62,757 153,989,750 1879, 736,106,000 218,934,000 1880, 873,047,731 248,879,500 18S1, ... 971,320,317 304,025,500 1882, . 1,008,147,905 295,046,500 1883, v • . . 3,563,343,097 1,393,004,000 1884, 3,567,235,987 2,724,517,300 1885, 3,578,138,443 2,574,675,900 1886, 3,984,117,175 2,989,124,200 Year. 1887 1888 18". 1890 1891. 1892 1893 1894; 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 Feet Number of lumber. of shingles. 4,162,317,778 2,677,855,700 4,292,189,014 2,846,201,000 4,207,741,224 2,602,930,250 4,085,767,849 2469,878,750 3,599,531.668 1,826,174,250 3,794,256,754 2,140,647,875 3,i47,996,H7 1,832,027,550 2,730,657,861 1,646,929,100 2,731,029,535 1,360,535,500 2,166,252,892 941,527,200 2,335,674,349 1,284,272,250 2,158,343,122 1,683,205,500 2,328,575,135 1444,578,000 The general stagnation of all business throughout the country seriously affected the lumber interests subsequent to 1893 until 1899, when again prosperity in that line fully set in. Michigan forests having been almost entirely denuded of their pine timber, Michigan mills were kept busy in the manufacturing of lumber from logs brought from Canadian forests, and in utilizing the hitherto practically neglected native hard-woods. CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 47 STATISTICS OF FISHERIES. FISHERIES: 1880 and 1889. (U. S. CENSUS.) TOTALS. PERSONS EMPLOYED. APPARATUS AND CAPITAL INVESTED. Year, Vessels. Boats. Other capital, including Persons Capital invested. (Dollars.) Value of products. (Dollars.) Fisher- men. Shores- men. Value of minor ap- paratus. (Dollars.) em- ployed. Num- ber. Net tonnage. Value. Num- ber. Value. (Dollars.) shore property. (Dollars.) (Dollars.) United States, . Michigan, . . . 1889 1880 43,602,123 37,955,349 44,277,514 42,740,163 136,665 101,684 26,683 29,742 7,257 0,605 174,020.74 208,297.82 11,133,265 9,357,282 80,261 44,804 4,826,150 2,465,393 8,363,462 8,145,261 19,279,246 I7,9°'7,4i3 131,426 1889 1880 3,160 1,781 1,039,248 442,665 1,090,581 716,170 3,Il3 1,600 47 181 48 36 735.62 914.42 151,750 98,500 1,576 454 82,262 lo,345 506,650 272,920 298,586 60,900 United States, Michigan, 1889 1880 1889 1880 VALUE OF PRODUCTS (DOLLARS.) General fisheries. 26,747,440 22,405,018 1,090,581 716,170 Whale fisheries. 1,697,875 2,323,943 Seal fisheries. 438,228 2,289,813 Men- haden fisheries. 1,817,878 2,116,787 Oyster fisheries. 13,294,339 13,403,852 Sponge fish- eries. 281,754 200,750 CARP CULTURE FOR THE DECADE 1880 To 1890. (a) (U. S. CENSUS.) Number of ponds and other bodies of water in which carp have been planted. Number of Total value of , carp sold or used. Number of carp culturists. Number of carp planted. Number of failures reported. Amount of expense. successes reported. The United States, 29456 36,558 4,574,588 12,712 14,142 $1,043,841 $284,650 432 505 50,786 160 T99 12,548 1,756 (a) Not included in the table for general fisheries. The fisheries of Michigan take rank as of first importance among the States. Within the limits of the two peninsulas lie more than five thousand inland lakes, which, together with her rivers, abound with food fish. Added to this are the Great Lakes, which nearly surround the State, giving her two thousand miles of lake coast, also abundantly stocked with edible fish. The following table shows the number of pounds, and the total value of all kinds of fish taken in Michigan in the year 1891. ("Michigan and Its Resources.") 48 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. Fish caught. Pounds. Value. Whitefish 8,110,387 $351,196 67 375,202 05 92,623 51 Pike perch, 9.1.32,770 2,791,188 7,822,900 H7,3i9 75 Perch, 831,606 95.318 70,150 2,017,300 34,188 48 4,472 00 1,124 50 21,191 75 Catfish, 1,392,150 159,290 17,132 50 3,699 55 13,383 50 26,494 15 58,999 1,232,810 Total, 33,714,868 $1,058,028 41 In 1873 the Legislature of Michigan passed an act creating a State Board of Fish Commissioners, whose duty it was to conduct the artificial propagation of such varieties of food fish as it deemed best, and to distribute the same gratuitously in the waters of the lakes and rivers upon the applica- tion of persons interested, and the following is a statement of the fry hatched and distributed up to January 1, 1893. ("Michigan and Its Resources.") Whitefish, , 740,965,500 Wall-eyed pike. 170,723,256 Brook trout, 15,097,900 White bass, 2,500,000 Lake trout, 2,080,301 California salmon, 1,304,651 Brown trout, 507,500 Schoodic salmon, . California trout,. Loch Leven trout, Cary, Black bass, 329,618 83475 43,ooo 26,868 12,245 Eels, 2,211,000 Total, 935,885,314 STATISTICS OF MINERAL INDUSTRIES. TOTAL VALUE OF THE MINERAL PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1889. Total, $587,230,662 Alabama, 9,828,369 Alaska, 926,568 Arizona, 7,248,717 Arkansas 567,683 California, *9,699,354 Colorado, 41,126,610 Connecticut 3,090,161 Delaware, . . 506,754 District of Columbia, .... 40,000 Florida, 138,728 Georgia, 2,988,935 Idaho 8,385,233 Illinois, . 17,110,317 Indiana, 9,704,949 Indian Territory, 1,333,807 Iowa, 10,267,068. Kansas, 5-935,98: Kentucky, 4,711,944 Louisiana, 480,000 (U. S. CENSUS.) Maine, Maryland, . . . Massachusetts, . Michigan, . , . Minnesota, . . Mississippi, . . Missouri, . • • Montana, . . . Nebraska, . . . Nevada New Hampshire, New Jersey, . , New Mexico, . . New York, . . North Carolina, . North Dakota, . Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, . Rhode Island, . , South Carolina, , $8,126,493 5089,447 3,700,634 70,880,524 11,542,138 4LI74 15,93L575 33,737,775 257,019 10,143,874 920,164 8,275,936 4,611,764 24,165,206 451,625 61431 26,653,439 1,238,114 150,876,649 987,055 3,022,285 South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming, Mexican lead smelted in the United States, Undistributed copper, . . . Nickel in imported Cana- dian matte, ... Copper from imported p}'- rites, Fuel displaced by natural gas used at pipe lines for drilling and pumping wells, and for other uses, $3,685,862 6,455,283 1,985,679 ir,68i,oi9 5,674,022 6,023,076 2,998,355 6,969,804 10,183,861 1,810,515 2,343,474 389,273 21,000 603,940 1,600,000 This table shows the immense value of the mineral products of Michigan, being far greater than that of any other State, with the one exception of that of the State of Pennsylvania. CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 49 George A. Newett, Commissioner of Mineral Statistics for Michigan, in his report published June 15, 1899, writes as follows: "The State of Michigan, with its forty years of great achievements in a mining way, with stupendous successes marking every stage of progress, and with each succeeding step making a new record for wonderful accomplishments, has a greater story to tell for 1898 than for any preced- ing twelvemonth in its brilliant mining history. In this time has been witnessed a greater output of those products forming the main source of our mineralized wealth than ever before for a corre- sponding period, and never before was equaled the value in dollars and cents of the selling price of our metalliferous contributions to the world's supply. It was the banner year in the amount of refined copper drawn from the rocks of the Upper Peninsula, and in the number of tons of iron ore mined and sent to market. It exceeded all former records for the making of salt and the mining of coal. "In giving the reader a practical illustration of the volume of these minerals which Mother Earth has yielded in the year, I will present the following homely pictures. The expression 4millions1 is not readily grasped in all their magnitude: "If all the iron ore produced for the year in the State of Michigan was cast into a steel rail weighing fifty pounds to the foot, that rail would encircle the globe one and one-half times. "If the refined copper taken from the mines was drawn into a No. 12 telephone wire, that wire would reach around the world twenty-nine and one-fifth times. "If all the barrels of salt manufactured in Michigan for the year 1898 were set upon end, one barrel touching another, it would make an unbroken line of over 1,500 miles in length. "I estimate the marketed value of the minerals produced in the State for the year at $38,- 825,000. Of this amount, I credit iron ore with $18,450,8475 copper, with $16,834,670; and salt, with $2,686,272. . . . "Nowhere is greater enterprise shown in the mining business than in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Here can be found the best of everything needed in the economical and safe conducting of the properties. No other State or country compares with it in the immensity of undertaking or the means for successfully carrying it to a conclusion. Here are the deepest mines in the world, the heaviest machinery, the greatest enterprise. Here are the mining men with capacity for plan- ning and executing, and due to whose ability and energy great successes have been achieved. . . . "While other fields have been discovered, threatening to rob us of the honor, Michigan is still first in the production of iron ore and charcoal pig iron; is still first in the annual yield of salt, and maintains its position as second in the list of producers of copper. In quality, it is pre-eminently at the head. Its iron ore, copper, and salt are recognized everywhere for their great purity. . . . "Michigan has still greater performances than yet achieved to come in the future in the way of mineral production. There are yet hidden in its rock-ribbed hills valuable mines of ores and metals and stone. It will yet be producing gold in paying quantity, and will furnish marble equal to the" finest to be found anywhere. While much has been accomplished, there is much more to be won. There is a vast tract of country as yet practically unexplored, and which will give rich return for systematic and intelligent exploiting." PRODUCTION OF IRON ORE, COAL, GOLD AND SILVER: 1S80 and 1889. (U. S. CENSUS.) IRON ORE. (LONG TONS.) BITUMINOUS AND ANTHRACITE COAL. {SHORT TONS.) GOLD. (TROY OUNCES.) SILVER. (TROY OUNCES.) 1889 l880 j I889 lS80 18S9 I880 1889 I880 1 The United States, 14,518,041 7,120,362 141,229,513 71,481,570 1,590,869 1,614.741 51,354,851 14,607 31,797,474 20,000 Michigan, 5,856,169 i ,640,8 r 4 67431 I00,800 4,2lO 1 5° CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. In Michigan, iron ore is found in the Upper Peninsula of the State only, and the first shipment, comprising 1,449 tons, was made in 1855. So far, three ranges only have been worked—the Mar- quette, the Menominee, and the Gogebic. From 1893 t° 1898 the iron industry, like everything else in the United States, was at a low ebb. With 1898 came a demand exceeding any previous calls for iron ore, and the output for 1899 was simply enormous, far beyond any previously recorded figures. The following table gives for the years recorded the output of iron ore from the Lake Superior region of Michigan: 1860, 114,401 tons 1861, 49.909" 1862, 124,169" 1863, 203,055" 1864, 247,059 u 1865, 193.758" 1866, 296,713" 1867, 565,504" 1868, 5IO>522" 1869, . . 639,097" 1870, 859,507" 1871, 813,984 tons 1872, 948,553" 1873, 1,195,234" 1874, 899,934" 1875 881,166" 1876, 993,3TI" 1877, 1,025,129 (< 1878, 1,127,593" 1879, 1,420,745" 18S0, 1,962,477" 1881, 2,323,640" 1882, 2,932,953 1883, 2,580,223 1884, 2,321,882 1885, 2,485,855 1886, 3,634,201 1887, 4,728,695 1888, 5,006,896 1889, 7,5i9,6i4 1890, 8,944,031 1892, 7,267,874 7,380,321 tons Michigan is one of the greatest producers of copper in the world, and the Upper Peninsula is the only place in Michigan where it is found, most of the mines being situated on Keweenaw Point, Lake Superior, among them being the Calumet and Hecla, the greatest copper-mine in the world. This mine was discovered by accident during a storm, when some prospectors had taken shelter, and witnessed the blowing down of a massive tree that had stood for ages, the tree having grown over the entrance to a mine that had been worked by prehistoric miners; for digging down into the hole from which the roots of the tree had been torn, were found the implements used by these ancient miners, a people who had existed prior to the Indian of North America. By deeper exploration were found not only their tools, but also their mode of mining the copper, which was largely found in a virgin state. The earliest written history of the Lake Superior copper district was a book pub- lished in Paris in 1636, but it remained for a much later date before the white man entered upon copper-mining there. Benjamin Franklin, while in Paris, came across some of the manuscripts of the early French explorers, and when he, later, was one of the commissioners to settle the northern boundary of the United States, was careful to include the famous mineral island in Lake Superior known to us as Isle Royale; but it is to Dr. Douglass Houghton, the first State Geologist of Mich- igan, that we owe the development of the copper-mining industry. He began his researches in 1830, and continued them until his death in 1845. It wTas not until 1842 that Americans began the practical mining of copper in Michigan. Up to January 1, 1892, the Lake Superior copper-mines had produced a grand total of 1,400,- 034,411 pounds of refined copper, and in 1898 and 1899 produced copper at a greater rate than ever before; the demand for copper having been stimulated by its being used so largely in connection with the application of electricity. George A. Newett, Commissioner of Mineral Statistics for Michigan, in his report published in 1899, says: "Up to August 15, 1899, the dividends paid by the copper mines of Michigan have been as follows: Name of Mine. Dividends Paid. Atlantic, $780,000 Calumet and Hecla, $60,850,000 Central, 1,970,000 Cliff, 2,518,630 Copper Falls, . . 100,000 Franklin, 1,280,000 Kearsarge, 160,000 Minnesota, 1,820,000 National, 359,250 Name of Mine. Dividends Paid. Osceola, 2,840,750 Pewabic, 460,000 Quincy, 10,720,000 Phoenix, 20,000 Ridge, 100,000 Tamarack, 5,670,000 Wolverine, 150,000 Total, $89,798,680 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 5i PRODUCTION OF COPPER. "The total product of copper for all years since mining first began in Michigan, from all sources from which I have been able to secure reliable data, amounts to 2,377,000,000 pounds. The amount of copper smelted for 1898 is as follows: Calumet and Hecla Co.'s smelters, Lake Linden, 37,900,065 lbs. Calumet and Hecla Co.'s smelters, Buffalo, 56,202,935" Lake Superior Smelting Co., works at Hancock and Dollar Bay, 50,668,117" Quincy Mining Co.'s smelting works, Hancock, 1,621,850" Total number of pounds of ingot produced, 146,392,967 lbs. "The exports of copper from the United States for the year 1898 amounted to 299,765,054 pounds; about 57 per cent of the production. "The selling price per pound of lake copper for the following years will be of interest: 1865, 1870, 1875, 1880, 1885, 1890, 1891, 1892, 36X" 1893, 20f i894. 22^ 1895 1896, «i 1897, i5#" 10X "For the first half of the year 1899 the selling price has averaged 18 j£ cents; a wonderful gain, and the highest price since 1880. PERCENTAGE OF INGOT IN MINERAL. Atlantic, 75.009 Calumet and Hecla - 70.000 Centennial, from conglomerate, ..... 75.380 Central, 69.900 Franklin, 81.107 Osceola, 84.083 Quincy, 79.489 Tamarack, 67.421 Wolverine, 87.681 Ontonagon County tributes, etc., ...... . 75.5T4" The gold-bearing region of Michigan is a wilderness, and but little known, and but little explored or worked, although considerable rock of fabulous richness has been discovered, and much gold has been produced. Silver has always been found in the copper-mines, and its production so far has been incident to the mining of copper, although explorations have revealed several veins of silver not allied to copper; but the industry has never been followed in Michigan to any extent The discovery of coal in the Lower Peninsula of Michigan is of comparatively recent date, yet evidence goes to show that not far from the surface, in many parts of the Lower Peninsula, lie vast beds of coal. In 1899 there were seventeen shafts actively engaged in hoisting coal, with many others waiting for the installment of proper machinery. These were mostly located at Saginaw, Jackson, and Corunna. The aggregate capital at that time invested in the industry of coal-mining was about $2,000,000, and the output of coal for that year about 1,000,000 tons. George A. Newett, Commissioner of Mineral Statistics for Michigan, in his report published in June, 1899, saYs: "In point of quality the Michigan product is the best of the steaming and heating varieties, although no coking coal has yet been found. In the coal now being mined, there is generally found about 73 per cent carbon, 6 per cent ash, and .68 per cent sulphur. The freedom from sulphur is a point of vantage, and the market for the product would have been much more greatly extended but for the fact that Michigan could not compete with those of the East, where the coal-veins were thicker, and where they could be wrought to better advantage. The Michigan coal-seams are thin as compared with those of Ohio and Pennsylvania, running from 2 to 4 feet, with an average of about 3 feet. The coal-seams being worked are at a depth below surface of from 100 to 200 feet. 52 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. "The output for the year 1898 was the largest by far in the history of the industry in the vState, it amounting to 378,541 tons, being made up as folllows: Companies. Tons, Bay Mining Co., 48,868 Corunna Coal Co., 50,000 Grand Ledge mines, 4,000 Jackson mines, 65,000 Monitor Coal Co., 45,601 Saginaw Coal Co., 80,747 Companies. Tons. Sebewaing Coal Co., . 15,555 Somers Coal Co., . 50,000 Standard Coal Co., 12,772 Verne Coal Co., 6,000 Total, 378,541 "The coal beds are found in the Saginaw Valley, south and southwest of Saginaw Bay, in the counties of Bay, Huron, Tuscola, Shiawassee, Jackson, and others in the strike of the valley." The development of the salt industry of Michigan began in 1838 by the report of the State Geologist, resulting in the Governor of the State approving an act directing him, Dr. Houghton, to bore for salt, which he did in two or more places. His work, however, was not completed, owing to an exhaustion of the funds appropriated, and it remained for private enterprise to establish the first industry, in the Saginaw Valley. The first well was bored in East Saginaw in 1859, where, after reaching a depth of 636 feet, brine of ninety degrees in strength was reached. At many other points in the State borings were made, and the industry soon became an important one, for at many distant points in the Lower Peninsula salt was discovered in unlimited quantities. The following table, showing the number of barrels of salt produced in each year, gives an idea of the magnitude of the output: Barrels. I Year i860, 4,°°° l86l, 125,000 1862, • 243,000 1863, 466,000 1864, 529,073 1865, 477,200 1866, 407,997 1867, 474,721 1868 555,690 1869, 561,288 1870, . 621,352 1871, 728,175 1872, 724,481 1873 823,346 1874, 1,026,970 1875, 1,081,856 1876, 1482,729 1877, 1,660,997 1878, 1,885,884 1879 2,058,040 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 i885; 1886. 1887! 1890 1891 1892, 1893. 1894 1895 1896, 1897 1898, Barrels. . 2,676,588 • 2,750,299 • 3,037,3r7 • 2,894,672 . 3,161,806 • 3,297,403 • 3,677,257 • 3,944,309 3,866,228 • 3,856,929 ■ 3-837,632 ■ 3,927,671 . 3,812,054 • 3,'5i4,485 ■ 3,138,941 ■ 3,529,362 3,336,242 3.927,976 4,447,128 In 1898 there were 57 firms, giving employment to 2,184 persons, in the manufacture of salt in Michigan. QUANTITY AND VALUE OF SALT PRODUCED IN THE UNITED STATES DURING THE YEAR 1890. States and Territories. Barrels. Value. 3,837,632 2,532,036 $2,302,579 1,266,018 136,617 134,688 132,000 57,o85 I26,IOO 231,303 229,938 Utah, 273,553 62,363 427,500 882,666 397,199 200,000 Nevada, Illinois, Indiana, Virginia. Tennessee, Ken- tucky, and other States and Territories, estimated, . . 300,000 Total 8,776,991 $4,752,286 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN, 53 With a production of 3,837,632 barrels of salt, valued at $2,302,579, Michigan headed the list of salt-producing States and Territories in 1890. The average depths of the wells in the different counties were as follows: Mason, 2,200 feet; Manistee, 2,000 feet; St Clair, 1,700 feet; Huron, 1,200 feet; Midland, 1,200 feet; Bay, Saginaw, and Iosco, 850 feet. PRODUCT OF MICHIGAN SAI/T IN 1890, BY DISTRICTS. Counties. Fine. Bulk. Fine packers. Packers. Solar. Second quality. Total. Saginaw, Bay, . . Manistee, Mason, . Huron, . St Clair, Iosco, . Midland, Total, Barrels, 655,293 581,072 826,293 333.S7I 32,676 155,754 289,232 . 46,812 Barrels. 305,127 214,787 84,527 16,013 22,968 ■ 81,123 1,353 Barrels, 308 462 3,716 2,270 1,619 55 Barrels. 1,659 3J38 12,691 37 2,812 Barrels. 18,896 Barrels. 25,571 20,644 79,298 15,463 703 1^89 Barrels. 1,006,854 820,103 1,006,525 367,617 55,681 242,011 289,232 49,609 2,921,003 725,8 8430 20,337 143,068 3.837,632 George A. Newett, Commissioner of Mineral Statistics for Michigan, in his report published in 1899, saYs: "Michigan still retains its position as first in salt production in the United States, and is steadily extending its market and becoming more widely known because it gives the closest attention to keeping its salt pure. u District No. 1, Saginaw County, has sixteen salt companies, with fifteen steam blocks and fifteen hundred solar salt covers, having a manufacturing capacity of eight hundred thousand barrels of salt. Men employed, 176. "District No. 2, Bay County, has fifteen salt companies, with fourteen steam blocks, and one vacuum pan block; a manufacturing capacity of nine hundred thousand barrels of salt. Men em- ployed, 194. <£ District No. 3, St. Clair County, has six salt companies, with four open pan blocks and three vacuum pan blocks; a manufacturing capacity of one million barrels of salt. Men employed, 285. u District No. 4, Iosco County, has two salt companies, with two steam blocks; a manufacturing capacity of one hundred and eighty thousand barrels of salt. Men employed, 36. "District No. 5, Midland County, has two salt companies, with two steam blocks; a manufactur- ing capacity of fifty thousand barrels "of salt. Men employed, 24. "District No. 6, Manistee County, has eleven salt companies, with ten steam blocks and three vacuum pan blocks; a manufacturing capacity of three million barrels of salt. Men employed, "District No. 7, Mason County, has three salt companies, with four steam blocks and two vacuum pan blocks; manufacturing capacity of one million barrels of salt Men employed, 215. "District No. 8, Wayne County, has five salt companies, with five steam blocks and one vacuum pan block; a manufacturing capacity of nine hundred thousand barrels of salt. Men employed, 215." 54 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. STATISTICS OF WEALTH, DEBT, AND TAXATION. TRUE VALUATION. "The total true valuation of the real and personal property in the country at the close of the census period 1890 amounted to $65,037,091,197, of which amount $39,544,544,333 represents the value of real estate and improvements thereon, and $25,492,546,864 that of personal property, includ- ing railroads, mines, and quarries. At the same time the total assessed value of real and personal property taxed was $25,473,173,418, of which amount $18,956,556,675 represented real estate and improvements thereon, and $6,516,616,743 personal property. uThe true valuation is what would be deemed a fair selling price for the property, and is thus termed in distinction from the assessed valuation, which is a value placed upon certain taxable prop- erty for taxation purposes only. "The value of visible and tangible property only is included in the figures of true valuation herewith published, and the amounts are generally distributed where the property is located, without reference to ownership. "The true valuation of real estate includes all improvements thereon, and is based on reports of local officers or of private individuals believed to be familiar with real estate values in their respective localities, but does not include the value of railroads or mines and quarries. In every case a statement showing such true valuation of the State by counties has been submitted to the governor of the State for his approval or correction, and all changes suggested by him have been made. "The true value of personal property in most cases is that placed upon it by its owners, and given to the enumerators and other census officials, as required by law. "The value given to railroads and equipments, however, represents the cost of construction and equipment of the roads in question, and is distributed among the several States according to mileage. "The gold and silver coin and bullion is the amount reported by the Director of the Mint as in the country at the close of the fiscal year 1890. "The value of merchandise in stock and of cattle not on farms is based upon the value of such property assessed for taxation; that of furniture and personal belongings, upon their insured values as shown by an examination of 8,000 policies upon contents of houses not in large cities; that of libraries and other exempt property upon returns received from nearly every municipality in the country; that of foreign goods in bond upon the report of the Treasury Department; and that of agricultural products on hand, upon the report of the Secretary of Agriculture for 1890. These values are included as miscellaneous, and represent, it is believed, substantially all the wealth of the country not elsewhere classified. "The assessed valuation of 1880 has been somewhat increased above the amount reported by the Tenth Census by the inclusion of railroad values omitted, but on which ad valorem taxes were levied. "The total true value in 1890 includes $941,031,378 value of vacant national lands and Indian reservations not embraced in the figures for 1880. ASSESSED VALUATION AND AD VALOREM TAXATION. "The valuation given to real estate and personal property throughout the country for purposes of taxation is termed Assessed valuation.' It covers but a portion of the property in existence, a considerable amount of both real and personal being specially exempt from taxation by law, and of the latter class it is known that an additional portion escapes taxation by fraudulent evasion. CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 55 u The term real estate, as generally used in these tables, includes lands and all things pertaining thereto which would ordinarily pass to the vendee by the transfer of a fee simple title, but in case of mining and gas lands, especially where taxation is levied exclusively upon the output, the stock, or the gross receipts of the company owning the property, the real estate is assessed for taxation pur- poses without regard to the ores or gas embraced within its limits. "The kinds of personal property assessed for taxation are defined by law in the several States. In some cases, a value for taxation is given to polls aud occupations by the States, but in these tables such values have been omitted whenever practicable." (U. S. Census.) TRUE VALUATION OF REAL AND PERSONAL PROPERTY: 1890. 1 (U. S. CENSUS.) I^ive stock on farms, farm implements, and machinery. Mines and quarries, includ- ing product on hand. Total. Real estate with improvements thereon. Gold and silver, coin and bullion. The United States, $65,037,091,197 $39,544,544,333 $2,703,015,040 $1,291,291,579 $1,158,774,948 2,095,016,272 1,149,290,454 . 9I»747.585 77,608,518 34,418,789 The United States, Michigan, Machinery of mills and product on hand, raw and manufactured. $3,058,593,441 86,490,821 Railroads and equipments, including street railroads. $8,685,407,323 375,484,286 Telegraphs, telephones, shipping, and canals. 701,755,712 38,723,391 Miscellaneous, $7,893,708,821 241,252,428 TRUE VALUATION OF REAL AND PERSONAL PROPERTY: 1880 and 1890. (U. S. CENSUS.) 1890 1880 1890 1880 $65,037,091,197 $43,642,000,000 $1,036 $870 2,095,016,272 1,580,000,000 1,001 965 ASSESSED VALUATION OF REAL AND PERSONAL PROPERTY, AND TRUE VALUATION OF REAL ESTATE TAXED, WITH RATIO PER CENT OF TOTAL ASSESSED TO TOTAL TRUE VALUATION: 1890. (U. S. CENSUS.) ASSESSED VALUATION OF PROPERTY TAXED. Ratio of True valuation of real estate taxed. total assessed to total true val- uation. '(Per cent.) Total. Real estate. Personal property. The United States, $25,473,173,418 898,155,532 $18,956,556,675 739,690,151 $6,516,616,743 $35,711,209,108 1,080,628,798 39-29 42.87 j 158,465,381 56 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. VALUATION OF REAL AND PERSONAL PROPERTY, TOTAL AND PER CAPITA, AS ASSESSED FOR TAXATION: 1880 and 1890, (U. S. CENSUS.) Total. ASSESSED VALUATION. Per capita. 1890 IS80 1890 1880 The United States, $17,139,903495 $407 18 $34t 73 898,155,532 517,666,359 428 94 316 24 STATE, COUNTY, MUNICIPAL, AND SCHOOL DISTRICT DEBTS, LESS SINKING FUND: 18S0 and 1890. (U. S. CENSUS.) TOTAL COMBINED DEBT, LESS SINKING FUND. PER CAPITA OF TOTAL DEBT. STATE DEBT. I89O l880 I89O 1880 189O l880 $1,135,210,442 $1,123,278,647 $18 13 $22 40 f228,997,3S9 $297,244,095 16,941,928 12,055,902 8 09 7 36 5,308,294 3,252,758 The United States, Michigan, COUNTY DEBT. 189O $145,048,045 1,257,698 l880 MUNICIPAL DEBT. I89O $124,105,027 |! $724,463,060 896,700 8,510,439 l880 $684,348,843 6,516,771 SCHOOL DISTRICT DEBT. I89O $36,701,948 1,865,497 1880 $17,580,682 L389,673 EXPENDITURES, STATE AND LOCAL, INCLUDING PUBLIC SCHOOLS, TOTAL AND PER CAPITA, FOR 1890, AND OF EXPENDITURES FOR PUBLIC SCHOOLS, TOTAL AND PER CAPITA OF POPULA- TION AND PUPILS ENROLLED, FOR 1880 and 1890, (U. S. CENSUS.) EXPENDITURES, STATE AND LOCAL, INCLUDING SCHOOLS, 1890. EXPENDITURES ON ACCOUNT OF PUBLIC SCHOOLS. Per capita of population, {b) Per capita of pupils enrolled, ib) Total, (a) Total. Per capita. 1890 IS80 1890 l88o 1890 1880 The United States, $569,252,634 $9 09 $139,065,537 $79,528,736 $2 24 $1 59 $H 03 $7 99 1 J 7,415,454 8 32 5446,416 3,112,468 2 60 1 90 12 75 8 59 (a) Amount expended for colleges, academies, normal schools, and other educational purposes not included. (6) Several counties not reporting expenditures in full, the per capita, both of population and enrollment, for 1890 is based upon counties reporting. CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN, 57 STATISTICS OF TAXATION. The State taxes of Michigan for the year 1899 were up the levy were as follows: $5725,835.01. And the items which made State University, $279,27500 Agricultural College, , . . . 74,000 00 State Normal College, 109,275 00 Central Michigan Normal School, .... 74j25° 00 Northern State Normal School, 27,500 00 Michigan College of Mines, 64,687 50 State Library, 4-375 00 Soldiers' Home, 162,250 00 Home for Feeble-minded and Epileptic, . 119,435 7° State Public School, 55.o*6 00 .Michigan School for the Deaf, 137,362 50 Michigan School for the Blind, 4M43 75 Michigan Asylum for the Insane, .... 12,43200 Eastern Asylum for the Insane, 77,000 00 Northern Asylum for the Insane, .... 50,65000 Upper Peninsula Hospital for the Insane, 62,910 00 State appropriation for the insane, .... 10,900 00 State Prison, 35,5°° °° State House of Correction and Reform- atory, 12,300 00 Industrial School for Boys, $126,900 00 Industrial Home for Girls, 59-574 75 State Board of Fish Commissioners, ... 30,175 18 Soldiers' Aid Fund, 184,183 33 Re-compiling records in Adjutant-Gen- eral's office 3,000 00 Compiling records in Adjutant-General's office, 1,000 00 Dairy and Food Commissioner, 18,000 00 State Dairymen's Association, 300 00 Board of Library Commissioners, .... 80000 Michigan National Guard, 89,665 64 State Naval Brigade, 11,20820 State Board of Health, 4.500 00 State Weather Service, 1,000 60 Michigan war loan of 1S98, 138,137 5° Prisons, current expense, 110,000 00 Asylums, current expense, 5°3j35^ 24 General purposes, 1,016,602 72 Total State tax levy • . $3,725,835 01 The valuation of the State, upon which the taxes were equalized, was $1,105,100,000, so that the rate of taxation for State purposes was $3.37 per thousand dollars' valuation. The amount of State taxes apportioned to the several counties of the State were as follows: Alcona, Alger, Allegan, Alpena, . . . . Antrim, Arenac, Baraga, Barry, Bay, Benzie, Berrien, Branch, .... Calhoun, . . . . Cass, Charlevoix, . . . Cheboygan, . . . Chippewa, . . . Clare, Clinton, Crawford, . . . Delta, Dickinson, . . . Eaton, Emmet, . . . . Genesee, . . . . Gladwin, . . . , Gogebic, , . . . Grand Traverse, $2,865 77 6,742 98 52,258 11 13485 97 io,957 35 4,214 36 5,057 24 47,200 88 82,601 54 5,900 11 60,686 84 64,058 33 97>773 25 50,572 37 10,114 47 12,474 52 15,508 86 5,900 11 60,686 84 3,37i 49 11,800 22 18,543 20 64,058 33 10,114 47 80,915 79 5,057 24 47,200 88 18,543 20 Gratiot, $33,714 91 Hillsdale, 70,801 32 Houghton, . . 143,288 38 Huron, 29,500 55 Ingham, 70,801 32 Ionia, 62,372 59 Iosco, 6,742 98 Iron, 13,485 97 Isabella, ■ • • 19,386 07 Jackson, 102,830 48 Kalamazoo, 89,344 52 Kalkaska, 9,271 60 Kent, 177,003 29 Keweenaw, 5,394 39 Lake, . . ■ 2,528 62 Lapeer, 47,200 88 Leelanau, 4,214 36 Lenawee, 101,144 74 Livingston, 50,572 37 Luce, 5,057 24 Mackinac, 6,742 98 Macomb, 62,372 59 Manistee, 30,343 42 Marquette, 60,686 84 Mason, 15,171 71 Mecosta, i5,T7i 71 Menominee, 23,600 44 Midland, 8,428 73 Missaukee, . . Monroe, . . . Montcalm, . . Montmorency, Muskegon, . . Newaygo, .... $8,428 73 ■ ■ • • 53,943 86 .... 32,029 17 .... 2,022 89 .... 37,086 40 .... 14,328 84 Oakland, 101,144 74 Oceana, 16,857 46 Ogemaw, 5,057 24 Ontonagon, 2,528 62 Osceola, 13,485 97 Oscoda, 1,685 74 Otsego, 6,742 98 Ottawa, 48,886 62 Presque Isle, 2,528 62 Roscommon, _ 1,685 74 Saginaw, 121,373 69 Sanilac, 28,657 68 Schoolcraft, 10,114 47 Shiawassee, 56,472 48 St Clair, 70,801 32 St Joseph, 59,ooi 10 Tuscola, 35,400 66 Van Buren, 48,886 62 Washtenaw, 104,516 23 Wayne 691,155 71 Wexford, * 15,171 71 Total, $3,725,835 01 STATISTICS OF REAL ESTATE MORTGAGES. NUMBER AND AMOUNT OF REAL ESTATE MORTGAGES IN FORCE JANUARY 1, 1890. (U. S. CENSUS.) TOTAL. ON ACRES. ON LOTS. Number. Amount. Number. Amount, Number. Amount. 1 4,777,698 $6,019,679,985 jj 2,303,061 150,472,700 I44,°23 $2,209,148,431 95,753,329 2,474,637 $3,810,531,554 54-719,371 Michigan, 222,761 78,738 58 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. AVERAGE AMOUNT OF EACH REAL ESTATE MORTGAGE IN FORCE JANUARY i, 1890, RATIO OF EXISTING DEBT TO VALUE AND POPULATION, AND THE INCREASE OF DEBT. (U. S. CENSUS.) AVERAGE UNPAID AMOUNT OF EACH MORTGAGE IN FORCE. Per- centage of debt in force of true value of all taxed real estate. Average population Per- centage Per capita existing debt. to each mortgage of increase of debt incurred Total. For acres. For . lots. in force. in 1889 over 1880, The United States, $1,260 $959 16.67 $96 146.53 675 665 695 13-92 72 9 21.92 1 ANNUAL INTEREST CHARGE AND AVERAGE RATE OF INTEREST ON THE REAL ESTATE MORTGAGE DEBT IN FORCE JANUARY 1, 1890. (U. S. CENSUS.) ANNUAL INTEREST CHARGE. AVERAGE RATE OF INTEREST. Total. On acres. On lots. Total. On acres. On lots. $397,442,792 $162,652,944 $234,789,848 6.60 7.36 6.16 10,727,335 6,836,788 3.890,547 7.13 7.14 7.II STATISTICS OF TRANSPORTATION. TRANSPORTATION ON LAND—RAILROAD MILEAGE (SINGLE TRACK): 1880 and 1890. (U. S. CENSUS.) 1890 1880 The United States, 163,562.12 87,801.42 7,23542 3,712.51 In 1898 the total railway mileage in Michigan was 7,816 miles of main track, and 2,198 miles of side track and spurs; a total of 10,014 miles. CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 59 TRANSPORTATION BY WATER-NUMBER, TONNAGE, VALUE, AND OPERATIONS OF ALL CRAFT REG- ISTERED OR OWNED ON THE GREAT LAKES, ST. LAWRENCE RIVER, AND LAKE CHAMPLAIN. (U. S. CENSUS.) Freight moved. ^Tons.) LAKES AND RIVERS. Number. Tonnage. Value. Passengers carried. 2,784 926,355 $48,941474 ^53,424,432 2,323,132 Lake Superior, 167 726 1,003 667 39,653 262,833 196,216 392,903 15,859 12,830 6,061 2,763,500 13,107,650 9,114,400 22,163,824 676,300 754.500 361,300 7,925.930 3,373,807 18,571,258 155,609 755,516 506,696 598,885 129,296 89,991 87,139 St. Lawrence River, 131 43 47 19,343,875 1,256,947 731,289 1,760,549 a Includes estimate of 460,777 tons of unclassified freight. THE TREMENDOUS TRAFFIC OF THE GREAT LAKES. "The growth of the lake fleet has been wonderful. The total tonnage in 1849 was 60,752 tons in steam vessels and 101,080 tons in sailing vessels, representing $7,863,000. Thirteen years later there were 350 steam vessels, measuring 125,620 tons, and worth $5,432,900; and 1,152 sailing vessels, representing 257,689 tons and $6,379,550, which was an increase of 136.81 per cent in ton- nage and 50.77 per cent in value. "The business fleet of the lakes on September 1, 1886, consisted of 1,997 vessels, representing 634,625 tons, and $30,597,450. From 1862 to 1886 the increase was 65.57 Per cent tonnage, and 157.93 Per cent ^n value. On December 1, 1891, the number of vessels was 2,125, the tonnage 870,981, and the value $57,054,750. Including all the registered small craft, the total tonnage was 1,154,870 tons. The increase from 1886 to December 1, 1891, was 236,329 tons, or 37.24 per cent, and of $26,457,300, or 86.47 Per cent- The value of steam vessels in 1886 was $22,047,200, and in 1891 $49>543>75°. "The freight tonnage passing through the Detroit River is shown by the following table: ! No. of vessels. Registered tonnage. No. of vessels. Registered tonnage. YEAR. YEAR. 1 ISSO, 40,521 20,235,249 17,572,240 17,872,182 38,261 38,125 3L404 32,415 35,640 18,968,065 18,864,250 19,099,060 19,646,000 21,684,000 l88l, 35,888 T887, 1882, 35,199 40.385 38,742 l883) 17,695,174 18,045,949 16,777,828 1884, 1885, 34,921 uIn 1859 the largest propellers on the lakes varied from 580 to 980 tons. In 1886 there were 21 steamers, each with a net registered tonnage to exceed 1,500 tons. In 1891 there were 126 such steamers. December 1, 1886, there were only 6 steel vessels, representing 6,459 tons, of the value of $694,000. On December 1, 1891, there were 89 steel vessels, representing 127,624 tons, and $14,- 502,500. All but 19 are steamers, and their average value exceeds $190,000. "The number of American vessels engaged in the foreign trade on the Atlantic, Gulf, and Pacific coasts combined was 1,579. On tne Great Lakes the total fleet was 3,600. The total tonnage of the vessels, foreign and coastwise, of the Atlantic, Gulf, and Pacific coasts in 1891 was 3,221,541 tons. The lake tonnage was over one-third of this combined tonnage. The total tonnage of the entire 6o CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. merchant marine of the United States in 1891, including all the seaboard, the rivers, and lakes, was 4,684,759. The tonnage of the Great Lakes is about one-fourth of the whole. "The sailing vessels of the sea average 128 tons, and those of the lakes 258 tons. The steam vessels of the sea average 299 tons, and of the lakes 428 tons. "There are 272 lake steamers from 1,000 to 2,500 tons, and an aggregate tonnage of 439,787 tons. On the seaboards and rivers there are 207 such steam vessels, with an aggregate tonnage of 308,694 tons, or an excess in favor of the lakes of 65 steamers and 131,093 tons. The average ton- nage of all lake vessels is 349 tons, and on the seaboard 165 tons. "In 1886 there were 1,060 sailing vessels, aggregating 309,767 tons. In 1891 there were 888 sailing vessels aggregating 310,393 tons. In 1886 there were 937 steam vessels, aggregating 324,- 885 tons, and $22,047,200. In 1891 there were 1,237 steam vessels, aggregating 560,388 tons, and $49>543>75o. "The steam tonnage built on the lakes during the five years exceeds that built in all the bal- ance of the United States by 69,910. "The growth of traffic through the connecting channels of the Great Lakes has been the result of the deepening and enlarging of these channels. "The magnitude of the commerce through the Detroit River will appear more surprising if con- trasted with the tonnage movement of our seaboard and of some foreign ports. "The total vessel tonnage, entrances, and clearances, of all the ports of the United States sea- board was 30,794,653 tons. The tonnage passing through the Detroit River is about equal to the tonnage of the Atlantic coast engaged in the foreign trade, about five times .as large as the total ton- nage of either the Gulf or Pacific coast, and over two-thirds of the total tonnage of the entire sea- board of the United States engaged in foreign trade. "The vessel tonnage through the Detroit River in 1890 was over 8,000,000 tons in excess of London, about double that of Liverpool, and nearly equal to the two combined. Another very strik- ing comparison is afforded in the following table of passages. The figures represent tons: "The State of Michigan has an excellent public-school system. No State, in proportion to its wealth, gives a more generous support to its common schools. "The common schools are known as graded and ungraded. The ungraded schools exist in the smaller country districts, and still preserve some of the chief features of the original primary school. "The districts are well distributed throughout the State, two or three miles apart, containing from three to nine sections of land, and there is 110 considerable village or city within the boundary of Michigan which can not point to its substantial school-buildings as one of its most attractive features. The statistics gathered by the Superintendent of Public Instruction for 1892 show that every organized county in the State was provided with schoolhouses, and that, with very few excep- tions, all districts maintained school during the year. "The number of schoolhouses reported for 1892 was 7,666, of which 5,897 were frame buildings, and only 390 were log structures. The whole number of districts in 1892 was 7,145, and in the dis- tricts were employed 16,100 teachers, receiving an aggregate of $2,639,301.54 in salaries. ■ "There are several sources of revenue for the support of the common schools: "i. Taxes voted by school districts. The voters of each district have authority to vote amounts for the support of schools during the year, under certain provisions of law imposed with the view of Suez Canal, official report, 1890, . . ! . . St. Mary's Falls Canal, official report, 1890, Straits of Mackinaw (estimated), 1890, . . Detroit River, official report, 1890, ... . 11,000,000 . 21,684,000" Detroit Evening News. 6,890,094 8454435 STATISTICS OF EDUCATION. CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 6j preventing extravagance. The taxes thus voted are reported by school officers to township officers, and by them spread upon the tax-roll for collection. The total taxation in Michigan in 1892 was $3,826,315.63, or about one-third of a cent on a dollar of the assessed valuation of the State. "2. The one-mill tax. Beside the so-called district tax mentioned above, each township raises annually a tax of one-tenth of a cent on each dollar of its assessed valuation, and this is apportioned to the school district in which it was raised; provided such district has maintained at least the min- imum school term required by law. Such part of this tax as may have been raised in unorganized territory, or in districts not maintaining the required school term, is apportioned to those districts which have complied with the law, according to the number of children in the school census. In 1892 the amount realized from the one-mill tax was $661,804.53. "3. The Primary School Fund. This amount is paid to the schools twice each year, on the tenth day of May and November. The Superintendent of Public Instruction apportions this fund to the various counties in proportion to the number of children of school age—five to twenty—in the county. The amount for each county is apportioned to the township and school districts, so that every county, township, and school district receives now from the State, in 1893, an amount equal to three-fourths of the entire State tax paid. Upon the organization of Michigan as a State, the money derived from the sale of Section 16 was made a permanent school fund, and controlled by the State as a whole, and not by each individual township, as in some States, Another source of revenue to this fund is the money received from the sale of swamp-lands. Formerly, only one-half received from the sale of swamp-lands went into the school fund; now the whole amount is made available for the use of the schools. The extinguishment of the State debt has also left the specific tax paid by the corporations, to be added to the income of the primary school fund. The amount per capita of the primary school fund twice each year is about seventy-five cents per pupil. Total amount received in this way in 1892 was $906,810, while in the May apportionment alone, in 1893, nearly $520,000 was distributed. "4. Aid comes to the schools from various other sources. The tuition of non-resident pupils amounts to a considerable in many graded village schools, and by a law of the Legislature of 1881 all the money received from the dog tax in excess of $100 goes into the fund for the support of schools. The total amount received from miscellaneous sources in 1892 was $279,683. "The entire sum realized for school purposes in 1892 was $5,738,222.69." (State Superintend- ent of Public Instruction.) SCHOOL ENROLLMENT—PUBLIC, PRIVATE, AND PAROCHIAL: 1890. (U. S. CENSUS.) TEACHERS. Aggregate. WHITE, (a) COLORED. Total. Male. Female. Total. Male. Female. 422,929 397,715 137,656 260,059 25,214 14,354 10,860 Michigan 17,502 17,502 4,306 I3>196 PUPILS. The United States, I4,373>670 12,957,468 6,612,648 6,344,820: 1,416,202 683.407 732,795 482,492 480,743 245,271 235472 1,749 929 820 a Includes unseparated colored. 9 62 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. SCHOOL ENROLLMENT—PUBLIC COMMON SCHOOLS: 1890. (U. S. CENSUS.) TEACHERS. Aggregate. white, (a) COLORED. Total. Male. Female. Total. Male. Female. The United States, 362,008 337,896 111,246 226,650 24,112 13,850 10,262 PUPILS. 15,990 15,99° 3,56l 12429 12,705,386 n,358,5i5 5,797,628 5,56o,887 1,346,871 651,286 695,585 427,032 425,325 216,470 208,855 1,707 898 809 a Includes unseparated colored. ENROLLMENT IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS ADDITIONAL TO COMMON SCHOOLS 1890. (This table includes State universities and professional schools.) (U. S. CENSUS.) TEACHERS. Aggregate. WHITE, (a) COLORED. Total. Male. Female. Total. Male. Female, 2,960 2,841 2,084 757 119 66 53 PUPILS. 155 155 I4I 14 64,478 60,101 31.988 28,113 4,377 2,042 2,335 3.633 3,623 2,509 1,114 10 8 2 a Includes unseparated colored. CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 63 ENROLLMENT OF PUPILS IN PRIVATE AND PAROCHIAL SCHOOLS: 1890. (U. S. CENSUS.) PRIVATE SCHOOLS, EXCLUSIVE OF PAROCHIAL SCHOOLS. PRIVATE SCHOOLS, EXCLUSIVE OF PAROCHIAL SCHOOLS— Aggregate private and parochial. Continued, Aggregate. White. Colored. Total. Male. Female. Total. , Male. Female. The United States, 1,603,806 804,204 750i243 403,705 346,538 53,961 25J76 28,785 Michigan, 51,827 11,522 6,631 4,891 29 21 8 PAROCHIAL SCHOOLS. Aggregate White. Colored. Total. Male, Female, Total. Male. Female. The United States, 799,602 788,609 379,327 409,282 IO,993 4,903 6,090 40,276 40,273 19,661 20,6l2 3 2 I FINANCES OF PUBLIC COMMON SCHOOLS: 1890. (U. S. CENSUS.) Total ordinary receipts. ORDINARY RECEIPTS. Funds and rents. Taxation. Miscellaneous. The United States, $139,971,352 $102,457,379 $25,707,964 $11,806,009 5,667,285 4,110,035 795,813 761,437 The United States, Michigan, .... ORDINARY EXPENDITURES. Total ordinary expenditures. $139,065,537 5,446,416 Teachers' wages. $88,889,240 3,323,882 Construction and care of buildings. $24,274,567 894,530 Libraries and apparatus. $1,668,039 70,171 Miscellaneous. $24,233,691 Value of buildings and other property. 1,157,833 || $13,858,627 Debt lecs sinking fund. $37,593,854 1,865,497 64 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. APPARENT RELATION OF PUBLIC COMMON SCHOOL ENROLLMENT TO POPULATION: 1880 and 1890. (U. S. CENSUS.) POPULATION. PUBLIC COMMON SCHOOL ENROLLMKNT. PER CENT OF ENROLLMENT TO POPULATION. 189O 1880 189O l880 I89O I880 The United States, 62,622,250 50,155,783 12,704487 9,951,608 20 29 19.84 2,093,889 1,636,937 427,032 362459 i 20.39 22.14 Michigan also has the State University at Ann Arbor, the Michigan Agricultural College at Lansing, the Michigan Mining School at Houghton, the Michigan State Normal School at Ypsilanti, the Michigan School for the Blind at Lansing, the Michigan School for Deaf Mutes at Flint, the Michigan Military Academy at Orchard Lake, the Akeley Institute at Grand Haven, the Battle Creek College at Battle Creek, Hope College at Holland City, Alma College at Alma, Hillsdale Col- lege at Hillsdale, Detroit College at Detroit, Adrian College at Adrian, and Albion College at Albion; and the Industrial School for Boys at Lansing, the Industrial Home for Girls at Adrian, and the temporary home and school for dependent and neglected children at Coldwater, known as the State Public School; added to which are various private business universities and schools in various cities of the State. STATISTICS OF CHURCHES. "The statistics here given are for the year 1890. uThe term 'organizations' includes churches or congregations, and also missions and chapels, when they have members and a form of-organization. "By 'edifices' is meant all buildings owned and used for religious worship. Two or more denominations are often joint owners of an edifice and its belongings. The fractions do not appear in the following tables. "* Seating capacity' indicates the number of persons the building will seat at any one time. In cases of joint ownership and occupancy, the seating capacity of an edifice is given in full in connec- tion with each denomination interested. "The 'value' is the estimated worth of church-buildings, their furniture and bells, and the ground on which they stand. No account is taken of indebtedness. Parsonages are not included, nor is any other class of church property. "The column of communicants or members includes all who are permitted to partake of the Lord's Supper in denominations observing that sacrament, and those having full privileges in denominations like the Friends, the Unitarians, and the Jewish temples. '"As the census reports of 1880 contain no church statistics, no opportunity for comparison is afforded." (U. S. Census.) CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 65 NUMBER OF COMMUNICANTS OR MEMBERS OF DENOMINATIONAL FAMILIES HAVING 500,000 OR MORE: 1890, (U. S. CENSUS.) Protes- tant Episcopal Total. Catholic. Meth- odists. Baptists. Presby- terians. Luther- ans. Disciples of Christ. Congre- gation- alists. (a) (a) (a) («) (a) (a) £20,612,806 6,257,871 4,589,284 3,712,468 1,278,332 1,231,072 641,051 540,509 512,771 Michigan, 569,504 222,261 101,951 39i58o 25,931 62,897 5788 18,136 24>582 (a) All bodies. b Includes 1,849,448 belonging to denominations having less than 500,000 communicants or members, and not reported in this table. The number of religious organizations in Michigan in 1890 was 4,798. The number of edifices, 3,761. The approximate seating capacity of same, 1,097,060. The value of church property, $18,682,971. The number of communicants, or members, 569,504, this being 27.20 per cent of population. OF THE STATES, MICHIGAN STANDS "First in Lumber Products.—$68,141,189 by 1890 census; one-fifth total domestic product; increase over 1880, $15,691,261. "First in Iron Ore.—$15,800,524 by 1890 census; more than one-third total product, and one-half its value. Product for 1892, 7,267,874 tons; increase over 1890 census of 1,411,609 tons. "Second in Copper.—In 1891, 54,685 tons. The United States produces one-half the world's copper, and Michigan one-third that of the United States. "First in Charcoal Iron.—$3,982,278, by 1890 census, of $11,985,103 total domestic product. "First in Salt,—Nearly one-half in amount and value; $2,302,579 in 1890; 3,927,671 barrels in 1890; 3,812,054 barrels in 1892. "First in Gypsum.—Almost half the total domestic product—131,767 tons in 1890; New York next, with 52,208 tons. u First in Yield of Wheat per Acre.—18>£ bushels in 1891, and in the frontrank of wheat States; 27,900,148 bushels in 1891. "First in Value of Farm Crops Generally, per Acre.—Leading Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and all the great Northwest. For ten years, ending 1890, Michigan led all these States, not only in yield per acre of wheat, but also in the value product per acre of wheat, corn, oats, barley, buckwheat, and hay crops. "First in Hardwood Forests,—Quality, quantity, and nearness to consuming centers, and in hardwood manufactures. "First in Furniture.—One hundred and seventy-eight factories in sixty cities; capital, $9>855,ooo. Grand Rapids, forty-five factories; $5,000,000 capital, and 5,000 hands. Detroit, twenty factories; capital, $750,000. "First in Fruit.—Apples, peaches, plums, pears, etc. 66 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. "First in Peppermint Oil.—More than all the rest of the States combined. Product for 1892, 88,000 pounds; value, $176,000 at still In 1890-91 the United States exported 45,321 pounds of oil, valued at $2.66 per pound; while Japan (only other surplus producer) exported same year 39,149 pounds, valued at eighty-five cents per pound. "Third in Value of Sheep and Wool.—Only Ohio and California leading her. Michigan, $8,552,679; California, $9,559475; Ohio, $13,900,263. Michigan's 1891 wool clip, 11,732,395 pounds—average per fleece, six and one-third pounds. Total domestic product, by 1890 census, 258,757,101 pounds. "First in Extent of Coast Line.—Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, St. Clair, Erie—over 2,000 miles coast. "First in Lake Commerce, and Second in Vessel Tonnage of All Kinds.—Center of commerce of great lakes. Tonnage on these lakes in 1891, 1,063,063; vessels, 2,945; value, $75,- 590,950. Total ton mileage on lakes in 1890 was 25 per cent of total United States railway ton mileage. Freight tonnage passing Sault Canal in 1890, 8,554,434—1,664,341 more than Suez Canal; through Detroit River, 21,684,000 tons—about same as London and Liverpool combined, or our entire Atlantic coast foreign trade tonnage. Steamers, 1,237; sail, 927; unrigged, 771, steel, 89; iron, 39; wood, 2,817. 'About one-quarter the tonnage of our entire merchant marine is on the northern lakes, and the large steam tonnage on the great lakes (1,000 tons and upward) exceeds the total similar tonnage of all the rest of the country by 131,093 tons.' (U. S. Statistician Dodge.) Michigan leads in this commerce, and her vessel tonnage is surpassed only by New York, the great ocean carrier. Vessel tonnage for year ending June 30, 1892: Michigan, 390,920 , Massachusetts, 389,942; Pennsylvania, 353,057; Maine, 352,574; California, 316,872; Ohio, 315,849; Maryland, 143,536; New York, 1,339,937. Total for United States, 4,764,961. Since 1886 Michigan's tonnage has increased 164,529, and New York's 121,824 tons. (Statistics U. S. Bureau of Navigation.) "First in Ship-building.—Total tonnage built in 1890: Northern lakes, 108,526; whole sea-board, 169,091; western rivers, 16,506; grand total, 294,123. Of this 108,526 lake tonnage, Michigan yards at Bay City, Detroit, and Grand Haven built 45,733 tons, 65 vessels, including two 4,000 tons steel steamers for the ocean trade. 'The steam tonnage built on great lakes in 1890 was 40 per cent greater than that of the entire sea-board: lakes, 86,023 tons; entire sea-board, 61,137 tons.* (Statistician Dodge.) "First in Inland Commercial Fisheries.—Catch in 1892 valued at $1,058,028 in first hands. Michigan fish-freezing industry alone employed 4,000 hands. "First in its State University.—Science, literature, law, medicine, with its 2,800 students. And not second in its common, high, normal, and mining schools and Agricultural College. "First in Summer RESORTS.—Brook trout, grayling, black bass, and other stream and lake fishing." (Michigan and Its Resources.) CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 67 MICHIGAN IN THE WAR WITH SPAIN. In the war with Spain,. Michigan raised five regiments of infantry (about 6,500 men), and of naval reserves over 300 men. Michigan regiments were organized at Camp Eaton, Island Lake, and from that rendezvous were transported South, some of them seeing active service in Cuba. April 11, 1898, President McKinley asked Congress for power to intervene in Cuba. April 19, Congress ordered the intervention. April 20, the resolutions were signed by the President, and the ultimatum cabled to Minister Woodford at Madrid. April 23, President McKinley called for 125,000 volunteers, and three days later Michigan troops began to arrive at their rendezvous at Island Lake, they being among the first State troops to mobilize. April 29, the Michigan Naval Reserves left Detroit for Newport News, Virginia, to man the auxiliary cruiser Yosemite. May 16, the first regiment (the 31st Michigan Infantry) left Island Lake for Chickamauga, Georgia, where three army corps were to be organized, and was one of the first volunteer regiments to arrive there. May 19, the 32d Michigan left Island Lake for Tampa, Florida. May 28, the 33d Michigan left Island Lake for Camp Alger, Virginia. June 6, the 34th Michigan left Island Lake for Camp Alger, Virginia. June 23, the 33d Michigan, and one battalion 34th Michigan, sailed from Newport News for Cuba. June 26, the balance of the 34th Michigan followed. June 27, the first Michigan troops arrived at Baiquiri, Cuba. June 28, the Yosemite, manned by the Michigan Naval Reserves, forced ashore the Spanish transport Antonio Lopez, off San Juan, Puerto Rico, and was victorious in a fight with three Spanish gunboats. June 30, the two remaining battalions of the 34th Michigan landed in Cuba. July 1 and 2, the 33d and 34th Michigan participated in the siege of Santiago. July 14, Santiago surrendered, which practically ended the war with Spain in Cuba. The 35th Michigan, which had been organized and equipped in response to the President's second call for volunteers, rendezvoused at Island Lake, and afterwards was assigned to the Second Army Corps at Augusta, Georgia. In addition to these regiments, the Secretary of War and a number of special officers were from Michigan, as well as many men in the regular army, both as officers and as enlisted men. Of the eighty-two counties in Michigan there were but four that were not represented in the Spanish-American war. CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. GOVERNORS OF MICHIGAN. UNDER FRENCH DOMINION. PART OF NEW FRANCE. M. Samuel de Champlain, 1622 M. de Montmagny, 1636 M. Louis d'Aillebout, 1648 M. Jean de Lauson, 1651 M. Charles de Lauson, 1656 M. Louis d'Ailiebout, 1657 Le Viscomte d'Argensou, . . 1658 Le Baron d'Avaugour, 1661 M. Augustin de Saffrey-Mesey, 1663 M. Daniel de Remy de Courcelle, 1665 Le Comte de Frontenac, 1672 M. Antoine J. le F. de la Barre, , . . 1682 Le Marquis de Denonville, 1685 Le Comte de Frontenac, 1689 M. Louis Hector de Callieres, 1699 Le Marquis de Vaudreuil, 1703 Le Marquis de Beauharnois, 1726 Le Comte de Galissoniere, 1747 Le Marquis de la Jonquiere, 1749 Le Marquis du Quesne, I752 Le Marquis de Vaudreuil-Cavagnac, 1755 UNDER BRITISH DOMINION. PART OF CANADA. Sir James Murray, 1763 Sir Guy Carleton 1768 General Frederick Haldimand, 1777 Henry Hamilton, Lord Dorchester (General Haldimand), 1785 1786 UNDER UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT. PART OF NORTHWEST TERRITORY. General Arthur St. Clair, 1796 PART OF INDIANA TERRITORY. General William Henry Harrison, 1800 MICHIGAN TERRITORY. General William Hull, 1805 General Lewis Cass, 1813 George B. Porter (died in office), 1831 Stevens T. Mason, ex officio, 1834 STATE OF MICHIGAN. Stevens T. Mason, I|35 William Woodbridge I°4° J, Wright Gordon (acting), i°4* John S. Barry, ™f Alpheus Felch William L. Greenly (acting), i John S. Barry, 1850 Robert McClelland, *

stern Publislvnq LEnomumyLa CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 95 Lawrence, on a mackerel schooner, for the benefit of his health, and, immediately after graduating from the uni- sity in 1875, in company with his brother, Dr. G. T. Fox, his mother, and an uncle and aunt—Sir William and Lady Fox, of New Zealand—spent a year in Great Britain and the Continent, visiting England, France, Germany, Italy, and Egypt. In March, 1876, Mr. Fox came to Grand Rapids, and engaged in the manufacture of lumber as a member of the firm of Osterhout, Fox & Co., since become The Osterhout and Fox Lumber Company, of which he is at present secretary and treasurer. In 1883 he again visited Europe, traveling in Ireland, Scotland, France, Spain, Algiers, aud other countries, devoting six months to the trip. In 1886 he visited the Provinces of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island; and in 1890 made an extended journey through Old Mexico. Starting from the city of Chihuahua, in com- pany with a small party of gentlemen and their guides, he traveled some three hundred and fifty miles on mule- back over the Sierra Madre Mountains to San Jose des Cruces, returning by the same method. This trip was as well for investigation of the country and its people as in his mining interests, and, as detailed by Mr. Fox, was a most interesting experience. Another journey, and of equal interest, he made, in 1892, to China and Japan, dur- ing the trip visiting the city of Pekin (an exceptional and difficult journey to an American), and also touching at Corea, and visiting its capital, Seoul. In 1885, Mr. Fox organized the firm of Fox & May, which operated along the Grand Rapids and Indiana Railroad, and was later reorganized into the Grand Rapids Tie and Lumber Company, extensive lumber manufacturers in Northern Michigan. Mr. Fox is president of this company; and on its organization became a director in the Michigan Trust Company; and is also a director of the Grand Rapids Board of Trade. In 1891 he was instrumental in organizing the South Grand Rapids Improvement Com- pany, of which he became president. This company has laid out and added to the city some five hundred lots for residence and manufacturing purposes, which are rapidly being built upon, and contribute a valuable addition to the city. Mr. Fox became a member of the Masonic Fraternit}' in iSSi, in which he has taken many degrees, including the Knights Templar, Scottish Rite, and Mystic Shrine. He is also one of the Chi Psi Fraternity, a uni- versity secret society. Politically his affiliations have been with the Republican paily; and he has in religious matters adhered to the Church of his father. He is a member of St. Mark's Episcopal Church, Grand Rapids. The following words are from the pen of an inti- mate friend and fellow-citizen of Mr. Fox: "Socially, Mr. Fox has, by his sauvity of manner and speech, his superior intelligence and upright bearing, gained an en- viable position; endowed with a generous public spirit, he is quietl}' and unostentatiously doing his full share as a private citizen towards the advancement of the city's best interests, and is a liberal contributor of his means for charitable purposes, whether the call be from a pri- vate or a public source. Popular among his fellows, his success in life is a matter of gratification and of pride to the numerous friends his individual worth has won for him." On December 14, 1893, Mr. Fox was united in marriage to Miss Corinne Hinsdill, of Grand Rapids, one of the leading and popular society young women of that cit}-, the wedding, which was celebrated at St. Mark's Episcopal Church, being one of the prominent social events of the season. Mrs. Fox is the daughter of Colonel and Mrs. Chester B. Hinsdill, and was born in Mobile, Alabama, July 27, 1870. Her grandfather, Myron Hinsdill, with his family, came to Michigan in 1833 from Vermont. His wife was Emil}- Bingham Kellogg Steele, and their son, Chester B., was born September 4, 1837. On the breaking out of the War of the Rebellion, Chester B. Hinsdill was appointed captain and commissan' of subsistence, August 16, 1861. April 9, 1863, he was pro- moted to lieutenant-colonel and commissan' of subsist- ence, continuing until he was honorably discharged on July 7, 1865. March 13, 1865, he was b re vetted major aud lieutenant-colonel for meritorious service in his depart- ment during the war. July 1, 1888, he was appointed commissary assistant at the Soldiers' Home. He was married September r6, 1S68, to Julie E. Matthews, of Cleveland, Ohio. Mr. and Mrs. Hinsdill occupy a promi- nent place in the social life of Grand Rapids, in which city they are universally honored and esteemed. THOMAS BERRY, manufacturer, Detroit. The career of a successful business man is, oftentimes, an interest- ing study. It reveals, generally, substantial and honor- able rewards carved out by some ambitious young man equipped with the tools of energy, determination, and brains. And the recorded biography of such a man who has depended wholly upon these resources, unaided b}r external fortune, lends the impetus of encouragement by example to man}* others whose tongue knew not the silver spoon at birth. In this connection, it may be mentioned as a notable fact that Michigan has nurtured an unusual number of men of that class—men of great organizing capacity, of alert persistence, aud undaunted perseverance, who, by individual effort alone, have ma- terially advanced the prosperity of the State. A casual perusal of the volumes of this Cyclopedia and History will furnish many striking examples in point. Thomas Berrv is yet another who has contributed to the erec- tion of an enduring monument of business achievement. With a younger brother, Joseph II., he is associated in the widely-known firm of Berry Brothers, who have built up one of the most extensive manufacturing establish- ments of Detroit, and which has obtained world-wide repute. The subject of this sketch, son of John and Catharine Berry, was born at Horsham, England, on the 7th day of February, 1829. The family emigrated to America in 1835, and settled at Elizabeth, New Jersey. After some years' attendance at the private schools of the last-named place, Thomas Berry began to assist his father in the tanning business, in which the latter was extensively engaged during his lifetime. From 1852 to 1X36 he managed branch establishments which his father promoted in Richmond and other towns in the State of Vir- ginia. After spending a year in recreation and travel, he, 96 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. in 1858, joined his parents at Detroit, where they had removed some time previously, and soon became associ- ated with his brother, heretofore referred to, in the manufacture of varnish at Springwells. The business was continued at this suburb of Detroit a few years, and then moved to the city, at its present location, where, from a small beginning, their business has con- tinued to grow, until they have become the largest man- ufacturers of varnish in the world. They have branch houses for the distribution of their products at New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Rochester, St. Louis, vSan Francisco, Chicago, and Cincinnati, and their market is the civilized world. Mr. Bern- is also a stock- holder in the Detroit Linseed Oil Company, and vice- president of the Citizens' Savings Bank of Detroit. He is a member of the Masonic order, and is a Knight Templar. lie has served also, for a number of years, as one of the trustees of the Michigan College of Medi- cine. In politics he is a Republican. He has served on the Board of Estimates, on the School Board, on the Poor Commission, and in the City Council. In 1S60 he was united in marriage to Miss Janet Lowe, of Niagara. Personally, Mr. Berry has a pleasant, agreeable manner, with inflexible integrity and strong common sense as his most marked characteristics. His private life has been faithfully devoted to every trust committed to him, and in public affairs he has been active, influential, and useful, all of which award him the record which adorns a commonwealth's best citizenship. JAMES DaRROW STANDISH, of Detroit, was born at Pontiac, Michigan, on November 12, 1849. His father, the late John D. Standish, was a pioneer settler of Oak- land Comity, who removed in 1858 to Detroit, and be- came one of the successful and well-known merchants of that city. He came to Michigan from the valley of the Upper Hudson in New York, and could trace his lineage back through five intervening generations to Captain Miles Standish, of the Plymouth Colon}-. James D. Standish is thus, on the paternal side, a lineal descendant in the seventh degree from the famous Puritan soldier. His mother was Kmma Lee Harrow, a native of Connect- icut, born at Old Lyme, and a woman of rare strength of character. Mr. Standish inherited both taste for and aptitude in business, and his education was shaped ac- cordingly. From the Detroit public schools he was sent for a brief time to Kalamazoo College. In 1867, while he was still a lad, he became a clerk for his father in the store of Standish & Ives, dealers in provisions and wool. Prom the outset he showed business qualities of a high order, uniting application with clear-headed ways, good judgment, and progressive ideas. He acted by turns as collector, book-keeper, salesman, and traveling represent- ative of the house. By 1869 he had mastered details so thoroughly that, although he was still a minor, he was given a working interest in the firm, which now became Standish o\y family Church, 413 West Twelfth Street, "Chicago, Illinois, March 13, 1894. "Mesdames Bush and Baby: "My Very Dear Friends,—I have read carefully the manu- script you so kindly sent me. To say that it afforded me genuine pleasure is saying too little; for the subject of your father's memory is so dear to my heart that I could never tire reading his praises, or feel that the best things man can think or pen can write about his honor, integrity, honesty, and other sterling evidences of true manhood, can be over- drawn. The sketch is excellent for the secular publication in which it is to appear; but having known your father more intimately in his Christian life and supernatural motives, I can not but regret that his most distinguishing traits and the characteristics most deserving of admiration are lost upon the majority of men, because these qualities of his were ani- mated by a spirit of intense and ardent supernatural faith, to whose nobility and far-reaching effects the majority of our non-Catholic fellow-citizens are comparative strangers. It was his faith that made him the man he was—a just man, a fearless man, a sympathetic and kind-hearted man, a man of principle, and a fervent lover of truth. Yet, with all these attributes of a stern and unyielding reverence for what was right, his was a singularly humble and devout spirit, which penetrated every detail of his daily life, and made him the model Christian gentleman, who bequeathed to his children a name above reproach and an example which will long bear fruit in the hearts of those who knew him. Not merely his intelligence and the schooling of his affections from early manhood, but even his very instincts seemed to lead him un- erringly to what was noble and best. He knew no path but that of rectitude, no method of action not dictated by a high sense of honor. Amidst the conflicting calls of worldly interest, business advancement, social position, political preferment, and family prosperity, he always recognized and invariably followed the imperious voice of duty. His allegiance to it seemed natural, rather than acquired. He might, indeed, stand alone in some of his opinions; but whatever position he took, investigation showed that his feet rested securely on the firm ground of truth. Truth was his guiding star; perhaps I might call it the passion of his life. No one could come in contact with Alexander Chapoton without feeling, not only the magnetic force of a strong char- acter, but of a character dominated by unswerving fidelity to truth. "I have known him long and intimately, but my admira- tion grew with rny knowledge of him, and I never came in contact with him without feeling better for the touch of his kind and manly nature. <4In his memory you have a legacy beyond all calculation, beyond wealth or station, beyond all earthly inheritance—the untarnished name of a true Christian, Alexander Chapoton. ''Yours very sincerely, M. P. Downing, S. J." Hon. William James Stuart, lawyer, Grand Rapids, was born November 1, 1844, at Yankee Springs, Barry County, Michigan, son of Alexander and Martha (Noble) Stuart, both natives of Ireland, who were mar- ried November 27, 1840, and came to America in 1843, and soon after located on a farm at Yankee Springs. Here they had a family of three sons—John N., William J., and Thomas A., and one daughter, Elizabeth; and here the mother, Martha, died September 20, 1854, aged thirty-seven years and twenty-three days, and his father died at Kalamazoo, on July 31, 1878, aged sixty-two years. Like most of the sons of the earlier settlers in Michigan, Mr. Stuart laid the foundation of his educa- tion during the winter seasons, and shared with his father and brothers the labors of the farm in seed-time 102 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. and harvest. In October, 1S60, he went to Hastings, the county-seat, and attended the public schools until 1S61, in the fall of which year he went to Kalamazoo, his father having removed there, and entered the prepara- tory department of Kalamazoo College. He graduated from the high-school of that city in June, 1863, and from then until March, 1864, was engaged in teaching in a school near Kalamazoo. He then entered the literary department of the University of Michigan, and on the completion of his junior year, accepted the posi- tion of superintendent of the public schools at Hastings. Resigning at the end of a year, he returned to Ann Arbor, and graduated from the university with the class of '68, with the degree of B. A. He then resumed the superintendency of the Hastings schools, and, in the summer of 1870, resigned to enter the law department of the university- In March, 1872, he graduated there- from with the degree of LE. B., having devoted the in- tervening vacations to reading law in the offices of Balch cS: vSmiley at Kalamazoo, and was admitted to practice by the Supreme Court at Detroit in the following April. He then went to Kldora, Iowa, having been tendered the position of superintendent of schools at that place for the balance of the year. Three months later he re- turned to Michigan, and with a capital of less than one hundred dollars, repaired to Muskegon, then a thriving sawmill town, with the intention of opening an office. During his first night there he was robbed of his money, however, and, impressed with the idea that this was a bad omen, abandoned his intention, and returned to Kalamazoo, where he commenced the practice of his profession in the law office of Balch & vSou. In Novem- ber, 1872, he removed to Grand Rapids, and shorty afterwards formed a partnership with E. A. Burliugame, then prosecuting attorney of Kent County, which con- tinued until April, 1876, when it was dissolved, and the firm of Stuart & Sweet was organized, Mr. Stuart's asso- ciate being Mr. E. F. Sweet, and for twelve years occu- pied a prominent position among the legal fraternity of the city. In April, 1888, .Mr. Stuart formed a partner- ship with his brother-in-law, Mr. E. E. Knappen, and Mr. C. H. YanArmau, under the name of Stuart, Knappen cc YanArman, which was dissolved by the death of the latter in J an uan^, 1890, when the firm of Stuart & Knappen continued the practice till 1893. In the spring of 1880, Mr. Stuart was made city attorney by ap- pointment from the Common Council, and held this office two years. From 1883 to 1883 he was a member of the Board of Education. In May, 1888, he was ap- pointed by Judge Montgomery to the position of prose- cuting attorney, to fill a vacancy caused by the removal of the then incumbent, and in the following fall was elected to the position for a term of two years. In 1892, the Republicans nominated Mr. Stuart for mayor, and he was elected. That his administration was a satisfactory and popular one is attested by the fact that Mr. Stuart was re-elected in 1893 by an increased majority. A mem- ber of the Episcopal Church, Mr. Stuart has for years served as a member of the vestry of St. Mark's parish. He was married April 13, 1874, to Miss Calista Hadley, of Hastings, Michigan. One of his friends and associates in the city has voiced the sentiments of the community in reference to Mr. Stuart in the following words: "Upon coming to this city, he at once commenced the practice of his chosen profession—the law. As a lawTyer, he devoted himself to the interest of his clients, and succeeded in building up a lucrative practice. As a citizen, he has taken an active interest in whatever would promote the welfare of his fellows. Prominent in social, religious, local, and commercial circles, he had so won the confi- dence and esteem of his fellow-citizens that in 1892, and again in 1893, he was elected mayor of the city. His administration was conducted along the same lines that marked his career as a citizen—integrit3% efficiency, and a faithful discharge of the trust committed to his care. Careful and painstaking in his methods, modest, unassuming, but firm in his convictions, with a high sense of justice, and determined to do right, he is an up- right citizen and model public servant. He is, in the broadest interpretation of the word, a man who is an honor to his profession, to his city, and one whom his fellows delight to honor.11 Hon. William Bingham Wesson, deceased, was one of the earliest settlers in Detroit. He was the son of Rev. William B. Wesson, a descendant of William Wesson who landed in America about sixteen years after the arrival of the Mayflower, and who had come from Ely, England, where the family had been prominently known for upwards of two centuries. A prominent writer on English history has said that the bones of successive generations of the Wessons lie moldering in the churchyard of the Ely Cathedral, and that their names are inscribed on the parchment mortuary records of this parish as far back as the twelfth century, when the cathedral was built, in the reign of William Rufus, the red-headed son of William the Conqueror. On com- ing to America in 1736, William Wesson engaged in farming pursuits at Hopkinton, Massachusetts, about twenty miles from Boston, where he soon attained a large acreage. His sons also were nearly all farmers, and they, too, became noted for their large landed posses- sions as well as for their ability to successfully combat Indians, who, in those early days, were the principal source of annoyance to the Puritan fathers. Several of his descendants were also brave officers and privates in the Revolutionary War, some of them gaining remarka- ble distinction on the battle-fields, although their oppo- nents were of the same nationality as their ancestors. The subject of this sketch was about the first of the family to leave the old Massachusetts settlement, where the name had attained an enviable prominence. He was, however, not going among strangers, for an older sister had married and settled in Detroit, where her hus- band, Moses T. Dickinson, was engaged in the hardware business. William B. Wesson was then only thirteen years of age, having been born at Hard wick, Worcester County, Massachusetts, on March 20, 1820, but had ac- quired a liberal education for one so young, for which he was greatly indebted to the untiring efforts of his father, Western Publishing HEnqrcu/mo, Co. CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN, Rev, William B. Wesson, who was pastor of the Congrega- tional Church at Hardwick. Being of a studious nature, he expressed a desire, on his arrival at Detroit, to cen- tinue his studies. His wishes being acceded to, he began a course in the private school of D, B, Crane, where so many of the older natives of Detroit received the first rudiments of their education. He next took a course in the Detroit branch of the Universit}7 of Michigan, and later entered the Literary Department of the university at Ann Arbor. Before he had completed his studies his health compelled a complete cessation from study, and Mr. Wesson returned to his native State for rest. He remained six months, and then returned to Detroit in 1843, entering the office of Van Dyke & Kmmons as a law student. It was not his intention to adopt the law as a profession, but it was his desire to acquire as much legal knowledge as possible, deeming it uecessaiy in properly conducting business. Three years later he was admitted to practice, but he never availed himself of that privilege; for soon after his admission he formed a part- nership with Albert Crane, an intimate friend, for carry- ing on a real-estate and general insurance business. This association was kept up for twenty years, and it has often been remarked since its dissolution that the firm handled more Detroit realt}- than any half dozen local real-estate firms in the same length of time, either pre- vious to or since its existence. Their first experience in the business was in making investments in Detroit and vicinity for Eastern capitalists. In a short time they had accumulated sufficient means to warrant investments on their own account, and these proved decidedly lucra- tive. Chicago, at that time, was in its infanc}-, and the young men of the firm saw opportunities for investment which they were not slow to grasp. Both were good judges, not only of human nature, but of land values as well; hence it is not strange that the3' prospered. In 1865 their business had become so extensive and widely separated as to require a division, and, at Mr. Crane's suggestion, he took the Chicago investments, and Mr. Wesson the Detroit interests, which, according to the ap- portionment made at that time, were valued at $600,000. Mr. Wesson kept adding to his possessions, which were not confined to any particular portion of the city, and eventually began the erection of houses, which he dis- posed of on contract, with a small payment down and the balance in easy monthly payments. He was the pioneer in this business in Detroit, which has now attained such magnitude. Not only did he erect dwelling-houses on this plan, but large business houses and factories as well, some of the latter being sold as high as from §25,000 to $60,000. Altogether, it is estimated that he built and sold over five thousand buildings in Detroit during his lifetime, and in this respect it might be said he was with- out a rival, as not another man can be mentioned who has figured as extensively in the development of Detroit as William B. Wesson. Many citizens of Detroit, now beyond the reach of want, owe much of their success to the patience and leniency of Mr, Wesson. Many labor- ing men, who had invested in one of the Wesson houses, by paying probably fifty dollars or one hundred dollars on it, and then finding it impossible to keep up the pay- ments, have reason to be thankful that the terms of their contracts were not rigorous^ enforced, but that, through his kindness, they are still in possession of their prop- erty, which has increased in value nearly one hundred- fold. His many acts of benevolence will never be enu- merated, he being one of the very few modern Samari- tans who do not permit their right hand to know what their left performs. He possessed none of that grasping disposition which tends only to widen the breach between capital and labor, and it can safely be said that not a dollar of the immense fortune he had accumulated was obtained through the slightest oppression of the poor, or in wronging those with whom he had business deal- ings. Mr. Wesson's business career was not entirely con fined to real estate investments. In 1870, with a number of other capitalists, he became interested in the project of building the Detroit and Lansing Railroad, and was elected president of the company. The work oi building the road was no small undertaking, and was subsequently made even more difficult by a decision of the Supreme Court, in 1874, declaring the bonds and bonuses voted by the various townships through which the road was to pass as unconstitutional and void. The 011I3- effect this had on the company was to influence many of the promoters to give up the project, but Mr. Wesson was not one of those. Almost alone, he decided that, having gone so far, he would not see the road drop into obscurity, but would go ahead and build it without the promised bonuses. He was fortunate in enlisting the co-operation of a syndicate headed by James F. Joy. The road was built, and Mr. Wesson continued as a heavy stockholder for seven years; but the inevitable occurred, and he saw the road pass into the hands of a new corporation, having been sold under a mortgage fore- closure, a calamity he had labored so incessantly to avert. He then turned his attention to other enterprises, in which he was financially interested, notable among them being the Hargreaves Manufacturing Company and the Detroit vSafe Company, he being president of both these corpo- rations. He was one of the original incorporators, and president of the Wayne County Savings Bank from its inception to the time of his death. He was also presi- dent of the Trust, Security, and Safe Deposit Company, which is operated in connection with the Wayne County Savings Bank, a director in the First National Bank ol Detroit, and treasurer of the Spurr Iron Mining Company, in all of which corporations he was a heavy stockholder, as well as in numerous railroad enterprises. In politics, Mr. Wesson was an ardent Republican, but by no means a partisan. He was always a liberal contributor to cam- paign funds; but, though man3' times importuned, onl3T once did he yield to the solicitations of his friends, and allow himself as a candidate for a political office. In 1872 he was elected State senator from the First District ot Michigan, which usually returned a Democrat hy about three thousand, his majority being nearl3T fifteen hun- dred. In the Senate he served as chairman of the Com- mittee on Finance and Appropriations, and also spent much time in advancing the interests of the University 104 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. of Michigan, which recognized his endeavors in its be- half by bestowing on him the degree of Bachelor of Arts. He was a prominent member of St. Paul's Episcopal Church, and served as a member of its Building Com- mittee when the edifice on Congress Street was erected in 1852, In 1852 he was married to Mrs. Lacyra Eugenia Hill, eldest daughter of the late Lyman Baldwin, who had been a posperous Detroit business man. They had three children, but only one survived, a daughter, Edith, who was married in rS86 to Lieutenant Stephen Y. Seyburn, of the Tenth United States Infantry, who dur- ing the Spanish-American War became a colonel of vol- unteers, and served as such both in Cuba and in the Philippines. The only son, Harry Elton, a young man of great promise, died November 14, iSSr. While serv- ing in the State Senate in the winter of 1872-3, Mr. Wesson contracted an illness which appeared to take a firm hold on his constitution. When the session ended he took an extended trip through the Southern States. Notwithstanding this, his health continued to fail rapidly, and he soon became firmly convinced that he would never fully recover. His last trip to his down-town office was made on January 31, 1890, and from that time he consciously and patiently awaited the arrival of death's messenger, which came to him on June 18, 1890, while surrounded by his devoted family and a few of his more intimate associates who had gathered at his beautiful home 011 the banks of the Detroit River. Mr. Wesson was a man of most noble impulses and generous nature. In his charity he was wise and judicious. In his man- ners he was courteous to all with whom he came in con- tact. In his intellectual life he kept pace with the best thought of the da}', and his library gives abundant evi- dence of personal and skilled selection. "A more unos- tentatious man than William B. Wesson never lived," said one of his most intimate friends to the writer just after his death in 1890. "He was a very much occupied man with common affairs of the day. He was not am- bitious to attain wealth, but to succeed in his every undertaking. His greatest pleasure appeared to be to use his property as he went along, as a means to aid the deserving ones, whom he respected, like a judicious trustee. I know it would have caused him great mor- tification to have it thought that he was making a display that would create the least envious feeling in any one. It was his ambition to leave the world better than he found it, and I think the city of Detroit will attest the fact that his ambition had been gratified." Hon. Joseph B. Moore, associate justice of the Supreme Court of Michigan, was born in the village of Commerce, Oakland County, Michigan, November 3, 1845. His father, Jacob J. Moore, was a native of Warren Count}-, New Jersey. His mother, Hepsibeth Gillett Moore, was born in Alleghany County, New York. His parents first settled in Michigan, near Utica, Macomb County, in 1833. The subject of this sketch is the fifth ol eight children living. His father, who was a prosperous furniture manufacturer at Commerce, suffered a business reverse, which made it necessary for all the members of the family to assist in earning a livelihood. From his thirteenth to his nineteenth year, young Moore worked in and about his father's sawmill at Walled Lake, having but one term in that time in school. During this period, and while doing a full day's work in the mill, he read "Blackstone's Commentaries," kindly lent him by the late James D. Bateman, of Walled Lake. In 1864 he enlisted in the Thirtieth Michigan Infantry, but was rejected, much to his regret, by the examining surgeon. In 1865 he entered Hillsdale College, and attended the fall and winter terms of that institution until 1868, teach- ing during the winters and working upon the farm or in the mill summers. He did not complete his course; but, in recognition of his scholastic attainments, the college conferred upon him the degree of Master of Arts in 1879. Mr. Moore, in the fall of 1868, entered the Law Department at the Michigan University. After spend- ing one year there, he moved to Lapeer, where he was admitted to the practice of the law, by Judge Josiah Turner, in 1869. It was not long before he developed great skill as a trial lawyer, his work as an advocate be- ing especially successful. At the time of his election as judge he was engaged upon one side or the other in nearly every important case tried in his locality. Per- haps the most celebrated work done by him as a lawyer was his successful defense of Nettie M. Barnard, charged with murdering Charlotte Curtis by pouring kerosene oil over her and setting fire to her. The excitement at Lapeer was so intense as to make a change of venue nec- essary in order to get a fair and impartial jur}^, and the case was tried in Eaton County. It will long be remem- bered as one of the most notable criminal cases tried in the State. In 1872, Mr. Moore was elected circuit court commissioner. Two years later he was elected prose- cuting attorney of his county, which office he held for four years. At the commencement of his term a gang of criminals made Lapeer their headquarters. The young prosecuting attorney determined to drive these men away. Many of them were convicted and sent to the various prisons, and the leader was glad to find another habita- tion. In the spring of 1874, Mr. Moore was elected mayor of Lapeer by the largest majority, with one excep- tion, ever given to a candidate for that office. In 1876 he was unanimously nominated by the Republican party as a candidate for State senator, but declined because of a press of professional work. Two years later he was elected State senator, and took an honorable position in a senate having in its membership such men as Hon. C. Mc- Elroy, of St. Clair, Hon. S. M. Stephenson, Hon. George A. Farr, Hon. J. Webster Childs, Hon. T. W. Palmer, and many other eminent men. He declined a renomination, the work of his profession requiring all his time. In 1884 he was elected on the Republican State ticket a Presidential elector at large. In 1886, though not an active candidate, Mr. Moore came within five votes of being nominated for Congress. It has been part of his theory that every member of a republic ought to take an interest in its affairs, to be active in politics, to attend the primary meetings of his party, and to help shape its polic}', and from the time he attained his majority until he was We stern Publishing ^Enqraiing Co CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN, elected judge of the Sixth Judicial Circuit of Michigan, in 1887, it was his custom to engage actively in the polit- ical campaigns, his clearness of statement and eloquence of speech securing for him large audiences and an accept- able hearing. He placed in nomination his neighbor and long-time friend, the Hon. John T. Rich, at the Jackson convention in 1880, at Detroit in 1890, and again at Sag- inaw in 1892, when he was finally nominated for gover- nor. Mr. Moore has an excellent reputation as an after- dinner speaker. Not a Memorial-day has passed since the day was established, when he has not presented to a large audience in words of glowing patriotism the heroic deeds of our citizen-soldiery. On nearly every Fourth of July for more than twenty years he has addressed his fellow-citizens upon themes in keeping with the day. Of his address July 4, 1892, the North Branch Gazette says: "At the hour for opening the exercises of the day a con- servative estimate placed the number of visitors at at least five thousand people. Judge Joseph B. Moore appeared on the platform somewhat after the appointed hour, on account of the delay in the arrival of a train. If, how- ever, the people grew a little impatient on this account, the eloquent and patriotic words of the gifted speaker soon changed their irritable mood to one of interested con- tentment. . . . Where words of praise were so univer- sally accorded, it may seem superfluous to attempt to add even the slightest tribute to the sum of approba- tion. . . . The speech was one of the best a North Branch audience was ever privileged to hear. It was, indeed, an eloquent and scholarly presentation of log- ically-drawn conclusions, and as a summary of important historical facts was a rare intellectual treat.1' In 1S87, without solicitation on his part, Mr. Moore was nomi- nated as a candidate for circuit judge. His opponent was Hon. W. W. Stickney, who had served in that ca- pacity with great acceptability for six years. Mr. Moore was elected, receiving much more than his party vote. The Lapeer County Democrat of April 5, 1890, says: "The name of Hon. J. B. Moore is being urged as the proper one for judge of the Supreme Court, a place re- cently made vacant by the death of Judge Campbell, of Detroit. . . . There is no more able lawyer, compe- tent jurist, or suitable person for this high position than our esteemed and much-respected fellow-townsman.1' The Detroit Journal, of April 3, 1S90, says: "The indorse- ments that come in behalf of Judge J. B. Moore, of La- peer, emanating as they do from both Democrats and Republicans, are such as any man might feel proud of. Judge Moore is a learned man, an upright man, a jurist of decided power." Successful as his work had been as an advocate, it was even more satisfactory as a judge. Of the four hundred and seventy criminal, and upwards of fifteen hundred civil cases heard by him as circuit judge, but two criminal and thirteen civil cases were reversed in the Supreme Court of the State. The Pontiac Daily Neivs, of February 17, 1892, says: "It is a credit to any court to have a judge like Judge Moore. He commands, by his unassuming dignit}', the admiration of counsel and spectators alike. As modest as a woman and as fearless as a Qesar, unprejudiced, impartial, intelligent, and kind, he counts his friends in all classes and stations of life, and those who know him best love him most." In 1887, Mr. Moore was made president of the Board of Water Commissioners at Lapeer. His work and influence had much to do with the establishment of the excellent system of water-works now owned by the city of Lapeer. In 1891, Hon. Albert K. Smiley, of New York; Professor C. C. Painter, of Great Barrington, Massachusetts; and Judge Moore, were ap- pointed by President Harrison a commission to select lands for permanent reservations for the Mission Indians in Southern California. Their work was done to the entire satisfaction of the President and of Congress. Mr. Moore has been a considerable traveler. During his vacations he has visited his country from Quebec to San Diego, California, and from Minneapolis to New Orleans, and has spent some time in Great Britain and on the Continent. He is a great reader of good books, and has one of the best-selected libraries in his section of the .State. In 1893, Judge Moore was renominated for circuit judge. Plis opponent was one of the oldest and ablest lawyers in the State, Hon. Aug. C. Baldwin, of Pontiac. So satisfactory, however, had been the work of Judge Moore to the people that he ran largely ahead of his ticket, getting nearly two hundred majority in the Dem- ocratic count}- of Oakland, and upward of seven hundred majority in the circuit. In 1895 he was elected justice of the Supreme Court by the largest majority ever given a candidate for that office, when there was an opposing candidate. Mr. Moore was married, December 3, 1872, to Miss Ella L. Bentley, of Lapeer, daughter of Jasper and Julia Barnard Bentley. They have no children. More than one young man and woman has realized the kindly helpfulness of these two people, when struggling to obtain an education, or in getting settled in life. We can find no more fitting close to this sketch than to quote from one of our esteemed Lapeer contem- poraries: "Mr. Moore is an eloquent speaker, an emi- nently successful lawyer, a brilliant conversationalist, a staunch and reliable friend, and a polished gentleman." WILLIAM KER MUIR, deceased, of Detroit, was essentially a Michigan man. His individuality has truly left its impress upon its affairs and institutions. De- servedly notable and respected in a social way for his Christian manhood and philanthropy, he earned distinc- tion in a business capacity as having no peer in the State in the promotion, establishment, and control of large railway enterprises. The successful career and strong characteristics of the subject of this sketch have their root far back in an ancestry inspired by indomita- ble energy, and governed by firm principles: born at j Kilmarnock, Ayrshire, Scotland, March 20, 1829, his ; father, William Muir, being a native of Greenock, and I his mother, Margaret (Parker) Howie, a lineal descend- | ant of a historic Covenanter family, of Lochgoyne, Scot- ! land. While a youth he exhibited a taste for mechanical I engineering. He also had a predilection for medical and 'surgical jurisprudence; but as he spent a portion of each ] school-day in a railway engineering establishment, thus 106 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. was, eventually, determined his future vocation. Pie was first engaged with an Ayrshire railroad, serving through all the grades of railway employment, in the parcel, freight, ticket, and passenger departments, on and off trains, thus acquiring a thorough knowledge of all details, and, by successive promotion for faithful and efficient service, was appointed to an important position in the manager's office, which he afterwards resigned to accept a responsible place in the service of an English railway company. While with the latter he met Mr. C. J. Bridges, managing director of the Great Western Rail- way of Canada, who induced Mr. Muir, during the year 1852, to remove from England to accept an appointment with his company, which was then building its line be- tween Niagara Falls and Hamilton. For nearly five years he remained with this company, and then came to Detroit to assume management of the Detroit and Mil- waukee Railway, which, under his direction, was com- pleted its entire length, thoroughly equipped with roll- ing-stock, and including a magnificent steamship line to ply between the western terminus of the road, Grand Haven, and Milwaukee. In 1865 he resigned his connec- tion with that road, and accepted an appointment as assistant general superintendent of the Michigan Central Railroad, remaining with the same until 1870, when he was tendered and accepted the office of general superin- tendent of the Great Western Railway Company. Within a few years he revolutionized the status of this road; changing its tracks from a broad to the standard (or American) gauge, also adding new rolling-stock and establishing the same as a connecting link between East- ern and Western lines of railways. In January, 1875, ne again assumed the superintendence of the Detroit and Milwaukee Railroad, but resigned the same during that year to accept the management of the then new railroad through Canada, with its branches on the American side, known as the Canada Southern Railway lines, where he remained for a number of years and until his retirement to less active and arduous business pursuits. In his long connection with railway management and control, those essential qualities of executive ability, good judgment, and quick perception, so requisite in the build- ing up of such extensive enterprises, were in him ever manifest. His knowledge and apprehension of details, coupled with a retentive memory and the ability to thor- oughly systematize every department of railway manage- ment, and to select capable subordinates, with his indefat- igable exertions, contributed greatly to the success of the companies with which he was from time to time con- nected. His death occurred at Detroit, June 23, 1892, and soon after an extended tour of Japan. At that time Mr. Muir was president and general manager of the Eureka Iron and Steel Works, president of the Star Steamship Company, and, for over seventeen years, one of the directors of the Detroit Savings Bank. He long took an active interest in many of the eleemosynary in- stitutions of the city. For some years he was a member of the Board of Poor Commissioners of Detroit, and served as president of that body. He was also a director in Harper Hospital and a trustee in the local association of charities. One of the first Belle Isle Park commis- sioners, there now stands on that island a beautiful granite fountain, erected by his widow in honor of his memory. Mr. Muir was long a member of the Jefferson Avenue Presbyterian Church. With his wife, one son, William Howie Muir, and five daughters survive him. Two brothers, James H. and Thomas Muir, are promi- nent business men of Detroit. Henry Russel, Bethune Duffield, Harry C. VanHusan, and Wetmore Hunt, of Detroit, are sons-in-law. Mr. Muir was twice married, his first wife being a Miss Elizabeth Steele, and his surviving widow, whom he married in 1863, Miss Chris- tina Hendrie; both being natives of Scotland. The deceased was well known, and had man}' friends through- out the Canadian Provinces and the Northwestern vStates, who admired him for his business ability and probity and for his many social qualities of mind and heart. His public spirit was ever exhibited in every enterprise for the advancement of his city and State, and his charitable nature was manifest in all things that tended to promote the comfort and welfare of the people. George Orville Robinson, lawyer, Detroit, was born in South Reading, Windsor Count}', Vermont, June 14, 1832. He belongs to an old New England family which was residing at Lexington, Massachusetts, at the time of the breaking out of the Revolutionary War. In this historic town, Ebenezer Robinson, grand- father of Mr. Robinson was born, and here his youthful mind was stirred, and his soul filled with patriotism by the thrilling sounds and sights of the battle of Lexing- ton. While a mere lad, soon after this battle, he entered the privateer naval service, where he assisted in the cap- ture of several merchantmen. Eater, the privateer was taken by an English frigate, and the youth, for six months, suffered great hardships on board the notorious prison-ship Jersey, which was at that time in New York harbor. After his release, the lad was compelled to beg his way from New York to his home in Lexington. How- ever, he soon enlisted for three years in the Tenth Massa- chusetts Regiment, and was stationed for a time at West Point, and later near NewT York, where he remained until peace was declared. At the close of the Revolutionary War, he, with his brother James, settled at South Read- ing, Vermont. Here he cleared a large farm, upon which, with the wife of his youth, he lived sixty-six years; and where, in 1857, in the ninety-third year of his age, he died greatly respected and beloved—a man ot remarkable vigor and force of character. Lewis Rob- inson, son of the Revolutionary hero, was born in South Reading in r/93, and during a long and active business life did much to promote the growth and prosperity of his native town. In the years intervening between 1830 and 1850 he published the maps of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, and the United States, as well as many copper- plate engravings. He extended his business, and at Stanstead, Lower Canada, published maps of Upper and Lower Canada; while at Akron, Ohio, he organized a map-publishing company, which published maps of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and of the United States. These were CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 107 printed on engraved copper-plates, and their compilation involved considerable expense. Lewis Robinson, in early life, married Sarah Manning, daughter of Levi Manning, of Cavendish, Vermont. She was a woman of remarkable energy of character, and greatly aided her husband in promoting the prosperity of their town. Lewis Rob- inson died at the place of his nativity in 1871. His wife survived him over twent3'-one years. George O. Robinson inherited the sterling qualities of his parents and ances- tors. He enjoyed the usual advantages of a public-school education in his native State, assisted his father in the various departments of his business, and at the age of seventeen commenced teaching school, and stucVying to fit himself for college. For several quarters he taught the village schools of Springfield, Cavendish, Perkins- ville, and Brownsville, Vermont. At other seasons of the year he continued his studies, evincing a special talent for mathematics. After completing a preparatory course at Springfield and Newbury Seminaries, lie entered the University of Vermont in 1853, from which he graduated as salutatorian of his class in 1857. Mr. Robinson now commenced the study of law, and, in March of the fol- lowing year, went to Janesville, Wisconsin, where he completed his professional studies. In the fall of 1S5S he was admitted to the bar. He practiced law for the two following years in Wisconsin, and at the same time did some field surveying, and also performed the duties of justice of the peace. In the spring of 186 r he removed to Detroit, Michigan, and entered upon the practice of his profession. In 1862, Mr. Robinson formed a law partnership with David W. Brooks. The firm made a specialty of the collection of claims upon the Government arising out of the Civil W7ar. The firm of Robinson & Brooks had a large and successful law business, and pros- ecuted, in a manner satisfactory both to claimants and the Government, a large number of claims of various kinds. The partnership was dissolved in 1872, when the new firm of Robinson & Flinn was formed. This latter firm still continues, giving special attention to the title, care, and sale of pine-lands and pine-land estates. Mr. Robinson is of a genial, affable, but retiring disposition. He is highly regarded as a man of strict integrity, con- scientious in the discharge of his duties as a citizen, and having unusual energy and perseverance in advocating and pressing what he claims to be right. He has shown admirable judgment and executive ability in conducting large and important business interests. In charitable and religious work, Mr. Robinson has always been active. He was one of the original members of the Young Men's Christian Association of the city, and was a delegate to the International Convention held at Montreal in 1867, at Portland in 1869, and at Washington in 1870. He has been for many years an active member of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and was the organizer and principal founder of the Michigan Christian Advocate, a religious newspaper of extended circulation, published by the Methodist Publishing Company, of Detroit. He has always been a large stockholder and officer in the Com- pany, and now for a number of years its president. In 1895, Mr. Robinson was elected as the leading lay dele- gate of the Detroit Conference to the General Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, which was held dur- ing the month of May, 1896, in Cleveland, Ohio, where he was very active and helpful in the organization of the deaconess legislation of the Church, and was also at the same time made a member of the important Book Com- mittee of the Church, which has charge of the large pub- lishing-houses of the Methodist Book Concern, including the man}- publications and periodicals, as well as the large family of Christian Advocates of the Church. He is a stanch Republican, ever giving his party substan- tial support, but has never sought personal political pre- ferment. For some years he was an active member of the Board of Education. Mr. Robinson has traveled ex- tensively, both in his own country and in foreign lands. Letters descriptive of his travels, as also those pertaining to questions of law and insurance, have been much appreciated. He was married September 27, 1859, at Greenwich, Connecticut, to Miss Helen Mather, the daughter of Atla E. Mather, the first crockery merchant of Detroit, who died in 1872. By her he had five chil- dren—Frederick A., Caroline M. (now Mrs. George L. Chesebrough), George A., Emma Mabel, and Willie H. The latter died in 1878. Mrs. Robinson was a woman of unassuming but pleasant manners, and contributed greatly to the completeness of her home and the happi- ness of her husband during the years of their married life. She died January 10, 1890, greatly beloved by all who knew her. Her mother, Lois Yale, was a daughter of Iyvman Yale, of Charlotte, Vermont, a very intelligent descendant of the brother of the founder of Yale College. On the 7th of May, 1891, Mr. Robinson married Miss Jane M. Bancroft, who for over eight years had been the dean of the Woman's College of the Northwestern University at Evans ton, Illinois. She was the daughter of Rev. George C. Bancroft, of the Troy Conference, of New York; was a graduate of the celebrated school of Mrs. Emma Willard at Troy, New York; the State Normal School at Albany; and later, in 1877, of the Syracuse University. Later, she obtained in regular course, upon examination, the de- grees of Master and Doctor of Philosophy. She spent two years in Eitrope at the universities of Zurich and Paris, and became, while there, greatly interested in Christian philanthropy. On her return she wrote the work entitled 41 Deaconesses in Europe, and their Lessons for America," which has become an authority upon the subject of which it treats. Both Mr. and Mrs. Robinson are greatly interested in the charities of Detroit and in Christian work. For many years Mr. Robinson has been an active trustee of Albion College, and has taken a deep interest in the subject of Christian education. HON. GEORGE JEROME, deceased, of Detroit, was long a conspicuous figure in our Peninsular State. His worth as a citizen, his eminence in the profession of the law, and his distinguished leadership in the political affairs of this commonwealth, exerted an influence felt and recognized throughout his career, and will ever serve to perpetuate his memory and name. The subject of this sketch was possessed of marked individuality, a 108 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. leader, and, indeed, a men among men. His character- istics of person, mind, and heart were inherited from an ancestry easily traceable to the middle of the fifteenth century, embracing many notable antecedents, as history bears record; so that, as we estimate lineage in America, he was by birthright of the best. Mr. Jerome was the second son of Horace Jerome and Elizabeth Rose Hart, both native of Tompkins County, New York, and was born January 5, 1822. He came with his parents to Michigan in 1827, since which time, except four years spent Hast in pursuing his education, he had been a con- tinuous resident of this vState, and of Detroit from 1844. After a preliminary preparation and study of law in the office of Van Dyke & Emmons, he was admitted to the bar in 1848. The personnel of the above firm embraced two remarkable men, and the early association of our subject with them did much to form his character as a lawyer and a man. Their business was for many years the largest in Detroit, and as they engaged extensively in railway and corporation practice, that branch of the law was eventually made a specialty by Mr. Jerome, and through it he gained high eminence in his profession. His knowledge of the principles of the law of carriers was profound, and this, added to his natural shrewdness and wide acquaintance with men and affairs throughout Michigan and the great Northwest, won him early fame and fortune. He was attorney and general solicitor of the Detroit, Grand Haven cc Milwaukee Railroad from 1859 to j 890. He was not fond of court practice, and did not often engage in trial of causes before juries, and sel- dom in argument of cases before the bench; but when he did he was almost uniformly successful. His know- ledge of the turning-point of a case seemed intuitive, and his style and manner of speech was clear, distinct, and effective. Not alone as a lawyer, but as a politician, did George Jerome earn deserved distinction. As a political leader and diplomat he obtained a national reputation as earl}' as 1854, when the great Republican party was formed and first organized in this vState. From that time he was long the guiding spirit of his part}* in Michigan, and to his wise counsel and efficient services it owes much of its later glory and supremacy in this vState and our Republic. His efforts in securing the withdrawal of John C. Fremont as a candidate Tor President against President Lincoln, in 1864, is a matter of national his- tory. During his earl}' political career, Mr. Jerome was elected a member of the vState vSeuate, and served three terms in that body, during which he was chairman of its Judiciary Committee. He was one of the commissioners on the plan of Detroit from 1857 to 1869, and has held other local positions of honor and merit. He was ap- pointed collector of customs at Detroit by President Grant, and held that position from 1869 to 1875, when he resigned of his own volition, and since which time lie had declined other official positions of honor and trust, having expressed no predilection for such preferment. He was the personal friend and private counselor of the late Zaehariah Chandler, who accorded much of his emi- nence in the public affairs of this country to him. His younger brother, David H. Jerome, erstwhile governor of Michigan, also ascribed much of his distinguished political success to his forceful guidance and influence. A happy venture in Mr. Jerome's life was his marriage, May 15, 1877, to Miss Jennie S. Leach, native of this State. Two children, a boy and a girl, were born of this union, but both died at the ages of nine and three years, respectively. On account of failing health, Mr. Jerome retired from active business pursuits in 1890, spending much of his time thereafter with his wife and their friends at the summer home on Nantucket Island, Massa- chusetts. His death occurred March 6, 1897. Life to him was always worth living because he made of it a success, fulfilling at all times the highest expectations of his friends in whatever position of responsibility he might be placed—a life's career that can be reviewed only with pride and pleasure. Mr. Jerome was a large, portly man, fond of good living and story-telling, ex- tremely good-humored, and could always see and enjoy the good side of things. He seemed to be the embodi- ment of manliness, integrity, and generosity. His many lovable qualities, his kindly disposition, his repugnance to meanness and sham, his elevation of soul and senti- ment, and especially his flowing sympathies, could not fail to draw to himself the better feelings and affections of those honored by his acquaintance and friendship. A popular man, while totally free from the arts of popu- larity; a Christian man, while free from the distinctive features and cant of denominational religion; a man of public spirit, generous in gifts to public and private charity—his life's record proves him to have been a representative of pure American character. LEARTUS CONNOR, A. B., M. D., Detroit. Prom- inent in the list of Michigan's physicians is the name of Dr. Connor. He was born at Coldenham, Orange County, New York, on January 29, 1843. His father, Hezekiah Connor, was born at Scotchtowm, Orange County, New York, on June 23, 1807. He was a builder in early manhood, then a farmer, to which occupation he confined his enterprise and thrift with such diligence as to rise from proverty to independence, supplying the means for the education of his seven children, and at his death, in his native town, November 25, 1888, he left a moderate estate. He was the son of William Connor, born at Scotchtown, Orange County, New York, Novem- ber 23, 1777, who married Sarah Roe, March 4, 1799, and died there June 30, 1854. Pie was a son of John Con- nor, born at Castle Pollard, County of West Meath, Ire- land, in 1735, and died at Scotchtown, Orange County, New York, in August, 1813. John Connor came to Orange County in 1765, and served in the Revolutionary War. On June 12, 1767, he was married to Hannah, daughter of William and Phebe Denn, early settlers of Orange County. She was born there April 25, 1750, and died there August 25, 1829. Hezekiah Connor, father of the doctor, was married November 13, 1839, to Caroline, daughter of Pheneas Corwin, fifth in descent from Mathias Cor- win, who emigrated from Great Britain to Ipswich, Massachussetts, in 1630. It will thus be seen that Dr. Connor is enabled to trace his parentage back through a I Western PutUsknq ifr.grwngGi CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 1G9 long line of ancestors, prominent figures in the early settlement of this county. Characteristics of these an- cestors mark each distinctive feature of his own career, though they are so combined as to give him an individ- uality peculiarly his own. His primary education was received in the common schools. When fifteen 3'ears old he entered Wallkill Academy at Middletown, New York, then in charge of Mr. D. Kerr Bull, a prominent educator of that region. Four years later he became a member of the sophomore class in Williams College, Massachusetts, from which he graduated in 1865. To still further broaden his general education so as to en- able him to begin the study of medicine to greater ad- vantage, he then accepted for two years the position of assistant principal in the Academy at Mexico, New York. During the intervals of teaching he studied the fauna and flora of that region, giving occasional public lec- tures on the several branches of natural science. To secure the advantages of the chemical and anatomical laboratories of Michigan University, he entered the Medical Department in the fall of 1867. Here also his leisure moments were spent in studying the botany, con- chology, and geology of the adjacent country. The sum- mer vacation of 1S68 he spent with a scientific exploring party from the university on the shores and islands of Lake Superior, collecting minerals and plants, as well as studying the special features of that region. In 1868 he entered the College of Physicians and Surgeons (Medical Department of Columbia University), of New York City, and for two years studied medicine under the guidance of the most celebrated teachers of that time, with the wealth of clinical material afforded in the dispensaries, clinics, and hospitals of the metropolis. He graduated from this institution in the spring of 1870, and, after spending a few additional months in special studies he began the active practice of medicine at Searsville, New York, In February, 1871, he accepted a call to Detroit, to conduct the Chemical Laboratory of the Detroit Med- ical College, and also deliver a course of lectures upon Chemistry. The year following he was transferred to the chair of physiology and clinical medicine, which he continued to teach for about seven years, when he was transferred to the chair of ophthalmology and otology, which he occupied for two years. For several years Dr. Connor officiated as secretary and treasurer of the Fac- ulty, and did his full share towards shaping the develop- ment of the college to a front rank among medical col- leges. During his entire residence in Detroit Dr. Connor has been an active member of the Detroit Academy of Medicine, serving as its secretary in 1871-72, and as its president in 18^7-78 and 1888-89. He is a member of the Detroit Medical and Libra^ Association, the Wayne County Medical Society, the Michigan Academy of Science, and the Detroit branch of the American Arch- aeological Institute. For nearly thirty years he has been a worker in the Michigan State Medical Society, and an active participant at the annual meetings of the Ameri- can Medical Association, which he has served one year as vice-president, and as chairman of the section on ophthalmology one year, and trustee of its Journal for six 3'ears, and from 1892 to 1894 was a member of the committee appointed to revise its code of ethics and its constitution and by-laws. Since its organization he has been a member of the American Academy of Medicine, and served one year as its president. He aided in organizing the American Medical College Association, and served as its secretaiy and treasurer for six years. He was a member of the council of the ophthalmic sec- tion of the Ninth International Medical Congress, and was a member of the Pan-American Medical Congress. In 1899 ne became president of the Detroit Quarter-cen- tury Medical Club. In January, 1900, he was elected member of the American Social Science Association, the election carrying with it membership in the National Institute of Art, Science, and Letters. From 1871 to 1895 he edited a medical journal, known successively as the Detroit Review of Medicine and Pharmacy, the Detroit Medical Journal, the Detroit lancet, and the American Lancet. W7hile an editor he was an active member of the American Medical Editors' Association, which he served as president for one year. For many years he was a member of the staff of St. Mary's Hospital, a position which he resigned to become ophthalmic and aural surgeon at Harper Hospital. Since its organiza- tion he has been ophthalmic and aural surgeon to the Detroit Children's Free Hospital, He is also con- sulting ophthalmic and aural surgeon to the Woman's Hospital and Foundling's Home. Besides his constant writing for his own journal, he has contributed many papers to other medical journals and medical societies, including the ophthalmic section of the Washington In- ternational Medical Congress, among them: Glaucoma Produced b}^ Mental Disturbances; Syphilitic Diseases of the Eye; Reproduction of the Membrana Tympani; The Value of Hot Water in the Management of Eye Diseases; Tobacco Amblyopia; Primary Inflammation of the Mastoid Cells; and Eye Complications in a case of Cerebral Tumor; Drifting—-Who, How, Wither? The True Principles on which the Medical Profession should be Associated, and the Character of the Resultant Organ- ization; The Development of the Sections of the Amer- ican Medical Association; The American Medical Journal of the Future, as Indicated by the American Medical Journals of the Past; The First Twenty Years of the Detroit Academy of Medicine; The American Academy of Medicine—Its Objects, Field of Work, and Sugges- tions for Increasing its Efficiency; Memorial Remarks on James Fanning Noyes; Needs for and Value of Public Iiealth Work; Diseases of the Lachrymal Passages— Their Causes and Management; Notes on the Treat- ment of Trachoma b\' Jequirity; Strabismus as a Symp- tom, its Causes and its Practical Management; The Technique of Tenotomy of the Ocular Muscles; Ambly- opia from Suppression, Congenital Imperfections or Diseases: Which or All? Remarks on the Management of Glaucoma; Mumps as a Cause of Sudden Deafness; and How we can Obtain and Preserve the Eyesight and Hearing. He is a stockholder and one of the directors of the Flome Savings Bank of Detroit, a member of the Detroit Club, the Michigan Club, the Fellowcraft Club, 15 no CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. and the Hankers' Club, of Detroit, and of the Sons of the American Revolution. When professional engagements admitted, Dr. Connor has been an active worker in the Congregational and Presbyterian Churches and in the Young Men's Christian Association. With a Whig ances- try, he has always been a Republican of the liberal sort. He was married August 10, 1870, to Anna A., eldest daughter of the late Rev. Charles and Nancy J. (Page) Dame, of Exeter, New Hampshire, the latter a descend- ant of vSir Francis Drake. Mrs. Conner is a graduate of Mt. Holyoke College, class of 1S66, a member of the Daughters of the American Revolution, of the Society of Colonial Dames, and president of the Michigan Mt. Holyoke Alumni Association. Their two sons, Guy Leartus and Ra}', graduates of Williams College, with the degree of A. B, in the class of 1897, in the same year entered upon the study of medicine in Johns Hopkins University, at Baltimore, Man-land. Hon. Charles Henry Hall, banker and miner, of Ishpeming, Marquette County, and later a resident of Kvanston, Illinois, son of Robert T. and Hester (Williams) Hall, is a native of the Empire State, having been born in Bloomingburg, Sullivan County, New York, September 20, 1828. He received his education in the public schools of his native place. New York has contributed man}7 of her sons to Michigan, and to the older State Michigan owes a debt of gratitude for these men; for these are they who have to a very great extent developed the lum- ber and mining interests which have added so largely to Michigan's material wealth, and not only to her wealth and commercial prosperit\T, but also to that stability of character for which the State, as a whole, is so justly noted. Among these representative men, Mr. Hall stands in a prominent position. At the age of sixteen he left school, and spent two years iti a store at Port Jervis, New York. Not finding the mercantile business suited to his tastes, he turned his attention to mechanics, and served three years at the machinist's trade in Chester, Connecticut, after which he added to his skill and pro- ficiency in that line; and subsequently as superintendent of the machine-works of Billiard cc Parsons, of Hartford, Connecticut. Thus equipped, he, in 1868, removed to Michigan, and settled at Ishpeming as superintendent of the Deer Lake Iron and Lumber Compain*, in which concern he soon became a stockholder, and agent of the company, whose business he continued to manage for the next six years. In the spring of 1874 he turned over the business of the Deer Lake Iron and Lumber Company to his son, then a young man of twenty, to be- come the agent of the Lake Superior Iron Compan}*, a company owning seventeen thousand acres of mineral lands, and controlling some of the richest mines in the prolific mining region of the Upper Peninsula of Michi- gan, ranking at that time as the largest single producer of iron ore in the LTnited States, a position that has since been well maintained, having over one thousand men in its employ, and producing over five hundred thousand net tons of iron ore a year, transported to lower lake ports in its own steel steamers, the compat^ own- ing sixj of two thousand five hundred tons burden each. It was in the interest of an Eastern pig-iron manufac- turing company that Mr. Hall went to Ishpeming in 1868, and there he remained for thirty years. The wis- dom of the choice of the corporation that induced him to enter its employ in 1874 has been exemplified by the highly-successful manner in which its business has been conducted, not 011I3' in the prosperous development of the mines, with their constantly-increasing output, but also in the tact and judgment that has been shown and maintained in dealing with the employes, especially through those troublous times of so-called labor agita- tion and of opposition and antagonism of labor toward capital, or rather of the employe toward his employer. Mr. Hall interested himself in many ways in the ad- vancement of the city of Ishpeming, and contributed much toward her growth by making additions to the city^ by platting the company's lands in town-lots, and was foremost in introducing the Holl}T system of water-supply into the city. During the years of 1877, 1878, 1879, 1880, tSSi, 1882, and 1891-92, he served on the County Board of Supervisors, serving as chairman in the year 1891. Pie was twice elected mayor of the city of Ishpeming, serving during the years 1889 and 1890. His political affiliations are with the Republican party, although he is not an active politician. Another of Mr. Hall's large in- terests has been that of the Ishpeming National Bank, of which he is president. The bank, a United States de- pository, is one of the solid institutions of the State. It commenced business Januai^ r, 1884, with a capital stock of fifty thousand dollars, and so well and ably was it managed, that within nine years it had a surplus of one hundred and fifty thousand dollars, this grand showing having been made in the report to the con- troller of the condition of the bank, on the 4th of May, 1893. Mr. Plall became a director of the First National Bank of Negaunee, a strong and prosperous institution; also a stockholder in the First National Bank of Esca- naba, the First National Bank of Bessemer, all of Michi- gan; and the First National Bank of Hurley, Wisconsin. As before stated, Mr. Flail came to Ishpeming in the spring of 1868, and during his thirty }rears' residence probably controlled more labor than any other single man in Marquette County. His characteristics may be summed up in the words honesty, integrity, and upright- ness. Lacking in subtle trickery, he is fair and above- board in his dealings with men, and enjoys the confidence of those with whom he conies in contact. Such a man is invaluable for the position that he held; for it cer- tainly needs a man of many parts, of great executive and administrative ability, with a combination of firm- ness and kindness, to conduct and superintend the affairs of a concern employing over a thousand men who gain their livelihood in the monotonous labor of delving into the bowels of the earth. It is to such men as Mr. Flail that Michigan is indebted for the grand development of her natural resources. Mr. Hall was married in Chester, Connecticut, February 8, 1852, to Miss Amelia M. Higgins, daughter of Edward Higgins, Esq. Their family consists of one son, Edward R. Hall, now a resident of Evans- Western Publishing bEnqrammi Co. CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN, 111 ton, Illinois, who was born August 9, 1854, in Monti- cello, Sullivan Count)', New York, and succeeded his father, May 1, 1874, in the agency of the Deer Lake Iron and Lumber Company, which position he held until he became a half owner in the property. In the year 1884 he sold out his interest in the Deer Lake Company to become interested in the insurance and banking business, in which he has been actively en- gaged ever since. He is one of the largest stockholders and a director in the Ishpeming National Bank, of which he became vice-president; also vice-president of the First National Bank of Bessemer, and a stockholder and di- rector in the First National Bank of Negaunee, and the First National Bank of Escanaba, all of Michigan; and vice-president and manager of the Lincoln National Bank of Chicago. Mr. Hall is a young man of acknowledged ability as a financier, and stands high in the estimation of the business men of the community, as a successful business man. SIDNEY D. MILLER, banker, of Detroit, bears a name prominent in the social, professional, and business affairs of Michigan, and indicative, wherever known, of enterprise, sound character, and honorable success. A review of his career is deserving of a permanent place in the historic annals of this commonwealth, to which he owes his nativity; for his influence, as a life-long citizen, has.given impulse to its progress and left upon it the impress of a marked personality. During the years of active practice he was counted one of the best lawyers in the State and of the West; but another and more lucrative vocation, banking, opened to his capabilities in the mature years of his life. In both he has won high success, and the abundance of his power and depth of his intellect are shown in the fact that one who was great in the field of law could command the highest results as a financier. All that he has won, however, has come as the result of his own labor, as a glance at his biography will show. The record is one worthy to be preserved. Sidney Davy Miller was born at Monroe, Michigan, May 12, J 830. On his paternal side he is of Huguenot and Dutch descent, and on his maternal side of Knglish, and is a son of D. B. and Elizabeth (Davy) Miller. His father, a merchant, was one of the leaders of the New England colony that settled at Monroe early in the century, and did much to promote the growth of that old-time settlement, and it is recorded that he held man}- positions of public trust, such as mayor and receiver of public moneys, by selec- tion of his associates and neighbors. A man of probity and force of character, he was a moving factor in the pioneer days of Southern Michigan; and here Sidney D. Miller was raised, and received his early education in its common schools, and in the branch of the Michigan University, graduating at the age of eighteen years, with the degree of B. A., in June, 1848. He then (al- tered upon the stud}' of law^ in the office of Robert Mc- Clelland, afterwards governor of Michigan and Secretary of the Interior, and Isaac P. Christiancy, afterwards a justice of the Michigan Supreme Court and United vStates senator. After further study with Alexander I). Fraser, of Detroit, and an attendance at the law-school of Harvard University, he graduated in 1850, and later was admitted to the bar at Detroit. As a lawyer he has success full}- conducted numerous cases of importance, as the reports of higher courts will show. The more im- portant corporations with which he has been actively en- gaged are: the Detroit and Milwaukee Railway; the Detroit City Railway; the Kureka Iron Company; the Union Trust Company; the AYyandotte Savings Bank; and the Detroit Savings Hank. For about forty years he has been a director of the latter institution, and for sev- enteen years its president. The Detroit Savings Bank is the oldest existing bank in the State, of Michigan. It was established at a time when there was no general law under which savings banks could organize, and it organized as "The Detroit Savings Fund Institute," under a special act, approved March 5, 1849, the trustees of the institution being some of the best known and most responsible men of the city; and up to the present date—1900—through its changes of organization, it has had but three presidents: Chancellor Fanisworth, who served from 1849 to J 877; A. H. Adams, who served from 1877 to 1S83; and Sidney D. Miller, who has held the position since 1.SS3. It was in 1871 that the institu- tion was reorganized under the name of the Detroit Sav- ings Bank, with a capital of two hundred thousand dol- lars. The bank was founded when Detroit had a popula- tion of only about twenty thousand, whereas in 1900 the population is estimated to be about three hundred and fifty thousand. The growth of the Detroit Savings Bank has kept pace with the growth of the city, as is shown in the bank's statement, made December 2, 1899, when its savings deposits aggregated §5,394,590, its commercial deposits §495,44r, and its deposits from other banks §169,764, and its surplus funds and undivided profits were about §440,000. In its savings department it has, during its existence, paid to depositors more than three million dollars in interest. This bank, without serious loss, weathered the panics of 1857, 1873, and 1893. In January, 1900, the capital stock of the bank was in- creased from two hundred thousand dollars to four hun- dred thousand dollars. In politics Mr. Miller is a Demo- crat of the Andrew Jackson type. He early in life found himself sought for positions of public trust, and, had he been willing in those days to so far forego the demands of his profession as to take a personal interest and ambition in a public career, there is 110 telling to what high political positions he might have been called. He has, however, served the people in many positions; for he has been president of the Detroit College of Medicine from its incorporation; a police commissioner for twenty- three years, and president of that board for many years; a member of the Board of School Inspectors; assisted in establishing the Public Library; one of the leaders in the purchase by the city of Belle Isle, now the beautiful Belle Isle Park; and in securing to the cit}""the Detroit Art Museum, Mr. Miller married, on the 25th day of Jul}-, 1861, Miss Katherine S. Trowbridge, daughter of Charles C. Trowbridge, of Detroit. One sou, Sidney 112 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN, Trowbridge Miller, was born of this union, and is a lead- ing member of the younger class of men at the Detroit bar, a graduate of Trinity College, Hartford, t885, and of the Harvard law-school. Mr. Miller has long been a consistent and active member of the Christ Church (1 vpiscopal) congregation, and takes an active part in Church affairs. JOHN PULFORD, colonel United States army (re- tired) and brevet brigadier-general, was born in New York City, July 4, 1837, and died at his home in Detroit. July rr, 1896. He was of English parentage, being the seventh son and ninth child of Edward and Sarah Llo3'd (Avis) Pulford; his father a native of Norwich, and his mother of Bristol, England, who emigrated to New York City in 1833. He was educated in the common schools, and in 1850, when thirteen years of age, came to Detroit, afterwards read law, and became a member of the Detroit bar. He was married in 1856 to Miss Sarah Louisa Lee, who died in r875, leaving four children—Ida A., wife of George F. Sumner, of St. Clair, Michigan; Josephine A., wife of Henry Cleland, of Detroit; Grant L<, a clerk in the Detroit post-office; and Sadie K., wife of Theodore E. Quiuby, managing editor of the Detroit Free Press. In 1883 General Pulford married Emma J. Cady, daughter of Alexander Cady, a merchant, of Rochester, New York. They had one son, John, Jr. When the Rebellion broke out in April, 1861, and Fort Sumter was fired upon, Mr. Pulford was proprietor of a hotel in Detroit, and fore- man of Wolverine Engine Company No. 3, and on the 20th of that month he and Mr. E. T. Sherlock, proprietor of the Metropolitan Theater, reorganized said fire com- pany into a militan- company known as the Sherlock Guards, and offered their services to the Federal Gov- ernment, through the governor of Michigan. Without waiting an answer, Mr. Pulford was elected first lieuten- ant, and having a knowledge of Hardee's Tactics, kept the com pan}7 drilling and preparing in discipline for active service, and in the meantime sold out his hotel at a great sacrifice to himself and family. The services of the company having been accepted by Governor Blair, Lieutenant Pulford'was ordered to Fort Wayne, the ren- dezvous of the Fifth Michigan Infantry Volunteers, to which it was assigned as Company A. Lieutenant Pul- ford continued to drill and otherwise perfect the recruits for active field service until September 1 r, 1861, when he left with his company and regiment for the seat of war. They arrived in Washington, District of Columbia, Sep- tember 15th, and a few days later the regiment was ordered to Camp Richardson, on Arlington Heights, Virginia, where he remained doing the ordinary duties incident to active held service, including picket duty and constructing earthworks in defense of Washington, until the latter part of November, 1861, when he had a skirmish near Muuson\s Hill, and, with other troops, drove the enemy from their picket-line. The success of this move- ment caused his regiment to be transferred to the ex- treme left of the Union lines, then near Mount Vernon, where he remained doing heavy picket and fatigue duty, constructing Fort Lyon, situate to the left of Alexandria, I on the Potomac River, until March 17, 1862, when he left with the Army of the Potomac for the Peninsula, arriv- ing there two days later, and disembarking from the transport at Fortress Monroe, and marching to Camp Hamilton, where he remained on camp and picket duty in front of the city of Hampton, which place was laid in ashes by the enemy. On April 4, 1862, he moved with the regiment to Yorktown, and assisted in constructing earthworks, in preparation for besieging the place, which was strongly fortified, and occupied by the rebel General McGruder's command. While here Lieutenant Pulford did more than ordinary picket duty, his regiment being in the front until May 4, 1862, when the rebels evacuated the place, and the Federal forces moved into the works at 6 A. M., and from there pursued the enemy to Wil- liamsburg, where Captain Sherlock was wounded, and Lieutenant Pulford assumed command of the company, receiving an order at the same time from General Kearny to deploy his company as skirmishers and find where the main force of the enemy were in an old work in the woods, which he did, and informed his division com- mander, who ordered a charge. The lieutenant assem- bled his com pan}; on the right of the regiment as they went on the charge, and drove the enemy at the point of the bayonet, capturing his works and many prisoners; a large number of the enemy being killed b}' the bayonet in this charge by the Fifth Michigan. On May 9th, in command of his company, he marched with the army to Cumberland Landing, on the YTork River, where they arrived on the 15th. On the 19th of May he moved to New Kent Court House, where he was appointed captain of Company C, Fifth Michigan, by the regimental com- mander, on account of gallant and meritorious services at the battle of Williamsburg, to date from the [5th of that month, but remained in command of Company A, march- ing with it on the 20th, and on May 31st going into the action at Fair Oaks about 2 P. M., and remained under a terrific infantry fire until about 6 P. M., when the regi- ment, being out of cartridges, was ordered to fall back, having lost in killed and wounded about one-third of the men engaged in Captain Pulford's company. From then until June 25th he and his command were under arms night and day, most of the time under skirmish fire, and on the latter date were engaged at the battle of Peach Orchard, which was within sight of Richmond. Four days later the entire army fell back to Glendale, and there went into action. July 1st, the Federal army retreated to Malvern Hill, Captain Pulford's company being one to cover the retreat. Arriving there at 6 A. M., he went into action before noon. Soon after his arrival on the hill he was struck on the side of the head by a partially-spent cannon-ball. The ball fractured the temporal bone, cut- ting a groove of flesh and bone from the side of his head, and by the force of concussion broke his jaw and collar- bone. He was reported by the regimental commander mortally wounded, and left on the field for dead. The following is an extract from the official report of the regi- mental commander: "The brigade was assigned to the support of a battery. For two or three hours the regiment lay under a hot fire of shot and shell from the enemy's °9 Western Publishing t)EnqravingCo. CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. guns, sustaining a slight loss in wounded, among the number Captain Pulford, of Company C, a brave and most efficient officer, who was mortally wounded by a round shot." Captain Pulford, while lying on the field, was captured by the enemy, and taken to Richmond and Libby prison hospital. Eighteen days later he was ex- changed and taken to the National Hospital in Balti- more, where he remained until September 12, 1862, when he was so far recovered as to be able to return to duty. For over five weeks of the time he was in hospital he was entirely unconscious, and never after had recollection of anything that transpired from the first day of Jul}-, when struck, until the 6th of August, when his senses returned to him. On his own application he was per- mitted to return to his regiment, then on Arlington Heights; but, being unfit for duty, was granted a leave of absence for twenty days, during which time he visited his home in Detroit, where he remained until October 6th, when he returned to the field for active duty, against the wishes of all his friends, who had procured a detail for him on recruiting service, which, however, he would not accept, preferring to be in the field. On October 9, 1S62, he arrived at the camp of his regiment on Arling- ton Heights, and took command of his company (C), which had been left with others to guard Washington. Two days later the}' moved across the Potomac to, and on the 13th went into camp at, Kdward\s Ferry. On the 28th he moved with the command to Conrad's Ferry, where they forded the Potomac and went into camp 011 the Virginia side. On the 31st he inarched with the army for Fredericksburg. Captain Pulford suffered much on this march from the wound on the side of his head, which had not healed and continued to discharge splin- ters of bone. On November 22c! the}' went into camp, and on December 10th the movement for the attack on Fredericksburg commenced, Captain Pulford crossing the river and going into action to the left of the town at noon on the 13th, in command of his company, the engagement lasting until 7 P. M., he remaining on the battle-field all night under an artillery fire, and until the morning of the 16th, when he recrossed the Rapahan- nock with the army. In these engagements before Fredericksburg his company and regiment lost heavily, among the killed being the lieutenant-colonel. After going into camp—the officers having the utmost confi- dence in the ability of Captain Pulford as a commander, and in the absence of the colonel of the regiment on account of wounds received at the battle of Williamsburg on May 5th—a petition was drawn up by the officers of the regiment present, asking the governor to appoint Captain Pulford lieutenant-colonel of the regiment, al- though he was one of the junior captains of the regi- ment. This petition secured him the appointment as major of the regiment, January r, 1863, and on that day he entered upon duty as second in command, the regi- ment being commanded by Lieutenant-colonel K. T. vSherlock. Major Pulford participated in what is known as "Burnside's mud march," also the battle of the Cedars on May 2, 1S63, in which the regiment assisted in the capture of the Twenty-third Georgia Infantry. He also participated in the brilliant night charge when the Con- federate General "Stonewall" Jackson was killed. This was one of the most desperate encounters, as the charge was made to reopen communication with the remainder of the army, from which the Third Corps had been cut off late in the evening. Communication being re- established, the Third Corps rested on its arms during the night, and went into the action of Chancellorsville on the following morning, May 3, 1863. In this engage- ment Lieutenant-Colonel vSherlock, commanding the Fifth Michigan Infantry, was killed by a piece of a shell which passed through his body. Major Pulford assumed com- mand of the regiment, although he himself had received a wound across the abdomen. Soon after returning to camp the officers forwarded a petition to the governor of the State requesting his appointment as lieutenant- colonel of the regiment, and in response thereto he was appointed lieutenant-colonel, and commissioned by the governor of Michigan, to date from May 3, 1863. He remained in command of this noble regiment during the entire war, with the exception of a short time when he commanded a brigade or division in which it served, and a few weeks' absence on account of wounds received in action, and it will be seen that it was only with the most dangerous wounds that he left the field or his com- mand. The next important movement commenced on June 11, 1863, which resulted in the battle of Gettysburg. During the long and fatiguing march, Colonel Pulford in command of his regiment had several skirmishes with the enemy, as his regiment acted as flankers and skir- mishers a great part of the time during the march, and was hotly engaged with the enemy at Auburn Heights, Virginia, where he made a charge with his command, driving the enemy from the field. He went into the engagement at Gettysburg about 3 P. M. on July 2d, deploying his regiment as skirmishers; brought on the infantry engagement in front of the First Division, Third Corps, and was engaged most of the afternoon in almost a hand-to-hand conflict, in which Colonel Pulford was severely wounded in the thigh, and also wounded in the right hand, and had his horse killed under him. But lie did not leave the field or his command, and of the four- teen officers present for duty with it, eleven were killed or wounded. The brigade commander in his report of this engagement says: "The unflinching bravery of the Fifth Michigan, which sustained a loss of more than one- half of its members, without yielding a foot of ground, deserves to be especially mentioned with due commen- dation. . . . Lieutenant-Colonel John Pulford, Fifth Michigan, was slightly wounded in the hand and severely in the thigh." On the march from Gettysburg to White Sulphur Springs, Colonel Pulford participated in the engagement at Wapping Heights, in command of his regiment, which acted as flankers and skirmishers part of the time while en route; remained at White Sul- phur Springs until August 16th, when Colonel Pulford's commanders in the field, having recommended him in command of his regiment as one of the organizations to be selected from the Army of the Potomac to proceed to New York City as a guard against a threatened riot in op- ii4 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. position to the draft, proceeded there, and after accom- plishing their mission, were ordered to Troy for the same purpose; and returned to the Army of the Potomac, September 18, 1863. In command of his regiment he participated in the engagements at Kelly's Ford, Locust Grove, Auburn Heights, and Mine Run; soon after which his regiment re-enlisted as a veteran organization, and he was ordered to take it home to Detroit, where they were given a grand public reception. The furlough hav- ing expired, Colonel Pulford with his command returned to the Army of the Potomac, and went into camp near Brady Station, Virginia, in the middle of February, 1864. On May 3, 1864, in command of his regiment he entered upon the great campaign of the year; crossed the Rapidan at an early hour on the 4th, and at 4 P. M. reached the old battle-field of Chancellorsville, having marched a distance of thirty-four miles in seventeen hours. The following day the enemy were met on the road leading to Orange Court House. Ilere a desperate struggle took place, and Colonel Pulford received a terri- bly dangerous wound from a Minie ball. His back was broken and both arms parti all}' disabled, and lie was sup- posed to be mortally wounded. The ball entered the right side of his neck, passing backward, downward, and oxit- ward, fracturing two of the dorsal vertebne, tearing away the bone from two sides of the spinal cord for about an inch, leaving the spinal cord covered only by the integu- ments, which since grew fast to the cord, and was the cause of his having to wear for the rest of his life shoulder-braces to keep the shoulders back, so that the skin, when lifting a weight would not press upon the spinal cord (where adhered to it), the most sensitive portion of the human frame. With this wound he was compelled to leave the field, and was absent in hospital at Washington and Georgetown, and from there to his home in Detroit, on a twenty-day leave of absence, where he was given a warm and most hearty reception. Colonel Pulford, although having so long been in full command of his regiment, on account of the disability of its colonel, held but the rank of lieutenant-colonel. This seemed an injustice to him, and on August r4, 1863, all the officers of the Fifth Michigan present addressed a letter to Governor Blair respectfully requesting his appointment as colonel, as Colonel Beach had received his discharge on account of wounds and inability to return to his command. The officers saying, llWe take pleasure in making this request as a testimonial of the worth and merit of lieutenant- Colonel John Pulford." The above recommendation could not be complied with until June 10, 1864, although he remained in command of his regiment, with the excep- tion of a short time when absent on account of wounds received in the battle of the Wilderness. He returned to his command many months before his wounds were healed, when it was in the front line of works before Petersburg, and remained in command, doing very heavy duty, night and day under fire, until toward the end of July, 1864, when he with his regiment accompanied the Second Corps on the Deep Bottom expedition over the James River, where he was engaged on the 27th and 28th of that month. In this engagement, however, he was temporarily detached from the regiment as general officer of the da}- for the Second Corps, Army of the Potomac, and had his horse killed under him while superintending the deployment of his skirmishers preparatory to form- ing a picket-line. He recrossed the James River with the corps, and returned to the front line of works before Petersburg tin til August 14, 1864, when he went with the Second Corps on the second Deep Bottom expedition, and was engaged with it in command of the Second Brigade, Third Division, Second Army Corps, after Colonel Craig was killed while gallantly leading it in the hottest of the fight. Colonel Pulford remained in command of the brigade during the battle of what is known as the blowing up of Burnside's mine before Petersburg, August 17, 1864, and for some time after, in the absence of General Pierce, who was away on leave. Colonel Pulford was again engaged in command of the Fifth Michigan Infantry, One-hundred-and-fifth Pennsylvania Infantry, and First United States Sharpshooters, in the battle of Boydtown Plankroad, October 27, 1864, which command recaptured, with a few other volunteers, a section of a batten- that had been captured from the Federal forces during the day. Here Colonel Pulford's adjutant was killed, and his regiment lost over half the number en- gaged, in killed and wounded, and he received a slight wound on the side of his knee, but did not leave the field or his command. Soon after this engagement he was assigned to the command of Fort Davis, on the Jerusalem Plankroad, to the left of Petersburg and in the main line of works before that city, and had for a garrison the Fifth Michigan Infantry, One-hundred-and- fifth Pennsylvania Infantry, and First United States Sharpshooters, and remnants from other regiments; also a battery of artillery. In the attack on the enemy's works to the left of Petersburg, March 25, 1865, Colonel Pulford commanded the first line of battle of the Second Brigade, Third Division, Second Corps, Army of the Poto- mac, which was composed of the Fifth Michigan Infantry, Seventeenth Maine Infantry, and First Massachusetts Heavy Artillery; and on the 30th he commanded an attacking column. After gaining possession of the works he followed the enemy in close pursuit until they reached Sailor's Creek, April 6, 1S65, where they took up a naturally-fortified position to protect their wagon- trains in crossing the bridge over Sailors Creek. Colonel Pulford led a charge here, capturing many prisoners and a stand of colors, and drove the enemy from his well- selected position. In this charge the colonel's horse was killed under him; but he continued the charge, and assisted in the capture of a large supply train at the crossing of the creek. lie also participated in the pur- suit of the enemy up to the surrender of General R. B. Lee, April 9, 1865, on which occasion he was general officer of the day for the Third Division, Second Corps, Army of the Potomac. On June 15th he was appointed brigadier-general by brevet, by the President, in the following letter: "War Dr«;PART\rrCNT, Washington, June 15, 1S65. '[ Sir— You are hereby informed that the President of the United States has appointed you, for gallantry in action and CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. efficiency in the line of duty, a brigadier-general of volun- teers by brevet, in the service of the United States, to rank as such from the 30th day of March, 1865. "(Signed,) E. M. Stanton, Secretary of War. "To Brevet Brigadier-General John Pui.ford." After participating, in command of his regiment, in the grand review of the armies of the United States at Washington, he was assigned to the command of several Western regiments, and ordered to proceed to Louisville, Kentucky, and from there to Jeffersonville, Indiana, where he was assigned to the command of the First Brigade, Provisional Division, Arm}- of the Tennessee. Here he remained until July 5, 1865, when he and his regiment were mustered out, being relieved from com- mand of the brigade to take his regiment home to Detroit, which he did, and where it was disbanded, July 17, 1865. General Pulford returned to private life, and in October, 1865, was admitted to the bar, and entered upon the practice of his profession. An ideal soldier, military life was more congenial to his tastes than the plodding routine of the legal profession; he therefore sought, through the governor of Michigan, and obtained from the President, a commission in the regular army, that of second lieutenant in the Nineteenth United States In- fantry, dated February 23, 1S66, and was assigned to Newport Barracks, Kentucky, and later at Tittle Rock, Arkansas, and while there received his commission as first lieutenant, to date from the same date as his second lieutenant's commission. By reorganization he was as- signed to the Thirty-seventh United States Infantry, and stationed at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. March 24, 1867, he left with General Hancock's expedition against the Indians. In April he arrived at Fort Lyon, and later took up his quarters at Fort Pulford (named after himself, on account of the several skirmishes he had with the Indians at that point). Here on the plains the suffer- ings of himself and command were very great, not only on account of hostile Indians, but also that fearful scourge, the cholera. In October, 1867, he was ordered to Fort Garland, Colorado, where he was detailed as acting assistant quartermaster, and assistant commissary of subsistence. Iiere he remained nineteen months, when he was relieved on account of consolidation, and from May 19, 1869, was unassigned. He arrived at home at Detroit, Jul}' 8th following, where he remained until October 23d, when, in compliance with orders from the War Department, he proceeded to the headquarters of the Fourth Military District, at Jackson, Mississippi, and on November 15th was detailed superintendent of regis- tration and election for the county of Calhoun. Decem- ber 13, 1869, he was relieved and ordered on recruiting- service at Cincinnati; was judge advocate of a General Court Martial at Newport Barracks until February 11, 1870, when he returned to Detroit to await orders. Hav- ing previously made application for retirement, he was ordered before the Retiring Board at New York City, where, after due examination, he was retired, December 15, 1870, on the rank of colonel, United States army, under section thirty-two of the act of Congress approved July 28, 1866, 011 a record of six wounds received in ac- tion. The examining surgeons of the Retiring Board swore that the wound in the back (received while in command of the regiment) was the one that disabled him most now. In 1873 he was appointed judge advo- cate of the State of Michigan, by Governor Bagley, and remained on his staff during both terms that he served as governor of Michigan. General Pulford suffered great injustice under the operation of an act of Congress ol March 3, 1875, which was so construed as to reduce him to the rank of lieutenant-colonel on the retired list, and it was not until March 13, 1S83, that he was restored, by spe- cial act of Congress, to his former rank of colonel, retired. General Pulford had a very exceptional record for length of service with troops in the field, and consequently the large number of battles in which he had risked his per- son, not only in command of a regiment, but on various occasions he commanded a brigade or division; and what is more remarkable, he never received a promotion through any influence other than the recommendation ot his immediate commanders in the held, accompanied by the petition of the officers who were serving under him at the time. To the beholder who met him on the streets of Detroit, where he was honored, respected, and held in high esteem for the gallant services so well and ably rendered to his country in her time of need, General Pulford presented the true soldierly bearing, with the dark and piercing eye that seemed to look through one; but his form was bent, and the stout stick had to be relied upon for support. His sufferings from the terrible wounds received in battle had been great through long years, his mouth would only admit of opening about one-half to three-quarters of an inch, and the loss of a part of the spinal column necessitated wearing shoulder- braces to prevent the skin, or integuments, which was the only protection, and which for some distance had ad- hered to the spinal nerve, tearing from it, and thus caus- ing instant death. The true soldierly spirit, the strong will, the splendid physical constitution, which enabled him to live after receiving such wounds as to most men would prove mortal, and which carried him through the terrible scenes of conflict, and the arduous and exacting duties of campaign life, upheld and maintained him. His laurels had been well won, and when the time came for hiui to pass away they remained green. General Pulford was a communicant of vSt. John's Episcopal Church, Detroit; member of the Michigan Commandery, Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States; also a member of Fairbanks Post, Grand Army of the Republic; a Mason of long and honorable standing, being a member of Kilwinning Lodge, Monroe Chapter, and Detroit Com- mandery, Knights Templar. He was honorably mentioned in the "War of the Rebellion Records," Series 1, Volume XXVII, Serial No. 43, pages 160, 484, 520, 521, and 525; Serial No. 45, page 798; Series i, Volume XI, .Part II, Reports, etc., pages 186, 191; Series 1, Volume XXV, Serial No. 39, pages 161, 434, 438, and 439; Series 1, Volume XXV, Serial No. 40, page 578; Series 1, Volume XXXVI, Part J, Serial No. 67, page 108, Reports. Hon- orable mention of regiment while he was serving with it, Volume XXV, Serial No. 39, pages 161, 178, 387, 408, 432, 116 C YCL OP ED I A OF MICHIGAN. 434, 438, 439, 441. The best evidence of the discipline of his command and confidence in his general knowledge as a commanding officer, both under the civil and martial law, is shown in the confidence, not 011I37 of his imme- diate commanding officers in the field, but the War De- partment, in vSelecting him while yet but a lieutenant- colonel in command of his regiment, as one of the very few regimental commanders, selected from the many hundreds of thousands of colonels in command of their regiments, both in the regular and volunteer armies of the United States, to go to New York City during the memorable draft-riots of 1863; and evidence that this duty was performed to the satisfaction of all concerned, is in the fact that, after quiet had been re-established in New York City, Lieutenant-Colonel Pulford in command of his regiment was one of the commands selected to go to Troy, New York, where there was another threatened resistance to the draft as well as all others in authority; and after quiet had been restored to the good people of that beautiful city, he returned in command of his regi- ment to the front in the Army of the Potomac, and was soon after promoted to the full colonelcy of his regiment and brevet brigadier-general United vStates Volunteers, "for gallantry in action and efficiency in the line of duty." Hon. George William Weadock, of Sag- inaw, was born in St. Mail's, Auglaize County, Ohio, November 6, 1853. His parents, Lewis and Mary Cullen Weadock, were born, reared, and married in Wexford Comity, Ireland, and were the parents of three children when they emigrated to the United States in 1849. Lewis Weadock died December 8, 1863, and his wife survived him until October 11, 1S76. The ashes of both rest in the cemetery at St. Mary's. George W. Weadock is one of seven sons. Three of them, T. A. E. Weadock, John C. Weadock, and himself, are lawyers, his other two surviving brothers being interested in farming in Ohio. The boyhood days of our subject were spent on his father's farm until he was seventeen years of age. He received his primary education in the public schools of his native place, and early displayed the qualities of an earnest, painstaking student. He then taught school until 1S75, in order to enable him to etiter college for the study of law, which he had been pursuing during hours free from scholastic duties. Un- der the tutorship of Colonel S. R. Mott, of St. Mary's, his first knowledge of Blackstone was acquired. In 1875 he entered the University of Michigan, where he studied law for one year, and then entered the law office of Wil- son & Weadock at Bay City, the latter being his brother, the Hon, T. A, E. Weadock, ex-mayor of Bay City, and later congressman from that district. After passing a satisfactory examination before the Examining Board, which comprised Judge George P. Cobb, Hon. T. F. Shepard, and Hon. H. PL Hatch, Mr. Weadock was admitted to the bar at Bay City, September 11, 1876, be- fore Judge Sanford M. Green. Coming to East Sag- inaw in January, 1877, he entered the office of Hon. T. E. Tarsney, and on August r, 1877, formed a partner- ship with that gentleman, which existed until 1891. The firm ranked well among the better lawyers of the State. He was subsequently admitted to practice in the Federal Courts of the United States, and was admitted to the bar of the Supreme Court of the United States, in the cit\7 of Washington, on February 13, 1888, on motion of Mr. Solicitor-General Jenks. In 1896 Mr. Weadock took into partnership with him Mr. J. Purcell, a graduate of the Law School at Ann Arbor, and the firm of Weadock & Purcell continues. Possessed of pure moral character, and courtesy to 3-oung and old, long strides having been made in his ambition as a lawyer, it surprised no one when, in Februaty, 1890, Mr. Weadock was nominated for the position of first mayor of the (consolidated) cit}T of Saginaw1 on the Democratic ticket, still less when his election was announced March 8, 1890, wTith a majorit}7 of seven hundred and fifty over Dr. L. W. Bliss, a then strong political antag- onist. To this office he was re-elected in April, 1891, with a majority of two thousand five hundred and eighty-one votes. During his term of office he gave the city a successful business administration, and proved himself a strong and well-balanced man. When the two cities were consolidated, it was expressly agreed between the representatives of each side that, whereas the court-house and count}7 buildings were on the West Side, the new city hall should be midway between them, and it was tacitly agreed that the Government building should be located near the business center of the East Side. Subsequent to the consolidation a fight was made to change the site of the city hall, and have it brought nearer the business center of the East Side. Mayor Weadock took a decided stand in this matter to carry out in good faith the understanding had, and fully made a condition precedent of consolidation. The result was that the present site was selected, and a handsome edifice erected, costing nearly one hundred and seventy-five thousand dollars. A decided stand was necessary also re- garding the site of the Government building. Parties in- terested in real estate endeavored for personal advantage to change the location; but Mr. WTeadock insisted upon the conditions of consolidation being carried, whether written or unwritten, and the building was located where it was agreed it should be, in the business center of the East vSicle of the city. Public improvements were every- where made during Mr. Weadock's term of office, and many innovations were made upon old methods. Brick pavements, that had proved so economical and satisfac- tory wherever tried, were introduced, and several blocks laid, sewers and water mains extended, sidewalks built, and the fire-limits more closely defined; greater effi- cienc}7 and skill developed in the police force, new appara- tus and electric appliances introduced into the fire depart- ment, and the care of the poor more economically and efficiently administered. While mayor, Mr. Weadock found it necessary to investigate the office of the Police Court clerk, and when the investigation was completed, the condition was such that Maj'or Weadock insisted upon the resignation of the Police Court clerk. Mr. Weadock also found it necessary to prefer charges against the city CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 117 clerk, which charges, after a vigorous defense, were sus- tained, and the clerk removed from office. After his re- moval he insisted upon retaining the office, when he was removed therefrom under the direction of Mayor Weadock by the chief of police. Maj^or Weadock also found it necessary to prefer charges against the police judge of the city for violation of law, which he did to Governor Winans, who ordered an investigation to be made of the charges, and they were sustained, and the police judge was found guilt}' and removed from office. The city clerk, police judge, and clerk of Police Court, removed by Mr. Weadock, or on charges preferred by him, were all members of his own part}r; but this did not deter him from doing his duty, as, he said, at all times while mayor, he had no favorites; all men, no mat- ter what their political, social, or personal relations might be, stood alike in the administration of city affairs. Mr. Weadock believed that a public office is a public trust, and that no man should accept an office, unless he intended to perform his duties faithfully and efficiently; and should he be guilt}^ of malfeasance or misfeasance in office, he should be removed, irrespective of personal or party considerations. In all these various features of municipal government, the taxpayer was ever borne in mind, and in all these varied interests Mr. Weadock was deeply and directly interested, and every official act and private utterance but showed his lo3*alt3T to Saginaw; and without fear or favor, regardless of political conse- quences, in every instance, what his judgment formed only after thorough investigation approved, and what the best minds of the city itself have since acknowl- edged was for the city's best interest and well-being. Mr. Weadock retired from the office of mayor in the spring of 1892, and devoted his entire time to the prac- tice of his profession, which he loves so well. Upon his retiring from that office, his successor, in his inaugural address, paid Mr. Weadock the following compliment: "I realize the fact that my predecessor, Hon. George W. Weadock, has been a fair, impartial, and able presiding officer; that he has filled the trying position of nurvor in a trying time, with credit to himself and lion or to the city; and with all fair-minded citizens of Saginaw I take pleasure in according to that gentleman the praise which is his due." Mr. Weadock was married September 16, 1878, at Saginaw, to Miss Anna E. Tarsney, sister of Hon. T. E. Tarsney, w7ho was born in Hillsdale County, Michigan, December 27, 1856, and who, prior to her mar- riage, was a very successful teacher. Nine children brightened and gladdened their home; namely, Eewis T., George Eeo, John V., Bernard F., Mary Jerome J., Kate E., Raymond I., and Philip Sheridan. Mrs. Wea- dock died March 16, 1893. On April 27th following, Mr. Weadock's son Raymond died, and on Ma}' 13th follow- ing his daughter Kate E. died, both of diphtheria. On April 14, 1896, Mr. Weadock was married to Miss Mary Grace McTavish, of Saginaw. The fruits of this union are, one son, Arthur A., and one daughter, Frances M. Mr. Weadock and his family have always been, and still are, members of St. Mary's Roman Catholic Church. WALDO A. AVERY, of Detroit, lumberman and man of affairs, was born at Bradle}-, Maine, on May 14, 1850. When four years of age, Mr. Avery's parents moved from the New England States to the State of Michigan, and located in the then small town of Port Huron, where he lived for about ten years, during which time he attended public schools, and was also engaged at various times working in the lumber business, tallying logs, and meas- uring and inspecting lumber. In 1865, Mr. Avery moved from Port Huron to Saginaw, where he continued opera- tions in the lumber business, meeting with great success, which is attributed to his intricate knowledge of lumber- ing in its many ramifications; which knowledge was ac- quired by practical experience and adaptability. In 1876 he secured and became interested in various vessels and tugs, handling logs and lumber on the Saginaw River, which interests he guided and retained until 1883, when he became interested in a number of large lake vessels sailing to and from the different ports of the Great Lakes, operated as the Hawgood ec Avery Transit Company, of Cleveland, Ohio. This company transports large quanti- ties and cargoes of freight during the entire navigable season, some of their vessels having a capacity of more than five thousand tons. Mr. Avery is vice-president of this company. He is also largely interested in the firm of Avery & Co., of Saginaw, general lumber-dealers and manufacturers of all kinds of building lumber, both fin- ished and rough. He is a member of the firm of Rich- ardson & Aveiy, of Duluth, Minnesota, which concern deals extensively in pine-lands and lumber throughout the different adjacent States. Mr. Avery is president of The Alabaster Company, of Detroit, Alabaster, and Chi- cago, one of the most extensive manufacturers of plaster of Paris, alabaster cement, and other products of gypsum in America, having in their employ continually three hundred or more employes. The quarry from whence the gypsum-rock is taken is located at Alabaster, Michigan, and comprises an area of ona thousand acres, upon which is constructed a large factory in which the rock is reduced to plaster of Paris. They also have a large factory in the city of Chicago, which manufactures plaster of Paris and hard wall-plaster, that is now so extensively used in the construction of first-class public buildings and pri- vate residences. This company furnished the plaster of Paris for the staff used in the construction of the World's Fair buildings at Chicago, it being one of the largest un- dertakings ever attempted and consummated in that line of business in America. Mr. Avery is president of the American Exchange National Bank of Detroit, Michigan, to which office he was elected on November 6, 1899; vice- president of the Second National Bank of Saginaw, Mich- igan; and executor of three large estates, one in the city of Detroit and two in the city of Saginaw. Mr. Avery's capac- ity for business affairs, both financial and commercial, is phenomenal; the great number of enterprises that he is connected with is evidence of his natural ability. The many ramifications of such a diversified and nlargede field of business operations necessitates a knowledge of general affairs that is only obtained by years of experi- ence and adaptability, requiring tact, skill, and ingenuity 16 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. which only exists in observing and perceptive minds. Mr. Avery has traveled extensively, not only in the United vStates and Canada, but also in Europe, which conti- nent he has frequently visited. During- his last visit to Kurope, accompanied by his wife and three children—two boys and a girl—they visited all the principal cities of Kurope and spent much time traveling through Turkey, Egypt, and Palestine. Mr. Avery is a Republican, and has always been identified with the part}-, but does not entertain any political aspirations, and has persistently refused to accept various nominations and political ap- pointments that have been tendered him, considering his many business interests too important to be neg- lected, and knowing also the great number of available citizens who are anxious to serve the public in those capacities. He has satisfied himself by always voting to advance the best interests of the party. Mr. Aver}* was married to Christine Morrison on August 7, 18S5, and re- sides with his family in one of the most modern and beautiful residences in the city of Detroit, located on Woodward Avenue, which he built shortly after coming to reside in the city in 18S7. The family is one of the best known in Detroit, and both Mr. and Mrs. Avery have long been leaders in the best society, and in the style and eclat of their entertainments they have ac- quired a name for hospitality and refinement not ex- celled by any other residents. Mr. Avery is vigorous in health, of powerful physique, pleasing in address, and easy of approach, being possessed of a cheerful and amiable disposition, which wins the admiration and con- fidence of all those with whom he comes in contact, either in social or in business affairs. He is ever ready to render his assistance in any way to alleviate or promote a noble cause, which has so often been exemplified dur- ing his eventful and successful career. The explicit con- fidence reposed in Mr. Avery by the many testators of whose estates they have appointed him their executor, is in line with the same confidence entertained by his friends and fellow-citizens in his business attainments, integrity, and loyalty, which are his predominating quali- fications. Donald Maclean, M. D., LL, D., L. R. C. S,, Ed., F. R. C. P. & S., Kingston, etc., etc., etc., Detroit. vScottish history is full of romance, largely the romance of wars and strifes; if not with their southern neighbors—long since happily friends —then those desperate clannish strifes; strifes that sometimes ended only with the almost obliteration of some of the clans. The Scotch are a race who have never been subdued. The long and bloody years of war waged by England could not subdue them, and those wars were only ended by the union of the two countries under James the vSixth of Scotland and First of England. These people still possess the same characteristics. Scattered over the entire globe you find the Scotchman, and he is a Scotchman still; there is no mistaking him, even though perhaps the citizen of another country. He is proud of his race, as he has cause to be, and we admire him for it. Hardy, vigor- ous, strong of limb and alert ol mind, the very soil, geographical situation, conditions, surroundings, and climatic influences have all contributed to the develop- ment of a race of men unsurpassed by any other race of the human family. Frugal, industrious, persevering; endowed with strong physical and mental power, they have advanced under all conditions and circumstances in which the}' have found themselves. Their capacity of mental grasp and of physical endurance gives them a tremendous advantage. In the profession of arms they are unsurpassed; and have long been the flower of the British arm}-. The Crimea; the Indian Mutiny; the Soudan; the Boer war,—all these, and many before, bear witness to Scottish valor. As shipbuilders they lead the world. In the medical profession they take the very highest rank. The stories of the doings of the Scottish clans, the deeds of bravery and prowess, in days of chiv- alry or in feudal times, are certainly such as would make the most sluggish blood run warm and fast, and cause a thrill to pass through every nerve and muscle if one be- longed to them. It is of the great clan Maclean that Dr. Donald Maclean conies; and though clan distinctions have almost passed away, yet even now he loves to don the tartan of his clan. It is to such men that we owe our grand development as a nation, and our advancement in the arts and sciences, more especially the sciences. Dr. Maclean was born in the township of Seymour, Ontario, Canada, December 4, 1839. His father, Charles Maclean, the son of an eminent lawyer in Edinburgh, Scotland, lost his sight accidentally at the age of twelve years. Pie, nevertheless, lived an unusually active and enter- prising life, and was regarded by a large circle of friends and acquaintances as a very retnarkable man. The doctor's mother was Jane Jessie Campbell, daugh- ter of Captain Colin Campbell, of Kintra, Argyleshire, Scotland, closely connected by birth with several of the oldest and most highly-honored families of the western Scottish Highlands. The doctor attended schools in Edinburgh ( where he was taken by his parents at the age of six years), and especially Mr. Oliphant's, which was one of the most famous schools for boys in the vScottish metropolis. Returning to Canada at the age of twelve, he attended, at somewhat irregular intervals, schools in his native township as well as in the towns of Cobourg and Belleville. At the age of sixteen he at- tended the freshman class of the Literary Department of Queen's University at Kingston, Ontario. During the following two years, feeling desirous of working his own way, he taught school in two or three country districts in the vicinity of his birthplace. In 1858, being then in his eighteenth year, he returned to Edinburgh for the pur- pose of studying medicine at the world-renowned med- ical school of that ancient university town. For this purpose he took up his residence in the house in which his father was born (21 Albany Street), and where a brother and two sisters of his father still resided. After four years of continuous study he graduated M. D. of the University, and Licentiate of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh, on August 1, 1862. Immedi- ately after graduation he returned to Canada, to visit his CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN, n9 parents and family. Of the latter there were five broth- ers and four sisters. In Januar}', 1863, he entered the United States arnry, in the capacity of acting assistant surgeon, and served in that capacity in general hospi- tals in St. Ivouis, Missouri; in Harrisburg, Penns3rlvania; Louisville, Kentucky; and New Albany, Indiana. In the latter part of 1864 he accepted a position in Queen's University, Kingston (his original Alma Mater), as pro- fessor of the Institutes of Medicine and Clinical Sur- gery. During the period of residence in Kingston he built up a large business as a general practitioner, and acquired also considerable reputation as a teacher as well as a writer on medical and surgical topics. In 1866 he published, by request of his renowned preceptor, an Amer- ican edition of "Symes' Surgical Works," pronounced by the late Professor S. D. Gross, of Philadelphia, the best collection of that great surgeon's very numerous and extremely valuable contributions to surgical pathology and practical surgery. In 1872 the Board of Regents of the University of Michigan, by the suggestion of the late Dr. D. O. Farrand, offered Dr. Maclean the position of professor of surgery in that rising medical school, and the offer was accepted. During the seventeen years of his connection with the Ann Arbor Medical Department, very striking advancement was made by that institution, a large share of the credit for which, it is generally ad- mitted, was due to the enthusiasm and persistent effort of Dr. Maclean. In 1889 a difference of opinion arose between the university authorities and Dr. Maclean as to the polic}r of the Medical Department, and as the dif- ference was irreconcilable, his resignation was accepted by the Board of Regents. The essential point of this difference consisted in the earnest belief on the part of Dr. Maclean that the time had come when the best in- terests of all concerned required the transference of the Clinical Department from the little inland, rural town of Ann Arbor to the metropolitan city of Detroit. In this view Dr. Maclean had the support of some of his col- leagues in the medical school, and especially of Dr. Frothingham, and the almost unanimous verdict of the profession everywhere outside of Ann Arbor was in favor of his policy, which invojved not merely the transfer- ence of the important practical work of the medical cur- riculum to a suitable field for its proper development, but also several additional reforms of deep and far-reaching importance to the cause of medical education and the elevation of the status of medicine and surgery gener- ally, not only in Michigan, but in the country as a whole. The indorsement of his course of action in this impor- tant question, as well as of his character as a whole, has been unmistakably testified to by the fact that every honor in the gift of his profession has been enthusi- astically conferred upon him. Queen's University also gave practical expression to her approval of Dr. Maclean's life-work by conferring upon him in April, 1893, the honorary degree of UU. D., an honor of which this conservative institution has always been very care- ful, not more than twelve instances of her having given it having occurred during her history of more than fifty years. After leaving the University of Michigan, ample scope for the exercise of his energies was found in the cultivation of his large consulting and operating sur- gical practice; the field of his labors extending over the Western and Northwestern States, including, of course, his own State of Michigan, as well as his native province of Ontario. He has been many years chief med- ical officer for the Detroit, Grand Haven & Milwaukee Railway; the Toledo, Saginaw & Muskegon Railway; the Chicago and Grand Trunk Railway; and the Michi- gan system of the Grand Trunk Railway; also sur- geon-in-chief of the Michigan Central Railroad. On June 8, 1894, at a convention of the American Medical Association, held in San Francisco, California, Dr. Mac- lean was, by unanimous vote, elected president of the Association, the highest honor in the power of the pro- fession to confer upon one of its members. Dr. Maclean is conceded to be one of the most noted and skillful sur- geons of the United States, and he is equally well known as a writer and teacher. Another of Detroit's eminent sur- geons, when asked for an expression of opinion regarding Dr. Maclean, wrote as follows: "He is a man of great natural ability, and possessed of a lively social nature, frank and pleasing manners, which render him a mas- ter spirit in any company. These traits were manifested in a high degree in his relation with medical students, and nowhere has his ability shown to better advantage than in the lecture-room and operating theater. A most accurate diagnostician and skillful operator, earnest and forcible in presentation of surgical principles, he ex- cited a degree of enthusiasm in his classes which few teachers have ever been capable of doing, and which gave him a reputation as a teacher and operator that none have excelled. He is generous and kind-hearted, ready to lend a helping hand to younger members of the profession, and render gratuitous services to those who may be deserving" of them. He is one of the leaders in the medical profession, ever ready to devote his time and money to promote the interests of medical education, and the advancement of the profession both in science and in social standing. A firm advocate of what he thinks is right, he does not stop to consider the question of self- interest whenever he deems it necessary to champion a just cause, and he often excites opposition that one of a less earnest nature would seek to avoid. But he is so open and frank in his advocacy, and withal so evidently honest in his convictions, that he seldom fails to com- mand the highest respect of those whom he thus antag- onizes. There are few who enjoy to so great an extent as he the confidence and respect of the profession and people." During the war with Spain he was commis- sioned chief surgeon, with the rank of major, and as- signed to duty at Old Point Comfort, Virginia; thus re- entering the medical service of the United States Army after an interval of thirty-four years. The character of his early service is matter of honorable record in the archives of the War Department. As regards his later service at Fortress Monroe, there is the highest official authority (namely, the Secretary of War and the Sur- geon-General) for the statement that, important and re- sponsible as the duties of his assignment were, they 120 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. were uniformly met and discharged with the utmost credit to himself and to the entire satisfaction of the War Department and the Government. THEODORE D. BUHL, merchant, manufacturer, and banker, of Detroit, of which city he is a native, is a son of Hon. Christian H. and Caroline (DeLong) Buhl. His father, long one of the foremost of the solid men of Detroit as a merchant, manufacturer, and banker, was of German extraction, being the son of Christian and Fred- ericka (Goehring) Buhl, who, when young, came to the United States and settled in Pennsylvania. His mother, Caroline (DeLong) Buhl, who died on November 2, 1899, was the daughter of a prominent Utica (New York) family. It was in 1833 that Mr. C. H. Buhl came to Detroit, at that time a mere village, and Michigan only a Territory, Here he started, in partnership with his brother, Frederick Buhl, in the hat and fur business. Mr. C. H. Buhl having already learned the hatter's trade, and the forests of Michigan at that time being the home of fur-bearing animals, they for twenty years con- ducted a most prosperous business, which became ex- tended over the entire Northwest. Mr. C. PI. Buhl, relinquishing this business to his brother Frederick, in 1855 formed a partnership with Charles Ducharme in the wholesale hardware trade. After the death of Mr. Du- charme, in 1873, the firm became Buhl, Sons cc Co., Mr. Theodore D. and Frank H. being the sons, and after the death of Mr. C. H. Buhl, on January 23, 1894, the firm became Buhl Sons & Co. This is one of the largest hardware houses in the entire West, the firm being also engaged, on an extensive scale, in the manufacture of nails and merchant-iron of all descriptions, at Sharon, Pennsylvania. Mr. Theodore D. Buhl, like his father be- fore him, is a man of affairs, being interested in many different enterprises. He is president of the great firm of manufacturing chemists known-as Parke, Davis & Co., whose products are sold throughout the entire civilized world; president of the Buhl Stamping Company, whose products are shipped throughout the United States; presi- dent of the Buhl Malleable Iron Company, another of De- troit's great institutions; president of the Detroit Meter Company; a director in the Detroit Copper and Brass Rolling Mill Company, whose trade extends throughout the United States and Canada; a director of the Cana- dian Meter Company; vice-president of the Detroit Na- tional Bank, one of the largest and most solid of Detroit's financial institutions; a director of the [Michigan Fire and Marine Insurance Company; treasurer of the Iron Range and Huron Bay Railroad Compaiu" and was, for the first four years of its organization, president of the Peninsular Car Company. Prospered in his commercial affairs, he has also been highly favored in his domestic relations, being the happy father of three sous and one daughter, and with his amiable wife enjoys the surroundings of a charming home. In politics he is a Republican, and in religious affiliation a Presbyterian, the family being attendants of the Fort Street Presbyterian Church. A man of good judgment, quiet and unassuming in manner, he is the ideal of the upright business man and Christian gentleman. Stevens Thomson Mason, the first governor of the State of Michigan, was born in Leesburg, Loudoun County, Virginia, October 27, 1811. He was descended of an old English family from the home of Shakespeare, which had been conspicuous in the revolution that de- prived Charles I of his throne and of his life. On his mother's side he boasted of a name made famous in Scottish literature through his relative David Macbeth Moir, a wit and a poet. Both his grandfather (whose name he bore) and his uncle, General Arinstead T. Mason, were United States senators from Virginia; but his father, a man of literary tastes and averse to politics, removed to Lexington, Kentucky, while his son was yet a child, and became United States marshal of the State and a successful lawyer. His only son, Governor Mason, showed at an early age the precocity of intellect and the love of stiKly which were so marked during his short life. Educated by tutors, he was early prepared for college, and entered Transylvania Universit}', of Lexington, Ken- tucky, then the most distinguished institution of learn- ing in the West. Hardly had he graduated when, through pecuniary difficulties, his father was obliged to leave Lex- ington and retire to some iron-works which he possessed in the mountains. Here his son followed him, leaving the congenial pursuit of books for the drudgery of an ac- counting clerkship. In the autumn of 1830, President Jackson appointed General Mason (the father of our gov- ernor) secretary of the Territory of Michigan, General Lewis Cass being its governor. General Mason removed his family to Detroit in October of this year. The fol- lowing year, being called to Mexico on business of im- portance, the son was appointed secretary in his father's place, and General Cass being made Secretary of War in President Jackson's Cabinet, a month from that date saw Stevens T. Mason the acting governor of the Terri- tor}T, though not yet twenty-one years of age. This cir- cumstance, together with the fact of his being a stranger to Michigan, so exasperated the people that a public meeting was called to appoint a committee to remon- strate with the President at having placed a youth under age in so important a position. Governor Mason ap- peared at this meeting, and in reply to the speeches against his appointment made an address "showing such ability, good sense, and coolness," says a historian of the time, "that he won the hearts and the sympathy of all present, a position he maintained with the people of Michigan during his short but brilliant career." In September of this year—1831—General George B. Porter was appointed governor of the Territory, but, dying soon after, Governor Mason again became the acting governor, and continued to exercise this office for four momentous years. It was in this year that occurred the "Black Hawk War." This chief having refused to re- move to the "reservation" of land which the General Government provided for his people, Michigan was called upon for volunteer troops to enforce their departure. Thus the "Boy Governor," as he was named, had the op- portunity to show that belligerent spirit which gained for him from General Jackson, at a later date, the title of the "Young Hotspur.'" In 1835 a more serious "war" CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. I2I made more than ever conspicuous the "Boy Governor." In arranging the boundary-line with the adjoining State of Ohio, a dispute arose over four hundred and seventy square miles claimed by both States. Each side sent officers to claim jurisdiction, and a conflict ensued. Ohio called out her military force to dislodge the Michigan- ders, and Governor Mason, with one thousand two hun- dred men marched upon Toledo, broke up their court, and there was some bloodshed and bruises in the en- counter. A war-song of the time ran: "Old Lucas gave his order, all for to hold a court, But Stevens Thomson Mason he thought he'd have some sport; He called upon the Wolverines and asked them for to go To meet the rebel Lucas, his court to overthrow," etc. The authorities at Washington were greatly perplexed. Two commissioners were sent to bring to reason the hot- headed governors. But the Hon. Richard Rush, and the Hon. Benjamin Howard, after six weeks of diplomacy, failed to establish peace. An "authority" of that time, an actor in the scenes, the late venerable Governor Felch, of Ann Arbor), wrote: "During these negotia- tions Governor Mason stood firmly by the right of Michi- gan to the long-conceded jurisdiction over the tract in dispute, and refused to give sanction to the organization of towns, or counties, or courts within it, under the authorities of Ohio. The commissioners proposed that the two States should exercise concurrent jurisdiction, but to this Governor Mason refused his assent. They urged him to abandon all idea of force, and to withhold his consent to the exercise of it, but he considered it his duty to preserve the integrity of the Territory, and, if circumstances demanded it, he would refuse no aid which the executive might properly furnish." Quoting further from this able authority, we add: "It is needless to say that this controversy gave great annoyance and trouble to Governor Mason. A young man, scarcely twen- ty-four years old, he had to bear responsibilities and perform duties which required the wisdom and experi- ence of an older man. He was brought into sharp col- lision with men in high official position, distinguished for long experience and eminent ability. His corre- spondence on the subject is marked by its directness, its clearness of statement, and its cogency of argument. His voluminous correspondence with the President, the Secretary of State, the Secretary of War, the governor of Ohio, and with the commissioners, Messrs. Rush and Howard, and his messages on the same subject to the Legislative Council, all evince ability of more than or- dinary power." "With the wishes of General Jackson, then President, and whom above all men he admired, he could not comply, and preferred to retire from his office rather than decline to do what he thought duty de- manded of him." Summoned to Washington before the President, he was firm in his refusal, and there is reason to believe that, from the beginning of the difficulty, General Jackson sympathized with the action of the "Young Hotspur"—as did the Attorney-General and several other members of the Cabinet. "In this long and bitter controversy Governor Mason at no time stood alone. The Legislative Council was always with him, and by their legislative acts not only proclaimed the right, but provided efficient means for securing and defending it. The people were with him, and most heartily and zeal- ously supported him and his measures, and gloried in the chivalrous spirit with which he defended their cause. On the nth day of September, 1835, the troops having returned from Toledo to Monroe, they were received by Governor Mason, and the hearty acclamations with which his short address was received gave ample evi- dence of the strong hold he had upon the affections of the people. But this was his last act as territorial gov- ernor; his removal from office occurred immediately after. John S. Horner, of Virginia, was appointed his successor, and arrived in Detroit on the 19th of the same month. Pie called immediately upon Governor Mason and undertook the charge of the territorial government; but the people refused to acknowledge him, and he fled to a neighboring town for refuge from their wrath, from wrhence, at the end of a week, Governor Mason escorted him to the steamer which bore him from a country in which he found every one hostile to him at daring to at- tempt to succeed a "man whose popularity was unbounded, and whose praise was on the lips of all." There were many amusing caricatures by the wits of Detroit put about at the expense of the unlucky "Johnnie Horner, who fled to a corner, and got no Christmas pie," and who fancied that his very life was threatened by these relentless jokers. Governor Mason was dismissed from the terri- torial office the nth of September, but on the first Monday of the following month was elected governor of the State of Michigan, under the constitution of 1S35, by a vote of nearly eight thousand to about eight hundred given to the opposing candidate. He held this office from 1835 to 1840, always popular with his party and the people, with whom he identified himself, and whose rights and the furtherance of the best insti- tutions of the vState he made his greatest consideration and care. To quote again from Governor P'elch: "His messages to the Legislature show how carefully he stud- ied every subject of public importance, and how ardently he labored to adopt in the young State a system of judicious laws, and to mold a policy which would in- sure happiness for the present, and, in the future, pros- perity and greatness to the republic." A tribute to his memory is made by the president of the University of Michigan, on the occasion of the semi-centennial cele- bration, where he speaks of Governor Mason's protect- ing the interest of the university, which he was instru- mental in founding, by interposing his "veto" upon a bill passed by the Legislature to sell the endowment- lauds at a price so low as to have deprived the institu- tion of the income which they are now enjoying. The president says: "He interposed his veto of the bill, and justified his veto by a stirring message, and so saved the endowment. In grate I ul recognition of this act, and of the warm interest he always manifested in the uni- versity, we gladly hang his portrait on our walls with our other benefactors and friends." The re-election of Governor Mason was as exciting as his first inaugura- 122 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN, tion. The opposing candidate was Mr. C. C. Trowbridge, a man equally popular. To this day there exists a pic- ture representing the "Election Day"—the meeting of the processions of the rival candidates, with "Tom Mason" in the front, and many well-known characters of both parties recognizable. At the close of day, Gov- ernor Mason proposed to Mr. Trowbridge that they should vote for each other, which accordingly they did, marching to the polls arm-in-arm amidst the acclama- tions of the populace. No one could withstand the charm of Governor Mason's manner, so genial, so amiable in temper, and so considerate for the feelings and comfort of others. In person he wTas strikingly handsome, and with all these attractions would have had marked success in the gay world had he chosen to enter it. But he had no time for this from the graver pursuits which absorbed him. While engaged with the duties of his office, he was studying to prepare himself for the practice of the law in some large city, in which he hoped to win distinction, it being the dearest wish of his father. After a day's work at the capital or in his office, he would come home to stud}- far into the night, denying himself the pleasures of the table, even weigh- ing out the necessary quantity of food to sustain him, lest indulgence of appetite should dim the vigor of his brain and prevent his digesting the weighty matter of the law. In 1838 occurred another warlike movement in this excitable region—the so-called "Patriot War"— an outbreak in Canada against the Knglish Government, which, sympathized with by the idle and restless people along the border, nearly involved this country in war. To prevent our people joining the insurgents, and to intercept the arms and ammunition sent to their aid, Governor Mason called out the militia and went in per- son to Gibraltar, a town nearly opposite Detroit, to in- duce the "rebels" to disband. Eventually General Scott, with one thousand regular troops was sent to co- operate .with him and with the English troops. In this year, 1838, Governor Mason married Miss Julia Phelps, daughter of Mr. Thaddeus Phelps, a well-known merchant and politician of New York. This marriage paved the way for his removal to that city, where he had just en- tered upon a large and lucrative law practice when death came to snatch him from a world he had so adorned. Invited to Staten Island to make an address before the New York Historical Society, he contracted scarlet fever in so malignant a form that he died within four days of his seizure, January 4, 1843, leaving an in- consolable famih'. lie had three children, two of whom soon followed him, so that there remains but his daugh- ter to inherit his talents and his virtues. The news of his death was received with grief and consternation in Michigan. Every honor was shown his memory. In Detroit business was suspended, and addresses and ser- mons were given, commemorating his services to the vState and extolling the purity of his character. To this day his name is venerated in the home of his adop- tion. It has outlived the lapse of time, and the varied and absorbing interests of a great country. The Legis- lature of the State, in its session of 1891, "deemed it" "eminently fitting that the mortal remains of Governor Mason, which lie in a vault in the city of New York, should be removed, not only to the soil of the State he loved so well, but be placed in the grounds of the com- monwealth at its capital." No fitter conclusion to this sketch can be made than in the beautiful and eloquent words of Governor Mason's old friend, Governor Felch, on the occasion of the celebration of the semi-centennial of the admission of the State of Michigan into the Union: "I never recall to mind the stirring incidents and events of those early times in the history of our State, that the youthful Governor does not stand by my side; a fitting representative and emblem of the new republic; both en- tering with youthful vigor upon a career, looking, each in its proper sphere, to a long, bright future. But the time of youth has passed; fifty years of growth have changed the young State into a great and prosperous re- public; but the man long since—but still in early man- hood—passed to that immortality which lies in the great future." Captain John Pridgeon, of Detroit, was born on a farm in Lincolnshire, England, on April 15, 182S. He attended the parish school in England before he, with his parents, emigrated to this country-, which was in 1835, coming directly from NewT York City, where they landed, to Michigan, and settled in Royal Oak, Wayne County. His father, shortly after arriving in Michigan, purchased a small farm, comprising sixty acres, in Greenfield Township, and John went to school one winter. This, with his previous limited school-life in England, was the opportunity afforded him in acquir- ing his early education. He lived with his father and worked on the farm until he was about thirteen years ol age. He then left home and came to Detroit, and se- cured employment in the city, where he lived for about six years, being engaged at various occupations during this period, reserving some of the time, which was spent attending school, which was located where the corner of Twelfth Street and the Boulevard now is. This was the finishing of an education that enabled him to surpass all of his associates in business, both commercial and finan- cial. At the age of nineteen he went to New York, and enlisted as a seaman in the United States navy. He was given the usual marine course of training on the United States receiving-ship North Carolina. After passing a creditable examination in the tactics of a sailor and marine soldier, he was transferred to the United States sloop-of-war Albany, of the South Atlantic Squadron. The sloop made a tour which embraced most of the Southern ports, including Santa Cruz and Peru, and also Havana. After the suppression of the Lopez insurrection, in 1851, the United States demanded the custody of some of the revolutionists, who were American citizens, imprisoned in a castle at Santa Cruz. The castle was besieged by the crew of the Albany, and the American prisoners were released or captured from the Spanish authorities, who were glad to surrender them. The}' were placed on the Albany and conveyed to the United States. The crew were honorably discharged and CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 123 paid off at Boston, Massachusetts. Mr. ' Pridgeon re- turned to Waj'ne County, Michigan, with his three years' savings, amounting to about five hundred dollars. He remained idle but a short time, securing a position at the Detroit port on the steamer Telegraph as wheels- man, then plying between Detroit and Port Huron, in which employment he continued until navigation closed. Then he bought a team of horses and a pair of bob-sleds, the entire outfit costing about two hundred and fifty dollars. He, with his team, went to the pine-woods back of Lexington, Michigan, where he secured employment for himself and his team. At the end of the winter he returned to Detroit with his outfit and eight hundred dollars in cash. This being the spring of the year, he purchased another team of horses and two wagons, and employed two men to drive the two teams, he securing employment for them in Detroit. About this time navi- gation opened on the lakes, and he went sailing again on the steamer Telegraph for the season as mate, leaving his teams at work in charge of his employes, which in those days paid a fair profit. He went back to the pine- woods in the winter with his two teams, driving one him- self and employing a man to drive the other. At the end of the winter he returned to Detroit with his teams, and was worth about two thousand dollars. He observed that teaming and contracting was profitable, and he went into the business extensively, purchasing several teams, and employed the necessary number of men to handle them. He devoted all his time to managing this under- taking, and continued at it for two years. Grow- ing stronger financially during this time, he sold his horses, wagons, and tools, for two thousand dollars, and bought an interest in a small steamboat, of about eighty tons burden, called the United, which he took charge of himself. With this steamer he hauled sand-barges from the sand-ridges of Springwells to Detroit. He cleared four thousand dollars the first season, and three thou- sand dollars the next, and then sold his interest in the steamboat for four thousand dollars. He was now worth about twelve thousand dollars. He then purchased the large propeller Napoleon for six thousand dollars cash, taking charge of the vessel himself, and did a general towing and lightering business for passing vessels, on the old north channel of Lake St. Clair, for two years before the ship-canal was constructed. At this he made money fast, but now an opportunity offered to make it faster. He sold the Napoleon for seven thousand dollars, and bought the steamer Canada, which he captained on the Detroit River, doing a general towing business. From this time on his business increased wonderfully, neces- sitating greater facilities, which requirement he complied with by purchasing the requisite boats necessary to op- erate the large business he had established. From 1S66 to 1884, Captain John Pridgeon was the largest individual owner of tugs, sailing-vessels, and steamboats at the port of Detroit. Captain Pridgeon, with his large fleet, did a general freight business, sailing to and from all the ports on the Great Lakes. He had the contract for hauling all the freight for the Grand Trunk Railway Company for ten or twelve years, which freight was received and de- livered at the different ports, principally Chicago and Milwaukee, to and from Point Edward, Canada, then the terminus of the Grand Trunk Railway Company. This was the largest lake contract operated during that time. He continued hauling the company's freight until they built their road from Port Huron, Michigan, to Chicago, Illinois. In 1874, Captain Pridgeon purchased the con- trolling interest in the Detroit and Windsor Ferry Com- pany, which he retained and managed for about five years, when he disposed of his entire interest in the company to the present owners. By this time Captain Pridgeon had long since sailed past the milliouairedom port, carrying more sails than any other Michigan sailor was ever able to handle. His superiority and phenom- enal success was attributed largely to his intricate knowl- edge of navigating, which was acquired by practical experience and adaptability. His three years' service as a marine sailor under the United States Government provided him with a knowledge of navigation that he so often displayed in the skillful and ingenious manner with which he managed his large fleet, scarcely sustain- ing any loss to his fleet in the great number of years that his vessels plied the inland seas of America. Cap- tain Pridgeon employed the best sailors to be had, and paid the highest wages paid on the lakes. He never carried any insurance on his fleet, having sufficient con- fidence in his own management to steer his vessels safely to port, which he did most successfully, sustaining few losses in his many years of experience in navigation. Captain Pridgeon and family attended the Duffield Pres- byterian Church. In politics he was formerly a Repub- lican, but identified himself with the Democratic party in the first Cleveland campaign. He always was enthusi- astic in local politics, and served eight years as water commissioner, displaying" his business qualifications in the management of the department, which merited the approbation of the press and councilmeu of Detroit, on his retirement from the office, for the able manner in which he performed his duty to the public. Captain Pridgeon was married on May 5, 1851, to Miss Kmnia Nicholson, to whom two children were born: John Prid- geon, Jr., ex-nia3'or of the city of Detroit, and Mrs. Harry Milward, wife of a merchant of Detroit. Mrs. Pridgeon, the estimable wife of the captain, still survives, and re- sides in the city with her children. Captain Pridgeon inherited his capital, which was muscle and brains, from a stalwart ancestiy, which he applied to practice, and achieved fame and success. His business instincts, quick perceptions, continuous and unflinching industry, and, above all, his firmness and reliance in himself, guided his craft safely to ports that were never reached by any other Michigauder. The following is a descrip- tion and tribute paid to the memory of Captain John Pridgeon by one of the most respected and distinguished gentlemen in the city of Detroit, who was a bosom friend for many years: "The captain was a man of average height, square-shouldered, with wonderful chest devel- opment, quick step and active motion, of exceeding good habits and robust health. He possessed more physical endurance than an}' mariner sailing on the Great Lakes, 124 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. which he so often demonstrated. He was firm and un- swerving in his convictions, strong in his friendship, and often aided those whom their friends and the world had ostracised; cheerful and amiable in disposition, but ag- gressive in maintaining a position taken rightly. His standing in the business community was that of an hon- orable and successful financier, whose opinion was sought after on perplexing and important affairs, and, when given, appreciated. His word was his bond, and he had a host of friends who were bound closely to him by reason of the explicit confidence reposed in him, which he was never known to betray. He knew his friends; his enemies knew him. His entire life was one of constant activity, but it was a labor of love for his family, and they have the happy satisfaction of realizing that his man}' efforts and accomplishments have been crowned by the final and divine benediction, 'Well done, thou good and faithful servant.1" Captain Pridgeon died in Detroit on December 6, 1894. JOHN JOLLIFFE MULHERON, M. D., of Detroit, was born in London, Ontario, on May 31, 1846. His father, Thomas Mulheron, was of Scotch-Irish ancestry, the family hailing from the county of Donegal, Ireland, where many scions of it still remain. His mother was Margery Hicks, her nativity being the county of Corn- wall, England. Dr. Mulheron received his earl}' educa- tion in the common schools of Waterloo and Conestoga, Ontario. Leaving these, he entered the Berlin Grammar School, where, under the tutelage of Charles C. Cani- midge, B. A., he was prepared for matriculation in the University of Toronto. Circumstances over which he had no control made it impossible for him, however, to enter upon his university course, and necessitated his branching out on his own responsibility at the age of sixteen. At this age, having secured the necessary cer- tificate from the County Board of Examiners, he engaged in school-teaching, which vocation he followed for a period of four years. During this time he pursued, under private tutorship, the study of the subjects which he had hoped to study in the halls of the university. He also took a preparatory course of private study in medi- cine, and was, consequently, unusually well-equipped as a student of medicine when he entered the University of Michigan in that capacity in the fall of 1867. He had previously been matriculated as a student of medicine in Toronto, so that, immediately after securing his diploma from the University of Michigan in 1869. he presented himself for examination before the Toronto School of Medicine, and, being successful, received from that body its certificate and was registered a member of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario. Soon after being graduated in medicine he settled in Mitchell, Ontario; but after experiencing the trials of the practitioner in a new country for one year, he removed to Detroit, where he opened an ofiice on June t, 1870. His native industry, combined with his excellent equipment, in due time overcame the obstacles to success, and he now ranks among the busi- est and most successful physicians of the city. Dr. Mul- heron early manifested a predilection for literary work, and during his younger days contributed somewhat extensively to the local press. Soon after settling in Detroit, the editors of the Peninsular Jour?ial of-Medicine, which had been established for several years, were caught by the style of the contributions which he furnished, and placed him on the editorial staff of the publication. After one year in the capacity of associate editor he be- came editor-in-chief, and soon established a State and national reputation as a medical writer, his editorials being characterized by a directness and verve which wrere new in this line of writing. He afterwards founded the Medical Age, which he conducted for upwards of ten years, and which, under his management, became one of the most widely known medical journals in the country. Dr. Mulheron is a Republican in politics, and has been a member of the Board of Aldermen, the Board of Super- visors, and the Board of Estimates, of which several bodies he has been the president. He has also served as city physician and as county physician, his service in these capacities extending over a period of six years. He has been connected in the capacity of professor of materia medica and therapeutics, professor of the theory and practice of medicine, and professor of obstetrics and gynaecology in the Michigan College of Medicine and in the Michigan College of Medicine and Surgery. During the past few years his private practice has so fully de- manded his time and energy as to compel his severance of all political, editorial, and professorial ties. His one purpose and ambition is to be known as the family phy- sician, although his practice has been chiefly devoted to obstetrics and diseases of women, for which he has specially fitted himself by courses of study and observa- tion at the medical centers of both America and Europe. Dr. Mulheron is a member of the Wayne County Medical Society, of which body he has twice been the president; the Detroit Medical and Library Association; the Detroit Gynaecological Society; the Michigan State Medical So- ciety, and the American Medical Association. He is a Thirty-second Degree Mason, and is a Past Grand Chan- cellor of the Knights of Pythias. On December 20, 1870, he was united in marriage to Mrs. Annie E. Lightfoot, the daughter of William Morton, Esq., for nearly fifty years an officer in the Canadian Customs Department, Nine children were born of this union, of whom two sons and three daughters survive. One son, Hugh, a graduate of the Medical Department of the Michigan University, en- tered upon the practice of his profession with his father. Later he went to Vienna, Austria, where he took a post- graduate course, on the completion of which he became assistant to Sir William Govvers in the National Hospital for Epileptics and Paralytics of London. Mrs. J. J. Mul- heron died January 15, 1897. In 1898 the Doctor was married to Mrs. B. C. Hansen, of Detroit. Dr. Mulheron is a man of powerful physique, his height being five feet eleven inches, and his weight two hundred and ten pounds. From his youth he has been a devotee of athletic sports, and his early training in this direction is still apparent. The amount of work which he accom- plishes could only be performed by a person of extraor- WMtern Publishing hF.ntfnmtjCa. CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 12 5 dinary powers of endurance. A well-known Detroiter, in speaking of Dr. Mulheron, pays him the following tribute: "He is a man of very fine education, a scholarly, cultured gentleman, and of fine literary tastes, his communications to medical periodical literature, having won for him a national reputation. He is a leader among his fellow-men,—for either one or two terms president of the Common Council; was elected and re-elected president of the Board of Estimates. He is one of the brainiest men of the city, an eloquent speaker, and has the courage of his convictions. He stands high among his fellows, both socially and in a business way, and is a very thorough man in all his doings. As a physician he ranks first-class. Possessing a fine phy- sique, and beyond any doubt one of Detroit's best ath- letes, while he has the strength of a giant he has the tenderness of a woman. This combination of strength, nerve, and mental alertness, so evenly poised, combine to make him an ideal physician and surgeon." DAVID DOUGLAS ERWIN, lawyer, Muskegon, was born October 26, 1S46, in Schuyler Count}', Illinois. He is a representative of the fifth generation of the family in America, it having been founded by three brothers who came from North Ireland about 1730. General David Erwin, a son of one of these, and the great-grand- father of our subject, was born in Newark, New Jersey, in 1758, was a soldier in the War of the Revolution, and re- crossed the Delaware River with Washington when he took Trenton. He and three of his sons also partici- pated in the battle of Plattsburg in the War of 1812. He afterwards became a general of New York State militia. His wife was Catherine Munson, who was born at Newark, New Jersey, December 11, iy6u To tliem were born ten children, the fifth of whom, Cornelius Matthew, was the grandfather of our subject, and was born at Fairhaven, Rutland Count}7, Vermont, and was by occupation an iron-worker. The whole family, it ap- pears, were iron-workers as far back as they can be placed, Cornelius Board, a cousin of General David Er- win, and for whom Cornelius Matthew was named, hav- ing established the first iron and nail factory in Little Falls, New Jersey, in 1730. Cornelius Matthew was married to Lucinda Fairman, of Franklin County, New York. They had a family of seven children, the fourth being Lewis DuBois Erwin, the father of our subject, who was born at Plattsburg, New York, July t, 1S15, and in early life resided in Franklin and St. Lawrence Counties, New York; subsequently removed to Bir- mingham, Huron County, and thence, in 1835, to Toledo, Ohio; thence, in 1839, to Rushville, Illinois, where he still resides. He there married Elvira Wells, daughter of Charles Wells, whose family was of Welsh origin and formerly resided in Fairfield County, Con- necticut. Elvira was born at Plenrietta, Lorain Count}', Ohio, June 7, 182S, and died at Rushville, Illinois, October 16, 1875. Lewis DuBois Erwin, the father of our subject, filled several offices; among them sheriff, clerk of circuit court, and recorder, and four regular terms and one special or "war session" in the State Legislature from Schuyler County. Of this family there were eleven children, David Douglas, the subject of this sketch, being the oldest. His early education was ob- tained in the common schools of Rushville, and at the age of sixteen, in 1863, he entered the Wesleyan Uni- versity at Blooiniugton, Illinois, taking the Latin-Scien- tific course, where he remained one year. In Septem- ber, 1864, he obtained employment in the office of Judge D. W. C. Johnston, then county clerk at Rushville. De- cember 1st, same year, Simon Doyle, circuit clerk and recorder of Schuyler Count}', Illinois, appoitited him his deputy, which position he held until May 1, 1S67, when he came to Muskegon to accept a position under David McLaughlin, then deputy county clerk and register of deeds for Muskegon County, and in charge of those offices. The same year Mr. McLaughlin was elected clerk and register, and Mr. Erwin was appointed his deputy, which position he filled until January 1, 1869, when he resigned and entered the law-office of Gray, Smith & Nims, attorneys at law, with whom he contin- ued as student and clerk until May, 1870, when he was admitted to the bar in the Circuit Court for Muskegon County. He was immediately given an interest in the firm of Gray, Smith & Nims, which subsequently became Smith, Nims & Erwin, composed of Francis Smith, Frederick A. Nims, and our subject. In 1874, Mr. II. J. Hoyt became a member of the firm, and later the firm name was changed to Smith, Nims, Hoyt & Erwin. This firm, in point of association, is now probably the oldest law firm in Michigan. In 1876, Mr. Erwin was appointed by Judge Withey, of the United States District Court for the Western District of Michigan, receiver for the Chicago, Saginaw cc Canada Railroad Company, and held that position until the road was sold to the De- troit, Lansing & Northern Railroad Company, in 1882. Politically, Mr. Erwin has always been a Democrat, as were his great-grandfather, grandfather, and father be- fore him. He has taken an active interest looking to the advancement and development of the interests of that party. He was a member of the Board of Educa- tion in Muskegon for three years from 1873. In fraternal and secret organizations he has confined himself to membership in the Masonic Order. In connection with his partner, Mr. Nims, and others, he purchased the franchise and property of the Muskegon Railway Corn- pan v in j 890, and the company, of which he is now the secretary, soon afterwards rebuilt the road and equipped the same with an electric system; an improvement which has contributed largely to Muskegon's prosperity and the development of the city and its suburbs. Mr. Erwin is also president of the Muskegon Electric Light Company, a director of the Muskegon Valley Furniture Company, Muskegon Laud and Dock Company, and other Muskegon corporations and business enterprises. He, with his brother, George L. Erwin, and others, was prominently connected with the movement out of which developed Muskegon Heights, which materially assisted in making Muskegon an important manufacturing center. He has been actively engaged and devoted much of his time and means to the development of Muskegon. 17 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. November 30, 1870, Mr. Hrwin was married to Miss Flor- ence A., daughter of George J. and Martha A. Tillotson, who removed to Muskegon in rS64 from Glens Falls, New York. To Mr. and Mrs. Lrwin have been born four children, as follows: Fannie Tillotson, born August 2, 1872; Edna Louise, born October 8, 1877; Florence Helen, born February 9, 1885, died July 9, 1S87; David Douglas, Jr., born April 6, 1S89. While Mr. Erwin has never belonged to any church organization, he has for many years attended the Methodist Episcopal Church, of which Mrs. Erwin is a member. HON. RUFUS F. SPRAGUE, of Greenville, Mont- calm Couut3r, is one of a class of citizens for which Michigan has become famous throughout the nation, and of which she is justly proud, who have, with few ad- vantages of earl}- education and little or no pecuniary assistance in the commencement of their business or professional career, done so much, not alone in the way of personal success and the attainment of the honor and re- spect of their fellow-men, but for the building up of the high intellectual, moral, and financial standards for which the name of our commonwealth is synonymous. He was born in London Township, Monroe County, July 12, 1842, his parents, Ephraim W. and Almyra J. (Wells) Sprague, hav- ing removed to that place from New York State two years previoush\ In 1847, h^s niother having died, the family returned to New York, locating near vSeneca Falls, where, until twelve }Tears of age, Rufus F. attended the common schools. During the next four 3-ears he was employed during the summer months and attended school during the winters. At seventeen years of age he commenced to learn the tinner's trade at Baldwinsville, New York, where President Lincoln's first call for volunteers found him in April, 1861. Rapidity of judgment and a keen appreciation of duty being among his characteristics, Mr. vSprague, with a companion, Joseph Herring, was the first to answer the call from that village, and going to Syracuse the}* enlisted in Company II, Fourteenth New York Volunteer Infantry. May 17th, following, the com- pany was mustered into the service of the United States at Albany, whence they proceeded to Washington, and from there to the front, meeting the demoralized Union forces on their retreat after the first battle of Bull Run. Six mouths later, Mr. Sprague was taken sick with typhoid fever, and, after three months in the hospital, returned home on furlough to recruit his health. In May, 1862, he rejoined his regiment at White House Landing, Virginia, and on the 27th of that month participated in the battle of Hanover Court House. On June 26th the regiment took a prominent part in the battle of Mechanicsville, and the following day in that of Gaines Mill; Mr. vSprague being wounded in that engagement, was first sent to Mill Creek Hospital, thence home. October 1st, following, found him again with his regiment at Sharps- burg, Maryland. After the battle of Fredericksburg, in October, 1862, in which they participated, taking a prom- inent part in the celebrated charge on St, Mary's Heights, the regiment returned to its camp near Falmouth. It afterward took part in what is known as the Burnside "stick-in-the-mud " campaign against Lee. In the battle of Chancellorsville, in April, the regiment performed gallant service, and on Ma}' 17th was mustered out at Utica, New York, having enlisted for a term of two years. On his return to civil life, Mr. Sprague commenced clerking in a bookstore at Syracuse, but soon found himself dissatis- fied with the existence thus entailed upon him. His ambitious and energetic disposition led him first to the oil regions of Pennsylvania, where, after first serving as superintendent and manager of the affairs of a large corporation operating near Oil City, he began business for himself. The life was a busy one, and for a brief period the financial returns extraordinaiy; but, as fre- quently happens in business of this character, unlucky speculations soon swallowed up his accumulations, and in 1866 he occupied a position as clerk with Culver, Page & Ho}Tne, of Chicago. In 1867 Mr. vSprague took a position as salesman for H. & F. Bandy, of Zanes- ville and Newark, Ohio, manufacturers of engines and sawmill machineiy. In this capacity he traveled through Kansas and part of Missouri, and in 1S68 came to Michigan in their interest. For 3'ears he had led the life of a wanderer, but at the earnest solicitation of friends he now determined to settle down, and in October of that year he secured a position as book-keeper with Jewett & Crosmau, of Howell, Michigan, with whom he remained two years. In October, 1870, he formed a part- nership with Hon. John D. Norton, of Poutiac, under the firm name of Norton 6c vSprague, and opened a lumber man's suppl}* store at Laugston, Montcalm County. Four years later he purchased Mr. Norton's interest in the business, and continued alone until 1877, when, the tim- ber supply of the region being about exhausted, the busi- ness was disposed of, and Mr. Sprague, in compan}* with his brother, Mr. L. Wells vSprague, purchased from C. II. Buhl, assignee, the stock of hardware of Lovell & Green, at Greenville, under the firm name of Sprague Brothers, which has since continued in successful operation, involv- ing an investment of about nineteen thousand dollars. In 1874 the Grand River and Greenville Log-running Company was organized, with a capital of fifteen thousand dollars, of which S. H. Boyce, of Grand Haven, was presi- dent; John Widdicomb, of Grand Rapids, vice-president: and Mr. R. F. Sprague, secretary and treasurer, Mr. vSprague also held the position of superintendent since 1876, and had the general management of the business since its inception. In seventeen }Tears of its existence the company handled about fifteen hundred million feet of logs, furnishing employment during the driving season to between five and six hundred men. Since its organization, this company, through Mr. R. F. Sprague, paid out for wages and supplies a round million of dollars. In rSSo, Mr. vSprague, in company with H. M. Fuller and T. J. Pot- ter, of Greenville, and General A. C. Fuller, of Belvedere, Illinois, purchased a tract of pine-land, estimated at fifty million feet, near Ashland, Wisconsin, and organized the Superior Lumber Company, the Fish Creek Booming Company, and the Bad River Booming Company. Mr. vSprague disposed of his interest therein, however, in 1883. He later participated in the organization at Green- CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 127 ville of the Gordon Hollow Blast Grate Company, of which he was president, capital twenty-four thousand dollars. Mr. vSprague was also instrumental in organiz- ing the Greenville Potato Starch Company, capital forty thousand dollars. Of this compan}^ he was made secre- tary and treasurer, and a member of the Board of Direc- tors. He was foremost in securing the organization of the Ranney Refrigerator Company, and the location of its immense shops in his home city. This company has a capital stock of fifty thousand dollars, with a surplus of sixty-four thousand dollars. From the first Mr. vSprague has been a member of its Board of Directors. He also took a prominent part in the formation of the Greenville Telephone Exchange, one of the most successful inde- pendent companies of the State, and was its first presi- dent. He was one of the promoters of the Greenville Board of Trade, its first vice-president, and a member of its Board of Directors and most important committees. He holds a controlling interest in the Greenville Planter Company, andr gives close attention to the management of its affairs. Indeed, since taking up his residence at Greenville, Mr. Sprague has been ever foremost in loyal support of, and, if need be, hearty co-operation with, every contemplated enterprise promising improvement in the industrial or material well-being of his home city or its people. A prominent member of the Democratic party, Mr. Sprague has been called upon as its standard-bearer upon numerous occasions. He was a member of the Democratic State Central Committee for eight }-ears, 1872 to 1SS0, and was a delegate to the National Conven- tion of that party at Cincinnati in 18S0, which nominated General Hancock for President. For two terms, 1880 to 1882, he served Greenville as mayor, and in 188S was elected to represent his ward in the City Council, over- coming a usual Republican majority of about sixty votes. In this capacity he served as chairman of the Finance and Water-works Committees, which last-named com- mittee had control of the putting in of the city's admira- ble system of water-supply. He was the candidate of his party for representative in the State Legislature in 1888, and in the spring of 1887 was nominated on the State ticket for regent of the University of Michigan. It has been his good fortune on these occasions, although frequently defeated, to run largely ahead of his ticket, a result due in part, perhaps, to his army record, but equally so to his honorable and successful career as a man of business, and his energy, wisdom, and level- headed sense, displayed in his every-day life as a citizen of the State. Mr. Sprague served as president of the Northern Michigan Agricultural Society for a period of eight years, his administration being marked by a great improvement in the financial condition of the society, which he had found almost in a state of bankruptcy. He was married, June 5, 1872, to Miss Mary J. Blanck, daughter of Dr. Andrew and Mrs. Rachel Bio nek, of Howell, a most estimable lady, of marked ability as an artist, an active participator in the leading social life of the city, and a valued member of the Congregational Church, of which Mr. Sprague himself is not only a reg- ular attendant, but has for years been one of its trustees. The following accurate estimate of Mr. Sprague's charac- teristics and standing is taken from articles heretofore published: "He is a great lover of books, and has in his library one of the finest private collections in the State. He is a reader and a thinker, and by hard and earnest work has acquired a good liberal education. Mr. Sprague is one of the stanchest and ablest examples of Jeffer- sonian faith in Michigan. He combines great business capacity with fine scholarly tastes, and is distinguished for his broad views and thorough conscientiousness. He has devoted much time to the. stud}' of economic ques- tions; is an ardent tariff reformer, and probably knows as much about that subject as any man in Michigan, his frequent contributions to the press on that and kindred topics being widety copied and attracting general atten- tion by their strength and conciseness of argument." Mr. Sprague is a life member of both the American Historical Association and the American Economic Association, receiving all of their publications, and keep- ing well abreast of the times, especially in his favorite study, economics. In the political campaign of 1896, Mr. vSprague rendered notable and inestimable service to the State and the Nation at large, by his active services in the cause of ''sound money." Despite his reluctance to accepting so prominent a position in the revolt against the doctrines enunciated in the Chicago plat- form of that year, and contrary to the advice of his physicians—for at the time his health was greatly im- paired by a most serious illness—he made the sacrifice incident to the acceptance of the nomination for gov- ernor of his vState on the Sound Money or National Democratic ticket, occupying a position in Michigan politics analogous to that of Palmer and Buckner in National politics, and giving such Democrats as, while repudiating the Chicago Platform, were no less strongly opposed to Republican doctrines, an opportunity to cast their ballot for one who represented the time-honored principles of Democracy. It is probable that to such was largely due the triumph of the Sound Money cause in 1896, and that, had they blindly adhered to party, regardless of conviction, the history of that memorable campaign would have been far different. Silas Bunker Coleman, financier, Detroit, was born in New York City, 011 July 29, 1843. His parents, George and Hliza Coleman, were Quakers, of the famous old Nantucket family, descendants of the original settlers of the island of that name, Kliza Coleman being the seventh in descent from John Howland, one of the Pilgrim fathers who came to this country in the Mayjlowcr. S. B. Cole- man received his scholastic education at the Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute and the University of New York, On January r, 1862, contrary to the teachings and pre- cepts of the religious sect to which his parents and ances- tors belonged, his patriotic zeal led him to enter the Federal service, and he was attached to the Western gun- boat flotilla under Admiral Foote, and afterwards trans- ferred to the United States navy, and took part in the bat- tles of Fort Henry, Fort Donelson, Shiloh, the fight with the rebel ram Arkansas, running the batteries at Vicks- 128 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. burg, the attack on Grand Gulf, the asault on Vicksburg, and the Red River expedition. He was mustered out of the service as acting master in the United vStates navy, commanding the United States steamer Naumkeag. Mr. Coleman became connected with the People's Savings Bank of Detroit in 1873, and resigned as its cashier on January 1, 1890. His political faith is that of the Repub- lican party, and his religious according to the tenets of the faith of his fathers. Mr. Coleman has been twice married—first, on November rr, 1871, to Rebecca Fitz- hugh Backus, daughter of the late Frederick W. Backus and Emily E. Montgomery. His second marriage was on June 25, 1890, to Flora B. Standart, daughter of the late Hon. Caleb Van Husau, of Detroit. To be descended from that sturdy stock, with its unyielding integrity, indomi- table will, and unflinching perseverance that is ever the pride and glory of the nation, is in itself an inheritance that, with the added education and natural reqiiirements, well fit a man for the "battle of life." "In personal ap- pearance, Mr. Coleman suggests mental and physical ac- tivity. At first introduction one recognizes the strength of harmony in mind and body which combines business discipline and cultivated and refined manners. Many men of affairs we meet in life do not look it; Mr. Cole- man does. Appearances are in his favor, and they tell the truth. You do not expect surprises in him, and they are not disclosed by longer acquaintance. His chief business characteristics are enterprise and dispatch, and he possesses, as he deserves, the confidence of the business community. Nature has blessed him with a cheerful, happy temperament, and it is with him always in his business and social life—one of those happy souls who look on the bright side of life, finding good in every- thing, and never standing iti the sunshine of another. Fie is every inch a gentleman, and he looks it; with just enough human nature to make him a most enjoya- ble friend and companion." He is president of the National Loan and Investment Company of Detroit, a corporation with $2,000,000 of capital, and nearly a half million of undivided earnings, and whose ramifications extend over a large portion of the United States. FRANK E. KlRBY, of Detroit, during his career as a citizen of Michigan, has earned and won such achieve- ment as is worth}' of record in its historical archives. Without a peer in his adopted State as a marine engineer, architect, and designer, he has alone acquired national repute and fame for that genius which he has exemplified in a special vocation of such great import to the progress and development of commerce upon "America's great inland seas," and the industries of man}' of our common- wealths girting the same. In every fresh-water port of this country the name of Kirhy is evidenced in the ver- satility of character, fertility of resource, and diversity of style, which has found expression in the numerous craft there afloat, attesting the triumph of his inborn originality, power of invention, and consummate skill. The subject of this sketch was born at Cleveland, Ohio, July 1, 1849. Both on the paternal and maternal side he is descended from the Furitans of the seventeenth century; his father, Stephen R. Kirby, and his mother, Martha A. Johnson, being lineal descendants of English families who emigrated to America at about the year 1670, and settled in Massachusetts and Connecticut, His preliminary education fitting him for the practical work which he has so successfully performed, and in which he has so distinguished himself in later life, was gained in the public schools at Cleveland, Ohio, and at Saginaw, Michigan, supplemented with a course at the Cooper Institute, in New York City. His first professional ven- ture was made when quite young, by joining the engineer- ing staff of the Allaire Works, New York, then engaged in constructing machinery for ships of war. After a brief connection with the Morgan Iron Works, he, in 1870, came to Detroit, and with his elder brother, Mr. F. A. Kirby, superintended the establishment of the iron ship- yards at Wyandotte, for the late Captain E. B. Ward. With his brother he conducted an extensive business in Detroit, as consulting engineer, until 18S2, when he joined the Detroit Dry Dock Company, which, since the purchase of the Wyandotte Yards, in 1S77, controlled the most complete and perfect establishment of its kind on the lakes, employing hundreds of men to put into tangible form the ideas conceived in the fertile brain of our sub- ject, and who, as its chief engineer and designer, long contributed to this company's unbounded success and commanding position. Nearly one hundred of the largest craft upon our grand rivers and noble lakes are of his ar- chitecture and design, marvels of their kind and monu- ments to his ingenuity and skill. The floating palaces of the Detroit and Cleveland Navigation Company—those superb passenger vessels plying between Mackinac Island, Detroit, Toledo, Cleveland, and Buffalo, models of marine swiftness, comfort, and elegance—with the mam- moth freighters, flying the Stars and Stripes from their mastheads, are examples in which the companies who own them, the designer who designed them, and the public who patronize them, have a just admiration and pride. The great ice-crushing railroad ferry steamers, ,5V. fgnace and Ste. Marie, which ply between St. Ignace and Mackinaw City with whole trains of loaded cars, are products of Mr. Kirby's inventive genius and skill. The building of these vessels solved the enigma of railroad connection with the upper peninsula of Michigan, their peculiar construction enabling them to force their way through the heaviest ice that forms in the Straits of Mackinac, and which before had formed an insurmount- able barrier and defied the ingenuity of man. The Frank E. Kirby, known as the "flyer of the lakes," and one of his earlier designs, built for the Detroit and San- dusky route, was named in his honor. Mr. Kirby has devoted much of his time to careful study and extensive travel in the perfecting of his profession. In 1S72 he visited the great engineering and shipbuilding estab- lishments of Europe, and again, in 1SS6 and 1889, attend- ing the Paris Exhibition, extending his trips to Italy and Switzerland. lie spent the winter of 1893-4 in again visiting the engineering works of Great Britain and Belgium, and in 1895 toured Russia, Austria, and Ger- many. He is a member of the American Society of CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN, 129 Mechanical Engineers; member of the American vSociety of Naval Engineers; member of the American vSociety of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers; member of the Naval Institute; member of the Institution of Naval Ar- chitects of Eondon, England; and member of the Insti- tution of Naval Architects and Engineers of Scotland. Mr. Kirby served as a member of the Detroit Board of Water-works Commission from 1S92 to 1896; but has no predilection for political preferment, being ardently de- voted to his profession; its calling has bounded his am- bition. He is a Republican in politics, and a member of the Michigan Club. He was married, October 9, 1876, to Miss Mary F. Thorp, one child—a son who inherits the genius of his father and grandfather in a remarkable degree—being born of the union thus made. Mr. Kirby has demonstrated, and his life thus far illustrates, that "wealth can not insure success; genius can not com- mand it; it is to be attained, and comes not as a natural gift." He has the respect and confidence of a large and influential circle of social and business associates, who admire him for his ability and probity, and for his many noble qualities of mind and heart. In the war with Spain the Government called for Mr. Kirby\s services as an expert in the selection of vessels for transports, and in the outfitting of the same, and in the carrying out of his work in this connection he rendered aid of inestima- ble value. Hon. Henry Harrison Swan, of Detroit, law- yer and jurist, a son of Michigan and prominent on the roll of its true and good men. Searching the streets of Athens with a lantern, Diogenes illumined a truth of his own discovering; namely, that men are a nation's rarest as well as most precious jewels; and we have discovered that of those who shine in the crown of the Republic none have a higher worth than the faithful administra- tors of the law. From that noble profession, above other avocations within our citizenship, have sprung largely the silent makers of history, in whose strength of char- acter and marked individuality the biographer has found; a fruitful theme—gathering inspiration from the life's; record of his subjects through the valuable lessons therein conveyed. The faithful historiographer must needs place the name with which this article opens among the notable and successful men who have given \ character and influence to the bar of our Peninsular State. Judge Swan was born in Detroit on the 2d day of October, 1840, being the eldest son of Joseph G. Swan, whose parents were of Scotch and English extraction respectively, and Mary C. Ling, a native of Germany, . and who emigrated with her family and settled at De- I troit in 1832, where she died April 12, 1900, in her eighty- | second year. His father was a native of the State of New York, but at an early age removed to Detroit, where he lived until his death, which occurred in 1S73. His grandfather was a soldier in the War of 1812. The boyhood da}\s of our subject were without noteworthy incident. He early evinced a predilection for the profes- sion of the law, and to that end became an earnest student in the public schools; the instruction he there received being supplemented by studies under private tutorship in Detroit; so that, at the age of eighteen years, he was capable to matriculate in the Literary Department of the University of Michigan, at Ann Arbor. After becoming a member of the senior class, and before graduation, he, in 1861, left the university and went to California. Subsecrueutly, however, the in- stitution honored him by conferring the regular degree in course. Going to California, he engaged in steam- boating on the San Joaquin and Sacramento Rivers, which experience gave to him a fund of information that in after-life proved of great usefulness in his trials of admiralty cases, his spare time even then being devoted to the study of law, and he was admitted to the Califor- nia bar in 1867. Returning to Detroit the same year, he entered the office of D. P. and II. M. Duffield, and in October was admitted to practice in the Michigan Supreme Court; he being on\y a little over twenty-seven years of age. When but tliirty^ years of age his prestige among fellow-members of his profession earned for him' the appointment as assistant United States district at- torney at Detroit, the same being made on April 15, 1870. For seven years he retained this position, discharging the duties thereof with characteristic fidelity and marked ability. On his retirement from the same he became as- sociated with the distinguished advocate, A. Ii. Mayuard, this business partnership being continued with most satisfactory results. While the practice of the firm was general, they sought rather causes in the higher courts, many cases in which they were retained being of great magnitude. On January 13, 1891, Mr. Swan was ap- pointed judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan, by President Harrison. This honor extended him met with warm and universal approval. The indorsements urging his selection are said to have been the strongest ever sent from Michigan, and, being unsolicited by him and non-partisan in char- acter, were a high tribute to his social and professional worth. As a member of the Federal judiciary he has participated in many of the important decisions of the United States Circuit Court of Appeals of the Sixth Cir- cuit. In politics Judge Swan has ever given allegiance to the principles of the Republican party. He has never held office that is not intimately related to his profes- sion. He has long been a consistent and active member of the First Presbyterian Church of Detroit. On April 30, 1S73, he was married to Miss Jennie H. Clark, daugh- ter of Rev. W. C. Clark, of the Presbyterian denomina- tion. Two children have been bora to the twain—Will- iam M. and Mary C. This outline of Judge Swan's life, brief and incomplete as it of necessity is, may be well concluded with the following panegyric from a distin- guished fellow-member of the Michigan bar: "As a law- yer, it can not be denied that Judge Swan had few peers within the circuit of his work. He had no superior as a 'case lawyer,' and early in his practice became noted for his remarkable recollection of authorites. He was dis- tinctively erudite on the branch of maritime law, hav- ing acquired considerable knowledge of inland naviga- tion while a young man. In the argument of a cause he CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. was eloquent, always sincere, thorough, and possessed of a clear understanding; as to the vital point in issue. As a judge he is pure, learned, and able. He is free from pride of opinion, and most painstaking to arrive at a correct conclusion. His trained reason finds the truth; his conscience can be relied upon to do the right; and as a man and a citizen he has ever lived uprightly and with marked loyalty to ever}' personal and public rela- tion of life." IRVING DUANE HANSCOM, lawyer, Marquette, was born in the township of vShelby, Macomb County, Michigan, June 30, 1840, and died August 4, 1896. His father, George Hanscom, was born in Gorham, Maine, in 1796, and his mother, Sarah (Van Brundt) Hanscom, was a native of New York State and a descendant of an old Dutch family wdio were natives of Amsterdam, Holland, and who emigrated to this country early in the eigh- teenth century. In 1820, Mr. and Airs. Hanscom came to Macomb County, and took up one hundred and sixty acres of land in Shelby Township, on sections three and four, which was their homestead until the death of Mr. Hanscom in June, 1855. Airs. Hanscom died twenty years later. The}' had five sons and two daughters. Alfred II. was a prominent lawyer and politician, and was at one time speaker of the Michigan House of Rep- resentatives. The next was Andrew J., a lawyer of Omaha, Nebraska, who was speaker of the first House of Representatives in the Territorial Legislature of Ne- braska. The subject of our sketch was the youngest in the family. When he was seven years of age he was sent to Detroit to school, where he remained for three years under the tutorship of Professor Nichols in the Capitol School. At the age of thirteen he entered the Dickinson Institute at Romeo, and had for his instructor Professor Isaac Stone, afterward minister to Japan. He subsequently attended Dr. Seldeifs high school at De- troit, and Antioch College, Yellow Springs, Ohio. At the age of eighteen he went to Omaha, Nebraska, and began to read law in the office of Poppleton & Lake, then the leading attorneys of that city, where he remained one year, and finding that he had plenty of time to stud}' be- fore coming of age and gaining admission to the bar, he decided to visit the gold country of Colorado, the Pike's Peak excitement then being at its zenith, and he, with many others, yielded to the fever. The party walked from Omaha almost to Pike's Peak, when they, like many others, became discouraged by the stories told by thousands who were then returning; but instead of turn- ing back, as most of the unsuccessful did, Mr. Plan scorn decided to see the other side of the Rocky Mountains, and again set out on foot for the Pacific coast, walking the whole distance of two thousand miles. On the 24th of August, 1859, he reached Sacramento in a terribly de- moralized state, barefooted and almost without clothes, and himself nearly starved; but he improved his condition by working in the mines for a while, and then set about seeing the country. He visited various places of interest in California, walking most of the distance. Prom Cali- fornia he visited Mexico, Central America, and Cuba, sailing from there to New York in the latter part of i860, and then returned to Detroit and resumed the study of law. About July 1, 1862, he went to a little town called Disco, in Michigan, and was taken ill with diphtheria and nearly died. On the first day he was able to sit up he enlisted as a private soldier in the Twenty-second Michigan Volunteer Infantry; and as soon as he was able to ride, his physician accompanied him to Pontiac, the regimental headquarters, where he was mustered into the service in Company B. They first went to Cincin- nati, as that town was threatened, and took position on Covington Heights opposite the city, and after remain- ing there a few weeks they were ordered to advance, and went as far as Lexington, Kentucky, where they went into winter quarters. In the spring of 1863 they inarched to Nashville, and staid there until the 1st of September. The next important move they made, they went to Chattanooga, and were engaged in the Battle of Chicka- mauga, September 19 and 20, 1S63, in which his regi- ment was nearly annihilated. His next important battle was the battle of Missionary Ridge, November 24th, 25th, and 26th, the battle lasting three days. He subse- quently engaged in the taking of Atlanta, and the cam- paign of Chattanooga. Later he was detailed, with two companies of his regiment, with two companies under Captain Barrows, of the Ninth Michigan Infantry, to take charge of between five and six thousand Rebel pris- oners. When Sherman left Atlanta, on his march to the sea, they took the prisoners to Chattanooga and rejoined their regiments. His first promotion was about six months after his enlistment, when he was made orderly sergeant by an almost unanimous vote of the company, and subsequently was promoted to second and later to first lieutenant, and during the last year of service was in command of Company G. He was at one time de- tailed as one of the officers of a military commission ap- pointed for the trial of a large number of offenders of various kinds that were in the prison at Chattanooga, and remained on detached service until June, 1865, when he returned home with his regiment and was given an honorable discharge. Pie then entered the law-office of the Hon. Klisha F. Mead, of Romeo, to review his law studies, and in April, r866, was admitted to the bar by examination before Judge San ford M. Green, at Mt. Clemens, Michigan. The following year, not being over- crowded with legal business, he purchased the Romeo Observer, and was connected with that paper for five or six years, and while in this business was elected Circuit Court commissioner for two terms; was nominated by the Republicans for prosecuting attorney in the cam- paign of 1876, but was defeated by a small majority, the county being strongly Democratic. Pie was also presi- dent of Romeo Village for twelve successive years. In 18S0 he was again nominated as prosecuting attorney, and, notwithstanding the great Democratic opposition, was elected. The State senator from that county at one time had thirteen hundred Democratic majority, and was the only Democratic senator elected in the State. He was appointed by Governor Bagley a trustee for the State Institute for Educating the Deaf, Dumb, and Blind, at CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. >3r Flint, and was also elected secretary of the board, but owing to his growing legal practice was compelled to re- sign after four years, much to the regret of the board and also of Governor Croswell, which was shown by the following complimentary letter: "Executive Office, Lansing, February 20, 1S77. "Irving D. Hanscom, Esq.: "Afy Dear Sir,—I have yours of yesterday, resigning the trusteeship of the Michigan Institution for Educating the Deaf and Dumb and the Blind. While I accept your resig- nation, I do so with great reluctance, and only because )'ou seem to feel that your personal interests require it. I desire, however, to say that I regret to have you leave the board, as I am assured by your associates, and by others who have known you in that relation, that you have taken a deep in- terest in the success of the institution and have made a use- ful and excellent trustee. I am, my dear sir, with sentiments of high personal regard, Very truly yours, "Charles M. Croswell." He was also a director of the Union School at Romeo several years. In 1876, Mr. Hanscom lost by fire a fine law library and the law files and papers he had accumu- lated for years. In May, 1862, he came to Marquette, and entered into partnership with D. II. Bali in the prac- tice of law. After his arrival at Marquette, Mr. Hanscom went entirely out of politics, and has since remained out, although a Republican and a strong believer in a reason- able protection to American industries. On his leaving Macomb Count}' to go to Marquette, Mr. Hanscom was the recipient of the following complimentary letter from his colleagues in practice: "Dear Sir,—You have been on trial at the bar of this county for some sixteen years; you can not be permitted to escape to new fields of practice without having passed upon you our deliberate judgment of you. A brother lawyer of this county, you have been well and fairly tried, and we shall as fairly pronounce sentence. It is hy us, after due deliberation, considered—inasmuch as we have ever found you, in all our association and intercourse at the bar and elsewhere, an hon- orable, able, and courteous gentleman and attorney—that you shall bear with you in the future, not only our earnest indorsement of you as an able and honest lawyer, worthy of the confidence of clients and attorneys, but also our hearty and sincere wishes that the future of you and yours may be full of happiness and success as one's very best friends could suggest. Yours, etc., "D. M. Crocker, A. L. Caneieed, D. M. Loweee, "G. M. Crocker, H. B. Hutchins, Edgar Weeks, "S. B. Russeee, F, B. Monteord, A. B. Mavnard." In 1867, ^lr- Hanscom joined the Masonic Lodge at Romeo, went through the various degrees to Knight Templar, and was elected Eminent Commander of Romeo Commandery, No. 6. He was also a member of the In- dependent Order of Oddfellows. He was a member of the Michigan Commandery of the Loyal Legion of the United States, and was, as well, a member of the Grand Army of the Republic. He was a communicant of St. Paul's Episcopal Church. Mr. Hanscom was married, in January, 1867, to Julia Alice Abbott, of Romeo, and to them was born a daughter. Like other Lake Superior residents, Mr. Hanscom was interested in several mining; properties, some of which were very promising. Mr.' Hanscom was a man of the highest moral and intellect- ual principles, and commanded the respect and esteem j of all with whom he came in contact. | JOHN NICHOLS, president ol the Nichols & Shep- ard Company, of Battle Creek. No better illustration of the results to be obtained by unflagging industrj', en- ergy, perseverance, and an unswerving determination to succeed in spite of all discouragement, can be found than in the career of the subject of this sketch. He was born January t, 1814, in Liverpool, Onondaga County, New York; his parents being Eliakim and Sally Nichols. As in the case of so many of his compeers, who, like Mr. Nichols, have been the architects of their own fortunes, his opportunities for an education were exceedingly limited, his early schooling consisting only of a few months' instruction in the country schools. Owing to the family's limited means, John, at an early age, was compelled to strike out for himself, and when thirteen years old went to Palmyra, New York, to learn the trade of a molder from Abraham Gregg, remaining there until 1835, when, becoming his own master, he turned his face westward, settling on a farm near Clin- ton, Lenawee County, Michigan. Here he remained, till- ing the soil for four years, when he removed to Marshall, and went to work at his trade. In 1842 he removed to Detroit, to work in the Michigan Central Railway shops, hoping to find in a larger sphere the conditions of suc- cess which the smaller place did not present. But cap- ital had not yet discovered the mine of wealth which later was to be developed from the inventive genius and me- chanical skill of the young iron-worker, and, no richer in anything but experience, Mr. Nichols again turned toward the interior of the State, locating at Battle Creek in 1848, where he opened a shop, engaging in the manu- facture of stoves, plows, etc., and later of steam-engines for gristmills and sawmills. In 1850, drawn by the ex- citement in California, Mr. Nichols joined the multitude of gold-seekers who thronged to that State; but the life not being to his taste, and being satisfied with a moderate success, he spent but a short time there, returning to his home and resuming his business, which was soon to prove a richer placer than any he found in the Golden vState. In 1849, Mr. Nichols formed a partnership with Mr. David Shepard, and in a small way began the man- ufacture of threshers, in which Mr. Nichols's inventive talent had made man}' valuable improvements. Wher- ever introduced, the new machines became immediate favorites, and very soon the little shop in Battle Creek had more orders than it could fill. And now the long- struggle was virtually over, success was assured; for the attention of other manufacturers had been forcibly drawn to the great superiority of the Nichols & Shepard threshers, and capitalists were now as willing as they had previously been reluctant to come forward with the needed funds. The result was, the formation of a stock company, the purchase of the present site, and the erec- tion of the immense works now operated by the Nichols & Shepard Company. They employ about five hundred hands, and turn out six complete machines for every work- ing day in the year. Their trade covers the entire grain- producing area of the country. Mr. Nichols was married in 1834 to Miss Nancy C. Galloway, of Marion, Wayne County, New York. They had three children, two I32 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. of whom are now living, K. C. Nichols and Mrs. Cald- well. In politics Mr. Nichols was a Republican, but had always been too busy a man to seek or accept office, and, though always feeling a patriotic interest in his country's welfare, was never active in politics. In relig- ion he was liberal in his views. For many years the interests of Mr. Nichols and the city of his adoption were identical, and his business sagacity and euerg3r contributed largely to its growth and material prosper- ity. Mr. Nichols was a man of large-hearted, generous nature, and no worth}' object appealed to his sympathies in vain. He had quite recently invested a large sum in a property which, when certain conditions were complied with, it was his intention to turn over to the city for charitable purposes. This has been done and the "Nichols Memorial Free Hospital" is a permanent monument of his liberality and affection for the com- mon people. The life of such a man as Mr. Nichols presents an example to young men that must stimu- late in them a desire to emulate his deeds, that the world may be the better for their having lived in it. \ Mr. Nichols reaped the reward of a well-spent life, and j up to within a short time of his death, which occurred j on April 16, 1891, was hale and vigorous, and took an act-' ive interest in the institution of which he was the j founder, and remained at the head. j General Orlando Metcalf Poe, of Detroit,! the monuments of whose genius and skill as an engineer I are scattered over the waterways of the Great Lakes, was; born at Navarre, Stark Count}', Ohio, March 7, 1832, and died at Detroit, Michigan, October 2, 1895, The follow- j ing sketch of his career, by Gaillard Hunt, was, as an! (< In Meinoriain," read before the Association of the 1 Graduates of the United States Military Academy, June j rr, 1896: If one word could describe the character of i Orlando M. Poe, it would be a word expressing inflexible strength. From the very beginning he was a man with a program, and he adhered to it unbendingly. He knew his mission; he knew the path which duty called upon him to follow, and he accepted his lot, and was undis- turbed by any doubts whether it was the best or the most fitting for him. He made no compromises with himself. He was incapable of deceiving others, and he possessed the rare trait of never deceiving himself, and never sub- stituting what was pleasant for what was right. He de- sired 110 promotion in life that he did not deserve, and he stooped to no dubious means to attain the promotions which he did deserve. With a soldier's respect for rank, he truckled to no man, however high his rank; and with the frank reverence for talents which talented men always have, he gave to each man his due, and asked no more in return. The honors with which his life was crowded were thus real honors, untainted by the faintest suspicion that political or social influence had been exerted to procure them. He was of dauntless courage, morally as well as physically. Whatever he knew he knew thoroughly, and his mind was compre- hensive. His opinions were formed carefull_v, and were based upon knowledge; but they were pronounced, and he expressed them fearlessly. In political affairs he con- ceived that it was unbecoming an officer of the army to participate, but he took a keen interest in the march of events, and was an adherent of the political school which allows a liberal construction of the powers of the Na- tional Government. With a fine contempt for politicians and their methods, he never doubted the high destiny of his country, or that the evils which mar our progress will eventually7 disappear. He was a born mathematician, and his mind worked rapidly and with remarkable ac- curacy; but he was something more than a mathemati- cian; for his nature was large, his views were liberal, and the sentimental side of life was developed in him. When he was a bo}T, he worked all of one summer in the harvest-field, and spent his modest earnings in a set of drawing instruments and a copy of Burns's poems. This indicated the budding character of the man who after- wards became one of the most eminent engineers ever produced by the army, and who carried through his whole life the pride of worth, the simple love of beauty, and the true humanity which are reflected in the undying verses of Robert Burns. It is probable that a nature under such strict control as Poe's would have withstood the insidious temptations of great wealth, but it never underwent the trial. He was always a poor man, early in life a very poor man, and he set himself to practice a careful economy from which he never deviated; but this did not interfere with his exercising a generous, unpre- tentious hospitality, which those who had once experi- enced esteemed it a privilege to return to again and again. It is probable also that so strong and active an intelligence as his could never have been content with inaction. Be that as it niayT, he aquired the habit of work in boyhood, and in the course of his life he knew no leisure. When he was not engaged in his profes- sional labors, he was reading or occupied in instructive conversation. He was never idle. As he was a positive and fearless man, so was he positive in his likes and dis- likes. His attachments were loyal and devoted, but he was severely just to those who he believed were unwor- thy of his regard, nor did he conceal his sentiments be- yond the requirements of ordinary politeness. Quickly aroused when he suspected wrong or imposition, he wras equally quick to admit an error if it was his; and to those whom he loved this man of unbending strength was tenderness itself. How deeply and intensely such a nature as his could love need 011I3' be hinted at. A shal- lower heart would have shown more and felt less, but to him this was all in all, and was enshrined as a posses- sion too sacred for ordinary display. If this sketch draws the lines of too rugged a picture, it must be re- membered that it leaves out the softer strokes of humor and sport, which were only revealed in the relaxation of home. In producing Foe's character almost every stock of modern civilization had been drawn upon. The paternal line was German, intermingled with Spanish, English, and Scotch-Irish, and the maternal line was chiefly Ger- man. Both lines came to America so early that the characteristics of their foreign origin almost wholly dis- appeared. The original home of the Poes was in that n - CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN, 133 section of old Geniany known as the Upper Palatinate, and- now constituting a part of Bavaria. From there George Jacob Poe emigrated to Northern Ireland, where he married a widow of Spanish descent. Later he re- turned to Germany, and in 1745 sailed for the New World with his wife and three children. During the voyage the family was increased by the birth of another child, who was called Adam. Arriving in America, the Poes chose their home on Antietam Creek, in Maryland. When George Jacob Poe died, under the laws of primo- geniture his eldest son, George, inherited all the prop- erty, and when the Revolution broke out he remained loyal to the Crown. The other sons, Andrew and Adam, having left Marian d for Washington County, Pennsyl- vania, served in the patriot army, and in 1782 partici- pated in the fight with Big Foot and his band of Wyan- dot Indians on the Ohio, at the mouth of Tomlinson's River, in Hancock County, West Virginia. Adam Poe married Elizabeth Cochran, an English woman, whose first husband had been killed by the Indians. Their eldest son, Andrew, was born in Washington County, Pennsylvania, November 12, 1780, and on September 8, 1803, married Nancy Hoy, the daughter of Charles Hoy, of Scotch-Irish stock. They settled in Columbiana County, Ohio, and in 1812-13 moved to Stark County. Both Adam Poe and his son Andrew served in the War of 1812. While in Columbiana County, September 26, 1807, the fourth child of Andrew Poe was born. This was Charles, and in 1831 he married Susannah Warner, born at London, Franklin County, Pennsylvania, No- vember 5, 1813. She was of German descent, the name having been originally Werner. Charles Poe is described as a man of strong character and studious tastes. Pie studied law, and was about to be admitted to the bar and to embrace a legal career, when he met with finan- cial reverses, and was compelled to follow mercantile pursuits. His eldest son he called after his friend Or- lando Metcalf, a prominent lawyer of Canton, Ohio. He was born at Navarre, Stark County, Ohio, March 7, 1832. The family were in modest . circumstances, without wealth, but with the simple comforts of country life, neither better off nor worse off than their neighbors. He thus began life without advantages over other boys, but with surroundings that were pure and healthful, and with sound traditions behind him. His father was yet a young man, with hopes of advancing his condition, and his mother possessed great generosity of heart and men- tal vigor. Orlando received the greater part of his early education at the public schools of his neighborhood, with the exception of two years spent at the Canton Academy, at Canton, Ohio, an institution which enjoyed a high reputation at the time, and which always occu- pied a warm place in his affections It had early been his wish to embrace a military career, but he encoun- tered almost insurmountable difficulties in the way of procuring an appointment. At the age of nineteen he was teaching a district public school, with apparently little hope of wider prospects in the near future; but the next year, almost by chance, he secured an appointment to West Point. It happened that one day, in the autumn of 1852, he was at Massillon, buying wheat for his father, when there passed through the town on the train the boy who had a short time before been appointed a cadet from his district, and who had failed after spending six weeks at the academy. Learning his fate, Poe rode sixty miles on horseback to Coshocton, where he saw his member of Congress, and, as a result of the inter- view, with almost no time for preparation, when he was almost arrived at man's estate, he became a military cadet. The following }Tear his father died, at the early age of forty-four, and Orlando proposed to leave the academy and return home to support his mother and her family. Fortunately, this was found to be unnecessary, and from this time on no doubt seems ever to have crossed his mind but that his career was appropriately chosen. But his life at West Point was far from being an easy one. The first year was a hard struggle to put himself on an equal footing with his fellow-students who had been better prepared than he; but he eventually caught up with them, and graduated sixth in his class. His principal friends and associates at West Point in the class of 1856 were George W. Snyder, who graduated first, and whose promising career was terminated by his un- timely death after one brief campaign in the war; David C. Houston, who graduated second, and who had after- wards a brilliant military record; Miles D. McAlester, the third member of the class, who became chief engineer of the Military Division of West Mississippi, and was bre- vetted a colonel for highly meritorious services in that capacity, receiving the final brevet, at the close of the war, of brigadier-general; George D. Bayard, afterwards a brigadier-general of volunteers, who fell at the age of twenty-seven at the battle of Fredericksburg; Plenry V, DePIart, who graduated immediately ahead of Poe, and who died in 1862, of wounds received at the battle of Gaines Mill; Edmund C. Bainbridge, of the Artillery and Quartermaster's Department; and his room-mate and lifelong friend, Thomas C. Sullivan, who served during the Rebellion as assistant adjutant-general of the De- partment at Washington, and now holds high rank in the commissariat. With Fitzhugh Lee, who rose to dis- tinction in the Confederate service, he formed an ac- quaintanceship which became intimate after the war. In the class of 1855 he formed notable friendships with Samuel Breck, George H. Elliott, and Godfrey Weitzel, and in the class of 1853 with William P. Craighill, the present accomplished chief of engineers. The chief of his friends in after life was Cyrus B. Comstock, who led the class of 1855. They were in different classes; they held different commands during the war; their labors were in different fields after the war; yet there existed a friend- ship between them almost romantic in its nature, which was terminated only by death. After graduating, Poe received the rank of brevet second lieutenant topograph- ical engineers, July 1, 1856, and was retained at West Point for three months as an assistant instructor. He was promoted to be a second lieutenant October 7, 1856, and served under Captain George G. Mead, in connec- tion with the surveys of the Great Lakes and in astro- nomical work. July f, i860, he became a first lieutenant, 18 i34 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. and in the following winter he saw the gathering storm of war, and wrote to William Dennison, governor of Ohio, offering his services in view of impending hostil- ities. The day that Fort Sumter was fired upon the governor sent for him. His superior officer granted him but a week's leave of absence, but he reported to the governor, and assisted in organizing the first Ohio regi- ments which went into the field. Being offered a com- mand, he was compelled to decline it, as the War De- partment still clung to the hope that the regular army might be held together. Governor Dennison then asked him whom he would recommend to take command of the Ohio troops, and Poe suggested George B. McClellan, then in civil life, living in Cincinnati. The name was a new one to the governor, but he commissioned Poe to see McClellan. Pie found him in Cincinnati, brought him back to Columbus, and introduced him to Governor Dennison. Upon McClellan's appointment as major- general, he offered the first position on his staff to lieu- tenant Poe, and he went into the field as" chief topograph- ical engineer of the Department of the Ohio, serving from May 13th to July 15th. Pie made several reconuois- sances in Northern Kentucky and Western Virginia, and was in the action of Rich Mountain, West Virginia, July u, 1861. From July 27th to September 26th he served on McClellan's staff at Washington. These were impor- tant events in the life of a young officer fresh from West Point, but a greater event happened to him at this time. In the spring of 1859, when he was at Detroit with Meade, his friend, George D. Bayard, took him to call upon Eleanor Carroll Brent, the daughter of Thomas Lee Brent, of Virginia, a captain in the army, who had died a short time before. In the autumn of i860 they were engaged to be married. They were married in Detroit June 17, 1S61. She was in the first blush of womanhood, only seventeen }rears of age, and he was in the full vigor of early manhood, standing upon the threshold of a brilliant public career. It was now almost certain that that career was not to be one of peaceful inaction. War was in sight, opening up before the ardent minds of the younger officers of our army great hopes and aspira- tions. Lieutenant Poe was fully alive to the seriousness of the situation; but his duty as well as his ambition, called upon him to face it, and he left his bride the day of his marriage, and was in action within a week. The young bridegroom was a man of splendid soldierly ap- pearance. He was an inch above six feet in height, and stood straight as an arrow. His frame was large, and showed a bodily vigor which had been developed by bodily work. His hands and feet were small and deli- cately shaped. His face betokened his character. The features were large, and the lines were deep. A high forehead overhung a pair of flashing gray eyes, set deep in the head. The nose was broad and the mouth wide, the chin firmly set. There was not much of the calm- ness of repose about him. He moved quickly, spoke in- cisively, and laughed heartily. On September 16, 1861, Lieutenant Poe was appointed colonel of the Second Michigan Volunteers, and continued in that rank to February 16, 1864. He served immediately after his ap- pointment up to March 17, 1862, in command of a regi- ment in the defenses of Washington, and in the Virginia peninsular campaign from March to June, 1862, taking part in the siege of Yorktown, April 5th to May 4th; in the battle of Williamsburg, May 5th; and of Fair Oaks, May 31st, where he had a horse shot under him. At the battle of second Bull Run he commanded a brig- ade, and also at the battle of Manassas, August 29th- 30th. He was in the Maryland campaign from October to November, and on November 29, 1862, was nominated by President Lincoln to be a brigadier-general, and served in that rank up to March 4, 1863. He was in the Rappahannock campaign, December, 1862, and in the battle of Fredericksburg, December 13th, and com- manded a division of the Ninth Army Corps, February 16 to April 11, 1863, taking part in the movement to the Department of the Ohio, March 17, 1S63. His nomina- tion as brigadier-general, with a number of others made at the same time, was not acted upon by the Senate, for the reason that no provision for the necessary increase of officers had been made by Congress, and no vacancies existed. Having resigned his post as colonel of the Second Michigan at the time of his appointment as brigadier- general, he found himself, for a brief period, out of the volunteer service, and in his old rank of lieutenant of engineers in the regular army. lie was urged by his Michigan comrades to return to the command of his regiment, but he declined for the reason that it would interfere with the promotion of the other officers. Soon afterwards he was appointed chief engineer on the staff of General Burnside, participating in the march to East Tennessee and the occupation of Knoxville. He was in the action of Blue Springs, October 10th, and de- fenses of Knoxville, November 18 to December 4, 1863. Plis comrades in the military order of the Loyal Legion, Alger, Trowbridge, and Mizner, have spoken of a specific service in this campaign: "He was a man of fertile re- sources, and when, at Knoxville, he learned that there was a large lot of telegraph wire there, he at once con- ceived the importance and feasibility of using it to ob- struct the assault on Fort Saunders, which his keen per- ceptions assured him would certainly be made. Of course, it is impossible now to say how much that ob- struction contributed to the repulse of that gallant as- sault; but it is not too much to say that it undoubtedly had much to do in demoralizing the enemy's attacking columns. His subsequent military career was so crowded with events of importance that it is impossible to dwell upon it at reasonable length here. It must be studied in the histories of the time, of which it forms an impor- tant part. The mere statement of service is as follows: (< As assistant engineer, December 15, 1863, to April 3, 1864, and chief engineer, April 3, 1864, to June 29, 1865, of the Military Division of the Mississippi; in the invasion of Georgia, May 2 to December 21, 1864, being engaged in demonstrations against Dalton, May 7th to 14th; battle of Resaca, May 15th; action of Adairsville, May 17th, and of Kingston, May 19th; battle of New Hope Church, May 20th; battle of Dallas, May 25th-2Sth; movement on Kenesaw, May 28th to June 20th; battles of Kene- CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN, 135 saw Mountain, June 20th to July 2d; assault at Ruff's Station, July 4th; movement upon Atlanta, July 5th- 21st; battle of Atlanta, July 22d; siege of Atlanta, July 22d to August 25th; battle of Jonesborough, August 31st; erecting new defenses at Atlanta, September 4th to November 16th; march to the sea from Atlanta to Sa- vannah, November 16th to December 9th; participating in the skirmish at Sandersville, November 26th, and siege of Savannah, December 9-21, 1864; in construct- ing a new line of defense at Savannah, December 21, 1864, to January 23, 1S65; and in the invasion of the Carolinas, January 23 to April 26, 1865, being engaged in the battle of Averysborough, March 16th; battle of Bentonville, March 2oth-2ist; capture of Raleigh, April 13th, and surrender of the rebel army under General J. E. Johnston at Durham Station, North Carolina, April 26, 1865." He was brevetted a major, July 6, 1864, for gallant services in the siege of Knoxville; a lieutenant- colonel, September r, 1864, for gallant services in the capture of Atlanta; a colonel, December 21, J864, for gallant services in the capture of Savannah; and finally, on March 13, 1865, a brigadier-general United States Army, for gallant and meritorious services in the campaign terminating with the surrender of the insur- gent army under General Joseph E. Johnston. It was during the last two }rears of the war that he formed the friendship with General Sherman, It was based upon mutual understanding and appreciation. The two men were so unlike that they came finally to depend upon each other. Sherman was impulsive, sa}nng whatever was uppermost in his mind, fond of man}' people, and accepting the good things of life. Poe governed himself rigorously, spoke with forethought, selected a small cir- cle of friends, and allowed himself few luxuries. They estimated each other, professionally and personally, very highly. It was Poe's opinion that the greatest general of our Civil War was Sherman. That the war had pro- duced any everlasting star of military genius, wTith a place in the constellation which includes Caesar, Hanni- bal, Marlborough, and Napoleon, he did not believe. The greatest of the Confederate officers he thought to be General Joseph E. Johnston, These views may have received some color from the fact that Poe served under Sherman and against Johnston; but he was singularly free from prejudices arising from personal causes, and had a thorough knowledge of the cam- paigns in which he did not himself participate. On the other hand, Sherman left no doubt as to his opinion of Poe. In speaking of him some years after the war he said: "I consider him one of the most accomplished officers in the army. If I should die to-morrow, he is perfectly capable of filling the place I occupy." He gave practical demonstration of his opinion on many occasions during the war, and afterwards selected him to represent the engineer corps on his personal staff, when he became general of the army. Poe served in this capacity, with the rank of colonel, up to 1883. He was also division engineer of the Northwest Division, and a member of the Board of Engineers, when it had under consideration subjects relating to fortifications in the Northwest Division. July 14, 1865, he was ap- pointed engineer secretary of the Light-house Board, serving for five years; as engineer of the Ninth and Elev- enth Eight-house Districts three years; as a member of the Eight-house Board ten years. His total service in the light-house service extended over eighteen years. He had charge of important constructions, and executed them with his usual consummate skill. The lights at Spectacle Reef and Stannard's Rock are notable exam- ples. During the period of his residence in Washing- ton, General Poe was one of the figures in its higher official and scientific society. The fashionable element had hardly then asserted itself, but in any event pos- sessed no attractions to a man like Poe. Who were his friends and associates will be sufficiently indicated when it is stated that he was one of the youngest members of the Scientific Club, a small organization of seventeen distinguished men. Other members were Joseph Henry, Alexander Dallas Bache, Peter Parker, Simon Newcomb, J, E. Hilyard, George C. Shaeffer, A. A. Humphreys, M. C. Meigs, Dr. F. A. Barnard, and Hugh McCulloch, then Secretaiy of the Treasury. Mr. McCulloch, in his entertaining work, "Men and Measures of Half a Cen- tury," has spoken of this club: "The most delightful hours which I spent in Washington were spent at its meetings. It was a club without being a corporation. It had neither a constitution nor by-laws, and no officer but a secretary. It met every Saturday evening (except during the summer) at the house of some of its members. The subjects discussed were chiefly scientific, and usually such as the public was interested in at the time. The discussions were always able, and when, as was often the case, the views of the members were not in accord, they were warm and keen. No one spoke who had not something to say, and he fared baclly who advanced theories he was unable to maintain. . . . All of them were interesting men, all well known to each other, and some of them to the public by their scientific and literary entertainments; there was not one who would not have been distinguished in any literary and scientific club in this country, or any other coun- try; there was not a money-worshiper or time-server among them all. . . . O. M. Poe, whom I knew very well, was one of the youngest members of the club. He was regarded as a youug man of great promise, which promise has been fulfilled. He has become, while still in the prime of life, one of the ablest and most distinguished engineers con- nected with the army." Of the members of this club, the illustrious Joseph Henry was the warmest of Poe's friends. Their rela- tions were those of paternal fondness and pride on the one side, and of filial respect and admiration on the other. The retirement of General Sherman from active service in 1883 broke up the Washington life. He wrote the following letter to General Poe: "Headquarters Army of the United States, \ Washington, D. C, October 30, 1883. j "My Dear Friend,—By reason of circumstances long since revealed, a little group of officers which has daily gathered at these headquarters will soon give place to others, and we will scatter—you to your post of duty at Detroit, and I to my home at St. Louis. "The relation between a general and his personal staff is too intimate, too sacred, to be treated in General Orders. So, according to a habit long since formed, I will address you thus rather than a fulsome compliment for publication. "I construe your personal and official service near my per- son to have begun in the spring of 1864 at Nashville, and that it will not cease until February 3, 1884, so that you will 136 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. have been with me twenty years—and twenty most eventful years. In the beginning we were in the throes of a great Civil War, with vast armies in motion needing guidance and maintenance, wherein your well-stored mind and sound judgment aided me more than you ever can know. "We gradually but surely swept our enemies out of exist- ence, and in 1865 rode into this Capital of Washington to celebrate a great victory, and, what was better, a peace founded on principles of truth as lasting as time. "Most of our comrades went to their homes, but our work was not yet done. Out of the wrecks of the vast armies had to be created smaller ones, adapted to the new condition of facts, and these had to be guided and directed, so as to pre- pare the way for the inevitable result—subduing the Indian, and making possible the settlement of the vast region west of the Missouri; to cover and protect the great railways which now connect the Atlantic with the Pacific, and bring those most valuable communities into more intimate rela- tions with the remainder of our country. This, too, has been done in our day, and for your most valuable assistance in this connection I am greatly indebted to you. To deal in more particulars would swell this letter to an uncomfort- able length, and I will only add that, throughout, our rela- tions have been so confident that either could anticipate the action of the other without waiting for the conclusion, "My career is now at an end, but there is no reason why you should not go on to the highest round of the ladder in our profession. I know your partiality to your own special branch, but you have had experience in all, and as to com mand men in battle is regarded by the world as the highest branch of the military art, I would have you bear that in mind, should the occasion arise in your life. "Wishing you and yours all possible honor and happiness, I am, Truly and sincerely your friend, "W. T. vSHERMAN, "Coi,. O. M. Poe, A. D. C, General. "Brevet Brigadier-General, U?iiled Slates Army." General Poe was detailed to the Detroit Station, July 27, 1883, and assumed his duties August 10th, relieving Captain D. W. Lockwoocl, who had been temporarily in charge after the death of Major F. U. Farquhar, July 3, 1883. There now began the most enduring, and per- haps the most important work of General Poe's life. Little more can be done here than to name the works which were under him. They form an important chap- ter in the history of modern engineering, and the ac- count of them should be written by one who can com- prehend the nature of the details and difficulties they involved. He had in charge the St. Mary's Fall Canal, and designed and constructed the largest canal lock in the world. It was begun in 1883, and had practically reached completion at the time of General Poe's death; but he would have continued in charge of it after his retirement from active service, had he lived, so unani- mous was the desire to that effect expressed by the ves- sel interests of the lakes. The work of improving the Hay Lake Channel also fell to his charge. He had agi- tated the subject in 1871, and the project was drawn up in 1881-82 by Lieutenant-Colonel Weitzel, the work being begun by Poe a year later. He also had charge of im- proving and operating the St. Clair Flats Canal, and of improving the Detroit River at Limekiln Crossing, be- gun in 1882. The harbor of Cheboy gan, at Thunder Bay, the Saginaw River, the Ice-harbor of Refuge at Belle River, the improvement of the mouth of Black River and of Rouge River, of Thunder Bay River, of Black River, the Harbor of Refuge at Sand Beach, and the im- provement of Clinton River, were all under Poe, until he transferred them to Colonel Ludlow in 1892. In 1888 he began the improvement of Grosse Pointe Channel, which was transferred to the ship channel in 1892, and in that year work was begun on the ship-channel connecting the waters of the Great Lakes between Chicago, Duluth, and Buffalo. The work is still in progress, but was ap- proaching completion when its projector died. He served also on a number of important boards, of which a few only need be mentioned: To decide upon a site for a harbor of refuge on Lake Ontario, 1871 to 1872; on locks of the Louisville and Portland Canal, in December, 1871; on examination of the condition of Toledo harbor, in De- cember, 1872; on preservation of the Falls of St. An- thony, in April, 1874; 011 selection of a site for a mova- ble dam on the Ohio River, in April, 1875; on the probable effect of the Chicago Sanitary Drainage Canal on lake levels. The report of the last-named board was acted upon by the War Department after his death. The impression created b}r his work at Detroit is well illustrated b}' the report of the inspector-general of the arm}' in 1892: 41 The magnitude of the work and the intricacy and pre- cision of detail was a revelation to me. I could find in the methods adopted by Colonel Poe, as applied to the works under his charge, and his personal knowledge and control of the details nothing wanting in thoroughness and efficiency. . . . I can not close without referring to the great re- sponsibility resting upon the shoulders of this officer—a responsibility of a character which can not be well under- stood or appreciated, except from a personal knowledge of the details of this great work." He was equally successful as an originator of large and beneficial projects, and as an executive officer carrying out legislation which he had not shaped. A distin- guished senator said of him: u General Poe was an en- gineer of such capacity, and a man of so much force and energy, that railroad corporations offered him many times the salary he received from the Government. His heart was in his work, however, and outside offers had no temptation for him." Pie had refused civil employment of a most lucrative nature before lie went to Detroit. When the Mutual Union Telegraph Company was in the height of its prosperity, the office of superintendent at a large salary was tendered General Poe, but he rejected it promptly, as he did all similar offers, rightly considering that his field of usefulness was in the service of his Gov- ernment. It was iinfortuuate, however, that circum- stances compelled him to decline several offers within the service. It was proposed by General Sherman to send him to the scene of the Turko-Russian War; but he felt that he could not properly support his position abroad and care for his family at home, and wTas obliged to refuse. Pie recommended in his place Lieutenant Green, of the Corps of Engineers. He also declined the assignment to take charge of the Marquis of Lorne and his party, when the}' made their tour of the United States. The Japanese Government requested his serv- ices to instruct their engineers in the establishment and building of light-houses; but the War Department wras unwilling to grant him sufficient leave of absence, and an English officer took the place offered to Poe. The appreciation in which his services were held by those who knew them best was shown at a meeting on Janu- CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 137 ary 16, 1896, of the Lake Carriers' Association. General Russell A. Alger moving that the vesselmen place a tab- let on the new lock at Sault Ste. Marie, detailing the work done for the lake interests by Poe, Mr. William Livingstone proposed that a bronze statue be substituted for a tablet. The motion was adopted, and subscriptions to pay the cost were begun at once, General Alger head- ing the list with $500. His popularity among the people who were directly benefited by his work has been de- scribed by the Detroit Free Press: u Here are some of the reasons why the vessel owners liked General Poe: In his dealings with them he was thor- oughly democratic; he was not going to hold aloof and dis- miss thein with an indifferent wave of the hand, just because he occupied a position of great prominence in the United States army, and was fitted thereby to go into higher cir- cles than they, and had on his hands projects of vastly more importance than theirs. Second, he was heartily in sympa- thy with them and their efforts to improve the lake water- ways, and the endeavor to gain from their experience as well as his own researches, he at all times lent them an attentive ear, and gave due heed to all their requests that were of reason. . . . Fourth, every piece of work in- trusted to his care was done as well as the hand of man could do it. A good illustration of this is the new lock at the Soo. It is from the model of Leonardo da Vinci, and a better piece of canal-lock work has never been done in this or any other country, say scores of engineering experts who have examined it. . . . He was energetic, a hard worker, quick in his thoughts and decisions, accurate to a nicety, clear-headed always, due to temperance in the use of meat and drink, and abrupt. He was frank, open, quick to ac- knowledge a mistake that he might have made, sparing in his criticism of others, never speaking badly of any person, even though that other had declared himself an enemy." In the execution of the works intrusted to him Gen- eral Poe had the disbursement of large sums of Govern- ment funds, and the peculiar knowledge which his posi- tion gave him offered opportunities of speculation, with the certainty that he would reap a handsome profit. It is no credit to a man that he is honest; but Poe was so scrupulous and careful in his conduct that it was impos- sible for the breath of scandal ever to invade the atmos- phere surrounding him. His conduct in this regard furnishes a model for men in similar responsible posi- tions. It is appropriately eulogized in the General Orders of the chief of engineers, announcing General Poe's death, by a quotation from a leading engineering peri- odical: "General Poe was by nature gifted with exceptional force of character as well as mental and physical power; capable of prolonged labor, and endowed with a quick and penetrat- ing judgment. He displayed, in addition to these natural and acquired faculties, an indomitable industry and devotion to his work, and, chief possession of them all, a scrupulous- ness of thought and action, a personal integrity, and an in- stinctive habit of straightforward dealing that could recog- nize no other than the path of honesty and rectitude. It was this quality in especial that commanded for him the universal respect and regard of those with and for whom his labors were done, and it is this aspect of his charac- ter and memory which we desire at a fitting moment to com- mend to men of all professions, and particularly to those of the engineering profession whose work is of a similar char- acter, involving the expenditure of great sums of money intrusted to them." About the middle of September, 1895, General Poe was called suddenly to the Sault Ste. Marie to examine a break in the lock, which it was feared might be of serious consequence. Arriving there, he found the dam- age trifling; but in making the inspection he slipped and fell, scraping his left leg badly. Returning to Detroit, the injury began to trouble him, and soon developed into erysipelas, which spread to the other portions of the body, causing his death at eight o'clock on the morning of Wednesday, October 2d. The expressions of sorrow which followed were universal, and the eu- logies which appeared in the public press showed the appreciation in which he was held because of his public services and private worth. The funeral which followed a few days later was a manifestation of respect and honor, such as the lives of few men are able to inspire. Up to the time of his death General Poe gave few signs of being an old man. With increasing years and crush- ing sorrows, the tall form had become less erect, and the military beard and thick black hair showed a gener- ous sprinkling of gray. The vitality was not as pro- nounced as it had been; but there was present a greater gentleness which well became the older man. A really old man he never was, although he was upon the eve of retirement from active service when he died. He had rounded out his life by completing his greatest work; but further work was opening before him, and it was generally believed that an old age at once useful and free from infirmities awaited him. In truth, up to its closing years his life had been one of singular happi- ness, and this because it had been a life of constant progress. From the time of his entering West Point until his death, there had been no backward step. Each year found him in advance of the year before. If a man has no greater happiness than in work, his pleasures must have been deep; for his works were important; they were of a kind for which, as he knew, nature had generously endowed him, and they brought with them words of deserved commendation which constituted real and pleasure-giving fame. Step by step with his prog- ress as a public man, his happiness in private life grew more and more complete. In December, 1863, his mar- riage was blessed by the birth of a son; two daughters followed at intervals, and another son in 1873. The pleasure he received in assisting in their development suffered no shock from any misconduct of theirs. It is painful to be obliged to stop here, and close this sketch with the recital of a succession of afflictions close follow- ing the one upon the other. Six years before his death his youngest son, Orlando Warner, a noble youth, thir- teen years of age, died suddenly, while his father was absent in Washington on court-martial duty. Two years later his eldest daughter, Winifred Lee, who had recently married, followed. Her mental qualities were like her father's, and they met as two friends of similar tastes and of similar powers. Five months before his death his eldest son, Charles Carroll, died—a young man whose amiable character endeared him to all, and who had every prospect of a career of usefulness and success. Yet, in the face of such unspeakable calamities, no one heard complaint from General Poe. He might have said with Burke: "They who ought to have succeeded me have gone before me. They who should have been to me as posterity, are in the place of ancestors." The CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. storm had gone over him; he was stripped of his branches; but even in the deepest affliction he was not entirely bereft. There yet remained to him a daughter, the object of his pride and hope, and his wife—the wife of his youth, whose first love he had won, whose ma- turer affections clung to him devotedly, and who shared with him the heavy burden of his sorrows. Truman Handy Newberry, of Detroit, with residence in the beautiful and aristocratic suburban vil- lage of Grosse Pointe Farms, son of John Stoughton Newberry, and his wife, Helen P. (Handy) Newberry, was born at 483 Jefferson Avenue, Detroit, November 5, 1864, and has the honor of being descended from families, on both paternal and maternal sides, who have made their mark, and left their impress on American history; the men of the Newberry and of the Hatuly families being noted for that spirit of successful enterprise, and develop- ment of our country's natural and commercial resources that is so distinctive of the industrious and true Amer- ican. The founder of the Newberry family in America was Thomas Newberry, who came from England and settled in Dorchester, Massachusetts, in 1625. John S. Newberry, the great-grandson of Thomas, and the father of Truman PI., was born in New York State, and was brought to Michigan by his parents when a child. He graduated from the University of Michigan, in the Liter- ary Department, in 1845. Having mastered the science of civil engineering, he entered the employ of the Mich- igan Central Railroad in the engineering and construc- tion department. Three years later he took up the study of law, and was admitted to practice in 1853. In 1863, during the Civil War, he abandoned the practice of law, and, in company with James McMillan (since United States senator) and others, took a Government contract to supply railway-cars for army purposes; and this was the starting-point of what since developed into the im- mense Michigan-Peninsular Car Company. He was also interested in similar enterprises in London, Ontario, and St. Louis, Missouri. He was a director in the Detroit, Marquette & Mackinaw Railroad; in the Detroit and Cleveland Steam Navigation Company; the Vulcan Furnace Company, at Newberry, Michigan; the Detroit National Bank; the Detroit, Bay Cit}' & Alpena Rail- road; D. M. Ferry & Co.; the Detroit Railroad Elevator Company, and many other prominent corporations of Detroit and Michigan. He was a large investor in real estate, and in the central part of the city he erected some of the finest business blocks. In political faith he was a Republican. He was the first to be appointed provost-marshal for Michigan b}^ President Lincoln, and served in that capacity through 1862 and 1863, with the rank of captain of cavalry, during which time he had charge of two drafts, personally looking after the for- warding of the drafted men and the substitutes to the front. He was elected to Congress from the First Con- gressional District of Michigan in 1879, where he accom- plished much good for the commercial interests of the country, as a member of the Committee on Commerce. He also served on other influential committees, to which he devoted himself with earnestness. His important business affairs compelled him to positively decline a re- nomination. His religious affiliations were with the Presbyterian denomination. He served his city, his State, and his country well; for he developed industries, created employment, gave of his wisdom to the nation's councils, and gave of his means most lavishly to worthy charitable and religious objects. His crowning act in this direction was the bequeathing of six hundred and fifty thousand dollars to charitable institutions. It was dur- ing the last year of his life, in company with his business associate, Hon. James McMillan, that he founded Grace Hospital, to the establishment of which he contributed one hundred thousand dollars. He was a man of great industry, strict habits of life, and of the highest honor and integrity. He was also of an exceedingly social disposition, and made friends wherever he went. His home was always open and made welcome to whomso- ever might come. His heart was kind, his sympathies broad, and his manners genial. When he was called away, January 2, 1887, it is safe to say that his loss was felt by the entire community. The wife of John S. New- berry, the mother of Truman H., herself a woman of the highest culture and refinement, possessor of that inher- ent grace of the high-bred Christian gentlewoman, is a daughter of one of Cleveland's most honored and re- spected citizens, the late Truman P. Handy, banker, cap- italist, and philanthropist of that city, a man who was honored and beloved by all who knew him. Mr. Handy was born in Paris, Oneida County, New York, January 17, 1807, and died at his home in Cleveland March 25, 1898. At the early age of eighteen he became initiated in the profession of banking, which he ever since fol- lawed. In 1832 he became a resident of Cleveland, Ohio, where he soon came to the front as one of that city's leading bankers, and most prominent financial mem- ber of several important industries and railway organi- zations. In schools, churches, and charitable institu- tions he was always among the foremost in promoting their efficiency and welfare and contributing of his means to their support. More than half a century an elder in the Church of his choice—the Presbyterian—and more than sixty years a worker in the Sabbath-school, as teacher, superintendent, etc., he was a man who had well filled his allotted place in life. Possessed of the inherent virtues running down through a line of worthy ancestors, the immediate subject of our sketch, Truman H. New- berry, stands well to the front in the line of the younger men of prominence in the city of Detroit. After due at- tendance at the public schools, he entered the Michigan Military Academy at Orchard Lake. From there he en- tered Charlier Institute, New York City, and later Yale University, where he graduated in 1885. The same year, owing to his father's serious illness, he entered his father's office, and has had charge of his affairs and of his estate ever since that time. Following in his father's footsteps, he became president of the Detroit Steel and Spring Co.; vice-president of the Newberry Furnace Company; secretary and a director of the Detroit, Bay City & Alpena Railway Co., and director and treasurer CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. i39 of several other corporations. He is a director of the Commercial National Bank of Detroit; a director of the Union Trust Company of Detroit; a director of the State Savings Bank of Detroit, and of the Buffalo and Duluth Transportation Company. He is also one of the directors of the Detroit Club, of which he was elected president in January, 1900. In 1891 he was elected estimator at large. In 1893 he was nominated for the Legislature, but declined. The same year he was elected treasurer of the village of Grosse Pointe Farms, and was re-elected the following year. His travels have extended all over Europe 'and to all Mparts of this country. His political affiliations are with the Republican party, and his re- ligious with the Presbyterian denomination. In 1893 he took an active part in the formation of a naval militia, which resulted in the organization, in 1894, of the Mich- igan State Naval Brigade, in which he was commissioned an ensign on the staff of the First Battalion, in January, 1895, and in April following was promoted to lieutenant and navigating and ordnance officer. On the outbreak of the War with Spain, in 1898, the Michigan Naval Re- serves offered their services to the Federal Government, and were assigned to man the United States cruiser Yosemite, on which Mr. Newberry served as a lieutenant. It was on April nth that President McKiuley asked Congress for power to intervene in Cuba. Ten days later, April 21st, at 7 A. M., the war began. On April 29th, the Michigan Naval Reserves left Detroit for New- port News, to man the cruiser Yosemite. On June 28th, the Yosemite forced ashore, off San Juan, Puerto Rico, the transport Ant107110 Lopez, and was victorious in an engagement with three Spanish gunboats. With the ending of hostilities the Michigan Naval Reserves were mustered out of the Federal service; and shortly after his return to Michigan, Lieutenant Newberry was hon- ored by an appointment on the staff of the governor, with the rank of colonel. February 7, 1888, Mr. New- berry was united in marriage to Harriet Josephine Barnes, the estimable daughter of General Alfred C. Barnes, the head of the book-publishing concern of New York of that name. To them have been born three children: a daughter, Carol Barnes, and twin boys, Barnes and Phelps. Mr. and Mrs. Newberry's acquire- ments and position render them leaders in the social world, and their beautiful home gives expression to the elegance of a refined taste. JOSEPH M. WARD, of Battle Creek, like so many of the early settlers of Michigan, is a son of the Empire State, having been born in Holland Patent, New York, January 11, 1822. His parents, John and Julia (Kellogg) Ward, were natives of New England. His father was a soldier in the War of 1812, afterwards combining the oc- cupations of farmer and tanner, in which Joseph spent a portion of his early years. The latter obtained his edu- cation in the common schools of his town and at Hobart Hall, an academic institution of Holland Patent. Shortly after reaching his majority, attracted by the glowing inducements of a new country, in which the road to suc- cess seemed more clearly defined than in the older States, the ambitious young man sought a home in the West, finally locating at Battle Creek, May 23, 1845, where he has since resided. The same year he engaged in the livery business with his brother, continuing it for three years. In the fall of 1848, in company with Mr. Charles Mason, he entered into the manufacture of woolen goods, building up a large and successful business, in which he remained until January 1, i860, when he disposed of his interest. Mr. Ward then turned his attention to the grain and milling business, in which he soon became one of the heaviest operators in the State, owning, besides his large mill at Battle Creek, numerous elevators throughout the grain-producing region, on the line of the Chicago and Grand Trunk Railway. In connection with his son, Charles A. Ward, he erected the first grain elevator at Port Huron, which was for some years one of the largest in the State. In 1S82, Mr. Ward retired from active busi- ness, but still retained an interest in many of the various enterprises with which he had been so long connected. He is president of the Battle Creek Gas Eight Company, a director in the Battle Creek Machinery Company, and also in the City Bank of Battle Creek. He is also one of the principal stockholders and is a director in the Ward Lumber Company, which is a large manufacturer and dealer in hardwood lumber, having a fine plant, and a large tract of timber-land in Mississippi County, Missouri. Mr. Ward was a charter member of the Battle Creek Fire Department, and was one of the originators and a director in the Peninsula Railway Company, now the Chicago and Grand Trunk. Politically he is a stanch Democrat, and has always given that party his aid and support upon principle, but has never accepted office at its hands, except that of alderman from his ward in 1863-64. Mr. Ward is not a member of any religious society, but contributes liberally to the Episcopal Church, of which his wife is a member. He was a member of the Building Committee when the present church edifice was erected, and assisted greatly in raising funds for its early completion. September 1, 1848, Mr. Ward married Miss Susan S. Mason, daughter of Charles Mason, of Battle Creek. She died November 15, 1853, leaving one child, Charles A. Ward, banker, and ex-collector of cus- toms at Port Huron. June 1, 1S58, he married Miss Elizabeth A. Beckley, of Meriden, Connecticut. They had three sons—Frank W., of Battle Creek, who succeeded his father in the milling and grain business; George IL, deceased, of Detroit, where he became a prominent factor in the grain business, and president of the Detroit Board of Trade; and William B. Mr. Ward is a prudent, far- sighted, sagacious business man, and these qualities, coupled with integrity and untiring industry, have brought him a measure of success equaled by few. He is a public-spirited citizen, and has always been ready to assist with advice and influence all enterprises calculated to add to the prosperity of the community. In person he is of medium height, spare, active figure, with regu- lar features, and carding his seventy-eight years with grace and dignity. He is kind and courteous in manner, ! and an instructive and entertaining companion. Mr. j Ward's high position in the business and social world, CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. being in a great measure due to his own unaided efforts, entitles him to great credit and a prominent place among the representative men of our State. FARNAM CHICKERING STONE, of Saginaw, mem- ber of the great firm of Wells, Stone & Co., of that city, was born at Waterbury, Vermont, November 17, 1836, and died at his home in Saginaw, December 5, 1893. He came from that grand old Puritan stock that has contrib- uted so largely to the settling and opening up of the country. It was about the 3'ear 1763 that his ancestor, Major Uriah Stone, migrated from Hampstead, Rocking- ham County, New Hampshire, to Grafton County, in the same State, and located first in the township of Haverhill, on the Connecticut River. After the spring freshet had carried off his log-cabin, he moved a few miles down the river and built another log-house in Piermont, not far from the river, and in the midst of the thick forest. The sturdy emigrant did not come to this wilderness alone, for he had already married a 3'oung wife, Miss Hephzibah Hadley, and tradition says the3' brought along with them an infant child, their first-born, to share the hardships of pioneer life with his parents. Several of the Hadley family and kindred also migrated to this region about the same time, and many of their numer- ous descendants are still to be found on either side of the river. Here, in the beautiful valley of the Connecticut, with the White Mountain range on the east and the Green Mountains on the west, they made their home for uearty half a century, rearing a family of thirteen chil- dren, and losing during their lifetime only one of them. Uriah Stone in his youth had served as a soldier in the old French War, and this fact proved of great service to him in his pioneer home, surrounded as it was hy Indians—some of them friendly, and some of them other- wise. He was an active, enterprising man, of impulsive nature, and positive convictions, but dignified and gentle- manly, and decidedly of the Puritan stamp. He cleared and cultivated a large farm, built and superintended a tannery, and established a feny for teams across the river. After living several 3rears in the log-house, he erected a convenient and spacious dwelling, which is still occupied and in good repair, after being in use for nearly a century. At the time of his death, in 1810, he left twelve children—John, Salty, Abigail, Samuel, Benjamin, Polly, Uriah, Jr., George Washington, James, Cynthia, Betsy, and Simon Jenness, all married and with children of their own. His widow, a large stately woman, pos- sessed of good judgment and uncommon fortitude, died at the home of her son, Benjamin Stone, in Berkshire, Vermont, in May, 1832, at the age of eighty-eight years. The children of Major Uriah Stone became the parents of one hundred and fifteen children. The children of Uriah Stone, Jr. (the seventh son of Major Uriah Stone), who lived to maturity, were Sally, Mary, Simon, Laban, L3rman, James, Ahira, and Benjamin. Lyman, who mar- ried Anne Foster, became the father of three sons and three daughters. Of the sons, Don DeForest Stone was first lieutenant in a New York cavalry regiment, and died on his passage down the Mississippi, returning from the Red River expedition, June 24, 1864; George Lyman Stone, who became division superintendent of the Cen- tral Vermont Railroad, died in February, 1876; Farnam Chickering Stone, his third son, the immediate subject of our sketch, was born at Waterbury, Vermont, November 17, 1836, and in his native town received his scholastic education. He early developed an ability for business. One of his first ventures was the sale of root-beer, so well known in New England. He gathered the roots and herbs, the mother made it, and he sold it; the result was a sufficient amount of money to enable an older brother to attend school at a neighboring academy. Home-made candy also was at one time quite a source of revenue. His first clerkship was in a drugstore. In 1854 he went to Hardwick, where he remained two years. Returning to Waterbury he remained there until he removed to Michigan. It was in September, 1867, that he came to Saginaw, the year in which the firm of Northrop, Wells & Co. was formed. The following year Mr. Northrop retired, and the firm of Wells, Stone & Co. was formed, Mr. Ami W. Wright being the Co. Their special business was that of wholesale grocers and dealers in lumbermen's supplies, to which was added that of dealers in pine-lands, logs, and lumber. In 1882 the A. W. Wright Lumber Company was organized, com- bining the lumber, land, and railroad interests of Wells, Stone & Co., and of the firm of A. W. Wright & Co., and Wright & Knowlton at Saginaw. In 1885 the great Wells-Stone Mercantile Company was formed, taking from Wells, Stone & Co. the grocery and lumbermen's supply interests. Later on a branch was established at Duluth, Minnesota, which has since outgrown the parent house in the volume of its business. These firms grew to be of the greatest magnitude. Mr. Stone was also a member of the Marshall-Wells Hardware Company, at Duluth; and of the firm of Wright, Davis & Co.; and the Swan River Logging Company. The record of these various firms, with all their ramifications, would com- prise a large portion of the entire history of the Saginaw Valley, and cover a very considerable portion of the State of Michigan; for they spread out into a thousand ar- teries—their railroad interests, their lumbering plants, their mercantile branches, scattered throughout the State, and also extending into Minnesota. Mr. Stone's first marriage was in i860, when he was united to Miss Cornelia Pearson, of Haverhill, New Hampshire, who departed this life July 22, 1873, leaving one son, Edwin P. September 22, 1874, Mr. Stone was married to Miss Hattie Chadwick, of Newbury, Vermont, and to them were born George C. and Kittie Louise. December 5, 1893, after but a brief illness, his useful life was closed. Surrounded by his family and friends, he quietty passed away, and left a whole city to mourn his loss. At his bedside were his wife, his two sons and daughter, and also his two sis- ters. His was a life well spent, and the fragrance of his memory will long remain. A friend who had known him intimately for many years, wrote of him in the following terms: "It would be hard to overestimate the value of a life so beneficial to the community in which he lived and for so many years was a potential business and social fac- CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 141 tor. In a business as well as a social sense, Farnam C. Stone was a unique personality. In his broad and compre- hensive mind, charity, gentleness, generosity, geniality, and amiability were combined to an eminent degree. In every enterprise that had for its aim the prosperity and well-being of Saginaw, in every project calculated to ameliorate the conditions of his fellow-men, Mr. Stone was among the foremost. As a neighbor, friend, and benefactor, his death is an irreparable loss to the com- munity. In ever}' relation in life his course was char- acterized by an unswerving devotion to duty and the highest sense of honor. The probity and industry which were among the most prominent traits of his character are patterns for emulation. He was the friend of the humblest honest man with whom he was brought in con- tact, the helper of young men who aspired to positions of responsibility, and the benefactor of the unfortunate. Without political ambition, he furnished the sinews of war for the success of the principles he believed were true; a modest, Christian man, his princely gifts to Churches, Christian colleges, foreign and domestic mis- sions, and whatever good cause commended itself to his judgment, were without ostentation or parade, without boasting or self-gratulation; but rather as if prompted, as they doubtless were, by the simple sense of duty as he saw it. Positions of honor had no charm for him; yet when the two Saginaws became one, he accepted cheerfully the arduous and thankless position offered on the Board of Public Works, to which he was appointed; and personal business was never made an excuse wThen the city required his service. Equally self-sacrificing was his acceptance of a position on the School Board of the Saginaw Union School District. Here he served for five years on the Building Committee, and the Stone building in the Tenth Ward will be a perpetual monu- ment to his labors, and, in name at least, for generations to come, will remind the people of a debt they owe to F. C. Stone; for he who serves the public as Mr. Stone served, becomes a creditor to whom the public owes something." He was for several years a director and vice-president of the Michigan Salt Association. He also served his political party as a member of the Republican State Central Committee. His religious affiliations were with the Presbyterian body, and he was a member of the First Presbyterian Church of Saginaw during his entire residence of more than twenty-six years in that city. So greatly was he beloved and honored that, on the day of his funeral, the public schools, the courts, and places of business were closed. In beautiful Oakwood Cemetery was laid to rest all that was mortal of Farnam C. Stone. Hon. George Kinney Johnson, M. D., of Grand Rapids, was born in Cayuga County, New York, of which State his parents were natives, January 17, 1822, and in 1836 came with them to Michigan, where they settled on a farm in Livingston County. In this farm home the boy embraced every opportunity to ac- quire an education so far as coiild be obtained through the medium of books, of which he was one of the greatest of readers. A little later on he went to Ann Arbor, where for two years he attended McNeal's Academy, and then taught school, with the object of obtaining the nec- essary means to pursue his further studies, which he did at a classical school at Northville. Determined to make the profession of medicine his own, he, as a student, entered the office of Dr. Curtis, of Kensington, and then that of Dr. Ira Bingham, of Brighton, and later that of the noted Professor John Delamater, of Cleveland. In March, 1846, after taking the due course, he was graduated at the Cleveland Medical College (Medical Department of Western Reserve Uuiversit}'). He returned to Michigan, and in June entered upon the practice of his profession at Pontiac, where he quickly found full opportunity for the exercise of his powers and abilities. But the rural town, and the labors of a country physician, necessitat- ing, as it did, the exposure incident to driving through the country in visiting patients scattered over a large territdr}', impaired his health to such a degree that, in 1852, he was compelled to give it up, which he did, and removed to Detroit, entering upon a city practice, with its less arduous duties. Two 3'ears later, in 1854, his feeble health compelled him to abandon even this, and he removed to Grand Rapids, where he practical!}' de- nied himself the practice of his profession, and, so far as his physical condition would admit, identified himself with others in the project of building the Detroit and Mil- waukee Railway. Three years later, in 1857, he went to England, where he made an extended stay, occup}Ting him- self in the analytical study of British institutions, govern- ment, people, hospitals, and schools of medicine, where he listened to, and became acquainted with, some of the leading medical men of Europe. This visit so improved his health that, in i860, he resumed the practice of his profession at Grand Rapids. The following year came the Civil War, and Dr. Johnson, in September, 1S61, entered the Federal service as surgeon of the First Michigan Cavahy, and spent the winter with them in Maryland. In the spring of 1862 the regiment was a part of the command of General Banks, engaged in the campaign in the Shenandoah Valley. At the first battle of Winchester, in March of that year, Dr. Johnson witnessed the defeat of the army of "Stonewall" Jackson, he being one of the very few Union surgeons on the field. The regiment, at the close of this campaign, was assigned to the command of General Pope, and Dr. Johnson was assigned as surgeon of the brigade on the staff of General John Buford, the cavalry commander of Pope's army, in which capacity he served during Pope's campaign in Virginia in 1862, a campaign of great cavalry activity, and one which culminated in the Union defeat at the second Bull Run, August 30, 1862. A special act of Congress, passed in February, 1863, provided for the appointment of eight medical inspectors, with the grade of lieutenant-colonel, four of whom were to be taken from the regular army and four from the volunteers, prior to the creation of this office there being no office between surgeon with the grade of major and surgeon-general of the whole army. Dr. Johnson, for meritorious services, was immediately selected and commissioned by President Lincoln as one of the four from the volunteer forces, and was assigned *9 142 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN, to duty as medical inspector of the Army of the Potomac, which was then in winter quarters on the Rappahannock. The labor and the responsibility of this office was great, as the duty of the inspector involved monthly inspections of the medical service and sanitary conditions of the entire army, with written reports made to the commander in the field, and also to the surgeon-general at Washing- ton. In the spring of 1863, Dr. Johnson was with the Army of the Potomac during its arduous campaign, eventually reaching Gettysburg, where the}7 came into conflict with the enemy under General Lee, the doctor wit- nessing those terrible engagements on the 2d and 3d of Jul}-, which, as the world knows, taxed the capacity of the accompanying surgeons to their utmost. For several days after these desperate battles Dr. Johnson remained on the field in the discharge of his professional duties before rejoining the army on its return into Virginia, lie next, at his own request, was relieved from duty in the field, and appointed medical inspector of the Middle Military Department, and of the Department of Virginia and North Carolina, where his duty was to inspect the field and post hospitals from Baltimore to Fortress Mon- roe; and to Newbern, North Carolina; and to Cumberland, Maryland; and Wheeling, West Virginia. While on this duty at the general hospital at Frederick City, Maryland, in June, 1864, he fell into the hands of the enemy, from whose lines he witnessed the battle of Monocacy, and at its close was permitted by his captors, who furnished him with two ambulances, to go upon the field and attend the Union wounded, who had been left uncared for. On October 1, 1865, he resigned his commission, and returned to his home in Grand Rapids, there resuming the practice of his profession, and there he has ever since remained. Dr. Johnson, as a physician and surgeon, takes high rank in his profession. From his earliest boyhood he has been a close student, and it is therefore natural that he should have become an important contributor to va- rious medical publications, and that his private library should be replete with literature of his profession. While careful and conservative in his practice, he never fails to avail himself of approved new discoveries, and the suc- cess of his career is evidence of his tried and practical ability. The happiest event of Dr. Johnson's career oc- curred September 23, 1S47, when he was united in mar- riage with Miss Adeline M. Stewart, of Detroit. In political faith the doctor is a Democrat, but not an active politician; yet in 1859 he was honored by being elected mayor of the city of Grand Rapids, which position he filled with honor to himself and credit to the city. De- clining a re-election, he has also declined various offers of political preferment to other important positions. Fie is a member of the State Medical Society, and was its president in 1879, frequently contributing papers and addresses to that society. He is a member of the Amer- ican Medical Association, and also of the National Asso- ciation of Railway Surgeons. He is surgeon-in-chief of three railroads. By reason of his army service he holds membership in the Society of the Army of the Potomac and in the Military Order of the Loyal Legion. Shortly after the close of the Civil War he was appointed pension examining surgeon for Grand Rapids, and was the only surgeon on that service in the city for several years, until the Grand Rapids Board was organized, after which he served as president of the board for a number of years. Pie is chief of staff and consulting surgeon to St. Mark's Hospital, and consulting physician to the Union Benev- olent Association Hospital. SIDNEY B. DIXON, merchant, of Detroit, was born at Whitesboro, a suburb of Utica, New York, on May 19, 1841. His parents were Richard and Cornelia (Burns) Dixon. He is a descendant of the Holland stock of the Mohawk Dutch, who originally came from Delph, Hol- land. Plis father was a foreman in a cotton factory in Utica, and in 1852 removed to Michigan, where he en- gaged in the meat business in Detroit, continuing the same until 1866, when he retired to private life, and died in March, 1S94. Sidney B. Dixon's early scholastic edu- cation extended only to the common schools, and when yet a boy, at the youthful age of fourteen, he entered upon an active commercial career by assisting his father in his business. During the Rebellion he was early to the front, enlisting as a private in Company G of the famous Twenty-fourth Michigan Infantry, "the Iron Brigade," under command of Colonel Morrow. During the war he participated in all the engagements of the Army of the Potomac. Pie was at the battle of Gettys- burg and the siege of Petersburg, and was mustered out in June, 1865. At the close of the war he accepted a position in the meat-market of William A. Owen, of Detroit (formerly captain of Company G), and a year later became connected with George PI. Hammond, conduct- ing a store for him on Jefferson Avenue. In September, 1S67, he was commissioned to assume the management of the retail department of Mr. Plammond's meat-market on Michigan Grand Avenue (now Cadillac Square). Under his able and efficient supervision the business increased so rapidly and to such an extent that a part- nership was formed, consisting of G. H. Hammond, James D. Standish, and Sidney B. Dixon, under the firm name Hammond, Standish & Company. This great concern was incorporated in 1880 with a capital of three hundred and fifty thousand dollars, Mr. Dixon being elected its vice-president, which position he has maintained ever since. In Masonry, he has ever taken an active and prominent personal interest in its advancement. He is Past Eminent Commander of Detroit Commandery. He is a member of the Grand Army of the Republic, and also of several societies and clubs in Detroit. He is the owner of land both in Mississippi and in California. In politics he votes the Republican ticket. On December 25, r86r, he was united in marriage to Catherine C. Langley, the highly-esteemed daughter of Henry Langley, Esq., a retired contractor and builder of Detroit. To them have been born four sons and one daughter—Sidney R., Edward M., Maud M., Fred S., and Eugene Hammond, who died in June, 1889, at the age of two years. His eldest sou, Sidney R., was for two years captain of the Detroit Light Guard, Company A, Fourth Michigan Infantry, until 1889, when he was appointed colonel and CYCLOPEDIA i OF MICHIGAN, 143 aid-de-camp on the personal staff of Governor C. G. Luce. On the retirement of Governor Luce, he again became a captain of the Light Guard, which position he held until the pressure 6T business as assistant treasurer of Ham- mond, Standish & Company caused his retirement in 1893. He, like his father, is prominent in the Masonic Order. An old and intimate friend, in speaking of Mr. Sidney B. Dixon, says that he is an indefatigable worker, and his success in life has been through strict attention to business. He became a Knight Templar in August, 1873, and since then he has received in rotation the dif- ferent offices in the Commanclery, and was fin all}' elected by acclamation Eminent Commander. No one has done more for the Commanclery personally and in a financial way than Mr. Dixon. It was he that presented the Commandery with its entire jewels of offices. He inva- riably held a position on the Pilgrimages as Platoon Commander, and evinced a great deal of pride in this work. He is also a Scottish Rite Mason of high de- gree, having received all the degrees up to and including the thirty-second. lie is likewise a member of the Moslem Temple, Nobles of the Mystic Shrine. It has been a source of gratification to his family to note his success and promotion in these illustrious Orders. ALFRED E. BOUSFIELD, of Bay City, president of the firm of Bousfield & Company, the most extensive manufacturers of woodenware in the United vStates, or, indeed, in the world, was born in Fairpoint, Lake County, Ohio, January 28, 1855. His father, John Bous- field, was a native of England, where he was born in 1819. His mother, Sarah (Featherstone) Bousfield, was also born in England, in 1S24. She came to this coun- try with her parents, who settled at Kirtland, Ohio, as farmers, while she was yet quite young. The elder Bous- field came directly to Kirtland also, and, having become a proficient pail and tub maker, engaged in that busi- ness on his own account, doing all the work by hand. As the business increased he found this method too slow, and with commendable energy introduced the best machinery obtainable in those days, with the water- wheel as his motive power. Finally he removed to Cleveland, Ohio, and embarked in the manufacture of pails and tubs on a larger scale, being the first manu- facturer in that line as far west as that city. Eventually Mr. John Bousfield became the largest manufacturer of woodenware in this country. He associated himself with John Pool, under the firm name of The Bousfield & Pool Manufacturing Company, and in 1875, meeting with re- verses, they dissolved the partnership. Later on Mr. Bous- field started the Ohio Woodenware Manufacturing Com- pany, in Cleveland, and continued in business there prosperously until 188 r, and there he died in 1888. John Bousfield was a mechanical genius of far more than ordinary ability, inventing as he did many of the im- provements in machinery and devices now in use among other manufacturers as well as in the immense works of the present firm of Bousfield & Company. He was one \ of the organizers of the Gas Com pan}' of Cleveland, j He also assisted in the establishment of two banks there, | and was the president of the People's Savings and Loan Association. He was a stanch Republican, a member of the Congregational Society, and a valued and prominent citizen. Returning to the more immediate subject of this necessarily short biography, we find him attending the pnblic school in Cleveland, where he applied himself to his studies with good results, as in after life he has done to the various problems presenting themselves, in such a marked and successful business career as his has been. At the age of sixteen he entered the Mt. Pleasant Military Academy at Sing Sing, New York, At the ex- piration of two years he commenced his business career as book-keeper for a Cleveland coal company. As a young man he evidently imbibed his father's natural mechanical bent and ingenuity, together with his de- cided taste for business of a manufacturing character; for we notice that he soon left the coal company's office to enter his father's establishment, where he was not long in mastering the practical details of the work. In March, 1875, Mr. Bousfield accompanied his elder brother, Edward F., to Bay City, Michigan, and there they pur- chased the premises, plant, and business of what was then known as the Portsmouth and Bay City Wooden- ware Works. Edward F. Bousfield was senior partner of the new firm, and so continued up to 1888, when his brother Alfred bought his interest. Mr. A. E. Bous- field's judgment was that a radical change, and one which required a large outlay of money, was absolutely necessary if they wished to continue in the business. In the face of such a problem, and the discouragement and experience of several years1 business with little or 110 profit, partially the result of the tumble-down state of the old and comparatively small factory, it needed pluck and decision of character to grapple with the sit- uation. Our subject, needless to say, was equal to the occasion, and no doubt sometimes thought of those in- spiring words, "Heaven helps those who help them- selves." He determined to make a success of the enter- prise, if it were possible. Robert E., who had been interested in the company from the time of its incorpo- ration in 1879 until 1883, sold his interest, and started the Bousfield-Perriu Company. Accordingly, with the assistance of his younger brother, Charles J., who had been interested in the business since 1883, and was then, in 188S, secretary and treasurer, Mr. A. E. Bousfield, as chief officer and manager of the corporation, commenced the erection of the extensive premises and plant, which were completed in September, 1888. The business pros- pered and increased under the management and direc- tion of its president until April, 1890, when that terrible enemy to such establishments—fire—devasted the entire property, the accumulation of years of perseverance and industry. The loss, over and above insurance, was about sixty thousand dollars. Nothing daunted, the spirit and enterprise which could build up such a business as its owners had just seen consumed by the flames was ready to be again severely tested, and was found not wanting; ! for in October of the same year new and improved ma- ! chinery, distributed throughout larger and more sub- | stantial buildings, commenced to move at the dictation i44 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. of the engineer, the transmitter of power being a five- hundred horse-power Hamilton-Corliss engine. The ca- pacity of these immense works is something like eight thousand pails and four thousand tubs a day, which are distributed over the country from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Alfred E. Bousfield was married in Cleve- land, Ohio, in 1877, to Miss Carrie Bockwood, who was born in Dubuque, Iowa, but reared and educated in Cleveland, where her father, Ira H. Lockwood, was en- gaged in the oil business. She is an estimable and re- fined lady, possessing accomplishments that fit her for and cause her to be highly regarded in her own home and in the best society. Their two daughters are Char- lotte B. and Lottie L- In the Masonic Order Mr. Bous- field takes high rank, having taken the thirty-second degree; he is a Knight Templar and a member of the Mystic Shrine of Detroit. In politics he is a Republican, though not an active politician. In religious affiliations he is Presbyterian, being one of the pillars of the First Presbyterian Church of Bay City, the new ecclesiastical edifice which the local Presbyterians built at the cost of upwards of one hundred thousand dollars, and which is one of the finest church-buildings in Michigan. Mr. Bousfield is president of the Crystal Water Company, of Bay City, and also one of the chief promoters, and pres- ident of the Elmlawn Cemetery Company, which has one of the most beautiful resting-places for the dead in the entire State. He is also president of Les Cheueaux Club, the magnificent grounds of which- are situated in the Straits of Mackinaw. Integrity, perseverance, and industry have brought to Mr. Bousfield success in life, and his personal characteristics are such as to cause him to enjoy the respect and esteem of the community of which he is an honored citizen. HON. HAZEN S. PiNGREE, manufacturer, Detroit, governor of Michigan, is one of the direct descendants of that sturdy old Puritanical stock which has been, to a great extent, the leaven to the loaf of our national pros- perity. His lineal ancestor, Moses Pingree, came to Massachusetts in 1640, just twenty years after "the land- ing of the Pilgrims," and was one of that heroic band "Who have left unstained what there they found— Freedom to worship God." The first Pingree settled at Ipswich, Massachusetts, and there the family continued to reside for nearly a century and a half, fighting Indians and struggling with the unproductive soil for a bare subsistence. In 1780 the family began to colonize, one branch locating in Rowley, Massachusetts, and another at Georgetown, Massachu- setts. The subject of this sketch was born on his father's farm at Denmark, Maine, in 1840, and spent the earlier years of his life in the laborious though healthful occupation of farming. It was to this, largely, as well as to inherited vitality, that he owes his splendid physique and iron constitution, which have served him so well in the struggles and hardships of after-life. He received such education as the common schools of that day afforded to a farmer's boy, who could only attend in the winter months. At the age of fourteen years he con- cluded to strike out for himself, and went to Saco, Maine, where he worked in a cotton factory. Two years there- after he moved to Hopkinton, Massachusetts, wThere he learned the trade of cutter in a shoe factory, remaining there several years. In 1862, when it was found that the Rebellion could not be put down without a strong effort, he was the first to enlist as a private to fill the quota of forty-seven of the little town of Hopkinton. Others had been hanging back, but when young Pingree and his chum signed their names to the roll, it was not twenty-four hours before "the bo}*s" were offering fifty dollars apiece for a place in the ranks. But not one of the forty-seven was willing to give up; and they marched awa}' in a blaze of glory, after a grand banquet, to join their regiment in Virginia. It was the First Massachu- setts Heavy Artillery (Company F), and was doing duty at that time in the Twenty-second Army Corps in the defenses around Washington, on the Virginia side of the Potomac River. The regiment was ordered to the front during Pope's Virginia campaign, and participated in the memorable battle of Bull Run. It then returned to duty in defense of Washington, at Arlington Heights, Virginia, and remained there until May 15, 1864, when it was again ordered to the front, and assigned to duty as infantry in the Second Brigade of Tyler's Divis- ion, Second Corps. It participated in the fights at Fredericksburg Road, May 18th; Harris's Farm, on May 19th; and the battle of Spottsylvania Court House, May 19th to 21 st. The regiment opened the engagement at SpottS3'lvania Court House, eighteen hundred strong, and during the battle lost five hundred men in killed and wounded. It was then assigned to the Second Corps, Third Division, in the Army of the Potomac, participating in the fight at North Anna, May 24th and 25th. While on special duty on the 25th, Private Pingree and some companions were captured by a detachment of Mosby's command. When brought be- fore the guerrilla leader, young Pingree was observed to have on a very good suit of clothes, upon which Mosby made a complete exchange with him. He afterwards gave back his blue coat, however, with the remark that "his boys might shoot him for a Yank, which he would very much regret." But he kept the pants and vest as a good exchange. Private Pingree was confined in rebel prisons at Gordonville and Iyynchburg, Virginia, and at Salisbury, North Carolina, and was in a box-car en route for nine days, being taken out of the car only three times during the trip. He has often had occasion since to compare the modern palace-car traveling with this mem- orable journey. He was subsequently taken to Ander- sonville, and from there, when Sherman was on his march to the sea, to the stockade at Millen, Georgia. He es- caped from Millen prison very cleverly. A number of the prisoners were to be exchanged, and one morning the rebel sergeant had the prisoners all summoned to have the lucky ones hear their names called off, and to fall into line. Pingree's heart beat high with hope as the calling started, but its pulsations gradually grew less and less as the calling progressed and one by one of the boys S3 . '«f Western Publishing ULngravmg Co. CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. *45 stepped out into line and to freedom. The list was Hear- ing the finish. "John Phelps!" shouted the rebel ser- geant. Phelps was a private in the First Vermont Heavy Artillery, and he and Pingree had become well acquainted during their prison life. Poor Phelps was too sick to attend the roll-call. It was now or never. "John Phelps!" repeated the sergeant. "Here!" And young Pingree stepped out rather tardily, however, into the ranks of those who would soon be free. He had hesi- tated long enough to recall Phelps—company and regi- ment, and fix the information in his memor}^. "Don't you know your own name, you d—d Yankee idiot?" growled the sergeant. Then he passed on to the next, called two more names, and Pingree passed out safely under the name of the sick Vermonter. Pie was returned to the Union lines under parole, and was exchanged in November, 1864, when he again joined the regiment in front of Petersburg. From that time forward it was fighting by day and inarching by night. The most important engagements were, at Danby's Mills, Feb- ruary 5 and 7, 1865; Boy 11 ton Road, March 30th and 31st; the Fall of Petersburg, April 2d; Sailor's Creek, April 6th; Farmville, April 7th; Appomattox Court House and the surrender of I^ee, April 9th. The grand review of the army occurred April 26th. From the Wilderness to Richmond the regiment lost one thou- sand two hundred and eighty-three men and thirty- three officers in killed and wounded. It was compli- mented in special orders from Generals Mott and Pierce "for gallantry in the last grand charge on Petersburg, in which it held a leading position, and was greatly depleted in numbers." The regiment was mus- tered out August 15, 1865. Colonel Fox, in his book entitled "Regimental Losses in Civil War," credits the First Massachusetts Heavy Artillery as one of the three hundred fighting regiments; also that of the two thou- sand or more regiments in the Union army, there were only fourteen whose total loss in battle exceeded that of the First Massachusetts Heavy Artillery. After a short visit to his old home, the young soldier boy struck out for the great West, and with no definite object in view stopped in Detroit to look around. He secured employ- ment in the boot and shoe house of PI. P. Baldwin & Company as a salesman, but left there shortly after, and engaged with C. H. Smith in buying produce and ship- ping it to the Eastern market. Then an opportunity pre- sented itself to buy, cheap, a little old-fashioned and nearly worthless machinery that had been saved from the wreck of H. P. Baldwin & Company's factory when that firm went out of business of manufacturing, having found it unprofitable. Thus was formed, in 1866, the firm of Pingree & Smith, which has since grown to such large proportions. The entire capital did not exceed one thou- sand five hundred dollars, and only eight hands were employed; but in the first }*ear the sales amounted to nearly twenty thousand dollars. From that time the growth of the business has been steady and gradual, until now the output of the factory is exceeded by that of few factories in the entire country. Several removals to larger quarters were from time to time found neces- sary to do the increasing business. In 1883, Mr. Smith retired from the firm, and Messrs. F. C. Pingree and J. B. Howarth, who had been the senior member's right-hand men, were admitted to partnership. A disastrous fire in March, 1887, which destroyed the entire plant, threatened to sweep the firm out of existence; but the indomitable energy of the members enabled them to recover, and they now stand at the head of all Western shoe manufac- turers, and occupy their own immense new building, fitted with every modern appliance. Though Mr. Smith retired from the firm in 1883, the firm name has been retained because of the reputation it has made through- out the country. Over this immense business Mr. If. S. Pingree had supervision from the beginning, and it is owing principally to his wise and faithful control that the firm made such a remarkable success in a field where so many others have failed. Having been thoroughly engrossed in business, Mr. Pingree had not had the time to take any active part in politics, though he had always taken a keen interest in public affairs, and had cast his vote where it would do the most good. He had resisted many importunities to take office, but in 1889 the better elements "of the local Democracy united their forces with the Republicans to overthrow the political corruption which had gained control of municipal affairs in Detroit. Mr. Pingree was made the unanimous nominee of the Republicans at the head of the city ticket, and was elected mayor by a handsome majority over all other candidates— his inclination to decline being headed off by the impor- tunities of some of the best men in both parties, lie then practically delegated his private business to his partners, Mr. F. C. Pingree and Mr. J. B. Howarth, and threw himself heart and soul into the duties of his new office. He set about righting wrongs and reforming many of the antiquated ways of doing the city's business. lie especially confronted the street-railway companies, and the cit\r gas companies, and secured for the people many valuable concessions. He exerted a favorable influence in settling the great street-car strike which occurred shortly after his inauguration. He also, by his veto, averted the Common Council extending the street-railway franchise, which would have been so detrimental to the city. In 1891 he received a renomination for mayor, and was triumphantly elected. In 1893 the same thing again occurred, and in 1895 he was once more persuaded to accept the nomination for mayor, and was again tri- umphantly elected. During his mayoralty a new sys- tem of street railways, much extending the facilities of the citizens for travel, was, largely through his instrumentality, built and put in operation. It was largely through the efforts of himself and his associates that forty per cent of the people are now enjoying the benefits of three-cent street-railway fares. His entire incumbency as mayor of Detroit was devoted largely to the opposition of monopolistic corporations. During this time, also, the city entered upon many modern im- provements, very notably in the case of paving many of her more important thoroughfares with asphalt, and Detroit has come to be known as one of the cleanest and most beautiful cities of the Union. Then came a time— 146 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. in 1896—when he was nominated, and by a large ma- jority elected, governor of Michigan. In 1S98 he again received the nomination, and was again elected. While governor of Michigan, as at the time of his being mayor of Detroit, his chief aim was the subject of reform, his voice and official position ever being opposed to monop- olistic corporations, and, where he has thought the money power has oppressed the individual, his great aim, among other things, being to secure equal taxation. During his term as governor the Spanish War was fought, and Governor Pingree was known as "the sol- dier's friend;" for day and night he devoted himself and all his energies to the welfare of the troops that Michi- gan supplied. He saw to their proper clothing and other "equipment, claiming that the State had a right to pro- vide her men with the best of everything that they required. He visited the camps, and individually looked after the welfare of the Michigan troops. When many were lying in Southern hospitals, sick of the deadly Southern fevers, he caused a thoroughly-equipped hos- pital-train to be sent to the Southern cainps to bring home to the Northern climate all of those: who were able to travel, and thus was probably the means of saving the life of many a man who had nobly offered himself to the service of his country in what he had deemed to be her time of need. Governor Pingree is a big man physically, and his heart is as big as his body. He is a member of Detroit Post, No. 384, Grand Army of the Republic; and also a Thirty-second Degree Mason. In 1872 he was married to Miss Frances A. Gilbert, of Mount Clemens. One daughter and one sou comprise their family, one other daughter being deceased; and it is in his beautiful home with his family that he finds his chief attraction. Hon. Henry William Seymour, of Sault vSte. Marie, Chippewa County, was born in Brockport, Monroe County, New York, July 21, 1834. He comes from that good old Eastern stock that has ever been noted for its enterprise in the development of the coun- try. His American ancestor, Richard Seymour, was one of the early settlers of Hartford, Connecticut, his name appearing on the town records in 1639 and on a monu- ment, erected in the Central Burial-ground of that cit_y, to the memory of the early settlers. He came from Berry Pomeroy, Devonshire, England; which is sho .vn on the flyleaf of his Bishops1 Bible, printed in 1584, and still preserved by one of his descendants. The inscrip- tion indicates his ancestry and nativity. Richard Sey- mour removed to Norwalk, Connecticut, in 1653, and died in 1655. His ancestry, originally from Normandy, went to England in the early centuries. William Henry Seymour, the father of our subject, was born in Litch- field, Litchfield Count}', Connecticut, July 15, 1802, and was one of the pioneers of Brockport, New York. He first settled at what was then called Murray Four Cor- ners in 1818, removing to Brockport just before the con- struction of the Erie Canal to that place, and engaged in business as general merchant and grain-shipper, holding the office of postmaster under President Jackson. He, with others, organized a manufacturing business, making agricultural implements, stoves, and the McCormick reaper, built under the superintendence of C. H. McCor- mick, before his location in Chicago, and subsequently other reapers as well as mowers. He was specially noticed in the American Cyclopaedia as an inventor of the first self-raking reaper. He was married to Nancy Pixley, who was born in Hillsdale, Columbia County, New York. James Seymour, a brother of William Henry Seymour, removed from Rochester, New York, to Flush- ing, Michigan. He was largely instrumental in securing the location of the capital of Michigan at Lansing on its removal from Detroit. Fie was the owner of laud at both places. He died at Flushing. Mr. H. W. Seymour, the immediate subject of our sketch, after due course of at- tendance at the Brockport Collegiate Institute and the Canandaigua Academy, entered Williams College, at Williamstown, Massachusetts, in 1851, and was gradu- ated from that institution in 1855. He then entered the law-office of Hill, Cagger & Porter, at Albany, New York, and at the same time attended a course of lectures at the Albany Law School. In May, 1856, after due examina- tion, he was admitted to practice at the bar. He soon, however, turned his attention to business, and was for many years engaged in manufacturing. While a resi- dent of Brockport he was president of the Union Agri- cultural Society, and for three years a member of the Board of Trustees of the village, during which time the Normal School buildings were erected by the Board. Pie was appointed a member of the State Local Board of Managers of the institution, which position he held for some time after his removal to Michigan. In 1872 he bought pine-land near Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, and commenced getting out logs. In 1873 he built a saw- mill, and subsequently a planing-mill, at Sault Ste. Marie. He also cleared a farm of two hundred and fifty acres at Sault vSte. Marie, and was elected a member of the Board of Trustees of the village. In 1S87 he sold his saw and planing mills to the John Spry Lumber Company, of Chicago, and relinquished that business. In politics Mr. Seymour has been a Republican from the formation of the party. In 1S80 he was elected to the Michigan State House of Representatives from the Chebo}'gan District. As chairman of the Committee on Federal Relations, of the House, he drafted the bill for the transfer of the St. Mary's Falls ship-canal to the United States, and suc- cessfully urged and secured its passage. In 1882 he was elected State senator from the Thirty-first Senatorial Dis- trict. In 18S6 he was re-elected State senator from the Thirtieth Senatorial District, a new apportionment having changed the number of his district. He was nominated for Congress January 26, 1888 (while on a tour through Europe), to succed the Hon. Seth C. MofFatt, deceased, and was elected February 14, 1888. He was in Rome, Italy, when his nomination was made, and arrived home on the afternoon of election-day. The passage of the Marquette and Ontonagon Land-grant Forfeiture Bill was largely due to his efforts in the closing hours of the Fif- tieth Congress. Mr. Seymour, as chairman of the Memo- rial Committee of the West Superior Waterway Conven- tion, submitted to the River and Harbor Committee of CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN, 147 Congress a paragraph for an appropriation for the survey and estimate of cost of a deep-water channel through the lakes, and it was adopted almost in his language. Pie was president of the St. Mary's Falls Water-power Com- pany when first organized, and was vice-president of the First National Bank of Sault Ste. Marie. When Mr. Sey- mour located at Sault Ste. Marie, it was but a mere ham- let in the wilderness, reached only by water; the mail was carried then weekly by dog-train from Marquette; now it has a population of some eight thousand souls, with three lines of railroads, and is fast taking rank among the cities of the West. To him must be credited a full share in this grand development; for his enterprise and industry have contributed largely toward it. Mr. Seymour married Miss Isabel Randall, of Stafford, New York, who died in 1874. He afterwards married Miss Elizabeth Craig, who died in 1S76. Pie subsequently married Miss Harriet Gillette, who was born in Paines- ville, Lake County, Ohio, on October 25, 1848. His family comprises his wife and daughter Helen. HON. GEORGE WlLLARD, of Battle Creek, son of Allen and Eliza (Barron) Willard, was born March 20, 1824, in Bolton, Chittenden County, Vermont, and comes of sturdy pioneer stock. The founder of the family, Si- mon Willard, who emigrated from the County of Kent, England, in 1634, settling in Concord, Massachusetts, was a man of strong character and marked ability. He was very active in the affairs of the colony, both civil and military, having been a member of the General Court from 1636 to 1652, and governor's assistant from the latter date to 1676. He explored the headwaters of the Merrimac, and was one of the commissioners to set- tle the boundary-line between New Hampshire and Mas- sachusetts, the rock which marks the boundary still bearing his initials. He was commander of the militia of Middlesex County during King Philip's War, and led the force to the relief of Deerfield. Oliver Willard, the great-grandfather of the subject of this sketch, received from the colon}- of New York a patent to Plartland Township, and first settled there. Mr. George Willard's father, a graduate of Dartmouth College, and a class- mate of Rufus Choate, removed to Michigan with his family in 1836; Under his supervision George received a thorough training in the classics, as well as other branches, and when only twenty years of age graduated from the Kalamazoo College. The following years were spent in teaching and preparing himself for the ministry of the Protestant Episcopal Church, to which he was ordained in 1848. Pie was successive!}' rector of Churches in Coldwater, Battle Creek, and Kalamazoo, Michigan. Mr. Willard remained in the active, discharge of his ministerial functions until 1862, when, his convictions of duty having been gradually undergoing a change, he felt that he could not consistently continue to fill the priestly office, and he resigned his charge, soon after- wards accepting the Latin professorship in the Kalama- zoo College. Mr. Willard's hatred of wrong led him to strongly oppose the extension of slavery into the Terri- tories, and finally drove him into political life. In 1855, | during the excitement in regard to the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, he wrote a letter to Hon. Win. II. Seward on the subject, receiving a reply from which the following is an extract: "Truth in every department of human knowl- edge and action is entitled to open, free confession and vindication by all classes of society; and I know of no ground upon which any man anywhere, much less any man in a republic, can suppress his convictions or re- frain from giving his support to the truth on any great and vital question." In TS56 Mr. Willard became a member of the State Board of Education, on which lie served six years, his influence and efforts contributing largely to the establishment of the State Agricultural College at Lansing, which was successfully put in opera- tion during this period. In 1863 he was elected regent of the university, which office he held for two years. Always radical and progressive, Mr. Willard drew up the resolution opening the university to women, which was adopted He also strongly advocated the establish- ment of a chair of Homeopathy in the Medical Depart- ment, and was largely instrumental in securing the services of President Angell to the university. In 1866 he was elected to the Legislature, serving as chairman of the Committee on Education in the House, and in the following year was appointed to the same position in the Constitutional Convention, of which he was a member. In the State Republican Convention of 1868 he was chairman of the Committee on Resolutions. In 1872 he was appointed a member of the Centennial Board of Fi- nance, and in the same year was a delegate at large to the National Republican Convention at Philadelphia, in which he was a member of the Committee on Rules. In the fall of that year Mr. Willard was nominated by his party for Representative in the Forty-third Con- gress, and was elected by the remarkable majority of seven thousand five hundred and forty-seven. He was a member of the Committees on Civil Service, and on Coinage, Weights, and Measures, and on his re-election in 1874 was again appointed to the latter committee, and was also a member of the Committee on the District of Columbia. He was made a member of the United States Monetary Commission in 1877, and made a thorough study of the silver question, attending all meetings of the committee both in Washington and New York. Mr. Willard was also on the committee to provide a method for counting the electoral vote, and on a sub-committee to prepare a history of the entire vote. While in Con- gress Mr. Willard labored zealously for the adjustment of sectional difficulties, and advocated a speedy settlement of the Southern question upon the basis of justice and charity. He at once took high rank as a speaker, his speeches on the subject of cheap transportation, in op- position to the Force Bill, and in advocacy of a popular government, and on a bill to regulate the Presidential vote, attracted wide attention, and gave him.a national reputation; the latter speech was published in all the leading papers of both parties. In addition to his ad- mitted attainments as a scholar and orator, Mr. Willard was a recognized worker, looking closely after the mate- rial interests of his immediate constituency, while not 148 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. forgetting that his duties were also national in their scope. In 1868, Mr. Willard purchased the Battle Creek Weekly Jour?ial, and four years later established the Daily Journal, of which he is still editor and proprietor. In 1844 he married Miss Emily Harris, daughter of Rev. John Harris, of Battle Creek. The}' had three children— Rev. Geo. B. Willard, city editor of the Journal; Mrs. Charles D. Brewer, and Mrs. E. W. Moore, whose hus- band is business manager of the Journal. Mrs. Emily H. Willard died in 1885, and in 1SS7 Mr. Willard mar- ried Mrs. Elizabeth A. Willard. A great reader, an ar- dent student of both ancient and modern history, a fine linguist, possessing a familiar acquaintance with Ger- man, French, Italian, Spanish, Ivatin, and Greek, Mr. WiHard's scholarly acquirements, supplementing fine natural gifts, make him one of the foremost among the throng of brilliant men of which Michigan is justly proud. Mr. Willard is still in the prime of vigorous manhood, and doubtless has man}7 years of honor and influence before him. In person he is of medium height, erect, robust figure, a finely-developed head, blue eyes, and clear-cut intellectual features. His man- ner is dignified, and as a conversationalist he is charm- ingly entertaining and instructive. In all that tends to the development and progress of Battle Creek Mr. Willard takes a deep interest, and has contributed largely by voice and pen, as well as in other ways, to its pros- perity. He retains his connection with the Protestant Episcopal Church, and was a delegate to its Triennial General Convention in 1856, 1886, 1889, 1892, and 1898. A man of strictest integrity, with "the courage of his convictions," a gentleman in the truest sense of the word, Mr. Willard is deserving of the high regard and esteem in which he is held by all whom he honors with his friendship. HON. DANIEL J. CAMPAU is a native of Detroit, in which city he has spent the greater portion of his life. He was born there August 20, 1852. He is the oldest son of the late Daniel J. Campau, and grandson of the famous frontier merchant and trader, Joseph Campau, whose long life of nearly a century was spent in Detroit, and which covered in its great retrospect the Revolu- tion and the Civil War. The Campau family has been established in Detroit for almost two hundred years. Its first representative came to the New World with Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac, who founded Fort Pont- chartrain on the site of the present city of Detroit, in 1701. The fact of distinguished ancestry has, however, had little to do with the achievements and successes of the representative of the family who is the subject of this sketch. Daniel J. Campau had the advantages of a thorough education at the celebrated Fordham (New York) school, and returned to the city of his home well prepared to enter the active business life which he has ever since pursued. He studied law, and was admitted to the bar in the Circuit, vState, and the United States Supreme Courts; but while thoroughly equipped for the practice of his profession he has never engaged actively in it. The management of a large estate soon engaged his attention. He was, in his early manhood, engaged in business on his own account, quite independent of his father's extensive interests. He applied himself with a vigor and force that have since come to be regarded as characteristic, to his business, and as a reward of his industry and capacity had amassed a comfortable fortune on his own account, when, by reason of the failing health of his father, he was selected by that gentleman to man- age his large estate. Although a very young man when he undertook the conduct of the business affairs of his father, Mr. Campau's efforts were marked by great suc- cess. The Campau building, which is still regarded as altogether the finest office building in Detroit, was erected by him while acting as agent for and manager of his father's interests. He continued for a number of years after the death of his father to be the manager of the estate, and it is only a few years since that the property- was amicably divided between the three heirs to whom he turned it over materially enhanced in value by reason of his administration of it. Since the division of the property, Mr. Campau has been engrossed in active management of his own business, but has found time to make successful investments in a number of new enter- prises. Mr. Campau was by birth, education, and convic- tion a thorough Democrat, and from his early manhood took the keenest interest in political affairs. His activity and intelligence soon brought him into a position of recognized leadership among the young Democracy of his city and State. He was advanced by the favor of his party to positions of the highest importance in Demo- cratic leadership in the State. After rendering active service in connection with the party organization in the city of Detroit he entered the larger arena of State and then of National politics. In 1884 he was chosen by acclamation by the Democratic State Convention one of the delegates from Michigan to the Democratic National Convention at Chicago, which first nominated Grover Cleveland for the Presidency of the United States. He took high rank among the delegates from Michigan in that body, and was credited with much good work there. Two years later, Mr. Campau was chosen a member of the Democratic State Central Committee from the First Congressional District of Michigan, and was afterward designated as its treasurer. His service upon this com- mittee has contiuued to the present time, covering a period of fourteen years and fifteen State campaigns. This is one of the longest periods of service of any Michigan Democrat upon the State Committee of the party. Mr. Campau was treasurer of the State Commit- tee from 1886 to 1S90. Pie was appointed by President Cleveland collector of customs of the port of Detroit in 1886, and filled this position creditably and successfully for nearly four years, when he resigned because he be- lieved that the Republican administration was entitled to have the Federal offices filled by its supporters. His party friends took advantage of his retirement from offi- cial service to press him more actively than ever into the part}' service. At the Democratic State Convention of 1890 he was chosen by acclamation chairman of the Dem- ocratic State Central Committee of Michigan. While Western Publishing ft Enijruuing dj. CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. i49 this action was without his solicitation or expectation, he at once took hold of the work of the campaign with char- acteristic spirit and vigor. He developed fine qualities of leadership, and in the spirited campaign that followed he proved an excellent and thorough organizer. It was by far the most successful canvass ever conducted by the Democratic party in the State, and resulted in an over- whelming and unprecedented victory in the State, which went Democratic for the first time in thirty-seven years. Every Democratic State officer was elected, and a Legis- lature Democratic in both branches convened at Lansing for the first time since 1853. Chairman Campau did not allow the use of his name for any position under the State administration, and expressed his intention of retiring from political management, well pleased with the success of his canvass. He was absent from Michi- gan when the next State Convention met in the spring of 1891. He sent a letter to the convention resigning his position as chairman of the State Central Committee. The convention, in a heartily complimentary resolution, refused to accept the resignation. At the Democratic State Convention held in the spring of 1S92 to reorganize the State Committee and choose delegates to the Demo- cratic National Convention, Mr. Campau was honored by unanimous re-election to the chairmanship of the State Central Committee, and not content with this approval, the convention also passed a resolution requesting the delegates to the National Democratic Convention to recommend him for appointment as member of the Dem- ocratic National Committee from Michigan. When the Michigan delegation met at Chicago it unanimously recommended Mr. Campau for the position designated by the State Convention, and the choice was confirmed by the National Convention. In the ensuing canvass, Mr. Campau was a member of the Executive Committee of the National Committee. His efforts in the campaign were, however, necessarily largely confined to Michigan by reason of his duties as chairman of the State Central Committee. The campaign managed by the Democracy of Michigan in 1S92 wras conceded to be the most thorough in the history of the part}'. It was unsuc- cessful only by comparison with the "off year" of 1890. The plurality secured by the Republican State candidates was lower than it had been at any general State election since the war, except in those years when the Demo- cratic party was in fusion with the National Greenback party. The plurality secured by the successful part}' in the State was several thousand less than the plurality obtained by President Harrison four years before, while the Republican part}' was in a minority in the total vote of Michigan of more than twenty thousand. Under the celebrated Miner Electoral Law popularizing Presidential elections by the choice of electors by districts, live Demo- cratic electors were chosen from the State. The}' were the first Democrats from Michigan to cast their votes in the Electoral College of the United States in forty years. Chairman Campau took an active part in the passage of this legislation and in the employment of counsel in the long legal contest which demonstrated its constitution- ality both in the State and United States Supreme Courts. When the Legislature met at Lansing early in 1893 the Democratic members gave Mr. Campau their com- plimentary votes for the office of Senator of the United States, thus expressing their appreciation of his ability and services to his party. In the great Presidential cam- paign of 1896, known as the Free-silver campaign, under that able leader and exponent, William Jennings Bryan, the Democratic nominee for President of the United States, Mr. Campau rendered most efficient service to his party, to whose interest he devoted both his time and his means. Mr. Campau has also been rendered prominent by his active interest in and identification with the trotting- turf. His influence has always tended towards its ad- vancement and elevation. His good work in this direc- tion began, as charity should begin, at home. In 1SS5 he took hold of the Hamtramck Track at Detroit, and be- came the principal owner in the Detroit Driving Club. The track speedily acquired a new and enviable reputa- tion for honest sport. It attracted the best horses and horsemen, and the new management also brought to it the patronage of the best classes in the community, so that now the annual "Blue Ribbon Meeting" at Detroit is an event that stands second to none other in the yearly calendar of the American trotting turf. With great liberality in stakes and purses, the track under Mr. Campau's management has been operated on high busi- ness methods. He has insisted upon honest and repu- table racing from every standpoint. During the time when the status of the Detroit Driving Club was under- going such marked improvement, Mr. Campau was also active in national trotting affairs. At that time the gov- ernment of the trotting turf was under the undisputed control of the National Trotting Association, and that association was, in turn, under the sway of a self-seeking and mercenary clique. The administration gradually grew more corrupt and unjust, and investigation showed misappropriation in its financial affairs in addition to a generally demoralized and demoralizing system of oper- ating the busiuess of the association. Agitation against this condition gradually grew, particularly in the West, and Mr. Campau came to be regarded as the leader of the reform movement. Thinking to silence his opposi- tion, the controlling elements in the National Association elected him a member of its Board of Review, but this did not swerve him from his purpose. Failing to secure a change in the administration, in February, 1887, a call was issued for a convention to be held at Detroit, March 2d, for the organization of a new Trotting Associa- tion. The outcome was the formation of the successful American Trotting Association, and the overthrow of the regime in the National Association soon followed. Mr. Campau was tendered the presidency of the new associa- tion, but declined to accept the office, preferring to give its affairs careful and unselfish service in a private ca- pacity. The new association prospered so phenomenally that within two years after its inception it outranked the old association in the extent of its membership. The formation of the new association was of incalculable benefit to the trotting turf. It introduced a healthy rivalry, and brought about better and cleaner methods 20 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. of turf government, and induced a thorough reform in the system and procedures of the senior organization. By his vigorous action during these trying trotting times, Mr. Campau conferred indisputable benefits upon the whole trotting and breeding interests, which form so important a department of agricultural industry. Early in 1887, Mr. Campau purchased a controlling interest in the Chicago Horseman Newspaper Company, publishers of The Horseman, and shortly afterward became its sole proprietor. Under his direction this paper has become acknowledged as the leading journal of, and authority upon, American turf matters. Fearless and independent in policy, treating turf affairs from the standpoint of public interest alone, it is a paper of dignified methods, pronounced tone, and handsome appearance. The paper has grown immensely in circulation, prestige, and influ- ence, and it is Mr. Campau's aim to make and maintain it as the representative turf paper of America. Mr. Campau is practical in his horsemanship, being a pro- ficient judge and manager, an expert starter of races, and a breeder on a small but select plan. He is thoroughly and naturally identified with the horse interest. His purpose has been to make the trotting-horse and the trotting-turf more thoroughly worthy of the patronage of the better classes of our people, and it can be honestly said that he has been entirety successful. Mr. Campau has also been closely identified with mary kinds of local enterprise. He can alwa3rs be relied upon to interest himself in any effort to promote the prosperity of the community or advance the welfare of the people. Pie enjoys an extensive acquaintance and is a man of man}' friends. He has achieved success and popularity by his native force, keen intelligence, and power of close appli- cation. ^He is a free contributor to worthy charities, and an all-around enterprising and public-spirited citizen. WILLIAM V. MOORE, lawyer, of Detroit, one of Michigan's native sons, and a true representative and ex- emplar of its latter-day citizenship. This histoiy, which has so far comprehensively reviewed and fitly commem- orated the struggles, successes, and achievements of the foremost pioneers of our Commonwealth through faithful biography, discloses the birthplace of nearly all of the same to be beyond our State's borders. New England life and character has flowed out into our civilization, and even-where left its impress upon the lives and works of our people. The bleak climate, sterile soil, rugged hills, severe religious tenets and discipline of the North- eastern States were, to some extent, a repetition of an- cient Spartan conditions, and sent forth to the westward a race of men whose influence will long be felt. Their leadership has ever been conspicuous in business enter- prise, in education, in politics, law, and religion. But Michigan is now shaking off her dependence upon other States for the men upon whom her well-being is to de- pend, and has already proved a favorite place for the production of men of intellect and strength of character, and is now old enough to possess and take pride in an ever-increasing number of men of deserved prominence, who owe neither birth nor education to other environ- ments than her own. This chapter introduces one of these, who is only in the prime of life and in the full possession of matured mental and physical power, and there is no telling what results may be credited to him in the future. William V. Moore is, by inheritance, learn- ing, natural gifts, and profession, a lawyer. Through the brevity of his life's career and a singleness of purpose which has directed his aims and efforts away from any diversity of private interests and of public affairs, his is not an inviting subject for the biographer. His character as a man and his standing at the bar of his own State, however, make it entirely appropriate that a sketch of his life should appear in this historic record, and it will be interesting to investigate the sources of his influence, and discover the hidings of his power, for the lesson that the same might convey. The brief story of his gene- alogy discloses the probability of hereditary traits and inherited abilities and tendencies. Of Scotch-Irish de- scent, Mr. Moore's ancestral tree finds deep root. The paternal head of the family in America was John Moore, who settled at Londonderry, New Hampshire, in 1718. He was born on the day following the death of his father in the massacre of the McDonald Clan, in 1692, at Glencoe, Argyleshire, Scotland. His descendants in this countiy have, in many instances, won high honors in civic and military life, and have universally possessed the attributes of valor, thrift, probity, industry, and perseverance. Born on the 3d day of December, 1856, at Detroit, William V. Moore is the only child of William A. Moore and Laura Jane (Van Husau) Moore. His father has long been an influential and honored citizen of the State, a profound lawyer, and has earned wide distinction in his profession, both as a general counselor and in the special branch of admiralty law. His grand- father, William Moore, was a soldier in the War of 1S12. He removed with his family from the State of New York to Washtenaw County, Michigan, in 1831, and was one of the first settlers of that section. He was a man of ability and high character, who enjo3^ed the unstinted confidence of his fellow-citizens, hy whose favor he was called to many positions of trust and responsibility. He served as a member of the Convention which framed the first constitution of the State of Michigan; was elected a member of the first Senate, and subsequently served in the Lower House of the State Legislature. The mother of the subject of this sketch was the eldest child of the late Hon. Caleb Van Husan, erstwhile widely-known and liiglity-esteemed business man and Christian citizen of Michigan, who died at Detroit, August 20, 1884. William V. Moore has been favored with most liberal educational advantages. From a regular attendance at the public schools of Detroit he matriculated at the University of Michigan, and graduated from the Literary Department of that institution with the class of 1878. He afterward, in 1S80, completed a course in the Law School of Boston University. Locating in Detroit, he further pursued his studies in the office of his father while entering the prac- tice of his profession, and in 1882 became a member of the firm of Moore, Canfield & Warner. On the dissolution of that firm a }-ear later he became identified with the # CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. partnership firm of Moore & Canfield, which was contin- ued until November i, 1893, when the firm name became Moore & Goff. Abilities and study may make a learned man, but not an able lawyer; opportunities and practice are essential to the latter, and in the case of our subject the conditions have been most advantageous. His con- tinuous association with his father and other members of the bar, who have left evidences of large-mindedness and successful practice, has aided in the impress of his individual^7 as a lawyer and as an advocate. His prog- ress has been rapid and his acquirements substantial. As counselor he is distinguished for his foresightedness, good judgment, and diplomac}^, and he has successfully guided and directed many large matters pertaining to legal affairs. Mr. Moore has always been a Democrat in politics, but has had no predilection for a political career. He has been a member of the Board of Education of Detroit, serving in that capacit}r for four years, from 18S5 to 1889, and as president of the same the two later years. In 1896 he was selected as a delegate from Michigan to the National Democratic Convention at Chicago, and in the campaign following he exercised the inalienable right of independent action when his party took a position on the then paramount financial question which he did not approve. On June 28, 1883, he married Miss Jane C. Andrews, of Detroit, and two children, a son and a daughter, have been born to the twain. Mr. Moore is a member of the Detroit Club, and is an attendant of the Woodward Avenue Baptist Church of Detroit. He is progressive and enterprising, and is always warmly interested in an3rthing that concerns the welfare of his native city. He possesses an accommodating spirit, and a frank, open-hearted disposition that makes him ex- ceedingly popular. These traits of character, coupled with strong purpose and much more than average abilit}T, make him a leader in whatever project he becomes inter- ested. His apparent financial instinct has been trained from ah early year by the management of large business interests, which, owing to his father's ripening age, have devolved in a great degree upon him. His integrity as a business man and law}Ter is unquestioned, and his fidelity to friends, and uniformly polite treatment of all with whom he conies in contact, has secured to him a host of friends, and his success in the past gives promise of greater good and higher achievements in the future. HON. FRANCIS W. COOK, lawyer, Muskegon, was born October 30, 1848, in Chemung Count}', New York. In 1855 he accompanied his grandparents to Michigan, and was brought up by them. The}' first located in the town of Commerce, Oakland County, whence they re- moved a year later to a farm in the township of Victor, Clinton, County. Our subject, like so many of the men whose lives are recorded in these pages, was most prom- inently identified with Michigan's growth and develop- ment, and who are of her most honored and successful citizens, had to obtain his early education in the district schools during the winter seasons, and share in the la- bors of seed-time and harvest and the farm during the summers. He early acquired a taste for the law, and in 1868 entered the office of Hon, J. G. Patterson, at Ovid, Clinton County, and was admitted to practice in May, 1870. Coming to Muskegon in December of that year, he opened an office, and actively engaged in the practice of his profession, devoting special attention to the crim- inal branch. In this connection he has been identified with many of the most noted trials, appearing either as attorney or counsel in defense or prosecution, in various sections of the State, and has for many years enjoyed a large law practice, especially as a trial lawyer. There is perhaps no attorney in Michigan whose name is more conspicuously associated with this branch of law prac- tice than is his in the court records of the State, and Mr. Cook justly prides himself on the long list of successes which, with only an occasional defeat, has attended his efforts. In the political arena his has been one of the most noted and prominent names, and especially have his time and efforts been devoted to the welfare of the labor- ing man and the advancement of labor interests. In 1872 he was elected police justice of Muskegon, and held the office of city attorney for the year 1876. In 1882 a general strike of the laboring classes was inaugurated in Muske- gon, one of the main demands being for a "ten-hour sys- tem." Acting as a mediator between the employers and the strikers, Mr. Cook was largely instrumental in securing this concession for the men. The same year, in recognition of his services in their behalf, lie received the nomina- tion on the labor ticket as representative of the district in the State Legislature, and defeated the candidate of the two old political parties, wiio had for that occasion joined forces. He had thus the honor of being the first man ever elected to the Michigan Legislature on a straight labor ticket. In the session of 1883 he was made a member of Judiciary Committee and Committees on Private Corporations and Harbors. Finding that there was no committee of the House to which matters pertaining to the labor interests could be referred, he introduced a resolution creating a Committee on Labor Interests, which was adopted, and Mr. Cook became its chairman. He introduced a bill in this session legaliz- ing the ten-hour system throughout the State, which was then defeated, but subsequently was adopted, being re- introduced in the session of 1885 by Thomas B. Barry, of Saginaw. He also drew and obtained the passage of the bill creating the Labor Bureau, and many other bills in the interest of the laboring classes, which now remain laws of the State. In the spring of 1884 lie was elected mayor of Muskegon, and inaugurated the system of street improvements, which has since largely contributed to the development of the city. In the fall of 1884 he was nominated by both Democratic and Greenback parties for attorney-general, but was defeated with the rest of the ticket. Pie was again elected to the State Legislature in 1890, from the city of Muskegon, running over three hundred votes ahead of. his ticket, and took a prominent part in the legislation of the en- suing session. He drew and obtained the passage of the lien law, as well as many other important measures. In this session he served on Committees 011 Judiciary, Federal Relations, Corporations, etc., and brought to his i52 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. aid in the active participation of work on the floor of the House a ready and cultivated mind, a quickness and brilliancy of repartee, and a magnetism of manner which made him one of the most influential and useful mem- bers to defend the interests of his section and to carry on legislative work. He has taken a prominent part in ev- ery campaign for the last twenty years as a Greenback Democrat, and made speeches for the National and State tickets in nearly every count}- in the State, under direc- tion of the State Central Committee. For twent3'-one years he has been an Oddfellow, having taken all the degrees of the Order, including the Encampment and Canton, and a membership in the Daughters of Rebekah. In 1883 he joined Muskegon Tent, No. 56, Knights of the Maccabees, and was Commander of the Tent, 1884. For nine consecutive years he has been a member of the Great Camp, where he has usually served on the Com- mittee on Laws, and is now Deputy Great Commander of the State. In this Order he has been prominent in bringing its laws to their present state of efficiency. He also drafted the first constitution and ritualistic work of the Lady Maccabees, and at Kalamazoo offered an amendment to the constitution of the Order, making the Eady branch an auxiliary of the Order, and for several sessions pushed the matter until this end was attained. Mr. Cook is also a member of the Benevolent and Pro- tective Order of Elks, as well as of several other soci- eties of a similar nature. July 17, 1869, he was married to Miss Helen Bartholomew, of Taingsburg, Shiawassee County, They have one daughter, Miss Grace U., a graduate of the Muskegon Business College, and a ste- nographer in her father's law office in Muskegon. We are indebted to a citizen of Muskegon for the following pen-portrait of Mr. Cook: "Hon. Frank Cook is one of those characters so often found in this Western country, who owe neither to ancestry nor to fortuitous circum- stances their success in life. He has been pre-eminently the * architect of his own fortune.' He embodies in his mental character many of those attributes which are prerequisite to the lawyer who would rise in his profes- sion above the common level of his fellows. These are exemplified in the careful preparation of his case, the study given to its minute and unimportant points, so that on its presentation in court his adversary finds ev- er}' avenue of attack and defense guarded. Still further, he possesses a natural grace of manner, a fluency of speech and command of language which mark the orator born not made, and these have brought him into prom- inence in many of the most important cases, more espe- cially in criminal practice in the courts of Michigan. As a public officer, he has brought to the administration of his duties an innate sense of justice, an active interest in the welfare alike of the poorest as of the wealthiest of his constituents, a deep knowledge of the fundamental principles of law, and having ever at heart the principle of accomplishing the greatest good for the greatest num- ber. He takes an active interest in fraternal organiza- tions, and has lent valued aid to the upbuilding and prosperity of those with which he is actively connected. In public affairs and in advancing the material interest of his home city, Mr. Cook has always been found among the most earnest workers and advocates of such improve- ments and enterprises as had for their aim the good of Muskegon. He occupies an honored and popular position in the hearts of his fellow-citizens, having always, b}^ his geniality and affability of manner, his honesty and integ- rity of purpose, the command of their respect and esteem." HON. THOMAS W. FERRY, of Grand Haven, de- ceased, United States Senator from Michigan, was born June r, 1826, on the romantic and picturesque island of Mackinac—the island of Indian legend, the spot that was one of the first settlements by the white man in the great Northwest, and where his father, the Rev. William M. Ferry, a native of Massachusetts and a graduate of Union College, was a missionary to the Indians. Here, in the old mission-house, with Indians and whites for compan- ions, young Fern' spent the first six }Tears of his life. In 1834 the Rev. William M. Ferry removed with his family to the mainland; being the first white family to settle in the wilds of Western Michigan. Here, in the primeval forest, bordering on Take Michigan, Mr. Ferry, with others, founded what has become the prosperous city of Grand Haven. The education imparted by his father amply equipped the future senator for the career that was to open before him. His first business occupation was that of a clerk in a store at Elgin, Illinois, which he relinquished, and returned to Grand Haven to become a co-laborer with his younger brother, B. P. Feny, and their father in the lumber firm of Ferry & Sons, which concern developed into one of great magnitude. T. W. Ferry early in life evinced the true American spirit b}* taking an active part in public affairs, and his talent and ability were quickly recognized. In 1S4S, at the age of twenty-two, he was elected clerk of Ottawa County. In 1850 he was elected to the State House of Representa- tives. In 1856 he was elected to the State Senate. For eight years he was a member of the Republican State Committee. Pie was delegate at large from Michi- gan, and one of the vice-presidents of the National Re- publican Convention at Chicago in i860, which nomi- nated Abraham Lincoln for the Presidenc}*. In 1863 he was appointed commissioner for Michigan of the Sol- diers' National Cemetery at Gett3rsburg. In 1864 he was elected to Congress, serving in the Tower House—to which he had been three times re-elected—until his elec- tion to the United States Senate, where he took his seat March 4, 1S71. In the Tower House he served on the Committees on Post-offices and Post-roads, Militia, War Debts of the Toyal States, Naval Affairs, and on Rules. In the United States Senate his abilities and legislative experience received the speedy recognition of his being chosen chairman of the Committee on Revision of Rules, and being placed on the Committees on Finance, Post- offices, and District of Columbia, and of his being fre- quently elected president pro tempore of the Senate; by virtue of which he, upon the decease of Vice-President Wilson, November 22, 1875, became Acting Vice-Presi- dent of the United States, and so continued until March 4, 1877, when, having been re-elected to the United Western Publishing bEnqraving Co. CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. :53 States Senate, he was again made president pro tempore of that august bod}-. It was during his first term in the Senate that he was president of the joint-meeting of the Senate and House of Representatives that seated Presi- dent Hayes, and upon Mr. Ferry devolved the momentous responsibility of signing the document that made Ruther- ford B. Hayes President of the United States. Mr. Ferry was a man who' did good service for his State, his coun- try, and his political party, and performed this service at the expense of neglect of his own large private business. In 1883 he was candidate for a third term in the United States Senate—and then occurred one of the most re- markable political events of our country's histoiy. The balloting began on January 16th, and continued until March 1st, eighty-one ballots having been taken. Mr. Ferry required, for election, sixty-seven votes, but was able to command but sixty-two. On retiring from the Senate he spent two years in travel through Europe and the Orient, taking England, Ireland, Scotland, Norway, Sweden, Russia, Italy, Germany, Austria, France, Bel- gium, Turkey, Egypt, and Palestine. He also went up the Nile, and on one occasion swam across the Jordan. On returning home he quietfy settled down in the old homestead, and here, October 14, 1896, while at his home, death, in the form of apoplexy, came to him suddenly and peacefully, and thus passed from the active sphere of life one of the prominent figures in Michigan history. His fellow-citizens did his memory honor by draping the city in mourning, and on the 18th of October he was laid away in Lake Forest Cemetery, his remains being es- corted by Company F of the Second Regiment of In- fantry of the Michigan National Guard, and the honor- ary pall-bearers many old friends from different cities, the services being conducted by the Revs. S. Kennedy, of Grand Haven, and David Cooper, of Detroit. ELIHU MONROE PECK (deceased), a one-time prominent lake captain, vessel-owner, and shipbuilder, of Detroit. In the development of the merchant marine of "America's great inland seas" it would, no doubt, be an invidious distinction to single out one man as the particular exponent of that energy and enterprise which has promoted the same to such a magnitude as to be the wonder of a most rapid age. But the lifelong connec- tion of our subject as a designer, builder, and manager, left an impress upon the lake marine equaled by few, if any, of its veterans. As a pioneer in the shipbuilding industry and in the passenger and freight carrying trade, his advocacy and adoption of many new ideas has done much to mold the character of the business, and some of the most important changes in lake navigation are due to his creation. Plis name, therefore, must be insepara- bly connected with the history of the great lakes as, in- deed, from his individuality alone has it drawn much inspiration. Captain Peck was born in Butternuts, Otsego County, New York. Pie was from one of those old and highly-respected New England families whose moral strength and respectability have toned the charac- ter of the entire nation, and among whose descendants are found many of her most favored sons. Early in life he followed the trade of ship-carpenter, and while yet young, he formed a partnership with Mr. 1. U. Masters, in 1850, making the firm of Peck & Masters, ship- builders, in Cleveland, Ohio, of which he was manager and designer. This company placed upon the lakes no less than one hundred sail and steam vessels, among them the two revenue cutters, Sherman and Fessendeu, as well as many of the best of the old-time boats. Two years after the death of Mr Masters, which occurred in 1866, Captain Peck quit shipbuilding, and with Robert J. Ilackett, of Detroit, organized the Northwestern Trans- portation Company, of which he remained president up to the time of his death. This company owned and con- trolled one of the largest fleets of modern vessels on the lakes. This company also established a regular line across Lake Michigan for passenger and freight traffic. To Captain Peck may be ascribed the revolution in the carrying trade from the ore regions of Northern Michigan and Wisconsin, when, in 1870, he towed his schooner Forest City, ore-laden, down the lakes as a con- sort to the steamer R.J. Hctckett. Previous to that time, cargoes had been moved by the slow process of schoon- ers and small barks; but this venture proved the feasi- bility of, and inaugurated, the lake system of tows. In the financial crisis of 1873, Captain Peck was one of the few wealthy men to escape ruin, owing to his excellent credit. His integrity ever remained unquestioned, and his life prominently exemplified those traits of character as positively averse to all hypocrisy and sham. Before his death, which occurred Ma}' 8, 1896, it had often been said of him that his mannerism was strange; but it was no less true that beneath an apparent rough and rugged exterior was sheltered a disposition most generous and charitable, and that therein beat a heart most loving and kind. On September 29, 1845, he was married to Susan Ettling Rogers, of Bedford, Ohio, the widow who survives him. Two children, a son and a daughter, the issue of the union, died while young. Since the death of her son, in 1S66, Mrs. Peck has been in delicate health. She has, however, been the constant companion of her husband in extensive travels and tours in the Old World, South America, etc. A sister, Mrs. Harriet West, of Hancock, New York, and two brothers, Edward T. Peck, of the Detroit Dry Dock Company, and Augus- tus II. Peck, of Port Jervis, N. Y., survive the dead cap- tain. Although encompassed with varied and extensive business affairs, Captain Peck indulged in a fondness for literature, and when leisure moments came he was most often found in his spacious and well-appointed library. Interment of the remains of Captain Peck was made in the family burial-vault in Take View Cemetery, at Cleve- land, Ohio. The funeral was indeed as novel as it was impressive, the steamer E. M. Peck, in accordance with the wish of Mrs. Peck, being used to carry the body and attendants to Cleveland. The representation of business men, at both the Detroit and Cleveland docks, was of a most distinguished kind, showing the esteem and regard with which the deceased was held among former asso- ciates. Subsequently, resolutions were passed and en- grossed, expressing most warm and kindly sentiment in i54 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN, behalf of the deceased ca"ptain by the vessel-owners of Detroit, at whose meetings in the past he had often pre- sided, and also by the Lake Carriers1 Association in ses- sion at Cleveland, of which body he was an active and honored member from its organization. Contemporary with the residence of the subject of this sketch in Mich- igan, and in the "City of the Straits," his personality has contributed only for their betterment, and in his passing away has left a memory and a name worthy of the emulation of a citizenship to come. Dr. Eugene Carroll Skinner, of Detroit, was born, February 25, 1841, in Deerfield, adjoining the city of Utica, New York, and died at his home in Detroit, January 24, 1899. His father, the Rev. Dolphns Skinner, D. D., lived upon a farm, while devoting himself to the duties of the ministry and publishing and editing that pioneer among Universalist publications, the Evangelical Magazine and Gospel Advocate. Brought up thus in the midst of the bitter sectarian conflict attending the pro- mulgation of the new doctrine and the establishment of a sect then in its infancy, and consquently looked upon by other denominations with aversion, and often with hatred and contempt, we can hardly to-day realize that, even within this half century, so great a change has taken place in Christian feeling and enlightenment. Dolphus Skinner was born, May 4, 1800, in Westmoreland, New Hampshire, one of a family of eight sons and a daughter, his father being Timothy Skinner. Having educated himself for the Universalist ministry, and preached in the villages of New Hampshire and Vermont, he, in 1825, married Gratia Walker, daughter of Leonard Walker, Esq., of Springfield, Vermont, and took up his first pastorate in Saratoga Springs, from which, in 1827, he removed to Utica, where he made his permanent home, dying in 1869. He left a widofv, who died in Detroit in 1893, in her nine- tieth year, and two sons, the elder being Dr. Francis R. Skinner, of Eau Claire, Wisconsin, and Dr. Eugene C. Skinner, of Detroit, Michigan. Eugene C. Skinner re- ceived his early education in the schools of Utica and vicinity, graduating at the Utica Free Academ}r in 1858, under the guidance of George C. Sawyer, the principal of the academ}'. The following year he entered Tufts College, Massachusetts, taking a special course of two years, studying particular^ mathematics and the sci- ences, history, and languages. Finishing his course in 1861, he studied some months in Boston, at Comer's Commercial College, and taking up music and German. Returning to Utica, he entered the office of Hon. Francis Kernan, studying law for a time with Mr. Keruau, and later with Hon. Roscoe Conkling. When Lincoln issued his call for three hundred thousand more troops in 1862, he dropped his studies and entered the army July 28, 1862, as private in the One-hundred-and-seventeenth New York Volunteers, the regiment being commanded by Colonel (afterward General) Wrilliam R. Pease, of the regular army, and known at home as the Fourth Otieida Regiment. The regiment served for three years in connection with the Armies of the James and the Potomac, its field of opera- tions, after leaAdng Washington, being largely along and in the vicinity of the coast, from Fortress Monroe to Florida. It was at different times attached to the Ninth, Tenth, Eighteenth, and Twenty-fourth Corps. During the fall and winter of 1862-63 the army lay in the vicinity of Wash- ington, fortifying, raiding, and making various expedi- tions into the surrounding country. In the spring and summer of 1863, there were the operations about Suffolk, and in June the Dix expedition up the Peninsula against Richmond, while Mead, with the main army, in Penn- sylvania, was conducting the maneuvers culminating in the battle of Gettysburg. The winter following, the regiment made part of the expedition south along the coast to Folly Island, from which raids and sallies were made to John's Island and other points, returning to the vicinity of Fortress Monroe, Virginia, to prepare for the campaign of 1864. The work of 1864 consisted of the expedition to City Point and Bermuda Hundreds, to cut Richmond off from the South, under General B. F. Butler, and the various battles about Richmond and Petersburg, which followed. The regiment took part in most of the important movements of the year—losing heavily in some of the engagements—from the battle at Drewry's Bluff, and the assault on Petersburg, the mine explosion, and the battles at Cold Harbor, to the capture of Fort Harrison and the subsequent bloody attack upon Fort Gilmer, with other engagements of less importance. Mr. Skinner in the meantime had at intervals risen from the ranks, serving as sergeant, first sergeant until May, 1864, commissioned second lieutenant May 28, 1864, and first lieutenant November 30, 1864. For the greater part of the year 1864 he acted as adjutant of the regiment, taking command of his compan}^ after the battle at the Darby- town Road, and before the collection of Butler's army for its new Southern expedition. At the attack upon Fort Gilmer he received several painful but not dangerous wounds from shrapnel and shells, being struck by four pieces. After a few days in the field hospital he rejoined the regiment, taking part in the repulse of Lee, on October 7th, and other engagements. In December, took place Butler's fiasco—his attack upon, or rather failure to attack, Fort Fisher. The Second Division of the Tenth Army Corps, which took part in this nautical operation, after a hard experience of some weeks on shipboard, and some days on land, returned to their former quarters north of the James River, but w7ere immediately reor- ganized to perform the same duty under command of that reliable soldier, General Terry. This time there was no failure. The troops were soon landed above Fort Fisher, upon the peninsula, the ironclads renewed their splendid bombardment, and after a couple of days' preparation the assault was made. The One-hundred-and- seventeenth Regiment was assigned the honor, as right of the line, of leading the charge, supported by the rest of the First Brigade and the whole division. The brigade, under command of the gigantic and fearless General Curtis? led the way. The fort was defended on the land side b}' a high palisade of logs, with the usual broad moat filled with water, and a high parapet of earth rising thirty to forty feet. After a short word of encourage- ment to his company, Lieutenant Skinner urged them Western Publishing hEngrauinq Ca CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 155 on at the order to charge, and was himself the first man of the brigade to penetrate the palisade, through a hole broken by the ships' shells, and climbed the parapet with the regiment. The troops having landed from the small boats in a heavy surf, obliging many to jump into the water nearly to their necks, the blade of his sword had slipped from its scabbard and gone to the bottom. So his only weapon in the combat, until the capture of some Rebel officers from whom he obtained a blade, was an empty scabbard. Soon after reaching the top of the parapet, Lieutenant Skinner received a gun- shot wound through the right arm, rendering it useless. He, however, continued with his men until a secure lodgment was effected in the fort, and the success of the assault was assured, when he retired to the surgeon's tent for treatment. After this brilliant battle, which con- tinued seven hours before the last of the enemy were taken, the corps joined General Sherman in his inarch northward to meet Grant. Returning to his regiment as soon as possible, he marched with it from Raleigh to City Point, and the army being disbanded, the One-hundred- and-seventeenth Regiment was sent to Syracuse, New York, for final discharge, in June, 1865. Lieutenant Skinner was brevetted captain "for gallant and merito- rious services in the capture of Fort Fisher." War was with him a purely patriotic matter, as was in evidence at the time of his enlistment, when he returned his bounty money and went to help his country solely for his country's sake. After being released from the arnw, Captain Skinner returned to the study of law, entering the Law School of Columbia College, in New York, in the fall of 1865, under that eminent scholar and teacher, Theodore W. Dwight, LL. D., and graduating in the spring of 1867. He received the prize of two hundred dollars, awarded for the best essay in the Department of Constitutional Law, which was under the charge of the distinguished Dr. Francis Lieber. A warm personal friendship existed between Mr, Skinner and Dr. Lieber, continuing until the death of the latter. Upon graduation from the Law School, which admitted him to the bar of New York, Mr. Skinner, with a few other students, attended a special examination before the Supreme Court, then in session in the city, and again was successful, receiving particular commendation from the court. May 16, 1867, he took degree LL. B., and also received honorary degree of Master of Arts from Tufts College, where he was a generous donor to the museum and library. In previous visits to the West, and after con- sultation with friends, Mr. Skinner had become favorably impressed with Detroit as a place for his future work. Though offered excellent inducements to remain in Utica, by friends, and especially by Mi*. Conkling, he removed to Detroit in September, 1867, and since made it his home. The next, year after coming to Detroit, Mr. Skin- ner returned to Utica to marry Miss Sara M. Philleo, daughter of Dr. Bonaparte Philleo, who descended from a fine old Huguenot famity. Their beautiful home, opposite Cass Park, became a much frequented resort for a multitude of friends—young and old were always sure of a welcome and a visit of good cheer. Mr. Skinner had visited several cities in the West, to inspect their systems of making abstracts of land titles, receiving many courtesies at the hands of the proprietors of such works, particularly at Chicago, where the Chase Brothers and J. G. Shortall were compiling those volumes which, after the fire of 1871, were their only source of information as to land titles, the official records having been destined. Mr. Skinner, in company with Mr. John Ward, of the firm of Ward & Palmer, lawyers, at once set about to make an abstract of the land titles of Wayne County and the city of Detroit. Mr. Skinner, having immediate charge of the work, gave it his whole attention, Mr. Ward meantime continuing his law prac- tice. The expense involved was large, as books and paper had to be made specially for the purpose. A large number of men were employed in copying the records in the offices of the register of deeds, the United States land office, Probate Court, and all the courts of record of Wayne County, as well as the books in the treasurers' offices, both city and county. Many private and Church records were copied, and all this mass of official and his- torical matter was entered in the abstract books. Each parcel of land in city and county had its own separate page and account, where could be found its complete chain of title and official history. Mr. Skinner, with his office force, was six years in so preparing and perfecting the books that perfect abstracts of title could be given to the public. From that time business centered in the office, the labor of copying records and transferring them to the books increasing 3-early with the growth of the city; but the call for abstracts also increasing, so that the business soon became profitable. After conducting the abstract business without intermission for nearly seventeen years, Mr. Skinner sold all his interest in it to Mr. C. M. Burton, in the spring of 1884. During these years, Mr. Skinner had also been interested in some scientific and educa- tional matters. In the fall of 1871, the Michigan State Poultry Association was formed, Mr. Skinner being made secretary and treasurer. This office he held for five suc- cessive years, until the destruction by fire of the ware- house containing the property of the society, which was then dissolved. Exhibitions were given each of the five years, embracing not only poultry and pet stock, but also horticultural, pomological, and floral exhibits, by the several societies interested in those branches; also dogs, wild animals, cats, etc., and most interesting displays of fish, under the auspices of the State Fish Commission. At the last exhibition of the society, the Detroit Art Asso- ciation, of which Mr. Skinner was secretary and treasurer, joined with the Poultry Association in a fine loan collec- tion of paintings contributed by citizens of this and other States. On March 27, 1874, was founded the Detroit Scientific Association, the first meeting being held in Professor J. M. B. Sill's Young Ladies' Seminary, on the northwest corner of Fort and Wayne Streets, the site of the present Federal Building. At this meeting, Dr. George P. Andrews was chosen president; E. C. Skinner, first vice-president; J. M. B. Sill, second vice- president; E. Woolfendeu, recorder; Dr. A. B, Lyons, secretary; J. C. Holmes, librarian. Other members were 156 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. D. Farrand Henry, Frederick Stearns, H. Gillnian, C. B. Hubbard, etc. In 1876, Mr. Skinner was president of the association, which collected a large and valuable museum. This was free to the public, as were also the scientific lectures given weekly every winter for many years. In 1884, Mr. Skinner having disposed of his interest in the abstract of titles, and finding his health impaired by the severe application incident to the office work, determined to resume his scientific studies as a means of rest and pleasure. He directed his attention to medicine, entered the Detroit College of Medicine as a student, pursuing the full course, and was graduated in the class of 1887. Having been chosen president of his class each year of his course, he was, at its close, elected president of the Alumni Association, and again elected for the two suc- ceeding years. In 1889 he was asked b}' the trustees of the college to enter the Faculty, and was given the chair of Medical Jurisprudence, lecturing also upon sanitary science, and later upon zo'jlog}7. During his incumbency as secretary three new departments wrere added to the college course—those of Pharmacy, Dentistry, and Veter- inary Surgery—it being the desire of Dr. Skinner and some others of the Faculty to enlarge the college work, and found a university. The Detroit College of Law was just organized, and was given room at the College of Medicine for its lectures. The university idea, in process of development, wrill be an accomplished fact in due time. After a connection with the college of three years as secretary, Dr. Skinner resigned in 1892, on account of failing health, and since devoted his time to his private business interests, continuing, however, to give occa- sional lectures in the Departments of Dentistry and Veterinary Medicine, and to take an unabated interest in its affairs. One of Dr. Skinner's most intimate friends wrote of him, in life, as follows: "Mr. Skinner is in stat- ure somewhat above the average height, spare in form, unincumbered by a single ounce of superfluous flesh, very erect, of strong constitution, tireless plvysically as well as mentally, rapid and of remarkable precision and accuracy in whatever he does, making no false motions in his activities, an indefatigable and swift worker, muscles as tough and elastic as steel, oblivious to ex- tremes of temperature, makes little use of an overcoat in the Michigan winter; fond of sturdy, physical exercise, especially of walking. His eyes give true indication of large observing power, and form, perhaps, his most striking and characteristic feature, while the general ex- pression of his face, the poise of his head, and his car- riage give an impression of great promptness, courage in affairs, boldness in enterprise, and thorough honesty and frankness; and these are the salient characteristics of the man as he is read by all his acquaintances and friends; and these have made him what he is—a trusted counselor, an unflinching friend, and a successful busi- ness man. These qualities have also won for him, very deservedly, a host of friends who believe in him and love him." He was president of Bohemian Club, secre- tary of Barnard Law Club, member of Detroit Library and Medical Association, of the Literary Society of Detroit, College of Medicine, Nu Sigma Xu Fraternity, G. A. R., Society of Army of Potomac, Military Order of Loyal Le- gion, Michigan Club, Sons of American Revolution, Michigan Political Association, Michigan Academy of Sciences, New England Club. Yet with all these interests he found time to keep up French, German, Italian, and Latin. "But better than all these, he grew into the hearts and lives of all who knew him by his genial and sincere wrays." He was especially a friend and adviser of the young who were tn^ing to make their wa}' in the world. In a paper in memory of Dr. Skinner, prepared by the Loyal Legion of United States of which he was a member, it says: "We can not portray his many deeds of heroism in battle, his perseverance and patient endurance in memorable campaigns in the field. . . . Possessed of remarkable earnestness and ardor in the service, he was always distinguished, not only for intrepid brav- er}' in battle, but also for the highest standard of excel- lence as a man and a soldier in the performance of dut}'. His name and fame as a soldier and citizen rank high in the annals of this Commander}', and now belong to the splendid heritage bequeathed to posterity by the Grand Army of the Republic. . . . He has lived worthify in our midst over a quarter of a century since the con- test closed, and we are happy to speak of him as a man, and a citizen of the community in which he lived, in terms of the highest character." Dr. Skinner was a man of many parts, of unusual and diversified attainments, and by his death Detroit lost one of her most eminent and highly-esteemed citizens. Mrs. Skinner and their daughter, Eugenia Gratia, and son, Otis, were left to mourn his loss, two sons, having previously died in infancy, and a third son Francis Dolphus, in 1891 at the age of ten years. His remains were interred at Utica, New York, the early home of both himself and wife. HON. WILLIAM LOOK, lawyer and ex-judge, is a native of Detroit, where he was born March 16, 1S57. His father was Arnold Nicholas Look, a mechanic in humble circumstances, but withal a man of intelligence and high respectability. He was a native of Rhenish Prussia, in the district of Bezirk, of Dusseldorf, Germany. His grandfather, Jean Look, a veteran of "Napoleon," who accompanied the great military leader on his Penin- sular campaign, and participated in many of the mem- orable battles that convulsed Continental Europe in the earl}' part of the century, came to the United States in 1850. Pie had served under Marshals Davoust, Massena, and Soult, and participated in all the engagements in the campaign that terminated with Austerlitz. After- ward he was at the battle of Lobau, and still later took part in the defeat of Archduke Charles at Wagram. After Napoleon's retreat from Moscow, Jean Look was mustered out of service at Hamburg, Germany. This was in 1814. He bore the decoration of the Legion of Honor of the minor order, and several severe wounds, the marks of which he carried to the grave, and which testified to the character of his services. When, in 1869, the one hundredth anniversary of the birth of Napoleon was celebrated in Detroit, Jean Look, as the oldest living veteran of Napoleon, was chosen president of the day. CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 15 7 He died, October 5, 1876, aged ninety years and three months, respected and honored for an exemplary life and valorous deeds which had received the recognition of his sovereign. Cares and business perplexities came to Judge Look very early in life. He was the eldest of eight children, and at an early age the responsibility of maintaining the family in large part devolved upon his shoulders. When twelve }^ears of age he entered the office of his uncle, Judge Joseph Kulm, in the capacity of office boy. He evinced such marked aptitude in mas- tering the details of an extensive and intricate business that, two years later, his uncle made an extended tour of Europe, leaving the boy in sole charge. Judge Kulm, besides doing the largest private banking business in Detroit, dealt largely in real estate, and possessed a large clientele of people, whose business affairs he managed. There were mortgages to be drawn up, deeds, leases, etc., to be executed, and appraisals of land to be made; and the cosmopolitan character of the people doing business with the institution made it necessary for him to have a thorough knowledge of the German language. During this time the boy had the helpful advice of Hon. William B. Wesson, a man of large affairs, yet who was never so busy that he could not find time to give valuable assistance to the conscientious, prudent, overworked lad; and Judge Look, in referring to the circumstances that shaped his life, quickened his perceptions, and inculcated sound habits of business, never fails to award the proper meed of praise to this early preceptor, now dead. With the ex- ception of a short time spent at St. Mary's Academy in Detroit, Judge Look acquired his education in the office and in the solitude of his home, by attention, observa- tion, and diligent reading and study. He took up the study of law when a mere lad, and having no regular preceptor, often had occasion to seek the assistance of such men as Hon, Don M. Dickinson, Hon. Otto Kirchner, Hon. Edwin F. Conely, Hon. William C. Maybury, and Hon. James A. Randall, who treated him with kindness and consideration, and straightened out many a knotty problem for him. His law readings were necessarily des- ultory and irregular, because his duties were 3Tearly be- coming more harassing and exacting. He was finally admitted to the bar in 18S0, and, with his business train- ing in the office of Judge Kuhn, he came to the bar far better equipped as a lawyer than three-fourths of the young lawyers seeking practice. In 1885, Mr. Look was elected a member of the Board of Councilmeu, a munic- ipal board now defunct, to fill an unexpired term. He at once took rank as the most earnest opponeut of the loose relations between corporation contractors and the city government, and often had to stand alone in the advo- cacy of some proposition or principle affecting these relations. In the fall of 1885, Mr. Look accepted a re- nomination, and was elected by an overwhelming ma- jority, leading his ticket by over fifteen hundred votes. While a member of the Board of Councilmeu, Mr. Look resisted the act of 1885 governing the appointment of the Board of Registration and Election, alleging that it was unconstitutional. After considerable difficulty his party colleagues were induced to support him in his po- sition, with the result that the Supreme Court, at the October term in 1885, declared the act to be unconstitu- tional. His other acts, while a member of this impor- tant bod}% were characterized by the same clear concep- tion; and while he often lacked the necessary support to carry his point, subsequent developments almost invari- ably vindicated his judgment. The Legislature had passed a bill in 1887 for the abolition of the Board of Councilmen, when Mr. Look accepted a nomination as one of the judges of the Wayne County Circuit Court (Third Judicial Circuit of Michigan), and was subse- quently elected by a handsome majority. Judge Look's mind was essentially judicial. From his early youth he had been in positions where his powers of anatysis were brought into constant play. He took his place on the bench, one of the youngest men who had filled that important position, and disposed of the cases assigned him with such rapidity, and yet with such discretion, as to excite the surprise and gratification of both public and bar. Some of his decisions brought him into gen- eral notice throughout the country. During the eight months of Judge Look's service on the bench he dis- patched an enormous amount of business, and the num- ber of appeals from his decisions was surprisingly small. Among his most noted decisions was the one in the case of Beattishill vs. The Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway. In that decision he laid down the principle that a child of tender years could not be held capable of being guilty of contributor}- negligence, and could not be bound by the negligence of its parents. The noted extra- dition case involving the notorious Kd Rice, "Punch" Mason, and George D. Stewart, called forth another de- cision which brought Judge Look to the notice of the legal profession throughout the country. In that case he held that the governor of the State exercised a judi- cial function in performing certain duties, and that his passing upon the application for a warrant of extradition was a judicial act. In these, as well as other important opinions, he was upheld by the Supreme Court. Mr. Look was married, July 22, 1879, to Miss Christina Audretsch, a daughter of Martin Audretsch, who estab- lished the first pottery in Michigan, and was one of the oldest pioneers thereof. Four children have been born to them—three girls and one boy. Mr. Look has one of the largest law practices in the city. He is a Democrat in politics, and prominently identified with all German societies of Detroit, of which a number count him among their most prominent members. He is highly esteemed, not only by the people of German extraction, but by the citizens at large, who know his integrity and appreciate his ability in his calling. He is unquestionably one of the most prominent German-American citizens of Detroit, and very seldom a festival or a meeting of im- portance is held without Judge Look being invited to address his fellow-citizens of German descent, a sure sign of his popularity. Hon. Randolph Manning, of Pontiac, Oakland County, associate justice of the Supreme Court of Mich- igan, was born in Plainfield, Union County, New Jersey, 21 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. May 19, 1804, came to Michigan in 1S32, and died sud- denly at his home in Pontiac while in conversation with his daughter, on the evening of August 31, 1S64. He was a son of Samuel Manning, of Plumfield, New Jersey. Pie studied law in New York City, and came to the Ter- ritory of Michigan well equipped for the practice of his profession, which he entered upon at Pontiac. His value and worth were very speedily recognized; for within three years he was called upon as a delegate to the convention, charged with the duty of drawing up a State Constitution. Here he took a distinguished part as a member of the Committee 011 Judiciaiy. In 1S42 he was made chancellor of the Court of Chancery. In 1S35 he was Secretary of State during a part of the incumbency of Governor Mason. In 1836 he was elected to the State Senate, and held the office for one term. In 1857 he was elected a judge of the Supreme Court, and before the expiration of his term, was re-elected in 1S61. He served also as a member of the Board of Regents of the University of Michigan. In political faith in early life he was a Democrat; but left the party on the slavery question, and became a Republican; and his religious affiliations were with the Baptist denomination. Judge Manning was twice married, first to Miss Eliza F. Ran- dolph, of Plainfield, New Jersey, February 29, 1S32, who died February 28, 1846, leaving one child, Camilla Man- ning, who married James A. Jacokes in 1867, and died November 21, 1890. August 17, 184S, he was again mar- ried, to Miss Eliza W. Carley, of Detroit, Michigan. His second wife died January 13, 1859. Of this marriage there were four children, of whom two survive her—Ran- dolph Manning, born November 28, 1851, and Isabella, born April 27, 1856. The}- are still living. The late Hon. Jacob M. Howard, in speaking of Judge Manning, paid him tribute in the following language: "In each position he occupied before the public, Judge Manning showed himself a man of spotless integrity, sound, dis- criminating judgment, and of a capacity that enabled him to fill every office with honor to himself and advantage to the State. I need not say that in all the relations of private life he was as faultless as it has pleased Pleaven to leave human nature; gentle in manners, without os- tentation, true and constant in his principles, charitable and forbearing, benevolent and kindly, frugal without parsimony; beloved of old and young, rich and poor, taking an active interest in whatever concerned good neighborhood, in whatever affected the community at large; without an enemy in the wide world." Captain John Baptiste Ford, a national character, who, within the last decade, has brought into the industrial life of Michigan unlimited capital, indom- itable will, tireless energy, and a wonderful business vision, to be applied to the development of one of its material, though long hidden, resources. His person- ality has affected the affairs of the "Wolverine State," as, indeed, it has left an impress upon the entire Union. His individuality emphasizes the high favor of American citizenship, and illustrates most forcibly the possibilities that are open to earnest, persevering, young men pos- sessing the courage of their convictions, and determined to be the architects of their own fortunes; and his career indisputably proves that neither wealth nor social posi- tion nor influential friends are essential to the attain- ment of eminent usefulness, honorable distinction, and true success, in entering upon the work of life. As a man's rank among his contemporaries should be deter- mined by the beneficence of his deeds, then the subject of this sketch has not lived in vain. Captain Ford's life record has been worthy of the appreciation of his fellow-men, and should be a subject for study and emula- tion in generations to come. Did space permit, it would be interesting to give exhaustive examination of the family antecedents of our subject, to relate more partic- ularly the record of others of his name and blood, and to analyze more closely the social and economic conditions which made possible his career; but the mere outline given must suffice, and, with treatment almost as brief, the story of his own earlier years must be dismissed. Captain John Baptiste Ford is a native of Kentucky. He was born at Danville on the 17th day of November, 1811, and is a lineal descendant of a prominent family of French colonists, the paternal head of which was Jean Baptiste le Fort, who established himself in America in the early part of the sixteenth century. The environments characteristic of pioneer life left Mr. Ford's boyhood days without noteworthy incident. He embraced the advan- tages which the common schools then afforded, and was early apprenticed to the saddlery trade. When twenty- one years of age he settled in Indiana, and there for some years engaged in the manufacture of saddles. His indomitable courage and enterprise soon led him into larger business enterprises, so that, in 1854, we find him conducting flourishing shipbuilding yards on the banks of the Ohio River, at New Albany, Indiana. Rolling and iron mills were soon connected, and to Captain Ford is due the distinction of being the first man in America to build a ship throughout, thereby meriting the title com- monly prefixed to his name. When the dark clouds of civil war came over this nation in 1861, his patriotism, coupled with his business energy, were of invaluable service to the Government in the building of rapid steam- boats, which were commissioned for the transportation of troops, etc., on the Ohio, Mississippi, and other rivers. Subsequent to the close of the War of the Rebellion, his former business interests proving less profitable, he, in 1868, embarked in the plate-glass industry, it being of further historic note that he became the pioneer manu- facturer of the same in this country. Prior to the year mentioned all plate-glass used in America was imported; and before Captain Ford had demonstrated that it was practicable to make that product as cheaply and as ex- cellent in quality in this country as that manufactured in Europe, he spent years in study and investigation, used up the capital he had amassed in former }^ears in the experiment, and, at the age of seventy-one years, was practically penniless. That he is possessed of de- termination and pluck is exemplified by the fact that since that time he has recouped his fortune, and has be- come a multi-millionaire. In 1SS0, Captain Ford removed CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 159 the base of his business operations from New Albany, Indiana, to Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, where he established the Pittsburg- Plate-glass Company, which has a capital of ten million dollars, being to-day one of our great national industries, employing thousands of workmen in its factories located in the thriving municipalities of Creighton, Ford City, and Tarentum, on the Allegheny River, there making the best quality of plate-glass in the world, and one hundred and seventy-five per cent cheaper to the consumer than when we depended upon a foreign production. The name of Captain Ford first be- came closely linked with the industrial affairs of Michigan in the year 1890. Then establishing the Michigan Alkali Company, he began, at Wyandotte, the manufacture of soda-ash and its by-products, an enterprise which has opened up another field in the resources of this Com- monwealth already prodigious in its results. For the manufacture of these chemicals two immense plants have been constructed at W}Tandotte at an expenditure of over three million dollars. The same comprise a total of three hundred and twenty acres of land, with a frontage of one and a half miles on the Detroit River, covering a bed of rock-salt three hundred feet in thick- ness, which is reached by twenty wells driven to the depth of twelve hundred feet. Besides river docks, the best of railway shipping facilities are provided. An average pro- duction of over four hundred tons per diem is maintained, including the items of soda-ash, caustic soda, bicarbonate of soda, and Portland cement. These articles named, up to a few years ago, were all produced and sold to us by foreign countries. The personnel of the Michigan Alkali Company includes 011I3' members of the Ford family. At the reorganization of the corporation in 1896, Captain Ford was succeeded by his eldest son, Edward, as president. J. B. Ford, Jr., his grandson, retained his former position as vice-president and general manager; Dr. George P. McNichol, Edward Ford's son-in-law, remained its secretary and treasurer; another grandson, E. Eeyden Ford, becoming its purchasing agent. The two sons, Edward and Emory L., men of thrift and efficient business capacity, from 1880 to 1896, were, respective^, the president and general manager, and treasurer of the Pittsburg Plate-glass Company, from which corporation the Fords retired in 1897. Since Captain Ford first took advantage of the immense alkali deposits underlying the section of the State before re- ferred to, a wonderful impetus has been given to the establishment and promotion of other industries, and the possibilities for the early future development of that ter- ritory along the lower Detroit River are far from compre- hension. Another enterprise for which, in recent years, Captain Ford has exhibited a lively interest, and in which he now retains a just pride, is the founding of Ford City, Pennsylvania, the same being situated forty miles from Pittsburg, on the eastern bank of the Allegheny River. The Pittsburg Plate-glass Company having there ac- quired a large section of land beyond the requirements of a location for one of its factories, Captain Ford caused the same to be platted, had erected over four hundred houses, and otherwise became the benefactor of the new-born city by erecting a church and parsonage, and, later, presenting a thirt\--thousand-dollar library to the same. A permanent organization, known as the J. B. Ford Statue Association, composed of employes of the local glass-works, has caused to be erected a composite statue, of granite and bronze, of Captain Ford, at a cost of six thousand dollars, and which stands in the pat- ronymic city in his honor. There are thousands of American workingmen who have been the beneficiaries of his thrift, courage, and enterprise, in establishing industries in this country for their employment at Amer- ican wages. He has never experienced the modern strike or bo}'cott. His ellipses have universally been de- voted to him, and he is their friend—a thoroughly kind, though a very acute and firm, employer. They have, in many pleasant and agreeable ways, at New Albany, Indiana; at Pittsburg, Creighton, Ford City, and Tarentum, Pennsylvania; and at Wyandotte, Michigan, evidenced their favor and regard for him. In 1831, Captain Ford married Miss Mary Bower, a lady of much strength of character and many womanly graces, who shared the vicissitudes of his career until her death, which occurred January 13, 1897, at their home in Creighton, Pennsyl- vania, her native State. Personally, and as may have been anticipated from preceding facts, the subject of this biographical review is possessed of strong physical and mental characteristics. While he has nearly reached the age of four-and-a-half score years, he is still hale, active, and vigorous. Politically he was a "Henry Clay Whig," and later has given untiring allegiance to the tenets held by the Republican party. He has long been an honored and an influential member of the American Protective Tariff League, and believes in the policy of protection for American industries and labor. Patriotic, public-spirited, charitable, and philanthropic,—these epitomize some of the qualities of his mind and heart. He is a man to whom the most envious can scarcely grudge success, so well has he earned it, so well does he use it, so entirely does he lack pride of purse. He is kind, unaffected, approach- able, unspoiled. Ever}' comer has a claim upon his cour- teous attention, and the irascibility so common among busy men is entirely foreign to his character. His suc- cess has been entirely of his own winning. If ever there was a self-made man, the title belongs to him, and in these days, when so many agitators and demagogues are preach- ing the pernicious doctrine that labor and capital are dis- tinct, and even antagonistic, divided by a natural barrier which no man may pass, the record of such a life is worth the making for the lesson it conveys. In 1899 he gave ten thousand dollars to the Presbyterian Church of Wyandotte, and ten thousand dollars to the Methodist Church at Wyandotte. In 1899 the scientific society of France, known as M L'Academie Parisienne des Inven- teurs," placed his name on the roll of honor of the society, as the originator of the plate-glass industry. The society is one of the oldest in the world, and to be- come a member one must have invented something of unusual benefit to mankind. Captain Ford was pre- sented with a gold medal by the society. On November 17, 1899, the city of Wyandotte observed the eighty- 160 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. eighth anniversary of Captain Ford's birth as "Ford- Da}'," making it a civic holiday by resolution passed by the Council. Schools and stores were closed, and the city throughout was gayly decorated with flags, hardly a store or a home in the entire city neglecting to thus show appreciation in honor of the man who had done so much to make the city of Wyandotte the prosperous community that it is. RICHARD P. WILLIAMS, of the firm of Farrand,- Williams & Clark, of Detroit, is a descendant of an an- cient and honorable Welsh family. His father, William Williams, of the Oliver Cromwell-Williams family, was a Presbyterian clergyman, and his mother, Emma (Pryth- erch) Williams, a lineal descendant of the old Welsh kings who resided on the estate which had been in the possession of the Prytherch family for over nine hun- dred years. There were seven children in this particular branch of the Williams family, of whom five were sous and two daughters, the subject of this sketch, Richard P., being the fifth member. He was born on the celebrated Isle of Anglesea, Wales, July 23, 1846, and when four- teen years of age he was sent to a private school for ministers' sons at Birmingham, England, where he re- mained two years. He then went to grammar school at Liverpool, England, through two terms, and after that returned to his home in Wales. His parents had deter- mined upon having him remain in Wales permanently, and take charge of the estate; but as it was, in accord- ance with English law, entailed to his eldest brother, he decided, in 186S, upon coming to America whence two brothers had already preceded him. He came straight to Detroit, where both of these brothers were located and prospering. Through their influence he obtained employment with the old established wholesale drug- house of Farrand, Sheley & Compau}-. He was well equipped by nature and education for the facing and conquering of every difficulty that might incidentally obstruct his progress, and through persevering diligence he very early gained the confidence of his employers who recognized and duty appreciated his aptitude for business. He was rapidly pushed to the front, but not so fast, however, but what he had time to acquire a thor- ough knowledge of each department of the entire busi- ness. In 1879 the firm was reorganized, and Mr. Williams was admitted to the partnership. In 1890 the firm was again changed to Farrand, Williams & Clark, but through all the varied changes the venerable founder of the house, Mr. Jacob S, Farrand, invariabty remained at the head. It wTas, in a large degree, to the business sagacity of this gentleman that Mr. Williams gives credit for his success in the commercial world. Michigan has never claimed as a citizen a more thorough, conscientious and pains- taking merchant than Mr. Farrand, who came to Michi- gan in 1S25, and who, before he had reached his majority, had formed a partnership and opened a drug-house in Detroit, which proved to be the nucleus for one of the largest establishments of its kind on the American con- tinent, the business amounting to over one million dol- lars annually. He remained in actual leadership until removed by death on April 3, 1891. In addition to his interest in the firm mentioned, Mr. Williams also became president of the Peninsular White Lead and Color Works, a director in the Michigan Mutual Life Insurance Com- pany, as well as a stockholder in the Commercial Na- tional Bank, of Detroit, of which his brother, Morris L. Williams, is vice-president and cashier. Besides the brother mentioned, Mr. WTilliams has still another in Detroit, John P. Williams, who is with the American Exchange National Bank; while a third brother, W. P. Williams, became secretary of the British and Foreign School Society, of London, England, which is a very significant position in a very important society, the ob- ject of which is to train young men for government ships. In politics Mr. Williams is a conservative Republican, but troubles himself very slightly with political ques- tions. He is a zealous member of the First Presbyterian Church, the welfare of which is very close to his heart. December 7, 1882, Mr. Williams was married to Miss Olive C. Farrand, daughter of his late associate in busi- ness, Hon. Jacob S. Farrand. A leading citizen of De- troit, when asked to furnish a few personal references to Mr. Williams's worth as a business man and citizen, said: "In social life, Richard P. Williams is very easy of ap- proach and ready to estimate all men by what they are, and not by what they possess. In his mental make-up he has the faculty of seeing clear through to the end of an investment before entering upon it; but when once committed to it he has sufficient courage to see it to the end. He is, in all truth, a worthy public-spirited citizen, and has therefore been a most useful man in the commu- nity in which he cast his lot when a young man." HON. LOUIS KAN1TZ, manufacturer, of Muskegon, was born in the village of Warnitz, Province of Branden- burg, Prussia, September 20, 1S39. His father, Gottlieb Kanitz, held the position of inspector of the estate of a Ger- man nobleman, Count von der Osten. His wife was Car- oline Olen, by whom he had seven children, Louis being the oldest sou. Besides Louis, three daughters survive, who are residents of Sheboygan, Wisconsin, Gottlieb Kan- itz was a man of liberal tendencies, and in the troublous times of 1S4S-49, identified himself with the movement for the greater liberation of Germany. His sympathies in this connection threw a cloud upon him in his official capacity, and in 1852 he came with his family to Amer- ica. He located in Sheboygan, Wisconsin, intending to engage in buying and selling land; but his health failed, and he died in the following spring. Plis widow died shortty afterwards, and our subject at thirteen years oi age found himself at the head of a family of five, with one exception all younger than himself, without means, and in a strange laud, whose language and customs were equally unknown to him. He had obtained a rudimen- tary education in the schools of Germany, and this, with a sound constitution, was his capital. He worked for a time on a farm, and later learned the trade of a baker, and visited Chicago, St. Louis, and other large cities in following this avocation, returning to Fond du Lac, Wis- consin, in 1858. On President Lincoln's call for seventy- Western Publishing S/Engnu/ing Co. CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 161 five thousand volunteers, in April, 1861, a company was organized, at Fond du Lac, of whicli he was a mem- ber; but its services were at the time refused, the State's quota having been already made up. General Franz Sigel, then colonel of the Third Missouri In- fantry, was organizing a " Turner11 regiment at St. Louis at this time, and Mr. Kanitz, with eleven other volun- teers, paid their own railroad fare to that city7 for the purpose of joining this regiment. He was mustered in as a private in Company H, Seventeenth Missouri In- fantry. This regiment became a part of the Army of the Southwest, then under the command of General John C. Fremont, and was engaged in opposition to the Rebel army under the command of General Price, then op- erating in Missouri. Numerous battles and skirmishes were fought in and about Springfield, the most celebrated conflict of the campaign being the charge of Fremont's body-guard, resulting in the capture of three thousand prisoners. After General Fremont was relieved of this command, the army was divided, Sigel's Division being quartered at Rolla, Missouri, until January, 1862. His Division was then made a part of the arm}7 under Gen- eral S. R. Curtis, which defeated General Price at the battle of Pea Ridge, March 7, 8, 9, 1S62, and drove the Rebel army into Texas. After the battle of Pea Ridge the army operated against Little Rock, Arkansas. In cross- ing the Little Red River, May 19, 1862, the company of which Mr. Kanitz was a member lost in a skirmish no less than thirty-two men out of forty. The campaign against Little Rock was then abandoned, the army being directed to rendezvous at Helena, Arkansas. In the fall of 1862, on Price again invading Missouri, they took the field to operate against him, and on De- cember 21st the division joined the army of General Sherman at the commencement of the Vicksburg cam- paign. The regiment of which Mr. Kanitz's company formed a part participated in the battle of Chickasaw Bayou, December 28th, 29th, and 30th, and in the skir- mishes and fighting incident to the attack on Vicksburg. Later they were conveyed by transports, and on January 11 and 12, 1863, captured the fort known as Arkansas Post, on the Arkansas River, taking about seven thou- sand prisoners. Returning to Young's Point, opposite Vicksburg, they afterwards joined the Yazoo Pass expe- dition, and, returning, remained in camp at Young's Point, until General Grant assumed command of the Union forces around Vicksburg. They participated in all the battles of that campaign, the regiment being par- ticularly heavily engaged on May 19th, in a charge made on the works in the rear of the city, with considerable loss, including Colonel Franz Hasseudeubel, then in command. After the capture of Vicksburg, July 4, 1863, the Fifteenth Army Corps to whicli the Seventeenth be- longed, under Sherman, participated in what is known as the Atlanta campaign, and on February 23, 1864, Mr. Kan- itz, then orderly sergeant of his company-, was mustered out of service at Memphis, Tennessee, having been inca- pacitated for duty by sickness. On his recovery in August following, he re-enlisted in Company G, Eighth Illinois Cavalry, his regiment being stationed at'Fairfax Court House, Virginia, engaged in patrol duty in the vicinity7 of Washington, and skirmishing in opposition to Mos- by's guerrillas until June 22, 1865, when he was mustered out, the war having terminated. Returning to Wiscon- sin, he became associated in the lime business with his brother-in-law, Henry E. Roth, and in 1867 paid his first visit to Muskegon, bringing over a cargo of lime and building material. In March, 1869, he permanently en- gaged in this business at Muskegon, where he has since made his home. He successfully conducted this enter- prise until 1882, when, having accumulated a considera- ble capital, he organized, in company with Messrs. Otto G. and Gustave Meeske, Gottlieb Ninneman, Hugh Park, and others, the Muskegon Valley7 Furniture Company7, and became its president. In 1886 he assumed, in addi- tion to this office, the position of manager of the com- pany. The company on its organization had a capital of fifty thousand dollars, which was increased in 1885 to one hundred thousand dollars. A factory was erected near Muskegon, and has since been enlarged to meet the demands of an increasing business. The company7 man- ufactures medium and high-grade bedroom suits, side- boards, chiffoniers, and wardrobes, and employs about one hundred and fifty men, including five salesmen, and does an annual business of upwards of two hundred thousand dollars. Mr. Kanitz was also one of the organ- izers and first directors of the Sargent Manufacturing Company, the Merchants National Bank, and the Union National Bank, of which he is vice-president, and a director of the Muskegon Electric Light Company. He is, as well, financially interested in a number of manufacturing and mercantile institutions, which contribute to the growth, development, and prosperity of Muskegon. Mr. Kanitz is a prominent member of the Masonic fraternity7, hav- ing taken all the degrees to the Knights Templar inclu- sive. He was one of the organizers of Gerinania Lodge, No. 179, I. O. O. F., and its first presiding officer. He has been actively interested in the G. A. R. organization since its inception, helping to organize Phil Kearney Post, No. 7, of Muskegon, of which he was the first Quar- termaster. He has twice been elected Commander of the Post. He has served in the Michigan Department of the Order in various capacities, was counsel two years, chief mustering officer one term, and was a member of the National Council, 1889-90. At the annual meeting of the Department of Michigan at Owosso, in March, 1894, Mr. Kanitz was elected Department Commander by a rousing majority over two competitors, succeed- ing a long list of illustrious soldiers to this high and honorable office. Pie has served the city of Muske- gon in various public capacities, having been a mem- ber of the Board of Education for many years, and its treasurer eight years, up to 1893; also as a mem- ber of the Board of Public Works, 1887-88-89, and was a member of the Board of Water Commissioners, which had charge of that portion of the city's interests prior to the establishment of a Board of Public Works. Mr. Kanitz was married April 14, 1866, to Miss Helen Schnei- der, of SheboyTgan, Wisconsin, who died in 1878. Their children are, Louis II., born March 25, 1867, who sue- 162 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. ceeded his father in the management of the Muskegon Lime Works; Antonia, born January 8, 1869, the wife of Frederick Olemacher, of Sandusky, Ohio; Hugo, born September 23, 1870, now book-keeper of the Muskegon Valley Trust Company; Lucy, born August 28, 1873; and Edward, born July 2, 1875, died August 31, 1S75. On March 29, 1880, Mr. Kanitz was married to Miss Augusta G. Groch, of Chicago, by whom he has had two children: Elsa Bertha, born June 10, 1S81, died May 18, 1886; and Paula A. E., born September 15, 1882. Judg- ing by the estimate of his characteristics as voiced by his compeers in the city it would appear that Muskegon was indeed fortunate in securing as a citizen the Hon. Louis Kanitz. Coming, as he did, without any large capital, his interests have been identified with the growth of the city, and to none of her residents is ac- corded a higher standing as a man of exalted business integrity, a man whose word is everywhere as good as his bond, a man who has more largely aided in the de- velopment of new business enterprises, or to a greater extent contributed to every good cause, whether of busi- ness, of society, or of charity. He is one of the most reliable citizens, never varying from the straight course, and possesses, as is indicated by his successful career, keen business judgment, sound moral principles, ear- nestness and devotion to duty, and the happy faculty of winning to himself friends; in fact, most of those attri- butes which are the characteristics of those men whose names and records make up the history of the prosper- ous Commonwealth of Michigan. HON. WILLIAM WOODBRIDGE, deceased, ex- governor of Michigan, was among the first settlers of the Territory of Michigan. Of the noble band who, in the face of privations and innumerable hardships, labored early and late and all the time for the improvement of the then struggling Territory, no name appears more prominently than that of William Woodbridge; for cer- tainly none did more for the upbuilding of the Territory and its principal town, Detroit, than he. Mr. Wood- bridge was anxiously interested in every venture of a public or general character which tended to aid in build- ing up the Territory and its towns, and labored unceas- ingly through all the 3*011 ng 3'ears of Detroit for its prosperity. If the time ever conies when Detroit shall erect statues to commemorate the virtues of those whom she loved the best, and to whom she owes the most, there should be one more prominent than the rest on which should be depicted the features and name of Governor William Woodbridge, Governor Woodbridge was born at Norwich, Connecticut, August 20, 1780, and was the second son of Dudley Woodbridge, a graduate of Yale, and one of the minutemen of his native State during the War for Independence. Dudley Woodbridge subsequently emigrated to the Northwest Territory, and became one of the first settlers of Marietta, Ohio, just previous to the defeat of General St. Clair in 1791. After he had become fairh* settled in his territorial home, Mr. Woodbridge sent for the rest of his family, including the subject of this sketch, who was sent to school among the French colonists at Gallipolis, where he became thoroughly conversant with the French language. After five 3rears' residence with his parents in Ohio, he was sent back to Connecticut, where he remained at school until 1799, when he again returned to Marietta, and took up the stud3' of law, having for a fellow-student a 3*oung man whose name is linked with that of his own in the esteem of the natives of Michigan, Lewis Cass, afterwards governor of the Territory^. After spending some time in a law office, Mr. Woodbridge went back to Connecticut, and entered the celebrated Litchfield Law School, which he attended for three years, and was then admitted to practice in Connecticut. John C. Calhoun was also a law student at the same time. In 1806 he went back to Ohio, and there was also admitted to the bar of the Territor37. Of Mr. Woodbridge's brothers, Dudleys, the eldest, occupies a prominent position in history as the first to build a square-rigged vessel to de- scend the falls of the Ohio, then down the Mississippi, and on to France. His vessel was laden with furs, and the trip, which had been regarded as disastrous, proved eminently successful in every particular. The 3-oungest brother was John, for many years manager of the old Bank of Chillicothe, Ohio. In 1806, William Woodbridge was married, at Hartford, Connecticut, to Miss Juliana, daughter of Hon. John Trumbull, who was for many years a prominent attorney and judge of the various courts of Connecticut, and was also the author of "McFiugal," an epic poem, written in 1775. At an ad- vanced age Judge Trumbull came to Michigan, and ended a long and peaceful life at the home of his son-in- law, on the banks of the Detroit River, and there also his tomb can be seen to-da3'. In 1812, Mr. Woodbridge was admitted to practice in all the courts of the Com- monwealth of Virginia, which at that time, he not being a citizen of the Commonwealth, was considered a special mark of favor. In 1814 he was appointed by President Madison to be secretary^ of the Territory of Michigan, an appointment which he undoubtedly owed to the influence of his old-time fellow-student, Lewis Cass, who was then governor of the Territory7. Mr. W7oodbridge was elected State senator of Ohio, with General Cass, during the War of 1812, and voted with him and others to carry on the war against foreign powers, etc. In 1819 he was elected to Congress from the Territory' of Michigan, but before the expiration of his term was forced to resign his seat owing to severe illness in his family-. Concern- ing this election a grave error appears in a history of Governor Woodbridge's life, published a few years after his death by a learned and able writer. The original "poll list" of the election, with the names of the inspect- ors of election and the list of candidates, is in the pos- session of the writer of this sketch. This document sets forth that the candidates were William Woodbridge, John R. Williams, Henry J. Hunt, John S. Leib, Augustus B. Woodward, and James McCloskey-, and that Mr. Wood- bridge, having a majority of the votes cast, was declared elected. It was on this affidavit that he took his seat in Congress in December, 1819. It is true, however, that he received only a few more votes than his old- CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN, 163 time personal friend, General John R. Williams. While in Congress, Mr. Wooclbridge obtained considerable recog- nition for his bill establishing the old French land claims and titles, much to the satisfaction of his old French friends of Detroit and throughout the Territory. In 1821 he was appointed by President James Monroe to be inspector of revenue for the port of Detroit. In 1828, Judge James Witherell, for many }^ears presiding judge of the Territory of Michigan, resigned, and on recom- mendation of Governor Cass, indorsed by the delegates and judges of the Territory, as well as by members of the bar and grand jurors of Detroit, Mr. Woodbridge was appointed, by President John Quincy Adams, to fill the vacancy. On April 4, 1835, he was elected a representa- tive to the Constitutional Convention, which met at Detroit on May nth of that 3^ear, and continued in ses- sion until June 24th. Among his associates in that Convention were such prominent citizens as General John R. Williams, John McDonnell, John Norvell, Louis Beaufait, Conrad Ten Eyck, Amnion Brown, Peter Van Every, John Biddle, T. E. Tallman, Asa H. Otis, Alpheus White, J. D. Davis, C. F. Irwin, Caleb Harrington, Amos Stevens, Edward Ellis of Monroe, and George M. Har- rington. The constitution prepared hy the Convention was adopted by the people at an election held on the first Monday in October, 1835. At the first regular election for delegate to Congress, held under the laws of the Territory, the certificate of election was given to George W. Jones, and he took his seat, notwithstanding Mr. Woodbridge had received by far the greatest number of votes ac- cording to the official returns. He was urged by his friends of both parties to contest the seat, but he as persistently refused, intimating that the people would settle it for themselves at no distant day. In 1837 he was elected to the State Senate of Michigan, and served until elected governor in 1839. The following year, however, he resigned the governorship, having been elected United States senator for a term of six years ending March 4, 1847, and there Mr. Woodbridge ended his political career. Governor Woodbridge was always a prominent wrorker for the advancement of edu- cation and religion, and gave freely of his property and means toward the erection of churches of A